CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-disabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-not-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>View source for Wound - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-disabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-not-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":true,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"8d8fcacf-e161-4b10-a810-387eb7189749","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Wound","wgTitle":"Wound","wgCurRevisionId":1270842421,"wgRevisionId":0,"wgArticleId":338154,"wgIsArticle":false,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"edit","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":[],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Wound","wgRelevantArticleId":338154,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en", "pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":50000,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready", "jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.charinsert.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["mediawiki.action.edit.collapsibleFooter","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.charinsert","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.charinsert","ext.gadget.extra-toolbar-buttons","ext.gadget.refToolbar","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.charinsert.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.18"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow,max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Bicycle_injury_-_Hand_Abrasion%2C_Day_1.jpg/1200px-Bicycle_injury_-_Hand_Abrasion%2C_Day_1.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="900"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Bicycle_injury_-_Hand_Abrasion%2C_Day_1.jpg/800px-Bicycle_injury_-_Hand_Abrasion%2C_Day_1.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="600"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Bicycle_injury_-_Hand_Abrasion%2C_Day_1.jpg/640px-Bicycle_injury_-_Hand_Abrasion%2C_Day_1.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="480"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="View source for Wound - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wound"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Wound&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wound"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Wound rootpage-Wound skin-vector-2022 action-edit"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Main menu" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages"><span>Special pages</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Wound&returntoquery=action%3Dedit%26section%3D" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Wound&returntoquery=action%3Dedit%26section%3D" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Wound&returntoquery=action%3Dedit%26section%3D" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Wound&returntoquery=action%3Dedit%26section%3D" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">View source for Wound</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="This article exist only in this language. Add the article for other languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-0" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Add languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="uls-after-portlet-link"></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wound" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Wound" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wound"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wound&action=edit" title="Edit this page"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wound&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wound"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wound&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wound&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Wound" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Wound" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wound&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DWound%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DWound%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q184753" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle">← <a href="/wiki/Wound" title="Wound">Wound</a></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><p>You do not have permission to edit this page, for the following reasons: </p> <ul class="permissions-errors"><li class="mw-permissionerror-blockedtext"> <div id="mw-blocked-text" style="border: 1px solid #AAA; background-color: var(--background-color-warning-subtle, ivory); color: inherit; padding: 1.5em; width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"> <div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 26px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stop_hand_nuvola.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f1/Stop_hand_nuvola.svg/50px-Stop_hand_nuvola.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f1/Stop_hand_nuvola.svg/75px-Stop_hand_nuvola.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f1/Stop_hand_nuvola.svg/100px-Stop_hand_nuvola.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="240" data-file-height="240" /></a></span><b> This IP address has been <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Blocking_policy" title="Wikipedia:Blocking policy">blocked</a> from <i>editing</i> Wikipedia.</b></span><br /><span style="font-size: 18px;">This does not affect your ability to <i>read</i> Wikipedia pages.</span></div><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><b>Most people who see this message have done nothing wrong.</b> Some kinds of blocks restrict editing from specific service providers or telecom companies in response to recent abuse or vandalism, and can sometimes affect other users who are unrelated to that abuse. Review the information below for assistance if you do not believe that you have done anything wrong.<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div> <p>The IP address or range 8.222.128.0/17 has been <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Blocking_policy" title="Wikipedia:Blocking policy">blocked</a> by <a href="/wiki/User:L235" title="User:L235">‪L235‬</a> for the following reason(s): </p> <div style="padding:10px; background:var(--background-color-base, white); color:inherit; border:1px #666 solid;"> <div class="user-block colocation-webhost" style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; background-color: #ffefd5; border: 1px solid #AAA; padding: 0.7em;"> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Server-multiple.svg/40px-Server-multiple.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="57" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Server-multiple.svg/60px-Server-multiple.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Server-multiple.svg/80px-Server-multiple.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="1052" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure><b>The <a href="/wiki/IP_address" title="IP address">IP address</a> that you are currently using has been blocked because it is believed to be a <a href="/wiki/Web_hosting_service" title="Web hosting service">web host provider</a> or <a href="/wiki/Colocation_centre" title="Colocation centre">colocation provider</a>.</b> To prevent abuse, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Open_proxies" title="Wikipedia:Open proxies">web hosts and colocation providers may be blocked</a> from editing Wikipedia. <div style="border-top: 1px solid #AAA; clear: both">You will not be able to edit Wikipedia using a web host or colocation provider because it hides your IP address, much like a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Open_proxies" title="Wikipedia:Open proxies">proxy</a> or <a href="/wiki/Virtual_private_network" title="Virtual private network">VPN</a>. <p><b>We recommend that you attempt to use another connection to edit.</b> For example, if you use a proxy or VPN to connect to the internet, turn it off when editing Wikipedia. If you edit using a mobile connection, try using a Wi-Fi connection, and vice versa. If you are using a corporate internet connection, switch to a different Wi-Fi network. If you have a Wikipedia account, please log in. </p><p>If you do not have any other way to edit Wikipedia, you will need to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:IP_block_exemption#Requesting_and_granting_exemption" title="Wikipedia:IP block exemption">request an IP block exemption</a>. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214851843">.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center;">How to appeal if you are confident that your connection does not use a colocation provider's IP address:</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> If you are confident that you are not using a web host, you may <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Appealing_a_block" title="Wikipedia:Appealing a block">appeal this block</a> by adding the following text on your <a href="/wiki/Help:Talk_pages" title="Help:Talk pages">talk page</a>: <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Unblock" title="Template:Unblock">unblock</a>|reason=Caught by a colocation web host block but this host or IP is not a web host. My IP address is _______. <i>Place any further information here.</i> ~~~~}}</code>. <b>You must fill in the blank with your IP address for this block to be investigated.</b> Your IP address can be determined <span class="plainlinks"><b><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Get_my_IP_address?withJS=MediaWiki:Get-my-ip.js">here</a></b></span>. Alternatively, if you wish to keep your IP address private you can use the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Unblock_Ticket_Request_System" title="Wikipedia:Unblock Ticket Request System">unblock ticket request system</a>. There are several reasons you might be editing using the IP address of a web host or colocation provider (such as if you are using VPN software or a business network); please use this method of appeal only if you think your IP address is in fact not a web host or colocation provider.</div></div> <p><span class="sysop-show" style="font-size: 85%;"><span style="border:#707070 solid 1px;background-color:#ffe0e0;padding:2px"><b>Administrators:</b></span> The <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:IP_block_exemption" title="Wikipedia:IP block exemption">IP block exemption</a> user right should only be applied to allow users to edit using web host in exceptional circumstances, and requests should usually be directed to the functionaries team via email. If you intend to give the IPBE user right, a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:CheckUser" title="Wikipedia:CheckUser">CheckUser</a> needs to take a look at the account. This can be requested most easily at <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:SPI#Quick_CheckUser_requests" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:SPI">SPI Quick Checkuser Requests</a>. <b>Unblocking</b> an IP or IP range with this template <b>is highly discouraged</b> without at least contacting the blocking administrator.</span> </p> </div></div> </div> <p>This block will expire on 18:23, 24 August 2026. Your current IP address is 8.222.208.146. </p> <div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><div style="font-size: 16px;"> <p>Even when blocked, you will <i>usually</i> still be able to edit your <a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Special:MyTalk">user talk page</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Emailing_users" title="Wikipedia:Emailing users">email</a> administrators and other editors. </p> </div> <div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><div style="font-size: 16px;"> <p>For information on how to proceed, please read the <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Appealing_a_block#Common_questions" title="Wikipedia:Appealing a block">FAQ for blocked users</a></b> and the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Appealing_a_block" title="Wikipedia:Appealing a block">guideline on block appeals</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Guide_to_appealing_blocks" title="Wikipedia:Guide to appealing blocks">guide to appealing blocks</a> may also be helpful. </p> </div> <p>Other useful links: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Blocking_policy" title="Wikipedia:Blocking policy">Blocking policy</a> · <a href="/wiki/Help:I_have_been_blocked" title="Help:I have been blocked">Help:I have been blocked</a> </p> </div></li><li class="mw-permissionerror-globalblocking-blockedtext-range"> <div id="mw-blocked-text" style="border: 1px solid #AAA; background-color: var(--background-color-warning-subtle, ivory); color: inherit; padding: 1.5em; width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"> <div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 26px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stop_hand_nuvola.