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href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mantra_Soham" title="Mantra Soham – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Mantra Soham" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soham_(Mantra)" title="Soham (Mantra) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Soham (Mantra)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soham_(s%C3%A1nscrito)" title="Soham (sánscrito) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Soham (sánscrito)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a 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contains <a href="/wiki/Brahmic_scripts" title="Brahmic scripts">Indic text</a>.</b> Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:Multilingual_support_(Indic)" title="Help:Multilingual support (Indic)">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Mojibake" title="Mojibake">question marks or boxes</a>, misplaced vowels or missing conjuncts instead of Indic text.</div></div> </div> <p><i><b>Soham</b> or <b>Sohum</b></i> (<span title="Sanskrit-language text"><span lang="sa">सो ऽहम्</span></span> <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">so'ham</i></span></i><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) is a <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hindu</a> <a href="/wiki/Mantra" title="Mantra">mantra</a>, literally meaning "That (is) I" in <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>, implying "I am that".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlivelle199280–81,_210_with_footnotes_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlivelle199280–81,_210_with_footnotes-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-dhavamonyhs129_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dhavamonyhs129-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Vedic_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Vedic philosophy">Vedic philosophy</a> it means identifying Brahman with the universe or ultimate Brahman.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlivelle199280–81,_210_with_footnotes_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlivelle199280–81,_210_with_footnotes-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The mantra is also inverted from <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">so 'ham</i></span></i> (the <a href="/wiki/Sandhi" title="Sandhi">sandhi</a> of <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">saḥ + aham</i></span></i>) to <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">ham + sa</i></span></i>. The combination of <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">so 'haṃ haṃsaḥ</i></span></i> has also been interpreted as "I am <a href="/wiki/Hamsa_(bird)" title="Hamsa (bird)">Swan</a>", where the swan symbolizes the <a href="/wiki/%C4%80tman_(Hinduism)" title="Ātman (Hinduism)">Atman</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soham_(Sanskrit)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">so'ham</i></span></i> is related to <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">sa</i></span>, and the phrase translates to "That (is) I", according to <a href="/wiki/Monier-Williams" class="mw-redirect" title="Monier-Williams">Monier-Williams</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Interpreted as a <a href="/wiki/Nominal_sentence" title="Nominal sentence">nominal sentence</a>, it can also be read as "I am the absolute" or "Great truth".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlivelle199280–81,_210_with_footnotes_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlivelle199280–81,_210_with_footnotes-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-dhavamonyhs129_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dhavamonyhs129-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term is found in Vedic literature, and is a phrase that identifies "One with the universe or the ultimate one reality".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlivelle199280–81,_210_with_footnotes_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlivelle199280–81,_210_with_footnotes-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soham_(Sanskrit)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This phrase is found in <a href="/wiki/Principal_Upanishads" title="Principal Upanishads">Principal Upanishads</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Isha_Upanishad" title="Isha Upanishad">Isha Upanishad</a> (verse 16), which ends: </p> <dl><dd>(...) तेजो यत्ते रूपं कल्याणतमं तत्ते पश्यामि योऽसावसौ पुरुषः <b>सोऽहमस्मि</b> ॥१६॥</dd> <dd><i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">tejo yat te rūpaṃ kalyāṇatamaṃ tat te paśyāmi yo 'sāv [asau puruṣaḥ] <u>so'ham asmi</u></i></span></i></dd> <dd>"The light which is thy fairest form, I see it. <u>I am what that is</u>" (trans. <a href="/wiki/Max_M%C3%BCller" title="Max Müller">Max Müller</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>Soham, or "I am That", is very common in ancient and medieval literature.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlivelle199280–81_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlivelle199280–81-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some examples include: </p><p><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sannyasa#Sannyasa_Upanishads" title="Sannyasa">Sannyasa Upanishads</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlivelle199280–81_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlivelle199280–81-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> such as <a href="/wiki/Naradaparivrajaka_Upanishad" title="Naradaparivrajaka Upanishad">Naradaparivrajaka Upanishad</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlivelle1992210,_216_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlivelle1992210,_216-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Nirvana_Upanishad" title="Nirvana Upanishad">Nirvana Upanishad</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlivelle1992227,_229_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlivelle1992227,_229-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ashrama Upanishad,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlivelle1992156_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlivelle1992156-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Maitreya_Upanishad" title="Maitreya Upanishad">Maitreya Upanishad</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlivelle1992160–161,_165–166_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlivelle1992160–161,_165–166-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Satyayaniya Upanishad.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlivelle1992156_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlivelle1992156-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Upanishads" title="Yoga Upanishads">Yoga Upanishads</a> such as <i><a href="/wiki/Dhyanabindu_Upanishad" title="Dhyanabindu Upanishad">Dhyanabindu Upanishad</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Woodroffe_1974_76_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Woodroffe_1974_76-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i><a href="/wiki/Yogashikha_Upanishad" title="Yogashikha Upanishad">Yogashikha Upanishad</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hamsa_Upanishad" title="Hamsa Upanishad">Hamsa Upanishad</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Tantra" title="Tantra">Tantras</a> </p> <ul><li><i>Gandharva Tantra</i><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Woodroffe_2007_343_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Woodroffe_2007_343-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Kali Tantra</i><sup id="cite_ref-Woodroffe_2007_343_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Woodroffe_2007_343-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Kularnava Tantra</i><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Mahanirvana