CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Battery cage - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"d50d6f7f-42e6-43d6-bfa1-b1066ace658d","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Battery_cage","wgTitle":"Battery cage","wgCurRevisionId":1249404798,"wgRevisionId":1249404798,"wgArticleId":6693736,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["All articles with dead external links","Articles with dead external links from June 2024","Articles with dead external links from October 2019","Articles with permanently dead external links","CS1 Dutch-language sources (nl)","CS1 Norwegian-language sources (no)","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use dmy dates from June 2018","Wikipedia articles in need of updating from March 2023","All Wikipedia articles in need of updating", "All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from March 2024","Articles with unsourced statements from January 2023","Articles to be expanded from September 2009","All articles to be expanded","Commons category link is on Wikidata","Articles containing video clips","Buildings and structures used to confine animals","Cruelty to animals","Ethically disputed business practices towards animals","Poultry farming"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Battery_cage","wgRelevantArticleId":6693736,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr", "pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":50000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q2915528","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","mediawiki.page.gallery.styles": "ready","ext.tmh.player.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.gallery","mediawiki.page.media","ext.tmh.player","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns", "ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.tmh.player.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cmediawiki.page.gallery.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/64/Battery-farm.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="800"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Battery-farm.jpg/800px-Battery-farm.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="533"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Battery-farm.jpg/640px-Battery-farm.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="427"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Battery cage - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_cage"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Battery_cage&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_cage"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Battery_cage rootpage-Battery_cage skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Battery+cage" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Battery+cage" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Battery+cage" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Battery+cage" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Battery_cages_in_practice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battery_cages_in_practice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Battery cages in practice</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Battery_cages_in_practice-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Battery cages in practice subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Battery_cages_in_practice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-EU_ban_on_battery-caged_hens" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#EU_ban_on_battery-caged_hens"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>EU ban on battery-caged hens</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-EU_ban_on_battery-caged_hens-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_examples_of_caged_animals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_examples_of_caged_animals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Other examples of caged animals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_examples_of_caged_animals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legislation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legislation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Legislation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legislation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Legislation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Legislation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Australia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Australia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bhutan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bhutan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Bhutan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bhutan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Canada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-European_Union" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#European_Union"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>European Union</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-European_Union-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>India</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_Zealand" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Zealand"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>New Zealand</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Zealand-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Norway" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Norway"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Norway</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Norway-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Switzerland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Switzerland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8</span> <span>Switzerland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Switzerland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.9</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Welfare_concerns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Welfare_concerns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Welfare concerns</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Welfare_concerns-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Welfare concerns subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Welfare_concerns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Chick_culling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chick_culling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Chick culling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chick_culling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Beak-trimming" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Beak-trimming"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Beak-trimming</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Beak-trimming-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cage_size" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cage_size"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Cage size</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cage_size-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Light_manipulation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Light_manipulation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Light manipulation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Light_manipulation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Osteoporosis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Osteoporosis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Osteoporosis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Osteoporosis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Forced_moulting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Forced_moulting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Forced moulting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Forced_moulting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Improving_welfare_for_egg-producing_hens" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Improving_welfare_for_egg-producing_hens"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Improving welfare for egg-producing hens</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Improving_welfare_for_egg-producing_hens-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Battery cage</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 14 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-14" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">14 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%81%D8%B5_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="قفص البطارية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="قفص البطارية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A0bia_en_bateria_per_gallines_ponedores" title="Gàbia en bateria per gallines ponedores – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Gàbia en bateria per gallines ponedores" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaula_en_bater%C3%ADa_para_gallinas_ponedoras" title="Jaula en batería para gallinas ponedoras – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Jaula en batería para gallinas ponedoras" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89levage_en_batterie" title="Élevage en batterie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Élevage en batterie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9B%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%91_%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%9C%D7%94" title="כלוב סוללה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="כלוב סוללה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legbatterij" title="Legbatterij – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Legbatterij" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%90%E3%82%BF%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B1%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B8" title="バタリーケージ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="バタリーケージ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%B3w_klatkowy" title="Chów klatkowy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Chów klatkowy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaiola_de_galinha" title="Gaiola de galinha – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Gaiola de galinha" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%8F" title="Клеточная батарея – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Клеточная батарея" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baterijska_reja" title="Baterijska reja – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Baterijska reja" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BF%D1%83" title="Клітки батарейного типу – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Клітки батарейного типу" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chu%E1%BB%93ng_l%E1%BB%93ng" title="Chuồng lồng – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Chuồng lồng" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B1%82%E5%8F%A0%E7%AC%BC" title="层叠笼 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="层叠笼" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2915528#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Battery_cage" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Battery_cage" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Battery_cage"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battery_cage&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battery_cage&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Battery_cage"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battery_cage&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battery_cage&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Battery_cage" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Battery_cage" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battery_cage&oldid=1249404798" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battery_cage&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Battery_cage&id=1249404798&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FBattery_cage"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FBattery_cage"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Battery_cage&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battery_cage&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Battery_cages" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2915528" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Agricultural technology</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Battery-farm.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Battery-farm.jpg/220px-Battery-farm.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Battery-farm.jpg/330px-Battery-farm.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Battery-farm.jpg/440px-Battery-farm.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Chickens in multiple-occupancy battery cages</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Battery cages</b> are a housing system used by factory farms for various animal production methods, but primarily for <a href="/wiki/Eggs_as_food" title="Eggs as food">egg</a>-laying <a href="/wiki/Chicken" title="Chicken">hens</a>. The name arises from the arrangement of rows and columns of identical cages connected, in a unit, as in an <a href="/wiki/Artillery_battery" title="Artillery battery">artillery battery</a>. Although the term is usually applied to poultry farming, similar cage systems are used for other animals. Battery cages have generated controversy between advocates for <a href="/wiki/Animal_welfare" title="Animal welfare">animal welfare</a> and industrial producers. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Battery_cages_in_practice">Battery cages in practice</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battery_cage&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Battery cages in practice"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Ambox_current_red.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Ambox_current_red.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Ambox_current_red.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs to be <b>updated</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2023</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Robotic cages are the predominant form of housing for laying hens worldwide.<sup id="cite_ref-Horne_Achterbosch_2008_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Horne_Achterbosch_2008-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Leenstra_2016_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leenstra_2016-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Meseret_2016_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meseret_2016-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They reduce aggression and <a href="/wiki/Cannibalism_in_poultry" title="Cannibalism in poultry">cannibalism among hens</a>, but are barren, restrict movement, prevent many natural behaviours, and increase rates of <a href="/wiki/Osteoporosis" title="Osteoporosis">osteoporosis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Meseret_2016_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meseret_2016-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2014, approximately 95 percent of eggs in the United States were produced in battery cages.<sup id="cite_ref-CRS_2014_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CRS_2014-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the United Kingdom, statistics from the <a href="/wiki/Department_for_Environment,_Food_and_Rural_Affairs" title="Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs">Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs</a> (DEFRA) indicate that 50% of eggs produced in the UK throughout 2010 were from cages (45% from free-range, 5% from barns).