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class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span><i>Saguna</i> and <i>nirguna</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Saguna_and_nirguna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ishvara" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ishvara"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Ishvara</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ishvara-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Svayam_Bhagavan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Svayam_Bhagavan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Svayam Bhagavan</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Svayam_Bhagavan-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Svayam Bhagavan subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Svayam_Bhagavan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Krishnaism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Krishnaism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Krishnaism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Krishnaism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vaishnavism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vaishnavism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Vaishnavism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vaishnavism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" 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Available in 14 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-14" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">14 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87_(%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A9)" title="الله (الهندوسية) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الله (الهندوسية)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87_%E0%A6%88%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B0" title="হিন্দুধর্মে ঈশ্বর – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="হিন্দুধর্মে ঈশ্বর" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dios_en_el_hinduismo" title="Dios en el hinduismo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Dios en el hinduismo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%AF%D8%A7_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%85" title="خدا در هندوئیسم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="خدا در هندوئیسم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%82_%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%88%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BE" title="हिंदू धर्म में ईश्वर की अवधारणा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="हिंदू धर्म में ईश्वर की अवधारणा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B9%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%82_%E0%B2%A7%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%A6%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BF_%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%81" title="ಹಿಂದೂ ಧರ್ಮದಲ್ಲಿ ದೇವರು – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಹಿಂದೂ ಧರ್ಮದಲ್ಲಿ ದೇವರು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andriamanitra_ao_amin%27_ny_hindoisma" title="Andriamanitra ao amin' ny hindoisma – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Andriamanitra ao amin' ny hindoisma" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuhan_(Agama_Hindu)" title="Tuhan (Agama Hindu) – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Tuhan (Agama Hindu)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deus_no_hindu%C3%ADsmo" title="Deus no hinduísmo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Deus no hinduísmo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B3_%D0%B2_%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%B5" title="Бог в индуизме – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Бог в индуизме" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/God_in_Hinduism" title="God in Hinduism – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="God in Hinduism" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduizm%27de_Tanr%C4%B1" title="Hinduizm'de Tanrı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Hinduizm'de Tanrı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B3_%D0%B2_%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%97%D0%B7%D0%BC%D1%96" title="Бог в індуїзмі – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Бог в індуїзмі" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%85%D8%AA_%D9%85%DB%8C%DA%BA_%D8%AE%D8%AF%D8%A7_%DA%A9%D8%A7_%D8%AA%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%B1" title="ہندومت میں خدا کا تصور – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ہندومت میں خدا کا تصور" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2022644#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs 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.hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the diverse theistic views within Hinduism. For specific deities, see <a href="/wiki/Hindu_deities" title="Hindu deities">Hindu deities</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vishnu_and_Lakshmi_on_an_elephant_meeting_Shiva,_Parvati_and_Wellcome_V0045027.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Vishnu_and_Lakshmi_on_an_elephant_meeting_Shiva%2C_Parvati_and_Wellcome_V0045027.jpg/220px-Vishnu_and_Lakshmi_on_an_elephant_meeting_Shiva%2C_Parvati_and_Wellcome_V0045027.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Vishnu_and_Lakshmi_on_an_elephant_meeting_Shiva%2C_Parvati_and_Wellcome_V0045027.jpg/330px-Vishnu_and_Lakshmi_on_an_elephant_meeting_Shiva%2C_Parvati_and_Wellcome_V0045027.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Vishnu_and_Lakshmi_on_an_elephant_meeting_Shiva%2C_Parvati_and_Wellcome_V0045027.jpg/440px-Vishnu_and_Lakshmi_on_an_elephant_meeting_Shiva%2C_Parvati_and_Wellcome_V0045027.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2399" data-file-height="3269" /></a><figcaption>Deities <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi">Lakshmi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parvati" title="Parvati">Parvati</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ganesha" title="Ganesha">Ganesha</a>. 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.sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:200%;font-weight:normal;padding-bottom:0.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Theism" title="Theism">Theism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Types of faith</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agnosticism" title="Agnosticism">Agnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apatheism" title="Apatheism">Apatheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">Atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_theism" title="Classical theism">Classical theism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deism" title="Deism">Deism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henotheism" title="Henotheism">Henotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ietsism" title="Ietsism">Ietsism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theological_noncognitivism" title="Theological noncognitivism">Ignosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">Monotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monism" title="Monism">Monism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dualism_in_cosmology" title="Dualism in cosmology">Dualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monolatry" title="Monolatry">Monolatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathenotheism" title="Kathenotheism">Kathenotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omnism" title="Omnism">Omnism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandeism" title="Pandeism">Pandeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panentheism" title="Panentheism">Panentheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantheism" title="Pantheism">Pantheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">Polytheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transtheism" title="Transtheism">Transtheism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Specific conceptions</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creator_deity" title="Creator deity">Creator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demiurge" title="Demiurge">Demiurge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deus" title="Deus">Deus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Father" title="God the Father">Father</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Form_of_the_Good" title="Form of the Good">Form of the Good</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conceptions_of_God" title="Conceptions of God">God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Architect_of_the_Universe" title="Great Architect of the Universe">Great Architect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monad_(philosophy)" title="Monad (philosophy)">Monad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mother_goddess" title="Mother goddess">Mother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Summum_bonum" title="Summum bonum">Summum bonum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God" title="God">Supreme Being</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Sustainer" title="God the Sustainer">Sustainer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord#Religion" title="Lord">The Lord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tawhid" title="Tawhid">Tawhid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dualism_in_cosmology#Duotheism,_bitheism,_ditheism" title="Dualism in cosmology">Ditheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monism" title="Monism">Monism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_god" title="Personal god">Personal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unitarianism" title="Unitarianism">Unitarianism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">In particular religions</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-bottom:0;"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/God_in_Abrahamic_religions" title="God in Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Judaism" title="God in Judaism">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_the_Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="God in the Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Mormonism" title="God in Mormonism">Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayyi_Rabbi" title="Hayyi Rabbi">Mandaeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritanism#Beliefs" title="Samaritanism">Samaritanism</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Indian_religions" title="Indian religions">Indo-Iranian</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creator_in_Buddhism" title="Creator in Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Jainism" title="God in Jainism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Sikhism" title="God in Sikhism">Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bon" title="Bon">Yungdrung Bon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahura_Mazda" title="Ahura Mazda">Zoroastrianism</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Chinese_theology" title="Chinese theology">Chinese</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tian" title="Tian">Tian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shangdi" title="Shangdi">Shangdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hongjun_Laozu" title="Hongjun Laozu">Hongjun Laozu</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Attributes</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eternity#God_and_eternity" title="Eternity">Eternalness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existence_of_God" title="Existence of God">Existence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_of_God" title="Gender of God">Gender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_God" title="Names of God">Names</a> (<a href="/wiki/God_(word)" title="God (word)">"God"</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omnibenevolence" title="Omnibenevolence">Omnibenevolence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omnipotence" title="Omnipotence">Omnipotence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omnipresence" title="Omnipresence">Omnipresence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omniscience" title="Omniscience">Omniscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aseity" title="Aseity">Aseity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcendence_(religion)" title="Transcendence (religion)">Transcendence</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Experiences</li><li>Practices</li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_belief" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious belief">Belief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_esotericism" title="Western esotericism">Esotericism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith" title="Faith">Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fideism" title="Fideism">Fideism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnosis" title="Gnosis">Gnosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermeticism" title="Hermeticism">Hermeticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">Metaphysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">Mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer" title="Prayer">Prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revelation" title="Revelation">Revelation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worship" title="Worship">Worship</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Euthyphro_dilemma" title="Euthyphro dilemma">Euthyphro dilemma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_complex" title="God complex">God complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_gene" title="God gene">God gene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">Theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontology" title="Ontology">Ontology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_evil" title="Problem of evil">Problem of evil</a> (<a href="/wiki/Theodicy" title="Theodicy">theodicy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">Religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_religion" title="Philosophy of religion">philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_text" title="Religious text">texts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portrayals_of_God_in_popular_media" title="Portrayals of God in popular media">Portrayals of God in popular media</a></li> <li><i><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_religion_world.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/16px-P_religion_world.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/24px-P_religion_world.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/32px-P_religion_world.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Religion" title="Portal:Religion">Religion portal</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini 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template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border-collapse:collapse; text-align:center"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Hinduism" title="Category:Hinduism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="padding:0.2em;background:#FFC569;margin-bottom:0.5em;"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Om" title="Om"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/1_Om.svg/90px-1_Om.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/1_Om.svg/135px-1_Om.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/1_Om.svg/180px-1_Om.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="367" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above hlist" style="padding-bottom:0.35em; border:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindus" title="Hindus">Hindus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_mythology" title="Hindu mythology">Mythology</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hinduism" title="History of Hinduism">Origins</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"><b>Historical</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hinduism" title="History of Hinduism">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_of_the_Indus_Valley_Civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion of the Indus Valley Civilization">Indus Valley Civilisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedic_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Vedic Hinduism">Vedic Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_folk_religion" title="Dravidian folk religion">Dravidian folk religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Arama%E1%B9%87a" title="Śramaṇa">Śramaṇa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribal_religions_in_India" title="Tribal religions in India">Tribal religions in India</a></li></ul> <p><b>Traditional</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Itihasa-Purana" title="Itihasa-Purana">Itihasa-Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epic-Puranic_royal_genealogies" title="Epic-Puranic royal genealogies">Epic-Puranic royal genealogies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epic-Puranic_chronology" title="Epic-Puranic chronology">Epic-Puranic chronology</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Sampradaya" title="Sampradaya">Sampradaya (Traditions)</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Major Sampradaya (Traditions)</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnavism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pancharatra" title="Pancharatra">Pancharatra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaivism" title="Shaivism">Shaivism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kapalika" title="Kapalika">Kapalika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashupata_Shaivism" title="Pashupata Shaivism">Pashupata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratyabhijna" title="Pratyabhijna">Pratyabhijña</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaktism" title="Shaktism">Shaktism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smarta_tradition" title="Smarta tradition">Smartism</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><i><a href="/wiki/Hindu_denominations" title="Hindu denominations">Other Sampradaya (Traditions)</a></i></div></dt></dl></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_deities" title="Hindu deities">Deities</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Absolute Reality / Unifying Force</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Trimurti" title="Trimurti">Trimurti</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahma" title="Brahma">Brahma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Tridevi" title="Tridevi">Tridevi</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saraswati" title="Saraswati">Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi">Lakshmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parvati" title="Parvati">Parvati</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Other major <a href="/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)" title="Deva (Hinduism)">Devas</a> / <a href="/wiki/Devi" title="Devi">Devis</a></div></dt></dl> <dl><dd><i>Vedic Deities:</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tridasha" class="mw-redirect" title="Tridasha">Tridasha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adityas" title="Adityas">Adityas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudras" title="Rudras">Rudras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasus" class="mw-redirect" title="Vasus">Vasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashvins" title="Ashvins">Ashvins</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahadevi" title="Mahadevi">Mahadevi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rigvedic_deities" title="Rigvedic deities">Other Vedic Deities</a></li></ul> <dl><dd><i>Post-Vedic:</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avatar" title="Avatar">Avatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dashavatara" title="Dashavatara">Dashavatara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durga" title="Durga">Durga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navadurga" title="Navadurga">Navadurga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahavidya" title="Mahavidya">Mahavidya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kartikeya" title="Kartikeya">Kartikeya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesha" title="Ganesha">Ganesha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanuman" title="Hanuman">Hanuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radha" title="Radha">Radha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakti" title="Shakti">Shakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sita" title="Sita">Sita</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Devata" title="Devata">Devatas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vishvakarma" title="Vishvakarma">Vishvakarma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kubera" title="Kubera">Kubera</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Concepts</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Worldview</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_cosmology" title="Hindu cosmology">Cosmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_mythology" title="Hindu mythology">Mythology</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Ontology</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tattva" title="Tattva">Tattvas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanmatras" title="Tanmatras">Subtle elements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchikarana" title="Panchikarana">Panchikarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pancha_Bhuta" title="Pancha Bhuta">Gross elements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gu%E1%B9%87a" title="Guṇa">Guṇas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purusha" title="Purusha">Purusha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prak%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Prakṛti">Prakṛti</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Para_Brahman" title="Para Brahman">Supreme reality</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nirguna_brahman" class="mw-redirect" title="Nirguna brahman">Nirguna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saguna_brahman" title="Saguna brahman">Saguna</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Om" title="Om">Om</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saccid%C4%81nanda" title="Saccidānanda">Saccidānanda</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">God</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ishvara" title="Ishvara">Ishvara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)" title="Deva (Hinduism)">Devas</a> / <a href="/wiki/Devi" title="Devi">Devi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devata" title="Devata">Devatas</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">God in Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_and_gender_in_Hinduism" title="God and gender in Hinduism">God and gender</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Puru%E1%B9%A3%C4%81rtha" title="Puruṣārtha">Puruṣārtha (Meaning of life)</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artha" title="Artha">Artha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kama" title="Kama">Kama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">Moksha</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/%C4%80%C5%9Brama_(stage)" title="Āśrama (stage)">Āśrama (Stages of life)</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahmacharya" title="Brahmacharya">Brahmacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%E1%B9%9Bhastha" title="Gṛhastha">Gṛhastha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C4%81naprastha" title="Vānaprastha">Vānaprastha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sannyasa" title="Sannyasa">Sannyasa</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Three_Yogas" title="Three Yogas">Three paths to liberation</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhakti_yoga" title="Bhakti yoga">Bhakti yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jnana_yoga" title="Jnana yoga">Jnana yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma_yoga" title="Karma yoga">Karma yoga</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">Liberation</a></div></dt></dl> <dl><dd><i>Mokṣa-related topics:</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paramatman" title="Paramatman">Paramātman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_(religion)" title="Maya (religion)">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma" title="Karma">Karma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra" title="Saṃsāra">Saṃsāra</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Mind</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80tman_(Hinduism)" title="Ātman (Hinduism)">Ātman (self)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An%C4%81tman_(Hinduism)" title="Anātman (Hinduism)">Anātman (non-self)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_bodies_doctrine" title="Three bodies doctrine">Sūkṣma śarīra (subtle body)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antahkarana" title="Antahkarana">Antaḥkaraṇa (mental organs)</a><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praj%C3%B1%C4%81_(Hinduism)" title="Prajñā (Hinduism)">Prajña (wisdom)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80nanda_(Hindu_philosophy)" title="Ānanda (Hindu philosophy)">Ānanda (happiness)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viveka" title="Viveka">Viveka (discernment)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vairagya" title="Vairagya">Vairagya (dispassion)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samatva" title="Samatva">Sama (equanimity)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperance_(virtue)#Hinduism" title="Temperance (virtue)">Dama (temperance)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uparati" title="Uparati">Uparati (self-settledness)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titiksha" title="Titiksha">Titiksha (forbearance)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_in_Hinduism" title="Faith in Hinduism">Shraddha (faith)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam%C4%81dh%C4%81na" title="Samādhāna">Samadhana (concentration)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arishadvargas" title="Arishadvargas">Arishadvargas (six enemies)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahamkara" title="Ahamkara">Ahamkara (attachment)</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Ethics</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_in_religion#Hindu_ethics" title="Ethics in religion">Niti śastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamas" title="Yamas">Yamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niyama" title="Niyama">Niyama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">Ahimsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achourya" title="Achourya">Achourya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-possession" title="Non-possession">Aparigraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmacharya" title="Brahmacharya">Brahmacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satya" title="Satya">Satya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperance_(virtue)#Hinduism" title="Temperance (virtue)">Damah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compassion#Hinduism" title="Compassion">Dayā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akrodha" title="Akrodha">Akrodha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arjava" title="Arjava">Arjava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santosha" title="Santosha">Santosha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapas_(Indian_religions)" title="Tapas (Indian religions)">Tapas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sv%C4%81dhy%C4%81ya" title="Svādhyāya">Svādhyāya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaucha" title="Shaucha">Shaucha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitahara" title="Mitahara">Mitahara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%81na" title="Dāna">Dāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C4%81stra_pram%C4%81%E1%B9%87am_in_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Śāstra pramāṇam in Hinduism">Sources of dharma</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Pramana" title="Pramana">Epistemology</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pratyaksha" title="Pratyaksha">Pratyakṣa (perception)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pramana#Anumāṇa" title="Pramana">Anumāṇa (inference)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upam%C4%81%E1%B9%87a" class="mw-redirect" title="Upamāṇa">Upamāṇa (comparison, analogy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pramana#Arthāpatti" title="Pramana">Arthāpatti (postulation, presumption)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pramana#Anupalabdi" title="Pramana">Anupalabdi (non-perception, negation)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabda" title="Shabda">Śabda (word, testimony)</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Practices</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Worship_in_Hinduism" title="Worship in Hinduism">Worship</a>, sacrifice, and charity</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Puja_(Hinduism)" title="Puja (Hinduism)">Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arti_(Hinduism)" title="Arti (Hinduism)">Ārtī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_in_Hinduism" title="Prayer in Hinduism">Prarthana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Arauta" title="Śrauta">Śrauta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple" title="Hindu temple">Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murti" title="Murti">Murti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti">Bhakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japa" title="Japa">Japa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhajan" title="Bhajan">Bhajana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirtan" title="Kirtan">Kīrtana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajna" title="Yajna">Yajna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homa_(ritual)" title="Homa (ritual)">Homa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarpana" title="Tarpana">Tarpana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vrata" title="Vrata">Vrata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pr%C4%81ya%C5%9Bcitta" title="Prāyaścitta">Prāyaścitta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirtha_(Hinduism)" title="Tirtha (Hinduism)">Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yatra" title="Yatra">Yatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_pilgrimage_sites_in_India" title="Hindu pilgrimage sites in India">Tirthadana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matha" title="Matha">Matha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_classical_dance" title="Indian classical dance">Nritta-Nritya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%81na" title="Dāna">Dāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sev%C4%81" title="Sevā">Sevā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exorcism_in_Hinduism" title="Exorcism in Hinduism">Exorcism</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Meditation</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tapas_(Indian_religions)" title="Tapas (Indian religions)">Tapas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhyana_in_Hinduism" title="Dhyana in Hinduism">Dhyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam%C4%81dh%C4%81na" title="Samādhāna">Samādhāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nididhy%C4%81sana" title="Nididhyāsana">Nididhyāsana</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sadhu" title="Sadhu">Sadhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogi" title="Yogi">Yogi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogini" title="Yogini">Yogini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asana" title="Asana">Asana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C4%81dhan%C4%81" title="Sādhanā">Sādhanā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatha_yoga" title="Hatha yoga">Hatha yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jnana_yoga" title="Jnana yoga">Jnana yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhakti_yoga" title="Bhakti yoga">Bhakti yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma_yoga" title="Karma yoga">Karma yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C4%81ja_yoga" title="Rāja yoga">Rāja yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kundalini_yoga" title="Kundalini yoga">Kundalini yoga</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_art" title="Hindu art">Arts</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bharatanatyam" title="Bharatanatyam">Bharatanatyam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathak" title="Kathak">Kathak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathakali" title="Kathakali">Kathakali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuchipudi" title="Kuchipudi">Kuchipudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manipuri_dance" title="Manipuri dance">Manipuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohiniyattam" title="Mohiniyattam">Mohiniyattam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odissi" title="Odissi">Odissi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sattriya" title="Sattriya">Sattriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Mela" title="Bhagavata Mela">Bhagavata Mela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakshagana" title="Yakshagana">Yakshagana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dandiya_Raas" title="Dandiya Raas">Dandiya Raas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnatic_music" title="Carnatic music">Carnatic music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandav_Lila" title="Pandav Lila">Pandav Lila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalaripayattu" title="Kalaripayattu">Kalaripayattu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silambam" title="Silambam">Silambam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adimurai" title="Adimurai">Adimurai</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Samskara_(rite_of_passage)" title="Samskara (rite of passage)">Rites of passage</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garbhadhana" title="Garbhadhana">Garbhadhana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumsavana" title="Pumsavana">Pumsavana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumsavana_Simantonayana" title="Pumsavana Simantonayana">Pumsavana Simantonayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simantonnayana" title="Simantonnayana">Simantonnayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jatakarma" title="Jatakarma">Jatakarma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81makara%E1%B9%87a" title="Nāmakaraṇa">Nāmakaraṇa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nishkramana" title="Nishkramana">Nishkramana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annaprashana" title="Annaprashana">Annaprashana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chudakarana" title="Chudakarana">Chudakarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karnavedha" title="Karnavedha">Karnavedha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidy%C4%81ra%E1%B9%83bha%E1%B9%83" title="Vidyāraṃbhaṃ">Vidyāraṃbhaṃ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanayana" title="Upanayana">Upanayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keshanta" title="Keshanta">Keshanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritu_Kala_Samskaram" title="Ritu Kala Samskaram">Ritushuddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samavartanam" title="Samavartanam">Samavartanam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_wedding" title="Hindu wedding">Vivaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antyesti" title="Antyesti">Antyesti</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_festivals" title="List of Hindu festivals">Festivals</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diwali" title="Diwali">Diwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holi" title="Holi">Holi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maha_Shivaratri" title="Maha Shivaratri">Maha Shivaratri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navaratri" title="Navaratri">Navaratri</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Durga_Puja" title="Durga Puja">Durga Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramlila" title="Ramlila">Ramlila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayadashami" title="Vijayadashami">Vijayadashami-Dussehra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raksha_Bandhan" title="Raksha Bandhan">Raksha Bandhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesh_Chaturthi" title="Ganesh Chaturthi">Ganesh Chaturthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasant_Panchami" title="Vasant Panchami">Vasant Panchami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama_Navami" title="Rama Navami">Rama Navami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna_Janmashtami" title="Krishna Janmashtami">Janmashtami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onam" title="Onam">Onam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makar_Sankranti" title="Makar Sankranti">Makar Sankranti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumbh_Mela" title="Kumbh Mela">Kumbh Mela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pongal_(festival)" title="Pongal (festival)">Pongal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugadi" title="Ugadi">Ugadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisakhi" title="Vaisakhi">Vaisakhi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bihu" title="Bihu">Bihu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puthandu" title="Puthandu">Puthandu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishu" title="Vishu">Vishu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratha_Yatra_(Puri)" title="Ratha Yatra (Puri)">Ratha Yatra</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Philosophical schools</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Astika" class="mw-redirect" title="Astika">Six Astika schools</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samkhya" title="Samkhya">Samkhya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_(philosophy)" title="Yoga (philosophy)">Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyaya" title="Nyaya">Nyaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisheshika" title="Vaisheshika">Vaisheshika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%ABm%C4%81%E1%B9%83s%C4%81" title="Mīmāṃsā">Mīmāṃsā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dvaita_Vedanta" title="Dvaita Vedanta">Dvaita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vishishtadvaita" title="Vishishtadvaita">Vishishtadvaita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Achintya_Bheda_Abheda" title="Achintya Bheda Abheda">Achintya Bheda Abheda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shuddhadvaita" title="Shuddhadvaita">Shuddhadvaita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Svabhavika_Bhedabheda" class="mw-redirect" title="Svabhavika Bhedabheda">Svabhavika Bhedabheda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Akshar_Purushottam_Darshan" title="Akshar Purushottam Darshan">Akshar Purushottam Darshan</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Other schools</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80j%C4%ABvika" title="Ājīvika">Ājīvika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charvaka" title="Charvaka">Charvaka</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_gurus_and_sants" title="List of Hindu gurus and sants">Gurus, Rishi, Philosophers</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient India">Ancient</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saptarshi" title="Saptarshi">Saptarshi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vashistha" class="mw-redirect" title="Vashistha">Vashistha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashyapa" title="Kashyapa">Kashyapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atri" title="Atri">Atri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamadagni" title="Jamadagni">Jamadagni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyaya_Sutras" class="mw-redirect" title="Nyaya Sutras">Gotama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishvamitra" title="Vishvamitra">Vishvamitra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharadwaja" class="mw-redirect" title="Bharadwaja">Bharadwaja</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agastya" title="Agastya">Agastya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angiras" title="Angiras">Angiras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aruni" class="mw-redirect" title="Aruni">Aruni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashtavakra" title="Ashtavakra">Ashtavakra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaimini" title="Jaimini">Jaimini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanada_(philosopher)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanada (philosopher)">Kanada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapila" title="Kapila">Kapila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patanjali" title="Patanjali">Patanjali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81%E1%B9%87ini" title="Pāṇini">Pāṇini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prashastapada" title="Prashastapada">Prashastapada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raikva" title="Raikva">Raikva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyakama_Jabala" class="mw-redirect" title="Satyakama Jabala">Satyakama Jabala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valmiki" title="Valmiki">Valmiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyasa" title="Vyasa">Vyasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajnavalkya" title="Yajnavalkya">Yajnavalkya</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Medieval_India" title="Medieval India">Medieval</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhinavagupta" title="Abhinavagupta">Abhinavagupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adi_Shankara" title="Adi Shankara">Adi Shankara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akka_Mahadevi" title="Akka Mahadevi">Akka Mahadevi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allama_Prabhu" title="Allama Prabhu">Allama Prabhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alvars" title="Alvars">Alvars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basava" title="Basava">Basava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaitanya_Mahaprabhu" title="Chaitanya Mahaprabhu">Chaitanya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramdas_Kathiababa" title="Ramdas Kathiababa">Ramdas Kathiababa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakradhar_Swami" title="Chakradhar Swami">Chakradhara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Changdev" class="mw-redirect" title="Changdev">Chāngadeva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadu_Dayal" title="Dadu Dayal">Dadu Dayal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eknath" title="Eknath">Eknath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gangesha_Upadhyaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Gangesha Upadhyaya">Gangesha Upadhyaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaudapada" title="Gaudapada">Gaudapada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorakshanath" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorakshanath">Gorakshanatha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haridasa_Thakur" title="Haridasa Thakur">Haridasa Thakur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hith_Harivansh_Mahaprabhu" title="Hith Harivansh Mahaprabhu">Harivansh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagannatha_Dasa_(Odia_poet)" title="Jagannatha Dasa (Odia poet)">Jagannatha Dasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayanta_Bhatta" title="Jayanta Bhatta">Jayanta Bhatta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayatirtha" title="Jayatirtha">Jayatīrtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiva_Goswami" title="Jiva Goswami">Jiva Goswami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B1%C4%81ne%C5%9Bvar" class="mw-redirect" title="Jñāneśvar">Jñāneśvar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabir" title="Kabir">Kabir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanaka_Dasa" title="Kanaka Dasa">Kanaka Dasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kum%C4%81rila_Bha%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADa" title="Kumārila Bhaṭṭa">Kumārila Bhaṭṭa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhus%C5%ABdana_Sarasvat%C4%AB" title="Madhusūdana Sarasvatī">Madhusūdana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhvacharya" title="Madhvacharya">Madhva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matsyendranath" class="mw-redirect" title="Matsyendranath">Matsyendranatha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morya_Gosavi" title="Morya Gosavi">Morya Gosavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukundraj" title="Mukundraj">Mukundarāja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namdev" title="Namdev">Namadeva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narahari_Tirtha" title="Narahari Tirtha">Narahari Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narasimha_Saraswati" title="Narasimha Saraswati">Narasimha Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nayanars" title="Nayanars">Nayanars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimbarkacharya" class="mw-redirect" title="Nimbarkacharya">Nimbarkacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srinivasacharya" title="Srinivasacharya">Srinivasacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prabh%C4%81kara" title="Prabhākara">Prabhākara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purandara_Dasa" title="Purandara Dasa">Purandara Dasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raghavendra_Swami" class="mw-redirect" title="Raghavendra Swami">Raghavendra Swami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raghunatha_Siromani" title="Raghunatha Siromani">Raghunatha Siromani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raghuttama_Tirtha" title="Raghuttama Tirtha">Raghuttama Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Charan_(guru)" title="Ram Charan (guru)">Ram Charan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramananda" title="Ramananda">Ramananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramanuja" title="Ramanuja">Ramanuja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramprasad_Sen" title="Ramprasad Sen">Ramprasad Sen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravidas" title="Ravidas">Ravidas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rupa_Goswami" title="Rupa Goswami">Rupa Goswami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samarth_Ramdas" title="Samarth Ramdas">Samarth Ramdas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sankardev" title="Sankardev">Sankardev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyanatha_Tirtha" title="Satyanatha Tirtha">Satyanatha Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddheshwar" title="Siddheshwar">Siddheshwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sripada_Srivallabha" class="mw-redirect" title="Sripada Srivallabha">Sripada Srivallabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sripadaraja" title="Sripadaraja">Sripadaraja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surdas" title="Surdas">Surdas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swaminarayan" title="Swaminarayan">Swaminarayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syama_Sastri" title="Syama Sastri">Śyāma Śastri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tukaram" title="Tukaram">Tukaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulsidas" title="Tulsidas">Tulsidas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyagaraja" title="Tyagaraja">Tyagaraja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C4%81caspati_Mi%C5%9Bra" class="mw-redirect" title="Vācaspati Miśra">Vācaspati Miśra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vadiraja_Tirtha" title="Vadiraja Tirtha">Vadiraja Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vallabha" title="Vallabha">Vallabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvalluvar" title="Thiruvalluvar">Valluvar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta_Desika" title="Vedanta Desika">Vedanta Desika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidyaranya" title="Vidyaranya">Vidyaranya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyasaraja" class="mw-redirect" title="Vyasaraja">Vyasaraja</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Modern</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Aurobindo" title="Sri Aurobindo">Aurobindo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhaktisiddhanta_Sarasvati" title="Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati">Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhaktivinoda_Thakur" title="Bhaktivinoda Thakur">Bhaktivinoda Thakur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandrashekarendra_Saraswati" class="mw-redirect" title="Chandrashekarendra Saraswati">Chandrashekarendra Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinmayananda" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinmayananda">Chinmayananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayananda_Saraswati" title="Dayananda Saraswati">Dayananda Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaggi_Vasudev" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaggi Vasudev">Jaggi Vasudev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishnananda_Saraswati" title="Krishnananda Saraswati">Krishnananda Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahavatar_Babaji" title="Mahavatar Babaji">Mahavatar Babaji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maharishi_Mahesh_Yogi" title="Maharishi Mahesh Yogi">Mahesh Yogi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narayana_Guru" title="Narayana Guru">Narayana Guru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigamananda_Paramahansa" title="Nigamananda Paramahansa">Nigamananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisargadatta_Maharaj" title="Nisargadatta Maharaj">Nisargadatta Maharaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._C._Bhaktivedanta_Swami_Prabhupada" title="A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada">Prabhupada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnan" title="Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan">Radhakrishnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramachandra_Dattatrya_Ranade" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramachandra Dattatrya Ranade">R. D. Ranade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramakrishna" title="Ramakrishna">Ramakrishna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Rama_Tirtha" class="mw-redirect" title="Swami Rama Tirtha">Rama Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramana_Maharshi" title="Ramana Maharshi">Ramana Maharshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravi_Shankar_(spiritual_leader)" title="Ravi Shankar (spiritual leader)">Ravi Shankar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Ramdas" title="Swami Ramdas">Ramdas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Samarth" title="Swami Samarth">Samarth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sathya_Sai_Baba" title="Sathya Sai Baba">Sathya Sai Baba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sai_Baba_of_Shirdi" title="Sai Baba of Shirdi">Shirdi Sai Baba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Shraddhanand" title="Swami Shraddhanand">Shraddhanand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyadhyana_Tirtha" title="Satyadhyana Tirtha">Satyadhyana Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddharameshwar_Maharaj" class="mw-redirect" title="Siddharameshwar Maharaj">Siddharameshwar Maharaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sivananda_Saraswati" title="Sivananda Saraswati">Sivananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trailanga" title="Trailanga">Trailanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U._G._Krishnamurti" title="U. G. Krishnamurti">U. G. Krishnamurti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upasni_Maharaj" class="mw-redirect" title="Upasni Maharaj">Upasni Maharaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vethathiri_Maharishi" title="Vethathiri Maharishi">Vethathiri Maharishi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Vivekananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramahansa_Yogananda" title="Paramahansa Yogananda">Yogananda</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">Texts</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C4%81stra_pram%C4%81%E1%B9%87am_in_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Śāstra pramāṇam in Hinduism">Sources and classification of scripture</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Aruti" title="Śruti">Śruti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sm%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Smṛti">Smṛti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80c%C4%81ra" title="Ācāra">Ācāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmatusti" title="Atmatusti">Ātmatuṣṭi</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">Scriptures</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Hindu_texts" title="Timeline of Hindu texts">Timeline of Hindu texts</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yajurveda" title="Yajurveda">Yajurveda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Samaveda" title="Samaveda">Samaveda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Atharvaveda" title="Atharvaveda">Atharvaveda</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dd><i>Divisions</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samhitapatha" class="mw-redirect" title="Samhitapatha">Samhita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmana" title="Brahmana">Brahmana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aranyaka" title="Aranyaka">Aranyaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a></div></dt></dl> <dl><dd><i>Rigveda:</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Aitareya_Upanishad" title="Aitareya Upanishad">Aitareya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kaushitaki_Upanishad" title="Kaushitaki Upanishad">Kaushitaki</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dd><i>Yajurveda:</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Brihadaranyaka_Upanishad" title="Brihadaranyaka Upanishad">Brihadaranyaka</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Isha_Upanishad" title="Isha Upanishad">Isha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Taittiriya_Upanishad" title="Taittiriya Upanishad">Taittiriya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Katha_Upanishad" title="Katha Upanishad">Katha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shvetashvatara_Upanishad" title="Shvetashvatara Upanishad">Shvetashvatara</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maitrayaniya_Upanishad" title="Maitrayaniya Upanishad">Maitri</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dd><i>Samaveda:</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Chandogya_Upanishad" title="Chandogya Upanishad">Chandogya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kena_Upanishad" title="Kena Upanishad">Kena</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dd><i>Atharvaveda:</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Mundaka_Upanishad" title="Mundaka Upanishad">Mundaka</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mandukya_Upanishad" title="Mandukya Upanishad">Mandukya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Prashna_Upanishad" title="Prashna Upanishad">Prashna</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Vedangas" class="mw-redirect" title="Vedangas">Vedangas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shiksha" title="Shiksha">Shiksha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedic_metre" title="Vedic metre">Chandas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vy%C4%81kara%E1%B9%87a" title="Vyākaraṇa">Vyākaraṇa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirukta" title="Nirukta">Nirukta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpa_(Vedanga)" title="Kalpa (Vedanga)">Kalpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jyotisha" class="mw-redirect" title="Jyotisha">Jyotisha</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_scriptures" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Hindu scriptures">Other scriptures</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agama_(Hinduism)" title="Agama (Hinduism)"><i>Agama</i>s (Hinduism)</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Itihasa-Purana" title="Itihasa-Purana">Itihasas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Vishnu_Purana" title="Vishnu Purana">Vishnu Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Purana" title="Bhagavata Purana">Bhagavata Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Devi_Bhagavata_Purana" title="Devi Bhagavata Purana">Devi Bhagavata Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Naradiya_Purana" title="Naradiya Purana">Naradiya Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vamana_Purana" title="Vamana Purana">Vāmana Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Matsya_Purana" title="Matsya Purana">Matsya Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Garuda_Purana" title="Garuda Purana">Garuda Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Purana" title="Brahma Purana">Brahma Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brahmanda_Purana" title="Brahmanda Purana">Brahmanda Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Vaivarta_Purana" title="Brahma Vaivarta Purana">Brahma Vaivarta Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bhavishya_Purana" title="Bhavishya Purana">Bhavishya Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Padma_Purana" title="Padma Purana">Padma Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Agni_Purana" title="Agni Purana">Agni Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Purana" title="Shiva Purana">Shiva Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Linga_Purana" title="Linga Purana">Linga Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kurma_Purana" title="Kurma Purana">Kūrma Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Skanda_Purana" title="Skanda Purana">Skanda Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Varaha_Purana" title="Varaha Purana">Varaha Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Markandeya_Purana" title="Markandeya Purana">Markandeya Purana</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Vedas#Upaveda" title="Vedas">Upavedas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ayurveda" title="Ayurveda">Ayurveda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dhanurveda" title="Dhanurveda">Dhanurveda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gandharvaveda" class="mw-redirect" title="Gandharvaveda">Gandharvaveda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sthapatyaveda" class="mw-redirect" title="Sthapatyaveda">Sthapatyaveda</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Shastra" title="Shastra">Shastras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">sutras</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Samhita" title="Samhita">samhitas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dharma%C5%9B%C4%81stra" title="Dharmaśāstra">Dharma Shastra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arthashastra" title="Arthashastra">Artha Śastra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shilpa_Shastras" title="Shilpa Shastras">Shilpa Shastras</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kama_Sutra" title="Kama Sutra">Kama Sutra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Sutras" title="Brahma Sutras">Brahma Sutras</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Samkhya_Pravachana_Sutra" title="Samkhya Pravachana Sutra">Samkhya Sutras</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Purva_Mimamsa_Sutras" title="Purva Mimamsa Sutras">Mimamsa Sutras</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ny%C4%81ya_S%C5%ABtras" title="Nyāya Sūtras">Nyāya Sūtras</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vai%C5%9Be%E1%B9%A3ika_S%C5%ABtra" title="Vaiśeṣika Sūtra">Vaiśeṣika Sūtra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali" title="Yoga Sutras of Patanjali">Yoga Sutras</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pramana" title="Pramana">Pramana Sutras</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Charaka_Samhita" title="Charaka Samhita">Charaka Samhita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sushruta_Samhita" title="Sushruta Samhita">Sushruta Samhita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Natya_Shastra" title="Natya Shastra">Natya Shastra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Panchatantra" title="Panchatantra">Panchatantra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Naalayira_Divya_Prabandham" title="Naalayira Divya Prabandham">Naalayira Divya Prabandham</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tirumurai" title="Tirumurai">Tirumurai</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ramcharitmanas" title="Ramcharitmanas">Ramcharitmanas</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Vasistha" title="Yoga Vasistha">Yoga Vasistha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Swarodaya" title="Shiva Swarodaya">Swara yoga</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Panchadasi" title="Panchadasi">Panchadasi</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Stotra" title="Stotra">Stotras</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_suktas_and_stutis" title="List of suktas and stutis">stutis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bhashya" title="Bhashya">Bhashya</a> </div></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kanakadhara_Stotra" title="Kanakadhara Stotra">Kanakadhara Stotra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Stuti" title="Shiva Stuti">Shiva Stuti</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vayu_Stuti" title="Vayu Stuti">Vayu Stuti</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Tamil_literature" title="Tamil literature">Tamil literature</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Tirumurai" title="Tirumurai">Tirumurai</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Naalayira_Divya_Prabandham" title="Naalayira Divya Prabandham">Naalayira Divya Prabandham</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tirumuruk%C4%81%E1%B9%9F%E1%B9%9Fuppa%E1%B9%ADai" title="Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai">Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tiruppukal" title="Tiruppukal">Tiruppukal</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kural" title="Kural">Kural</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kamba_Ramayanam" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamba Ramayanam">Kamba Ramayanam/Ramavataram</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Five_Great_Epics" title="Five Great Epics">Five Great Epics</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Greater_Texts" title="Eighteen Greater Texts">Eighteen Greater Texts</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Lesser_Texts" title="Eighteen Lesser Texts">Eighteen Lesser Texts</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Athichudi" title="Athichudi">Athichudi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Iraiyanar_Akapporul" title="Iraiyanar Akapporul">Iraiyanar Akapporul</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Abirami_Antati" title="Abirami Antati">Abirami Antati</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thiruvilaiyadal_Puranam" title="Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam">Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vinayagar_Agaval" title="Vinayagar Agaval">Vinayagar Agaval</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed; border-bottom:1px dotted"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_texts" title="List of Hindu texts">Other texts</a></div></dt></dl></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Hindu Culture & Society</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Society</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Varna_(Hinduism)" title="Varna (Hinduism)">Varna</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">Brahmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kshatriya" title="Kshatriya">Kshatriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayastha" title="Kayastha">Kayastha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaishya" title="Vaishya">Vaishya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shudra" title="Shudra">Shudra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalit" title="Dalit">Dalit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C4%81ti" title="Jāti">Jāti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gotra" title="Gotra">Gotra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dvija" title="Dvija">Dvija</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dasa" title="Dasa">Dasa</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Hindu Art</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_art" title="Hindu art">Hindu art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_iconography" title="Hindu iconography">Hindu iconography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shilpa_Shastras" title="Shilpa Shastras">Shilpa Shastras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rasa_(aesthetics)" title="Rasa (aesthetics)">Rasa (aesthetics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_aesthetics" title="Indian aesthetics">Indian aesthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yantra" title="Yantra">Yantra</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Hindu Architecture</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_architecture" title="Hindu architecture">Hindu architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple_architecture" title="Hindu temple architecture">Hindu temple architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vastu_shastra" title="Vastu shastra">Vastu shastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talamana" title="Talamana">Talamana</a></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Hindu Music</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_music" title="Hindu music">Hindu music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shruti_(music)" title="Shruti (music)">Shruti (music)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svara" title="Svara">Svara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alank%C4%81ra" title="Alankāra">Alankāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tala_(music)" title="Tala (music)">Tala (music)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raga" title="Raga">Raga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rasa_(aesthetics)" title="Rasa (aesthetics)">Rasa (aesthetics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangita" title="Sangita">Sangita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vadya" title="Vadya">Vadya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natya_Shastra" title="Natya Shastra">Natya Shastra</a></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Food & Diet Customs</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">Ahimsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diet_in_Hinduism" title="Diet in Hinduism">Diet in Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sattvic_diet" title="Sattvic diet">Sattvic diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitahara" title="Mitahara">Mitahara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jhatka" title="Jhatka">Jhatka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vrata" title="Vrata">Vrata</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Time Keeping Practices</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_units_of_time" title="Hindu units of time">Hindu units of time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_calendar" title="Hindu calendar">Hindu calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchangam" title="Panchangam">Panchangam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vikram_Samvat" title="Vikram Samvat">Vikram Samvat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaka_era" title="Shaka era">Shaka era</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Hindu Pilgrimage</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_pilgrimage_sites" title="Hindu