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<div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Uses </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Uses-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Uses subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Platform_integrity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Platform_integrity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Platform integrity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Platform_integrity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Disk_encryption" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Disk_encryption"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Disk encryption </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Disk_encryption-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_uses_and_concerns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_uses_and_concerns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Other uses and concerns </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_uses_and_concerns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-By_organizations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_organizations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 By organizations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_organizations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-TPM_implementations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#TPM_implementations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 TPM implementations </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-TPM_implementations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle TPM implementations subsection </button> <ul id="toc-TPM_implementations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Laptops_and_notebooks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Laptops_and_notebooks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Laptops and notebooks </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Laptops_and_notebooks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-TPM_2.0_implementations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#TPM_2.0_implementations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 TPM 2.0 implementations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-TPM_2.0_implementations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Open_source_implementations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Open_source_implementations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Open source implementations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Open_source_implementations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-TPM_1.2_versus_TPM_2.0" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#TPM_1.2_versus_TPM_2.0"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 TPM 1.2 versus TPM 2.0 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-TPM_1.2_versus_TPM_2.0-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reception" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reception"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Reception </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reception-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Attacks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Attacks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Attacks </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Attacks-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Attacks subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Attacks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-2017_weak_key_generation_controversy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2017_weak_key_generation_controversy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 2017 weak key generation controversy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2017_weak_key_generation_controversy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Availability" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Availability"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Availability </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Availability-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Availability subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Availability-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-TPM" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#TPM"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 TPM </div> </a> <ul id="toc-TPM-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Field_upgrade" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Field_upgrade"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Field upgrade </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Field_upgrade-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Virtual_TPM" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Virtual_TPM"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Virtual TPM </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Virtual_TPM-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Operating_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Operating_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.4 Operating systems </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Operating_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Platforms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Platforms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.5 Platforms </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Platforms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Virtualization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Virtualization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.6 Virtualization </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Virtualization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Software" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Software"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.7 Software </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Software-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Endorsement_keys" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Endorsement_keys"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Endorsement keys </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Endorsement_keys-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-TPM_software_libraries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#TPM_software_libraries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 TPM software libraries </div> </a> <ul id="toc-TPM_software_libraries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" 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href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trusted_Platform_Module" title="Trusted Platform Module – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Trusted Platform Module" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trusted_Platform_Module" title="Trusted Platform Module – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Trusted Platform Module" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trusted_Platform_Module" title="Trusted Platform Module – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Trusted Platform Module" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usaldusv%C3%A4%C3%A4rse_platvormi_moodul" title="Usaldusväärse platvormi moodul – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Usaldusväärse platvormi moodul" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/TPM_(inform%C3%A1tica)" title="TPM (informática) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="TPM (informática)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trusted_Platform_Module" title="Trusted Platform Module – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Trusted Platform Module" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8B%A0%EB%A2%B0_%ED%94%8C%EB%9E%AB%ED%8F%BC_%EB%AA%A8%EB%93%88" title="신뢰 플랫폼 모듈 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="신뢰 플랫폼 모듈" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trusted_Platform_Module" title="Trusted Platform Module – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Trusted Platform Module" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trusted_Platform_Module" title="Trusted Platform Module – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Trusted Platform Module" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trusted_Platform_Module" title="Trusted Platform Module – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Trusted Platform Module" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/TPM" title="TPM – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="TPM" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trusted_Platform_Module" title="Trusted Platform Module – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Trusted Platform Module" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trusted_Platform_Module" title="Trusted Platform Module – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="Trusted Platform Module" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trusted_Platform_Module" title="Trusted Platform Module – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Trusted Platform Module" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trusted_Platform_Module" title="Trusted Platform Module – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Trusted Platform Module" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trusted_Platform_Module" title="Trusted Platform Module – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Trusted Platform Module" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/TPM_(%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="TPM (спецификация) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="TPM (спецификация)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trusted_Platform_Module" title="Trusted Platform Module – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Trusted Platform Module" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BF%A1%E8%B3%B4%E5%B9%B3%E5%8F%B0%E6%A8%A1%E7%B5%84" title="信賴平台模組 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="信賴平台模組" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1140366#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Standard for secure cryptoprocessors</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox hproduct"><caption class="infobox-title fn">Trusted Platform Module</caption><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Abbreviation</th><td class="infobox-data">TPM</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data">Published</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Year started</th><td class="infobox-data">2009; 15 years ago (2009)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Latest version</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">ISO</a>/<a href="/wiki/International_Electrotechnical_Commission" title="International Electrotechnical Commission">IEC</a> 11889:2015 2015; 9 years ago (2015)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Organization</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Trusted_Computing_Group" title="Trusted Computing Group">Trusted Computing Group</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_JTC_1" title="ISO/IEC JTC 1">ISO/IEC JTC 1</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Domain</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Secure_cryptoprocessor" title="Secure cryptoprocessor">Secure cryptoprocessor</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iso.org/standard/66510.html">ISO/IEC 11889-1:2015</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iso.org/standard/66511.html">ISO/IEC 11889-2:2015</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iso.org/standard/66512.html">ISO/IEC 11889-3:2015</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iso.org/standard/66513.html">ISO/IEC 11889-4:2015</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TPM.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/TPM.svg/330px-TPM.svg.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/TPM.svg/495px-TPM.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/TPM.svg/660px-TPM.