<sup id="cite_ref-The_Ranger,_(2011)_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Ranger,_(2011)-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="EU_ban_on_battery-caged_hens">EU ban on battery-caged hens</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battery_cage&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: EU ban on battery-caged hens"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_European_Union" title="Council of the European Union">Council of the European Union</a> <a href="/wiki/Directive_1999/74/EC" title="Directive 1999/74/EC">Directive 1999/74/EC</a><sup id="cite_ref-eur-lex.europa.eu_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eur-lex.europa.eu-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> banned conventional battery cages in the EU starting in January 2012 for welfare reasons, leading to a significant decrease in the number of eggs from battery cages in the EU.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 2012 battery cage ban was publicised as heralding an end to caged hens throughout Europe, but it created a widely held misconception that all laying hens in the UK are now either free-range or barn birds. That is not the case; although battery cages are illegal, farmers have skirted the ban by providing slightly bigger cages with "enrichment" such as perches. The hens in these conditions are now called "ex-cage colony hens".<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_examples_of_caged_animals">Other examples of caged animals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battery_cage&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Other examples of caged animals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Battery cages are also used for <a href="/wiki/Mink" title="Mink">mink</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rabbit" title="Rabbit">rabbit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chinchilla" title="Chinchilla">chinchilla</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fox" title="Fox">fox</a> in <a href="/wiki/Fur_farming" title="Fur farming">fur farming</a>, and most recently for the <a href="/wiki/Asian_palm_civet" title="Asian palm civet">Asian palm civet</a> for <a href="/wiki/Kopi_luwak" title="Kopi luwak">kopi luwak</a> production of coffee.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 180px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 178px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sun_Bear_bile_extration_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Battery cages for sun bears reared for their bile"><img alt="Battery cages for sun bears reared for their bile" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Sun_Bear_bile_extration_01.jpg/267px-Sun_Bear_bile_extration_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="178" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Sun_Bear_bile_extration_01.jpg/400px-Sun_Bear_bile_extration_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Sun_Bear_bile_extration_01.jpg/533px-Sun_Bear_bile_extration_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3566" data-file-height="2408" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Battery cages for <a href="/wiki/Sun_bear" title="Sun bear">sun bears</a> reared for their bile</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Abandoned_mink_shed,_Upper_Edge,_Fixby,_near_Elland_-_geograph.org.uk_-_385688.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Battery cages for mink reared for their fur"><img alt="Battery cages for mink reared for their fur" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Abandoned_mink_shed%2C_Upper_Edge%2C_Fixby%2C_near_Elland_-_geograph.org.uk_-_385688.jpg/240px-Abandoned_mink_shed%2C_Upper_Edge%2C_Fixby%2C_near_Elland_-_geograph.org.uk_-_385688.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Abandoned_mink_shed%2C_Upper_Edge%2C_Fixby%2C_near_Elland_-_geograph.org.uk_-_385688.jpg/360px-Abandoned_mink_shed%2C_Upper_Edge%2C_Fixby%2C_near_Elland_-_geograph.org.uk_-_385688.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Abandoned_mink_shed%2C_Upper_Edge%2C_Fixby%2C_near_Elland_-_geograph.org.uk_-_385688.jpg/480px-Abandoned_mink_shed%2C_Upper_Edge%2C_Fixby%2C_near_Elland_-_geograph.org.uk_-_385688.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Battery cages for mink reared for their fur</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 188px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 186px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Silver_fox.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Battery cages for silver foxes reared for their fur"><img alt="Battery cages for silver foxes reared for their fur" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Silver_fox.jpg/279px-Silver_fox.jpg" decoding="async" width="186" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Silver_fox.jpg/418px-Silver_fox.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/97/Silver_fox.jpg 2x" data-file-width="495" data-file-height="320" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Battery cages for silver foxes reared for their fur</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Luwak_(civet_cat)_in_cage.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Battery cages for civets reared for kopi luwak (coffee) production"><img alt="Battery cages for civets reared for kopi luwak (coffee) production" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Luwak_%28civet_cat%29_in_cage.jpg/240px-Luwak_%28civet_cat%29_in_cage.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Luwak_%28civet_cat%29_in_cage.jpg/360px-Luwak_%28civet_cat%29_in_cage.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Luwak_%28civet_cat%29_in_cage.jpg/480px-Luwak_%28civet_cat%29_in_cage.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Battery cages for civets reared for kopi luwak (coffee) production</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battery_cage&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chicken_coopbattery_cages_in_the_1950s.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Chicken_coopbattery_cages_in_the_1950s.jpg/220px-Chicken_coopbattery_cages_in_the_1950s.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Chicken_coopbattery_cages_in_the_1950s.jpg/330px-Chicken_coopbattery_cages_in_the_1950s.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Chicken_coopbattery_cages_in_the_1950s.jpg/440px-Chicken_coopbattery_cages_in_the_1950s.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1830" data-file-height="1469" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Chicken_coop" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicken coop">chicken coop</a> from the 1950s</figcaption></figure> <p>An early reference to battery cages appears in Milton Arndt's 1931 book, <i>Battery Brooding</i>, where he reports that his cage flock was healthier and had higher egg production than his conventional flock.<sup id="cite_ref-Arndt_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arndt-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At this early date, battery cages already had the sloped floor that allowed eggs to roll to the front of the cage, where they were easily collected by the farmer and out of the hens' reach. Arndt also mentions the use of conveyor belts under the cages to remove manure, which provides better air control quality and reduces fly breeding.<sup id="cite_ref-Arndt_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arndt-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Original battery cages extended the technology used in battery brooders, which were cages with a wire mesh floor and integral heating elements for brooding chicks. The wire floor allowed the manure to pass through, removing it from the chicks' environment and reducing the risk of manure-borne diseases.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Early battery cages were often used for selecting hens based on performance since it is easy to track how many eggs each hen is laying if only one hen is placed in a cage. Later, this was combined with artificial insemination, giving a technique where each egg's parentage is known. This method is still used today.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/56.000_kippen_leggen_40.000_eieren_per_dag.ogv/220px--56.000_kippen_leggen_40.000_eieren_per_dag.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="180" data-durationhint="89" data-mwtitle="56.000_kippen_leggen_40.000_eieren_per_dag.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:56.000_kippen_leggen_40.000_eieren_per_dag.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/90/56.000_kippen_leggen_40.000_eieren_per_dag.ogv/56.000_kippen_leggen_40.000_eieren_per_dag.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="352" data-height="288" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/90/56.000_kippen_leggen_40.000_eieren_per_dag.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="352" data-height="288" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/90/56.000_kippen_leggen_40.000_eieren_per_dag.ogv/56.000_kippen_leggen_40.000_eieren_per_dag.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="176" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/90/56.000_kippen_leggen_40.000_eieren_per_dag.ogv/56.000_kippen_leggen_40.000_eieren_per_dag.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="294" data-height="240" /></video></span><figcaption>Video advertising the system in the early history of the battery cage</figcaption></figure> <p>Early reports from Arndt about battery cages were enthusiastic. Arndt reported: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>This form of battery is coming into widespread use throughout the country and apparently is solving a number of the troubles encountered with laying hens in the regular laying house on the floor.</p></blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>In the first edition of this book I spoke of my experimental work with 220 pullets which were retained for one year in individual cages. At the end of this year, it was found that the birds confined in the batteries outlaid considerably the same size flock in the regular houses. The birds consume less feed than those on the floor and this coupled with the increased production made them more profitable than the same number of pullets in the laying house.<sup id="cite_ref-Arndt_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arndt-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>A number of progressive poultrymen from all over the United States and some in foreign countries cooperated with me in carrying on experimental work with this type of battery and each and every one of them were very well satisfied with the results obtained. In fact, a number of them have since placed their entire laying flocks in individual hen batteries.<sup id="cite_ref-Arndt_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arndt-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In 1967, Samuel Duff filed a patent for "battery cages" in patent US3465722.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The use of laying batteries increased gradually, becoming the dominant method somewhat before the integration of the egg industry in the 1960s. The practice of battery cages was criticized in <a href="/wiki/Ruth_Harrison" title="Ruth Harrison">Ruth Harrison</a>'s landmark book <i>Animal Machines</i>, published in 1964.<sup id="cite_ref-washington_post_2001_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-washington_post_2001-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Indiapoultry.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Indiapoultry.JPG/220px-Indiapoultry.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Indiapoultry.JPG/330px-Indiapoultry.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Indiapoultry.JPG/440px-Indiapoultry.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>A simple battery cage system with no conveyors for feed or eggs</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1990, North and Bell reported that 75 percent of all commercial layers in the world and 95 percent in the United States were kept in cages.<sup id="cite_ref-North_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-North-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By all accounts, a caged layer facility is more expensive to build than high-density floor confinement but can be cheaper to operate if designed to minimize labor. </p><p>North and Bell report the following economic advantages to laying cages: </p> <ol><li>It is easier to care for the pullets; no birds are underfoot</li> <li>Floor eggs are eliminated</li> <li>Eggs are cleaner</li> <li>Culling is expedited</li> <li>In most instances, less feed is required to produce a dozen eggs</li> <li>Broodiness is eliminated</li> <li>More pullets may be housed in a given house floor space</li> <li>Internal parasites are eliminated</li> <li>Labor requirements are generally much reduced<sup id="cite_ref-North_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-North-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <p>They also cite disadvantages to cages: </p> <ol><li>The handling of manure may be a problem</li> <li>Generally, flies become a greater nuisance</li> <li>The investment per pullet may be higher than in the case of floor operations</li> <li>There is a slightly higher percentage of blood spots in the eggs</li> <li>The bones are more fragile and processors often discount the fowl price<sup id="cite_ref-North_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-North-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <p>Disadvantages one and two can be eliminated by manure conveyors, but some industrial systems do not feature manure conveyors.<sup id="cite_ref-singer175_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-singer175-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legislation">Legislation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battery_cage&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Legislation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Battery_cages_laws_world_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Battery_cages_laws_world_map.svg/350px-Battery_cages_laws_world_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Battery_cages_laws_world_map.svg/525px-Battery_cages_laws_world_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Battery_cages_laws_world_map.svg/700px-Battery_cages_laws_world_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2754" data-file-height="1398" /></a><figcaption> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini" style="float:right;font-size:105%;"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:World_laws_on_battery_cages" title="Template:World laws on battery cages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:World_laws_on_battery_cages" title="Template talk:World laws on battery cages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:World_laws_on_battery_cages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:World laws on battery cages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div> <div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; font-size:105%;padding-bottom:0.3em;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa"><b><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Legislation">World laws on battery cages</a></b></div> <table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="padding:0.8em 0.3em 0.3em;line-height:1.2em;;width:6%; padding:0.2em 0.3em 0.3em;line-height:1.2em;"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#0000FF; color:white;"> </span> </div></td><td style="padding:0.8em 0.3em 0.3em;line-height:1.2em;;width:48%;padding:0.2em 1.0em 0.3em 0.3em;line-height:1.2em;"> Nationwide ban on battery cages</td><td style="padding:0.8em 0.3em 0.3em;line-height:1.2em;;width:6%; padding:0.2em 0.3em 0.3em;line-height:1.2em;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#800080; color:white;"> </span> </div></td><td style="padding:0.8em 0.3em 0.3em;line-height:1.2em;;width:40%;padding:0.2em 0.3em 0.3em;line-height:1.2em;"> Some subnational bans on battery cages</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:6%; padding:0.2em 0.3em 0.3em;line-height:1.2em;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFCC00; color:black;"> </span> </div></td><td style="width:48%;padding:0.2em 1.0em 0.3em 0.3em;line-height:1.2em;"> Nationwide phaseout of battery cages in progress</td><td style="width:6%; padding:0.2em 0.3em 0.3em;line-height:1.2em;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FF0000; color:black;"> </span> </div></td><td style="width:40%;padding:0.2em 0.3em 0.3em;line-height:1.2em;"> Battery cages legal</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:6%; padding:0.2em 0.3em 0.3em;line-height:1.2em;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#C0C0C0; color:black;"> </span> </div></td><td style="width:48%;padding:0.2em 1.0em 0.3em 0.3em;line-height:1.2em;"> No data</td><td style="width:6%; padding:0.2em 0.3em 0.3em;line-height:1.2em;"></td><td style="width:40%;padding:0.2em 0.3em 0.3em;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr></tbody></table> </figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battery_cage&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2009</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Efforts are being undertaken to prohibit battery cages in countries around the world, including <a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hotzel_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hotzel-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australia">Australia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battery_cage&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Australia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Attempts to change the law have been an object of contention; <a href="/wiki/RSPCA_Australia" title="RSPCA Australia">RSPCA Australia</a> has been officially campaigning to abolish both battery cages and furnished cages and to prohibit the sale of cage eggs ever since the 2001 revision of the Poultry Code.