pilgrimage sites">Pilgrimage sites</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Other society-related topics:</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Hindu_sentiment" title="Anti-Hindu sentiment">Discrimination</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hindus" title="Persecution of Hindus">Persecution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_nationalism" title="Hindu nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_organisations" title="List of Hindu organisations">Organisations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_reform_movements" title="Hindu reform movements">Reform movements</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Hinduism" title="Portal:Hinduism">Other topics</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_by_country" title="Hinduism by country">Hinduism by country</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_India" title="Greater India">Greater India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balinese_Hinduism" title="Balinese Hinduism">Balinese Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Shaktism" title="Caribbean Shaktism">Caribbean Shaktism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Hindu_scriptures_and_texts" title="Template:Hindu scriptures and texts">Template:Hindu scriptures and texts</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Hinduism & Other Religions</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Jainism" title="Hinduism and Jainism">Hinduism and Jainism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Hinduism" title="Buddhism and Hinduism">and Buddhism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Sikhism" title="Hinduism and Sikhism">and Sikhism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Judaism" title="Hinduism and Judaism">and Judaism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Hinduism and Christianity">and Christianity</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hindu%E2%80%93Islamic_relations" title="Hindu–Islamic relations">and Islam</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Other Related Links (Templates)</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Hindu_scriptures_and_texts" title="Template:Hindu scriptures and texts"> Hindu Scriptures & Texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Hindu_philosophy" title="Template:Hindu philosophy"> Hindu Philosphy</a></li> <li>Sampradayas (Traditions) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Saivism" title="Template:Saivism"> Shaivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Vaishnavism" title="Template:Vaishnavism"> Vaishnavism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Saktism" title="Template:Saktism"> Shaktism</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Hinduism_terms" title="Glossary of Hinduism terms">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Hinduism" title="Outline of Hinduism">Outline</a></li></ul> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/16px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/23px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/31px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="367" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Hinduism" title="Portal:Hinduism">Hinduism portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hinduism" title="Template:Hinduism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hinduism" title="Template talk:Hinduism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hinduism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hinduism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table><p>In <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>, the conception of <a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a> varies in <a href="/wiki/History_of_Hinduism" title="History of Hinduism">its diverse religio-philosophical traditions</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hinduism comprises a wide range of beliefs about God and Divinity, such as <a href="/wiki/Henotheism" title="Henotheism">henotheism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">monotheism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">polytheism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Panentheism" title="Panentheism">panentheism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pantheism" title="Pantheism">pantheism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pandeism" title="Pandeism">pandeism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monism" title="Monism">monism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agnosticism" title="Agnosticism">agnosticism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">atheism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nontheism" title="Nontheism">nontheism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Forms of <a href="/wiki/Theism" title="Theism">theism</a> find mention in the <i><a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a></i>. Emotional or loving devotion (<i>bhakti</i>) to a primary god such as <a href="/wiki/Avatar" title="Avatar">avatars</a> of <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a> (<a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a> for example), <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Devi" title="Devi">Devi</a> (as emerged in the <a href="/wiki/Medieval_India" title="Medieval India">early medieval period</a>) is now known as the <a href="/wiki/Bhakti_movement" title="Bhakti movement">Bhakti movement</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Contemporary Hinduism can be categorized into four major theistic Hindu traditions: <a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnavism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shaivism" title="Shaivism">Shaivism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shaktism" title="Shaktism">Shaktism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Smarta_tradition" title="Smarta tradition">Smartism</a>. Vaishnavism, Shaivism, and Shaktism worship the Hindu deities <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Devi" title="Devi">Devi</a> as the Supreme God respectively, or consider all Hindu deities as aspects of <a href="/wiki/Monism" title="Monism">the same, Supreme Reality</a> or <a href="/wiki/Absolute_(philosophy)" title="Absolute (philosophy)">the eternal and formless metaphysical Absolute</a>, called <i><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a></i> in Hinduism, or, translated from Sanskrit terminology, <i><a href="/wiki/Svayam_Bhagavan" title="Svayam Bhagavan">Svayaṁ-Bhāgavan</a></i> ("God Itself"). Other minor sects such as <a href="/wiki/Ganapatya" title="Ganapatya">Ganapatya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saura_(Hinduism)" title="Saura (Hinduism)">Saura</a> focus on the deities <a href="/wiki/Ganesha" title="Ganesha">Ganesha</a> or <a href="/wiki/Surya" title="Surya">Surya</a> as the Supreme. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Hindus" title="Hindus">Hindus</a> following <a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita Vedānta</a> consider <i><a href="/wiki/%C4%80tman_(Hinduism)" title="Ātman (Hinduism)">ātman</a></i>, the individual soul within every living being, to be the same as Vishnu, Shiva, or Devi,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlivelle199280–81,_210_with_footnotes_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlivelle199280–81,_210_with_footnotes-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or, alternatively, identical to the eternal and formless <a href="/wiki/Absolute_(philosophy)" title="Absolute (philosophy)">metaphysical Absolute</a> called <i><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such a <a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">philosophical system of <i>Advaita</i> or non-dualism</a> as it developed in the <a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedānta</a> school of <a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Hindu philosophy</a>, especially as set out in the <a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a>, was popularized by the Indian philosopher, Vedic scholar, teacher, and mystic <a href="/wiki/Adi_Shankara" title="Adi Shankara">Ādi Śaṅkara</a> in the 8th century CE, and has been vastly influential on Hinduism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIndich2000vii_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIndich2000vii-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFowler2002240–243_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFowler2002240–243-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrannigan200919,_Quote:_"''Advaita_Vedanta''_is_the_most_influential_philosophical_system_in_Hindu_thought."_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrannigan200919,_Quote:_"''Advaita_Vedanta''_is_the_most_influential_philosophical_system_in_Hindu_thought."-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Therefore, Advaitins believe that <i><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a></i> is the sole <a href="/wiki/Para_Brahman" title="Para Brahman">Supreme Being</a> (<i>Para Brahman</i>) and <a href="/wiki/Monism" title="Monism">Ultimate Reality</a> that exists beyond the (mis)perceived reality of a world of multiple objects and transitory persons.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hindus following <a href="/wiki/Dvaita_Vedanta" title="Dvaita Vedanta">Dvaita Vedānta</a> consider that the <i><a href="/wiki/Jiva" title="Jiva">jīvātman</a></i> (individual self) and the eternal and formless <a href="/wiki/Absolute_(philosophy)" title="Absolute (philosophy)">metaphysical Absolute</a> called <i><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a></i> in Hinduism exist as independent realities, and that these are fundamentally distinct.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such a <a href="/wiki/Dvaita_Vedanta" title="Dvaita Vedanta">philosophical system of <i>Dvaita</i> or dualism</a> as it developed in the <a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedānta</a> school of <a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Hindu philosophy</a>, especially as set out in the <a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a>, was popularized by the Indian philosopher, Vedic scholar, and theologian <a href="/wiki/Madhvacharya" title="Madhvacharya">Madhvācārya</a> in the 13th century CE, and has been another major influence on Hinduism.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In particular, the influence of Madhvācārya's philosophy has been most prominent and pronounced on the <a href="/wiki/Chaitanya_Mahaprabhu" title="Chaitanya Mahaprabhu">Chaitanya school</a> of <a href="/wiki/Bengali_Vaishnavism" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali Vaishnavism">Bengali Vaishnavism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Henotheism,_kathenotheism,_and_equitheism"><span id="Henotheism.2C_kathenotheism.2C_and_equitheism"></span>Henotheism, kathenotheism, and equitheism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=God_in_Hinduism&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Henotheism, kathenotheism, and equitheism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Hinduism" title="History of Hinduism">History of Hinduism</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="; color: #202122;background-color: #FFE0BB;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p><b>To what is One</b> </p> <div class="poem"> <p>They call him Indra, Mitra, Varuna, Agni,<br /> and he is heavenly-winged Garutman.<br /> To what is One, sages give many a title. </p> </div> </blockquote> <div style="padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0.5em"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">— <i><a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a> 1.164.46</i><br />Transl: <a href="/wiki/Klaus_Klostermaier" title="Klaus Klostermaier">Klaus Klostermaier</a><sup id="cite_ref-Klostermaier103_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Klostermaier103-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div> </div> <p><span class="nowrap">Henotheism</span> was the term used by scholars such as <a href="/wiki/Max_M%C3%BCller" title="Max Müller">Max Müller</a> to describe the theology of <a href="/wiki/Historical_Vedic_religion" title="Historical Vedic religion">Vedic religion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-max_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-max-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-taliaferro78_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-taliaferro78-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Müller noted that the hymns of the <i><a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a></i>, the oldest scripture of Hinduism, mention many deities, but praise them successively as the "one ultimate, supreme God" (called <i>saccidānanda</i> in some traditions), alternatively as "one supreme Goddess",<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> thereby asserting that the essence of the deities was unitary (<i><a href="/wiki/Ekam" title="Ekam">ekam</a></i>), and the deities were nothing but pluralistic manifestations of the same concept of the divine (God).<sup id="cite_ref-taliaferro78_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-taliaferro78-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-alonp370_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-alonp370-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-fahlbusch524_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fahlbusch524-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The idea that there can be and are plural perspectives for the same divine or spiritual principle repeats in the Vedic texts. For example, other than hymn 1.164 with this teaching,<sup id="cite_ref-Klostermaier103_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Klostermaier103-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the more ancient hymn 5.3 of the <i><a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a></i> states: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"> <p>You at your birth are <a href="/wiki/Varuna" title="Varuna">Varuna</a>, O <a href="/wiki/Agni" title="Agni">Agni</a>. When you are kindled, you are <a href="/wiki/Mitra" title="Mitra">Mitra</a>. In you, O son of strength, all gods are centered. You are <a href="/wiki/Indra" title="Indra">Indra</a> to the mortal who brings oblation. You are <a href="/wiki/Aryaman" title="Aryaman">Aryaman</a>, when you are regarded as having the mysterious names of maidens, O Self-sustainer. </p> <div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><i>Rigveda 5.3.1-2</i>, Translator: <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Oldenberg" title="Hermann Oldenberg">Hermann Oldenberg</a><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>Related terms to henotheism are <a href="/wiki/Monolatrism" class="mw-redirect" title="Monolatrism">monolatrism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kathenotheism" title="Kathenotheism">kathenotheism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-britannicamonolatry_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannicamonolatry-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The latter term is an extension of "henotheism", from <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">καθ' ἕνα θεόν</span></span> (<i>kath' hena theon</i>) — "one god at a time".<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Henotheism refers to a pluralistic theology wherein different deities are viewed to be of a unitary, equivalent divine essence.<sup id="cite_ref-taliaferro78_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-taliaferro78-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some scholars prefer the term <a href="/wiki/Monolatry" title="Monolatry">monolatry</a> to henotheism, to discuss religions where a single god is central, but the existence or the position of other gods is not denied.<sup id="cite_ref-britannicamonolatry_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannicamonolatry-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-fahlbusch524_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fahlbusch524-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another term related to henotheism is "equitheism", referring to the belief that all gods are equal.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="; color: #202122;background-color: #FFE0BB;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p><b>Concerning the <a href="/wiki/Origin_of_the_universe" class="mw-redirect" title="Origin of the universe">origin of the universe</a></b> </p> <div class="poem"> <p>"Who really knows?<br />Who will here proclaim it?<br />Whence was it produced?<br />Whence is this creation?<br />The gods came afterwards,<br />with the creation of this universe.<br />Who then knows whence it has arisen?" </p> </div> </blockquote> <div style="padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0.5em"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">— <a href="/wiki/Nasadiya_Sukta" title="Nasadiya Sukta">Nasadiya Sukta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rig_Veda" class="mw-redirect" title="Rig Veda">Rig Veda</a>, <i>10:129-6</i><sup id="cite_ref-Kramer1986_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kramer1986-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Christian2011_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Christian2011-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Singh2008_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Singh2008-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Panentheism_and_non-theism">Panentheism and non-theism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=God_in_Hinduism&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Panentheism and non-theism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Vedic era conceptualization of the divine or the One, states Jeaneane Fowler, is more abstract than a monotheistic God, it is the Reality behind and of the phenomenal universe.<sup id="cite_ref-jeaneanefowler43_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jeaneanefowler43-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Vedic hymns treat it as "limitless, indescribable, absolute principle", thus the Vedic divine is something of a <a href="/wiki/Panentheism" title="Panentheism">panentheism</a> rather than simple henotheism.<sup id="cite_ref-jeaneanefowler43_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jeaneanefowler43-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In late Vedic era, around the start of Upanishadic age (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 800 BCE</span>), theosophical speculations emerge that develop concepts which scholars variously call <a href="/wiki/Nonduality_(spirituality)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonduality (spirituality)">nondualism</a> or <a href="/wiki/Monism" title="Monism">monism</a>, as well as forms of non-theism and <a href="/wiki/Pantheism" title="Pantheism">pantheism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-jeaneanefowler43_46-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jeaneanefowler43-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An example of the questioning of the concept of God, in addition to henotheistic hymns found therein, are in later portions of the <i>Rigveda</i>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Nasadiya_Sukta" title="Nasadiya Sukta">Nasadiya Sukta</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> calls the metaphysical absolute concept as <a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a>, incorporating within it the <a href="/wiki/Transcendence_(religion)" title="Transcendence (religion)">transcendent</a> and <a href="/wiki/Immanence" title="Immanence">immanent</a> reality.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Different schools of thought interpret Brahman as either <a href="/wiki/Personal_god" title="Personal god">personal</a>, impersonal or transpersonal. Ishwar Chandra Sharma describes it as "Absolute Reality, beyond all dualities of existence and non-existence, light and darkness, and of time, space and cause".<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Influential ancient and medieval Hindu philosophers, states philosophy professor Roy Perrett, teach their spiritual ideas with a world created <i>ex nihilo</i> and "effectively manage without God altogether".<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Hindu philosophy</a>, there are many different schools.<sup id="cite_ref-bowker194_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bowker194-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its non-theist traditions such as Samkhya, early Nyaya, Mimamsa and many within Vedanta such as Advaita do not posit the existence of an almighty, omnipotent, omniscient, omnibenevolent God (monotheistic God), while its theistic traditions posit a personal God left to the choice of the Hindu. The major schools of Hindu philosophy explain morality and the nature of existence through the <a href="/wiki/Karma" title="Karma">karma</a> and <a href="/wiki/Samsara" class="mw-redirect" title="Samsara">samsara</a> doctrines, as in other Indian religions.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Monotheism">Monotheism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=God_in_Hinduism&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Monotheism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Monotheism is the belief in a single creator God and the lack of belief in any other Creator.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Different <a href="/wiki/Hindu_denominations" title="Hindu denominations">sects of Hinduism</a> may or may not posit or require such a belief, as religion is considered a personal belief in Hinduism and followers are free to choose the different interpretations within the framework of <i>karma</i> and <i>samsara</i>. Many forms of Hinduism believe in a type of monotheistic God, such as <a href="/wiki/Krishnaism" title="Krishnaism">Krishnaism</a> with polymorphic theism, some schools of <a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Arya_Samaj" title="Arya Samaj">Arya Samaj</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita Vedanta</a>, for instance, espouses <a href="/wiki/Monism" title="Monism">monism</a>, and holds <i><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a></i> to be unchanging and undifferentiated from reality. <i>Brahman</i> is therefore undifferentiated from the individual self, or <i>Atman</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Leeming_2014_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leeming_2014-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BEH3_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BEH3-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The concept is thought by some, such as <a href="/wiki/David_Adams_Leeming" title="David Adams Leeming">David Adams Leeming</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gavin_Flood" title="Gavin Flood">Gavin Flood</a>, to resemble monotheistic conceptions of god to some degree, since all other since are believed to be manifestations of <i>Brahman</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Leeming_2014_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leeming_2014-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Flood_2020_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Flood_2020-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several medieval Muslim scholars, such as <a href="/wiki/Al-Biruni" title="Al-Biruni">al-Biruni</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amir_Khusrau" title="Amir Khusrau">Amir Khusrau</a>, described Hinduism as fundamentally monotheistic in nature, and attributed polytheistic worship to a lack of education.<sup id="cite_ref-Friedmann,_Yohanan_1975_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Friedmann,_Yohanan_1975-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Madhvacharya's_monotheistic_God"><span id="Madhvacharya.27s_monotheistic_God"></span>Madhvacharya's monotheistic God</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=God_in_Hinduism&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Madhvacharya's monotheistic God"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Madhvacharya" title="Madhvacharya">Madhvacharya</a> (1238–1317 CE) developed the <a href="/wiki/Dvaita" class="mw-redirect" title="Dvaita">Dvaita</a> theology wherein Vishnu was presented as a monotheistic God, similar to major world religions.<sup id="cite_ref-mmyers_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mmyers-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharma19627_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharma19627-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His writings led some, such as <a href="/wiki/George_Abraham_Grierson" title="George Abraham Grierson">George Abraham Grierson</a>, to suggest he was influenced by <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-skhk177_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-skhk177-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, modern scholarship rules out the influence of Christianity on Madhvacharya,<sup id="cite_ref-skhk177_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-skhk177-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJonesRyan2006266_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonesRyan2006266-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as there is no evidence that there ever was a Christian settlement where Madhvacharya grew up and lived, or that there was a sharing or discussion of ideas between someone with knowledge of the Bible and Christian narratives, and him.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharma2000609–611_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharma2000609–611-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, many adherents consider the similarities to be superficial and insubstantial; for example, Madhvacharya postulates three co-eternal fundamental realities, consisting of Supreme Being (Vishnu or paramatman), individual Self (<a href="/wiki/Jiva" title="Jiva">jīvātman</a>), and inanimate matter.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarma2000_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESarma2000-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Madhvacharya was misperceived and misrepresented by both Christian missionaries and Hindu writers during the colonial era scholarship.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarma200019–25_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESarma200019–25-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharma2000609–611_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharma2000609–611-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The similarities in the primacy of one God, dualism and distinction between man and God, devotion to God, the son of God as the intermediary, predestination, the role of grace in salvation, as well as the similarities in the legends of miracles in Christianity and Madhvacharya's Dvaita tradition fed these stories.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarma200019–25_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESarma200019–25-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharma2000609–611_71-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharma2000609–611-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among Christian writers, G. A. Grierson creatively asserted that Madhva's ideas evidently were "borrowed from Christianity, quite possibly promulgated as a rival to the central doctrine of that faith".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarma200020_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESarma200020-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among Hindu writers, according to Sarma, S. C. Vasu creatively translated Madhvacharya's works to identify Madhvacharya with Christ, rather than compare their ideas.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarma200022–24_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESarma200022–24-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Brahman">Brahman</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=God_in_Hinduism&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Brahman"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Para_Brahman" title="Para Brahman">Para Brahman</a></div> <p>Many traditions within Hinduism share the Vedic idea of a metaphysical ultimate reality and truth called <i>Brahman</i>. According to <a href="/wiki/Jan_Gonda" title="Jan Gonda">Jan Gonda</a>, <i>Brahman</i> denoted the "power immanent in the sound, words, verses and formulas of Vedas" in the earliest Vedic texts. The early Vedic religious understanding of Brahman underwent a series of abstractions in the Hindu scriptures that followed the Vedic scriptures. These scriptures would reveal a vast body of insights into the nature of Brahman as originally revealed in the Vedas. These Hindu traditions that emerged from or identified with the Vedic scriptures and that maintained the notion of a metaphysical ultimate reality would identify that ultimate reality as Brahman. Hindu adherents to these traditions within Hinduism revere Hindu deities and, indeed, all of existence, as aspects of the Brahman.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The deities in Hinduism are not considered to be almighty, omnipotent, omniscient and omnibenevolent, and spirituality is considered to be seeking the ultimate truth that is possible by a number of paths.<sup id="cite_ref-johnmurdoch141_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-johnmurdoch141-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like other Indian religions, in Hinduism, deities are born, they live and they die in every <a href="/wiki/Kalpa_(aeon)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalpa (aeon)">kalpa</a> (eon, cycle of existence).<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Hinduism, Brahman connotes the highest Universal Principle, the <a href="/wiki/Absolute_(philosophy)" title="Absolute (philosophy)">Ultimate Reality</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Universe" title="Universe">universe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-james122_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-james122-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ptraju_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ptraju-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFowler200249–55_(in_Upanishads),_318–319_(in_Vishistadvaita),_246–248_and_252–255_(in_Advaita),_342–343_(in_Dvaita),_175–176_(in_Samkhya-Yoga)_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFowler200249–55_(in_Upanishads),_318–319_(in_Vishistadvaita),_246–248_and_252–255_(in_Advaita),_342–343_(in_Dvaita),_175–176_(in_Samkhya-Yoga)-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In major schools of <a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Hindu philosophy</a>, it is the material, efficient, formal and final <a href="/wiki/Four_causes" title="Four causes">cause</a> of all that exists.<sup id="cite_ref-ptraju_83-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ptraju-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-fxclooney_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fxclooney-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is the pervasive, genderless, infinite, eternal truth and bliss which does not change, yet is the cause of all changes.<sup id="cite_ref-james122_82-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-james122-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFowler200253–55_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFowler200253–55-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-jeffreybrodd_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jeffreybrodd-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Brahman as a metaphysical concept is the single binding unity behind the diversity in all that exists in the universe.<sup id="cite_ref-james122_82-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-james122-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFowler200250–53_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFowler200250–53-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Brahman is a <a href="/wiki/Vedic_Sanskrit" title="Vedic Sanskrit">Vedic Sanskrit</a> word, and it is conceptualized in Hinduism, states <a href="/wiki/Paul_Deussen" title="Paul Deussen">Paul Deussen</a>, as the "creative principle which lies realized in the whole world".<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Brahman is a key concept found in the <a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a>, and it is extensively discussed in the early <a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-sphilips_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sphilips-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Veda" class="mw-redirect" title="Veda">Vedas</a> conceptualize Brahman as the Cosmic Principle.<sup id="cite_ref-Hananya_Goodman_1994_page_121_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hananya_Goodman_1994_page_121-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the Upanishads, it has been variously described as <i><a href="/wiki/Satcitananda" class="mw-redirect" title="Satcitananda">Sat-cit-ānanda</a></i> (truth-consciousness-bliss)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaju1992228_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERaju1992228-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and as the unchanging, permanent, highest reality.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFowler200253–55_87-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFowler200253–55-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPotter20086–7_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPotter20086–7-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Brahman is discussed in Hindu texts with the concept of <a href="/wiki/%C4%80tman_(Hinduism)" title="Ātman (Hinduism)">Atman</a> (Self),<sup id="cite_ref-sphilips_91-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sphilips-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFowler200249–53_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFowler200249–53-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Personal_god" title="Personal god">personal</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Absolute_(philosophy)" title="Absolute (philosophy)">impersonal</a><sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <a href="/wiki/Para_Brahman" title="Para Brahman">Para Brahman</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or in various combinations of these qualities depending on the philosophical school.