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="580" data-file-height="391" /></a><figcaption>Components of a Trusted Platform Module complying with the TPM version 1.2 standard</figcaption></figure> Trusted Platform Module (TPM) is an international standard for a <a href="/wiki/Secure_cryptoprocessor" title="Secure cryptoprocessor">secure cryptoprocessor</a>, a dedicated microcontroller designed to secure hardware through integrated cryptographic keys. The term can also refer to a <a href="/wiki/Integrated_circuit" title="Integrated circuit">chip</a> conforming to the standard ISO/IEC 11889. Common uses are to verify platform integrity (to verify that the <a href="/wiki/Boot_process" class="mw-redirect" title="Boot process">boot process</a> starts from a trusted combination of hardware and software), and to store disk encryption keys. One of <a href="/wiki/Windows_11" title="Windows 11">Windows 11</a>'s operating system requirements is TPM 2.0 implementation. Microsoft has stated that this is to help increase security against firmware attacks.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> The bloat of functions was criticised, especially random number generation.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trusted_Platform_Module&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> Trusted Platform Module (TPM) was conceived by a <a href="/wiki/Computer_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer industry">computer industry</a> consortium called <a href="/wiki/Trusted_Computing_Group" title="Trusted Computing Group">Trusted Computing Group</a> (TCG). It evolved into TPM Main Specification Version 1.2 which was standardized by <a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">International Organization for Standardization</a> (ISO) and <a href="/wiki/International_Electrotechnical_Commission" title="International Electrotechnical Commission">International Electrotechnical Commission</a> (IEC) in 2009 as ISO/IEC 11889:2009.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> TPM Main Specification Version 1.2 was finalized on 3 March 2011 completing its revision.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-TPM_Main_Specs-5">[5]</a> On 9 April 2014 the <a href="/wiki/Trusted_Computing_Group" title="Trusted Computing Group">Trusted Computing Group</a> announced a major upgrade to their specification entitled TPM Library Specification 2.0.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> The group continues work on the standard incorporating errata, algorithmic additions and new commands, with its most recent edition published as 2.0 in November 2019.<a href="#cite_note-TPM_Library_Specs-7">[7]</a> This version became ISO/IEC 11889:2015. When a new revision is released it is divided into multiple parts by the Trusted Computing Group. Each part consists of a document that makes up the whole of the new TPM specification. <ul><li>Part 1 Architecture (renamed from Design Principles)</li> <li>Part 2 Structures of the TPM</li> <li>Part 3 Commands</li> <li>Part 4 Supporting Routines (added in TPM 2.0)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trusted_Platform_Module&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Overview">edit</a>]</div> The Trusted Platform Module (TPM) provides: <ul><li>A <a href="/wiki/Hardware_random_number_generator" title="Hardware random number generator">hardware random number generator</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></li> <li>Facilities for the secure generation of <a href="/wiki/Cryptographic_keys" class="mw-redirect" title="Cryptographic keys">cryptographic keys</a> for limited uses.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remote_attestation" class="mw-redirect" title="Remote attestation">Remote attestation</a>: Creates a nearly unforgeable <a href="/wiki/Cryptographic_hash_function" title="Cryptographic hash function">hash key</a> summary of the hardware and software configuration. One could use the hash to verify that the hardware and software have not been changed. The software in charge of hashing the setup determines the extent of the summary.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_binding" title="Late binding">Binding</a>: Data is encrypted using the TPM bind key, a unique <a href="/wiki/RSA_(algorithm)" class="mw-redirect" title="RSA (algorithm)">RSA</a> key descended from a storage key. Computers that incorporate a TPM can create cryptographic keys and encrypt them so that they can only be decrypted by the TPM. This process, often called wrapping or binding a key, can help protect the key from disclosure. Each TPM has a master wrapping key, called the storage root key, which is stored within the TPM itself. User-level RSA key containers are stored with the Windows user profile for a particular user and can be used to encrypt and decrypt information for applications that run under that specific user identity.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sealed_storage" class="mw-redirect" title="Sealed storage">Sealed storage</a>: Specifies the TPM state<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> for the data to be decrypted (unsealed).<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a></li> <li>Other <a href="/wiki/Trusted_Computing" title="Trusted Computing">Trusted Computing</a> functions for the data to be decrypted (unsealed).<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a></li></ul> Computer programs can use a TPM for the <a href="/wiki/Authentication" title="Authentication">authentication</a> of hardware devices, since each TPM chip has a unique and secret Endorsement Key (EK) burned in as it is produced. Security embedded in hardware provides more protection than a software-only solution.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> Its use is restricted in some countries.