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f1/Stop_hand_nuvola.svg/50px-Stop_hand_nuvola.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f1/Stop_hand_nuvola.svg/75px-Stop_hand_nuvola.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f1/Stop_hand_nuvola.svg/100px-Stop_hand_nuvola.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="240" data-file-height="240" /></a></span><b> This IP address range has been <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Global_blocks" class="extiw" title="m:Global blocks">globally blocked</a>.</b></span><br /><span style="font-size: 18px;">This does not affect your ability to <i>read</i> Wikipedia pages.</span></div><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><b>Most people who see this message have done nothing wrong.</b> Some kinds of blocks restrict editing from specific service providers or telecom companies in response to recent abuse or vandalism, and can sometimes affect other users who are unrelated to that abuse. Review the information below for assistance if you do not believe that you have done anything wrong.<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div> <p>This block affects editing on all Wikimedia wikis. </p><p>The IP address or range 8.222.128.0/17 has been globally <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Blocking_policy" title="Wikipedia:Blocking policy">blocked</a> by <a href="/wiki/User:Jon_Kolbert" title="User:Jon Kolbert">‪Jon Kolbert‬</a> for the following reason(s): </p> <div style="padding:10px; background:var(--background-color-base, white); color:inherit; border:1px #666 solid;"> <p><a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/NOP" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/NOP">Open proxy/Webhost</a>: See the <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WM:OP/H" class="extiw" title="m:WM:OP/H">help page</a> if you are affected </p> </div> <p>This block will expire on 15:12, 27 August 2028. Your current IP address is 8.222.208.146. </p> <div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><div style="font-size: 16px;"> <p>Even while globally blocked, you will <i>usually</i> still be able to edit pages on <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="m:">Meta-Wiki</a>. </p> </div> <div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><div style="font-size: 16px;"> <p>If you believe you were blocked by mistake, you can find additional information and instructions in the <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Stewards/Wizard" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/Stewards/Wizard">Stewards Block Wizard</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=MediaWiki:Wikimedia-globalblocking-blockedtext-mistake-email-steward&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MediaWiki:Wikimedia-globalblocking-blockedtext-mistake-email-steward (page does not exist)">MediaWiki:Wikimedia-globalblocking-blockedtext-mistake-email-steward</a> </p> </div> <p>Other useful links: <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Global_blocks" class="extiw" title="m:Global blocks">Global blocks</a> · <a href="/wiki/Help:I_have_been_blocked" title="Help:I have been blocked">Help:I have been blocked</a> </p> </div></li></ul><hr /> <div id="viewsourcetext">You can view and copy the source of this page:</div><textarea readonly="" accesskey="," id="wpTextbox1" cols="80" rows="25" style="" class="mw-editfont-monospace" lang="en" dir="ltr" name="wpTextbox1">{{Short description|Acute injury from laceration, puncture, blunt force, or compression}} {{about|wounds in humans and other animals|other uses}} {{use dmy dates|date=July 2016}} {{Infobox medical condition (new) | name = Wound | synonyms = | image = Bicycle injury - Hand Abrasion, Day 1.jpg | caption = Hand abrasion resulting from a bicycle accident | pronounce = | field = {{Plainlist | * [[Emergency medicine]] * [[Plastic surgery]] }} | symptoms = | complications = | onset = | duration = | types = | causes = | risks = | diagnosis = | differential = | prevention = | treatment = | medication = | prognosis = | frequency = | deaths = | alt = }} A '''wound''' is any disruption of or damage to living tissue, such as skin, mucous membranes, or organs.<ref name="Nagle_2023">{{cite book | vauthors = Nagle SM, Stevens KA, Wilbraham SC | chapter = Wound Assessment |date=2023 | chapter-url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482198/ | title = StatPearls |access-date=2024-01-12 |place=Treasure Island (FL) |publisher=StatPearls Publishing |pmid=29489199 }}</ref><ref name="Herman_2023">{{cite book | vauthors = Herman TF, Bordoni B | chapter = Wound Classification |date=2023 | chapter-url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554456/ | title = StatPearls |access-date=2024-01-12 |place=Treasure Island (FL) |publisher=StatPearls Publishing |pmid=32119343 }}</ref> Wounds can either be the sudden result of direct trauma (mechanical, thermal, chemical), or can develop slowly over time due to underlying disease processes such as [[diabetes mellitus]], venous/arterial insufficiency, or [[Autoimmune disease|immunologic disease]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Kujath P, Michelsen A | title = Wounds - from physiology to wound dressing | journal = Deutsches Ärzteblatt International | volume = 105 | issue = 13 | pages = 239–248 | date = March 2008 | pmid = 19629204 | pmc = 2696775 | doi = 10.3238/arztebl.2008.0239 }}</ref> Wounds can vary greatly in their appearance depending on wound location, injury mechanism, depth of injury, timing of onset ([[Acute (medicine)|acute]] vs [[Chronic condition|chronic]]), and wound sterility, among other factors.<ref name="Nagle_2023" /><ref name="Herman_2023" /> Treatment strategies for wounds will vary based on the classification of the wound, therefore it is essential that wounds be thoroughly evaluated by a healthcare professional for proper management. In normal physiology, all wounds will undergo a series of steps collectively known as the [[wound healing]] process, which include hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and tissue remodeling. Age, tissue oxygenation, stress, underlying medical conditions, and certain medications are just a few of the many factors known to affect the rate of wound healing.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Guo S, Dipietro LA | title = Factors affecting wound healing | journal = Journal of Dental Research | volume = 89 | issue = 3 | pages = 219–229 | date = March 2010 | pmid = 20139336 | pmc = 2903966 | doi = 10.1177/0022034509359125 }}</ref> ==Classification== Wounds can be broadly classified as either acute or chronic based on time from initial injury and progression through normal stages of wound healing. Both wound types can further be categorized by cause of injury, wound severity/depth, and sterility of the wound bed. Several classification systems have been developed to describe wounds and guide their management. Some notable classification systems include the CDC's Surgical Wound Classification, the [[International Red Cross Wound Classification System|International Red Cross Wound Classification]], the [[Tscherne classification]], the [[Gustilo open fracture classification|Gustilo-Anderson classification]] of open fractures, and the [[AO Foundation|AO]] soft tissue grading system.<ref name="Herman_2023" /><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = van Gennip L, Haverkamp FJ, Muhrbeck M, Wladis A, Tan EC | title = Using the Red Cross wound classification to predict treatment needs in children with conflict-related limb injuries: a retrospective database study | journal = World Journal of Emergency Surgery | volume = 15 | issue = 1 | pages = 52 | date = September 2020 | pmid = 32948211 | pmc = 7501687 | doi = 10.1186/s13017-020-00333-0 | doi-access = free }}</ref> === Acute wounds === An [[Acute (medicine)|acute wound]] is any wound which results from direct trauma and progresses through the four stages of [[wound healing]] along an expected timeline. The first stage, [[hemostasis]], lasts from minutes to hours after initial injury. This stage is followed by the inflammatory phase which typically lasts 1 to 3 days. Proliferation is the third stage of wound healing and lasts from a few days up to a month. The fourth and final phase of wound healing, remodeling/[[scar]] formation, typically lasts 12 months but can continue as long as 2 years after the initial injury.<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Wallace HA, Basehore BM, Zito PM | chapter = Wound Healing Phases |date=2023 | chapter-url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470443/ | title = StatPearls |access-date=2024-01-19 |place=Treasure Island (FL) |publisher=StatPearls Publishing |pmid=29262065 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Raziyeva K, Kim Y, Zharkinbekov Z, Kassymbek K, Jimi S, Saparov A | title = Immunology of Acute and Chronic Wound Healing | journal = Biomolecules | volume = 11 | issue = 5 | pages = 700 | date = May 2021 | pmid = 34066746 | pmc = 8150999 | doi = 10.3390/biom11050700 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Acute wounds can further be classified as either open or closed. An open wound is any injury whereby the integrity of the skin has been disrupted and the underlying tissue is exposed. A closed wound, on the other hand, is any injury in which underlying tissue has been damaged but the overlying skin is still intact.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Chhabra S, Chhabra N, Kaur A, Gupta N | title = Wound Healing Concepts in Clinical Practice of OMFS | journal = Journal of Maxillofacial and Oral Surgery | volume = 16 | issue = 4 | pages = 403–423 | date = December 2017 | pmid = 29038623 | pmc = 5628060 | doi = 10.1007/s12663-016-0880-z }}</ref> ==== Open wounds ==== * Incisions or incised wounds – caused by a clean, sharp-edged object such as a [[knife]], [[razor]], or glass splinter.{{Citation needed|date=August 2024}} * {{vanchor|Lacerations}} – irregular tear-like wounds caused by some [[blunt trauma]]. Lacerations and incisions may appear linear (regular) or stellate (irregular). The term ''laceration'' is commonly misused in reference to incisions.<ref>{{cite book | author = American Academy of Pediatrics |title=First Aid for Families|date=2011|publisher=Jones & Bartlett |isbn=978-0763755522|page=39|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6NDmgAL22s4C&pg=PA39|language=en}}</ref> * [[Abrasion (medical)|Abrasions]] (grazes) – superficial wounds in which the topmost layer of the [[skin]] (the epidermis) is scraped off. Abrasions are often caused by a sliding fall onto a rough surface such as [[Asphalt concrete|asphalt]], [[tree bark]] or [[concrete]].{{Citation needed|date=August 2024}} * [[Avulsion (injury)|Avulsions]] – injuries in which a body structure is forcibly detached from its normal point of insertion; a type of [[amputation]] where the extremity is pulled off rather than cut off. When used in reference to skin avulsions, the term '[[degloving]]' is also sometimes used as a synonym.{{Citation needed|date=August 2024}} * [[Puncture wound]]s – caused by an object puncturing the [[skin]], such as a [[splinter]], nail, knife or sharp tooth.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Cuts and puncture wounds | encyclopedia = MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia | publisher = U.S. National Library of Medicine |url=https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000043.htm |access-date=2023-11-08 |language=en }}</ref> * [[penetrating trauma|Penetration wounds]] – caused by an object such as a knife entering and coming out from the skin.{{Citation needed|date=August 2024}} * [[ballistic trauma|Gunshot wounds]] – caused by a [[bullet]] or similar projectile driving into or through the body. There may be two wounds, one at the site of entry and one at the site of exit, generally referred to as a "through-and-through."{{Citation needed|date=August 2024}} *Critical wounds – Including large burns that have been split. These wounds can cause serious hydroelectrolytic and metabolic alterations including fluid loss, electrolyte imbalances, and increased catabolism.