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Dualistic_cosmology" class="mw-redirect" title="Dualistic cosmology">dualistic</a> schools of Hinduism such as the theistic <a href="/wiki/Dvaita_Vedanta" title="Dvaita Vedanta">Dvaita Vedanta</a>, Brahman is different from Atman (Self) in each being, and therein it shares conceptual framework of <a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a> in major world religions.<sup id="cite_ref-fxclooney_86-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fxclooney-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mmyers_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mmyers-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Nonduality_(spirituality)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonduality (spirituality)">non-dual</a> schools of Hinduism such as the <a href="/wiki/Monism" title="Monism">monist</a> <a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita Vedanta</a>, Brahman is identical to the Atman, Brahman is everywhere and inside each living being, and there is connected spiritual oneness in all existence.<sup id="cite_ref-jeffreybrodd_88-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jeffreybrodd-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Arvind_Sharma_2007_pages_19-40_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arvind_Sharma_2007_pages_19-40-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Upanishads contain several <i>mahā-vākyas</i> or "Great Sayings" on the concept of Brahman:<sup id="cite_ref-EoH_270_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EoH_270-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Text</th> <th>Upanishad</th> <th>Translation</th> <th>Reference </th></tr> <tr> <td><b>अहं ब्रह्म अस्मि</b><br /><i>aham brahmāsmi</i></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Brihadaranyaka_Upanishad" title="Brihadaranyaka Upanishad">Brihadaranyaka Upanishad</a> 1.4.10</td> <td>"I am Brahman"</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>अयम् आत्मा ब्रह्म</b><br /><i>ayam ātmā brahma</i></td> <td>Brihadaranyaka Upanishad 4.4.5</td> <td>"The Self is Brahman"</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>सर्वं खल्विदं ब्रह्म</b><br /><i>sarvam khalvidam brahma</i></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chandogya_Upanishad" title="Chandogya Upanishad">Chandogya Upanishad</a> 3.14.1</td> <td>"All this is Brahman"</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>एकमेवाद्वितीयम्</b><br /><i>ekam evadvitiyam</i></td> <td>Chandogya Upanishad 6.2.1</td> <td>"That [Brahman] is one, without a second"</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>तत्त्वमसि</b><br /><i><a href="/wiki/Tat_tvam_asi" class="mw-redirect" title="Tat tvam asi">tat tvam asi</a></i></td> <td>Chandogya Upanishad 6.8.7 et seq.</td> <td>"Thou art that" ("You are Brahman")</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>प्रज्ञानं ब्रह्म</b><br /><i>prajnānam brahma</i></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Aitareya_Upanishad" title="Aitareya Upanishad">Aitareya Upanishad</a> 3.3.7</td> <td>"Knowledge is Brahman"</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Saguna_and_nirguna"><i>Saguna</i> and <i>nirguna</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=God_in_Hinduism&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Saguna and nirguna"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Nirguna_Brahman" class="mw-redirect" title="Nirguna Brahman">Nirguna Brahman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saguna_Brahman" class="mw-redirect" title="Saguna Brahman">Saguna Brahman</a></div> <p>While Hinduism sub-schools such as Advaita Vedanta emphasize the complete equivalence of <i>Brahman</i> and <i>Atman</i>, they also expound on Brahman as <i><a href="/wiki/Saguna_Brahman" class="mw-redirect" title="Saguna Brahman">saguna Brahman</a></i>—the Brahman with attributes, and <i><a href="/wiki/Nirguna_Brahman" class="mw-redirect" title="Nirguna Brahman">nirguna Brahman</a></i>—the Brahman without attributes.<sup id="cite_ref-dx.doi.org_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dx.doi.org-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>nirguna Brahman</i> is the Brahman as it really is, however, the <i>saguna Brahman</i> is posited as a means to realizing <i>nirguna Brahman</i>, but the Hinduism schools declare <i>saguna Brahman</i> to be ultimately illusory.<sup id="cite_ref-williamw_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-williamw-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The concept of the <i>saguna Brahman</i>, such as in the form of <a href="/wiki/Avatar" title="Avatar">avatars</a>, is considered in these schools of Hinduism to be a useful symbolism, path and tool for those who are still on their spiritual journey, but the concept is finally cast aside by the fully enlightened.<sup id="cite_ref-williamw_117-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-williamw-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Bhakti movement of Hinduism built its theosophy around two concepts of Brahman—<i>Nirguna</i> and <i>Saguna</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-karen21_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-karen21-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Nirguna</i> Brahman was the concept of the Ultimate Reality as formless, without attributes or quality.<sup id="cite_ref-jeaneanefxxvii_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jeaneanefxxvii-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Saguna</i> Brahman, in contrast, was envisioned and developed as with form, attributes and quality.<sup id="cite_ref-jeaneanefxxvii_119-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jeaneanefxxvii-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The two had parallels in the ancient pantheistic unmanifest and theistic manifest traditions, respectively, and traceable to Arjuna-Krishna dialogue in the <a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-karen21_118-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-karen21-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-fowlernirgunasaguna_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fowlernirgunasaguna-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is the same Brahman, but viewed from two perspectives: one from <i>Nirguni</i> knowledge-focus and other from <i>Saguni</i> love-focus, united as Krishna in the Gita.<sup id="cite_ref-fowlernirgunasaguna_120-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fowlernirgunasaguna-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Nirguna</i> bhakta's poetry were <i>Jnana-shrayi</i>, or had roots in knowledge.<sup id="cite_ref-karen21_118-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-karen21-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Saguna</i> bhakta's poetry were <i>Prema-shrayi</i>, or with roots in love.<sup id="cite_ref-karen21_118-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-karen21-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Bhakti, the emphasis is reciprocal love and devotion, where the devotee loves God, and God loves the devotee.<sup id="cite_ref-fowlernirgunasaguna_120-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fowlernirgunasaguna-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Nirguna</i> and <i>Saguna</i> Brahman concepts of the Bhakti movement has been a baffling one to scholars, particularly the <i>Nirguni</i> tradition because it offers, states David Lorenzen, "heart-felt devotion to a God without attributes, without even any definable personality".<sup id="cite_ref-davidlorenzenns_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-davidlorenzenns-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yet given the "mountains of <i>Nirguni</i> bhakti literature", adds Lorenzen, bhakti for <i>Nirguna Brahman</i> has been a part of the reality of the Hindu tradition along with the bhakti for <i>Saguna Brahman</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-davidlorenzenns_121-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-davidlorenzenns-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These were two alternate ways of imagining God during the bhakti movement.<sup id="cite_ref-karen21_118-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-karen21-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ishvara">Ishvara</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=God_in_Hinduism&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Ishvara"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ishvara" title="Ishvara">Ishvara</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/I%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%ADa-devat%C4%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Iṣṭa-devatā">Iṣṭa-devatā</a> and <a href="/wiki/Parameshwara_(god)" class="mw-redirect" title="Parameshwara (god)">Parameshwara (god)</a></div> <p>The Yogasutras of Patanjali use the term <i>Ishvara</i> in 11 verses: I.23 through I.29, II.1, II.2, II.32 and II.45. Ever since the Sutra's release, Hindu scholars have debated and commented on who or what is <i>Isvara</i>? These commentaries range from defining <i>Isvara</i> from a "personal god" to "special self" to "anything that has spiritual significance to the individual".<sup id="cite_ref-lpfl_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lpfl-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whicher explains that while Patanjali's terse verses can be interpreted both as theistic or non-theistic, Patanjali's concept of <i>Isvara</i> in Yoga philosophy functions as a "transformative catalyst or guide for aiding the yogin on the path to spiritual emancipation".<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Patanjali defines <i>Isvara</i> (Sanskrit: ईश्वर) in verse 24 of Book 1, as "a special Self (पुरुषविशेष, <i>puruṣa-viśeṣa</i>)",<sup id="cite_ref-pys_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pys-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote><p>Sanskrit: क्लेश कर्म विपाकाशयैःपरामृष्टः पुरुषविशेष <b>ईश्वरः</b> ॥२४॥<br /> – Yoga Sutras I.24</p></blockquote> <p>This sutra of Yoga philosophy of Hinduism adds the characteristics of <i>Isvara</i> as that special Self which is unaffected (अपरामृष्ट, <i>aparamrsta</i>) by one's obstacles/hardships (क्लेश, <i>klesha</i>), one's circumstances created by past or one's current actions (कर्म, <i>karma</i>), one's life fruits (विपाक, <i>vipâka</i>), and one's psychological dispositions/intentions (आशय, ashaya).<sup id="cite_ref-se5_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-se5-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Among various <a href="/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti">Bhakti</a> path practicing sects of Hinduism, which built upon the <a href="/wiki/Raja_yoga" class="mw-redirect" title="Raja yoga">Yoga</a> school of Hinduism, Isvara only means a specific deity such as <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Svayam_Bhagavan">Svayam Bhagavan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=God_in_Hinduism&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Svayam Bhagavan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Svayam_Bhagavan" title="Svayam Bhagavan">Svayam Bhagavan</a></div> <p><i>Svayam Bhagavan</i>, a <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> theological term, is the concept of absolute representation of the monotheistic God as <i><a href="/wiki/Bhagavan" title="Bhagavan">Bhagavan</a></i> himself within <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>. The theological interpretation of <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">svayam bhagavān</i></span></i> differs with each tradition and the translated from the <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit language">Sanskrit language</a>, the term literary means "<a href="/wiki/Bhagavan" title="Bhagavan">Bhagavan</a> Himself" or "directly <a href="/wiki/Bhagavan" title="Bhagavan">Bhagavan</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-Gupta2007_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gupta2007-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Earlier commentators such as <a href="/wiki/Madhvacharya" title="Madhvacharya">Madhvacharya</a> translated the term <i>Svayam Bhagavan</i> as "he who has <i>bhagavatta</i>"; meaning "he who has the quality of possessing all good qualities".<sup id="cite_ref-Dimock1989_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dimock1989-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term is seldom used to refer to other forms of Krishna and <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a> within the context of certain religious texts such as the <a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Purana" title="Bhagavata Purana">Bhagavata Purana</a>, and also within other sects of Vaishnavism. </p><p>The theological interpretation of <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Svayam Bhagavān</i></span></i> differs with each tradition and the literal translation of the term has been understood in several distinct ways. Translated from the <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit language">Sanskrit language</a>, the term literary means "<a href="/wiki/Bhagavan" title="Bhagavan">Bhagavan</a> Himself" or "directly <a href="/wiki/Bhagavan" title="Bhagavan">Bhagavan</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-Gupta2007_128-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gupta2007-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others have translated it simply as "the <a href="/wiki/Bhagavan" title="Bhagavan">Lord</a> Himself".<sup id="cite_ref-KK_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KK-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Gaudiya_Vaishnava" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaudiya Vaishnava">Gaudiya Vaishnava</a> tradition often translates it within its perspective as <i>primeval Lord</i> or <i>original Personality of Godhead</i>, but also considers the terms such as <i>Supreme Personality of Godhead</i> and <i>Supreme God</i> as an equivalent to the term <i>Svayam Bhagavan</i>, and may also choose to apply these terms to Vishnu, <a href="/wiki/Narayana" title="Narayana">Narayana</a> and many of their associated <a href="/wiki/Avatar" title="Avatar">Avatars</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Knapp2005_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Knapp2005-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ICJKnott_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ICJKnott-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It should be however noted that although it is usual to speak of Vishnu as the source of the avatars, this is only one of the names of god of <a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnavism</a>, who is also known as <a href="/wiki/Narayana" title="Narayana">Narayana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vasudeva" title="Vasudeva">Vasudeva</a> and Krishna and behind each of those names there is a divine figure with attributed supremacy in <a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnavism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatchett20004_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatchett20004-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Krishnaism">Krishnaism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=God_in_Hinduism&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Krishnaism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Krishnaism" title="Krishnaism">Krishnaism</a></div> <p>Within Hinduism, <a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a> is worshiped from a variety of perspectives.<sup id="cite_ref-Mahony1987_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mahony1987-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-McDaniel_135-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McDaniel-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Krishnaism" title="Krishnaism">Krishnaism</a> is a tradition related to Vaishnavism wherein Krishna is considered <i><a href="/wiki/Svayam_Bhagavan" title="Svayam Bhagavan">Svayam Bhagavan</a></i>, meaning 'God Himself', and this title is used exclusively to designate Krishna as the Supreme God.<sup id="cite_ref-Gupta20071_136-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gupta20071-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-jsn_137-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jsn-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Krishnaite <a href="/wiki/Sampradaya" title="Sampradaya">traditions</a> of <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> consider him to be the source of all <a href="/wiki/Avatar" title="Avatar">avatars</a>, and the source of <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a> himself, or to be the same as <a href="/wiki/Narayana" title="Narayana">Narayana</a>. As such, he is therefore regarded as <i>Svayam Bhagavan</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Delmonico2004_138-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Delmonico2004-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Elkman1986_139-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elkman1986-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dimock1989_129-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dimock1989-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Gaudiya_Vaishnava" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaudiya Vaishnava">Gaudiya Vaishnava</a> <a href="/wiki/Krishnology" class="mw-redirect" title="Krishnology">Krishna-centered theology</a>, the title <i>Svayam Bhagavan</i> is used exclusively to designate <a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Krishna is recognized to be <i>Svayam Bhagavan</i> in the belief of <a href="/wiki/Gaudiya_Vaishnavism" title="Gaudiya Vaishnavism">Gaudiya Vaishnavism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dvaita" class="mw-redirect" title="Dvaita">Dvaita</a> sub-school of Hindu philosophy,<sup id="cite_ref-Kennedy1925_141-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kennedy1925-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Pushtimarg" class="mw-redirect" title="Pushtimarg">Pushtimarg</a> tradition,<sup id="cite_ref-flood_142-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-flood-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the <a href="/wiki/Nimbarka_Sampradaya" title="Nimbarka Sampradaya">Nimbarka Sampradaya</a>, where Krishna is accepted to be the source of all other avatars, and the source of Vishnu himself.<sup id="cite_ref-Kennedy1925_141-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kennedy1925-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dalmia-luderitz1992_143-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dalmia-luderitz1992-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gaudiya Vaishnavas and followers of the Pushtimarg tradition and Nimbarka Sampradaya use the <a href="/wiki/Gopala_Tapani_Upanishad" title="Gopala Tapani Upanishad">Gopala Tapani Upanishad</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Purana" title="Bhagavata Purana">Bhagavata Purana</a>, to support their view that Krishna is indeed the <i>Svayam Bhagavan</i>. This belief was summarized by the 16th century author <a href="/wiki/Jiva_Goswami" title="Jiva Goswami">Jiva Goswami</a> in some of his works, such as <i>Krishna-sandarbha</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gupta2007_128-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gupta2007-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vaishnavism">Vaishnavism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=God_in_Hinduism&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Vaishnavism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In other sub-traditions of Vaishnavism, <a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a> is one of many aspects and <a href="/wiki/Avatar" title="Avatar">avatars</a> of Vishnu (Rama is another, for example), recognized and understood from an eclectic assortment of perspectives and viewpoints.<sup id="cite_ref-Mahony1987_134-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mahony1987-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vaishnavism is one of the earliest single God focussed traditions that derives its heritage from the <a href="/wiki/Veda" class="mw-redirect" title="Veda">Vedas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Delmonico2004_138-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Delmonico2004-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Elkman1986_139-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elkman1986-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-Klostermaier1974_145-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Klostermaier1974-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When followers of Vishnu-centered <a href="/wiki/Sampradaya" title="Sampradaya">sampradayas</a> of Vaishnavism describe Krishna as "<i>Svayam Bhagavan</i>" it refers to their belief that Krishna is among the highest and fullest of all <i><a href="/wiki/Avatar" title="Avatar">avatars</a></i> and is considered to be the "<i>paripurna Avatara</i>", complete in all respects and the same as the original.<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to them <a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a> is described in the <a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Purana" title="Bhagavata Purana">Bhagavata Purana</a> as the <i>Purnavatara</i> (or complete manifestation) of the Bhagavan, while other incarnations are called partial. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Sri_Vaishnavism" title="Sri Vaishnavism">Sri Vaishnavism</a>, Krishna is viewed as one of the many <i><a href="/wiki/Avatar" title="Avatar">avatars</a></i> of Narayana or Vishnu.<sup id="cite_ref-Bryant_147-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bryant-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatchett20004_133-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatchett20004-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Sri Vaishnavism sub-tradition reveres goddess Lakshmi with god Vishnu as equivalent,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatchett20004,_77,_200_148-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatchett20004,_77,_200-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and traces it roots its roots to the ancient <a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pancaratra" class="mw-redirect" title="Pancaratra">Pancaratra</a> texts in Sanskrit.<sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=God_in_Hinduism&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_religion_world.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/31px-P_religion_world.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/47px-P_religion_world.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/62px-P_religion_world.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Religion" title="Portal:Religion">Religion portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/27px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/41px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/54px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="367" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Hinduism" title="Portal:Hinduism">Hinduism portal</a></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_views_on_God_and_gender" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu views on God and gender">Hindu views on God and gender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prajapati" title="Prajapati">Prajapati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adi_parashakti" class="mw-redirect" title="Adi parashakti">Adi parashakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soham_(Sanskrit)" title="Soham (Sanskrit)">Soham (Sanskrit)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiranyagarbha_sukta" class="mw-redirect" title="Hiranyagarbha sukta">Hiranyagarbha sukta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasadiya_sukta" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasadiya sukta">Nasadiya sukta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_God" title="Names of God">Names of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conceptions_of_God" title="Conceptions of God">Conceptions of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Theosophy_(Blavatskian)" class="mw-redirect" title="God in Theosophy (Blavatskian)">God in Theosophy (Blavatskian)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arya_Samaj" title="Arya Samaj">Arya Samaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISKCON" class="mw-redirect" title="ISKCON">ISKCON</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=God_in_Hinduism&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-avatars-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-avatars_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">[a] <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHarkDeLisser2011" class="citation book cs1">Hark, Lisa; DeLisser, Horace (2011). <i>Achieving Cultural Competency</i>. John Wiley & Sons. <q>Three gods, Brahma, Vishnu, and Shiva, and other deities are considered manifestations of and are worshipped as incarnations of Brahman.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Achieving+Cultural+Competency&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Hark&rft.aufirst=Lisa&rft.au=DeLisser%2C+Horace&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGod+in+Hinduism" class="Z3988"></span> <br />[b] <a href="#CITEREFToropovBuckles2011">Toropov & Buckles 2011</a>: The members of various Hindu sects worship a dizzying number of specific deities and follow innumerable rites in honor of specific gods. Because this is Hinduism, however, its practitioners see the profusion of forms and practices as expressions of the same unchanging reality. The panoply of deities are understood by believers as symbols for a single transcendent reality. <br />[d] <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrlando_O._Espín,_James_B._Nickoloff2007" class="citation book cs1">Orlando O. Espín, James B. Nickoloff (2007). <i>An Introductory Dictionary of Theology and Religious Studies</i>. Liturgical Press. <q>While Hindus believe in many devas, many are monotheistic to the extent that they will recognise only one Supreme Being, a God or Goddess who is the source and ruler of the devas.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introductory+Dictionary+of+Theology+and+Religious+Studies&rft.pub=Liturgical+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.au=Orlando+O.+Esp%C3%ADn%2C+James+B.+Nickoloff&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGod+in+Hinduism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#Criterion_of_Sublation" title="Advaita Vedanta">"not sublatable"</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPotter20086–7_95-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPotter20086–7-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the final element in a dialectical process which cannot be eliminated or annihilated (German: "aufheben").</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">It is also defined as: <ul><li>The unchanging, <a href="/wiki/Infinity" title="Infinity">infinite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Immanence" title="Immanence">immanent</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Transcendence_(religion)" title="Transcendence (religion)">transcendent</a> <a href="/wiki/Reality" title="Reality">reality</a> which is the Divine Ground of all <a href="/wiki/Matter" title="Matter">matter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Energy" title="Energy">energy</a>, time, <a href="/wiki/Space" title="Space">space</a>, <a href="/wiki/Being" class="mw-redirect" title="Being">being</a>, and everything beyond in this <a href="/wiki/Universe" title="Universe">Universe</a>; that is the one supreme, universal spirit.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The one supreme, all pervading Spirit that is the origin and support of the <a href="/wiki/Phenomenon" title="Phenomenon">phenomenal</a> universe.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Saguna_Brahman" class="mw-redirect" title="Saguna Brahman">Saguna Brahman</a>, with qualities</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Nirguna_Brahman" class="mw-redirect" title="Nirguna Brahman">Nirguna Brahman</a>, without qualities</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Supreme</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=God_in_Hinduism&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:22-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:22_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knut_A._Jacobsen" class="extiw" title="no:Knut A. Jacobsen">Knut Jacobsen</a> (2008), Theory and Practice of Yoga : 'Essays in Honour of Gerald James Larson, Motilal Banarsidass, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120832329" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120832329">978-8120832329</a>, pp. 77-78</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BEH1-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BEH1_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BEH1_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNarayanan2018" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Vasudha_Narayanan" title="Vasudha Narayanan">Narayanan, Vasudha</a> (2018) [2009]. "Gods, Goddesses, and Divine Powers (overview article)". In Basu, Helene; <a href="/wiki/Knut_A._Jacobsen" title="Knut A. Jacobsen">Jacobsen, Knut A.</a>; Malinar, Angelika; Narayanan, Vasudha (eds.). <i>Brill's Encyclopedia of Hinduism</i>. Vol. 1. <a href="/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden">Leiden</a>: <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F2212-5019_BEH_COM_103">10.1163/2212-5019_BEH_COM_103</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-17641-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-17641-6"><bdi>978-90-04-17641-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2212-5019">2212-5019</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gods%2C+Goddesses%2C+and+Divine+Powers+%28overview+article%29&rft.btitle=Brill%27s+Encyclopedia+of+Hinduism&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=2018&rft.issn=2212-5019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F2212-5019_BEH_COM_103&rft.isbn=978-90-04-17641-6&rft.aulast=Narayanan&rft.aufirst=Vasudha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGod+in+Hinduism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lipner8-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lipner8_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lipner8_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLipner2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Julius_J._Lipner" title="Julius J. Lipner">Lipner, Julius J.</a> (2010) [1998]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oH1FIareczEC"><i>Hindus: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices</i></a> (Second ed.). <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a>: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. 8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-45677-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-45677-7"><bdi>978-0-415-45677-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/698586925">698586925</a>. <q>[...] one need not be religious in the minimal sense described to be accepted as a <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hindu</a> by <a href="/wiki/Hindus" title="Hindus">Hindus</a>, or describe oneself perfectly validly as Hindu. One may be polytheistic or monotheistic, monistic or pantheistic, even an agnostic, humanist or atheist, and still be considered a Hindu.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hindus%3A+Their+Religious+Beliefs+and+Practices&rft.place=London+and+New+York&rft.pages=8&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F698586925&rft.isbn=978-0-415-45677-7&rft.aulast=Lipner&rft.aufirst=Julius+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoH1FIareczEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGod+in+Hinduism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lester Kurtz (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Violence, Peace and Conflict, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0123695031" title="Special:BookSources/978-0123695031">978-0123695031</a>, Academic Press, 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">MK Gandhi, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mkgandhi.org/ebks/essence_of_hinduism.pdf">The Essence of Hinduism</a>, Editor: VB Kher, Navajivan Publishing, see page 3; According to Gandhi, "a man may not believe in God and still call himself a Hindu."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><sup id="cite_ref-BEH1_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BEH1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-lipner8_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lipner8-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChakravarti1991" class="citation book cs1">Chakravarti, Sitansu S. (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=J_-rASTgw8wC&pg=PA70">"The Hindu Perspective"</a>. <i>Hinduism, a Way of Life</i>. <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a>: <a href="/wiki/Motilal_Banarsidass" title="Motilal Banarsidass">Motilal Banarsidass</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">70–</span>71. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0899-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0899-7"><bdi>978-81-208-0899-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/925707936">925707936</a>. <q>According to <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>, different religions are but alternate ways toward the same spiritual goal. Thus, although spirituality is a necessary quest for human beings, the religion one follows does not have to be the same for everyone. [...] The first Hindu scripture, the <i><a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a></i>, dating back to at least 4.000 years, says: "Truth is one, though the wise call it by different names." The <i><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a></i>, which includes the <i><a href="/wiki/Gita" class="mw-redirect" title="Gita">Gita</a></i>, is replete with sayings meaning that religious streams, though separate, head toward the same ocean of divinity.