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 2009 <i>Code of Practice</i> permits the use of battery cages. A written commitment by the Federal government to review the practice was scheduled in 2010; there was no further communication. During 2013 the state government of Tasmania was planning to phase out battery cages and budgeting for financial compensation for affected farmers but this was scrapped following the 2014 election.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Australian_Capital_Territory" title="Australian Capital Territory">Australian Capital Territory</a> prohibited battery cages in early 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-Davey_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davey-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Greens were committed to also legally prohibit them in late 2014 in Victoria.<sup id="cite_ref-Davey_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davey-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2019, <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales_Legislative_Council" title="New South Wales Legislative Council">New South Wales Legislative Council</a> member <a href="/wiki/Emma_Hurst" title="Emma Hurst">Emma Hurst</a> established and chaired a NSW Parliamentary Inquiry into the Use of Battery Cages for Hens in the Egg Production Industry.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Inquiry recommended that all food products containing eggs from caged hens should be clearly labelled for the benefit of consumers, and a phase-out of battery cage hen farming in NSW.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bhutan">Bhutan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battery_cage&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Bhutan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bhutan outlawed battery cages in 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-Hotzel_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hotzel-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canada">Canada</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battery_cage&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In February 2016, 90 percent of egg-laying hens in Canada lived in battery cages. That month, negotiations between egg farmers, animal welfarists, and the government resulted in a moratorium on construction of new battery cages from 1 April 2017 and a gradual 15-year phaseout of battery cages towards enriched cage or cage-free systems by 2036.<sup id="cite_ref-CBC_News_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CBC_News-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Activist group <a href="/wiki/Mercy_for_Animals" title="Mercy for Animals">Mercy for Animals</a> was pleased with the announced phaseout, but called the timetable "simply outrageous" and argued that more urgency was required; some food companies such as <a href="/wiki/Cara_Foods" class="mw-redirect" title="Cara Foods">Cara Foods</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tim_Hortons" title="Tim Hortons">Tim Hortons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Burger_King" title="Burger King">Burger King</a>, <a href="/wiki/McDonald%27s" title="McDonald's">McDonald's</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wendy%27s" title="Wendy's">Wendy's</a>, <a href="/wiki/Starbucks" title="Starbucks">Starbucks</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Subway_(restaurant)" title="Subway (restaurant)">Subway</a> restaurant announced they would phaseout non-cage-free eggs much sooner than 2036.<sup id="cite_ref-CBC_News_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CBC_News-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="European_Union">European Union</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battery_cage&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: European Union"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1999, the Council of the European Union Directive 1999/74/EC<sup id="cite_ref-eur-lex.europa.eu_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eur-lex.europa.eu-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> banned the conventional battery cage in the EU in 2012, after a 12-year phase-out. In their 1996 report, the European Commission's Scientific Veterinary Committee (SVC) condemned the battery cage, concluding: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>It is clear that because of its small size and its barrenness, the battery cage as used at present has inherent severe disadvantages for the welfare of hens.</p></blockquote> <p>The EU Directive allows <a href="/wiki/Furnished_cages" class="mw-redirect" title="Furnished cages">"enriched" or "furnished" cages</a> to be used. Under the directive, enriched cages must be at least 45 centimetres (18 inches) high and must provide each hen with at least 750 square centimetres (116 square inches) of space; 600 square centimetres (93 sq in) of this must be "usable area" – the other 150 square centimetres (23 sq in) is for a nest-box. The cage must also contain litter, perches, and "claw-shortening devices". Some animal welfare organisations, such as <a href="/wiki/Compassion_in_World_Farming" title="Compassion in World Farming">Compassion in World Farming</a>, have criticised this move, calling for enriched cages to be prohibited as they believe they provide no significant or worthwhile welfare benefits compared with conventional battery cages. </p><p>Germany banned conventional battery cages in 2007, five years earlier than required by the EU Directive,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and has prohibited enriched cages from 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-Brandsma_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brandsma-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mahi Klosterhalfen of the Albert Schweitzer Foundation has been instrumental in a strategic campaign against battery cages in Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="India">India</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battery_cage&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2013, the <a href="/wiki/Animal_Welfare_Board_of_India" title="Animal Welfare Board of India">Animal Welfare Board of India</a> concluded that battery cages were in violation of Section 11 (1)(e) of the 1960 <a href="/wiki/Prevention_of_Cruelty_to_Animals_Act" title="Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act">Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act</a>, and issued an advisory to all state governments stating that battery cages should not be used and existing ones should be phased out by 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-Singh_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Singh-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This interpretation has been followed by several states<sup id="cite_ref-Hotzel_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hotzel-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and confirmed by several courts such as the <a href="/wiki/Punjab_and_Haryana_High_Court" title="Punjab and Haryana High Court">Punjab and Haryana High Court</a> (March 2014)<sup id="cite_ref-Singh_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Singh-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Delhi_High_Court" title="Delhi High Court">Delhi High Court</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yet, some battery cages have been found to continue operating illegally after 1 January 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_Zealand">New Zealand</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battery_cage&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: New Zealand"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 7 December 2012, as part of a new welfare code for the poultry industry, the New Zealand government implemented a ban on the construction of new battery cages and initiated a ten-year phase-out of all battery cages in the country by 2022. As an intermediate goal, 45 percent of battery cages were to be removed by 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Norway">Norway</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battery_cage&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Norway"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In April 2010, the Norwegian grocery chain <a href="/wiki/REMA_1000" title="REMA 1000">REMA 1000</a> decided to stop selling eggs from both battery and furnished cage hens by the year 2012, to coincide with the scheduled EU-wide prohibition on battery cages.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Norwegian law followed EU legislation and on 1 January 2012 also prohibited battery cages (known as <i>tradisjonelle bur</i> or "traditional cages" in Norwegian), making furnished cages (known as <i>miljøbur</i> or "environmental cages" in Norwegian) the minimum legal requirement.<sup id="cite_ref-Rise_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rise-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several more industry groups have decided to voluntarily phase out furnished cages as well, such as <a href="/wiki/NorgesGruppen" title="NorgesGruppen">NorgesGruppen</a> by 2019<sup id="cite_ref-Fintland_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fintland-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Nortura" title="Nortura">Nortura</a> by 2024,<sup id="cite_ref-Rise_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rise-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while in April 2017 the <a href="/wiki/Green_Party_(Norway)" title="Green Party (Norway)">Green Party</a> proposed to ban furnished cages throughout the country by 2025.<sup id="cite_ref-Fintland_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fintland-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Switzerland">Switzerland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battery_cage&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Switzerland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Switzerland banned battery cages from 1 January 1992; it was the first country to impose such a ban.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battery_cage&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:US_States_w_outlawed_battery_cages.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/US_States_w_outlawed_battery_cages.svg/220px-US_States_w_outlawed_battery_cages.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/US_States_w_outlawed_battery_cages.svg/330px-US_States_w_outlawed_battery_cages.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/US_States_w_outlawed_battery_cages.svg/440px-US_States_w_outlawed_battery_cages.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="959" data-file-height="593" /></a><figcaption> <table style="width:100%; vertical-align:top; border:1px solid #ABD5F5; background-color:#F1F5FC; margin-top:2px;"> <tbody><tr> <td><div style="text-align:center"><b>US States with bans on battery cages for laying hens</b></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#800000; color:white;"> </span> Laws prohibiting battery cages </div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#D40000; color:white;"> </span> Laws prohibiting battery cages and cage-egg sale </div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#E0E0E0; color:black;"> </span> Battery cages legal </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div style="float:right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:US_battery_cage_ban_map" title="Template:US battery cage ban map"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:US_battery_cage_ban_map" title="Template talk:US battery cage ban map"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:US_battery_cage_ban_map" title="Special:EditPage/Template:US battery cage ban map"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></div> </figcaption></figure> <p>As of March 2020, California, Massachusetts, Washington, Michigan, Ohio, and Rhode Island had passed laws banning the use of battery cages, and the former three additionally banned the sale of eggs produced in battery cages.<sup id="cite_ref-Vogeler_2020_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vogeler_2020-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Michigan's ban of battery cages and the sale of non-cage-free eggs in the state, adopted in November 2019, will enter into force at the end of 2024.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The passage of <a href="/wiki/2008_California_Proposition_2" title="2008 California Proposition 2">California Proposition 2</a> in 2008 aimed, in part, to reduce or eliminate the problems associated with battery cages, by setting the standard for space relative to free movement and wingspan, rather than cage size. </p><p>Battery cages are illegal in Michigan due to HB 5127, passed in 2009, which mandates that certain farm animals have enough room to stand up, lie down, turn around, and extend their limbs, rather than being confined in tiny cages.<sup id="cite_ref-HSUS_on_Michigan_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HSUS_on_Michigan-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Ohio, there is a moratorium on permits for the construction of new battery cages as of June 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Oregon SB 805 also banned battery cages and set forth a transition to enriched colony cages, doubling the space per egg-laying hen.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This law served as the model for a national agreement between the <a href="/wiki/Humane_Society_of_the_United_States" title="Humane Society of the United States">Humane Society of the United States</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_Egg_Producers" title="United Egg Producers">United Egg Producers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Welfare_concerns">Welfare concerns</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battery_cage&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Welfare concerns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are several welfare concerns regarding the battery cage system of housing and husbandry. These are presented below in the approximate chronological order they would influence the hens. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chick_culling">Chick culling</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battery_cage&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Chick culling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Chick_culling" title="Chick culling">Chick culling</a></div> <p>Due to modern <a href="/wiki/Selective_breeding" title="Selective breeding">selective breeding</a>, laying hen <a href="/wiki/Strain_(biology)" title="Strain (biology)">strains</a> are different from those of meat production strains. Male birds of the laying strains do not lay eggs and are unsuitable for meat production, therefore, they are culled soon after <a href="/wiki/Chick_sexing" title="Chick sexing">being sexed</a>, often on the day of hatching.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Methods of culling include <a href="/wiki/Cervical_dislocation" title="Cervical dislocation">cervical dislocation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asphyxia" title="Asphyxia">asphyxiation</a> by <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> and maceration using a high speed grinder. </p><p>Animal rights groups have used videos of live chicks being placed into macerators as evidence of cruelty in the egg production industry.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Maceration, together with cervical dislocation and asphyxiation by carbon dioxide, are all considered acceptable methods of euthanasia by the <a href="/wiki/American_Veterinary_Medical_Association" title="American Veterinary Medical Association">American Veterinary Medical Association</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Consumers may also be appalled simply by the death of animals that are not subsequently eaten.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Beak-trimming">Beak-trimming</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battery_cage&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Beak-trimming"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Debeaking" class="mw-redirect" title="Debeaking">Debeaking</a></div> <p>To reduce the harmful effects of <a href="/wiki/Feather_pecking" title="Feather pecking">feather pecking</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cannibalism_(poultry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cannibalism (poultry)">cannibalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vent_pecking" title="Vent pecking">vent pecking</a>, most chicks eventually going into battery cages are beak-trimmed. This is often performed on the first day after hatching, simultaneously with sexing and receiving vaccinations. Beak-trimming is a procedure considered by many scientists to cause acute pain and distress with possible chronic pain; it is practised on chicks for all types of housing systems, not only battery cages.<sup id="cite_ref-Sherwin_et_al._2010_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sherwin_et_al._2010-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cage_size">Cage size</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battery_cage&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Cage size"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Animal_Abuse_Battery_Cage_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Animal_Abuse_Battery_Cage_01.jpg/220px-Animal_Abuse_Battery_Cage_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Animal_Abuse_Battery_Cage_01.jpg/330px-Animal_Abuse_Battery_Cage_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Animal_Abuse_Battery_Cage_01.jpg/440px-Animal_Abuse_Battery_Cage_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="570" data-file-height="427" /></a><figcaption>Battery cage</figcaption></figure> <p>At approximately 16 weeks of age, pullets (hens which have not yet started to lay) are placed into cages. In countries with relevant legislation, floor space for battery cages ranges upwards from 300 square centimetres (47 sq in) per bird. EU standards in 2003 called for at least 550 square centimetres (85 sq in) per hen.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the US, the current recommendation by the United Egg Producers is 67–86 square inches (430–550 square centimetres) per bird.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The space available to each hen in a battery cage has often been described as less than the size of a sheet of <a href="/wiki/ISO_216" title="ISO 216">A4 paper</a> (624 square centimetres (96.7 sq in)).<sup id="cite_ref-washington_post_2003_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-washington_post_2003-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other people have commented that a typical cage is about the size of a filing cabinet drawer and holds eight to ten hens.<sup id="cite_ref-singer175_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-singer175-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nytimes_2002_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytimes_2002-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Behavioural studies showed that when turning, hens used 540–1,006 square centimetres (83.7–155.9 sq in), when stretching wings 653–1,118 square centimetres (101.2–173.3 sq in), when wing flapping 860–1,980 square centimetres (133–307 sq in), when feather ruffling 676–1,604 square centimetres (104.8–248.6 sq in), when preening 814–1,240 square centimetres (126.2–192.2 sq in), and when ground scratching 540 to 1005 cm<sup>2</sup>.<sup id="cite_ref-Stamp_Dawkins_and_Hardie,_(1989)_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stamp_Dawkins_and_Hardie,_(1989)-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A space allowance of 550 square centimetres (85 sq in) would prevent hens in battery cages from performing these behaviours without touching another hen. <a href="/wiki/Animal_welfare_science" title="Animal welfare science">Animal welfare scientists</a> have been critical of battery cages because of these space restrictions<sup id="cite_ref-Nicol_and_Dawkins,_(1989)_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nicol_and_Dawkins,_(1989)-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and it is widely considered that hens suffer boredom and frustration when unable to perform these behaviours.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Spatial restriction can lead to a wide range of <a href="/wiki/Abnormal_behaviour_of_birds_in_captivity" title="Abnormal behaviour of birds in captivity">abnormal behaviours</a>, some of which are injurious to the hens or their cagemates. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Light_manipulation">Light manipulation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battery_cage&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Light manipulation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Feather_pecking#Light_manipulations" title="Feather pecking">Feather pecking § Light manipulations</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Animal_Abuse_Battery_Cage_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Animal_Abuse_Battery_Cage_02.jpg/220px-Animal_Abuse_Battery_Cage_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Animal_Abuse_Battery_Cage_02.jpg/330px-Animal_Abuse_Battery_Cage_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Animal_Abuse_Battery_Cage_02.jpg/440px-Animal_Abuse_Battery_Cage_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="570" data-file-height="427" /></a><figcaption>Battery cages – note the low light intensity beyond range of the camera flashgun</figcaption></figure> <p>To reduce the harmful effects of feather pecking, <a href="/wiki/Cannibalism" title="Cannibalism">cannibalism</a> and vent-pecking, hens in battery cages (and other housing systems) are often kept at low light intensities (e.g. less than ten lux). Low light intensities may be associated with welfare costs to the hens as they prefer to eat in brightly lit environments<sup id="cite_ref-Prescott_and_Wathes,_2002_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prescott_and_Wathes,_2002-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and prefer brightly lit areas for active behaviour but dim (less than ten lux) for inactive behaviour.<sup id="cite_ref-Davis_et_al.,_1999_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davis_et_al.,_1999-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dimming the lights can also cause problems when the intensity is then abruptly increased temporarily to inspect the hens; this has been associated as a risk factor of increased feather pecking<sup id="cite_ref-Green_et_al.,_2000_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Green_et_al.,_2000-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the birds can become frightened resulting in panic-type ("hysteria") reactions which can increase the risk of injury. </p><p>Being indoors, hens in battery cages do not see sunlight. Whilst there is no scientific evidence for this being a welfare problem, some animal advocates indicate it is a concern.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furnished cages and some other non-cage indoor systems would also prevent hens seeing natural light throughout their lives. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Osteoporosis">Osteoporosis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battery_cage&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Osteoporosis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Several studies have indicated that toward the end of the laying phase (approximately 72 weeks of age), a combination of high calcium demand for egg production and a lack of exercise can lead to <a href="/wiki/Osteoporosis" title="Osteoporosis">osteoporosis</a>. This can occur in all housing systems for egg laying hens, but is particularly prevalent in battery cage systems where it has sometimes been called 'cage layer osteoporosis'.<sup id="cite_ref-SVCEC_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SVCEC-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Osteoporosis leads to the skeleton becoming fragile and an increased risk of bone breakage, particularly in the legs and <a href="/wiki/Keel_(bird_anatomy)" title="Keel (bird anatomy)">keel</a> bone. Fractures may occur whilst the hens are in the cage and these are usually discovered at depopulation as old, healed breaks, or they might be fresh breaks which occurred during the process of depopulation. One study showed that 24.6 percent of hens from battery cages had recent keel fractures whereas hens in furnished cages, barn and <a href="/wiki/Free_range" title="Free range">free range</a> had 3.6 percent, 1.2 percent and 1.3 percent respectively. However, hens from battery cages experienced fewer old breaks (17.7%) compared to hens in barn (69.1%), free-range (59.8%) and furnished cages (31.7%).<sup id="cite_ref-Sherwin_et_al._2010_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sherwin_et_al._2010-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Forced_moulting">Forced moulting</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battery_cage&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Forced moulting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Forced_moulting" class="mw-redirect" title="Forced moulting">Forced moulting</a></div> <p>Flocks are sometimes force moulted, rather than being slaughtered, to reinvigorate egg-laying. This involves complete withdrawal of food (and sometimes water) for seven to fourteen days<sup id="cite_ref-Patwardhan_and_King,_(2011)_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Patwardhan_and_King,_(2011)-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or sufficiently long to cause a body weight loss of 25 to 35 percent.<sup id="cite_ref-Webster,_(2003)_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Webster,_(2003)-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This stimulates the hen to lose her feathers, but also reinvigorates egg-production. Some flocks may be force moulted several times. In 2003, more than 75 percent of all flocks were moulted in the US.<sup id="cite_ref-Yousaf_and_Chaudhry,_(2008)_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yousaf_and_Chaudhry,_(2008)-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This temporary starving of the hens is seen as inhumane and is the main point of objection by critics and opponents of the practice. The alternative most often employed is to slaughter the hens instead of moulting them.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Improving_welfare_for_egg-producing_hens">Improving welfare for egg-producing hens</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battery_cage&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Improving welfare for egg-producing hens"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Scientific_Veterinary_Committee_of_the_European_Commission&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Scientific Veterinary Committee of the European Commission (page does not exist)">Scientific Veterinary Committee of the European Commission</a> stated that "enriched cages and well-designed non-cage systems have already been shown to have a number of welfare advantages over battery systems in their present form".<sup id="cite_ref-SVCEC_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SVCEC-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Supporters of battery husbandry contend that alternative systems such as free range also have welfare problems, such as increases in <a href="/wiki/Cannibalism_(poultry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cannibalism (poultry)">cannibalism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Feather_pecking" title="Feather pecking">feather pecking</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vent_pecking" title="Vent pecking">vent pecking</a>. A recent review of welfare in battery cages made the point that such welfare issues are problems of management, unlike the issues of behavioural deprivation, which are inherent in a system that keeps hens in such cramped and barren conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-Morris1_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morris1-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Free-range_egg" class="mw-redirect" title="Free-range egg">Free-range egg</a> producers can limit or eliminate injurious pecking, particularly <a href="/wiki/Feather_pecking" title="Feather pecking">feather pecking</a>, through such strategies as providing environmental enrichment, feeding mash instead of pellets, keeping roosters in with the hens, and arranging nest boxes so hens are not exposed to each other's vents;<sup id="cite_ref-Morris1_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morris1-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> similar strategies are more restricted or impossible in battery cages.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battery_cage&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="grain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Noto_Emoji_Oreo_1f33e.svg/28px-Noto_Emoji_Oreo_1f33e.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Noto_Emoji_Oreo_1f33e.svg/42px-Noto_Emoji_Oreo_1f33e.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Noto_Emoji_Oreo_1f33e.svg/56px-Noto_Emoji_Oreo_1f33e.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Agriculture" title="Portal:Agriculture">Agriculture portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_rights" title="Animal rights">Animal rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_welfare" title="Animal welfare">Animal welfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_rescue" title="Open rescue">Open rescue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pastured_poultry" title="Pastured poultry">Pastured-raised</a> (poultry)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battery_cage&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Horne_Achterbosch_2008-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Horne_Achterbosch_2008_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHorneAchterbosch2008" class="citation journal cs1">Horne, P.L.M. Van; Achterbosch, T.J. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://library.wur.nl/WebQuery/wurpubs/fulltext/53505">"Animal welfare in poultry production systems: impact of EU standards on world trade"</a>. <i>World's Poultry Science Journal</i>. <b>64</b> (1). Cambridge University Press (CUP): 40–52. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0043933907001705">10.1017/s0043933907001705</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:41783559">41783559</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180720020846/http://library.wur.nl/WebQuery/wurpubs/fulltext/53505">Archived</a> from the original on 20 July 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=World%27s+Poultry+Science+Journal&rft.atitle=Animal+welfare+in+poultry+production+systems%3A+impact+of+EU+standards+on+world+trade&rft.volume=64&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=40-52&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0043933907001705&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A41783559%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Horne&rft.aufirst=P.L.M.+Van&rft.au=Achterbosch%2C+T.J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flibrary.wur.nl%2FWebQuery%2Fwurpubs%2Ffulltext%2F53505&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattery+cage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Leenstra_2016-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Leenstra_2016_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeenstraNapelVisscherSambeek2016" class="citation journal cs1">Leenstra, F.; Napel, J. Ten; Visscher, J.; Sambeek, F. Van (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/291555344">"Layer breeding programmes in changing production environments: a historic perspective"</a>. <i>World's Poultry Science Journal</i>. <b>72</b> (1). Cambridge University Press (CUP): 21–36. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0043933915002743">10.1017/s0043933915002743</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:88880569">88880569</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=World%27s+Poultry+Science+Journal&rft.atitle=Layer+breeding+programmes+in+changing+production+environments%3A+a+historic+perspective&rft.volume=72&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=21-36&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0043933915002743&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A88880569%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Leenstra&rft.aufirst=F.&rft.au=Napel%2C+J.+Ten&rft.au=Visscher%2C+J.&rft.au=Sambeek%2C+F.+Van&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F291555344&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattery+cage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Meseret_2016-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Meseret_2016_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Meseret_2016_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeseret2016" class="citation journal cs1">Meseret, S. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/311321712">"A review of poultry welfare in conventional production system"</a>. <i>Livestock Research for Rural Development</i>. <b>28</b> (12).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Livestock+Research+for+Rural+Development&rft.atitle=A+review+of+poultry+welfare+in+conventional+production+system&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=12&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Meseret&rft.aufirst=S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F311321712&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattery+cage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CRS_2014-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CRS_2014_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreeneCowan2014" class="citation journal cs1">Greene, J.L.; Cowan, T (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170211160418/https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/47ce/d140eac346b2b8d59781291411dd60148bfe.pdf">"Table Egg Production and Hen Welfare: Agreement and Legislative Proposals"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>CRS Report for Congress</i>. <b>42534</b>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/47ce/d140eac346b2b8d59781291411dd60148bfe.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 11 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CRS+Report+for+Congress&rft.atitle=Table+Egg+Production+and+Hen+Welfare%3A+Agreement+and+Legislative+Proposals&rft.volume=42534&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Greene&rft.aufirst=J.L.&rft.au=Cowan%2C+T&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpdfs.semanticscholar.org%2F47ce%2Fd140eac346b2b8d59781291411dd60148bfe.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattery+cage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Ranger,_(2011)-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-The_Ranger,_(2011)_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160404072548/http://www.theranger.co.uk/news/50percent-of-uk-eggs-laid-by-free-range-hens_21575.html">"50% of UK eggs laid by free range hens"</a>. <i>theranger.co.uk</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theranger.co.uk/news/50percent-of-UK-eggs-laid-by-free-range-hens_21575.html">the original</a> on 4 April 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 December</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=theranger.co.uk&rft.atitle=50%25+of+UK+eggs+laid+by+free+range+hens&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theranger.co.uk%2Fnews%2F50percent-of-UK-eggs-laid-by-free-range-hens_21575.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattery+cage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-eur-lex.europa.eu-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-eur-lex.europa.eu_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-eur-lex.europa.eu_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:1999:203:0053:0057:EN:PDF">"European Union Council Directive 1999/74/EC"</a>. <i>Official Journal of the European Communities</i>. European Union. 19 July 1999. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130507115635/http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:1999:203:0053:0057:EN:PDF">Archived</a> from the original on 7 May 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Official+Journal+of+the+European+Communities&rft.atitle=European+Union+Council+Directive+1999%2F74%2FEC&rft.date=1999-07-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feur-lex.europa.eu%2FLexUriServ%2FLexUriServ.do%3Furi%3DOJ%3AL%3A1999%3A203%3A0053%3A0057%3AEN%3APDF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattery+cage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hsi.org/assets/pdfs/scientists-and-experts-on-battery-cages-and-laying-hen-welfarehsi.pdf">"Scientists and Experts on Battery Cages and Laying Hen Welfare"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170517115154/http://www.hsi.org/assets/pdfs/scientists-and-experts-on-battery-cages-and-laying-hen-welfarehsi.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 17 May 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Scientists+and+Experts+on+Battery+Cages+and+Laying+Hen+Welfare&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hsi.org%2Fassets%2Fpdfs%2Fscientists-and-experts-on-battery-cages-and-laying-hen-welfarehsi.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattery+cage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-08-19_en.htm">"Animal Welfare: Commission report confirms the potential benefits of banning conventional battery cages for laying hens"</a>. <i>europa.eu</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180112100913/http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-08-19_en.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 12 January 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=europa.eu&rft.atitle=Animal+Welfare%3A+Commission+report+confirms+the+potential+benefits+of+banning+conventional+battery+cages+for+laying+hens&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feuropa.eu%2Frapid%2Fpress-release_IP-08-19_en.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattery+cage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Circular from the British Hen Welfare Trust.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Arndt-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Arndt_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arndt_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arndt_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arndt_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArndt1931" class="citation book cs1">Arndt, Milton (1931). <i>Battery Brooding</i> (2nd ed.). Orange Judd Publishing. pp. 308–312.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Battery+Brooding&rft.pages=308-312&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Orange+Judd+Publishing&rft.date=1931&rft.aulast=Arndt&rft.aufirst=Milton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattery+cage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_States_Patent_Office1969" class="citation web cs1">United States Patent Office (1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/patents?id=ni1zAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=4#v=onepage&q&f=false">"Battery cages"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 May</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Battery+cages&rft.date=1969&rft.au=United+States+Patent+Office&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fpatents%3Fid%3Dni1zAAAAEBAJ%26printsec%3Dabstract%26zoom%3D4%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattery+cage" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged June 2024">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-washington_post_2001-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-washington_post_2001_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.isecruelty.com/article.php">"Md. Egg Farm Accused of Cruelty"</a>. <i>Washington Post</i>. 6 June 2001. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090726181354/http://www.isecruelty.com/article.php">Archived</a> from the original on 26 July 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 July</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Md.+Egg+Farm+Accused+of+Cruelty&rft.date=2001-06-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.isecruelty.com%2Farticle.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattery+cage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-North-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-North_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-North_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-North_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorthDonald_E._Bell1990" class="citation book cs1">North, Mack O.; Donald E. Bell (1990). <i>Commercial Chicken Production Manual</i> (4th ed.). Van Nostrand Reinhold. pp. 297, 315. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87055-446-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-87055-446-8"><bdi>0-87055-446-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Commercial+Chicken+Production+Manual&rft.pages=297%2C+315&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Van+Nostrand+Reinhold&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-87055-446-8&rft.aulast=North&rft.aufirst=Mack+O.&rft.au=Donald+E.+Bell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattery+cage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-singer175-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-singer175_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-singer175_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSinger2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Singer" title="Peter Singer">Singer, Peter</a> (2006). <i>In Defense of Animals</i>. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 175. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4051-1941-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-4051-1941-1"><bdi>1-4051-1941-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+Defense+of+Animals&rft.pages=175&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=1-4051-1941-1&rft.aulast=Singer&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattery+cage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hotzel-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hotzel_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hotzel_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hotzel_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHötzelFilho2013" class="citation book cs1">Hötzel, Maria José; Filho, Luiz Carlos Pinheiro Machado (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oddfXXi2L30C&pg=PA162"><i>ISAE 2013: Proceedings of the 47th Congress of the International Society of Applied Ethology, 2-6 June 2013, Florianopolis, Brazil : Understanding Behaviour to Improve Livelihood</i></a>. Wageningen: Wageningen Academic Pub. p. 162. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789086862252" title="Special:BookSources/9789086862252"><bdi>9789086862252</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230118202247/https://books.google.com/books?id=oddfXXi2L30C&pg=PA162">Archived</a> from the original on 18 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=ISAE+2013%3A+Proceedings+of+the+47th+Congress+of+the+International+Society+of+Applied+Ethology%2C+2-6+June+2013%2C+Florianopolis%2C+Brazil+%3A+Understanding+Behaviour+to+Improve+Livelihood&rft.place=Wageningen&rft.pages=162&rft.pub=Wageningen+Academic+Pub&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9789086862252&rft.aulast=H%C3%B6tzel&rft.aufirst=Maria+Jos%C3%A9&rft.au=Filho%2C+Luiz+Carlos+Pinheiro+Machado&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoddfXXi2L30C%26pg%3DPA162&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattery+cage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrank_Chung2015" class="citation news cs1">Frank Chung (4 October 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.news.com.au/finance/business/manufacturing/do-cage-eggs-have-a-future-in-australia/news-story/a4ead13d4f0cb5f540c21695b8f9ccef">"Do cage eggs have a future in Australia?"</a>. <i>News.com.au</i>. News Corp Australia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200906230347/https://www.news.com.au/finance/business/manufacturing/do-cage-eggs-have-a-future-in-australia/news-story/a4ead13d4f0cb5f540c21695b8f9ccef">Archived</a> from the original on 6 September 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=News.com.au&rft.atitle=Do+cage+eggs+have+a+future+in+Australia%3F&rft.date=2015-10-04&rft.au=Frank+Chung&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.news.com.au%2Ffinance%2Fbusiness%2Fmanufacturing%2Fdo-cage-eggs-have-a-future-in-australia%2Fnews-story%2Fa4ead13d4f0cb5f540c21695b8f9ccef&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattery+cage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.abc.net.au/news/2012-05-18/tasmania-to-ban-battery-hen-farming/4019200M">http://www.abc.net.au/news/2012-05-18/tasmania-to-ban-battery-hen-farming/4019200M</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged October 2019">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup> ABC Tasmania to ban Battery Hen Farming</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140717175003/http://www.news.com.au/national/breaking-news/tas-government-scraps-free-range-egg-plan/story-e6frfku9-1226894982657">"Tas government scraps free-range egg plan"</a>. News.com.au. 24 April 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.news.com.au/national/breaking-news/tas-government-scraps-free-range-egg-plan/story-e6frfku9-1226894982657">the original</a> on 17 July 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 June</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Tas+government+scraps+free-range+egg+plan&rft.date=2014-04-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.news.com.au%2Fnational%2Fbreaking-news%2Ftas-government-scraps-free-range-egg-plan%2Fstory-e6frfku9-1226894982657&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattery+cage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Davey-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Davey_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Davey_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavey2014" class="citation news cs1">Davey, Melissa (18 September 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/sep/19/-sp-inside-the-battery-hen-shed">"Inside the battery hen shed: the farmer who wants to prove cages aren't always cruel"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200726173930/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/sep/19/-sp-inside-the-battery-hen-shed">Archived</a> from the original on 26 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Inside+the+battery+hen+shed%3A+the+farmer+who+wants+to+prove+cages+aren%27t+always+cruel&rft.date=2014-09-18&rft.aulast=Davey&rft.aufirst=Melissa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2014%2Fsep%2F19%2F-sp-inside-the-battery-hen-shed&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattery+cage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.parliament.nsw.gov.au/committees/listofcommittees/Pages/committee-details.aspx?pk=261#tab-timeline">"Legislative Council Select Committee on the Use of Battery Cages for Hens in the Egg Production Industry"</a>. <i>Parliament of New South Wales</i>. 