<ref name="pmid27600122">{{cite journal | vauthors = Rae L, Fidler P, Gibran N | title = The Physiologic Basis of Burn Shock and the Need for Aggressive Fluid Resuscitation | journal = Critical Care Clinics | volume = 32 | issue = 4 | pages = 491–505 | date = October 2016 | pmid = 27600122 | doi = 10.1016/j.ccc.2016.06.001 }}</ref><ref name="pmid32195729">{{cite journal | vauthors = Mecott GA, González-Cantú I, Dorsey-Treviño EG, Matta-Yee-Chig D, Saucedo-Cárdenas O, Montes de Oca-Luna R, Pérez-Porras S, García-Pérez MM | display-authors = 6 | title = Efficacy and Safety of Pirfenidone in Patients with Second-Degree Burns: A Proof-of-Concept Randomized Controlled Trial | journal = Advances in Skin & Wound Care | volume = 33 | issue = 4 | pages = 1–7 | date = April 2020 | pmid = 32195729 | doi = 10.1097/01.ASW.0000655484.95155.f7 | s2cid = 213193146 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref name="pmid27183443">{{cite journal | vauthors = Nielson CB, Duethman NC, Howard JM, Moncure M, Wood JG | title = Burns: Pathophysiology of Systemic Complications and Current Management | journal = Journal of Burn Care & Research | volume = 38 | issue = 1 | pages = e469–e481 | date = 2017 | pmid = 27183443 | pmc = 5214064 | doi = 10.1097/BCR.0000000000000355 }}</ref> ==== Closed wounds ==== * [[Hematoma]]s (or blood tumor) – caused by damage to a [[blood vessel]] that in turn causes [[blood]] to collect under the [[skin]].{{Citation needed|date=August 2024}} ** Hematomas that originate from internal blood vessel pathology are [[petechiae]], [[purpura]], and [[ecchymosis]]. The different classifications are based on size.{{Citation needed|date=August 2024}} ** Hematomas that originate from an external source of trauma are [[contusion]]s, also commonly called bruises. * [[Crush injury]] – caused by a great or extreme amount of force applied over a long period of time.{{Citation needed|date=August 2024}} <gallery> File:Finger abrasion.jpg|An open wound (an avulsion) File:Cut, leg.jpg|A laceration to the leg File:Footpuncture.JPG|An infected puncture wound to the bottom of the forefoot File:Knee puncture.JPG|A puncture wound from playing [[darts]] File:Finger cut.jpg|An incision: a small cut in a finger File:Schnitt in Fingerkuppe.jpg|Fresh incisional wound on the fingertip of the left ring finger File:Wound on knee.jpg|Abrasion on knee File:Bruise on elbow.jpg|Bruise on arm </gallery> ==== Fractures ==== [[Bone fracture|Fractures]] can be classified as either open or closed, depending on whether the integrity of the overlying skin has been disrupted or preserved, respectively. Several classification systems have been developed to further characterize soft tissue injuries in the setting of an underlying fracture:<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Ibrahim DA, Swenson A, Sassoon A, Fernando ND | title = Classifications In Brief: The Tscherne Classification of Soft Tissue Injury | journal = Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research | volume = 475 | issue = 2 | pages = 560–564 | date = February 2017 | pmid = 27417853 | pmc = 5213932 | doi = 10.1007/s11999-016-4980-3 }}</ref> * [[Tscherne classification]] – Used to describe external appearance of wounds in both open and closed fractures. * [[Gustilo open fracture classification|Gustilo-Anderson classification]] – Classifies open fractures based on wound size, extent of soft tissue loss, and degree of contamination.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Kim PH, Leopold SS | title = In brief: Gustilo-Anderson classification. [corrected] | journal = Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research | volume = 470 | issue = 11 | pages = 3270–3274 | date = November 2012 | pmid = 22569719 | pmc = 3462875 | doi = 10.1007/s11999-012-2376-6 }}</ref> * Hannover Fracture scale – Used in open fractures as an extremity salvage assessment. * AO Classification – adapted from the Tscherne classification, provides separate grading system for skin, muscles/tendons, and neurovascular structures.<ref>{{Cite book | vauthors = Kellam J | chapter = Fracture classification |title=AO Principles of Fracture Management: Vol. 1: Principles, Vol. 2: Specific fractures |date=2018 |publisher=Georg Thieme Verlag |isbn=978-3-13-242309-1 | veditors = Buckley RE, Moran CG, Apivatthakakul T |location=Stuttgart |language=en |doi=10.1055/b-0038-160815 }}</ref> === Chronic wounds === Any wound which is arrested or delayed during any of the normal stages of wound healing is considered to be a [[Chronic condition|chronic wound]]. Most commonly, these are wounds which develop due to an underlying disease process such as [[Diabetes|diabetes mellitus]] or arterial/venous insufficiency. However, it is important to note that any acute wound has the potential to become a chronic wound if any of the normal stages of wound healing are interrupted. Chronic wounds are most commonly a result of disruption of the inflammatory phase of wound healing, however errors in any phase can result in a chronic wound.<ref name="Nagle_2023" /> The exact duration of time which distinguishes a chronic wound from an acute wound is not clearly defined, although many clinicians agree that wounds which have not progressed for over three months are considered chronic wounds.<ref name="Nagle_2023" /><ref name=":0">{{cite journal | vauthors = Star A | title = Differentiating Lower Extremity Wounds: Arterial, Venous, Neurotrophic | journal = Seminars in Interventional Radiology | volume = 35 | issue = 5 | pages = 399–405 | date = December 2018 | pmid = 30728656 | pmc = 6363550 | doi = 10.1055/s-0038-1676362 }}</ref> ==== Common causes of chronic wounds ==== * [[Diabetes|Diabetes mellitus]]<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Burgess JL, Wyant WA, Abdo Abujamra B, Kirsner RS, Jozic I | title = Diabetic Wound-Healing Science | journal = Medicina | volume = 57 | issue = 10 | pages = 1072 | date = October 2021 | pmid = 34684109 | pmc = 8539411 | doi = 10.3390/medicina57101072 | doi-access = free }}</ref> – Wound healing impairment in the setting of diabetes is multifactorial. Hyperglycemia, neuropathy, microvascular complications, impaired immune and inflammatory responses, and psychological factors have all been implicated in the formation and propagation of diabetic wounds. Feet are the most common location of diabetic wounds, although any type of wound can be negatively impacted by diabetes. It has been estimated that up to 25% of patients with diabetes mellitus will be affected by non-healing wounds in their lifetime. * [[Chronic venous insufficiency|Venous/Arterial insufficiency]]<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Robles-Tenorio A, Lev-Tov H, Ocampo-Candiani J | chapter = Venous Leg Ulcer |date=2023 | chapter-url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK567802/ | title = StatPearls |access-date=2024-01-19 |place=Treasure Island (FL) |publisher=StatPearls Publishing |pmid=33620871 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Zemaitis MR, Boll JM, Dreyer MA | chapter = Peripheral Arterial Disease |date=2023 | chapter-url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430745/ | title = StatPearls |access-date=2024-01-19 |place=Treasure Island (FL) |publisher=StatPearls Publishing |pmid=28613496 }}</ref> – Impaired blood outflow (venous) or inflow (arterial) can both impair wound healing, thereby causing chronic wounds. Much like diabetes, venous/arterial insufficiency most commonly result in chronic wounds of the lower extremities. In [[chronic venous insufficiency]], blood pooling impedes oxygen exchange and creates a chronic pro-inflammatory environment which both promote formation of venous ulcers. [[Peripheral artery disease]], on the other hand, causes wounds due to poor blood inflow and typically affects the most distal extremities (fingers, toes). * [[Autoimmune disease|Immunologic disease]]<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Avishai E, Yeghiazaryan K, Golubnitschaja O | title = Impaired wound healing: facts and hypotheses for multi-professional considerations in predictive, preventive and personalised medicine | journal = The EPMA Journal | volume = 8 | issue = 1 | pages = 23–33 | date = March 2017 | pmid = 28620441 | pmc = 5471802 | doi = 10.1007/s13167-017-0081-y }}</ref> – The immune system plays a critical role in the [[Inflammation|inflammatory process]]; therefore, any disease of the immune system has the potential to impair the inflammatory phase of wound healing, thereby leading to a chronic wound. Patients suffering from diseases such as [[rheumatoid arthritis]] and [[lupus]] have been found to have larger wounds and prolonged time to heal when compared to the general population. * [[Pressure ulcer]]<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Zaidi SR, Sharma S | chapter = Pressure Ulcer |date=2023 | chapter-url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK553107/ | title = StatPearls |access-date=2024-01-19 |place=Treasure Island (FL) |publisher=StatPearls Publishing |pmid=31971747 }}</ref> – Also known as decubitus ulcers or bedsores, this type of wound is a result of chronic pressure to the skin over a prolonged period. While most individuals have intact sensation and motor function which allow for frequent positional change to prevent the formation of such ulcers, older individuals are particularly susceptible to this type of chronic injury due to impaired neurosensory responses. Pressure ulcers can occur in as little as two hours of immobility in a bedridden patient or person who is otherwise unconscious/sedated (surgery, syncope, etc.). In the United States, pressure ulcers are graded using the National Pressure Injury Advisory Panel (NPIAP) system. In this system, ulcers are graded on wound depth with stage 1 being the least severe (erythema, intact skin) and stage 4 being full thickness damage through subcutaneous tissue down to muscle, tendon, or bone. Any ulcer that cannot be assessed due to overlying [[eschar]] is considered unstageable. === Wound sterility === Wound sterility, or degree of contamination of a wound, is a critical consideration when evaluating a wound. In the United States, the CDC's Surgical Wound Classification System is most commonly used for classification of a wound's sterility, specifically within a surgical setting. According to this classification system, four different classes of wound exist, each with their own postoperative risk of surgical site infection:<ref name="Herman_2023" /><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Onyekwelu I, Yakkanti R, Protzer L, Pinkston CM, Tucker C, Seligson D | title = Surgical Wound Classification and Surgical Site Infections in the Orthopaedic Patient | journal = Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. Global Research & Reviews | volume = 1 | issue = 3 | pages = e022 | date = June 2017 | pmid = 30211353 | pmc = 6132296 | doi = 10.5435/JAAOSGlobal-D-17-00022 }}</ref> * Class 1 – clean wound: a wound that is not infected and without signs of inflammation. This type of wound is typically closed. By definition, this type of wound excludes any wounds of the [[Respiratory tract|respiratory]], genital, [[Human digestive system|alimentary]], or [[Urinary system|urinary tract]]. * Class 2 – clean-contaminated wound: a wound with a low level of contamination. May involve entry into the respiratory, genital, alimentary, or urinary tract. * Class 3 – contaminated wound: an open, accidental wound resulting from trauma outside of a sterile setting is automatically considered a contaminated wound. Additionally, any surgical wound where there is a major break in sterile technique or obvious contamination from the gastrointestinal tract is considered a contaminated wound. * Class 4 – dirty/infected: a wound with evidence of an existing clinical [[infection]]. Class 4 wounds are usually found in old traumatic wounds which were not adequately treated and will show evidence of devitalized tissue or gross purulence. ==Presentation== === Workup === [[File:Xraymachine.JPG|thumb|Plain [[radiography]] (x-ray) is used to ensure there are no hidden [[bone fractures]] in this patient's knee wound.]] ==== Physical examination ==== Wound presentation will vary greatly based on a number of factors, each of which is important to consider in order to establish a proper diagnosis and treatment plan. In addition to collecting a thorough history, the following factors should be considered when evaluating any wound:<ref