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Hindu+Perspective&rft.btitle=Hinduism%2C+a+Way+of+Life&rft.place=Delhi&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E70-%3C%2Fspan%3E71&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F925707936&rft.isbn=978-81-208-0899-7&rft.aulast=Chakravarti&rft.aufirst=Sitansu+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJ_-rASTgw8wC%26pg%3DPA70&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGod+in+Hinduism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EBpolytheism-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EBpolytheism_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmart2020" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Smart, Ninian (10 November 2020) [26 July 1999]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/polytheism">"Polytheism"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a>: <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica,_Inc." title="Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.">Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201111205729/https://www.britannica.com/topic/polytheism">Archived</a> from the original on 11 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Polytheism&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2020-11-10&rft.aulast=Smart&rft.aufirst=Ninian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2Fpolytheism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGod+in+Hinduism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><sup id="cite_ref-BEH1_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BEH1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-lipner8_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lipner8-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EBpolytheism_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EBpolytheism-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">June McDaniel <i>Hinduism</i>, in John Corrigan, <i>The Oxford Handbook of Religion and Emotion</i>, (2007) <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>, 544 pages, pp. 52-53 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-517021-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-517021-0">0-19-517021-0</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Karen Pechelis (2014), The Embodiment of Bhakti, Oxford University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195351903" title="Special:BookSources/978-0195351903">978-0195351903</a>, pages 3-4, 15-28</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mariasusai Dhavamony (1999), Hindu Spirituality, GB Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8876528187" title="Special:BookSources/978-8876528187">978-8876528187</a>, page 129</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlivelle199280–81,_210_with_footnotes-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlivelle199280–81,_210_with_footnotes_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOlivelle1992">Olivelle 1992</a>, pp. 80–81, 210 with footnotes.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ganesh Tagare (2002), The Pratyabhijñā Philosophy, Motilal Banarsidass, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120818927" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120818927">978-8120818927</a>, pages 16–19</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Leeming_2014-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Leeming_2014_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Leeming_2014_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Leeming_2014_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Leeming_2014_16-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeeming2014" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Adams_Leeming" title="David Adams Leeming">Leeming, David A.</a> (2014). "Brahman". In <a href="/wiki/David_Adams_Leeming" title="David Adams Leeming">Leeming, David A.</a> (ed.). <i>Encyclopedia of Psychology and Religion</i> (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>: <a href="/wiki/Springer_Verlag" class="mw-redirect" title="Springer Verlag">Springer Verlag</a>. p. 197. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-4614-6086-2_9052">10.1007/978-1-4614-6086-2_9052</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4614-6087-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4614-6087-9"><bdi>978-1-4614-6087-9</bdi></a>. <q>For <a href="/wiki/Hindus" title="Hindus">Hindus</a>, especially those in the <a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita Vedanta</a> tradition, <a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a> is the undifferentiated reality underlying all existence. Brahman is the eternal first cause present everywhere and nowhere, beyond time and space, the indefinable <a href="/wiki/Absolute_(philosophy)" title="Absolute (philosophy)">Absolute</a>. The gods are incarnations of Brahman. It can be said that everything that is Brahman. And it can be argued that Brahman is a <a href="/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">monotheistic concept</a> or at least a <a href="/wiki/Monism" title="Monism">monistic</a> one, since all gods – presumably of any tradition – are manifestations of Brahman, real only because Brahman exists.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Brahman&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Psychology+and+Religion&rft.place=Boston&rft.pages=197&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Springer+Verlag&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-1-4614-6086-2_9052&rft.isbn=978-1-4614-6087-9&rft.aulast=Leeming&rft.aufirst=David+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGod+in+Hinduism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Halligan_2014-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Halligan_2014_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Halligan_2014_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHalligan2014" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Halligan, Fredrica R. (2014). "Atman". In <a href="/wiki/David_Adams_Leeming" title="David Adams Leeming">Leeming, David A.</a> (ed.). <i>Encyclopedia of Psychology and Religion</i> (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>: <a href="/wiki/Springer_Verlag" class="mw-redirect" title="Springer Verlag">Springer Verlag</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">134–</span>135. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-4614-6086-2_54">10.1007/978-1-4614-6086-2_54</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4614-6087-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4614-6087-9"><bdi>978-1-4614-6087-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Atman&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Psychology+and+Religion&rft.place=Boston&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E134-%3C%2Fspan%3E135&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Springer+Verlag&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-1-4614-6086-2_54&rft.isbn=978-1-4614-6087-9&rft.aulast=Halligan&rft.aufirst=Fredrica+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGod+in+Hinduism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BEH2-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BEH2_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BEH2_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRam-Prasad2018" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Chakravarthi_Ram-Prasad" title="Chakravarthi Ram-Prasad">Ram-Prasad, Chakravarthi</a> (2018) [2010]. "Brahman". In Basu, Helene; <a href="/wiki/Knut_A._Jacobsen" title="Knut A. Jacobsen">Jacobsen, Knut A.</a>; Malinar, Angelika; <a href="/wiki/Vasudha_Narayanan" title="Vasudha Narayanan">Narayanan, Vasudha</a> (eds.). <i>Brill's Encyclopedia of Hinduism</i>. Vol. 2. <a href="/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden">Leiden</a>: <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F2212-5019_BEH_COM_2050070">10.1163/2212-5019_BEH_COM_2050070</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-17893-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-17893-9"><bdi>978-90-04-17893-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2212-5019">2212-5019</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Brahman&rft.btitle=Brill%27s+Encyclopedia+of+Hinduism&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=2018&rft.issn=2212-5019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F2212-5019_BEH_COM_2050070&rft.isbn=978-90-04-17893-9&rft.aulast=Ram-Prasad&rft.aufirst=Chakravarthi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGod+in+Hinduism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">William Wainwright (2012), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://stanford.library.usyd.edu.au/entries/concepts-god/">Concepts of God</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150323084508/http://stanford.library.usyd.edu.au/entries/concepts-god/">Archived</a> 23 March 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Stanford University</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">U Murthy (1979), Samskara, Oxford University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195610796" title="Special:BookSources/978-0195610796">978-0195610796</a>, page 150</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dissanayake_1993-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dissanayake_1993_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dissanayake_1993_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDissanayake1993" class="citation book cs1">Dissanayake, Wimal (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lBYz5jgA4-8C&pg=PA39">"The Body in Indian Theory and Practice"</a>. In Kasulis, Thomas P.; Ames, Roger T.; Dissanayake, Wimal (eds.). <i>Self as Body in Asian Theory and Practice</i>. SUNY Series: The Body in Culture, History, and Religion. <a href="/wiki/Albany,_New_York" title="Albany, New York">Albany, New York</a>: <a href="/wiki/SUNY_Press" title="SUNY Press">SUNY Press</a>. p. 39. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7914-1079-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-7914-1079-X"><bdi>0-7914-1079-X</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/24174772">24174772</a>. <q>The <a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a> form the foundations of <a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Hindu philosophical thought</a>, and the central theme of the Upanishads is the identity of <a href="/wiki/%C4%80tman_(Hinduism)" title="Ātman (Hinduism)">Atman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a>, or the inner self and the cosmic self. [...] If we adhere to the thought that the Brahman is the cosmic principle governing the universe and Atman as its physical correlate, the essence of Upanishadic thought can be succinctly stated in the formula Brahman = Atman.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Body+in+Indian+Theory+and+Practice&rft.btitle=Self+as+Body+in+Asian+Theory+and+Practice&rft.place=Albany%2C+New+York&rft.series=SUNY+Series%3A+The+Body+in+Culture%2C+History%2C+and+Religion&rft.pages=39&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F24174772&rft.isbn=0-7914-1079-X&rft.aulast=Dissanayake&rft.aufirst=Wimal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlBYz5jgA4-8C%26pg%3DPA39&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGod+in+Hinduism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><sup id="cite_ref-Leeming_2014_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leeming_2014-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Halligan_2014_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Halligan_2014-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BEH2_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BEH2-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dissanayake_1993_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dissanayake_1993-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIndich2000vii-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIndich2000vii_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIndich2000">Indich 2000</a>, p. vii.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFowler2002240–243-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFowler2002240–243_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFowler2002">Fowler 2002</a>, pp. 240–243.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrannigan200919,_Quote:_"''Advaita_Vedanta''_is_the_most_influential_philosophical_system_in_Hindu_thought."-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrannigan200919,_Quote:_"''Advaita_Vedanta''_is_the_most_influential_philosophical_system_in_Hindu_thought."_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrannigan2009">Brannigan 2009</a>, p. 19, Quote: "<i>Advaita Vedanta</i> is the most influential philosophical system in Hindu thought.".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><sup id="cite_ref-Leeming_2014_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leeming_2014-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Halligan_2014_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Halligan_2014-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BEH2_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BEH2-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dissanayake_1993_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dissanayake_1993-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIgnatius_Puthiadam1985" class="citation book cs1">Ignatius Puthiadam (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hITXAAAAMAAJ"><i>Viṣṇu, the Ever Free: A Study of the Mādhva Concept of God</i></a>. Dialogue Series. p. 227.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vi%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%87u%2C+the+Ever+Free%3A+A+Study+of+the+M%C4%81dhva+Concept+of+God&rft.pages=227&rft.pub=Dialogue+Series&rft.date=1985&rft.au=Ignatius+Puthiadam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhITXAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGod+in+Hinduism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBryant2007" class="citation book cs1">Bryant, Edwin (2007). <i>Krishna: A Sourcebook (Chapter 15 by Deepak Sarma)</i>. Oxford University Press. p. 358. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195148923" title="Special:BookSources/978-0195148923"><bdi>978-0195148923</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Krishna%3A+A+Sourcebook+%28Chapter+15+by+Deepak+Sarma%29&rft.pages=358&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0195148923&rft.aulast=Bryant&rft.aufirst=Edwin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGod+in+Hinduism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFN._V._Isaeva1993" class="citation book cs1">N. V. Isaeva (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hshaWu0m1D4C"><i>Shankara and Indian Philosophy</i></a>. SUNY Press. p. 253. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0791412817" title="Special:BookSources/978-0791412817"><bdi>978-0791412817</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shankara+and+Indian+Philosophy&rft.pages=253&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0791412817&rft.au=N.+V.+Isaeva&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhshaWu0m1D4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGod+in+Hinduism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFB._N._Krishnamurti_Sharma1986" class="citation book cs1">B. N. Krishnamurti Sharma (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=U8XVE0_TiLMC&pg=PA22"><i>Philosophy of Śrī Madhvācārya</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass Publications. p. 22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788120800687" title="Special:BookSources/9788120800687"><bdi>9788120800687</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Philosophy+of+%C5%9Ar%C4%AB+Madhv%C4%81c%C4%81rya&rft.pages=22&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass+Publications&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=9788120800687&rft.au=B.+N.+Krishnamurti+Sharma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DU8XVE0_TiLMC%26pg%3DPA22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGod+in+Hinduism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Klostermaier103-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Klostermaier103_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Klostermaier103_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlaus_K._Klostermaier2010" class="citation book cs1">Klaus K. Klostermaier (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8CVviRghVtIC"><i>A Survey of Hinduism: Third Edition</i></a>. State University of New York Press. pp. 103 with footnote 10 on page 529. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-8011-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-8011-3"><bdi>978-0-7914-8011-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Survey+of+Hinduism%3A+Third+Edition&rft.pages=103+with+footnote+10+on+page+529&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-8011-3&rft.au=Klaus+K.+Klostermaier&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8CVviRghVtIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGod+in+Hinduism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See also, Griffith's Rigveda translation: <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Rig_Veda/Mandala_1/Hymn_164">Wikisource</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-max-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-max_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sugirtharajah, Sharada, <i>Imagining Hinduism: A Postcolonial Perspective</i>, Routledge, 2004, p.44;</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-taliaferro78-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-taliaferro78_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-taliaferro78_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-taliaferro78_34-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharles_TaliaferroVictoria_S._HarrisonStewart_Goetz2012" class="citation book cs1">Charles Taliaferro; Victoria S. Harrison; Stewart Goetz (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ct7fCgAAQBAJ"><i>The Routledge Companion to Theism</i></a>. Routledge. pp. <span class="nowrap">78–</span>79. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-33823-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-33823-6"><bdi>978-1-136-33823-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Routledge+Companion+to+Theism&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E78-%3C%2Fspan%3E79&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-136-33823-6&rft.au=Charles+Taliaferro&rft.au=Victoria+S.+Harrison&rft.au=Stewart+Goetz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dct7fCgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGod+in+Hinduism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_A._Graham1993" class="citation book cs1">William A. Graham (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XzYX0T-ZqTcC"><i>Beyond the Written Word: Oral Aspects of Scripture in the History of Religion</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">70–</span>71. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-44820-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-44820-8"><bdi>978-0-521-44820-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beyond+the+Written+Word%3A+Oral+Aspects+of+Scripture+in+the+History+of+Religion&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E70-%3C%2Fspan%3E71&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-521-44820-8&rft.au=William+A.+Graham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXzYX0T-ZqTcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGod+in+Hinduism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-alonp370-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-alonp370_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIlai_AlonIthamar_GruenwaldItamar_Singer1994" class="citation book cs1">Ilai Alon; Ithamar Gruenwald; Itamar Singer (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=A1-l66daLgYC"><i>Concepts of the Other in Near Eastern Religions</i></a>. BRILL Academic. pp. <span class="nowrap">370–</span>371. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004102200" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004102200"><bdi>978-9004102200</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Concepts+of+the+Other+in+Near+Eastern+Religions&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E370-%3C%2Fspan%3E371&rft.pub=BRILL+Academic&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-9004102200&rft.au=Ilai+Alon&rft.au=Ithamar+Gruenwald&rft.au=Itamar+Singer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DA1-l66daLgYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGod+in+Hinduism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fahlbusch524-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fahlbusch524_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fahlbusch524_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristoph_Elsas1999" class="citation book cs1">Christoph Elsas (1999). Erwin Fahlbusch (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yaecVMhMWaEC"><i>The Encyclopedia of Christianity</i></a>. Wm. B. Eerdmans. p. 524. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-11695-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-11695-5"><bdi>978-90-04-11695-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Christianity&rft.pages=524&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-90-04-11695-5&rft.au=Christoph+Elsas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyaecVMhMWaEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGod+in+Hinduism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHermann_Oldenberg1988" class="citation book cs1">Hermann Oldenberg (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uKeubCiBOPQC"><i>The Religion of the Veda</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 51. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0392-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0392-3"><bdi>978-81-208-0392-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Religion+of+the+Veda&rft.pages=51&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-81-208-0392-3&rft.au=Hermann+Oldenberg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuKeubCiBOPQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGod+in+Hinduism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See also, Griffith's translation of this hymn: <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Rig_Veda/Mandala_5/Hymn_3">Wikisource</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-britannicamonolatry-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-britannicamonolatry_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-britannicamonolatry_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/monotheism">Monotheism</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/polytheism">Polytheism</a>, Encyclopædia Britannica (2014)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=kathenotheism">Online Etymology Dictionary: kathenotheism</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarl_Olson2007" class="citation book cs1">Carl Olson (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RVWKClYq4TUC"><i>The Many Colors of Hinduism: A Thematic-historical Introduction</i></a>. Rutgers University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">8–</span>9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8135-4068-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8135-4068-9"><bdi>978-0-8135-4068-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Many+Colors+of+Hinduism%3A+A+Thematic-historical+Introduction&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E8-%3C%2Fspan%3E9&rft.pub=Rutgers+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8135-4068-9&rft.au=Carl+Olson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRVWKClYq4TUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGod+in+Hinduism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kramer1986-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kramer1986_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKenneth_Kramer1986" class="citation book cs1">Kenneth Kramer (January 1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RzUAu-43W5oC&pg=PA34"><i>World Scriptures: An Introduction to Comparative Religions</i></a>. Paulist Press. pp. 34–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8091-2781-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8091-2781-8"><bdi>978-0-8091-2781-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+Scriptures%3A+An+Introduction+to+Comparative+Religions&rft.pages=34-&rft.pub=Paulist+Press&rft.date=1986-01&rft.isbn=978-0-8091-2781-8&rft.au=Kenneth+Kramer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRzUAu-43W5oC%26pg%3DPA34&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGod+in+Hinduism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Christian2011-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Christian2011_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Christian2011" class="citation book cs1">David Christian (1 September 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7RdVmDjwTtQC&pg=PA18"><i>Maps of Time: An Introduction to Big History</i></a>. University of California Press. pp. 18–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-95067-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-95067-2"><bdi>978-0-520-95067-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Maps+of+Time%3A+An+Introduction+to+Big+History&rft.pages=18-&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2011-09-01&rft.isbn=978-0-520-95067-2&rft.au=David+Christian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7RdVmDjwTtQC%26pg%3DPA18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGod+in+Hinduism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Singh2008-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Singh2008_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUpinder_Singh2008" class="citation book cs1">Upinder Singh (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=H3lUIIYxWkEC&pg=PA206"><i>A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century</i></a>. Pearson Education India. pp. 206–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-317-1120-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-317-1120-0"><bdi>978-81-317-1120-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Ancient+and+Early+Medieval+India%3A+From+the+Stone+Age+to+the+12th+Century&rft.pages=206-&rft.pub=Pearson+Education+India&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-81-317-1120-0&rft.au=Upinder+Singh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DH3lUIIYxWkEC%26pg%3DPA206&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGod+in+Hinduism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jeaneanefowler43-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jeaneanefowler43_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jeaneanefowler43_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jeaneanefowler43_46-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJeaneane_D._Fowler2002" class="citation book cs1">Jeaneane D. Fowler (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8dRZ4E-qgz8C"><i>Perspectives of Reality: An Introduction to the Philosophy of Hinduism</i></a>. Sussex Academic Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">43–</span>44. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-898723-93-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-898723-93-6"><bdi>978-1-898723-93-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Perspectives+of+Reality%3A+An+Introduction+to+the+Philosophy+of+Hinduism&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E43-%3C%2Fspan%3E44&rft.pub=Sussex+Academic+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-898723-93-6&rft.au=Jeaneane+D.+Fowler&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8dRZ4E-qgz8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGod+in+Hinduism" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged May 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_L._Ford2016" class="citation book cs1">James L. Ford (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Tk14CwAAQBAJ"><i>The Divine Quest, East and West: A Comparative Study of Ultimate Realities</i></a>. State University of New York Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">308–</span>309. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4384-6055-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4384-6055-0"><bdi>978-1-4384-6055-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Divine+Quest%2C+East+and+West%3A+A+Comparative+Study+of+Ultimate+Realities&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E308-%3C%2Fspan%3E309&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-4384-6055-0&rft.au=James+L.+Ford&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTk14CwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGod+in+Hinduism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNinian_Smart2013" class="citation book cs1">Ninian Smart (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yHE2aL8735AC"><i>The Yogi and the Devotee (Routledge Revivals): The Interplay Between the Upanishads and Catholic Theology</i></a>. Routledge. pp. <span class="nowrap">46–</span>47, 117. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-62933-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-62933-4"><bdi>978-1-136-62933-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Yogi+and+the+Devotee+%28Routledge+Revivals%29%3A+The+Interplay+Between+the+Upanishads+and+Catholic+Theology&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E46-%3C%2Fspan%3E47%2C+117&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-136-62933-4&rft.au=Ninian+Smart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyHE2aL8735AC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGod+in+Hinduism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJessica_Frazier2013" class="citation book cs1">Jessica Frazier (2013). Russell Re Manning (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eFGYYtfBGFYC"><i>The Oxford Handbook of Natural Theology</i></a>. Oxford University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">172–</span>173. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-161171-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-161171-1"><bdi>978-0-19-161171-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Natural+Theology&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E172-%3C%2Fspan%3E173&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-19-161171-1&rft.au=Jessica+Frazier&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeFGYYtfBGFYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGod+in+Hinduism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">PT Raju (2006), Idealistic Thought of India, Routledge, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1406732627" title="Special:BookSources/978-1406732627">978-1406732627</a>, page 426 and Conclusion chapter part XII</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJeffrey_Brodd2003" class="citation book cs1">Jeffrey Brodd (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hPiv0w6BDSQC"><i>World Religions: A Voyage of Discovery</i></a>. Saint Mary's Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">43–</span>45. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88489-725-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88489-725-5"><bdi>978-0-88489-725-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+Religions%3A+A+Voyage+of+Discovery&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E43-%3C%2Fspan%3E45&rft.pub=Saint+Mary%27s+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-88489-725-5&rft.au=Jeffrey+Brodd&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhPiv0w6BDSQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGod+in+Hinduism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paul Deussen, Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120814684" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120814684">978-8120814684</a>, page 91</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ishwar Chandra Sharma, <i>Ethical Philosophies of India</i>, Harper & Row, 1970, p.75.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoy_W._Perrett2013" class="citation book cs1">Roy W. Perrett (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=edhYAQAAQBAJ"><i>Philosophy of Religion: Indian Philosophy</i></a>. Routledge. pp. <span class="nowrap">xiii–</span>xiv. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-70322-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-70322-6"><bdi>978-1-135-70322-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Philosophy+of+Religion%3A+Indian+Philosophy&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3Exiii-%3C%2Fspan%3Exiv&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-135-70322-6&rft.au=Roy+W.+Perrett&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DedhYAQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGod+in+Hinduism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bowker194-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bowker194_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Bowker1975" class="citation book cs1">John Bowker (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=W7IcQL1JBvAC"><i>Problems of Suffering in Religions of the World</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 194, <span class="nowrap">206–</span>220. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-09903-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-09903-5"><bdi>978-0-521-09903-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Problems+of+Suffering+in+Religions+of+the+World&rft.pages=194%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E206-%3C%2Fspan%3E220&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-0-521-09903-5&rft.au=John+Bowker&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DW7IcQL1JBvAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGod+in+Hinduism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaufman2005" class="citation journal cs1">Kaufman, Whitley R. P. (2005). "Karma, Rebirth, and the Problem of Evil". <i>Philosophy East and West</i>. <b>55</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">15–</span>32. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fpew.2004.0044">10.1353/pew.2004.0044</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159781530">159781530</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophy+East+and+West&rft.atitle=Karma%2C+Rebirth%2C+and+the+Problem+of+Evil&rft.volume=55&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E15-%3C%2Fspan%3E32&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fpew.2004.0044&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A159781530%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Kaufman&rft.aufirst=Whitley+R.