Tantra</i><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Niruttara Tantra</i><sup id="cite_ref-Woodroffe_1974_76_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Woodroffe_1974_76-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Stotras" class="mw-redirect" title="Stotras">Stotras</a> </p> <ul><li><i>Bhaja Gaureesam</i><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (January 2016)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><i>Gowresa Ashtakam</i><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (January 2016)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><i>Shakthi Mahimnah Stotram</i><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (January 2016)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><i>Tripurasundari Vijaya Sthava</i><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (January 2016)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Adi_Shankara" title="Adi Shankara">Adi Shankara's</a><sup id="cite_ref-Srinivasan_2007_48–49_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Srinivasan_2007_48–49-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Vakya_Vritti" title="Vakya Vritti">Vakya Vritti</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> subsequent works in the <a href="/wiki/Nath" class="mw-redirect" title="Nath">Nath</a> tradition foundational for <a href="/wiki/Hatha_yoga" title="Hatha yoga">Hatha yoga</a>. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matsyendranath" class="mw-redirect" title="Matsyendranath">Matsyendranath's</a> <i>Yogavishaya</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorakshanath" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorakshanath">Gorakshanath's</a> <i>Siddha Siddhanta Paddhati</i><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorakshanath" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorakshanath">Gorakshanath's</a> <i>Yoga Bija</i><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorakshanath" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorakshanath">Gorakshanath's</a> <i>Goraksha Shataka</i><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dnyaneshwar" title="Dnyaneshwar">Jñāndev's</a> <i>Lakhota</i><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dnyaneshwar" title="Dnyaneshwar">Jñāndev's</a> <i>Yogapar Abhangamala</i><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>foundational for <a href="/wiki/Swara_yoga" class="mw-redirect" title="Swara yoga">Swara yoga</a> the original script <i>Shiva Svarodaya</i><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>as well as the classical yoga treatises <i><a href="/wiki/Gherand_Samhita" class="mw-redirect" title="Gherand Samhita">Gheranda Samhita</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Samhita" title="Shiva Samhita">Shiva Samhita</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> all make mention of <i>soham</i> and <i>hamsa</i> describing its significance and when teaching uniformly teaches <i><b>So</b></i> on inhalation and <i><b>ham</b></i> on exhalation. </p><p>This traditional practice in its several forms and its background is described in numerous other books.<sup id="cite_ref-Srinivasan_2007_48–49_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Srinivasan_2007_48–49-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hamsa">Hamsa</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soham_(Sanskrit)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Hamsa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Muktananda" title="Muktananda">Swami Muktananda</a> - although teaching the traditional <i><b>So</b></i> on inhalation and <i><b>ham</b></i> on exhalation as a letter from 1968 to <a href="/wiki/Adi_Da" title="Adi Da">Franklin Jones</a> reveals<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> - later published a book<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> teaching <i><b>Ham</b></i> on inhalation and <i><b>sa</b></i> on exhalation. This practice is described in several later books all referring to Muktananda.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The teaching of <i><b>Ham</b></i> on inhalation and <i><b>sa</b></i> on exhalation is allegedly alluded to in a text of <a href="/wiki/Ka%C5%9Bmir_%C5%9Aaivism" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaśmir Śaivism">Kaśmir Śaivism</a>, the <i><a href="/wiki/Vijnana_Bhairava" class="mw-redirect" title="Vijnana Bhairava">Vijnana Bhairava</a></i>: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Air is exhaled with the sound SA and inhaled with the sound HAM. Then reciting of the mantra HAMSA is continuous<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Vijnana_Bhairava" class="mw-redirect" title="Vijnana Bhairava">Vijnana Bhairava</a>, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=155b&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="155b (page does not exist)">155b</a></i></cite></div></blockquote> <p>However, this verse 155b is not found in the <i>Vijnana Bhairava</i> first published in 1918 in the Kashmir Series of Text and Studies<sup id="cite_ref-muktabodhalib.org_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-muktabodhalib.org-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but is quoted from a commentary by the <a href="/wiki/Abhinavagupta" title="Abhinavagupta">Abhinavagupta</a> disciple Kṣemarāja<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in his <i>Shiva Sutra Vimarshini</i> (commentary on the Shiva Sutras)<sup id="cite_ref-muktabodhalib.org_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-muktabodhalib.org-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in later editions of <i>Vijnana Bhairava</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Yoga">Yoga</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soham_(Sanskrit)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Yoga"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When used for meditation, "Sohum" acts as a <a href="/wiki/Nature" title="Nature">natural</a> <a href="/wiki/Mantra" title="Mantra">mantra</a> to control one's breathing pattern, to help achieve deep breath, and to gain concentration. </p> <ul><li><i>Sooooo...</i> is the sound of inhalation, and is remembered in the mind along with that inhalation.</li> <li><i>Hummmm...</i> is the sound of exhalation, and is remembered in the mind along with that exhalation.</li></ul> <p>Soham is also considered a <a href="/wiki/Mantra" title="Mantra">mantra</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tantrism" class="mw-redirect" title="Tantrism">Tantrism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kriya_Yoga_school" title="Kriya Yoga school">Kriya Yoga</a>, known also as <i>Ajapa mantra</i>, <i>Ajapa Gayatri</i>, <i>Hamsa Gayatri</i>, <i>Hamsa mantra</i>, <i>prana mantra</i>, <i>Shri Paraprasada mantra</i>, <i>paramatma-mantra</i>, and as such used notably on its own, in the <a href="/wiki/Meditation" title="Meditation">meditation</a> practice <a href="/wiki/Ajapa_japa" title="Ajapa japa">ajapa japa</a><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in the <a href="/wiki/Kriya" class="mw-redirect" title="Kriya">kriya</a> practice shabda sanchalana.