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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Classification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Classification</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Classification-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Classification subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Classification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Acute_wounds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Acute_wounds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Acute wounds</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Acute_wounds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Open_wounds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Open_wounds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.1</span> <span>Open wounds</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Open_wounds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Closed_wounds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Closed_wounds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.2</span> <span>Closed wounds</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Closed_wounds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fractures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fractures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.3</span> <span>Fractures</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fractures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chronic_wounds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chronic_wounds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Chronic wounds</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chronic_wounds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Common_causes_of_chronic_wounds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Common_causes_of_chronic_wounds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span> <span>Common causes of chronic wounds</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Common_causes_of_chronic_wounds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wound_sterility" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wound_sterility"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Wound sterility</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wound_sterility-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Presentation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Presentation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Presentation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Presentation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Presentation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Presentation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Workup" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Workup"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Workup</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Workup-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Physical_examination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Physical_examination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Physical examination</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Physical_examination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diagnostics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diagnostics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>Diagnostics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diagnostics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Management" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Management"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Management</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Management-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Management subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Management-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Irrigation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Irrigation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Irrigation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Irrigation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Debridement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Debridement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Debridement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Debridement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Closure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Closure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Closure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Closure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dressings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dressings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Dressings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dressings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Maintenance_and_surveillance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Maintenance_and_surveillance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Maintenance and surveillance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Maintenance_and_surveillance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alternative_medicine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alternative_medicine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Alternative medicine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alternative_medicine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Research</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Wound</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 88 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-88" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">88 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%AD" title="جرح – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جرح" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nafra" title="Nafra – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Nafra" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aran%C3%A2" title="Aranâ – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Aranâ" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firida" title="Firida – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Firida" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yara" title="Yara – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Yara" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="یارا – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="یارا" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Рана – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Рана" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Рана – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Рана" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lugad" title="Lugad – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Lugad" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Рана – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Рана" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rana" title="Rana – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Rana" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferida" title="Ferida – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ferida" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Суран – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Суран" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A1na" title="Rána – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Rána" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A5r" title="Sår – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Sår" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wunde" title="Wunde – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Wunde" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haav" title="Haav – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Haav" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%BB%CE%B7%CE%B3%CE%AE" title="Πληγή – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πληγή" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frida" title="Frida – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Frida" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herida" title="Herida – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Herida" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vundo" title="Vundo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Vundo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zauri" title="Zauri – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Zauri" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%AE%D9%85" title="زخم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زخم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plaie" title="Plaie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Plaie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferw%C3%BBning" title="Ferwûning – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Ferwûning" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cr%C3%A9acht" title="Créacht – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Créacht" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferida" title="Ferida – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Ferida" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B0%BD%EC%83%81" title="창상 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="창상" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyambo" title="Gyambo – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Gyambo" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8E%D5%A5%D6%80%D6%84" title="Վերք – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Վերք" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5" title="घाव – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="घाव" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rana" title="Rana – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Rana" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plago" title="Plago – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Plago" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luka" title="Luka – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Luka" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulnere" title="Vulnere – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Vulnere" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikii" title="Ikii – Inupiaq" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Ikii" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="Inupiaq" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Iñupiatun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferita" title="Ferita – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ferita" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A6%D7%A2" title="פצע – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פצע" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AF" title="ಗಾಯ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಗಾಯ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AD%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%90" title="ჭრილობა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჭრილობა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Жара – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Жара" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majeraha" title="Majeraha – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Majeraha" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boulour" title="Boulour – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Boulour" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Жараат – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Жараат" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulnus" title="Vulnus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Vulnus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Br%C5%ABce" title="Brūce – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Brūce" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wonn" title="Wonn – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Wonn" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDaizda" title="Žaizda – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Žaizda" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mp%C3%B3t%C3%A1" title="Mpótá – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Mpótá" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seb" title="Seb – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Seb" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Рана – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Рана" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%8D" title="മുറിവ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മുറിവ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luka" title="Luka – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Luka" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wond" title="Wond – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Wond" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%BE" title="घा – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="घा" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%89%B5%E5%82%B7" title="創傷 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="創傷" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A5r" title="Sår – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Sår" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A5r" title="Sår – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Sår" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plaga" title="Plaga – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Plaga" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jarohat" title="Jarohat – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Jarohat" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%AE" title="ਜ਼ਖ਼ਮ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਜ਼ਖ਼ਮ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rana" title="Rana – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Rana" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferida" title="Ferida – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ferida" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plag%C4%83" title="Plagă – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Plagă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%27iri" title="K'iri – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="K'iri" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Рана – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Рана" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wound" title="Wound – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Wound" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plaga" title="Plaga – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Plaga" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiaia" title="Chiaia – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Chiaia" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wound" title="Wound – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Wound" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rana" title="Rana – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Rana" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86" title="برین – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="برین" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Рана – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Рана" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rana" title="Rana – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Rana" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raheut" title="Raheut – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Raheut" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haava" title="Haava – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Haava" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A5r" title="Sår – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Sår" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D" title="புண் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="புண்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BD%D1%8B%D2%A3_%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D2%97%D3%99%D1%80%D3%99%D1%85%D3%99%D1%82%D0%B5" title="Кабакның ертылган җәрәхәте – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Кабакның ертылган җәрәхәте" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9C%E0%B8%A5" title="บาดแผล – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="บาดแผล" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BC" title="Захм – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Захм" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yara" title="Yara – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Yara" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Рана – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Рана" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%E1%BA%BFt_th%C6%B0%C6%A1ng" title="Vết thương – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Vết thương" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%A4%E5%8F%A3" title="伤口 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="伤口" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%82%B7%E5%8F%A3" title="傷口 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="傷口" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDaizda" title="Žaizda – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Žaizda" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%82%B7%E5%8F%A3" title="傷口 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="傷口" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Acute injury from laceration, puncture, blunt force, or compression</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about wounds in humans and other animals. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Wound_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Wound (disambiguation)">Wound (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Medical condition</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background:#ccc">Wound</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Bicycle_injury_-_Hand_Abrasion,_Day_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Bicycle_injury_-_Hand_Abrasion%2C_Day_1.jpg/220px-Bicycle_injury_-_Hand_Abrasion%2C_Day_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Bicycle_injury_-_Hand_Abrasion%2C_Day_1.jpg/330px-Bicycle_injury_-_Hand_Abrasion%2C_Day_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Bicycle_injury_-_Hand_Abrasion%2C_Day_1.jpg/440px-Bicycle_injury_-_Hand_Abrasion%2C_Day_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Hand abrasion resulting from a bicycle accident</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Medical_specialty" title="Medical specialty">Specialty</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_medicine" title="Emergency medicine">Emergency medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_surgery" title="Plastic surgery">Plastic surgery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <p>A <b>wound</b> is any disruption of or damage to living tissue, such as skin, mucous membranes, or organs.<sup id="cite_ref-Nagle_2023_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nagle_2023-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Herman_2023_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Herman_2023-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wounds can either be the sudden result of direct trauma (mechanical, thermal, chemical), or can develop slowly over time due to underlying disease processes such as <a href="/wiki/Diabetes_mellitus" class="mw-redirect" title="Diabetes mellitus">diabetes mellitus</a>, venous/arterial insufficiency, or <a href="/wiki/Autoimmune_disease" title="Autoimmune disease">immunologic disease</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wounds can vary greatly in their appearance depending on wound location, injury mechanism, depth of injury, timing of onset (<a href="/wiki/Acute_(medicine)" title="Acute (medicine)">acute</a> vs <a href="/wiki/Chronic_condition" title="Chronic condition">chronic</a>), and wound sterility, among other factors.<sup id="cite_ref-Nagle_2023_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nagle_2023-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Herman_2023_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Herman_2023-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Treatment strategies for wounds will vary based on the classification of the wound, therefore it is essential that wounds be thoroughly evaluated by a healthcare professional for proper management. In normal physiology, all wounds will undergo a series of steps collectively known as the <a href="/wiki/Wound_healing" title="Wound healing">wound healing</a> process, which include hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and tissue remodeling. Age, tissue oxygenation, stress, underlying medical conditions, and certain medications are just a few of the many factors known to affect the rate of wound healing.