+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGod+in+Hinduism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Francis Clooney (2005), in The Blackwell Companion to Hinduism (Ed: Gavin Flood), Wiley-Blackwell, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0631215352" title="Special:BookSources/0631215352">0631215352</a>, pages 454-455;<br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Bowker1975" class="citation book cs1">John Bowker (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=W7IcQL1JBvAC"><i>Problems of Suffering in Religions of the World</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 194, <span class="nowrap">206–</span>220. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-09903-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-09903-5"><bdi>978-0-521-09903-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Problems+of+Suffering+in+Religions+of+the+World&rft.pages=194%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E206-%3C%2Fspan%3E220&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-0-521-09903-5&rft.au=John+Bowker&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DW7IcQL1JBvAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGod+in+Hinduism" class="Z3988"></span>;<br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChad_V._Meister2010" class="citation book cs1">Chad V. Meister (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=i8Fm0-SubkUC"><i>The Oxford Handbook of Religious Diversity</i></a>. Oxford University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">163–</span>164. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-534013-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-534013-6"><bdi>978-0-19-534013-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Religious+Diversity&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E163-%3C%2Fspan%3E164&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-19-534013-6&rft.au=Chad+V.+Meister&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Di8Fm0-SubkUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGod+in+Hinduism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Francis X. Clooney (1989), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1204034">Evil, Divine Omnipotence, and Human Freedom: Vedānta's Theology of Karma</a>, The Journal of Religion, Vol. 69, No. 4, pages 530-548</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bruce Trigger (2003), Understanding Early Civilizations: A Comparative Study, Cambridge University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521822459" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521822459">978-0521822459</a>, pages 473-474</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Charles Taliaferro and Elsa J. Marty (2010), A Dictionary of Philosophy of Religion, Bloomsbury Academic, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1441111975" title="Special:BookSources/978-1441111975">978-1441111975</a>, pages 98-99</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEric_Ackroyd2009" class="citation book cs1">Eric Ackroyd (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Bv8o5lGxtgAC&pg=PA78"><i>Divinity in Things: Religion Without Myth</i></a>. Sussex Academic Press. p. 78. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84519-333-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84519-333-1"><bdi>978-1-84519-333-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Divinity+in+Things%3A+Religion+Without+Myth&rft.pages=78&rft.pub=Sussex+Academic+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-84519-333-1&rft.au=Eric+Ackroyd&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBv8o5lGxtgAC%26pg%3DPA78&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGod+in+Hinduism" class="Z3988"></span>, Quote: "The jealous God who says, "Thou shalt have no other gods but me" belongs to the Jewish-Christian-Muslim tradition, but not to the Hindu tradition, which tolerates all gods but is not a monotheism, monism, yes, but not monotheism."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrank_Whaling2010" class="citation book cs1">Frank Whaling (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WudXAAAAYAAJ"><i>Understanding Hinduism</i></a>. Dunedin Academic Press. p. 19. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-903765-36-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-903765-36-4"><bdi>978-1-903765-36-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+Hinduism&rft.pages=19&rft.pub=Dunedin+Academic+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-903765-36-4&rft.au=Frank+Whaling&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWudXAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGod+in+Hinduism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHiroshi_Ōbayashi1992" class="citation book cs1">Hiroshi Ōbayashi (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ub8oAAAAYAAJ"><i>Death and afterlife: perspectives of world religions</i></a>. Praeger. p. 145. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-94104-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-275-94104-8"><bdi>978-0-275-94104-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Death+and+afterlife%3A+perspectives+of+world+religions&rft.pages=145&rft.pub=Praeger&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-275-94104-8&rft.au=Hiroshi+%C5%8Cbayashi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dub8oAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGod+in+Hinduism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BEH3-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BEH3_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRam-Prasad2018" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Chakravarthi_Ram-Prasad" title="Chakravarthi Ram-Prasad">Ram-Prasad, Chakravarthi</a> (2018) [2010]. "Brahman". In Basu, Helene; <a href="/wiki/Knut_A._Jacobsen" title="Knut A. Jacobsen">Jacobsen, Knut A.</a>; Malinar, Angelika; <a href="/wiki/Vasudha_Narayanan" title="Vasudha Narayanan">Narayanan, Vasudha</a> (eds.). <i>Brill's Encyclopedia of Hinduism</i>. Vol. 2. <a href="/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden">Leiden</a>: <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F2212-5019_BEH_COM_2050070">10.1163/2212-5019_BEH_COM_2050070</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-17893-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-17893-9"><bdi>978-90-04-17893-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2212-5019">2212-5019</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Brahman&rft.btitle=Brill%27s+Encyclopedia+of+Hinduism&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=2018&rft.issn=2212-5019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F2212-5019_BEH_COM_2050070&rft.isbn=978-90-04-17893-9&rft.aulast=Ram-Prasad&rft.aufirst=Chakravarthi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGod+in+Hinduism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Flood_2020-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Flood_2020_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlood2020" class="citation book cs1">Flood, Gavin Dennis (23 July 2020). <i>Hindu Monotheism</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2F9781108584289">10.1017/9781108584289</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-58428-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-58428-9"><bdi>978-1-108-58428-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hindu+Monotheism&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2020-07-23&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2F9781108584289&rft.isbn=978-1-108-58428-9&rft.aulast=Flood&rft.aufirst=Gavin+Dennis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGod+in+Hinduism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Friedmann,_Yohanan_1975-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Friedmann,_Yohanan_1975_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Friedmann, Yohanan. "Medieval Muslim views of Indian religions." Journal of the American Oriental Society (1975): 214-221.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mmyers-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mmyers_67-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mmyers_67-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael Myers (2000), Brahman: A Comparative Theology, Routledge, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0700712571" title="Special:BookSources/978-0700712571">978-0700712571</a>, pages 124–127</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESharma19627-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharma19627_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSharma1962">Sharma 1962</a>, p. 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-skhk177-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-skhk177_69-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-skhk177_69-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Sabapathy Kulandran and Hendrik Kraemer (2004), Grace in Christianity and Hinduism, James Clarke, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0227172360" title="Special:BookSources/978-0227172360">978-0227172360</a>, pages 177-179</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonesRyan2006266-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJonesRyan2006266_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJonesRyan2006">Jones & Ryan 2006</a>, p. 266.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESharma2000609–611-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharma2000609–611_71-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharma2000609–611_71-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharma2000609–611_71-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSharma2000">Sharma 2000</a>, pp. 609–611.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESarma2000-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarma2000_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSarma2000">Sarma 2000</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESarma200019–25-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarma200019–25_73-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarma200019–25_73-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSarma2000">Sarma 2000</a>, pp. 19–25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESarma200020-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarma200020_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSarma2000">Sarma 2000</a>, p. 20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESarma200022–24-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarma200022–24_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSarma2000">Sarma 2000</a>, pp. 22–24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">James Lochtefeld, <i>Brahman</i>, The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Vol. 1: A–M, Rosen Publishing. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0823931798" title="Special:BookSources/978-0823931798">978-0823931798</a>, page 122</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gavin Flood (1996), An Introduction to Hinduism, Cambridge University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521438780" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521438780">978-0521438780</a>, pages 84-85</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-johnmurdoch141-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-johnmurdoch141_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">;<br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarvey_P._Alper1991" class="citation book cs1">Harvey P. Alper (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=V8Upy4ApG_oC"><i>Understanding Mantras</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. <span class="nowrap">210–</span>211. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0746-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0746-4"><bdi>978-81-208-0746-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+Mantras&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E210-%3C%2Fspan%3E211&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-81-208-0746-4&rft.au=Harvey+P.+Alper&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DV8Upy4ApG_oC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGod+in+Hinduism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Guy Beck (2005), Alternative Krishnas: Regional and Vernacular Variations on a Hindu Deity, State University of New York Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0791464151" title="Special:BookSources/978-0791464151">978-0791464151</a>, page 169 note 11</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bruce Trigger (2003), Understanding Early Civilizations: A Comparative Study, Cambridge University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521822459" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521822459">978-0521822459</a>, pages 441-442, <b>Quote:</b> [Historically...] people perceived far fewer differences between themselves and the gods than the adherents of modern monotheistic religions. Deities were not thought to be omniscient or omnipotent and were rarely believed to be changeless or eternal."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFW._J._Wilkins2003" class="citation book cs1">W. J. Wilkins (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=I67W9aqtfOwC&pg=PA354"><i>Hindu Gods and Goddesses</i></a>. Courier. p. 354. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-486-43156-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-486-43156-7"><bdi>978-0-486-43156-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hindu+Gods+and+Goddesses&rft.pages=354&rft.pub=Courier&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-486-43156-7&rft.au=W.+J.+Wilkins&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DI67W9aqtfOwC%26pg%3DPA354&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGod+in+Hinduism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-james122-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-james122_82-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-james122_82-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-james122_82-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLochtefeld2002" class="citation book cs1">Lochtefeld, James G. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5kl0DYIjUPgC"><i>The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism</i></a>. Vol. 1. <a href="/wiki/The_Rosen_Publishing_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="The Rosen Publishing Group">The Rosen Publishing Group</a>. p. 122. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0823931798" title="Special:BookSources/978-0823931798"><bdi>978-0823931798</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Illustrated+Encyclopedia+of+Hinduism&rft.pages=122&rft.pub=The+Rosen+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0823931798&rft.aulast=Lochtefeld&rft.aufirst=James+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5kl0DYIjUPgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGod+in+Hinduism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ptraju-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ptraju_83-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ptraju_83-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">P. T. Raju (2006), <i>Idealistic Thought of India</i>, Routledge, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1406732627" title="Special:BookSources/978-1406732627">978-1406732627</a>, page 426 and Conclusion chapter part XII</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFowler200249–55_(in_Upanishads),_318–319_(in_Vishistadvaita),_246–248_and_252–255_(in_Advaita),_342–343_(in_Dvaita),_175–176_(in_Samkhya-Yoga)-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFowler200249–55_(in_Upanishads),_318–319_(in_Vishistadvaita),_246–248_and_252–255_(in_Advaita),_342–343_(in_Dvaita),_175–176_(in_Samkhya-Yoga)_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFowler2002">Fowler 2002</a>, pp. 49–55 (in Upanishads), 318–319 (in Vishistadvaita), 246–248 and 252–255 (in Advaita), 342–343 (in Dvaita), 175–176 (in Samkhya-Yoga).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mariasusai Dhavamony (2002), Hindu-Christian Dialogue: Theological Soundings and Perspectives, Rodopi Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9042015104" title="Special:BookSources/978-9042015104">978-9042015104</a>, pages 43–44</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fxclooney-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fxclooney_86-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fxclooney_86-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">For dualism school of Hinduism, see: Francis X. Clooney (2010), <i>Hindu God, Christian God: How Reason Helps Break Down the Boundaries between Religions</i>, Oxford University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199738724" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199738724">978-0199738724</a>, pages 51–58, 111–115;<br />For monist school of Hinduism, see: B. Martinez-Bedard (2006), <i>Types of Causes in Aristotle and Sankara</i>, Thesis – Department of Religious Studies (Advisors: Kathryn McClymond and Sandra Dwyer), Georgia State University, pages 18–35</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFowler200253–55-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFowler200253–55_87-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFowler200253–55_87-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFowler2002">Fowler 2002</a>, pp. 53–55.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jeffreybrodd-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jeffreybrodd_88-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jeffreybrodd_88-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrodd2009" class="citation book cs1">Brodd, Jeffrey (2009). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/worldreligions2000jeff"><i>World Religions: A Voyage of Discovery</i></a></span> (3rd ed.). Saint Mary's Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/worldreligions2000jeff/page/43">43</a>–47. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0884899976" title="Special:BookSources/978-0884899976"><bdi>978-0884899976</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+Religions%3A+A+Voyage+of+Discovery&rft.pages=43-47&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Saint+Mary%27s+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0884899976&rft.aulast=Brodd&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fworldreligions2000jeff&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGod+in+Hinduism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFowler200250–53-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFowler200250–53_89-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFowler2002">Fowler 2002</a>, pp. 50–53.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120814684" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120814684">978-8120814684</a>, page 91</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sphilips-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sphilips_91-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sphilips_91-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Stephen Philips (1998), <i>Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Brahman to Derrida</i> (Editor; Edward Craig), Routledge, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415187077" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415187077">978-0415187077</a>, pages 1–4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hananya_Goodman_1994_page_121-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hananya_Goodman_1994_page_121_92-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoodman1994" class="citation book cs1">Goodman, Hananya (1994). <i>Between Jerusalem and Benares: Comparative Studies in Judaism and Hinduism</i>. <a href="/wiki/State_University_of_New_York_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="State University of New York Press">State University of New York Press</a>. p. 121. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0791417164" title="Special:BookSources/978-0791417164"><bdi>978-0791417164</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Between+Jerusalem+and+Benares%3A+Comparative+Studies+in+Judaism+and+Hinduism&rft.pages=121&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0791417164&rft.aulast=Goodman&rft.aufirst=Hananya&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGod+in+Hinduism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERaju1992228-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaju1992228_93-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRaju1992">Raju 1992</a>, p. 228.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eliot Deutsch (1980), Advaita Vedanta : A Philosophical Reconstruction, University of Hawaii Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0824802714" title="Special:BookSources/978-0824802714">978-0824802714</a>, Chapter 1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPotter20086–7-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPotter20086–7_95-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPotter20086–7_95-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPotter2008">Potter 2008</a>, pp. 6–7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrodd2003" class="citation book cs1">Brodd, Jeffrey (2003). <i>World Religions</i>. Winona, Minnesota: Saint Mary's Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88489-725-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88489-725-5"><bdi>978-0-88489-725-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+Religions&rft.place=Winona%2C+Minnesota&rft.pub=Saint+Mary%27s+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-88489-725-5&rft.aulast=Brodd&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGod+in+Hinduism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Bowker (ed.)(2012), <i>The Oxford Dictionary of World Religions</i>, Oxford University Press.<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780192800947.001.0001/acref-9780192800947-e-1183">[1]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFowler200249–53-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFowler200249–53_100-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFowler2002">Fowler 2002</a>, pp. 49–53.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Klaus K. Klostermaier (2007), <i>A Survey of Hinduism</i>, Third Edition, State University of New York Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0791470824" title="Special:BookSources/978-0791470824">978-0791470824</a>, Chapter 12: Atman and Brahman – Self and All</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thomas Padiyath (2014), <i>The Metaphysics of Becoming</i>, De Gruyter, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3110342550" title="Special:BookSources/978-3110342550">978-3110342550</a>, pages 155–157</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Arvind_Sharma_2007_pages_19-40-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Arvind_Sharma_2007_pages_19-40_106-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Arvind Sharma (2007), <i>Advaita Vedānta: An Introduction</i>, Motilal Banarsidass, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120820272" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120820272">978-8120820272</a>, pages 19–40, 53–58, 79–86</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John E. Welshons (2009), <i>One Soul, One Love, One Heart</i>, New World Library, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1577315889" title="Special:BookSources/978-1577315889">978-1577315889</a>, pages 17–18</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EoH_270-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EoH_270_108-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2007" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Constance (2007). <i>Encyclopedia of Hinduism</i>. New York: Infobase Publishing. p. 270. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0816073368" title="Special:BookSources/978-0816073368"><bdi>978-0816073368</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Hinduism&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=270&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0816073368&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Constance&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGod+in+Hinduism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sanskrit and English Translation: S. Madhavananda, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/Brihadaranyaka.Upanishad.Shankara.Bhashya.by.Swami.Madhavananda#page/n171/mode/2up">Brihadaranyaka Upanishad</a> 1.4.10, Brihadaranyaka Upanishad – Shankara Bhashya, page 145</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sanskrit and English Translation: S. Madhavananda, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/Brihadaranyaka.Upanishad.Shankara.Bhashya.by.Swami.Madhavananda#page/n737/mode/2up">Brihadaranyaka Upanishad</a> 4.4.5, Brihadaranyaka Upanishad – Shankara Bhashya, pages 711–712</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sanskrit: <a class="external text" href="https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/छान्दोग्योपनिषद्_२">छान्दोग्योपनिषद् १.१ ॥तृतीयॊऽध्यायः॥</a> Wikisource<br />English Translation:Max Muller, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/upanishads01ml#page/48/mode/2up">Chandogya Upanishad 3.14.1</a> Oxford University Press, page 48;<br />Max Muller, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KXf_AQAAQBAJ">The Upanisads</a></i> at <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>, Routledge, pages xviii–xix</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sanskrit: <a class="external text" href="https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/छान्दोग्योपनिषद्_३">छान्दोग्योपनिषद् १.२ ॥षष्ठोऽध्यायः॥</a> Wikisource<br />English Translation:Max Muller, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/upanishads01ml#page/92/mode/2up">Chandogya Upanishad 6.2.1</a> Oxford University Press, page 93;<br />Max Muller, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KXf_AQAAQBAJ">The Upanisads</a></i> at <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>, Routledge, pages xviii–xix</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sanskrit: <a class="external text" href="https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/छान्दोग्योपनिषद्_३">छान्दोग्योपनिषद् १.२ ॥षष्ठोऽध्यायः॥</a> Wikisource<br />English Translation:Robert Hume, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/thirteenprincipa028442mbp#page/n267/mode/2up">Chandogya Upanishad</a> 6.8, The Thirteen Principal Upanishads, Oxford University Press, pages 246–250</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A. S. Gupta, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1397392">The Meanings of "That Thou Art"</a>, Philosophy East and West, Vol. 12, No. 2, pages 125–134</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sanskrit: <a class="external text" href="https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/ऐतरेयोपनिषद्">ऐतरेयोपनिषद्</a> Wikisource<br />English Translation:Max Muller, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/upanishads01ml#page/246/mode/2up">Aitareya Upanishad 3.3.7, also known as Aitareya Aranyaka 2.6.1.7</a> Oxford University Press, page 246</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dx.doi.org-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dx.doi.org_116-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Anantanand Rambachan (2001), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.7825/2164-6279.1250">Hierarchies in the Nature of God? Questioning The "Saguna-Nirguna" Distinction in Advaita Vedanta</a>, <i>Journal of Hindu-Christian Studies</i>, Vol. 14, No. 7, pages 1–6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-williamw-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-williamw_117-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-williamw_117-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">William Wainwright (2012), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://stanford.library.usyd.edu.au/entries/concepts-god/">Concepts of God</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150323084508/http://stanford.library.usyd.edu.au/entries/concepts-god/">Archived</a> 23 March 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i>, Stanford University, (Accessed on: 13 June 2015)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-karen21-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-karen21_118-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-karen21_118-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-karen21_118-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-karen21_118-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-karen21_118-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Karen Pechilis Prentiss (2014), <i>The Embodiment of Bhakti</i>, Oxford University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195351903" title="Special:BookSources/978-0195351903">978-0195351903</a>, page 21</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jeaneanefxxvii-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jeaneanefxxvii_119-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jeaneanefxxvii_119-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jeaneane D. Fowler (2012), <i>The Bhagavad Gita</i>, Sussex Academic Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1845193461" title="Special:BookSources/978-1845193461">978-1845193461</a>, pages xxvii–xxxiv</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fowlernirgunasaguna-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fowlernirgunasaguna_120-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fowlernirgunasaguna_120-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fowlernirgunasaguna_120-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jeaneane D. Fowler (2012), <i>The Bhagavad Gita</i>, Sussex Academic Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1845193461" title="Special:BookSources/978-1845193461">978-1845193461</a>, pages 207–211</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-davidlorenzenns-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-davidlorenzenns_121-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-davidlorenzenns_121-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">David Lorenzen (1996), <i>Praises to a Formless God: Nirguni Texts from North India</i>, State University of New York Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0791428054" title="Special:BookSources/978-0791428054">978-0791428054</a>, page 2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lpfl-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-lpfl_122-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lloyd Pflueger, Person Purity and Power in Yogasutra, in Theory and Practice of Yoga (Editor: Knut Jacobsen), Motilal Banarsidass, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120832329" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120832329">978-8120832329</a>, pages 38-39</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hariharānanda Āraṇya (2007), Parabhaktisutra, Aphorisms on Sublime Devotion, (Translator: A Chatterjee), in Divine Hymns with Supreme Devotional Aphorisms, Kapil Math Press, Kolkata, pages 55-93; Hariharānanda Āraṇya (2007), Eternally Liberated Isvara and Purusa Principle, in Divine Hymns with Supreme Devotional Aphorisms, Kapil Math Press, Kolkata, pages 126-129</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ian Whicher (1999), The Integrity of the Yoga Darsana: A Reconsideration of Classical Yoga, State University of New York Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-3815-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-3815-2">978-0-7914-3815-2</a>, page 86</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pys-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pys_125-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFĀgāśe1904" class="citation book cs1">Āgāśe, K. S. (1904). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/patanjaliyoga/yoga_sutras_three_commentaries#page/n113/mode/2up"><i>Pātañjalayogasūtrāṇi</i></a>. Puṇe: Ānandāśrama. p. 102.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=P%C4%81ta%C3%B1jalayogas%C5%ABtr%C4%81%E1%B9%87i&rft.place=Pu%E1%B9%87e&rft.pages=102&rft.pub=%C4%80nand%C4%81%C5%9Brama&rft.date=1904&rft.aulast=%C4%80g%C4%81%C5%9Be&rft.aufirst=K.+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fpatanjaliyoga%2Fyoga_sutras_three_commentaries%23page%2Fn113%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGod+in+Hinduism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-se5-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-se5_126-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150129053310/http://spokensanskrit.de/index.php?tinput=aparAmRSTa&script=&direction=SE&link=yes">aparAmRSTa</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://spokensanskrit.de/">kleza, karma, vipaka and ashaya</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170817204122/http://www.spokensanskrit.de/">Archived</a> 17 August 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>; Sanskrit English Dictionary, Koeln University, Germany</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lloyd Pflueger (2008), Person Purity and Power in Yogasutra, in Theory and Practice of Yoga (Editor: Knut Jacobsen), Motilal Banarsidass, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120832329" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120832329">978-8120832329</a>, pages 31-45</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gupta2007-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gupta2007_128-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gupta2007_128-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gupta2007_128-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGupta,_Ravi_M.2007" class="citation book cs1">Gupta, Ravi M. (2007). <i>Caitanya Vaisnava Vedanta of Jiva Gosvami</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-40548-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-40548-5"><bdi>978-0-415-40548-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Caitanya+Vaisnava+Vedanta+of+Jiva+Gosvami&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-415-40548-5&rft.au=Gupta%2C+Ravi+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGod+in+Hinduism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dimock1989-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dimock1989_129-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dimock1989_129-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDimock_Jr,_E.C.Dimock,_E.C.1989" class="citation book cs1">Dimock Jr, E.C.; Dimock, E.C. (1989). <i>The Place of the Hidden Moon: Erotic Mysticism in the Vaisnava-Sahajiya Cult of Bengal</i>. University of Chicago Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Place+of+the+Hidden+Moon%3A+Erotic+Mysticism+in+the+Vaisnava-Sahajiya+Cult+of+Bengal&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.au=Dimock+Jr%2C+E.C.