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200812043156/https://www.parliament.nsw.gov.au/committees/listofcommittees/Pages/committee-details.aspx?pk=261#tab-timeline">Archived</a> from the original on 12 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Parliament+of+New+South+Wales&rft.atitle=Legislative+Council+Select+Committee+on+the+Use+of+Battery+Cages+for+Hens+in+the+Egg+Production+Industry&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.parliament.nsw.gov.au%2Fcommittees%2Flistofcommittees%2FPages%2Fcommittee-details.aspx%3Fpk%3D261%23tab-timeline&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattery+cage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRabe2019" class="citation web cs1">Rabe, Tom (29 October 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smh.com.au/politics/nsw/calls-for-a-national-standard-for-labelling-egg-products-20191029-p535hn.html">"Calls for a national standard for labelling egg products"</a>. <i>The Sydney Morning Herald</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200726164327/https://www.smh.com.au/politics/nsw/calls-for-a-national-standard-for-labelling-egg-products-20191029-p535hn.html">Archived</a> from the original on 26 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Sydney+Morning+Herald&rft.atitle=Calls+for+a+national+standard+for+labelling+egg+products&rft.date=2019-10-29&rft.aulast=Rabe&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smh.com.au%2Fpolitics%2Fnsw%2Fcalls-for-a-national-standard-for-labelling-egg-products-20191029-p535hn.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattery+cage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHurst2019" class="citation web cs1">Hurst, Emma (30 October 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.emmahurstmp.com/nsw_egg_industry_s_dirty_plan_supported_by_labor_in_upper_house_inquiry">"Media Release: NSW Egg Industry's dirty plan supported by Labor in Upper House Inquiry"</a>. <i>Emma Hurst MP</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200726152450/https://www.emmahurstmp.com/nsw_egg_industry_s_dirty_plan_supported_by_labor_in_upper_house_inquiry">Archived</a> from the original on 26 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Emma+Hurst+MP&rft.atitle=Media+Release%3A+NSW+Egg+Industry%27s+dirty+plan+supported+by+Labor+in+Upper+House+Inquiry&rft.date=2019-10-30&rft.aulast=Hurst&rft.aufirst=Emma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.emmahurstmp.com%2Fnsw_egg_industry_s_dirty_plan_supported_by_labor_in_upper_house_inquiry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattery+cage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CBC_News-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CBC_News_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CBC_News_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/business/cage-free-eggs-1.3435333">"Canadian egg farmers to abandon battery cages by 2036"</a>. <i>CBC News</i>. 5 February 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200625220148/https://www.cbc.ca/news/business/cage-free-eggs-1.3435333">Archived</a> from the original on 25 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CBC+News&rft.atitle=Canadian+egg+farmers+to+abandon+battery+cages+by+2036&rft.date=2016-02-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fbusiness%2Fcage-free-eggs-1.3435333&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattery+cage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ciwf.org.uk/resources/publications/poultry_laying_hens/default.aspx">"Species: laying hens - Compassion in World Farming"</a>. <i>ciwf.org.uk</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140331192321/http://www.ciwf.org.uk/resources/publications/poultry_laying_hens/default.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 31 March 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 March</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ciwf.org.uk&rft.atitle=Species%3A+laying+hens+-+Compassion+in+World+Farming&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fciwf.org.uk%2Fresources%2Fpublications%2Fpoultry_laying_hens%2Fdefault.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattery+cage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brandsma-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Brandsma_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJelle_Brandsma2011" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Jelle Brandsma (15 December 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.trouw.nl/nieuws/de-legbatterij-verdwijnt-maar-nog-niet-overal~bf8e6354/">"De legbatterij verdwijnt, maar nog niet overal"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Trouw" title="Trouw">Trouw</a></i> (in Dutch). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200726155407/https://www.trouw.nl/nieuws/de-legbatterij-verdwijnt-maar-nog-niet-overal~bf8e6354/">Archived</a> from the original on 26 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Trouw&rft.atitle=De+legbatterij+verdwijnt%2C+maar+nog+niet+overal&rft.date=2011-12-15&rft.au=Jelle+Brandsma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.trouw.nl%2Fnieuws%2Fde-legbatterij-verdwijnt-maar-nog-niet-overal~bf8e6354%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattery+cage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120420194324/http://vegan.com/podcast/2009/04/15/vegtalk-podcast-mahi-klosterhalfen-and-the-end-of-the-battery-cage/">"VegTalk Podcast: Mahi Klosterhalfen and the End of the Battery Cage"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vegan.com/podcast/2009/04/15/vegtalk-podcast-mahi-klosterhalfen-and-the-end-of-the-battery-cage/">the original</a> on 20 April 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 October</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=VegTalk+Podcast%3A+Mahi+Klosterhalfen+and+the+End+of+the+Battery+Cage&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvegan.com%2Fpodcast%2F2009%2F04%2F15%2Fvegtalk-podcast-mahi-klosterhalfen-and-the-end-of-the-battery-cage%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattery+cage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Singh-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Singh_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Singh_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVijay_Singh2014" class="citation news cs1">Vijay Singh (7 March 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/31616807.cms">"Court issues notice against confinement of egg laying hens in battery cages"</a>. <i>The Times of India</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230118202237/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/court-issues-notice-against-confinement-of-egg-laying-hens-in-battery-cages/articleshow/31616807.cms">Archived</a> from the original on 18 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Court+issues+notice+against+confinement+of+egg+laying+hens+in+battery+cages&rft.date=2014-03-07&rft.au=Vijay+Singh&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Farticleshow%2F31616807.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattery+cage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVishwa_Mohad2019" class="citation news cs1">Vishwa Mohad (2 May 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/draft-rules-prohibit-keeping-hens-in-cramped-battery-cages/articleshow/69137066.cms">"Draft rules prohibit keeping hens in cramped 'battery cages'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>The Times of India</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201107232419/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/draft-rules-prohibit-keeping-hens-in-cramped-battery-cages/articleshow/69137066.cms">Archived</a> from the original on 7 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Draft+rules+prohibit+keeping+hens+in+cramped+%27battery+cages%27&rft.date=2019-05-02&rft.au=Vishwa+Mohad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Findia%2Fdraft-rules-prohibit-keeping-hens-in-cramped-battery-cages%2Farticleshow%2F69137066.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattery+cage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeha_Madaan2017" class="citation news cs1">Neha Madaan (26 February 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/poultry-industry-uses-battery-cages-despite-government-ban/articleshow/57354968.cms">"Poultry industry uses battery cages despite government ban"</a>. <i>The Times of India</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210225114756/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/poultry-industry-uses-battery-cages-despite-government-ban/articleshow/57354968.cms">Archived</a> from the original on 25 February 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Poultry+industry+uses+battery+cages+despite+government+ban&rft.date=2017-02-26&rft.au=Neha+Madaan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fcity%2Fpune%2Fpoultry-industry-uses-battery-cages-despite-government-ban%2Farticleshow%2F57354968.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattery+cage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=10852437">"New battery hen cages banned"</a>. <i>The New Zealand Herald</i>. 6 December 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200726174206/https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=10852437">Archived</a> from the original on 26 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Zealand+Herald&rft.atitle=New+battery+hen+cages+banned&rft.date=2012-12-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nzherald.co.nz%2Fnz%2Fnews%2Farticle.cfm%3Fc_id%3D1%26objectid%3D10852437&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattery+cage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Fjørfe</i> nr. 3, 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rise-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rise_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rise_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHans-Olav_Rise2018" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Hans-Olav Rise (9 September 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationen.no/landbruk/nortura-kjenner-seg-pressa-vekk-fra-buregg/">"Nortura kjenner seg pressa vekk frå buregg"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Nationen" title="Nationen">Nationen</a></i> (in Norwegian). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200726152329/https://www.nationen.no/landbruk/nortura-kjenner-seg-pressa-vekk-fra-buregg/">Archived</a> from the original on 26 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nationen&rft.atitle=Nortura+kjenner+seg+pressa+vekk+fr%C3%A5+buregg&rft.date=2018-09-09&rft.au=Hans-Olav+Rise&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationen.no%2Flandbruk%2Fnortura-kjenner-seg-pressa-vekk-fra-buregg%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattery+cage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2wLuAzqOLtY">"Burhøner i Norge"</a>. <i>YouTube</i> (in Norwegian). Dyrevernalliansen (Norwegian Animal Protection Alliance). 10 March 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211219/2wLuAzqOLtY">Archived</a> from the original on 19 December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=YouTube&rft.atitle=Burh%C3%B8ner+i+Norge&rft.date=2010-03-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3D2wLuAzqOLtY&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattery+cage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fintland-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fintland_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fintland_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOla_Fintland2017" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ola Fintland (28 April 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aftenbladet.no/lokalt/i/4pRM6/burhner-blir-stortingsmat">"Burhøner blir stortingsmat"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Aftenposten" title="Aftenposten">Aftenposten</a></i> (in Norwegian). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200726151829/https://www.aftenbladet.no/lokalt/i/4pRM6/burhner-blir-stortingsmat">Archived</a> from the original on 26 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Aftenposten&rft.atitle=Burh%C3%B8ner+blir+stortingsmat&rft.date=2017-04-28&rft.au=Ola+Fintland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aftenbladet.no%2Flokalt%2Fi%2F4pRM6%2Fburhner-blir-stortingsmat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattery+cage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.schweizerbauern.ch/de/wissen/tiere/gefluegelhaltung/haltung/">"Haltung - Schweizer Bauern"</a>. <i>www.schweizerbauern.ch</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230118202241/https://www.schweizerbauern.ch/wissen-facts/tiere/gefluegel/">Archived</a> from the original on 18 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.schweizerbauern.ch&rft.atitle=Haltung+-+Schweizer+Bauern&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.schweizerbauern.ch%2Fde%2Fwissen%2Ftiere%2Fgefluegelhaltung%2Fhaltung%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattery+cage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrandin2015" class="citation book cs1">Grandin, Temple (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fzc7CgAAQBAJ&pg=PA118"><i>Improving Animal Welfare, 2nd Edition: A Practical Approach</i></a>. London: CABI. p. 118. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781780644677" title="Special:BookSources/9781780644677"><bdi>9781780644677</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230118202248/https://books.google.com/books?id=fzc7CgAAQBAJ&pg=PA118">Archived</a> from the original on 18 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Improving+Animal+Welfare%2C+2nd+Edition%3A+A+Practical+Approach&rft.place=London&rft.pages=118&rft.pub=CABI&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9781780644677&rft.aulast=Grandin&rft.aufirst=Temple&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dfzc7CgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA118&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattery+cage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vogeler_2020-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Vogeler_2020_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVogeler2020" class="citation journal cs1">Vogeler, Colette S. (14 April 2020). "Politicizing Farm Animal Welfare: A Comparative Study of Policy Change in the United States of America". <i>Journal of Comparative Policy Analysis: Research and Practice</i>. <b>23</b> (5–6). Informa UK Limited: 526–543. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13876988.2020.1742069">10.1080/13876988.2020.1742069</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1387-6988">1387-6988</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:218809455">218809455</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Comparative+Policy+Analysis%3A+Research+and+Practice&rft.atitle=Politicizing+Farm+Animal+Welfare%3A+A+Comparative+Study+of+Policy+Change+in+the+United+States+of+America&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=5%E2%80%936&rft.pages=526-543&rft.date=2020-04-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A218809455%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1387-6988&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F13876988.2020.1742069&rft.aulast=Vogeler&rft.aufirst=Colette+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattery+cage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJerilyn_Jordan2019" class="citation news cs1">Jerilyn Jordan (22 November 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200523225422/https://www.metrotimes.com/news-hits/archives/2019/11/22/michigan-will-become-the-5th-state-to-enforce-cage-free-egg-production-thanks-to-new-bill">"Michigan will become 5th state to enforce cage-free egg production thanks to new bill"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Metro_Times" title="Metro Times">Metro Times</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.metrotimes.com/news-hits/archives/2019/11/22/michigan-will-become-the-5th-state-to-enforce-cage-free-egg-production-thanks-to-new-bill">the original</a> on 23 May 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Metro+Times&rft.atitle=Michigan+will+become+5th+state+to+enforce+cage-free+egg+production+thanks+to+new+bill&rft.date=2019-11-22&rft.au=Jerilyn+Jordan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.metrotimes.com%2Fnews-hits%2Farchives%2F2019%2F11%2F22%2Fmichigan-will-become-the-5th-state-to-enforce-cage-free-egg-production-thanks-to-new-bill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattery+cage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HSUS_on_Michigan-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HSUS_on_Michigan_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170516232517/http://www.humanesociety.org/news/press_releases/2009/10/mich_gov_granholm_signs.html">"Mich. Gov. Granholm signs historic farm animal welfare measure"</a>. Humane Society of the United States. 12 October 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.humanesociety.org/news/press_releases/2009/10/mich_gov_granholm_signs.html">the original</a> on 16 May 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mich.+Gov.+Granholm+signs+historic+farm+animal+welfare+measure&rft.pub=Humane+Society+of+the+United+States&rft.date=2009-10-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.humanesociety.org%2Fnews%2Fpress_releases%2F2009%2F10%2Fmich_gov_granholm_signs.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattery+cage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150318003752/http://www.humanesociety.org/news/press_releases/2010/06/landmark_ohio_agreement_063010.html">"Landmark Ohio Animal Welfare Agreement Reached Among HSUS, Ohioans for Humane Farms, Gov. Strickland, and Leading Livestock Organizations"</a>. <i>Humane Society of the United States</i>. 30 June 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.humanesociety.org/news/press_releases/2010/06/landmark_ohio_agreement_063010.html">the original</a> on 18 March 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Humane+Society+of+the+United+States&rft.atitle=Landmark+Ohio+Animal+Welfare+Agreement+Reached+Among+HSUS%2C+Ohioans+for+Humane+Farms%2C+Gov.+Strickland%2C+and+Leading+Livestock+Organizations&rft.date=2010-06-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.humanesociety.org%2Fnews%2Fpress_releases%2F2010%2F06%2Flandmark_ohio_agreement_063010.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattery+cage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200726153655/https://www.oregon.gov/ODA/programs/ISCP/Hens/Pages/RequirementsInspections.aspx">"Oregon Department of Agriculture: Requirements and Inspections"</a>. <i>www.oregon.gov</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oregon.gov/ODA/programs/ISCP/Hens/Pages/RequirementsInspections.aspx">the original</a> on 26 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.oregon.gov&rft.atitle=Oregon+Department+of+Agriculture%3A+Requirements+and+Inspections&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oregon.gov%2FODA%2Fprograms%2FISCP%2FHens%2FPages%2FRequirementsInspections.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattery+cage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://olis.leg.state.or.us/liz/2011R1/Measures/Overview/SB805">"SB805 2011 Regular Session - Oregon Legislative Information System"</a>. <i>olis.leg.state.or.us</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200726161137/https://olis.leg.state.or.us/liz/2011R1/Measures/Overview/SB805">Archived</a> from the original on 26 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=olis.leg.state.or.us&rft.atitle=SB805+2011+Regular+Session+-+Oregon+Legislative+Information+System&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Folis.leg.state.or.us%2Fliz%2F2011R1%2FMeasures%2FOverview%2FSB805&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattery+cage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blog.humanesociety.org/wayne/2011/07/landmark-egg-agreement.html">"Landmark Agreement to Help Millions of Hens · A Humane Nation"</a>. 7 July 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170517232157/http://blog.humanesociety.org/wayne/2011/07/landmark-egg-agreement.html">Archived</a> from the original on 17 May 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Landmark+Agreement+to+Help+Millions+of+Hens+%C2%B7+A+Humane+Nation&rft.date=2011-07-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblog.humanesociety.org%2Fwayne%2F2011%2F07%2Flandmark-egg-agreement.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattery+cage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090222091817/http://www.vegsoc.org/info/laying.html#male">"Egg laying and male birds"</a>. Vegsoc.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vegsoc.org/info/laying.html#male">the original</a> on 22 February 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Egg+laying+and+male+birds&rft.pub=Vegsoc.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vegsoc.org%2Finfo%2Flaying.html%23male&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattery+cage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.foxnews.com/story/video-shows-chicks-ground-up-alive-at-egg-hatchery">"Video Shows Chicks Ground Up Alive at Egg Hatchery"</a>. <i>The Associated Press</i>. 2 September 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220714080031/https://www.foxnews.com/story/video-shows-chicks-ground-up-alive-at-egg-hatchery">Archived</a> from the original on 14 July 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Associated+Press.&rft.atitle=Video+Shows+Chicks+Ground+Up+Alive+at+Egg+Hatchery&rft.date=2009-09-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.foxnews.com%2Fstory%2Fvideo-shows-chicks-ground-up-alive-at-egg-hatchery&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattery+cage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120712174941/http://www.avma.org/issues/animal_welfare/euthanasia.pdf">"AVMA Guidelines for the Euthanasia of Animals"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.avma.org/issues/animal_welfare/euthanasia.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 12 July 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=AVMA+Guidelines+for+the+Euthanasia+of+Animals&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.avma.org%2Fissues%2Fanimal_welfare%2Feuthanasia.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattery+cage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120524214925/http://www.avma.org/onlnews/javma/sep06/060915e.asp">"Executive Board meets pressing needs - September 15, 2006"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.avma.org/onlnews/javma/sep06/060915e.asp">the original</a> on 24 May 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Executive+Board+meets+pressing+needs+-+September+15%2C+2006&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.avma.org%2Fonlnews%2Fjavma%2Fsep06%2F060915e.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattery+cage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorris2008" class="citation journal cs1">Morris, M. C. (2008). "The Ethics and Politics of Animal Welfare in New Zealand: Broiler Chicken Production as a Case Study". <i>Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics</i>. <b>22</b>: 15–30. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10806-008-9128-3">10.1007/s10806-008-9128-3</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154609136">154609136</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Agricultural+and+Environmental+Ethics&rft.atitle=The+Ethics+and+Politics+of+Animal+Welfare+in+New+Zealand%3A+Broiler+Chicken+Production+as+a+Case+Study&rft.volume=22&rft.pages=15-30&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10806-008-9128-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154609136%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Morris&rft.aufirst=M.+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattery+cage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sherwin_et_al._2010-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sherwin_et_al._2010_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sherwin_et_al._2010_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Sherwin, C.M., Richards, G.J and Nicol, C.J., (2010). Comparison of the welfare of layer hens in 4 housing systems in the UK. <i>British Poultry Science</i>, 51(4): 488-499</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chickens: Layer Housing, M.C. Appleby, Encyclopedia of Animal Science. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1081%2FE-EAS-120019534">10.1081/E-EAS-120019534</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_Egg_Producers2010" class="citation web cs1">United Egg Producers (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150405090650/http://www.uepcertified.com/pdf/2010-uep-animal-welfare-guidelines.pdf">"Animal Husbandry Guidelines for U.S. Egg Laying Flocks"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uepcertified.com/pdf/2010-uep-animal-welfare-guidelines.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 5 April 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 August</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Animal+Husbandry+Guidelines+for+U.S.+Egg+Laying+Flocks&rft.date=2010&rft.au=United+Egg+Producers&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uepcertified.com%2Fpdf%2F2010-uep-animal-welfare-guidelines.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattery+cage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-washington_post_2003-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-washington_post_2003_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121203235723/http://www.cok.net/feat/article-wp.php">"Animal Pragmatism: Compassion Over Killing Wants to Make the Anti-Meat Message a Little More Palatable"</a>. <i>Washington Post</i>. 3 September 2003. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cok.net/feat/article-wp.php">the original</a> on 3 December 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 July</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Animal+Pragmatism%3A+Compassion+Over+Killing+Wants+to+Make+the+Anti-Meat+Message+a+Little+More+Palatable&rft.date=2003-09-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cok.net%2Ffeat%2Farticle-wp.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattery+cage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nytimes_2002-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nytimes_2002_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBecker2002" class="citation news cs1">Becker, Elizabeth (4 December 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2002/12/04/us/advocates-for-animals-turn-attention-to-chickens.html">"Advocates for Animals Turn Attention to Chickens"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121105153623/http://www.nytimes.com/2002/12/04/us/advocates-for-animals-turn-attention-to-chickens.html">Archived</a> from the original on 5 November 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 July</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Advocates+for+Animals+Turn+Attention+to+Chickens&rft.date=2002-12-04&rft.aulast=Becker&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2002%2F12%2F04%2Fus%2Fadvocates-for-animals-turn-attention-to-chickens.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattery+cage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stamp_Dawkins_and_Hardie,_(1989)-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Stamp_Dawkins_and_Hardie,_(1989)_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stamp Dawkins, M. and Hardie, S., (1989). Space needs of laying hens. <i>British Poultry Science</i>, <b>30</b>: 413-416. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00071668908417163">10.1080/00071668908417163</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nicol_and_Dawkins,_(1989)-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nicol_and_Dawkins,_(1989)_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nicol, C.J. and Dawkins, M., (1989). No room for manoeuvre. <i>New Scientist</i>, <b>16</b> September 1989</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFApplebyMenchHughes2004" class="citation book cs1">Appleby, M.C.; Mench, J.A.; Hughes, B.O. (2004). <i>Poultry Behaviour and Welfare</i>. Wallingford and Cambridge MA: CABI Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85199-667-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-85199-667-1"><bdi>0-85199-667-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Poultry+Behaviour+and+Welfare&rft.place=Wallingford+and+Cambridge+MA&rft.pub=CABI+Publishing&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-85199-667-1&rft.aulast=Appleby&rft.aufirst=M.C.&rft.au=Mench%2C+J.A.&rft.au=Hughes%2C+B.O.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattery+cage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Prescott_and_Wathes,_2002-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Prescott_and_Wathes,_2002_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Prescott, N.B. and Wathes, C.M., (2002). Preference and motivation of laying hens to eat under different illuminances and the effect of illuminance on eating behaviour. <i>British Poultry Science</i>, <b>43</b>: 190-195</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Davis_et_al.,_1999-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Davis_et_al.,_1999_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Davis, N.J., Prescott, N.B., Savory, C.J. and Wathes, C.M., (1999). Preferences of growing fowls for different light intensities in relation to age, strain and behaviour. <i>Animal Welfare</i>, <b>8</b>: 193-203</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Green_et_al.,_2000-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Green_et_al.,_2000_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Green, L.E., Lewis, K., Kimpton, A. and Nicol, C.J., (2000). Cross-sectional study of the prevalence of feather pecking in laying hens in alternative systems and its association with management and disease. <i>Veterinary Record</i>, <b>147</b>: 233-238</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110920142107/http://www.aact.org.au/battery_hens.htm">"Against Animal Cruelty Tasmania (AACT) - Battery Hen Campaign"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aact.org.au/battery_hens.htm">the original</a> on 20 September 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Against+Animal+Cruelty+Tasmania+%28AACT%29+-+Battery+Hen+Campaign&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aact.org.au%2Fbattery_hens.