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wound&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Wounds can be broadly classified as either acute or chronic based on time from initial injury and progression through normal stages of wound healing. Both wound types can further be categorized by cause of injury, wound severity/depth, and sterility of the wound bed. Several classification systems have been developed to describe wounds and guide their management. Some notable classification systems include the CDC's Surgical Wound Classification, the <a href="/wiki/International_Red_Cross_Wound_Classification_System" title="International Red Cross Wound Classification System">International Red Cross Wound Classification</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Tscherne_classification" title="Tscherne classification">Tscherne classification</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Gustilo_open_fracture_classification" title="Gustilo open fracture classification">Gustilo-Anderson classification</a> of open fractures, and the <a href="/wiki/AO_Foundation" title="AO Foundation">AO</a> soft tissue grading system.<sup id="cite_ref-Herman_2023_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Herman_2023-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Acute_wounds">Acute wounds</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wound&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Acute wounds"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An <a href="/wiki/Acute_(medicine)" title="Acute (medicine)">acute wound</a> is any wound which results from direct trauma and progresses through the four stages of <a href="/wiki/Wound_healing" title="Wound healing">wound healing</a> along an expected timeline. The first stage, <a href="/wiki/Hemostasis" title="Hemostasis">hemostasis</a>, lasts from minutes to hours after initial injury. This stage is followed by the inflammatory phase which typically lasts 1 to 3 days. Proliferation is the third stage of wound healing and lasts from a few days up to a month. The fourth and final phase of wound healing, remodeling/<a href="/wiki/Scar" title="Scar">scar</a> formation, typically lasts 12 months but can continue as long as 2 years after the initial injury.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Acute wounds can further be classified as either open or closed. An open wound is any injury whereby the integrity of the skin has been disrupted and the underlying tissue is exposed. A closed wound, on the other hand, is any injury in which underlying tissue has been damaged but the overlying skin is still intact.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Open_wounds">Open wounds</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wound&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Open wounds"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Incisions or incised wounds – caused by a clean, sharp-edged object such as a <a href="/wiki/Knife" title="Knife">knife</a>, <a href="/wiki/Razor" title="Razor">razor</a>, or glass splinter.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238216509">.mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#b1d2ff}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}</style><span class="vanchor"><span id="Lacerations"></span><span class="vanchor-text">Lacerations</span></span> – irregular tear-like wounds caused by some <a href="/wiki/Blunt_trauma" title="Blunt trauma">blunt trauma</a>. Lacerations and incisions may appear linear (regular) or stellate (irregular). The term <i>laceration</i> is commonly misused in reference to incisions.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abrasion_(medical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Abrasion (medical)">Abrasions</a> (grazes) – superficial wounds in which the topmost layer of the <a href="/wiki/Skin" title="Skin">skin</a> (the epidermis) is scraped off. Abrasions are often caused by a sliding fall onto a rough surface such as <a href="/wiki/Asphalt_concrete" title="Asphalt concrete">asphalt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tree_bark" class="mw-redirect" title="Tree bark">tree bark</a> or <a href="/wiki/Concrete" title="Concrete">concrete</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avulsion_(injury)" class="mw-redirect" title="Avulsion (injury)">Avulsions</a> – injuries in which a body structure is forcibly detached from its normal point of insertion; a type of <a href="/wiki/Amputation" title="Amputation">amputation</a> where the extremity is pulled off rather than cut off. When used in reference to skin avulsions, the term '<a href="/wiki/Degloving" title="Degloving">degloving</a>' is also sometimes used as a synonym.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puncture_wound" class="mw-redirect" title="Puncture wound">Puncture wounds</a> – caused by an object puncturing the <a href="/wiki/Skin" title="Skin">skin</a>, such as a <a href="/wiki/Splinter" title="Splinter">splinter</a>, nail, knife or sharp tooth.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penetrating_trauma" title="Penetrating trauma">Penetration wounds</a> – caused by an object such as a knife entering and coming out from the skin.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballistic_trauma" class="mw-redirect" title="Ballistic trauma">Gunshot wounds</a> – caused by a <a href="/wiki/Bullet" title="Bullet">bullet</a> or similar projectile driving into or through the body. There may be two wounds, one at the site of entry and one at the site of exit, generally referred to as a "through-and-through."<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>Critical wounds – Including large burns that have been split. These wounds can cause serious hydroelectrolytic and metabolic alterations including fluid loss, electrolyte imbalances, and increased catabolism.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid27600122_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid27600122-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid32195729_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid32195729-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid27183443_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid27183443-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Closed_wounds">Closed wounds</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wound&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Closed wounds"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hematoma" title="Hematoma">Hematomas</a> (or blood tumor) – caused by damage to a <a href="/wiki/Blood_vessel" title="Blood vessel">blood vessel</a> that in turn causes <a href="/wiki/Blood" title="Blood">blood</a> to collect under the <a href="/wiki/Skin" title="Skin">skin</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <ul><li>Hematomas that originate from internal blood vessel pathology are <a href="/wiki/Petechiae" class="mw-redirect" title="Petechiae">petechiae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Purpura" title="Purpura">purpura</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ecchymosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecchymosis">ecchymosis</a>. The different classifications are based on size.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>Hematomas that originate from an external source of trauma are <a href="/wiki/Contusion" class="mw-redirect" title="Contusion">contusions</a>, also commonly called bruises.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crush_injury" title="Crush injury">Crush injury</a> – caused by a great or extreme amount of force applied over a long period of time.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Finger_abrasion.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="An open wound (an avulsion)"><img alt="An open wound (an avulsion)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Finger_abrasion.jpg/120px-Finger_abrasion.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Finger_abrasion.jpg/180px-Finger_abrasion.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Finger_abrasion.jpg/240px-Finger_abrasion.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">An open wound (an avulsion)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cut,_leg.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A laceration to the leg"><img alt="A laceration to the leg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Cut%2C_leg.jpg/120px-Cut%2C_leg.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Cut%2C_leg.jpg/180px-Cut%2C_leg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Cut%2C_leg.jpg/240px-Cut%2C_leg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="979" data-file-height="734" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A laceration to the leg</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Footpuncture.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="An infected puncture wound to the bottom of the forefoot"><img alt="An infected puncture wound to the bottom of the forefoot" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Footpuncture.JPG/90px-Footpuncture.JPG" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Footpuncture.JPG/135px-Footpuncture.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Footpuncture.JPG/180px-Footpuncture.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3240" data-file-height="4320" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">An infected puncture wound to the bottom of the forefoot</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Knee_puncture.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="A puncture wound from playing darts"><img alt="A puncture wound from playing darts" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Knee_puncture.JPG/120px-Knee_puncture.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Knee_puncture.JPG/180px-Knee_puncture.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Knee_puncture.JPG/240px-Knee_puncture.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2878" data-file-height="2160" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A puncture wound from playing <a href="/wiki/Darts" title="Darts">darts</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Finger_cut.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="An incision: a small cut in a finger"><img alt="An incision: a small cut in a finger" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Finger_cut.jpg/67px-Finger_cut.jpg" decoding="async" width="67" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Finger_cut.jpg/101px-Finger_cut.