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trusted_Platform_Module&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Uses">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Platform_integrity">Platform integrity</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trusted_Platform_Module&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Platform integrity">edit</a>]</div> The primary scope of TPM is to ensure the <a href="/wiki/Data_integrity" title="Data integrity">integrity</a> of a platform during boot time. In this context, "integrity" means "behaves as intended", and a "platform" is any computer device regardless of its <a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating system</a>. This is to ensure that the <a href="/wiki/Boot_process" class="mw-redirect" title="Boot process">boot process</a> starts from a trusted combination of hardware and software, and continues until the operating system has fully booted and <a href="/wiki/Application_software" title="Application software">applications</a> are running. When TPM is used, the firmware and the operating system are responsible for ensuring integrity. For example, the <a href="/wiki/Unified_Extensible_Firmware_Interface" class="mw-redirect" title="Unified Extensible Firmware Interface">Unified Extensible Firmware Interface</a> (UEFI) can use TPM to form a <a href="/wiki/Root_of_Trust" class="mw-redirect" title="Root of Trust">root of trust</a>: The TPM contains several Platform Configuration Registers (PCRs) that allow secure storage and reporting of security-relevant metrics. These metrics can be used to detect changes to previous configurations and decide how to proceed. Examples of such use can be found in <a href="/wiki/Linux_Unified_Key_Setup" title="Linux Unified Key Setup">Linux Unified Key Setup</a> (LUKS),<a href="#cite_note-:0-17">[17]</a> <a href="/wiki/BitLocker" title="BitLocker">BitLocker</a> and <a href="/wiki/PrivateCore" title="PrivateCore">PrivateCore</a> vCage memory encryption. (See below.) Another example of platform integrity via TPM is in the use of <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Office_365" class="mw-redirect" title="Microsoft Office 365">Microsoft Office 365</a> licensing and Outlook Exchange.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> Another example of TPM use for platform integrity is the <a href="/wiki/Trusted_Execution_Technology" title="Trusted Execution Technology">Trusted Execution Technology</a> (TXT), which creates a chain of trust. It could remotely attest that a computer is using the specified hardware and software.<a href="#cite_note-:1-19">[19]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Disk_encryption">Disk encryption</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trusted_Platform_Module&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Disk encryption">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Full_disk_encryption" class="mw-redirect" title="Full disk encryption">Full disk encryption</a> utilities, such as <a href="/wiki/Dm-crypt" title="Dm-crypt">dm-crypt</a>, can use this technology to protect the keys used to encrypt the computer's storage devices and provide integrity <a href="/wiki/Authentication" title="Authentication">authentication</a> for a trusted boot pathway that includes firmware and the <a href="/wiki/Boot_sector" title="Boot sector">boot sector</a>.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_uses_and_concerns">Other uses and concerns</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trusted_Platform_Module&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Other uses and concerns">edit</a>]</div> Any application can use a TPM chip for: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_rights_management" title="Digital rights management">Digital rights management (DRM)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Defender" class="mw-redirect" title="Windows Defender">Windows Defender</a></li> <li>Windows Domain logon<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a></li> <li>Protection and enforcement of <a href="/wiki/Software_license" title="Software license">software licenses</a></li> <li>Prevention of <a href="/wiki/Cheating_in_online_games" title="Cheating in online games">cheating in online games</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-22">[22]</a></li></ul> Other uses exist, some of which give rise to <a href="/wiki/Privacy" title="Privacy">privacy</a> concerns. The "physical presence" feature of TPM addresses some of these concerns by requiring <a href="/wiki/BIOS" title="BIOS">BIOS</a>/<a href="/wiki/UEFI" title="UEFI">UEFI</a>-level confirmation for operations such as activating, deactivating, clearing or changing ownership of TPM by someone who is physically present at the console of the machine.<a href="#cite_note-TCPA-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-SetPhysicalPresenceRequest-24">[24]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="By_organizations">By organizations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trusted_Platform_Module&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: By organizations">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense" title="United States Department of Defense">United States Department of Defense</a> (DoD) specifies that "new computer assets (e.g., server, desktop, laptop, thin client, tablet, smartphone, personal digital assistant, mobile phone) procured to support DoD will include a TPM version 1.2 or higher where required by <a href="/wiki/Defense_Information_Systems_Agency" title="Defense Information Systems Agency">Defense Information Systems Agency</a> (DISA) <a href="/wiki/Security_Technical_Implementation_Guide" title="Security Technical Implementation Guide">Security Technical Implementation Guides</a> (STIGs) and where such technology is available." The DoD anticipates that TPM is to be used for device identification, authentication, encryption, and device integrity verification.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="TPM_implementations">TPM implementations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trusted_Platform_Module&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: TPM implementations">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TPM_Asus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/TPM_Asus.jpg/220px-TPM_Asus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/TPM_Asus.jpg/330px-TPM_Asus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/TPM_Asus.jpg/440px-TPM_Asus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="830" data-file-height="705" /></a><figcaption>Trusted Platform Module installed on a mainboard</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox vevent"><caption class="infobox-title summary">TPM 2.0 Reference Implementation</caption><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Programmer" title="Programmer">Developer(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Repository_(version_control)" title="Repository (version control)">Repository</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/Microsoft/ms-tpm-20-ref">github.com/Microsoft/ms-tpm-20-ref</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Written