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soham_(Sanskrit)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aham_Brahmasmi" class="mw-redirect" title="Aham Brahmasmi">Aham Brahmasmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Be,_and_it_is" title="Be, and it is">Be, and it is</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I_Am_that_I_Am" title="I Am that I Am">I Am that I Am</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dualism_(Indian_philosophy)" title="Dualism (Indian philosophy)">Dualism (Indian philosophy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonduality_(spirituality)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonduality (spirituality)">Nondualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monism" title="Monism">Monism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tattvam_Asi" class="mw-redirect" title="Tattvam Asi">Tattvam Asi</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soham_(Sanskrit)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In English language literature also printed as <i>So’ham</i>, <i>So Ham</i>, <i>So-aham</i>, <i>Sohum</i>, <i>So Hum</i>, <i>Saham</i>, <i>Sa'ham</i>, <i>Sau-ha</i>, <i>Sah-karena/Sahkara</i> = the sound of Sa</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlivelle199280–81,_210_with_footnotes-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlivelle199280–81,_210_with_footnotes_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlivelle199280–81,_210_with_footnotes_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlivelle199280–81,_210_with_footnotes_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlivelle199280–81,_210_with_footnotes_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOlivelle1992">Olivelle 1992</a>, pp. 80–81, 210 with footnotes.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dhavamonyhs129-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dhavamonyhs129_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dhavamonyhs129_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Mariasusai Dhavamony (1999), Hindu Spirituality, GB Press, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8876528187" title="Special:BookSources/978-8876528187">978-8876528187</a>, page 129</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlper1991" class="citation book cs1">Alper, Harvey P. (1991). <i>Understanding Mantras</i>. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 104. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0746-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0746-4"><bdi>978-81-208-0746-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+Mantras&rft.pages=104&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-81-208-0746-4&rft.aulast=Alper&rft.aufirst=Harvey+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoham+%28Sanskrit%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Monier Monier Williams Dictionary, <i>Sa</i> s.v. " 6.": "it is often for emphasis connected with another pron. as with <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">aham</i></span></i>, <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">tvam</i></span></i>, <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">eṣa</i></span></i>, <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">ayam</i></span></i>&c. (e.g. <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">so'ham</i></span></i>, <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">satvam</i></span></i>, 'I (or thou) that very person'"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/sbe01/sbe01243.htm">The Upanishads, Part 1</a> 1879, p. 313. Müller gives the footnote: "Asau purushah should probably be omitted", taking these words as an explanatory gloss that was accidentally incorporated in the text.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlivelle199280–81-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlivelle199280–81_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlivelle199280–81_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOlivelle1992">Olivelle 1992</a>, pp. 80–81.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlivelle1992210,_216-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlivelle1992210,_216_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOlivelle1992">Olivelle 1992</a>, pp. 210, 216.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlivelle1992227,_229-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlivelle1992227,_229_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOlivelle1992">Olivelle 1992</a>, pp. 227, 229.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlivelle1992156-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlivelle1992156_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlivelle1992156_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOlivelle1992">Olivelle 1992</a>, pp. 156.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlivelle1992160–161,_165–166-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlivelle1992160–161,_165–166_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOlivelle1992">Olivelle 1992</a>, pp. 160–161, 165–166.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParmeshwaranand_Swami2000" class="citation book cs1">Parmeshwaranand Swami (2000). <i>Encyclopaedic Dictionary of Upanisads</i>. Sarup & Sons. p. 140. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7625-148-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7625-148-8"><bdi>978-81-7625-148-8</bdi></a>. <q>The jiva comes out with the letter Ha and gets in again with the letter Sa</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedic+Dictionary+of+Upanisads&rft.pages=140&rft.pub=Sarup+%26+Sons&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-81-7625-148-8&rft.au=Parmeshwaranand+Swami&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoham+%28Sanskrit%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Woodroffe_1974_76-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Woodroffe_1974_76_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Woodroffe_1974_76_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoodroffe1974" class="citation book cs1">Woodroffe, John George (1974). <i>The Serpent Power - The Secrets of Tantric and Shaktic Yoga</i> (7 ed.). Courier Dover Publications. p. 76. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-486-23058-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-486-23058-0"><bdi>978-0-486-23058-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Serpent+Power+-+The+Secrets+of+Tantric+and+Shaktic+Yoga&rft.pages=76&rft.edition=7&rft.pub=Courier+Dover+Publications&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=978-0-486-23058-0&rft.aulast=Woodroffe&rft.aufirst=John+George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoham+%28Sanskrit%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh1997" class="citation book cs1">Singh, Nagendra Kr (1997). <i>Encyclopaedia of Hinduism</i>. Anmol Publications PVT. LTD. p. 213. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7488-168-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7488-168-7"><bdi>978-81-7488-168-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Hinduism&rft.pages=213&rft.pub=Anmol+Publications+PVT.+LTD.&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-81-7488-168-7&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Nagendra+Kr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoham+%28Sanskrit%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.celextel.org/108upanishads/yogasikha.html">"Yoga Sikha Upanishad"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-05-17</span></span>. <q>6.53 The prana goes out with sound "ham" and goes in with the word "sa", and all beings naturally chant the mantra "Hamsa, Hamsa" (while exhaling and inhaling).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Yoga+Sikha+Upanishad&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.celextel.org%2F108upanishads%2Fyogasikha.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoham+%28Sanskrit%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRenfrew_Brooks2000" class="citation book cs1">Renfrew Brooks, Douglas (2000). <i>Meditation revolution: a history and theology of the Siddha Yoga lineage</i>. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 510. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1648-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1648-0"><bdi>978-81-208-1648-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Meditation+revolution%3A+a+history+and+theology+of+the+Siddha+Yoga+lineage&rft.pages=510&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-81-208-1648-0&rft.aulast=Renfrew+Brooks&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoham+%28Sanskrit%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParmeshwaranand_Swami2000" class="citation book cs1">Parmeshwaranand Swami (2000). <i>Encyclopaedic Dictionary of Upanisads</i>. Sarup & Sons. p. 231. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7625-148-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7625-148-8"><bdi>978-81-7625-148-8</bdi></a>. <q>We are said to exhale with Ha and to inhale with Sa</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedic+Dictionary+of+Upanisads&rft.pages=231&rft.pub=Sarup+%26+Sons&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-81-7625-148-8&rft.au=Parmeshwaranand+Swami&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoham+%28Sanskrit%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shivashakti.com/gandharv.htm">"Gandharva Tantra (abstract)"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-05-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gandharva+Tantra+%28abstract%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.shivashakti.com%2Fgandharv.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoham+%28Sanskrit%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Woodroffe_2007_343-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Woodroffe_2007_343_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Woodroffe_2007_343_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoodroffe2007" class="citation book cs1">Woodroffe, John George (2007). <i>Shakti and Shakta</i>. NuVision Publications, LLC. p. 343. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59547-920-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59547-920-4"><bdi>978-1-59547-920-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shakti+and+Shakta&rft.pages=343&rft.pub=NuVision+Publications%2C+LLC&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-59547-920-4&rft.aulast=Woodroffe&rft.aufirst=John+George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoham+%28Sanskrit%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAvalon2008" class="citation book cs1">Avalon, Arthur (2008). <i>Hymn to Kali</i>. BiblioBazaar, LLC. p. 27. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4346-9196-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4346-9196-5"><bdi>978-1-4346-9196-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hymn+to+Kali&rft.pages=27&rft.pub=BiblioBazaar%2C+LLC&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-4346-9196-5&rft.aulast=Avalon&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoham+%28Sanskrit%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shivashakti.com/kular.htm">"Kularnava Tantra"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-05-17</span></span>. <q>Ham-Sah is the pathway breath takes in living creatures. This mantra exists in the form of exhalation and inhalation</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kularnava+Tantra&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.shivashakti.com%2Fkular.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoham+%28Sanskrit%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bhagavadgitausa.com/kularnava_tantra.htm">"Kularnava Tantra"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-05-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kularnava+Tantra&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bhagavadgitausa.com%2Fkularnava_tantra.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoham+%28Sanskrit%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChawdhri2007" class="citation book cs1">Chawdhri, L. R. (2007). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/secretsyantraman00chaw"><i>Secrets of Yantra, Mantra and Tantra</i></a></span>. Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/secretsyantraman00chaw/page/n100">93</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84557-022-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84557-022-4"><bdi>978-1-84557-022-4</bdi></a>. <q><span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Ha" is the outgoing breath and "sa" is the ingoing breath.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Secrets+of+Yantra%2C+Mantra+and+Tantra&rft.pages=93&rft.pub=Sterling+Publishers+Pvt.+Ltd&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-84557-022-4&rft.aulast=Chawdhri&rft.aufirst=L.+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsecretsyantraman00chaw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoham+%28Sanskrit%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlson2007" class="citation book cs1">Olson, Carl (2007). <i>Hindu primary sources: a sectarian reader</i>. Rutgers University Press. p. 506. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8135-4070-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8135-4070-2"><bdi>978-0-8135-4070-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hindu+primary+sources%3A+a+sectarian+reader&rft.pages=506&rft.pub=Rutgers+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8135-4070-2&rft.aulast=Olson&rft.aufirst=Carl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoham+%28Sanskrit%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAvalon2004" class="citation book cs1">Avalon, Arthur (2004). <i>Mahanirvana Tantra Of The Great Liberation</i>. Kessinger Publishing. p. 82. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4191-3207-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4191-3207-0"><bdi>978-1-4191-3207-0</bdi></a>. <q>All beings say the ajapa Gayatri, which is the expulsion of the breath by Hangkara, and its inspiration by Shakara</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mahanirvana+Tantra+Of+The+Great+Liberation&rft.pages=82&rft.pub=Kessinger+Publishing&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-4191-3207-0&rft.aulast=Avalon&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoham+%28Sanskrit%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDayal1991" class="citation book cs1">Dayal, P (1991). <i>Raja Rao : A Study of His Novels</i>. Atlantic Publishers & Distributors. p. 53. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-7156-160-8" title="Special:BookSources/81-7156-160-8"><bdi>81-7156-160-8</bdi></a>. <q>The Mahanirvana Tantra unequivocally specifies an identity between jiva and Brahman (...) The idea of "So'ham" (I am She/He or I am one with the Supreme) is explicitly emphasized in this Tantric text.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Raja+Rao+%3A+A+Study+of+His+Novels&rft.pages=53&rft.pub=Atlantic+Publishers+%26+Distributors&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=81-7156-160-8&rft.aulast=Dayal&rft.aufirst=P&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoham+%28Sanskrit%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mahanirvana Tantra is claimed to be a juridical fabrication in: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuncan1978" class="citation book cs1">Duncan, John (1978). <i>Essays in classical and modern Hindu law</i>. BRILL. p. 197 ff. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-04808-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-04808-9"><bdi>978-90-04-04808-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Essays+in+classical+and+modern+Hindu+law&rft.pages=197+ff&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-90-04-04808-9&rft.aulast=Duncan&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoham+%28Sanskrit%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.celextel.org/stotrasdevi/bhajagaureesam.html">"Bhaja Gaureesam"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-05-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bhaja+Gaureesam&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.celextel.org%2Fstotrasdevi%2Fbhajagaureesam.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoham+%28Sanskrit%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.celextel.org/stotrasshiva/gowreesashtakam.html">"Gowresa Ashtakam"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-05-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gowresa+Ashtakam&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.celextel.org%2Fstotrasshiva%2Fgowreesashtakam.