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Finger_cut.jpg/135px-Finger_cut.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2204" data-file-height="3920" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">An incision: a small cut in a finger</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Schnitt_in_Fingerkuppe.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fresh incisional wound on the fingertip of the left ring finger"><img alt="Fresh incisional wound on the fingertip of the left ring finger" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Schnitt_in_Fingerkuppe.jpg/120px-Schnitt_in_Fingerkuppe.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Schnitt_in_Fingerkuppe.jpg/180px-Schnitt_in_Fingerkuppe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Schnitt_in_Fingerkuppe.jpg/240px-Schnitt_in_Fingerkuppe.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2565" data-file-height="1889" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Fresh incisional wound on the fingertip of the left ring finger</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wound_on_knee.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Abrasion on knee"><img alt="Abrasion on knee" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Wound_on_knee.jpg/120px-Wound_on_knee.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Wound_on_knee.jpg/180px-Wound_on_knee.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Wound_on_knee.jpg/240px-Wound_on_knee.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1987" data-file-height="1154" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Abrasion on knee</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bruise_on_elbow.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bruise on arm"><img alt="Bruise on arm" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Bruise_on_elbow.jpg/120px-Bruise_on_elbow.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Bruise_on_elbow.jpg/180px-Bruise_on_elbow.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Bruise_on_elbow.jpg/240px-Bruise_on_elbow.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Bruise on arm</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fractures">Fractures</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wound&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Fractures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Bone_fracture" title="Bone fracture">Fractures</a> can be classified as either open or closed, depending on whether the integrity of the overlying skin has been disrupted or preserved, respectively. Several classification systems have been developed to further characterize soft tissue injuries in the setting of an underlying fracture:<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tscherne_classification" title="Tscherne classification">Tscherne classification</a> – Used to describe external appearance of wounds in both open and closed fractures.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustilo_open_fracture_classification" title="Gustilo open fracture classification">Gustilo-Anderson classification</a> – Classifies open fractures based on wound size, extent of soft tissue loss, and degree of contamination.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Hannover Fracture scale – Used in open fractures as an extremity salvage assessment.</li> <li>AO Classification – adapted from the Tscherne classification, provides separate grading system for skin, muscles/tendons, and neurovascular structures.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chronic_wounds">Chronic wounds</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wound&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Chronic wounds"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Any wound which is arrested or delayed during any of the normal stages of wound healing is considered to be a <a href="/wiki/Chronic_condition" title="Chronic condition">chronic wound</a>. Most commonly, these are wounds which develop due to an underlying disease process such as <a href="/wiki/Diabetes" title="Diabetes">diabetes mellitus</a> or arterial/venous insufficiency. However, it is important to note that any acute wound has the potential to become a chronic wound if any of the normal stages of wound healing are interrupted. Chronic wounds are most commonly a result of disruption of the inflammatory phase of wound healing, however errors in any phase can result in a chronic wound.<sup id="cite_ref-Nagle_2023_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nagle_2023-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The exact duration of time which distinguishes a chronic wound from an acute wound is not clearly defined, although many clinicians agree that wounds which have not progressed for over three months are considered chronic wounds.<sup id="cite_ref-Nagle_2023_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nagle_2023-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Common_causes_of_chronic_wounds">Common causes of chronic wounds</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wound&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Common causes of chronic wounds"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diabetes" title="Diabetes">Diabetes mellitus</a><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – Wound healing impairment in the setting of diabetes is multifactorial. Hyperglycemia, neuropathy, microvascular complications, impaired immune and inflammatory responses, and psychological factors have all been implicated in the formation and propagation of diabetic wounds. Feet are the most common location of diabetic wounds, although any type of wound can be negatively impacted by diabetes. It has been estimated that up to 25% of patients with diabetes mellitus will be affected by non-healing wounds in their lifetime.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronic_venous_insufficiency" title="Chronic venous insufficiency">Venous/Arterial insufficiency</a><sup id="cite_ref-:0_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – Impaired blood outflow (venous) or inflow (arterial) can both impair wound healing, thereby causing chronic wounds. Much like diabetes, venous/arterial insufficiency most commonly result in chronic wounds of the lower extremities. In <a href="/wiki/Chronic_venous_insufficiency" title="Chronic venous insufficiency">chronic venous insufficiency</a>, blood pooling impedes oxygen exchange and creates a chronic pro-inflammatory environment which both promote formation of venous ulcers. <a href="/wiki/Peripheral_artery_disease" title="Peripheral artery disease">Peripheral artery disease</a>, on the other hand, causes wounds due to poor blood inflow and typically affects the most distal extremities (fingers, toes).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autoimmune_disease" title="Autoimmune disease">Immunologic disease</a><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – The immune system plays a critical role in the <a href="/wiki/Inflammation" title="Inflammation">inflammatory process</a>; therefore, any disease of the immune system has the potential to impair the inflammatory phase of wound healing, thereby leading to a chronic wound. Patients suffering from diseases such as <a href="/wiki/Rheumatoid_arthritis" title="Rheumatoid arthritis">rheumatoid arthritis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lupus" title="Lupus">lupus</a> have been found to have larger wounds and prolonged time to heal when compared to the general population.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pressure_ulcer" title="Pressure ulcer">Pressure ulcer</a><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – Also known as decubitus ulcers or bedsores, this type of wound is a result of chronic pressure to the skin over a prolonged period. While most individuals have intact sensation and motor function which allow for frequent positional change to prevent the formation of such ulcers, older individuals are particularly susceptible to this type of chronic injury due to impaired neurosensory responses. Pressure ulcers can occur in as little as two hours of immobility in a bedridden patient or person who is otherwise unconscious/sedated (surgery, syncope, etc.). In the United States, pressure ulcers are graded using the National Pressure Injury Advisory Panel (NPIAP) system. In this system, ulcers are graded on wound depth with stage 1 being the least severe (erythema, intact skin) and stage 4 being full thickness damage through subcutaneous tissue down to muscle, tendon, or bone. Any ulcer that cannot be assessed due to overlying <a href="/wiki/Eschar" title="Eschar">eschar</a> is considered unstageable.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wound_sterility">Wound sterility</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wound&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Wound sterility"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Wound sterility, or degree of contamination of a wound, is a critical consideration when evaluating a wound. In the United States, the CDC's Surgical Wound Classification System is most commonly used for classification of a wound's sterility, specifically within a surgical setting. According to this classification system, four different classes of wound exist, each with their own postoperative risk of surgical site infection:<sup id="cite_ref-Herman_2023_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Herman_2023-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Class 1 – clean wound: a wound that is not infected and without signs of inflammation. This type of wound is typically closed. By definition, this type of wound excludes any wounds of the <a href="/wiki/Respiratory_tract" title="Respiratory tract">respiratory</a>, genital, <a href="/wiki/Human_digestive_system" title="Human digestive system">alimentary</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Urinary_system" title="Urinary system">urinary tract</a>.</li> <li>Class 2 – clean-contaminated wound: a wound with a low level of contamination. May involve entry into the respiratory, genital, alimentary, or urinary tract.</li> <li>Class 3 – contaminated wound: an open, accidental wound resulting from trauma outside of a sterile setting is automatically considered a contaminated wound. Additionally, any surgical wound where there is a major break in sterile technique or obvious contamination from the gastrointestinal tract is considered a contaminated wound.