in</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a>, <a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++">C++</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Software_categories#Categorization_approaches" title="Software categories">Type</a></th><td class="infobox-data">TPM implementation</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Software_license" title="Software license">License</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/BSD_License" class="mw-redirect" title="BSD License">BSD License</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trustedcomputinggroup.org/tpm-library-specification">trustedcomputinggroup.org/tpm-library-specification</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Laptops_and_notebooks">Laptops and notebooks</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trusted_Platform_Module&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Laptops and notebooks">edit</a>]</div> In 2006 new <a href="/wiki/Laptop" title="Laptop">laptops</a> began being sold with a built-in TPM chip. In the future, this concept could be co-located on an existing <a href="/wiki/Motherboard" title="Motherboard">motherboard</a> chip in computers, or any other device where the TPM facilities could be employed, such as a <a href="/wiki/Cellphone" class="mw-redirect" title="Cellphone">cellphone</a>. On a PC, either the <a href="/wiki/Low_Pin_Count" title="Low Pin Count">Low Pin Count</a> (LPC) bus or the <a href="/wiki/Serial_Peripheral_Interface" title="Serial Peripheral Interface">Serial Peripheral Interface</a> (SPI) bus is used to connect to the TPM chip. The <a href="/wiki/Trusted_Computing_Group" title="Trusted Computing Group">Trusted Computing Group</a> (TCG) has certified TPM chips manufactured by <a href="/wiki/Infineon_Technologies" title="Infineon Technologies">Infineon Technologies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nuvoton" title="Nuvoton">Nuvoton</a>, and <a href="/wiki/STMicroelectronics" title="STMicroelectronics">STMicroelectronics</a>,<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> having assigned TPM vendor <a href="/wiki/Identity_document" title="Identity document">IDs</a> to <a href="/wiki/Advanced_Micro_Devices" class="mw-redirect" title="Advanced Micro Devices">Advanced Micro Devices</a>, <a href="/wiki/Atmel" title="Atmel">Atmel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Broadcom" title="Broadcom">Broadcom</a>, <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a>, Infineon, <a href="/wiki/Intel" title="Intel">Intel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lenovo" title="Lenovo">Lenovo</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Semiconductor" title="National Semiconductor">National Semiconductor</a>, Nationz Technologies, Nuvoton, <a href="/wiki/Qualcomm" title="Qualcomm">Qualcomm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rockchip" title="Rockchip">Rockchip</a>, <a href="/wiki/Microchip_Technology" title="Microchip Technology">Standard Microsystems Corporation</a>, STMicroelectronics, <a href="/wiki/Samsung" title="Samsung">Samsung</a>, Sinosun, <a href="/wiki/Texas_Instruments" title="Texas Instruments">Texas Instruments</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Winbond" title="Winbond">Winbond</a>.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="TPM_2.0_implementations">TPM 2.0 implementations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trusted_Platform_Module&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: TPM 2.0 implementations">edit</a>]</div> There are five different types of TPM 2.0 implementations (listed in order from most to least secure):<a href="#cite_note-TPMRecs-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-TPMBrief-29">[29]</a> <ul><li>Discrete TPMs are dedicated chips that implement TPM functionality in their own tamper resistant semiconductor package. They are the most secure, certified to FIPS-140 with level 3 physical security<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> resistance to attack versus routines implemented in software, and their packages are required to implement some tamper resistance. For example, the TPM for the brake controller in a car is protected from hacking by sophisticated methods.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a></li> <li>Integrated TPMs are part of another chip. While they use hardware that resists software bugs, they are not required to implement tamper resistance. <a href="/wiki/Intel" title="Intel">Intel</a> has integrated TPMs in some of its <a href="/wiki/Chipset" title="Chipset">chipsets</a>.</li> <li>Firmware TPMs (fTPMs) are firmware-based (e.g. <a href="/wiki/UEFI" title="UEFI">UEFI</a>) solutions that run in a CPU's <a href="/wiki/Trusted_execution_environment" title="Trusted execution environment">trusted execution environment</a>. Intel, AMD and Qualcomm have implemented firmware TPMs.</li> <li>Virtual TPMs (vTPMs) are provided by and rely on <a href="/wiki/Hypervisor" title="Hypervisor">hypervisors</a> in isolated execution environments that are hidden from the software running inside <a href="/wiki/Virtual_machines" class="mw-redirect" title="Virtual machines">virtual machines</a> to secure their code from the software in the virtual machines. They can provide a security level comparable to a firmware TPM. <a href="/wiki/Google_Cloud_Platform" title="Google Cloud Platform">Google Cloud Platform</a> has implemented vTPM.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a></li> <li>Software TPMs are software emulators of TPMs that run with no more protection than a regular program gets within an operating system. They depend entirely on the environment that they run in, so they provide no more security than what can be provided by the normal execution environment. They are useful for development purposes.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Open_source_implementations">Open source implementations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trusted_Platform_Module&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Open source implementations">edit</a>]</div> The official TCG reference implementation of the TPM 2.0 Specification has been developed by <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a>. It is licensed under <a href="/wiki/BSD_License" class="mw-redirect" title="BSD License">BSD License</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Source_code" title="Source code">source code</a> is available on <a href="/wiki/GitHub" title="GitHub">GitHub</a>.