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoham+%28Sanskrit%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.celextel.org/stotrasdevi/shakthimahimnahstotram.html">"Shakthi Mahimnah Stotram"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-05-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Shakthi+Mahimnah+Stotram&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.celextel.org%2Fstotrasdevi%2Fshakthimahimnahstotram.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoham+%28Sanskrit%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.celextel.org/stotrasdevi/tripurasundaristhava.html">"Tripurasundari Vijaya Sthava"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-05-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tripurasundari+Vijaya+Sthava&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.celextel.org%2Fstotrasdevi%2Ftripurasundaristhava.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoham+%28Sanskrit%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Srinivasan_2007_48–49-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Srinivasan_2007_48–49_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Srinivasan_2007_48–49_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSrinivasan2007" class="citation book cs1">Srinivasan, N. K. (2007). <i>Safe and Simple Steps to Fruitful Meditation</i>. Pustak Mahal. pp. <span class="nowrap">48–</span>49. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-223-0891-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-223-0891-4"><bdi>978-81-223-0891-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Safe+and+Simple+Steps+to+Fruitful+Meditation&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E48-%3C%2Fspan%3E49&rft.pub=Pustak+Mahal&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-81-223-0891-4&rft.aulast=Srinivasan&rft.aufirst=N.+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoham+%28Sanskrit%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.celextel.org/adisankara/vakyavritti.html">"Adi Shankara's Vakya Vritti"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-05-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Adi+Shankara%27s+Vakya+Vritti&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.celextel.org%2Fadisankara%2Fvakyavritti.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoham+%28Sanskrit%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeuerstein2002" class="citation book cs1">Feuerstein, Georg (2002). <i>The Yoga Tradition: Its History, Literature, Philosophy and Practice</i>. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 537. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1923-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1923-8"><bdi>978-81-208-1923-8</bdi></a>. <q>[The psyche] exits [the body] with the sound ha and reenters with the sound sa.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Yoga+Tradition%3A+Its+History%2C+Literature%2C+Philosophy+and+Practice&rft.pages=537&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-81-208-1923-8&rft.aulast=Feuerstein&rft.aufirst=Georg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoham+%28Sanskrit%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSiddha_Guru_Gorakhnath" class="citation book cs1">Siddha Guru Gorakhnath. Brahmamitra Awasthi (ed.). <i>Yoga Bija</i>. Delhi, India: Swami Keshwananda Yoga Institute. p. 112.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Yoga+Bija&rft.place=Delhi%2C+India&rft.pages=112&rft.pub=Swami+Keshwananda+Yoga+Institute&rft.au=Siddha+Guru+Gorakhnath&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoham+%28Sanskrit%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlson2007" class="citation book cs1">Olson, Carl (2007). <i>Hindu primary sources: a sectarian reader</i>. Rutgers University Press. p. 439. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8135-4070-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8135-4070-2"><bdi>978-0-8135-4070-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hindu+primary+sources%3A+a+sectarian+reader&rft.pages=439&rft.pub=Rutgers+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8135-4070-2&rft.aulast=Olson&rft.aufirst=Carl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoham+%28Sanskrit%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKiehnle1997" class="citation book cs1">Kiehnle, Catharina (1997). <i>Songs on yoga: texts and teachings of the Mahārāṣṭrian Nāths</i>. Franz Steiner Verlag. pp. <span class="nowrap">155–</span>56. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-515-06922-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-515-06922-9"><bdi>978-3-515-06922-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Songs+on+yoga%3A+texts+and+teachings+of+the+Mah%C4%81r%C4%81%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%ADrian+N%C4%81ths&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E155-%3C%2Fspan%3E56&rft.pub=Franz+Steiner+Verlag&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-3-515-06922-9&rft.aulast=Kiehnle&rft.aufirst=Catharina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoham+%28Sanskrit%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKiehnle1997" class="citation book cs1">Kiehnle, Catharina (1997). <i>Songs on yoga: texts and teachings of the Mahārāṣṭrian Nāths</i>. Franz Steiner Verlag. p. 185. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-515-06922-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-515-06922-9"><bdi>978-3-515-06922-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Songs+on+yoga%3A+texts+and+teachings+of+the+Mah%C4%81r%C4%81%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%ADrian+N%C4%81ths&rft.pages=185&rft.pub=Franz+Steiner+Verlag&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-3-515-06922-9&rft.aulast=Kiehnle&rft.aufirst=Catharina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoham+%28Sanskrit%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKiehnle1997" class="citation book cs1">Kiehnle, Catharina (1997). <i>Songs on yoga: texts and teachings of the Mahārāṣṭrian Nāths</i>. Franz Steiner Verlag. p. 301. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-515-06922-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-515-06922-9"><bdi>978-3-515-06922-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Songs+on+yoga%3A+texts+and+teachings+of+the+Mah%C4%81r%C4%81%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%ADrian+N%C4%81ths&rft.pages=301&rft.pub=Franz+Steiner+Verlag&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-3-515-06922-9&rft.aulast=Kiehnle&rft.aufirst=Catharina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoham+%28Sanskrit%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNair2007" class="citation book cs1">Nair, Sreenath (2007). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/restorationbreat00nair"><i>Restoration of Breath: Consciousness and Performance</i></a></span>. Rodopi. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/restorationbreat00nair/page/n106">100</a> ff. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-420-2306-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-420-2306-2"><bdi>978-90-420-2306-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Restoration+of+Breath%3A+Consciousness+and+Performance&rft.pages=100+ff&rft.pub=Rodopi&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-90-420-2306-2&rft.aulast=Nair&rft.aufirst=Sreenath&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frestorationbreat00nair&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoham+%28Sanskrit%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVennemann2008" class="citation book cs1">Vennemann, Michael (2008). <i>Fürchte Dich nicht, Petrus Romanus - Teil 2</i>. M. Vennemann. pp. <span class="nowrap">522–</span>23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-00-025348-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-00-025348-5"><bdi>978-3-00-025348-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=F%C3%BCrchte+Dich+nicht%2C+Petrus+Romanus+-+Teil+2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E522-%3C%2Fspan%3E23&rft.pub=M.