name="Nagle_2023" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Grey |first1=Joseph E |last2=Enoch |first2=Stuart |last3=Harding |first3=Keith G |date=2006-02-04 |title=Wound assessment |journal=BMJ |language=en |volume=332 |issue=7536 |pages=285–288 |doi=10.1136/bmj.332.7536.285 |issn=0959-8138 |pmc=1360405 |pmid=16455730}}</ref> * Size of wound: Should be accurately measured at time of initial presentation and regularly remeasured until wound resolution. * Wound location: Very useful consideration in many chronic wounds, such as [[diabetic foot ulcer]]s, [[pressure ulcer]]s, and [[venous ulcer]]s. Acute wounds will be located in areas consistent with the mechanism of injury (e.g. diagonal chest wall bruising from [[Seat belt|seatbelt]] following [[Traffic collision|car accident]]). * Wound bed: A healthy wound bed will appear pink due to healthy [[granulation tissue]]. Presence of a dark red wound bed which bleeds easily on contact or excess granulation tissue (i.e. hypergranulation tissue) may indicate the presence of an [[infection]] or non-healing wound. * Wound depth: The depth of a wound is often not apparent on visual inspection alone. Proper evaluation of wound depth includes use of a probe to measure wound depth and evaluate for undermining of wound edges or [[Sinus (anatomy)|sinus]]/[[fistula]] formation. * Necrotic tissue, slough, [[eschar]]: Wounds may be covered with a layer of dead tissue which may appear cream/yellow in color (slough) or as a black, hardened tissue ([[eschar]]). Removing this tissue is critical for properly evaluating both the depth of a wound and quality of the wound bed, and promotes wound healing. * Wound edges: May provide clues to cause of specific wounds, such as gently sloping edges of venous ulcers or rolled edges of certain [[Neoplasm|tumors]]. * Surrounding skin: Appearance of the surrounding skin can provide clues to underlying disease processes, such as redness/[[erythema]] due to [[cellulitis]], [[Skin maceration|maceration]] due to uncontrolled wound [[exudate]], or eczematous changes due to a chronic irritation (e.g. [[Allergy|allergic reaction]] to wound dressing). * [[Infection]]: Classic signs of infection are redness, warmth, swelling, odor, and pain out of proportion to wound appearance. * [[Pain]]: Pain can be [[Nociception|nociceptive]], [[Neuropathic pain|neuropathic]], or inflammatory, each of which can provide clues to the cause of a wound.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Yam |first1=Mun |last2=Loh |first2=Yean |last3=Tan |first3=Chu |last4=Khadijah Adam |first4=Siti |last5=Abdul Manan |first5=Nizar |last6=Basir |first6=Rusliza |date=2018-07-24 |title=General Pathways of Pain Sensation and the Major Neurotransmitters Involved in Pain Regulation |journal=International Journal of Molecular Sciences |language=en |volume=19 |issue=8 |pages=2164 |doi=10.3390/ijms19082164 |doi-access=free |issn=1422-0067 |pmc=6121522 |pmid=30042373}}</ref> Proper [[Pain management|pain control]] is an important consideration in wound management, particularly in [[burn]] care where analgesia is often necessary prior to dressing changes. A thorough wound evaluation, particularly evaluation of wound depth and removal of necrotic tissue, should be performed only by a licensed healthcare professional in order to avoid damage to nearby structures, infection, or worsening pain.{{Citation needed|date=August 2024}} ==== Diagnostics ==== Additional diagnostic tests may be needed during wound evaluation based on the cause, appearance, and age of a wound.<ref name="Nagle_2023" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Li |first1=Shuxin |last2=Renick |first2=Paul |last3=Senkowsky |first3=Jon |last4=Nair |first4=Ashwin |last5=Tang |first5=Liping |date=2021-06-01 |title=Diagnostics for Wound Infections |journal=Advances in Wound Care |language=en |volume=10 |issue=6 |pages=317–327 |doi=10.1089/wound.2019.1103 |issn=2162-1918 |pmc=8082727 |pmid=32496977}}</ref> * Wound [[Microbiological culture|culture]]: If there is concern for infection, a wound can be more carefully evaluated for presence of [[bacteria]] via surface swabs, deep tissue [[biopsy]], or needle biopsy. Surface swabs are most commonly used due to low cost, ease of use, and minimal pain to patient. Although swab cultures have been shown to reliably identify the organisms causing an infection, swabs are only able to identify bacteria on the surface of a wound and can occasionally be contaminated by normal [[skin flora]]. Deep tissue biopsy is considered the [[Gold standard (test)|gold standard]] for diagnosing wound infections due to being both more accurate and precise than swabs, however it is more invasive, more painful, and less cost effective than swabs and therefore is not the first choice for collecting wound cultures. Needle aspiration can only be implemented in wounds with underlying [[abscess]]es or fluid collections. * [[Radiography|Imaging]]: [[X-ray]] is useful to assess for an underlying fracture which may not be apparent on physical examination alone. [[Ultrasound]], [[CT scan|computed tomography]] (CT), and [[magnetic resonance imaging]] (MRI) can all be used to assess for identifying fluid collections, necrotic tissue, or inflammation. Ultrasound is portable, low cost, quickly implemented, and does not expose patients to [[radiation]], but is limited in diagnostic capabilities. CT is another quickly implemented option which generally provides more diagnostic information compared to ultrasound, however it is less cost-effective and exposes patients to radiation. MRI offers the greatest image resolution and can provide diagnostic information on presence of [[Skin and skin structure infection|soft tissue infection]] or [[Osteomyelitis|bone infection]]. Like ultrasound, MRI does not expose patients to radiation, however it is the slowest and most difficult to implement of the all of these imaging methods. * Laboratory studies: Serum [[Transthyretin|prealbumin]] levels may be useful in evaluating nutrition status in patients with chronic wounds or at risk for developing chronic wounds. Elevated [[erythrocyte sedimentation rate]] (ESR) and [[C-reactive protein]] (CRP) can confirm presence of an infection but alone are not diagnostic. Routine bloodwork such as a [[basic metabolic panel]] (BMP) or [[complete blood count]] (CBC) are not typically required but may be useful in select circumstances. * [[Ankle–brachial pressure index|Ankle-brachial index]]/[[Toe pressure|toe-brachial index]] (ABI/TBI): These tests can be used to assess blood supply to the lower extremities and their results may affect management of lower extremity wounds such as venous/arterial ulcers, diabetic foot ulcers, or pressure ulcers. ==Management== {{Main|Emergency bleeding control#Wound management}} {{See also|Wound healing|Wound bed preparation}} [[File:wound sewed.jpg|thumb|Wound, sewn with four [[surgical suture|stitches]]]] The goal of wound care is to promote an environment that allows a wound to heal as quickly as possible, with emphasis on restoring both form and function of the wounded area. Although optimal treatment strategies vary greatly depending on the specific cause, size, and age of a particular wound, there are universal principles of wound management that apply to all wounds.<ref name="Nagle_2023" /> After a thorough evaluation is performed, all wounds should be properly [[Therapeutic irrigation|irrigated]] and [[Debridement|debrided]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last1=Nicks |first1=Bret A. |last2=Ayello |first2=Elizabeth A. |last3=Woo |first3=Kevin |last4=Nitzki-George |first4=Diane |last5=Sibbald |first5=R. Gary |date=December 2010 |title=Acute wound management: revisiting the approach to assessment, irrigation, and closure considerations |journal=International Journal of Emergency Medicine |language=en |volume=3 |issue=4 |pages=399–407 |doi=10.1007/s12245-010-0217-5 |issn=1865-1372 |pmc=3047833 |pmid=21373312}}</ref> Proper cleansing of a wound is critical to prevent infection and promote re-epithelialization. Further efforts should be made to eliminate/limit any contributing factors to the wound (e.g. diabetes, pressure, etc.) and optimize the wound's healing ability (i.e. optimize nutritional status).<ref name="Nagle_2023" /> The end goal of wound management is closure of the wound which can be achieved by primary closure, delayed primary closure, or healing by secondary intention, each of which is discussed below. Pain control is a mainstay of wound management, as wound evaluation, wound cleansing, and dressing changes can be a painful process.<ref name=":1" /> ===Irrigation=== Proper cleansing of a wound is critical in preventing infection and promoting healing of any wound. Irrigation is defined as constant flow of a solution over the surface of a wound. The goal of irrigation is not only to remove debris and potential contaminants from a wound, but also to assist in visual inspection of a wound and hydrate the wound.<ref name=":1" /> Irrigation is typically achieved with either a bulb or [[syringe]] and needle/catheter. The preferred solution for irrigation is [[Saline (medicine)|normal saline]] which is readily accessible in the emergency department, although recent studies have shown no difference in emergency department infection rates when comparing normal saline to potable [[tap water]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Fernandez |first1=R. |last2=Griffiths |first2=R. |editor-first1=Ritin |editor-last1=Fernandez |date=2008-01-23 |title=Water for wound cleansing |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18254034 |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |issue=1 |pages=CD003861 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD003861.pub2 |issn=1469-493X |pmid=18254034}}</ref> Irrigation can also be achieved with a diluted 1% [[Povidone-iodine|povidone iodine]] solution, but studies have again shown no difference in infection rates when compared to normal saline.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Khan |first1=Muhammad N. |last2=Naqvi |first2=Abul H. |date=November 2006 |title=Antiseptics, iodine, povidone iodine and traumatic wound cleansing |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0965206X06640023 |journal=Journal of Tissue Viability |language=en |volume=16 |issue=4 |pages=6–10 |doi=10.1016/S0965-206X(06)64002-3|pmid=17153117 }}</ref> Irrigation with antiseptic solutions, such as non-diluted povidone iodine, [[chlorhexidine]], and [[hydrogen peroxide]] is not preferred since these solutions are toxic to tissue and inhibit wound healing. The exact volume of irrigation used will vary depending on the appearance of the wound, although some sources have reported 50–100&nbsp;mL of irrigation per 1&nbsp;cm of wound length as a guideline.<ref name=":1" /> === Debridement === [[Debridement]] is defined as removal of devitalized or dead tissue, particularly necrotic tissue, [[eschar]], or slough. Debridement is a critical aspect of wound care because devitalized tissue, particularly necrotic tissue, serves as nutrients for bacteria thereby promoting infection. Additionally, devitalized tissue creates a physical barrier over a wound which limits the effectiveness of any applied topical compounds and prevents re-epithelialization. Lastly, devitalized tissue, especially eschar, prevents accurate assessment of underlying tissue, making appropriate assessment of a wound impossible without adequate debridement. Debridement can be achieved in several ways:<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Manna |first1=Biagio |title=Wound Debridement |date=2024 |journal=StatPearls |url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK507882/ |access-date=2024-01-26 |place=Treasure Island, Florida |publisher=StatPearls Publishing |pmid=29939659 |last2=Nahirniak |first2=Phillip |last3=Morrison |first3=Christopher A.}}</ref> * Autolytic debridement: The most conservative type of debridement whereby the body's own natural defenses break down necrotic tissue via [[phagocyte]]s and [[Protease|proteolytic enzymes]]. This method requires a moist environment and intact immune system. * Mechanical debridement: Achieved through use of mechanical force to remove devitalized tissue (e.g. wet-to-dry dressing, pressurized wound irrigation, pulse-lavage); however, this process will remove both healthy and non-healthy tissue and is therefore considered a non-selective debridement method. * Enzymatic debridement: A process of debridement in which [[enzyme]]s such as proteinases or [[collagenase]]s are applied topically to digest devitalized tissue. Depending on the agent, this process can be either selective or non-selective. Examples include trypsin, streptokinase-streptodornase combination, subtilisin, papain, and collagenase.