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> In 2018 <a href="/wiki/Intel" title="Intel">Intel</a> open-sourced its Trusted Platform Module 2.0 (TPM2) software stack with support for Linux and Microsoft Windows.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> The source code is hosted on GitHub and licensed under <a href="/wiki/BSD_License" class="mw-redirect" title="BSD License">BSD License</a>.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> <a href="/wiki/Infineon" class="mw-redirect" title="Infineon">Infineon</a> funded the development of an open source TPM middleware that complies with the Software Stack (TSS) Enhanced System API (ESAPI) specification of the TCG.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> It was developed by <a href="/wiki/Fraunhofer_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Fraunhofer Institute">Fraunhofer Institute</a> for Secure Information Technology (SIT).<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a>'s Software TPM 2.0 is an implementation of the TCG TPM 2.0 specification. It is based on the TPM specification Parts 3 and 4 and source code donated by Microsoft. It contains additional files to complete the implementation. The source code is hosted on <a href="/wiki/SourceForge" title="SourceForge">SourceForge</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> and <a href="/wiki/GitHub" title="GitHub">GitHub</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> and licensed under BSD License. In 2022, <a href="/wiki/Advanced_Micro_Devices" class="mw-redirect" title="Advanced Micro Devices">AMD</a> announced that under certain circumstances their fTPM implementation causes performance problems. A fix is available in form of a <a href="/wiki/BIOS" title="BIOS">BIOS</a>-Update.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="TPM_1.2_versus_TPM_2.0">TPM 1.2 versus TPM 2.0</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trusted_Platform_Module&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: TPM 1.2 versus TPM 2.0">edit</a>]</div> While TPM 2.0 addresses many of the same use cases and has similar features, the details are different. TPM 2.0 is not backward compatible with TPM 1.2.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Specification</th> <th>TPM 1.2</th> <th>TPM 2.0 </th></tr> <tr> <td>Architecture </td> <td>A complete specification is intended to consist of a platform-specific protection profile which references a common three part TPM 1.2 library.<a href="#cite_note-TPM_Main_Specs-5">[5]</a> In practice, only a PC Client protection profile was created for TPM 1.2. Protection profiles for <a href="/wiki/Personal_digital_assistant" title="Personal digital assistant">PDA</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mobile_phone" title="Mobile phone">cellular</a> were intended to be defined,<a href="#cite_note-TPM_Main_Specs-5">[5]</a> but were never published. </td> <td>A complete specification consists of a platform-specific specification which references a common four-part TPM 2.0 library.<a href="#cite_note-TPM2.0Book-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-TPM_Library_Specs-7">[7]</a> Platform-specific specifications define what parts of the library are mandatory, optional, or banned for that platform; and detail other requirements for that platform.<a href="#cite_note-TPM2.0Book-46">[46]</a> Platform-specific specifications include PC Client,<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> mobile,<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> and Automotive-Thin.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Algorithms </td> <td><a href="/wiki/SHA-1" title="SHA-1">SHA-1</a> and <a href="/wiki/RSA_(algorithm)" class="mw-redirect" title="RSA (algorithm)">RSA</a> are required.<a href="#cite_note-TPM1.2Rev116Part2-50">[50]</a> <a href="/wiki/Advanced_Encryption_Standard" title="Advanced Encryption Standard">AES</a> is optional.<a href="#cite_note-TPM1.2Rev116Part2-50">[50]</a> <a href="/wiki/Triple_DES" title="Triple DES">Triple DES</a> was once an optional algorithm in earlier versions of TPM 1.2,<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> but has been removed from TPM 1.2 version 103.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> The MGF1 hash-based mask generation function that is defined in <a href="/wiki/PKCS_1" title="PKCS 1">PKCS#1</a> is required.<a href="#cite_note-TPM1.2Rev116Part2-50">[50]</a> </td> <td>The PC Client Platform TPM Profile (PTP) Specification requires <a href="/wiki/SHA-1" title="SHA-1">SHA-1</a> and <a href="/wiki/SHA-256" class="mw-redirect" title="SHA-256">SHA-256</a> for hashes; <a href="/wiki/RSA_(algorithm)" class="mw-redirect" title="RSA (algorithm)">RSA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elliptic_curve_cryptography" class="mw-redirect" title="Elliptic curve cryptography">ECC</a> using the <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Standards_and_Technology" title="National Institute of Standards and Technology">NIST</a> P-256 curve for <a href="/wiki/Public-key_cryptography" title="Public-key cryptography">public-key cryptography</a> and asymmetric <a href="/wiki/Digital_signature" title="Digital signature">digital signature</a> generation and verification; <a href="/wiki/HMAC" title="HMAC">HMAC</a> for symmetric digital signature generation and verification; 128-bit <a href="/wiki/Advanced_Encryption_Standard" title="Advanced Encryption Standard">AES</a> for <a href="/wiki/Symmetric-key_algorithm" title="Symmetric-key algorithm">symmetric-key algorithm</a>; and the MGF1 hash-based mask generation function that is defined in <a href="/wiki/PKCS_1" title="PKCS 1">PKCS#1</a> are required by the TCG PC Client Platform TPM Profile (PTP) Specification.<a href="#cite_note-PCClient-53">[53]</a> Many other algorithms are also defined but are optional.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> Note that <a href="/wiki/Triple_DES" title="Triple DES">Triple DES</a> was added into the TPM 2.0 library, but with restrictions to reject <a href="/wiki/Weak_key" title="Weak key">weak keys</a>.