+Vennemann&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-3-00-025348-5&rft.aulast=Vennemann&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoham+%28Sanskrit%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hinduismtoday.com/modules/smartsection/item.php?itemid=4735">"Shiva Svarodaya (51)"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-05-17</span></span>. <q>The Shiva Svarodaya scripture's verse 51 says, "The process of exhalation is said to contain the letter ham, and the inhalation contains the letter sa."<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Shiva+Svarodaya+%2851%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hinduismtoday.com%2Fmodules%2Fsmartsection%2Fitem.php%3Fitemid%3D4735&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoham+%28Sanskrit%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMallinson2004" class="citation book cs1">Mallinson, James (2004). <i>Gheranda samhita: the original Sanskrit and an English translation</i>. YogaVidya.com. p. 127. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9716466-3-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9716466-3-6"><bdi>978-0-9716466-3-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gheranda+samhita%3A+the+original+Sanskrit+and+an+English+translation&rft.pages=127&rft.pub=YogaVidya.com&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-9716466-3-6&rft.aulast=Mallinson&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoham+%28Sanskrit%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMa_Yoga_Shakti1995" class="citation book cs1">Ma Yoga Shakti (1995). <i>Gheranda samhita. La scienza dello yoga</i>. Edizioni Studio Tesi. p. 181. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-272-1099-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-272-1099-4"><bdi>978-88-272-1099-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gheranda+samhita.+La+scienza+dello+yoga&rft.pages=181&rft.pub=Edizioni+Studio+Tesi&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-88-272-1099-4&rft.au=Ma+Yoga+Shakti&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoham+%28Sanskrit%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYogi_Pranavananda2000" class="citation book cs1">Yogi Pranavananda (2000). Tony Rodriguez (ed.). <i>Pure Yoga</i>. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 113 ff. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1508-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1508-7"><bdi>978-81-208-1508-7</bdi></a>. <q>With the sound 'Sah' the breath goes in; with the sound 'Ham' the breath comes out</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pure+Yoga&rft.pages=113+ff&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-81-208-1508-7&rft.au=Yogi+Pranavananda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoham+%28Sanskrit%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hinduismtoday.com/archives/1998/3/1998-3-24.shtml">"Gheranda Samhita 5:84"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-05-17</span></span>. <q>Gheranda Samhita 5:84 indicates, "Breath of every person, in entering, makes the sound of 'sa', and in coming out (bahiryati), that of 'ham.' "<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gheranda+Samhita+5%3A84&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hinduismtoday.com%2Farchives%2F1998%2F3%2F1998-3-24.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoham+%28Sanskrit%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh2004" class="citation book cs1">Singh, Panchanan (2004). <i>The Forceful Yoga: Being the Translation of Haṭhayoga-pradīpikā, Gheraṇḍa-saṃhitā, and Śiva-saṃhitā</i>. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 275. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-2055-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-2055-5"><bdi>978-81-208-2055-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Forceful+Yoga%3A+Being+the+Translation+of+Ha%E1%B9%ADhayoga-prad%C4%ABpik%C4%81%2C+Ghera%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8Da-sa%E1%B9%83hit%C4%81%2C+and+%C5%9Aiva-sa%E1%B9%83hit%C4%81&rft.pages=275&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-81-208-2055-5&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Panchanan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoham+%28Sanskrit%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSatyananda_Saraswati1989" class="citation book cs1">Satyananda Saraswati (1989). <i>Yoga and Kriya: A Systematic Course in the Ancient Tantric Techniques of</i> (2 ed.). Munger, Bihar, India: Bihar School of Yoga. p. 497 ff. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-85787-08-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-85787-08-4"><bdi>978-81-85787-08-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Yoga+and+Kriya%3A+A+Systematic+Course+in+the+Ancient+Tantric+Techniques+of&rft.place=Munger%2C+Bihar%2C+India&rft.pages=497+ff&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Bihar+School+of+Yoga&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-81-85787-08-4&rft.au=Satyananda+Saraswati&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoham+%28Sanskrit%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDevanand2008" class="citation book cs1">Devanand, G. K. (2008). <i>Teaching of Yoga</i>. Himalayan Institute Press. p. 116. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-313-0172-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-313-0172-2"><bdi>978-81-313-0172-2</bdi></a>. <q>Soham is a universal mantra vibration, with Sooo.... being remembered with inhalation and Hummm... being remembered with exhalation.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Teaching+of+Yoga&rft.pages=116&rft.pub=Himalayan+Institute+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-81-313-0172-2&rft.aulast=Devanand&rft.aufirst=G.+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoham+%28Sanskrit%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMumford1999" class="citation book cs1">Mumford, John (1999). <i>Death: beginning or end? : methods for immortality</i>. Llewellyn Worldwide. p. 97 ff. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56718-476-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56718-476-1"><bdi>978-1-56718-476-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Death%3A+beginning+or+end%3F+%3A+methods+for+immortality&rft.pages=97+ff&rft.pub=Llewellyn+Worldwide&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-1-56718-476-1&rft.aulast=Mumford&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoham+%28Sanskrit%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMargaret_StutleyAnonymousCategory:Cite_Q_-_author_unknown1977" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-location-test">Margaret Stutley; Anonymous (1977). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofhind0000stut"><i>A Dictionary of Hinduism</i></a></span>. London: Routledge. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofhind0000stut/page/372">372</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-429-62754-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-429-62754-5"><bdi>978-0-429-62754-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL35543927M">35543927M</a>. <a href="/wiki/WDQ_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="WDQ (identifier)">Wikidata</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q110087969" class="extiw" title="d:Q110087969">Q110087969</a>. <q>The Hamsa symbolizes knowledge and the life-force or cosmic breath (prana), 'ham' being its exhalation, and 'sa', its inhalation which is regarded as the return of the individual life-force to brahman, its cosmic source.