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattery+cage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SVCEC-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SVCEC_61-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SVCEC_61-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScientific_Veterinary_Committee_of_the_European_Commission1996" class="citation web cs1">Scientific Veterinary Committee of the European Commission (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060926222924/http://ec.europa.eu/food/fs/sc/oldcomm4/out33_en.pdf">"Report on the Welfare of Layer Hens"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ec.europa.eu/food/fs/sc/oldcomm4/out33_en.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 26 September 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Report+on+the+Welfare+of+Layer+Hens&rft.date=1996&rft.au=Scientific+Veterinary+Committee+of+the+European+Commission&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fec.europa.eu%2Ffood%2Ffs%2Fsc%2Foldcomm4%2Fout33_en.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattery+cage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Patwardhan_and_King,_(2011)-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Patwardhan_and_King,_(2011)_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Patwardhan, D. and King, A., (2011). Review: feed withdrawal and non feed withdrawal moult. <i>World's Poultry Science Journal</i>, <b>67</b>: 253-268</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Webster,_(2003)-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Webster,_(2003)_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Webster, A.B., (2003). Physiology and behavior of the hen during induced moult. <i>Poultry Science</i>, <b>82</b>: 992-1002</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Yousaf_and_Chaudhry,_(2008)-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Yousaf_and_Chaudhry,_(2008)_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Yousaf, M. and Chaudhry, A.S., (2008). History, changing scenarios and future strategies to induce moulting in laying hens. <i>World's Poultry Science Journal</i>, <b>64</b>: 65-75</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Morris1-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Morris1_65-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Morris1_65-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorris2006" class="citation journal cs1">Morris, M.C. (2006). "The ethics and politics of the caged layer hen debate in New Zealand". <i>Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics</i>. <b>19</b> (5): 495–514. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10806-006-9007-8">10.1007/s10806-006-9007-8</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154114874">154114874</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Agricultural+and+Environmental+Ethics&rft.atitle=The+ethics+and+politics+of+the+caged+layer+hen+debate+in+New+Zealand&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=495-514&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10806-006-9007-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154114874%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Morris&rft.aufirst=M.C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattery+cage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battery_cage&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Battery_cages" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Battery cages">Battery cages</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bhwt.org.uk">The Battery Hen Welfare Trust</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110928041331/http://www.ciwf.org.uk/farm_animals/poultry/egg_laying_hens/default.aspx">Compassion in World Farming - Egg laying hens</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061126012103/http://www.hsus.org/web-files/PDF/hsp/soa_ii_chap11.pdf">"The State of the Animals II: 2003"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hsus.org/web-files/PDF/hsp/soa_ii_chap11.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 26 November 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 April</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+State+of+the+Animals+II%3A+2003&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hsus.org%2Fweb-files%2FPDF%2Fhsp%2Fsoa_ii_chap11.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattery+cage" class="Z3988"></span> from<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080224090036/http://www.hsus.org/press_and_publications/humane_bookshelf/the_state_of_the_animals_ii_2003.html">"The State of the Animals II: 2003 | the Humane Society of the United States"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hsus.org/press_and_publications/humane_bookshelf/the_state_of_the_animals_ii_2003.html">the original</a> on 24 February 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+State+of+the+Animals+II%3A+2003+%26%23124%3B+the+Humane+Society+of+the+United+States&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hsus.org%2Fpress_and_publications%2Fhumane_bookshelf%2Fthe_state_of_the_animals_ii_2003.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattery+cage" class="Z3988"></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9658942-7-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-9658942-7-4">0-9658942-7-4</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.defra.gov.uk/news/2011/12/06/higher-welfare-eggs/">EU battery cage ban</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Egg-laying_chicken_(hen)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Egg-laying_chicken" title="Template:Egg-laying chicken"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Egg-laying_chicken&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Egg-laying chicken (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Egg-laying_chicken" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Egg-laying chicken"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Egg-laying_chicken_(hen)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Egg" title="Egg">Egg</a>-laying <a href="/wiki/Chicken" title="Chicken">chicken</a> (hen)</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chicken" title="Chicken">Chick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicken" title="Chicken">Hen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Poultry" title="Poultry">As poultry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chicken_breeds" title="List of chicken breeds">Breeds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pullet" class="mw-redirect" title="Pullet">Pullet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Poultry_farming" title="Poultry farming">Husbandry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abnormal_behaviour_of_birds_in_captivity" title="Abnormal behaviour of birds in captivity">Abnormal behaviour of birds in captivity</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Battery cage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directive_1999/74/EC" title="Directive 1999/74/EC">Directive 1999/74/EC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debeaking" class="mw-redirect" title="Debeaking">Beak trimming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candling" title="Candling">Candling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chick_culling" title="Chick culling">Chick culling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chick_sexing" title="Chick sexing">Chick sexing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicken_tractor" title="Chicken tractor">Chicken tractor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_range" title="Free range">Free range</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Furnished_cage" title="Furnished cage">Furnished cage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatchery" title="Hatchery">Hatchery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poultry_farming" title="Poultry farming">Poultry farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yarding" title="Yarding">Yarding</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Chicken_dishes" title="Category:Chicken dishes">Dishes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scrambled_eggs" title="Scrambled eggs">Scrambled eggs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_mythology" title="Religion and mythology">Religion and mythology</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cockatrice" title="Cockatrice">Cockatrice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapparot" title="Kapparot">Kapparos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarimanok" title="Sarimanok">Sarimanok</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Disease" title="Disease">Diseases</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aspergillosis" title="Aspergillosis">Aspergillosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avian_influenza" title="Avian influenza">Avian influenza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avian_sarcoma_leukosis_virus" title="Avian sarcoma leukosis virus">Avian sarcoma leukosis virus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botulism" title="Botulism">Botulism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campylobacteriosis" title="Campylobacteriosis">Campylobacteriosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candidiasis" title="Candidiasis">Candidiasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coccidia" title="Coccidia">Coccidiosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_cold" title="Common cold">Colds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dermanyssus_gallinae" title="Dermanyssus gallinae">Dermanyssus gallinae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egg_binding" title="Egg binding">Egg binding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erysipelas" title="Erysipelas">Erysipelas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fowlpox" title="Fowlpox">Fowlpox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallid_herpesvirus_1" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallid herpesvirus 1">Gallid herpesvirus 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gapeworm" title="Gapeworm">Gapeworm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Histomoniasis" title="Histomoniasis">Histomoniasis (blackhead disease)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marek%27s_disease" title="Marek's disease">Marek's disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycoplasma" title="Mycoplasma">Mycoplasmas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newcastle_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Newcastle disease">Newcastle disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omphalitis" class="mw-redirect" title="Omphalitis">Omphalitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psittacosis" title="Psittacosis">Psittacosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmonella" title="Salmonella">Pullorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squamous-cell_carcinoma" title="Squamous-cell carcinoma">Squamous-cell carcinoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxoplasmosis" title="Toxoplasmosis">Toxoplasmosis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battery_cage&oldid=1249404798">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battery_cage&oldid=1249404798</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Buildings_and_structures_used_to_confine_animals" title="Category:Buildings and structures used to confine animals">Buildings and structures used to confine animals</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cruelty_to_animals" title="Category:Cruelty to animals">Cruelty to animals</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ethically_disputed_business_practices_towards_animals" title="Category:Ethically disputed business practices towards animals">Ethically disputed business practices towards animals</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Poultry_farming" title="Category:Poultry farming">Poultry farming</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links" title="Category:All articles with dead external links">All articles with dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_June_2024" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from June 2024">Articles with dead external links from June 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_October_2019" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from October 2019">Articles with dead external links from October 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_permanently_dead_external_links" title="Category:Articles with permanently dead external links">Articles with permanently dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Dutch-language_sources_(nl)" title="Category:CS1 Dutch-language sources (nl)">CS1 Dutch-language sources (nl)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Norwegian-language_sources_(no)" title="Category:CS1 Norwegian-language sources (no)">CS1 Norwegian-language sources (no)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_June_2018" title="Category:Use dmy dates from June 2018">Use dmy dates from June 2018</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_in_need_of_updating_from_March_2023" title="Category:Wikipedia articles in need of updating from March 2023">Wikipedia articles in need of updating from March 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_in_need_of_updating" title="Category:All Wikipedia articles in need of updating">All Wikipedia articles in need of updating</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_March_2024" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from March 2024">Articles with unsourced statements from March 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_January_2023" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from January 2023">Articles with unsourced statements from January 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_to_be_expanded_from_September_2009" title="Category:Articles to be expanded from September 2009">Articles to be expanded from September 2009</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_to_be_expanded" title="Category:All articles to be expanded">All articles to be expanded</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link is on Wikidata">Commons category link is on Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_video_clips" title="Category:Articles containing video clips">Articles containing video clips</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 4 October 2024, at 19:02<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battery_cage&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-5cd4cd96d5-shqml","wgBackendResponseTime":150,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.023","walltime":"1.243","ppvisitednodes":{"value":6100,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":163272,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":8885,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":17,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":13,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":242995,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1107.008 1 -total"," 41.22% 456.304 1 Template:Reflist"," 11.66% 129.029 7 Template:Cite_journal"," 10.50% 116.220 25 Template:Cite_web"," 9.48% 104.943 1 Template:World_laws_on_battery_cages"," 7.80% 86.313 19 Template:Main_other"," 7.22% 79.976 16 Template:Cite_news"," 6.55% 72.483 2 Template:Ambox"," 6.55% 72.462 1 Template:Update"," 6.40% 70.891 1 Template:Short_description"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.602","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":9659432,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.eqiad.main-7b457d66f4-275pn","timestamp":"20241126122435","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Battery cage","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Battery_cage","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q2915528","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q2915528","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2006-08-26T00:44:42Z","dateModified":"2024-10-04T19:02:35Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/6\/64\/Battery-farm.jpg","headline":"A housing system used for various animal production methods, but primarily for egg-laying hens"}</script> </body> </html>