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> Also, elliptic cryptography <a href="/wiki/Direct_Anonymous_Attestation" title="Direct Anonymous Attestation">Direct Anonymous Attestation</a> (ECDAA) using Barreto-Naehrig ECC curves which was mandatory in earlier versions has been made optional in the PC Client profile version 1.59.<a href="#cite_note-PCClient-53">[53]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Crypto Primitives </td> <td>A <a href="/wiki/Random_number_generation" title="Random number generation">random number generator</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Public-key_cryptography" title="Public-key cryptography">public-key cryptographic algorithm</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Cryptographic_hash_function" title="Cryptographic hash function">cryptographic hash function</a>, a mask generation function, <a href="/wiki/Digital_signature" title="Digital signature">digital signature</a> generation and verification, and <a href="/wiki/Direct_Anonymous_Attestation" title="Direct Anonymous Attestation">Direct Anonymous Attestation</a> are required.<a href="#cite_note-TPM1.2Rev116Part2-50">[50]</a> <a href="/wiki/Symmetric-key_algorithm" title="Symmetric-key algorithm">Symmetric-key algorithms</a> and <a href="/wiki/Exclusive_or" title="Exclusive or">exclusive or</a> are optional.<a href="#cite_note-TPM1.2Rev116Part2-50">[50]</a> <a href="/wiki/Key_generation" title="Key generation">Key generation</a> is also required.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> </td> <td>A <a href="/wiki/Random_number_generation" title="Random number generation">random number generator</a>, <a href="/wiki/Public-key_cryptography" title="Public-key cryptography">public-key cryptographic algorithms</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cryptographic_hash_function" title="Cryptographic hash function">cryptographic hash functions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Symmetric-key_algorithm" title="Symmetric-key algorithm">symmetric-key algorithms</a>, <a href="/wiki/Digital_signature" title="Digital signature">digital signature</a> generation and verification, mask generation functions, and <a href="/wiki/Exclusive_or" title="Exclusive or">exclusive or</a> are required by the TCG PC Client Platform TPM Profile (PTP) Specification.<a href="#cite_note-PCClient-53">[53]</a> <a href="/wiki/Elliptic_curve_cryptography" class="mw-redirect" title="Elliptic curve cryptography">ECC</a>-based <a href="/wiki/Direct_Anonymous_Attestation" title="Direct Anonymous Attestation">Direct Anonymous Attestation</a> using the Barreto–Naehrig 256-bit curve is optional for the TCG PC Client Platform TPM Profile (PTP) Specification.<a href="#cite_note-PCClient-53">[53]</a> The TPM 2.0 common library specification also requires <a href="/wiki/Key_generation" title="Key generation">key generation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Key_derivation_function" title="Key derivation function">key derivation functions</a>.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Hierarchy </td> <td>One (storage) </td> <td>Three (platform, storage and endorsement) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Root keys </td> <td>One (SRK RSA-2048) </td> <td>Multiple keys and algorithms per hierarchy </td></tr> <tr> <td>Authorization </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hash-based_message_authentication_code" class="mw-redirect" title="Hash-based message authentication code">HMAC</a>, PCR, locality, physical presence </td> <td>Password, <a href="/wiki/Hash-based_message_authentication_code" class="mw-redirect" title="Hash-based message authentication code">HMAC</a>, and policy (which covers HMAC, PCR, locality, and physical presence). </td></tr> <tr> <td>NVRAM </td> <td>Unstructured data </td> <td>Unstructured data, counter, bitmap, extend, PIN pass and fail </td></tr></tbody></table> The TPM 2.0 policy authorization includes the 1.2 HMAC, locality, physical presence, and PCR. It adds authorization based on an asymmetric digital signature, indirection to another authorization secret, counters and time limits, NVRAM values, a particular command or command parameters, and physical presence. It permits the ANDing and ORing of these authorization primitives to construct complex authorization policies.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reception">Reception</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trusted_Platform_Module&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Reception">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Trusted_Computing_Group" title="Trusted Computing Group">Trusted Computing Group</a> (TCG) has faced resistance to the deployment of this technology in some areas, where some authors see possible uses not specifically related to <a href="/wiki/Trusted_Computing" title="Trusted Computing">Trusted Computing</a>, which may raise privacy concerns. The concerns include the abuse of remote validation of software decides what software is allowed to run and possible ways to follow actions taken by the user being recorded in a database, in a manner that is completely undetectable to the user.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> The <a href="/wiki/TrueCrypt" title="TrueCrypt">TrueCrypt</a> disk encryption utility, as well as its derivative <a href="/wiki/VeraCrypt" title="VeraCrypt">VeraCrypt</a>, do not support TPM. The original TrueCrypt developers were of the opinion that the exclusive purpose of the TPM is "to protect against attacks that require the attacker to have administrator privileges, or physical access to the computer". The attacker who has physical or administrative access to a computer can circumvent TPM, e.g., by installing a hardware <a href="/wiki/Keystroke_logger" class="mw-redirect" title="Keystroke logger">keystroke logger</a>, by resetting TPM, or by capturing memory contents and retrieving TPM-issued keys. The condemning text goes so far as to claim that TPM is entirely redundant.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> The VeraCrypt publisher has reproduced the original allegation with no changes other than replacing "TrueCrypt" with "VeraCrypt".<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> The author is right that, after achieving either unrestricted physical access or administrative privileges, it is only a matter of time before other security measures in place are bypassed.