&rft.au=Dimock%2C+E.C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGod+in+Hinduism" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EAYa1BtUTm0C&dq=Svayam+bhagavan&pg=PA132">page 132</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-KK-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-KK_130-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFK._Klostermaier1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Klaus_Klostermaier" title="Klaus Klostermaier">K. Klostermaier</a> (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=F_0UAAAAIAAJ&q=Svayam+bhagavan&pg=PA109"><i>The Charles Strong Trust Lectures, 1972–1984</i></a>. Crotty, Robert B. Brill Academic Pub. p. 206. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-07863-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-07863-5"><bdi>978-90-04-07863-5</bdi></a>. <q>For his worshippers he is not an avatara in the usual sense, but Svayam Bhagavan, the Lord himself.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Charles+Strong+Trust+Lectures%2C+1972%E2%80%931984&rft.pages=206&rft.pub=Brill+Academic+Pub&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-90-04-07863-5&rft.au=K.+Klostermaier&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DF_0UAAAAIAAJ%26q%3DSvayam%2Bbhagavan%26pg%3DPA109&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGod+in+Hinduism" class="Z3988"></span> p.109 Klaus Klostermaier translates it simply as "the Lord Himself"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Knapp2005-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Knapp2005_131-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnapp,_S.2005" class="citation book cs1">Knapp, S. (2005). <i>The Heart of Hinduism: The Eastern Path to Freedom, Empowerment and Illumination -</i>. iUniverse.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Heart+of+Hinduism%3A+The+Eastern+Path+to+Freedom%2C+Empowerment+and+Illumination+-&rft.pub=iUniverse&rft.date=2005&rft.au=Knapp%2C+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGod+in+Hinduism" class="Z3988"></span> "Krishna is the primeval Lord, the original Personality of Godhead, so He can expand Himself into unlimited forms with all potencies." <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=a2KPChj7lTwC&pg=PA161">page 161</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ICJKnott-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ICJKnott_132-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKim_Knott1993" class="citation web cs1">Kim Knott (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130103122756/http://content.iskcon.com/icj/1_1/knott.html">"Contemporary Theological Trends in the Hare Krishna Movement: A Theology of Religions"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://content.iskcon.com/icj/1_1/knott.html">the original</a> on 3 January 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 April</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Contemporary+Theological+Trends+in+the+Hare+Krishna+Movement%3A+A+Theology+of+Religions&rft.date=1993&rft.au=Kim+Knott&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcontent.iskcon.com%2Ficj%2F1_1%2Fknott.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGod+in+Hinduism" class="Z3988"></span>..."<i>Bhakti</i>, the highest path, was that of surrender to Lord Krishna, the way of pure devotional service to the Supreme Personality of Godhead".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatchett20004-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatchett20004_133-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatchett20004_133-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMatchett2000">Matchett (2000)</a>, p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mahony1987-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mahony1987_134-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mahony1987_134-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMahony,_W.K.1987" class="citation journal cs1">Mahony, W.K. (1987). "Perspectives on Krishna's Various Personalities". <i>History of Religions</i>. <b>26</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">333–</span>335. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F463085">10.1086/463085</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1062381">1062381</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:164194548">164194548</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+of+Religions&rft.atitle=Perspectives+on+Krishna%27s+Various+Personalities&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E333-%3C%2Fspan%3E335&rft.date=1987&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A164194548%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1062381%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F463085&rft.au=Mahony%2C+W.K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGod+in+Hinduism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McDaniel-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-McDaniel_135-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See McDaniel, June, <i>"Folk Vaishnavism and <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Ṭhākur Pañcāyat</i></span>: Life and status among village Krishna statues"</i> in <a href="#CITEREFBeck2005">Beck 2005</a>, p. 39</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gupta20071-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gupta20071_136-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gupra, 2007, p.36 note 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jsn-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-jsn_137-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Bhagawan Swaminarayan bicentenary commemoration volume, 1781-1981.</i> p. 154: ...Shri Vallabhacharya [and] Shri Swaminarayan... Both of them designate the highest reality as Krishna, who is both the highest avatara and also the source of other avataras. To quote R. Kaladhar Bhatt in this context. "In this transcendental devotieon (Nirguna Bhakti), the sole Deity and only" is Krishna. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_Q0YAAAAIAAJ&q=Avatara+Swaminarayan+Krishna+origina%3B">New Dimensions in Vedanta Philosophy - Page 154</a>, Sahajānanda, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?q=+subject:%22Vedanta%22">Vedanta</a>. 1981</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Delmonico2004-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Delmonico2004_138-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Delmonico2004_138-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDelmonico,_N.2004" class="citation book cs1">Delmonico, N. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mBMxPdgrBhoC&q=Vaisnava+monotheism&pg=PA31"><i>The History of Indic Monotheism And Modern Chaitanya Vaishnavism</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-12256-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-12256-6"><bdi>978-0-231-12256-6</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 April</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Indic+Monotheism+And+Modern+Chaitanya+Vaishnavism&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-231-12256-6&rft.au=Delmonico%2C+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmBMxPdgrBhoC%26q%3DVaisnava%2Bmonotheism%26pg%3DPA31&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGod+in+Hinduism" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Elkman1986-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Elkman1986_139-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Elkman1986_139-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElkman,_S.M.Gosvami,_J.1986" class="citation book cs1">Elkman, S.M.; Gosvami, J. (1986). <i>Jiva Gosvamin's Tattvasandarbha: A Study on the Philosophical and Sectarian Development of the Gaudiya Vaishnava Movement</i>. Motilal Banarsidass Pub.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jiva+Gosvamin%27s+Tattvasandarbha%3A+A+Study+on+the+Philosophical+and+Sectarian+Development+of+the+Gaudiya+Vaishnava+Movement&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass+Pub&rft.date=1986&rft.au=Elkman%2C+S.M.&rft.au=Gosvami%2C+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGod+in+Hinduism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<i>Gupta</i> 2007, p.36 note 9)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kennedy1925-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kennedy1925_141-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kennedy1925_141-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKennedy,_M.T.1925" class="citation book cs1">Kennedy, M.T. (1925). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pli.kerala.rare.24847"><i>The Chaitanya Movement: A Study of the Vaishnavism of Bengal</i></a>. H. Milford, Oxford university press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Chaitanya+Movement%3A+A+Study+of+the+Vaishnavism+of+Bengal&rft.pub=H.+Milford%2C+Oxford+university+press&rft.date=1925&rft.au=Kennedy%2C+M.T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpli.kerala.rare.24847&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGod+in+Hinduism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-flood-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-flood_142-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlood,_Gavin_D.1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gavin_Flood" title="Gavin Flood">Flood, Gavin D.</a> (1996). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/introductiontohi0000floo"><i>An introduction to Hinduism</i></a></span>. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/introductiontohi0000floo/page/341">341</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-43878-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-43878-0"><bdi>978-0-521-43878-0</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 April</span> 2008</span>. <q>gavin flood.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+introduction+to+Hinduism&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK&rft.pages=341&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-521-43878-0&rft.au=Flood%2C+Gavin+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fintroductiontohi0000floo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGod+in+Hinduism" class="Z3988"></span>"Early Vaishnava worship focuses on three deities who become fused together, namely Vasudeva-Krishna, Krishna-Gopala and Narayana, who in turn all become identified with Vishnu. Put simply, Vasudeva-Krishna and Krishna-Gopala were worshiped by groups generally referred to as Bhagavatas, while Narayana was worshipped by the Pancaratra sect."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dalmia-luderitz1992-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dalmia-luderitz1992_143-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDalmia-luderitz,_V.1992" class="citation book cs1">Dalmia-luderitz, V. (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BE40dp6SCFUC&q=Vaisnava+monotheism&pg=PA281"><i>Hariscandra of Banaras and the reassessment of Vaisnava bhakti in the late nineteenth century</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-41311-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-41311-4"><bdi>978-0-521-41311-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 April</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hariscandra+of+Banaras+and+the+reassessment+of+Vaisnava+bhakti+in+the+late+nineteenth+century&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-521-41311-4&rft.au=Dalmia-luderitz%2C+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBE40dp6SCFUC%26q%3DVaisnava%2Bmonotheism%26pg%3DPA281&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGod+in+Hinduism" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFB._V._Tripurari2004" class="citation book cs1">B. V. Tripurari (2004). <i>Gopala-tapani Upanisad</i>. Audarya Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-932771-12-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-932771-12-1"><bdi>978-1-932771-12-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gopala-tapani+Upanisad&rft.pub=Audarya+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-932771-12-1&rft.au=B.+V.+Tripurari&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGod+in+Hinduism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Klostermaier1974-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Klostermaier1974_145-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlostermaier,_K.1974" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Klaus_Klostermaier" title="Klaus Klostermaier">Klostermaier, K.</a> (1974). "The Bhaktirasamrtasindhubindu of Visvanatha Cakravartin". <i>Journal of the American Oriental Society</i>. <b>94</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">96–</span>107. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F599733">10.2307/599733</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/599733">599733</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Oriental+Society&rft.atitle=The+Bhaktirasamrtasindhubindu+of+Visvanatha+Cakravartin&rft.volume=94&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E96-%3C%2Fspan%3E107&rft.date=1974&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F599733&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F599733%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Klostermaier%2C+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGod+in+Hinduism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081121103726/http://www.tirumala.org/sapthagiri/122002/purana.htm">"Sapthagiri"</a>. tirumala.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tirumala.org/sapthagiri/122002/purana.htm">the original</a> on 21 November 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sapthagiri&rft.pub=tirumala.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tirumala.org%2Fsapthagiri%2F122002%2Fpurana.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGod+in+Hinduism" class="Z3988"></span> Parashara Maharishi, <a href="/wiki/Vyasa" title="Vyasa">Vyasa</a>'s father had devoted the largest Amsa (part) in Vishnu Purana to the description of Sri Krishna Avatara the <i>Paripoorna Avatara</i>. And according to Lord Krishna's own (instructions) <i>upadesha</i>, "he who knows (the secrets of) His (Krishna's) Janma (birth) and Karma (actions) will not remain in <a href="/wiki/Samsara" class="mw-redirect" title="Samsara">samsara</a> (<i>punar janma naiti- maam eti</i>) and attain Him after leaving the mortal coil." (BG 4.9). <a href="/wiki/Parasara" class="mw-redirect" title="Parasara">Parasara</a> Maharishi ends up Amsa 5 with a phalashruti in an identical vein (<a href="/wiki/Vishnu_Purana" title="Vishnu Purana">Vishnu Purana</a> .5.38.94)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bryant-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bryant_147-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBryant2007" class="citation book cs1">Bryant, Edwin Francis (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0z02cZe8PU8C&pg=PT32"><i>Krishna: A Sourcebook</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-514891-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-514891-6"><bdi>978-0-19-514891-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Krishna%3A+A+Sourcebook&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-19-514891-6&rft.aulast=Bryant&rft.aufirst=Edwin+Francis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0z02cZe8PU8C%26pg%3DPT32&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGod+in+Hinduism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatchett20004,_77,_200-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatchett20004,_77,_200_148-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMatchett2000">Matchett (2000)</a>, pp. 4, 77, 200.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLester1966" class="citation journal cs1">Lester, Robert C (1966). "Rāmānuja and Śrī-vaiṣṇavism: The Concept of Prapatti or Śaraṇāgati". <i>History of Religions</i>. <b>5</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">266–</span>269. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F462526">10.1086/462526</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1062115">1062115</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162224010">162224010</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+of+Religions&rft.atitle=R%C4%81m%C4%81nuja+and+%C5%9Ar%C4%AB-vai%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%87avism%3A+The+Concept+of+Prapatti+or+%C5%9Aara%E1%B9%87%C4%81gati&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E266-%3C%2Fspan%3E269&rft.date=1966&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162224010%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1062115%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F462526&rft.aulast=Lester&rft.aufirst=Robert+C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGod+in+Hinduism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=God_in_Hinduism&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeck2005" class="citation book cs1">Beck, Guy L., ed. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0SJ73GHSCF8C"><i>Alternative Krishnas: Regional and Vernacular Variations on a Hindu Deity</i></a>. Albany, NY: SUNY Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-6415-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-6415-1"><bdi>978-0-7914-6415-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alternative+Krishnas%3A+Regional+and+Vernacular+Variations+on+a+Hindu+Deity&rft.place=Albany%2C+NY&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-6415-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0SJ73GHSCF8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGod+in+Hinduism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrannigan2009" class="citation cs2">Brannigan, Michael (2009), <i>Striking a Balance: A Primer in Traditional Asian Values, Rowman & Littlefield</i>, Rowman & Littlefield, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0739138465" title="Special:BookSources/978-0739138465"><bdi>978-0739138465</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Striking+a+Balance%3A+A+Primer+in+Traditional+Asian+Values%2C+Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0739138465&rft.aulast=Brannigan&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGod+in+Hinduism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElkman,_S._M.Gosvami,_J.1986" class="citation book cs1">Elkman, S. M.; Gosvami, J. (1986). <i>Jiva Gosvamin's Tattvasandarbha: A Study on the Philosophical and Sectarian Development of the Gaudiya Vaisnava Movement</i>. Motilal Banarsidass Pub.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jiva+Gosvamin%27s+Tattvasandarbha%3A+A+Study+on+the+Philosophical+and+Sectarian+Development+of+the+Gaudiya+Vaisnava+Movement&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass+Pub&rft.date=1986&rft.au=Elkman%2C+S.+M.&rft.au=Gosvami%2C+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGod+in+Hinduism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlood,_G._D.2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gavin_Flood" title="Gavin Flood">Flood, G. D.</a> (2006). <i>The Tantric Body: The Secret Tradition of Hindu Religion</i>. IB Tauris. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84511-012-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84511-012-3"><bdi>978-1-84511-012-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Tantric+Body%3A+The+Secret+Tradition+of+Hindu+Religion&rft.pub=IB+Tauris&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-84511-012-3&rft.au=Flood%2C+G.+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGod+in+Hinduism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFowler2002" class="citation cs2">Fowler, Jeaneane D. (2002), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8dRZ4E-qgz8C"><i>Perspectives of Reality: An Introduction to the Philosophy of Hinduism</i></a>, Sussex Academic Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1898723936" title="Special:BookSources/978-1898723936"><bdi>978-1898723936</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Perspectives+of+Reality%3A+An+Introduction+to+the+Philosophy+of+Hinduism&rft.pub=Sussex+Academic+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1898723936&rft.aulast=Fowler&rft.aufirst=Jeaneane+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8dRZ4E-qgz8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGod+in+Hinduism" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged May 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIndich2000" class="citation cs2">Indich, William (2000), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7ykZjWOiBMoC"><i>Consciousness in Advaita Vedanta</i></a>, Motilal Banarsidass, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120812512" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120812512"><bdi>978-8120812512</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Consciousness+in+Advaita+Vedanta&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-8120812512&rft.aulast=Indich&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7ykZjWOiBMoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGod+in+Hinduism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatchett2000" class="citation cs2">Matchett, Freda (2000), <i>Krsna, Lord or Avatara? the relationship between Krsna and Visnu: in the context of the Avatara myth as presented by the Harivamsa, the Visnupurana and the Bhagavatapurana</i>, Surrey: Routledge, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7007-1281-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7007-1281-6"><bdi>978-0-7007-1281-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Krsna%2C+Lord+or+Avatara%3F+the+relationship+between+Krsna+and+Visnu%3A+in+the+context+of+the+Avatara+myth+as+presented+by+the+Harivamsa%2C+the+Visnupurana+and+the+Bhagavatapurana&rft.place=Surrey&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-7007-1281-6&rft.aulast=Matchett&rft.aufirst=Freda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGod+in+Hinduism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlivelle1992" class="citation book cs1">Olivelle, Patrick (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fB8uneM7q1cC&pg=PA1"><i>The Samnyasa Upanisads</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195070453" title="Special:BookSources/978-0195070453"><bdi>978-0195070453</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Samnyasa+Upanisads&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0195070453&rft.aulast=Olivelle&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfB8uneM7q1cC%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGod+in+Hinduism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPotter2008" class="citation cs2">Potter, Karl H. (2008), <i>The Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies: Advaita Vedānta Up to Śaṃkara and His Pupils</i>, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Private Limited</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Indian+Philosophies%3A+Advaita+Ved%C4%81nta+Up+to+%C5%9Aa%E1%B9%83kara+and+His+Pupils&rft.place=Delhi&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass+Publishers+Private+Limited&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Potter&rft.aufirst=Karl+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGod+in+Hinduism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaju1992" class="citation cs2">Raju, P. T. (1992), <i>The Philosophical Traditions of India</i>, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Private Limited</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Philosophical+Traditions+of+India&rft.place=Delhi&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass+Publishers+Private+Limited&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Raju&rft.aufirst=P.+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGod+in+Hinduism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJonesRyan2006" class="citation cs2">Jones, Constance; Ryan, James D. (2006), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OgMmceadQ3gC"><i>Encyclopedia of Hinduism</i></a>, Infobase, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780816075645" title="Special:BookSources/9780816075645"><bdi>9780816075645</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Hinduism&rft.pub=Infobase&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780816075645&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Constance&rft.au=Ryan%2C+James+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOgMmceadQ3gC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGod+in+Hinduism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharma1962" class="citation book cs1">Sharma, B. N. Krishnamurti (1962). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/Philosophy.of.Sri.Madhvacarya/Philosophy.of.Sri.Madhvacharya#page/n0/mode/2up"><i>Philosophy of Śrī Madhvācārya</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass (2014 Reprint). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120800687" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120800687"><bdi>978-8120800687</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Philosophy+of+%C5%9Ar%C4%AB+Madhv%C4%81c%C4%81rya&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass+%282014+Reprint%29&rft.date=1962&rft.isbn=978-8120800687&rft.aulast=Sharma&rft.aufirst=B.+N.+Krishnamurti&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2FPhilosophy.of.Sri.Madhvacarya%2FPhilosophy.of.Sri.Madhvacharya%23page%2Fn0%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGod+in+Hinduism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharma2000" class="citation book cs1">Sharma, B. N. Krishnamurti (2000). <i>A History of the Dvaita School of Vedānta and Its Literature, 3rd Edition</i>. Motilal Banarsidass (2008 Reprint). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120815759" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120815759"><bdi>978-8120815759</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Dvaita+School+of+Ved%C4%81nta+and+Its+Literature%2C+3rd+Edition&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass+%282008+Reprint%29&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-8120815759&rft.aulast=Sharma&rft.aufirst=B.+N.+Krishnamurti&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGod+in+Hinduism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSarma2000" class="citation journal cs1">Sarma, Deepak (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7825%2F2164-6279.1228">"Is Jesus a Hindu? S. C. Vasu and Multiple Madhva Misrepresentations"</a>. <i>Journal of Hindu-Christian Studies</i>. <b>13</b>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7825%2F2164-6279.1228">10.7825/2164-6279.1228</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Hindu-Christian+Studies&rft.atitle=Is+Jesus+a+Hindu%3F+S.+C.+Vasu+and+Multiple+Madhva+Misrepresentations&rft.volume=13&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7825%2F2164-6279.1228&rft.aulast=Sarma&rft.aufirst=Deepak&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.7825%252F2164-6279.1228&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGod+in+Hinduism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFToropovBuckles2011" class="citation cs2">Toropov, Brandon; Buckles, Luke (2011), <i>Guide to World Religions</i>, Penguin</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guide+to+World+Religions&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Toropov&rft.aufirst=Brandon&rft.au=Buckles%2C+Luke&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGod+in+Hinduism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDelmonico,_N.2004" class="citation book cs1">Delmonico, N. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mBMxPdgrBhoC&q=Vaisnava+monotheism&pg=PA31"><i>The History of Indic Monotheism And Modern Chaitanya Vaishnavism</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-12256-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-12256-6"><bdi>978-0-231-12256-6</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 April</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Indic+Monotheism+And+Modern+Chaitanya+Vaishnavism&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-231-12256-6&rft.au=Delmonico%2C+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmBMxPdgrBhoC%26q%3DVaisnava%2Bmonotheism%26pg%3DPA31&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGod+in+Hinduism" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGupta,_Ravi_M.2007" class="citation book cs1">Gupta, Ravi M. (2007). <i>Caitanya Vaisnava Vedanta of Jiva Gosvami's Catursutri tika</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-40548-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-40548-5"><bdi>978-0-415-40548-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Caitanya+Vaisnava+Vedanta+of+Jiva+Gosvami%27s+Catursutri+tika&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-415-40548-5&rft.au=Gupta%2C+Ravi+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGod+in+Hinduism" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=God_in_Hinduism&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1195422">The Idea of God in Hinduism</a>, A. S. Woodburne (1925), The Journal of Religion</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081012022829/http://www.sub.uni-goettingen.de/ebene_1/fiindolo/gretil/1_sanskr/3_purana/bhagp/bhp1-12u.htm">GRETIL etext: The transliterated Sanskrit text for the entire work</a> – Bhagavata Purana (uni-goettingen.de)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.veda.harekrsna.cz/encyclopedia/sb.htm">Srimad Bhagavatam – glories, subjects, dating, concordance to Vedanta-sutra</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="15px&#124;link=Aum_Hinduism_14px_topics723" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist 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data-file-width="142" data-file-height="145" /></a></span> topics</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#FFC569;;font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Hinduism_terms" title="Glossary of Hinduism terms">Glossary</a></li> <li>Index</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Hinduism">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Hinduism_terms" title="Glossary of Hinduism terms">Concepts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Om" title="Om">Om</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishvara" title="Ishvara">Ishvara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80tman_(Hinduism)" title="Ātman (Hinduism)">Atman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_(religion)" title="Maya (religion)">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma" title="Karma">Karma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra" title="Saṃsāra">Saṃsāra</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Puru%E1%B9%A3%C4%81rtha" title="Puruṣārtha">Puruṣārthas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artha" title="Artha">Artha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kama" title="Kama">Kama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">Moksha</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_in_religion#Hindu_ethics" title="Ethics in religion">Niti</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">Ahimsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achourya" title="Achourya">Asteya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aparigraha" class="mw-redirect" title="Aparigraha">Aparigraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmacarya" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmacarya">Brahmacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satya" title="Satya">Satya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%81na" title="Dāna">Dāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperance_(virtue)#Hinduism" title="Temperance (virtue)">Damah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compassion#Hinduism" title="Compassion">Dayā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akrodha" title="Akrodha">Akrodha</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Schools</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80stika_and_n%C4%81stika" title="Āstika and nāstika">Āstika</a>: <a href="/wiki/Samkhya" title="Samkhya">Samkhya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyaya" title="Nyaya">Nyaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisheshika" title="Vaisheshika">Vaisheshika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%ABm%C4%81%E1%B9%83s%C4%81" title="Mīmāṃsā">Mīmāṃsā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Sv%C4%81bh%C4%81vika_Bhed%C4%81bheda" class="mw-redirect" title="Svābhāvika Bhedābheda">Svābhāvika Bhedābheda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dvaita_Vedanta" title="Dvaita Vedanta">Dvaita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vishishtadvaita" title="Vishishtadvaita">Vishishtadvaita</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80stika_and_n%C4%81stika" title="Āstika and nāstika">Nāstika</a>: <a href="/wiki/Charvaka" title="Charvaka">Charvaka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Hindu "Om" symbol"><img alt="Hindu "Om" symbol" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg/100px-Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg/150px-Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg/200px-Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="507" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">Texts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;">Classification</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Aruti" title="Śruti">Śruti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sm%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Smṛti">Smṛti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajurveda" title="Yajurveda">Yajurveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaveda" title="Samaveda">Samaveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atharvaveda" title="Atharvaveda">Atharvaveda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;">Divisions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vedic_chant" title="Vedic chant">Samhita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmana" title="Brahmana">Brahmana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aranyaka" title="Aranyaka">Aranyaka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aitareya_Upanishad" title="Aitareya Upanishad">Aitareya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaushitaki_Upanishad" title="Kaushitaki Upanishad">Kaushitaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brihadaranyaka_Upanishad" title="Brihadaranyaka Upanishad">Brihadaranyaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isha_Upanishad" title="Isha