</li> <li>Class 4 – dirty/infected: a wound with evidence of an existing clinical <a href="/wiki/Infection" title="Infection">infection</a>. Class 4 wounds are usually found in old traumatic wounds which were not adequately treated and will show evidence of devitalized tissue or gross purulence.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Presentation">Presentation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wound&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Presentation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Workup">Workup</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wound&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Workup"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Xraymachine.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Xraymachine.JPG/220px-Xraymachine.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Xraymachine.JPG/330px-Xraymachine.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Xraymachine.JPG/440px-Xraymachine.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2336" data-file-height="3504" /></a><figcaption>Plain <a href="/wiki/Radiography" title="Radiography">radiography</a> (x-ray) is used to ensure there are no hidden <a href="/wiki/Bone_fractures" class="mw-redirect" title="Bone fractures">bone fractures</a> in this patient's knee wound.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Physical_examination">Physical examination</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wound&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Physical examination"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Wound presentation will vary greatly based on a number of factors, each of which is important to consider in order to establish a proper diagnosis and treatment plan. In addition to collecting a thorough history, the following factors should be considered when evaluating any wound:<sup id="cite_ref-Nagle_2023_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nagle_2023-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Size of wound: Should be accurately measured at time of initial presentation and regularly remeasured until wound resolution.</li> <li>Wound location: Very useful consideration in many chronic wounds, such as <a href="/wiki/Diabetic_foot_ulcer" title="Diabetic foot ulcer">diabetic foot ulcers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pressure_ulcer" title="Pressure ulcer">pressure ulcers</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Venous_ulcer" title="Venous ulcer">venous ulcers</a>. Acute wounds will be located in areas consistent with the mechanism of injury (e.g. diagonal chest wall bruising from <a href="/wiki/Seat_belt" title="Seat belt">seatbelt</a> following <a href="/wiki/Traffic_collision" title="Traffic collision">car accident</a>).</li> <li>Wound bed: A healthy wound bed will appear pink due to healthy <a href="/wiki/Granulation_tissue" title="Granulation tissue">granulation tissue</a>. Presence of a dark red wound bed which bleeds easily on contact or excess granulation tissue (i.e. hypergranulation tissue) may indicate the presence of an <a href="/wiki/Infection" title="Infection">infection</a> or non-healing wound.</li> <li>Wound depth: The depth of a wound is often not apparent on visual inspection alone. Proper evaluation of wound depth includes use of a probe to measure wound depth and evaluate for undermining of wound edges or <a href="/wiki/Sinus_(anatomy)" title="Sinus (anatomy)">sinus</a>/<a href="/wiki/Fistula" title="Fistula">fistula</a> formation.</li> <li>Necrotic tissue, slough, <a href="/wiki/Eschar" title="Eschar">eschar</a>: Wounds may be covered with a layer of dead tissue which may appear cream/yellow in color (slough) or as a black, hardened tissue (<a href="/wiki/Eschar" title="Eschar">eschar</a>). Removing this tissue is critical for properly evaluating both the depth of a wound and quality of the wound bed, and promotes wound healing.</li> <li>Wound edges: May provide clues to cause of specific wounds, such as gently sloping edges of venous ulcers or rolled edges of certain <a href="/wiki/Neoplasm" title="Neoplasm">tumors</a>.</li> <li>Surrounding skin: Appearance of the surrounding skin can provide clues to underlying disease processes, such as redness/<a href="/wiki/Erythema" title="Erythema">erythema</a> due to <a href="/wiki/Cellulitis" title="Cellulitis">cellulitis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Skin_maceration" title="Skin maceration">maceration</a> due to uncontrolled wound <a href="/wiki/Exudate" title="Exudate">exudate</a>, or eczematous changes due to a chronic irritation (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Allergy" title="Allergy">allergic reaction</a> to wound dressing).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infection" title="Infection">Infection</a>: Classic signs of infection are redness, warmth, swelling, odor, and pain out of proportion to wound appearance.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pain" title="Pain">Pain</a>: Pain can be <a href="/wiki/Nociception" title="Nociception">nociceptive</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neuropathic_pain" title="Neuropathic pain">neuropathic</a>, or inflammatory, each of which can provide clues to the cause of a wound.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Proper <a href="/wiki/Pain_management" title="Pain management">pain control</a> is an important consideration in wound management, particularly in <a href="/wiki/Burn" title="Burn">burn</a> care where analgesia is often necessary prior to dressing changes.</li></ul> <p>A thorough wound evaluation, particularly evaluation of wound depth and removal of necrotic tissue, should be performed only by a licensed healthcare professional in order to avoid damage to nearby structures, infection, or worsening pain.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Diagnostics">Diagnostics</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wound&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Diagnostics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Additional diagnostic tests may be needed during wound evaluation based on the cause, appearance, and age of a wound.<sup id="cite_ref-Nagle_2023_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nagle_2023-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Wound <a href="/wiki/Microbiological_culture" title="Microbiological culture">culture</a>: If there is concern for infection, a wound can be more carefully evaluated for presence of <a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">bacteria</a> via surface swabs, deep tissue <a href="/wiki/Biopsy" title="Biopsy">biopsy</a>, or needle biopsy. Surface swabs are most commonly used due to low cost, ease of use, and minimal pain to patient. Although swab cultures have been shown to reliably identify the organisms causing an infection, swabs are only able to identify bacteria on the surface of a wound and can occasionally be contaminated by normal <a href="/wiki/Skin_flora" title="Skin flora">skin flora</a>. Deep tissue biopsy is considered the <a href="/wiki/Gold_standard_(test)" title="Gold standard (test)">gold standard</a> for diagnosing wound infections due to being both more accurate and precise than swabs, however it is more invasive, more painful, and less cost effective than swabs and therefore is not the first choice for collecting wound cultures. Needle aspiration can only be implemented in wounds with underlying <a href="/wiki/Abscess" title="Abscess">abscesses</a> or fluid collections.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiography" title="Radiography">Imaging</a>: <a href="/wiki/X-ray" title="X-ray">X-ray</a> is useful to assess for an underlying fracture which may not be apparent on physical examination alone. <a href="/wiki/Ultrasound" title="Ultrasound">Ultrasound</a>, <a href="/wiki/CT_scan" title="CT scan">computed tomography</a> (CT), and <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_resonance_imaging" title="Magnetic resonance imaging">magnetic resonance imaging</a> (MRI) can all be used to assess for identifying fluid collections, necrotic tissue, or inflammation. Ultrasound is portable, low cost, quickly implemented, and does not expose patients to <a href="/wiki/Radiation" title="Radiation">radiation</a>, but is limited in diagnostic capabilities. CT is another quickly implemented option which generally provides more diagnostic information compared to ultrasound, however it is less cost-effective and exposes patients to radiation. MRI offers the greatest image resolution and can provide diagnostic information on presence of <a href="/wiki/Skin_and_skin_structure_infection" title="Skin and skin structure infection">soft tissue infection</a> or <a href="/wiki/Osteomyelitis" title="Osteomyelitis">bone infection</a>. Like ultrasound, MRI does not expose patients to radiation, however it is the slowest and most difficult to implement of the all of these imaging methods.</li> <li>Laboratory studies: Serum <a href="/wiki/Transthyretin" title="Transthyretin">prealbumin</a> levels may be useful in evaluating nutrition status in patients with chronic wounds or at risk for developing chronic wounds. Elevated <a href="/wiki/Erythrocyte_sedimentation_rate" title="Erythrocyte sedimentation rate">erythrocyte sedimentation rate</a> (ESR) and <a href="/wiki/C-reactive_protein" title="C-reactive protein">C-reactive protein</a> (CRP) can confirm presence of an infection but alone are not diagnostic. Routine bloodwork such as a <a href="/wiki/Basic_metabolic_panel" title="Basic metabolic panel">basic metabolic panel</a> (BMP) or <a href="/wiki/Complete_blood_count" title="Complete blood count">complete blood count</a> (CBC) are not typically required but may be useful in select circumstances.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ankle%E2%80%93brachial_pressure_index" title="Ankle–brachial pressure index">Ankle-brachial index</a>/<a href="/wiki/Toe_pressure" title="Toe pressure">toe-brachial index</a> (ABI/TBI): These tests can be used to assess blood supply to the lower extremities and their results may affect management of lower extremity wounds such as venous/arterial ulcers, diabetic foot ulcers, or pressure ulcers.