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Nowak |first1=Marcela |last2=Mehrholz |first2=Dorota |last3=Barańska-Rybak |first3=Wioletta |last4=Nowicki |first4=Roman |date=2022 |title=Wound debridement products and techniques: clinical examples and literature review |journal=Advances in Dermatology and Allergology |volume=39 |issue=3 |pages=479–490 |doi=10.5114/ada.2022.117572 |issn=1642-395X |pmc=9326937 |pmid=35950126}}</ref> * Surgical debridement: Also known as sharp debridement, this is a process in which devitalized tissue is removed through use of [[surgical instrument]]s such as [[scalpel]]s, [[curette]]s, or surgical scissors. Surgical debridement can be done in a hospital bed, in an [[Outpatient department|outpatient clinic]], or in an [[Operating theater|operating room]] depending on the particular wound, risk of bleeding, and [[anesthesia]] requirements. * Biological debridement: Also known as [[Maggot therapy|larval therapy]], biological debridement is done through controlled application of sterile larvae ([[Common green bottle fly|''Lucilia sericata'']]) to the wound bed. These larvae release proteolytic enzymes which dissolve necrotic tissue before then ingesting the now debrided tissue. Biologic debridement has the added benefit of being bactericidal since larvae will ingest bacteria as well as devitalized tissue. Despite the safety and effectiveness of this method, its applications are often limited due to patient's negative feelings towards larvae which are commonly associated with poor hygiene and perishable food.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Bazaliński |first1=Dariusz |last2=Przybek-Mita |first2=Joanna |last3=Pytlak |first3=Kamila |last4=Kardyś |first4=Daria |last5=Bazaliński |first5=Adrian |last6=Kucharzewski |first6=Marek |last7=Więch |first7=Paweł |date=2023-10-30 |title=Larval Wound Therapy: Possibilities and Potential Limitations—A Literature Review |journal=Journal of Clinical Medicine |language=en |volume=12 |issue=21 |pages=6862 |doi=10.3390/jcm12216862 |doi-access=free |issn=2077-0383 |pmc=10647679 |pmid=37959326}}</ref> === Closure === [[File:A Surgeon Applying a Suture.jpg|thumb|A surgeon placing a suture]] The end goal of wound care is to re-establish the integrity of the [[skin]], a structure which serves as a barrier to the external environment.<ref name=":2">{{cite journal |last1=Labib |first1=Amir |title=Complex Wound Management |date=2024 |journal=StatPearls |url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK576385/ |access-date=2024-01-26 |place=Treasure Island, Florida |publisher=StatPearls Publishing |pmid=35015410 |last2=Winters |first2=Ryan}}</ref> The preferred method of closure is to reattach/reapproximate the wound edges together, a process known as primary closure/healing by primary intention. Wounds that have not been closed within several hours of the initial injury or wounds that are concerning for infection will often be left open and treated with dressings for several days before being closed 3–5 days later, a process known as delayed primary closure. The exact duration of time from initial injury in which delayed primary closure is preferred over primary closure is not clearly defined.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Jaman |first1=Josip |last2=Martić |first2=Krešimir |last3=Rasic |first3=Nivez |last4=Markulin |first4=Helena |last5=Haberle |first5=Sara |date=December 2021 |title=Is the use of specific time cut-off or 'golden period' for primary closure of acute traumatic wounds evidence based? A systematic review |journal=Croatian Medical Journal |volume=62 |issue=6 |pages=614–622 |doi=10.3325/cmj.2021.62.614 |issn=0353-9504 |pmc=8771236 |pmid=34981694}}</ref> Wounds that cannot be closed primarily due to substantial tissue loss can be healed by secondary intention, a process in which the wound is allowed to fill-in over time through natural physiologic processes. When healing by secondary intention, granulation tissue grows in from the wound edges slowly over time to restore integrity of the skin. Healing by secondary intention can take up to months, requires daily wound care, and leaves an unfavorable scar, thus primary closure is always preferred when possible.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Chhabra |first1=Shruti |last2=Chhabra |first2=Naveen |last3=Kaur |first3=Avneet |last4=Gupta |first4=Niti |date=December 2017 |title=Wound Healing Concepts in Clinical Practice of OMFS |journal=Journal of Maxillofacial and Oral Surgery |language=en |volume=16 |issue=4 |pages=403–423 |doi=10.1007/s12663-016-0880-z |issn=0972-8279 |pmc=5628060 |pmid=29038623}}</ref> As an alternative, wounds that cannot be closed primarily can be addressed with [[skin grafting]] or [[Flap (surgery)|flap reconstruction]], typically done by a [[Plastic surgery|plastic surgeon]].<ref name=":2" /> There are several methods that can be implemented to achieve primary closure of a wound, including [[Surgical suture|suture]], [[Surgical staple|staples]], [[Dermal adhesive|skin adhesive]], and [[Wound closure strip|surgical strips]]. Suture is the most frequently used for closure.<ref name=":1" /> There are many types of suture, but broadly they can be categorized as absorbable vs non-absorbable and synthetic vs natural. Absorbable sutures have the added benefit of not requiring removal and are often preferred in children for this reason.<ref>{{cite web |title=Absorbable sutures in pediatric lacerations |url=http://www.bestbets.org/bets/bet.php?id=874 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081226233442/http://www.bestbets.org/bets/bet.php?id=874 |archive-date=26 December 2008 |work=BestBets |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Staples are less time-consuming and more cost effective than suture but have a risk of worse scarring if left in place for too long.<ref name=":1" /> Adhesive glue and sutures have comparable cosmetic outcomes for minor lacerations <5&nbsp;cm in adults and children.<ref name="Cals">{{cite journal |vauthors=Cals JW, de Bont EG |date=October 2012 |title=Minor incised traumatic laceration |url=http://www.bmj.com/content/345/bmj.e6824 |url-status=live |journal=BMJ |volume=345 |pages=e6824 |doi=10.1136/bmj.e6824 |pmid=23092899 |s2cid=32499629 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105202631/http://www.bmj.com/content/345/bmj.e6824 |archive-date=5 November 2013 |df=dmy-all}}</ref> The use of adhesive glue involves considerably less time for the doctor and less pain for the person. The wound opens at a slightly higher rate but there is less redness.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Farion K, Osmond MH, Hartling L, Russell K, Klassen T, Crumley E, Wiebe N |year=2002 |title=Tissue adhesives for traumatic lacerations in children and adults |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |volume=2002 |issue=3 |pages=CD003326 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD003326 |pmc=9006881 |pmid=12137689 |veditors=Farion KJ}}</ref> The risk for infections (1.1%) is the same for both. Adhesive glue should not be used in areas of high tension or repetitive movements, such as joints or the posterior trunk.<ref name="Cals" /> ===Dressings=== After a wound is irrigated, debrided, and, if possible, closed, it should be [[Dressing (medicine)|dressed]] appropriately. The goals of a wound dressing are to act as a barrier to the outside environment, facilitate wound healing, promote hemostasis, and act as a form of mechanical debridement during dressing changes.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Britto |first1=Errol J. |title=Wound Dressings |date=2024 |journal=StatPearls |url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470199/ |access-date=2024-01-26 |place=Treasure Island, Florida |publisher=StatPearls Publishing |pmid=29261956 |last2=Nezwek |first2=Trevor A. |last3=Popowicz |first3=Patrycja |last4=Robins |first4=Marc}}</ref> The ideal wound dressing maintains a moist environment to optimize wound healing but is also capable of absorbing excess fluid as to avoid [[skin maceration]] or bacterial growth.<ref name=":2" /> Several wound dressing options are available, each tailored to different kinds of wounds:<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Bhoyar |first1=Surbhi D |last2=Malhotra |first2=Karan |last3=Madke |first3=Bhushan |date=April 2023 |title=Dressing materials: A comprehensive review |journal=Journal of Cutaneous and Aesthetic Surgery |language=en |volume=16 |issue=2 |pages=81–89 |doi=10.4103/JCAS.JCAS_163_22 |doi-access=free |issn=0974-2077 |pmc=10405539 |pmid=37554675}}</ref> * [[Gauze sponge|Gauze]]: Composed of woven or non-woven cotton, rayon, and polyester, gauze is highly absorbent, but removal can be uncomfortable. * Films: Films are made of translucent polyurethane which is adherent to skin and semi-occlusive, allowing them to retain within the dressing but also allow for exchange of gases such as oxygen and carbon dioxide. The translucent nature of this dressing makes monitoring wounds simple. * [[Hydrocolloid dressing|Hydrocolloids]]: Consist of an outer, water-impermeable layer and an inner layer made of [[colloid]]. When the inner colloid layer comes in contact with liquid, it becomes a gel allowing the dressing to maintain a moist environment while simultaneously absorbing exudate. Hydrocolloids cause minimal pain on removal but are at increased risk of skin maceration and bacterial growth. * [[Hydrogel]]s: An [[Solubility|insoluble]], [[Hydrophile|hydrophilic]] material with soothing properties which is useful in treating burn wounds, dry chronic wounds, and pressure ulcers. Like hydrocolloids, hydrogels are capable of retaining excess moisture leading to skin maceration and bacterial growth. * Foams: A flexible material with a hydrophobic outer layer that shields liquid from the outside environment, while having a highly absorptive inner layer which is ideal for highly exuding wounds. Foams should not be used in dryer wounds that require exudate to stay moist. * Alginates: Derived from seaweed, alginates can absorb up to 15–20 times their weight in liquid and are ideal for highly exudative wounds. Like hydrocolloids, alginates form a gel when they come in contact with fluid, making removal relatively painless. * Hydrofibers: A derivative of hydrocolloid dressings, hydrofibers are able to absorb up to 25 times their weight in fluid, making them the most absorbent dressing. They are much like alginate dressings in their absorptive capacity and tendency to form a gel upon contact with liquid. * Medicated dressings: Many dressings come impregnated with medication, typically antimicrobial agents or debriding chemicals. Silver, iodine, growth hormones, enzymes, and antibacterial agents are most common. * [[Negative-pressure wound therapy]] (NPWT):<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Zaver |first1=Vasudev |title=Negative Pressure Wound Therapy |date=2024 |journal=StatPearls |url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK576388/ |access-date=2024-01-26 |place=Treasure Island, Florida |publisher=StatPearls Publishing |pmid=35015413 |last2=Kankanalu |first2=Pradeep}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Robert |first=N. |date=2017-02-01 |title=Negative pressure wound therapy in orthopaedic surgery |journal=Orthopaedics & Traumatology: Surgery & Research |series=2016 Instructional Course Lectures (SoFCOT) |volume=103 |issue=1, Supplement |pages=S99–S103 |doi=10.1016/j.otsr.2016.04.018 |pmid=28043851 |issn=1877-0568|doi-access=free }}</ref> A unique type of dressing which consists of a foam dressing surrounded with an airtight film and then connected to power-assisted vacuum suction, creating a negative pressure environment over the wound. This negative pressure environment is thought to promote formation of granulation tissue and decrease inflammatory fluid. NPWT has the added benefit of requiring less frequent dressing changes, a process that is often painful for patients. Since its implementation, NPWT has been implemented broadly for chronic non-healing wounds but can also be applied to acute wounds that cannot be closed primarily due to swelling or concern for infection. This type of dressing is typically applied in the operating room but can be done at bedside with appropriate analgesia. === Maintenance and surveillance === Ideally, wound dressings should be changed daily to promote a clean environment and allow for daily evaluation of wound progression. Highly exudative wounds and infected wounds should be monitored closely and may require more frequent dressing changes.