Upanishad">Isha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taittiriya_Upanishad" title="Taittiriya Upanishad">Taittiriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katha_Upanishad" title="Katha Upanishad">Katha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maitrayaniya_Upanishad" title="Maitrayaniya Upanishad">Maitrayaniya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shvetashvatara_Upanishad" title="Shvetashvatara Upanishad">Shvetashvatara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandogya_Upanishad" title="Chandogya Upanishad">Chandogya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kena_Upanishad" title="Kena Upanishad">Kena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mundaka_Upanishad" title="Mundaka Upanishad">Mundaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandukya_Upanishad" title="Mandukya Upanishad">Mandukya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prashna_Upanishad" title="Prashna Upanishad">Prashna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Upaveda" class="mw-redirect" title="Upaveda">Upavedas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ayurveda" title="Ayurveda">Ayurveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_martial_arts" title="Indian martial arts">Dhanurveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natya_Shastra" title="Natya Shastra">Natyaveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple_architecture" title="Hindu temple architecture">Sthapatyaveda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Vedanga" title="Vedanga">Vedanga</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shiksha" title="Shiksha">Shiksha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_prosody" title="Sanskrit prosody">Chandas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vy%C4%81kara%E1%B9%87a" title="Vyākaraṇa">Vyākaraṇa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirukta" title="Nirukta">Nirukta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpa_(Vedanga)" title="Kalpa (Vedanga)">Kalpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jyotisha" class="mw-redirect" title="Jyotisha">Jyotisha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_texts" title="List of Hindu texts">Other</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agama_(Hinduism)" title="Agama (Hinduism)">Agamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itihasa-Purana" title="Itihasa-Purana">Itihasas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanishads#Classification" title="Upanishads">Minor Upanishads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthashastra" title="Arthashastra">Arthashastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitisara" title="Nitisara">Nitisara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma%C5%9B%C4%81stra" title="Dharmaśāstra">Dharmaśāstra</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manusmriti" title="Manusmriti">Manusmriti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81radasm%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Nāradasmṛti">Nāradasmṛti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y%C4%81j%C3%B1avalkya_Sm%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Yājñavalkya Smṛti">Yājñavalkya Smṛti</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stotra" title="Stotra">Stotras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subhashita" title="Subhashita">Subhashita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantras_(Hinduism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tantras (Hinduism)">Tantras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Vasistha" title="Yoga Vasistha">Yoga Vasistha</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali" title="Yoga Sutras of Patanjali">Yoga Sutras of Patanjali</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Sangam_literature" title="Sangam literature">Sangam literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tirumurai" title="Tirumurai">Tirumurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divya_Prabandham" class="mw-redirect" title="Divya Prabandham">Divya Prabandham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirumuruk%C4%81%E1%B9%9F%E1%B9%9Fuppa%E1%B9%ADai" title="Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai">Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruppugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Thiruppugal">Thiruppugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirukkural" class="mw-redirect" title="Thirukkural">Thirukkural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamba_Ramayanam" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamba Ramayanam">Kamba Ramayanam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Great_Epics" title="Five Great Epics">Five Great Epics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Greater_Texts" title="Eighteen Greater Texts">Eighteen Greater Texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Lesser_Texts" title="Eighteen Lesser Texts">Eighteen Lesser Texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athichudi" title="Athichudi">Athichudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraiyanar_Akapporul" title="Iraiyanar Akapporul">Iraiyanar Akapporul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhirami_Antati" class="mw-redirect" title="Abhirami Antati">Abhirami Antati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvilaiyadal_Puranam" title="Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam">Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinayagar_Agaval" title="Vinayagar Agaval">Vinayagar Agaval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedarthasamgraha" title="Vedarthasamgraha">Vedarthasamgraha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_deities" title="Hindu deities">Deities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)" title="Deva (Hinduism)">Gods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trimurti" title="Trimurti">Trimurti</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahma" title="Brahma">Brahma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agni" title="Agni">Agni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dattatreya" title="Dattatreya">Dattatreya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesha" title="Ganesha">Ganesha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanuman" title="Hanuman">Hanuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indra" title="Indra">Indra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kartikeya" title="Kartikeya">Kartikeya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surya" title="Surya">Surya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varuna" title="Varuna">Varuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vayu" title="Vayu">Vayu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_gods" title="Category:Hindu gods"><i>more</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Devi" title="Devi">Goddesses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tridevi" title="Tridevi">Tridevi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saraswati" title="Saraswati">Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi">Lakshmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parvati" title="Parvati">Parvati</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhumi_(goddess)" title="Bhumi (goddess)">Bhumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durga" title="Durga">Durga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kali" title="Kali">Kali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahavidya" title="Mahavidya">Mahavidya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matrika" class="mw-redirect" title="Matrika">Matrika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radha" title="Radha">Radha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rukmini" title="Rukmini">Rukmini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sati_(Hindu_goddess)" title="Sati (Hindu goddess)">Sati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakti" title="Shakti">Shakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shashthi" title="Shashthi">Shashthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sita" title="Sita">Sita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_goddesses" title="Category:Hindu goddesses"><i>more</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Practices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Worship_in_Hinduism" title="Worship in Hinduism">Worship</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple" title="Hindu temple">Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murti" title="Murti">Murti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puja_(Hinduism)" title="Puja (Hinduism)">Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti">Bhakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japa" title="Japa">Japa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhajan" title="Bhajan">Bhajan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naivedhya" class="mw-redirect" title="Naivedhya">Naivedhya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajna" title="Yajna">Yajna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homa_(ritual)" title="Homa (ritual)">Homa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapas_(Indian_religions)" title="Tapas (Indian religions)">Tapas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhy%C4%81na_in_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhyāna in Hinduism">Dhyāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_pilgrimage_sites_in_India" title="Hindu pilgrimage sites in India">Tirthatana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Sanskara_(rite_of_passage)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskara (rite of passage)">Sanskaras</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garbhadhana" title="Garbhadhana">Garbhadhana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumsavana" title="Pumsavana">Pumsavana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumsavana_Simantonayana" title="Pumsavana Simantonayana">Simantonayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jatakarma" title="Jatakarma">Jatakarma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81makara%E1%B9%87a" title="Nāmakaraṇa">Namakarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nishkramana" title="Nishkramana">Nishkramana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annaprashana" title="Annaprashana">Annaprashana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chudakarana" title="Chudakarana">Chudakarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karnavedha" title="Karnavedha">Karnavedha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidy%C4%81ra%E1%B9%83bha%E1%B9%83" title="Vidyāraṃbhaṃ">Vidyarambha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanayana" title="Upanayana">Upanayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keshanta" title="Keshanta">Keshanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritu_Kala_Samskaram" title="Ritu Kala Samskaram">Ritushuddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samavartanam" title="Samavartanam">Samavartanam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivaah" class="mw-redirect" title="Vivaah">Vivaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antyesti" title="Antyesti">Antyeshti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;">Varnashrama</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Varna_(Hinduism)" title="Varna (Hinduism)">Varna</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">Brahmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kshatriya" title="Kshatriya">Kshatriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaishya" title="Vaishya">Vaishya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shudra" title="Shudra">Shudra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashrama_(stage)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashrama (stage)">Ashrama</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahmacarya" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmacarya">Brahmacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grihastha" class="mw-redirect" title="Grihastha">Grihastha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanaprastha" class="mw-redirect" title="Vanaprastha">Vanaprastha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sannyasa" title="Sannyasa">Sannyasa</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_festivals" title="List of Hindu festivals">Festivals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diwali" title="Diwali">Diwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holi" title="Holi">Holi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maha_Shivaratri" title="Maha Shivaratri">Shivaratri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raksha_Bandhan" title="Raksha Bandhan">Raksha Bandhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navaratri" title="Navaratri">Navaratri</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Durga_Puja" title="Durga Puja">Durga Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramlila" title="Ramlila">Ramlila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayadashami" title="Vijayadashami">Vijayadashami</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesh_Chaturthi" title="Ganesh Chaturthi">Ganesh Chaturthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama_Navami" title="Rama Navami">Rama Navami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna_Janmashtami" title="Krishna Janmashtami">Janmashtami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onam" title="Onam">Onam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pongal_(festival)" title="Pongal (festival)">Pongal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makar_Sankranti" title="Makar Sankranti">Makar Sankranti</a></li> <li>New Year <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bihu" title="Bihu">Bihu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gudi_Padwa" title="Gudi Padwa">Gudi Padwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahela_Baishakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Pahela Baishakh">Pahela Baishakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puthandu" title="Puthandu">Puthandu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisakhi" title="Vaisakhi">Vaisakhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishu" title="Vishu">Vishu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugadi" title="Ugadi">Ugadi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumbh_Mela" title="Kumbh Mela">Kumbh Mela</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haridwar_Kumbh_Mela" title="Haridwar Kumbh Mela">Haridwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nashik-Trimbakeshwar_Simhastha" title="Nashik-Trimbakeshwar Simhastha">Nashik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayag_Kumbh_Mela" title="Prayag Kumbh Mela">Prayag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ujjain_Simhastha" title="Ujjain Simhastha">Ujjain</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ratha_Yatra_(Puri)" title="Ratha Yatra (Puri)">Ratha Yatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teej" title="Teej">Teej</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasant_Panchami" title="Vasant Panchami">Vasant Panchami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Hindu_festivals" title="Template:Hindu festivals">Others</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sv%C4%81dhy%C4%81ya" title="Svādhyāya">Svādhyāya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namaste" title="Namaste">Namaste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bindi_(decoration)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bindi (decoration)">Bindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilaka" title="Tilaka">Tilaka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Hinduism" title="Portal:Hinduism">Related</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindus" title="Hindus">Hindus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindus#Etymology" title="Hindus">Etymology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Hindus" title="Lists of Hindus">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_denominations" title="Hindu denominations">Denominations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_law" title="Hindu law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_calendar" title="Hindu calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Hindu_sentiment" title="Anti-Hindu sentiment">Anti-Hindu sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Hinduism" title="Criticism of Hinduism">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_gurus_and_sants" title="List of Hindu gurus and sants">Hindu gurus and sants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_studies" title="Hindu studies">Hindu studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_iconography" title="Hindu iconography">Iconography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_mythology" title="Hindu mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_nationalism" title="Hindu nationalism">Nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hindus" title="Persecution of Hindus">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_pilgrimage_sites" title="Hindu pilgrimage sites">Pilgrimage sites</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_pilgrimage_sites_in_India" title="Hindu pilgrimage sites in India">India</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_other_religions" title="Hinduism and other religions">Relations with other religions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_and_Hinduism" title="Baháʼí Faith and Hinduism">Baháʼí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Hinduism" title="Buddhism and Hinduism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu%E2%80%93Islamic_relations" title="Hindu–Islamic relations">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_and_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Jainism and Hinduism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Judaism" title="Hinduism and Judaism">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Sikhism" title="Hinduism and Sikhism">Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Theosophy" title="Hinduism and Theosophy">Theosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Hinduism_terms" title="Glossary of Hinduism terms">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_by_country" title="Hinduism by country">Hinduism by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temples" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu temples">Hindu temples</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_temples" title="List of Hindu temples">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple_architecture" title="Hindu temple architecture">Architecture</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#FFC569;;font-weight:bold;"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Hinduism" title="Outline of Hinduism">Outline</a><br /> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Hinduism" title="Category:Hinduism">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Hinduism" title="Portal:Hinduism">Portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Hinduism" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Hinduism">WikiProject</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Theology115" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Theology" title="Template:Theology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Theology" title="Template talk:Theology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Theology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Theology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Theology115" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">Theology</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Conceptions_of_God115" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Conceptions_of_God" title="Conceptions of God">Conceptions of God</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Theism" title="Theism">Theism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deism" title="Deism">Deism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dystheism" title="Dystheism">Dystheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henotheism" title="Henotheism">Henotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermeticism" title="Hermeticism">Hermeticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathenotheism" title="Kathenotheism">Kathenotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nontheism" title="Nontheism">Nontheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monolatry" title="Monolatry">Monolatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">Monotheism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urmonotheismus" title="Urmonotheismus">Urmonotheismus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">Mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panentheism" title="Panentheism">Panentheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandeism" title="Pandeism">Pandeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantheism" title="Pantheism">Pantheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">Polydeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">Polytheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritualism_(movement)" title="Spiritualism (movement)">Spiritualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theistic_finitism" title="Theistic finitism">Theistic finitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theopanism" title="Theopanism">Theopanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deity" title="Deity">Deity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divinity" title="Divinity">Divinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_of_God" title="Gender of God">Gender of God</a> <i>and gods</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Goddess" title="Goddess">Goddess</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numen" title="Numen">Numen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/God" title="God">Singular god</a><br />theologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By faith</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Abrahamic_religions" title="God in Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic religions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_the_Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="God in the Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Judaism" title="God in Judaism">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">Islam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creator_in_Buddhism" title="Creator in Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Jainism" title="God in Jainism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Sikhism" title="God in Sikhism">Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Tenrikyo" title="God in Tenrikyo">Tenrikyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahura_Mazda" title="Ahura Mazda">Zoroastrianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_(philosophy)" title="Absolute (philosophy)">Absolute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emanationism" title="Emanationism">Emanationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logos" title="Logos">Logos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God" title="God">Supreme Being</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">God as</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Sustainer" title="God the Sustainer">Sustainer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zurvanism" title="Zurvanism">Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good" title="Good">Good</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ahura_Mazda" title="Ahura Mazda">Ahura Mazda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Father_of_Greatness" title="Father of Greatness">Father of Greatness</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinitarianism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Athanasian_Creed" title="Athanasian Creed">Athanasian Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannine_Comma" title="Johannine Comma">Comma Johanneum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consubstantiality" title="Consubstantiality">Consubstantiality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homoousion" title="Homoousion">Homoousian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homoiousian" title="Homoiousian">Homoiousian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypostasis_(philosophy_and_religion)" title="Hypostasis (philosophy and religion)">Hypostasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perichoresis" title="Perichoresis">Perichoresis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shield_of_the_Trinity" title="Shield of the Trinity">Shield of the Trinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinitarian_formula" title="Trinitarian formula">Trinitarian formula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinitarianism_in_the_Church_Fathers" title="Trinitarianism in the Church Fathers">Trinity of the Church Fathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinitarian_universalism" title="Trinitarian universalism">Trinitarian universalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eschatology" title="Eschatology">Eschatology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afterlife" title="Afterlife">Afterlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apocalypticism" title="Apocalypticism">Apocalypticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fate_of_the_unlearned" title="Fate of the unlearned">Fate of the unlearned</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fitra" title="Fitra">Fitra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heaven" title="Heaven">Heaven</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hell" title="Hell">Hell</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="By_religion11" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By religion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_eschatology" title="Buddhist eschatology">Buddhist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_eschatology" title="Christian eschatology">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_eschatology" title="Hindu eschatology">Hindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_eschatology" title="Islamic eschatology">Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_eschatology" title="Jewish eschatology">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_Incantations_Scripture" title="Divine Incantations Scripture">Taoist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frashokereti" title="Frashokereti">Zoroastrian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Feminist_theology" title="Feminist theology">Feminist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Buddhism" title="Women in Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_feminism" title="Christian feminism">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Hinduism" title="Women in Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_feminism" title="Islamic feminism">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_feminism" title="Jewish feminism">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormonism_and_women" title="Mormonism and women">Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goddess" title="Goddess">Goddesses</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attributes_of_God_in_Christianity" title="Attributes of God in Christianity">Attributes of God in Christianity</a> / <a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">in Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binitarianism" title="Binitarianism">Binitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demiurge" title="Demiurge">Demiurge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_simplicity" title="Divine simplicity">Divine simplicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_presence" title="Divine presence">Divine presence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egotheism" title="Egotheism">Egotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exotheology" title="Exotheology">Exotheology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theological_hermeneutics" title="Theological hermeneutics">Hermeneutics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_theology" title="Holocaust theology">Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godhead_in_Christianity" title="Godhead in Christianity">Godhead in Christianity</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/God_in_Mormonism" title="God in Mormonism">Latter Day Saints</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Architect_of_the_Universe" title="Great Architect of the Universe">Great Architect of the Universe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Spirit" title="Great Spirit">Great Spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apophatic_theology" title="Apophatic theology">Apophatic theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olelbis" title="Olelbis">Olelbis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_theism" title="Open theism">Open theism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_god" title="Personal god">Personal god</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenomenological_definition_of_God" class="mw-redirect" title="Phenomenological definition of God">Phenomenological definition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philo%27s_view_of_God" class="mw-redirect" title="Philo's view of God">Philo's view</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_theology" title="Process theology">Process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tian" title="Tian">Tian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unmoved_mover" title="Unmoved mover">Unmoved mover</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Names_of_God" title="Names of God">Names of God</a> in</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Christianity" title="Names of God in Christianity">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_titles_and_names_of_Krishna" title="List of titles and names of Krishna">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Islam" title="Names of God in Islam">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirthankara" title="Tirthankara">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Judaism" title="Names of God in Judaism">Judaism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="By_faith115" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">By faith</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Christian188" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_theology" title="Christian theology">Christian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christian_theology" title="History of Christian theology">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Christian_theology" title="Outline of Christian theology">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Biblical canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Christianity" title="Glossary of Christianity">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paterology" title="Paterology">Paterology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christology" title="Christology">Christology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pneumatology" title="Pneumatology">Pneumatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_cosmology" title="Biblical cosmology">Cosmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiology" title="Ecclesiology">Ecclesiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_eschatology" title="Christian eschatology">Eschatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_ethics" title="Christian ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sin" title="Sin">Hamartiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messianism" title="Messianism">Messianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_philosophy" title="Christian philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_theology" title="Political theology">Political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Practical_theology" title="Practical theology">Practical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_theology" title="Public theology">Public</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophiology" title="Sophiology">Sophiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvation_in_Christianity" title="Salvation in Christianity">Soteriology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%C4%80stika_and_n%C4%81stika" title="Āstika and nāstika">Hindu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ayyavazhi_theology" title="Ayyavazhi theology">Ayyavazhi theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Krishnology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Islamic_theology" title="Schools of Islamic theology">Islamic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tawhid" title="Tawhid">Oneness</a> of <a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophets_and_messengers_in_Islam" title="Prophets and messengers in Islam">Prophets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_holy_books" title="Islamic holy books">Holy Scriptures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angels_in_Islam" title="Angels in Islam">Angels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predestination_in_Islam" title="Predestination in Islam">Predestination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_eschatology" title="Islamic eschatology">Last Judgment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Jewish_theology" title="Category:Jewish theology">Jewish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nevi%27im" title="Nevi'im">Abrahamic prophecy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aggadah" title="Aggadah">Aggadah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_religious_movements" title="Jewish religious movements">Denominations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabbalah" title="Kabbalah">Kabbalah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_philosophy" title="Jewish philosophy">Philosophy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Modern_pagan_theology" title="Category:Modern pagan theology">Pagan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_Native_Faith%27s_theology_and_cosmology" title="Slavic Native Faith's theology and cosmology">Slavic Native Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiccan_views_of_divinity" title="Wiccan views of divinity">Wiccan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">East Asian</th><td 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