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Management">Management</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wound&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Management"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Emergency_bleeding_control#Wound_management" title="Emergency bleeding control">Emergency bleeding control § Wound management</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Wound_healing" title="Wound healing">Wound healing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wound_bed_preparation" title="Wound bed preparation">Wound bed preparation</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wound_sewed.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Wound_sewed.jpg/220px-Wound_sewed.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Wound_sewed.jpg/330px-Wound_sewed.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Wound_sewed.jpg/440px-Wound_sewed.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1092" data-file-height="1095" /></a><figcaption>Wound, sewn with four <a href="/wiki/Surgical_suture" title="Surgical suture">stitches</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The goal of wound care is to promote an environment that allows a wound to heal as quickly as possible, with emphasis on restoring both form and function of the wounded area. Although optimal treatment strategies vary greatly depending on the specific cause, size, and age of a particular wound, there are universal principles of wound management that apply to all wounds.<sup id="cite_ref-Nagle_2023_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nagle_2023-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After a thorough evaluation is performed, all wounds should be properly <a href="/wiki/Therapeutic_irrigation" title="Therapeutic irrigation">irrigated</a> and <a href="/wiki/Debridement" title="Debridement">debrided</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Proper cleansing of a wound is critical to prevent infection and promote re-epithelialization. Further efforts should be made to eliminate/limit any contributing factors to the wound (e.g. diabetes, pressure, etc.) and optimize the wound's healing ability (i.e. optimize nutritional status).<sup id="cite_ref-Nagle_2023_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nagle_2023-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The end goal of wound management is closure of the wound which can be achieved by primary closure, delayed primary closure, or healing by secondary intention, each of which is discussed below. Pain control is a mainstay of wound management, as wound evaluation, wound cleansing, and dressing changes can be a painful process.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Irrigation">Irrigation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wound&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Irrigation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Proper cleansing of a wound is critical in preventing infection and promoting healing of any wound. Irrigation is defined as constant flow of a solution over the surface of a wound. The goal of irrigation is not only to remove debris and potential contaminants from a wound, but also to assist in visual inspection of a wound and hydrate the wound.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Irrigation is typically achieved with either a bulb or <a href="/wiki/Syringe" title="Syringe">syringe</a> and needle/catheter. The preferred solution for irrigation is <a href="/wiki/Saline_(medicine)" title="Saline (medicine)">normal saline</a> which is readily accessible in the emergency department, although recent studies have shown no difference in emergency department infection rates when comparing normal saline to potable <a href="/wiki/Tap_water" title="Tap water">tap water</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Irrigation can also be achieved with a diluted 1% <a href="/wiki/Povidone-iodine" title="Povidone-iodine">povidone iodine</a> solution, but studies have again shown no difference in infection rates when compared to normal saline.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Irrigation with antiseptic solutions, such as non-diluted povidone iodine, <a href="/wiki/Chlorhexidine" title="Chlorhexidine">chlorhexidine</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_peroxide" title="Hydrogen peroxide">hydrogen peroxide</a> is not preferred since these solutions are toxic to tissue and inhibit wound healing. The exact volume of irrigation used will vary depending on the appearance of the wound, although some sources have reported 50–100 mL of irrigation per 1 cm of wound length as a guideline.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_27-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Debridement">Debridement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wound&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Debridement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Debridement" title="Debridement">Debridement</a> is defined as removal of devitalized or dead tissue, particularly necrotic tissue, <a href="/wiki/Eschar" title="Eschar">eschar</a>, or slough. Debridement is a critical aspect of wound care because devitalized tissue, particularly necrotic tissue, serves as nutrients for bacteria thereby promoting infection. Additionally, devitalized tissue creates a physical barrier over a wound which limits the effectiveness of any applied topical compounds and prevents re-epithelialization. Lastly, devitalized tissue, especially eschar, prevents accurate assessment of underlying tissue, making appropriate assessment of a wound impossible without adequate debridement. Debridement can be achieved in several ways:<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Autolytic debridement: The most conservative type of debridement whereby the body's own natural defenses break down necrotic tissue via <a href="/wiki/Phagocyte" title="Phagocyte">phagocytes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Protease" title="Protease">proteolytic enzymes</a>. This method requires a moist environment and intact immune system.</li> <li>Mechanical debridement: Achieved through use of mechanical force to remove devitalized tissue (e.g. wet-to-dry dressing, pressurized wound irrigation, pulse-lavage); however, this process will remove both healthy and non-healthy tissue and is therefore considered a non-selective debridement method.</li> <li>Enzymatic debridement: A process of debridement in which <a href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">enzymes</a> such as proteinases or <a href="/wiki/Collagenase" title="Collagenase">collagenases</a> are applied topically to digest devitalized tissue. Depending on the agent, this process can be either selective or non-selective. Examples include trypsin, streptokinase-streptodornase combination, subtilisin, papain, and collagenase.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Surgical debridement: Also known as sharp debridement, this is a process in which devitalized tissue is removed through use of <a href="/wiki/Surgical_instrument" title="Surgical instrument">surgical instruments</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Scalpel" title="Scalpel">scalpels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Curette" title="Curette">curettes</a>, or surgical scissors. Surgical debridement can be done in a hospital bed, in an <a href="/wiki/Outpatient_department" title="Outpatient department">outpatient clinic</a>, or in an <a href="/wiki/Operating_theater" title="Operating theater">operating room</a> depending on the particular wound, risk of bleeding, and <a href="/wiki/Anesthesia" title="Anesthesia">anesthesia</a> requirements.  </li> <li>Biological debridement: Also known as <a href="/wiki/Maggot_therapy" title="Maggot therapy">larval therapy</a>, biological debridement is done through controlled application of sterile larvae (<a href="/wiki/Common_green_bottle_fly" title="Common green bottle fly"><i>Lucilia sericata</i></a>) to the wound bed. These larvae release proteolytic enzymes which dissolve necrotic tissue before then ingesting the now debrided tissue. Biologic debridement has the added benefit of being bactericidal since larvae will ingest bacteria as well as devitalized tissue. Despite the safety and effectiveness of this method, its applications are often limited due to patient's negative feelings towards larvae which are commonly associated with poor hygiene and perishable food.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Closure">Closure</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wound&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Closure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_Surgeon_Applying_a_Suture.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/A_Surgeon_Applying_a_Suture.jpg/220px-A_Surgeon_Applying_a_Suture.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/A_Surgeon_Applying_a_Suture.jpg/330px-A_Surgeon_Applying_a_Suture.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/A_Surgeon_Applying_a_Suture.jpg/440px-A_Surgeon_Applying_a_Suture.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2978" data-file-height="3398" /></a><figcaption>A surgeon placing a suture</figcaption></figure> <p>The end goal of wound care is to re-establish the integrity of the <a href="/wiki/Skin" title="Skin">skin</a>, a structure which serves as a barrier to the external environment.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The preferred method of closure is to reattach/reapproximate the wound edges together, a process known as primary closure/healing by primary intention. Wounds that have not been closed within several hours of the initial injury or wounds that are concerning for infection will often be left open and treated with dressings for several days before being closed 3–5 days later, a process known as delayed primary closure. The exact duration of time from initial injury in which delayed primary closure is preferred over primary closure is not clearly defined.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wounds that cannot be closed primarily due to substantial tissue loss can be healed by secondary intention, a process in which the wound is allowed to fill-in over time through natural physiologic processes. When healing by secondary intention, granulation tissue grows in from the wound edges slowly over time to restore integrity of the skin. Healing by secondary intention can take up to months, requires daily wound care, and leaves an unfavorable scar, thus primary closure is always preferred when possible.