<ref name=":2" /> Negative pressure wound dressings can be changed less frequently, every 2–3 days.<ref name=":3" /> Wound progression over time can be monitored with transparent sheet tracings or [[photograph]]s, each of which produce reliable measurements of wound surface area.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Bhedi |first1=Amul |last2=Saxena |first2=Atul K. |last3=Gadani |first3=Ravi |last4=Patel |first4=Ritesh |date=April 2013 |title=Digital Photography and Transparency-Based Methods for Measuring Wound Surface Area |journal=Indian Journal of Surgery |language=en |volume=75 |issue=2 |pages=111–114 |doi=10.1007/s12262-012-0422-y |issn=0972-2068 |pmc=3644165 |pmid=24426404}}</ref> ===Alternative medicine=== There is moderate evidence that honey is more effective than antiseptic followed by gauze for healing wounds infected after surgical operations. There is a lack of quality evidence relating to the use of honey on other types of wounds, such as minor acute wounds, mixed acute and chronic wounds, pressure ulcers, Fournier's gangrene, venous leg ulcers, diabetic foot ulcers and Leishmaniasis.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Jull AB, Cullum N, Dumville JC, Westby MJ, Deshpande S, Walker N | title = Honey as a topical treatment for wounds | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | volume = 3 | issue = 3 | pages = CD005083 | date = March 2015 | pmid = 25742878 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD005083.pub4 | pmc = 9719456 }}</ref> [[Therapeutic touch]] has been implicated as a complementary therapy in wound healing; however, there is no high quality research supporting its use as an evidence based clinical intervention. <ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Garrett |first1=Bernie |last2=Riou |first2=Marliss |date=2021-03-20 |title=A rapid evidence assessment of recent therapeutic touch research |journal=Nursing Open |volume=8 |issue=5 |pages=2318–2330 |doi=10.1002/nop2.841 |issn=2054-1058 |pmc=8363410 |pmid=33742792}}</ref> More than 400 species of plants are identified as potentially useful for wound healing.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Ghosh PK, Gaba A | title = Phyto-extracts in wound healing | journal = Journal of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences | volume = 16 | issue = 5 | pages = 760–820 | date = 2013 | pmid = 24393557 | doi = 10.18433/j3831v | doi-access = free }}</ref> Only three randomized controlled trials, however, have been done for the treatment of burns.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Bahramsoltani R, Farzaei MH, Rahimi R | title = Medicinal plants and their natural components as future drugs for the treatment of burn wounds: an integrative review | journal = Archives of Dermatological Research | volume = 306 | issue = 7 | pages = 601–617 | date = September 2014 | pmid = 24895176 | doi = 10.1007/s00403-014-1474-6 | s2cid = 23859340 }}</ref> ==History== [[File:Treatment of wound with lance grit.jpg|thumb|upright|Medieval treatment of wound with lance grittings{{Clarify|reason=What is a "lance gritting" and why is it relevant?|date=February 2022}}]] From the [[Classical antiquity|Classical Period]] to the [[Medieval Period]], the body and the soul were believed to be intimately connected, based on several theories put forth by the philosopher [[Plato]]. Wounds on the body were believed to correlate with wounds to the soul and vice versa; wounds were seen as an outward sign of an inward illness. Thus, a man who was wounded physically in a serious way was said to be hindered not only physically but spiritually as well. If the soul was wounded, that wound may also eventually become physically manifest, revealing the true state of the soul.<ref name=Gawain>{{cite journal | vauthors = Saygin D, Tabib T, Bittar HE, Valenzi E, Sembrat J, Chan SY, Rojas M, Lafyatis R | display-authors = 6 | title = Transcriptional profiling of lung cell populations in idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension | journal = Pulmonary Circulation | volume = 10 | issue = 1 | pages = 154–61 | year = 1984 | pmid = 32166015 | doi = 10.2307/462158 | jstor = 462158 | pmc = 7052475 }}</ref> Wounds were also seen as writing on the "tablet" of the body. Wounds acquired in war, for example, told the story of a soldier in a form which all could see and understand, and the wounds of a [[martyr]] told the story of their faith.<ref name=Gawain/> ==Research == {{Expand section|date=October 2022}} In humans and mice it has been shown that estrogen might positively affect the speed and quality of wound healing.<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/524313_3|vauthors = ((Desiree May Oh, MD)), ((Tania J. Phillips, MD))|title=Sex Hormones and Wound Healing|journal=Wounds|year=2006|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130107094207/http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/524313_3|archive-date=7 January 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref> == See also == * [[European Wound Management Association]] * [[International Red Cross Wound Classification System]] * [[Wound bed preparation]] {{clear}} == References == {{reflist}} == External links == {{Medical resources | ICD10 = {{ICD10|T|14|0|t|08}}–{{ICD10|T|14|1|t|08}} | ICD9 = {{ICD9|872}}–{{ICD9|893}} | ICDO = | OMIM = | MedlinePlus = | eMedicineSubj = | eMedicineTopic = | MeshID = D014947 | SNOMED CT = 416462003 }} {{wikiquote|Wounds}} {{Wiktionary}} {{Commons category|Wounds}} * [http://www.woundheal.org US based wound healing society] * [http://www.aawconline.org Association for the Advancement of Wound Care] AAWC * [http://www.ewma.org European Wound Management Association] – EWMA works to promote the advancement of education and research. {{General injuries}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Acute pain]] [[Category:First aid]] [[Category:Injuries]] [[Category:Medical emergencies]] </textarea><div class="templatesUsed"><div class="mw-templatesUsedExplanation"><p><span id="templatesused">Pages transcluded onto the current version of this page<span class="posteditwindowhelplinks"> (<a href="/wiki/Help:Transclusion" title="Help:Transclusion">help</a>)</span>:</span> </p></div><ul> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:About" title="Template:About">Template:About</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:About&action=edit" title="Template:About">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Ambox" title="Template:Ambox">Template:Ambox</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Ambox&action=edit" title="Template:Ambox">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Authority_control" title="Template:Authority control">Template:Authority control</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Authority_control&action=edit" title="Template:Authority control">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Category_handler" title="Template:Category handler">Template:Category handler</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Category_handler&action=edit" title="Template:Category handler">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Citation_needed" title="Template:Citation needed">Template:Citation needed</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Citation_needed&action=edit" title="Template:Citation needed">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">Template:Cite book</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Cite_book&action=edit" title="Template:Cite book">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_encyclopedia" title="Template:Cite encyclopedia">Template:Cite encyclopedia</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Cite_encyclopedia&action=edit" title="Template:Cite encyclopedia">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">Template:Cite journal</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Cite_journal&action=edit" title="Template:Cite journal">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">Template:Cite web</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Cite_web&action=edit" title="Template:Cite web">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Clarify" title="Template:Clarify">Template:Clarify</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Clarify&action=edit" title="Template:Clarify">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Clear" title="Template:Clear">Template:Clear</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Clear&action=edit" title="Template:Clear">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Commons_category" title="Template:Commons category">Template:Commons category</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Commons_category&action=edit" title="Template:Commons category">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:DMCA" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:DMCA">Template:DMCA</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:DMCA&action=edit" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:DMCA">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Dated_maintenance_category" title="Template:Dated maintenance category">Template:Dated maintenance category</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Dated_maintenance_category&action=edit" title="Template:Dated maintenance category">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Dated_maintenance_category_(articles)" title="Template:Dated maintenance category (articles)">Template:Dated maintenance category (articles)</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Dated_maintenance_category_(articles)&action=edit" title="Template:Dated maintenance category (articles)">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Delink" title="Template:Delink">Template:Delink</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Delink&action=edit" title="Template:Delink">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Expand_section" title="Template:Expand section">Template:Expand section</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Expand_section&action=edit" title="Template:Expand section">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:FULLROOTPAGENAME" title="Template:FULLROOTPAGENAME">Template:FULLROOTPAGENAME</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:FULLROOTPAGENAME&action=edit" title="Template:FULLROOTPAGENAME">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Fix" title="Template:Fix">Template:Fix</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Fix&action=edit" title="Template:Fix">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Fix-span" title="Template:Fix-span">Template:Fix-span</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Fix-span&action=edit" title="Template:Fix-span">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Fix/category" title="Template:Fix/category">Template:Fix/category</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Fix/category&action=edit" title="Template:Fix/category">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:General_injuries" title="Template:General injuries">Template:General injuries</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:General_injuries&action=edit" title="Template:General injuries">edit</a>) </li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Hlist" title="Template:Hlist">Template:Hlist</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Hlist&action=edit" title="Template:Hlist">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Hlist/styles.css" title="Template:Hlist/styles.css">Template:Hlist/styles.css</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Hlist/styles.css&action=edit" title="Template:Hlist/styles.css">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:ICD10" title="Template:ICD10">Template:ICD10</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:ICD10&action=edit" title="Template:ICD10">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:ICD9" title="Template:ICD9">Template:ICD9</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:ICD9&action=edit" title="Template:ICD9">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Infobox" title="Template:Infobox">Template:Infobox</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Infobox&action=edit" title="Template:Infobox">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Infobox/styles-images.css" title="Template:Infobox/styles-images.css">Template:Infobox/styles-images.css</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Infobox/styles-images.css&action=edit" title="Template:Infobox/styles-images.css">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Infobox_medical_condition" title="Template:Infobox