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+Hinduism&rft.place=London&rft.pages=372&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1977&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL35543927M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-0-429-62754-5&rft.au=Margaret+Stutley&rft.au=AnonymousCategory%3ACite+Q+-+author+unknown&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdictionaryofhind0000stut&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoham+%28Sanskrit%29" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|author2=</code> has generic name (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#generic_name" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTigunait2000" class="citation book cs1">Tigunait, Pandit Rajmani (2000). <i>Power of Mantra and the Mystery of Initiation</i>. Himalayan Institute Press. p. 68 ff. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89389-176-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89389-176-3"><bdi>978-0-89389-176-3</bdi></a>. <q>(..) you will hear the sound sooo in the inhalation and hammmmm in the exhalation.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Power+of+Mantra+and+the+Mystery+of+Initiation&rft.pages=68+ff&rft.pub=Himalayan+Institute+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-89389-176-3&rft.aulast=Tigunait&rft.aufirst=Pandit+Rajmani&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoham+%28Sanskrit%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoodroffe1910" class="citation book cs1">Woodroffe, John (1910). <i>Shakti and Shakta</i>. Forgotten Books. p. 318. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60620-145-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60620-145-9"><bdi>978-1-60620-145-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shakti+and+Shakta&rft.pages=318&rft.pub=Forgotten+Books&rft.date=1910&rft.isbn=978-1-60620-145-9&rft.aulast=Woodroffe&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoham+%28Sanskrit%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFXavier2004" class="citation book cs1">Xavier, G. Francis (2004). <i>Yoga for Health & Personality</i>. Pustak Mahal. pp. <span class="nowrap">98–</span>99. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-223-0892-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-223-0892-1"><bdi>978-81-223-0892-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Yoga+for+Health+%26+Personality&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E98-%3C%2Fspan%3E99&rft.pub=Pustak+Mahal&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-81-223-0892-1&rft.aulast=Xavier&rft.aufirst=G.+Francis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoham+%28Sanskrit%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.meditationiseasy.com/mCorner/techniques/letter_from_muktananda.htm">"Letter from Swami Muktananda to Franklin Jones, April 23, 1968"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-05-17</span></span>. <q>Harmonize the repetition of mantra with the breathing as follows: With "So" take it in and with "ham" bring it out. (...) When one's mind is fixed on "So" with the incoming breath and on "ham" with the outgoing breath it is mantra-japa. (...) Your beauty, your energy, your duty, your religion, your Guru and guide; your study, worship and prayer -- all lie in engaging yourself to the remembrance and repetition of "So'ham", "So'ham". This is my instruction, this is my precept. This is to be followed or practiced, and reflected upon devoutly.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Letter+from+Swami+Muktananda+to+Franklin+Jones%2C+April+23%2C+1968&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.meditationiseasy.com%2FmCorner%2Ftechniques%2Fletter_from_muktananda.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoham+%28Sanskrit%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwami_Muktananda1992" class="citation book cs1">Swami Muktananda (1992). <i>I Am that: The Science of Hamsa from the Vijnana Bhairava</i>. SYDA Foundation. p. 27 ff. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-914602-27-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-914602-27-9"><bdi>978-0-914602-27-9</bdi></a>. <q>Sit quietly, and watch the going out and coming in of the breath . . . Bhairava says that as the breath comes in, it makes the sound ham, and as the breath goes out, it makes the sound sa. This is known as ajapa-japa, the unrepeated mantra repetition. One who simply watches the breath, being aware that it is coming in and going out with the sounds ham and sa, is doing ajapa-japa, and this is the true way of practicing mantra.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=I+Am+that%3A+The+Science+of+Hamsa+from+the+Vijnana+Bhairava&rft.pages=27+ff&rft.pub=SYDA+Foundation&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-914602-27-9&rft.au=Swami+Muktananda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoham+%28Sanskrit%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRenfrew_Brooks2000" class="citation book cs1">Renfrew Brooks, Douglas (2000). <i>Meditation revolution: a history and theology of the Siddha Yoga lineage</i>. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 509 ff. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1648-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1648-0"><bdi>978-81-208-1648-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Meditation+revolution%3A+a+history+and+theology+of+the+Siddha+Yoga+lineage&rft.pages=509+ff&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-81-208-1648-0&rft.aulast=Renfrew+Brooks&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoham+%28Sanskrit%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwami_Shankarananda2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Swami_Shankarananda_(Shiva_Yoga)" class="mw-redirect" title="Swami Shankarananda (Shiva Yoga)">Swami Shankarananda</a> (2003). <i>Happy for No Good Reason: Learn to Meditate, Become Stronger, Calmer and Happier</i>. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. <span class="nowrap">114–</span>15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-2006-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-2006-7"><bdi>978-81-208-2006-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Happy+for+No+Good+Reason%3A+Learn+to+Meditate%2C+Become+Stronger%2C+Calmer+and+Happier&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E114-%3C%2Fspan%3E15&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-81-208-2006-7&rft.au=Swami+Shankarananda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoham+%28Sanskrit%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKedar2003" class="citation book cs1">Kedar, Acharya (2003). <i>The Sutras on the 5-Fold Act of Divine Consciousness</i>. iUniverse. p. 150. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-595-29389-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-595-29389-6"><bdi>978-0-595-29389-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sutras+on+the+5-Fold+Act+of+Divine+Consciousness&rft.pages=150&rft.pub=iUniverse&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-595-29389-6&rft.aulast=Kedar&rft.aufirst=Acharya&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoham+%28Sanskrit%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKedar2003" class="citation book cs1">Kedar, Acharya (2003). <i>Vibration of Divine Consciousness: The Spiritual Autobiography of Acarya Kedar</i>. iUniverse. p. 230. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-595-27410-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-595-27410-9"><bdi>978-0-595-27410-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vibration+of+Divine+Consciousness%3A+The+Spiritual+Autobiography+of+Acarya+Kedar&rft.pages=230&rft.pub=iUniverse&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-595-27410-9&rft.aulast=Kedar&rft.aufirst=Acharya&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoham+%28Sanskrit%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSopory2004" class="citation book cs1">Sopory, S.K. (2004). <i>Glimpses of Kashmir</i>. APH Publishing. p. 103 ff. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7648-547-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7648-547-0"><bdi>978-81-7648-547-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Glimpses+of+Kashmir&rft.pages=103+ff&rft.pub=APH+Publishing&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-81-7648-547-0&rft.aulast=Sopory&rft.aufirst=S.K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoham+%28Sanskrit%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060821223427/http://www.hsuyun.org/Dharma/zbohy/Sruti-Smriti/Sutras/Vijnanabhairava.html">"Vijnana Bhairava"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hsuyun.org/Dharma/zbohy/Sruti-Smriti/Sutras/Vijnanabhairava.html">the original</a> on 2006-08-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-05-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vijnana+Bhairava&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hsuyun.org%2FDharma%2Fzbohy%2FSruti-Smriti%2FSutras%2FVijnanabhairava.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoham+%28Sanskrit%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-muktabodhalib.org-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-muktabodhalib.org_63-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-muktabodhalib.org_63-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090204191352/http://muktabodhalib.org/SECURE/KSTS/ksts_series_index.htm">"Muktabodha on-line library Kashmir Series of Texts and Studies"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.muktabodhalib.org/SECURE/KSTS/ksts_series_index.htm">the original</a> on February 4, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-05-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Muktabodha+on-line+library+Kashmir+Series+of+Texts+and+Studies&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.muktabodhalib.org%2FSECURE%2FKSTS%2Fksts_series_index.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoham+%28Sanskrit%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlper1991" class="citation book cs1">Alper, Harvey P. (1991). <i>Understanding Mantras</i>. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 282. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0746-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0746-4"><bdi>978-81-208-0746-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+Mantras&rft.pages=282&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-81-208-0746-4&rft.aulast=Alper&rft.aufirst=Harvey+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoham+%28Sanskrit%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh1991" class="citation book cs1">Singh, Jaideva (1991). <i>The Yoga of delight, wonder, and astonishment: a translation of the Vijñāna-bhairava</i>. SUNY Press. p. 143 ff. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-1073-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-1073-8"><bdi>978-0-7914-1073-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Yoga+of+delight%2C+wonder%2C+and+astonishment%3A+a+translation+of+the+Vij%C3%B1%C4%81na-bhairava&rft.pages=143+ff&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-1073-8&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Jaideva&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoham+%28Sanskrit%29" class="Z3988"></span> reprinted and published as: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh2002" class="citation book cs1">Singh, Jaideva (2002). <i>Vijnanabhairava or Divine Consciousness: A Treasury of 112 Types of Yoga</i>. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. p. 173. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0820-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0820-1"><bdi>978-81-208-0820-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vijnanabhairava+or+Divine+Consciousness%3A+A+Treasury+of+112+Types+of+Yoga&rft.pages=173&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass+Publ&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-81-208-0820-1&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Jaideva&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoham+%28Sanskrit%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSatyananda_Saraswati1989" class="citation book cs1">Satyananda Saraswati (1989). <i>Yoga and Kriya: A Systematic Course in the Ancient Tantric Techniques of</i> (2 ed.). Munger, Bihar, India: Bihar School of Yoga. p. 497 ff. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-85787-08-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-85787-08-4"><bdi>978-81-85787-08-4</bdi></a>. <q>Listen carefully to your breath; you will hear the sound <i>So</i> with inhalation and <i>Ham</i> with exhalation.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Yoga+and+Kriya%3A+A+Systematic+Course+in+the+Ancient+Tantric+Techniques+of&rft.place=Munger%2C+Bihar%2C+India&rft.pages=497+ff&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Bihar+School+of+Yoga&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-81-85787-08-4&rft.au=Satyananda+Saraswati&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoham+%28Sanskrit%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSatyananda_Saraswati1989" class="citation book cs1">Satyananda Saraswati (1989). <i>Yoga and Kriya: A Systematic Course in the Ancient Tantric Techniques of</i> (2 ed.). Munger, Bihar, India: Bihar School of Yoga. p. 668 ff. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-85787-08-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-85787-08-4"><bdi>978-81-85787-08-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Yoga+and+Kriya%3A+A+Systematic+Course+in+the+Ancient+Tantric+Techniques+of&rft.place=Munger%2C+Bihar%2C+India&rft.pages=668+ff&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Bihar+School+of+Yoga&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-81-85787-08-4&rft.au=Satyananda+Saraswati&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoham+%28Sanskrit%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soham_(Sanskrit)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlivelle1992" class="citation book cs1">Olivelle, Patrick (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fB8uneM7q1cC&pg=PA1"><i>The Samnyasa Upanisads</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195070453" title="Special:BookSources/978-0195070453"><bdi>978-0195070453</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Samnyasa+Upanisads&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0195070453&rft.aulast=Olivelle&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfB8uneM7q1cC%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoham+%28Sanskrit%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Soham_(Sanskrit)&oldid=1259933585">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Soham_(Sanskrit)&oldid=1259933585</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Meditation" title="Category:Meditation">Meditation</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Yoga_concepts" title="Category:Yoga concepts">Yoga concepts</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_mantras" title="Category:Hindu mantras">Hindu mantras</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cite_Q_-_author_unknown" title="Category:Cite Q - author unknown">Cite Q - author unknown</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_errors:_generic_name" title="Category:CS1 errors: generic name">CS1 errors: generic name</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_location_test" title="Category:CS1 location test">CS1 location test</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Sanskrit-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Sanskrit-language text">Articles containing Sanskrit-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_lacking_reliable_references" title="Category:All articles lacking reliable references">All articles lacking reliable references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_lacking_reliable_references_from_January_2016" title="Category:Articles lacking reliable references from January 2016">Articles lacking reliable references from January 2016</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 27 November 2024, at 22:01<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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