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_27-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As an alternative, wounds that cannot be closed primarily can be addressed with <a href="/wiki/Skin_grafting" title="Skin grafting">skin grafting</a> or <a href="/wiki/Flap_(surgery)" title="Flap (surgery)">flap reconstruction</a>, typically done by a <a href="/wiki/Plastic_surgery" title="Plastic surgery">plastic surgeon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are several methods that can be implemented to achieve primary closure of a wound, including <a href="/wiki/Surgical_suture" title="Surgical suture">suture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Surgical_staple" title="Surgical staple">staples</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dermal_adhesive" title="Dermal adhesive">skin adhesive</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wound_closure_strip" title="Wound closure strip">surgical strips</a>. Suture is the most frequently used for closure.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_27-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are many types of suture, but broadly they can be categorized as absorbable vs non-absorbable and synthetic vs natural. Absorbable sutures have the added benefit of not requiring removal and are often preferred in children for this reason.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Staples are less time-consuming and more cost effective than suture but have a risk of worse scarring if left in place for too long.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_27-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Adhesive glue and sutures have comparable cosmetic outcomes for minor lacerations <5 cm in adults and children.<sup id="cite_ref-Cals_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cals-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The use of adhesive glue involves considerably less time for the doctor and less pain for the person. The wound opens at a slightly higher rate but there is less redness.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The risk for infections (1.1%) is the same for both. Adhesive glue should not be used in areas of high tension or repetitive movements, such as joints or the posterior trunk.<sup id="cite_ref-Cals_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cals-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dressings">Dressings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wound&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Dressings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After a wound is irrigated, debrided, and, if possible, closed, it should be <a href="/wiki/Dressing_(medicine)" title="Dressing (medicine)">dressed</a> appropriately. The goals of a wound dressing are to act as a barrier to the outside environment, facilitate wound healing, promote hemostasis, and act as a form of mechanical debridement during dressing changes.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ideal wound dressing maintains a moist environment to optimize wound healing but is also capable of absorbing excess fluid as to avoid <a href="/wiki/Skin_maceration" title="Skin maceration">skin maceration</a> or bacterial growth.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several wound dressing options are available, each tailored to different kinds of wounds:<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gauze_sponge" title="Gauze sponge">Gauze</a>: Composed of woven or non-woven cotton, rayon, and polyester, gauze is highly absorbent, but removal can be uncomfortable.</li> <li>Films: Films are made of translucent polyurethane which is adherent to skin and semi-occlusive, allowing them to retain within the dressing but also allow for exchange of gases such as oxygen and carbon dioxide. The translucent nature of this dressing makes monitoring wounds simple.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrocolloid_dressing" title="Hydrocolloid dressing">Hydrocolloids</a>: Consist of an outer, water-impermeable layer and an inner layer made of <a href="/wiki/Colloid" title="Colloid">colloid</a>. When the inner colloid layer comes in contact with liquid, it becomes a gel allowing the dressing to maintain a moist environment while simultaneously absorbing exudate. Hydrocolloids cause minimal pain on removal but are at increased risk of skin maceration and bacterial growth.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogel" title="Hydrogel">Hydrogels</a>: An <a href="/wiki/Solubility" title="Solubility">insoluble</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hydrophile" title="Hydrophile">hydrophilic</a> material with soothing properties which is useful in treating burn wounds, dry chronic wounds, and pressure ulcers. Like hydrocolloids, hydrogels are capable of retaining excess moisture leading to skin maceration and bacterial growth.</li> <li>Foams: A flexible material with a hydrophobic outer layer that shields liquid from the outside environment, while having a highly absorptive inner layer which is ideal for highly exuding wounds. Foams should not be used in dryer wounds that require exudate to stay moist.</li> <li>Alginates: Derived from seaweed, alginates can absorb up to 15–20 times their weight in liquid and are ideal for highly exudative wounds. Like hydrocolloids, alginates form a gel when they come in contact with fluid, making removal relatively painless.</li> <li>Hydrofibers: A derivative of hydrocolloid dressings, hydrofibers are able to absorb up to 25 times their weight in fluid, making them the most absorbent dressing. They are much like alginate dressings in their absorptive capacity and tendency to form a gel upon contact with liquid.</li> <li>Medicated dressings: Many dressings come impregnated with medication, typically antimicrobial agents or debriding chemicals. Silver, iodine, growth hormones, enzymes, and antibacterial agents are most common.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negative-pressure_wound_therapy" title="Negative-pressure wound therapy">Negative-pressure wound therapy</a> (NPWT):<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A unique type of dressing which consists of a foam dressing surrounded with an airtight film and then connected to power-assisted vacuum suction, creating a negative pressure environment over the wound. This negative pressure environment is thought to promote formation of granulation tissue and decrease inflammatory fluid. NPWT has the added benefit of requiring less frequent dressing changes, a process that is often painful for patients. Since its implementation, NPWT has been implemented broadly for chronic non-healing wounds but can also be applied to acute wounds that cannot be closed primarily due to swelling or concern for infection. This type of dressing is typically applied in the operating room but can be done at bedside with appropriate analgesia.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Maintenance_and_surveillance">Maintenance and surveillance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wound&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Maintenance and surveillance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ideally, wound dressings should be changed daily to promote a clean environment and allow for daily evaluation of wound progression. Highly exudative wounds and infected wounds should be monitored closely and may require more frequent dressing changes.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_33-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Negative pressure wound dressings can be changed less frequently, every 2–3 days.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wound progression over time can be monitored with transparent sheet tracings or <a href="/wiki/Photograph" title="Photograph">photographs</a>, each of which produce reliable measurements of wound surface area.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_33-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alternative_medicine">Alternative medicine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wound&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Alternative medicine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There is moderate evidence that honey is more effective than antiseptic followed by gauze for healing wounds infected after surgical operations. There is a lack of quality evidence relating to the use of honey on other types of wounds, such as minor acute wounds, mixed acute and chronic wounds, pressure ulcers, Fournier's gangrene, venous leg ulcers, diabetic foot ulcers and Leishmaniasis.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Therapeutic_touch" title="Therapeutic touch">Therapeutic touch</a> has been implicated as a complementary therapy in wound healing; however, there is no high quality research supporting its use as an evidence based clinical intervention. <sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More than 400 species of plants are identified as potentially useful for wound healing.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Only three randomized controlled trials, however, have been done for the treatment of burns.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wound&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Treatment_of_wound_with_lance_grit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Treatment_of_wound_with_lance_grit.jpg/170px-Treatment_of_wound_with_lance_grit.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Treatment_of_wound_with_lance_grit.jpg/255px-Treatment_of_wound_with_lance_grit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Treatment_of_wound_with_lance_grit.jpg/340px-Treatment_of_wound_with_lance_grit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1833" data-file-height="2425" /></a><figcaption>Medieval treatment of wound with lance grittings<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="What is a "lance gritting" and why is it relevant? (February 2022)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup></figcaption></figure> <p>From the <a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">Classical Period</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Period" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval Period">Medieval Period</a>, the body and the soul were believed to be intimately connected, based on several theories put forth by the philosopher <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a>. Wounds on the body were believed to correlate with wounds to the soul and vice versa; wounds were seen as an outward sign of an inward illness. Thus, a man who was wounded physically in a serious way was said to be hindered not only physically but spiritually as well. If the soul was wounded, that wound may also eventually become physically manifest, revealing the true state of the soul.