medical condition">Template:Infobox medical condition</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Infobox_medical_condition&action=edit" title="Template:Infobox medical condition">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Infobox_medical_condition_(new)" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Infobox medical condition (new)">Template:Infobox medical condition (new)</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Infobox_medical_condition_(new)&action=edit" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Infobox medical condition (new)">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Main" title="Template:Main">Template:Main</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Main&action=edit" title="Template:Main">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Main_other" title="Template:Main other">Template:Main other</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Main_other&action=edit" title="Template:Main other">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Medical_resources" title="Template:Medical resources">Template:Medical resources</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Medical_resources&action=edit" title="Template:Medical resources">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Navbox" title="Template:Navbox">Template:Navbox</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Navbox&action=edit" title="Template:Navbox">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Ns_has_subpages" title="Template:Ns has subpages">Template:Ns has subpages</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Ns_has_subpages&action=edit" title="Template:Ns has subpages">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Pagetype" title="Template:Pagetype">Template:Pagetype</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Pagetype&action=edit" title="Template:Pagetype">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Plainlist" title="Template:Plainlist">Template:Plainlist</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Plainlist&action=edit" title="Template:Plainlist">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Plainlist/styles.css" title="Template:Plainlist/styles.css">Template:Plainlist/styles.css</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Plainlist/styles.css&action=edit" title="Template:Plainlist/styles.css">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Protected_page_maintenance_message" title="Template:Protected page maintenance message">Template:Protected page maintenance message</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Protected_page_maintenance_message&action=edit" title="Template:Protected page maintenance message">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Reflist" title="Template:Reflist">Template:Reflist</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Reflist&action=edit" title="Template:Reflist">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Reflist/styles.css" title="Template:Reflist/styles.css">Template:Reflist/styles.css</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Reflist/styles.css&action=edit" title="Template:Reflist/styles.css">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Replace" title="Template:Replace">Template:Replace</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Replace&action=edit" title="Template:Replace">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:SDcat" title="Template:SDcat">Template:SDcat</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:SDcat&action=edit" title="Template:SDcat">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:See_also" title="Template:See also">Template:See also</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:See_also&action=edit" title="Template:See also">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Short_description" title="Template:Short description">Template:Short description</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Short_description&action=edit" title="Template:Short description">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Short_description/lowercasecheck" title="Template:Short description/lowercasecheck">Template:Short description/lowercasecheck</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Short_description/lowercasecheck&action=edit" title="Template:Short description/lowercasecheck">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Side_box" title="Template:Side box">Template:Side box</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Side_box&action=edit" title="Template:Side box">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Sister_project" title="Template:Sister project">Template:Sister project</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Sister_project&action=edit" title="Template:Sister project">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Sister_project/styles.css" title="Template:Sister project/styles.css">Template:Sister project/styles.css</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Sister_project/styles.css&action=edit" title="Template:Sister project/styles.css">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Template_other" title="Template:Template other">Template:Template other</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Template_other&action=edit" title="Template:Template other">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Tooltip" title="Template:Tooltip">Template:Tooltip</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Tooltip&action=edit" title="Template:Tooltip">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Tooltip/styles.css" title="Template:Tooltip/styles.css">Template:Tooltip/styles.css</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Tooltip/styles.css&action=edit" title="Template:Tooltip/styles.css">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Use_dmy_dates" title="Template:Use dmy dates">Template:Use dmy dates</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Use_dmy_dates&action=edit" title="Template:Use dmy dates">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Vanchor" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Vanchor">Template:Vanchor</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Vanchor&action=edit" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Vanchor">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Visible_anchor" title="Template:Visible anchor">Template:Visible anchor</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Visible_anchor&action=edit" title="Template:Visible anchor">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Visible_anchor/styles.css" title="Template:Visible anchor/styles.css">Template:Visible anchor/styles.css</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Visible_anchor/styles.css&action=edit" title="Template:Visible anchor/styles.css">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Wdib" title="Template:Wdib">Template:Wdib</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Wdib&action=edit" title="Template:Wdib">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Wikiquote" title="Template:Wikiquote">Template:Wikiquote</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Wikiquote&action=edit" title="Template:Wikiquote">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Wiktionary" title="Template:Wiktionary">Template:Wiktionary</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Wiktionary&action=edit" title="Template:Wiktionary">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Yesno" title="Template:Yesno">Template:Yesno</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Yesno&action=edit" title="Template:Yesno">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Yesno-no" title="Template:Yesno-no">Template:Yesno-no</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Yesno-no&action=edit" title="Template:Yesno-no">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Yesno-yes" title="Template:Yesno-yes">Template:Yesno-yes</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Yesno-yes&action=edit" title="Template:Yesno-yes">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:About" title="Module:About">Module:About</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:About&action=edit" title="Module:About">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Arguments" title="Module:Arguments">Module:Arguments</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Arguments&action=edit" title="Module:Arguments">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Authority_control" title="Module:Authority control">Module:Authority control</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Authority_control&action=edit" title="Module:Authority control">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Authority_control/config" title="Module:Authority control/config">Module:Authority control/config</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Authority_control/config&action=edit" title="Module:Authority control/config">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Category_handler" title="Module:Category handler">Module:Category handler</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Category_handler&action=edit" title="Module:Category handler">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Category_handler/blacklist" title="Module:Category handler/blacklist">Module:Category handler/blacklist</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Category_handler/blacklist&action=edit" title="Module:Category handler/blacklist">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Category_handler/config" title="Module:Category handler/config">Module:Category handler/config</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Category_handler/config&action=edit" title="Module:Category handler/config">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Category_handler/data" title="Module:Category handler/data">Module:Category handler/data</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Category_handler/data&action=edit" title="Module:Category handler/data">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Category_handler/shared" title="Module:Category handler/shared">Module:Category handler/shared</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Category_handler/shared&action=edit" title="Module:Category handler/shared">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Check_for_unknown_parameters" title="Module:Check for unknown parameters">Module:Check for unknown parameters</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Check_for_unknown_parameters&action=edit" title="Module:Check for unknown parameters">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Citation/CS1" title="Module:Citation/CS1">Module:Citation/CS1</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Citation/CS1&action=edit" title="Module:Citation/CS1">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Citation/CS1/COinS" title="Module:Citation/CS1/COinS">Module:Citation/CS1/COinS</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Citation/CS1/COinS&action=edit" title="Module:Citation/CS1/COinS">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration" title="Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration">Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration&action=edit" title="Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Citation/CS1/Date_validation" title="Module:Citation/CS1/Date validation">Module:Citation/CS1/Date validation</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Citation/CS1/Date_validation&action=edit" title="Module:Citation/CS1/Date validation">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers" title="Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers">Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers&action=edit" title="Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Citation/CS1/Utilities" title="Module:Citation/CS1/Utilities">Module:Citation/CS1/Utilities</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Citation/CS1/Utilities&action=edit" title="Module:Citation/CS1/Utilities">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Citation/CS1/Whitelist" title="Module:Citation/CS1/Whitelist">Module:Citation/CS1/Whitelist</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Citation/CS1/Whitelist&action=edit" title="Module:Citation/CS1/Whitelist">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css" title="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css">Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css&action=edit" title="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:DecodeEncode" title="Module:DecodeEncode">Module:DecodeEncode</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:DecodeEncode&action=edit" title="Module:DecodeEncode">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Delink" title="Module:Delink">Module:Delink</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Delink&action=edit" title="Module:Delink">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Disambiguation/templates" title="Module:Disambiguation/templates">Module:Disambiguation/templates</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Disambiguation/templates&action=edit" title="Module:Disambiguation/templates">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:EditAtWikidata" title="Module:EditAtWikidata">Module:EditAtWikidata</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:EditAtWikidata&action=edit" title="Module:EditAtWikidata">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Format_link" title="Module:Format link">Module:Format link</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Format_link&action=edit" title="Module:Format link">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:GetParameters" title="Module:GetParameters">Module:GetParameters</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:GetParameters&action=edit" title="Module:GetParameters">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Hatnote" title="Module:Hatnote">Module:Hatnote</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Hatnote&action=edit" title="Module:Hatnote">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Hatnote/styles.css" title="Module:Hatnote/styles.css">Module:Hatnote/styles.css</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Hatnote/styles.css&action=edit" title="Module:Hatnote/styles.css">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Hatnote_list" title="Module:Hatnote list">Module:Hatnote list</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Hatnote_list&action=edit" title="Module:Hatnote list">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Infobox" title="Module:Infobox">Module:Infobox</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Infobox&action=edit" title="Module:Infobox">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Infobox/styles.css" title="Module:Infobox/styles.css">Module:Infobox/styles.css</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Infobox/styles.css&action=edit" title="Module:Infobox/styles.css">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:InfoboxImage" title="Module:InfoboxImage">Module:InfoboxImage</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:InfoboxImage&action=edit" title="Module:InfoboxImage">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Labelled_list_hatnote" title="Module:Labelled list hatnote">Module:Labelled list hatnote</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Labelled_list_hatnote&action=edit" title="Module:Labelled list hatnote">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:List" title="Module:List">Module:List</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:List&action=edit" title="Module:List">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Message_box" title="Module:Message box">Module:Message box</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Message_box&action=edit" title="Module:Message box">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Message_box/ambox.css" title="Module:Message box/ambox.css">Module:Message box/ambox.css</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Message_box/ambox.css&action=edit" title="Module:Message box/ambox.css">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Message_box/configuration" title="Module:Message box/configuration">Module:Message box/configuration</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Message_box/configuration&action=edit" title="Module:Message box/configuration">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Namespace_detect/config" title="Module:Namespace detect/config">Module:Namespace detect/config</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Namespace_detect/config&action=edit" title="Module:Namespace detect/config">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Namespace_detect/data" title="Module:Namespace detect/data">Module:Namespace detect/data</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Namespace_detect/data&action=edit" title="Module:Namespace detect/data">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Navbar" title="Module:Navbar">Module:Navbar</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Navbar&action=edit" title="Module:Navbar">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Navbar/configuration" title="Module:Navbar/configuration">Module:Navbar/configuration</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Navbar/configuration&action=edit" title="Module:Navbar/configuration">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Navbar/styles.css" title="Module:Navbar/styles.css">Module:Navbar/styles.css</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Navbar/styles.css&action=edit" title="Module:Navbar/styles.css">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Navbox" title="Module:Navbox">Module:Navbox</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Navbox&action=edit" title="Module:Navbox">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Navbox/configuration" title="Module:Navbox/configuration">Module:Navbox/configuration</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Navbox/configuration&action=edit" title="Module:Navbox/configuration">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Navbox/styles.css" title="Module:Navbox/styles.css">Module:Navbox/styles.css</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Navbox/styles.css&action=edit" title="Module:Navbox/styles.css">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Ns_has_subpages" title="Module:Ns has subpages">Module:Ns has subpages</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Ns_has_subpages&action=edit" title="Module:Ns has subpages">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Pagetype" title="Module:Pagetype">Module:Pagetype</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Pagetype&action=edit" title="Module:Pagetype">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Pagetype/config" title="Module:Pagetype/config">Module:Pagetype/config</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Pagetype/config&action=edit" title="Module:Pagetype/config">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Pagetype/disambiguation" class="mw-redirect" title="Module:Pagetype/disambiguation">Module:Pagetype/disambiguation</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Pagetype/disambiguation&action=edit" class="mw-redirect" title="Module:Pagetype/disambiguation">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Pagetype/rfd" title="Module:Pagetype/rfd">Module:Pagetype/rfd</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Pagetype/rfd&action=edit" title="Module:Pagetype/rfd">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Pagetype/setindex" title="Module:Pagetype/setindex">Module:Pagetype/setindex</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Pagetype/setindex&action=edit" title="Module:Pagetype/setindex">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Pagetype/softredirect" title="Module:Pagetype/softredirect">Module:Pagetype/softredirect</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Pagetype/softredirect&action=edit" title="Module:Pagetype/softredirect">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:SDcat" title="Module:SDcat">Module:SDcat</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:SDcat&action=edit" title="Module:SDcat">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Side_box" title="Module:Side box">Module:Side box</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Side_box&action=edit" title="Module:Side box">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Side_box/styles.css" title="Module:Side box/styles.css">Module:Side box/styles.css</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Side_box/styles.css&action=edit" title="Module:Side box/styles.css">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:String" title="Module:String">Module:String</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:String&action=edit" title="Module:String">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:String2" title="Module:String2">Module:String2</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:String2&action=edit" title="Module:String2">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:TableTools" title="Module:TableTools">Module:TableTools</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:TableTools&action=edit" title="Module:TableTools">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Unsubst" title="Module:Unsubst">Module:Unsubst</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Unsubst&action=edit" title="Module:Unsubst">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:WikidataIB" title="Module:WikidataIB">Module:WikidataIB</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:WikidataIB&action=edit" title="Module:WikidataIB">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:WikidataIB/nolinks" title="Module:WikidataIB/nolinks">Module:WikidataIB/nolinks</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:WikidataIB/nolinks&action=edit" title="Module:WikidataIB/nolinks">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:WikidataIB/titleformats" title="Module:WikidataIB/titleformats">Module:WikidataIB/titleformats</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:WikidataIB/titleformats&action=edit" title="Module:WikidataIB/titleformats">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Wikitext_Parsing" title="Module:Wikitext Parsing">Module:Wikitext Parsing</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Wikitext_Parsing&action=edit" title="Module:Wikitext Parsing">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Yesno" title="Module:Yesno">Module:Yesno</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Yesno&action=edit" title="Module:Yesno">view source</a>) (protected)</li></ul></div><p id="mw-returnto">Return to <a href="/wiki/Wound" title="Wound">Wound</a>.</p> <noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wound">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wound</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks catlinks-allhidden" data-mw="interface"></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wound&action=edit&section=&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia.svg" width="25" height="25" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" width="88" height="31"><img src="/w/resources/assets/mediawiki_compact.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" lang="en" width="25" height="25" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia"> <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" >View source for Wound</div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>Add languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul> </ul> </div> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-76d4c66f66-gpgv4","wgBackendResponseTime":420,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.049","walltime":"0.068","ppvisitednodes":{"value":417,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":17286,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":6329,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":9,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":0,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":0,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":469,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 47.475 1 -total"," 99.87% 47.412 2 Template:Blocked_text"," 42.13% 20.001 2 Template:Replace"," 39.73% 18.864 1 Template:Colocationwebhost"," 35.29% 16.753 1 Template:Hidden"," 14.99% 7.116 1 Template:Hidden_begin"," 14.66% 6.961 1 Template:Tlx"," 2.36% 1.120 1 MediaWiki:Wikimedia-globalblocking-blockedtext-mistake"," 2.09% 0.991 1 Template:Hidden_end"," 1.86% 0.883 1 MediaWiki:Wikimedia-globalblocking-blockedtext-mistake-email-steward"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.009","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":1058760,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-76d4c66f66-gpgv4","timestamp":"20250302204143","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> </body> </html>