<sup id="cite_ref-Gawain_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gawain-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wounds were also seen as writing on the "tablet" of the body. Wounds acquired in war, for example, told the story of a soldier in a form which all could see and understand, and the wounds of a <a href="/wiki/Martyr" title="Martyr">martyr</a> told the story of their faith.<sup id="cite_ref-Gawain_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gawain-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Research">Research</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wound&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Research"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wound&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2022</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In humans and mice it has been shown that estrogen might positively affect the speed and quality of wound healing.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wound&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Wound_Management_Association" title="European Wound Management Association">European Wound Management Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Red_Cross_Wound_Classification_System" title="International Red Cross Wound Classification System">International Red Cross Wound Classification System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wound_bed_preparation" title="Wound bed preparation">Wound bed preparation</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wound&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Nagle_2023-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nagle_2023_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nagle_2023_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nagle_2023_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nagle_2023_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nagle_2023_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nagle_2023_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nagle_2023_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nagle_2023_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFNagleStevensWilbraham2023" class="citation book cs1">Nagle SM, Stevens KA, Wilbraham SC (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482198/">"Wound Assessment"</a>. <i>StatPearls</i>. 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(1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7052475">"Transcriptional profiling of lung cell populations in idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension"</a>. <i>Pulmonary Circulation</i>. <b>10</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">154–</span>61. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F462158">10.2307/462158</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/462158">462158</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7052475">7052475</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32166015">32166015</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pulmonary+Circulation&rft.atitle=Transcriptional+profiling+of+lung+cell+populations+in+idiopathic+pulmonary+arterial+hypertension&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E154-%3C%2Fspan%3E61&rft.date=1984&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7052475%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32166015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F462158%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F462158&rft.aulast=Saygin&rft.aufirst=D&rft.au=Tabib%2C+T&rft.au=Bittar%2C+HE&rft.au=Valenzi%2C+E&rft.au=Sembrat%2C+J&rft.au=Chan%2C+SY&rft.au=Rojas%2C+M&rft.au=Lafyatis%2C+R&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7052475&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWound" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDesiree_May_Oh,_MDTania_J._Phillips,_MD2006" class="citation journal cs1">Desiree May Oh, MD, Tania J. Phillips, MD (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/524313_3">"Sex Hormones and Wound Healing"</a>. <i>Wounds</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130107094207/http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/524313_3">Archived</a> from the original on 7 January 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wounds&rft.atitle=Sex+Hormones+and+Wound+Healing&rft.date=2006&rft.au=Desiree+May+Oh%2C+MD&rft.au=Tania+J.+Phillips%2C+MD&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.medscape.com%2Fviewarticle%2F524313_3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWound" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wound&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: External 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class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EAECF0;color:black;">Classification</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div style="position:relative; float:right; font-size:0.8em;"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184753" class="extiw" title="d:Q184753">D</a></div><div class="hlist" style="text-align:left;"><ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems" class="mw-redirect" title="International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems">ICD</a>-<a href="/wiki/ICD-10" title="ICD-10">10</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/T14.0">T14.0</a>–<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/T14.1">T14.1</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems" class="mw-redirect" title="International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems">ICD</a>-<a href="/wiki/List_of_ICD-9_codes" title="List of ICD-9 codes">9-CM</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icd9data.com/getICD9Code.ashx?icd9=872">872</a>–<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icd9data.com/getICD9Code.ashx?icd9=893">893</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D014947">D014947</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/SNOMED_CT" title="SNOMED CT">SNOMED CT</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://snomed.info/id/416462003">416462003</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Wounds" class="extiw" title="q:Wounds">Wounds</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735" /><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Wounds" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Wounds">Wounds</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.woundheal.org">US based wound healing society</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aawconline.org">Association for the Advancement of Wound Care</a> AAWC</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ewma.org">European Wound Management Association</a> – EWMA works to promote the advancement of education and research.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="General_wounds_and_injuries99" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar 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href="/wiki/Avulsion_injury" title="Avulsion injury">Avulsion</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Blister" title="Blister">Blisters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blood_blister" title="Blood blister">Blood blister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coma_blister" title="Coma blister">Coma blister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delayed_blister" title="Delayed blister">Delayed blister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edema_blister" title="Edema blister">Edema blister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fracture_blister" title="Fracture blister">Fracture blister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friction_blister" title="Friction blister">Friction blister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sucking_blister" title="Sucking blister">Sucking blister</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bruise" title="Bruise">Bruises</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hematoma" title="Hematoma">Hematoma</a>/<a href="/wiki/Ecchymosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecchymosis">Ecchymosis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle%27s_sign" title="Battle's sign">Battle's sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raccoon_eyes" title="Raccoon eyes">Raccoon eyes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_eye" title="Black eye">Black eye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subungual_hematoma" title="Subungual hematoma">Subungual hematoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cullen%27s_sign" title="Cullen's sign">Cullen's sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey_Turner%27s_sign" title="Grey Turner's sign">Grey Turner's sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retroperitoneal_hemorrhage" class="mw-redirect" title="Retroperitoneal hemorrhage">Retroperitoneal hemorrhage</a></li></ul></li></ul> 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<script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-64b5bb4b79-8rzml","wgBackendResponseTime":201,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.992","walltime":"1.282","ppvisitednodes":{"value":6776,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":185069,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":9004,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":13,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":9,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":238706,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1057.427 1 -total"," 38.23% 404.217 1 Template:Reflist"," 21.56% 227.945 39 Template:Cite_journal"," 11.84% 125.232 2 Template:Navbox"," 10.68% 112.940 8 Template:Cite_book"," 10.10% 106.758 1 Template:Medical_resources"," 8.61% 91.077 9 Template:Citation_needed"," 8.18% 86.452 2 Template:Short_description"," 7.27% 76.851 9 Template:Fix"," 7.04% 74.415 1 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Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2003-10-10T15:50:48Z","dateModified":"2025-01-21T13:51:04Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/0\/06\/Bicycle_injury_-_Hand_Abrasion%2C_Day_1.jpg","headline":"type of injury which happens relatively quickly in which skin is torn, cut, or punctured (an open wound), or where blunt force trauma causes a contusion (a closed wound)"}</script> </body> </html>