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> However, stopping an attacker in possession of administrative privileges has never been one of the goals of TPM (see <a href="#Uses">§ Uses</a> for details), and TPM can <a href="/wiki/Cold_boot_attack" title="Cold boot attack">stop some physical tampering</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-TCPA-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-SetPhysicalPresenceRequest-24">[24]</a> In 2015 <a href="/wiki/Richard_Stallman" title="Richard Stallman">Richard Stallman</a> suggested to replace the term "Trusted computing" with the term "Treacherous computing" due to the danger that the computer can be made to systematically disobey its owner if the cryptographical keys are kept secret from them. He also considers that TPMs available for PCs in 2015 are not currently[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Relative_time_references" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch">timeframe?</a>] dangerous and that there is no reason not to include one in a computer or support it in software due to failed attempts from the industry to use that technology for <a href="/wiki/Digital_rights_management" title="Digital rights management">DRM</a>, but that the TPM2 released in 2022 is precisely the "<a href="/wiki/Trusted_Computing" title="Trusted Computing">treacherous computing</a>" threat he had warned of.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> Linux Torvalds in 2023 wrote that there is no way to believe that randomness generated by TPM is any better than randomness generated anyway by the CPU, and there is no point in supporting randomness from a firmware source.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Attacks">Attacks</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trusted_Platform_Module&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Attacks">edit</a>]</div> In 2010 <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Tarnovsky" title="Christopher Tarnovsky">Christopher Tarnovsky</a> presented an attack against TPMs at <a href="/wiki/Black_Hat_Briefings" title="Black Hat Briefings">Black Hat Briefings</a>, where he claimed to be able to extract secrets from a single TPM. He was able to do this after 6 months of work by inserting a probe and spying on an <a href="/wiki/Bus_(computing)" title="Bus (computing)">internal bus</a> for the Infineon SLE 66 CL PC.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> In case of physical access, computers with TPM 1.2 are vulnerable to <a href="/wiki/Cold_boot_attack" title="Cold boot attack">cold boot attacks</a> as long as the system is on or can be booted without a passphrase from shutdown, <a href="/wiki/Sleep_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sleep (computing)">sleep</a> or <a href="/wiki/Hibernation_(computing)" title="Hibernation (computing)">hibernation</a>, which is the default setup for Windows computers with BitLocker full disk encryption.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> A fix was proposed, which has been adopted in the specifications for TPM 2.0. In 2009, the concept of shared authorisation data in TPM 1.2 was found to be flawed. An adversary given access to the data could spoof responses from the TPM.<a href="#cite_note-sharedauth-69">[69]</a> A fix was proposed, which has been adopted in the specifications for TPM 2.0. In 2015 as part of the <a href="/wiki/Global_surveillance_disclosures_(2013%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Global surveillance disclosures (2013–present)">Snowden revelations</a>, it was revealed that in 2010 a <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">US CIA</a> team claimed at an internal conference to have carried out a <a href="/wiki/Power_analysis" title="Power analysis">differential power analysis</a> attack against TPMs that was able to extract secrets.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> Main <a href="/wiki/Tboot" class="mw-redirect" title="Tboot">Trusted Boot (tboot)</a> distributions before November 2017 are affected by a dynamic root of trust for measurement (DRTM) attack <a href="/wiki/CVE_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CVE (identifier)">CVE</a>-<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2017-16837">2017-16837</a>, which affects computers running on <a href="/wiki/Trusted_Execution_Technology" title="Trusted Execution Technology">Intel's Trusted eXecution Technology (TXT)</a> for the boot-up routine.<a href="#cite_note-Bleeping-72">[72]</a> In 2018, a design flaw in the TPM 2.0 specification for the static root of trust for measurement (SRTM) was reported (<a href="/wiki/CVE_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CVE (identifier)">CVE</a>-<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2018-6622">2018-6622</a>). It allows an adversary to reset and forge platform configuration registers which are designed to securely hold measurements of software that are used for bootstrapping a computer.<a href="#cite_note-USENIX27-73">[73]</a> Fixing it requires hardware-specific firmware patches.<a href="#cite_note-USENIX27-73">[73]</a> An attacker abuses power interrupts and TPM state restores to trick TPM into thinking that it is running on non-tampered components.<a href="#cite_note-Bleeping-72">[72]</a> In 2021, the Dolos Group showed an attack on a discrete TPM, where the TPM chip itself had some tamper resistance, but the other endpoints of its communication bus did not. They read a full-disk-encryption key as it was transmitted across the motherboard, and used it to decrypt the laptop's SSD.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2017_weak_key_generation_controversy">2017 weak key generation controversy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trusted_Platform_Module&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: 2017 weak key generation controversy">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/ROCA_vulnerability" title="ROCA vulnerability">ROCA vulnerability</a></div> In October 2017, it was reported that a code library developed by <a href="/wiki/Infineon_Technologies" title="Infineon Technologies">Infineon</a>, which had been in widespread use in its TPMs, contained a vulnerability, known as ROCA, which generated weak <a href="/wiki/RSA_(cryptosystem)" title="RSA (cryptosystem)">RSA</a> key pairs that allowed private keys to be inferred from <a href="/wiki/Public_key_cryptography" class="mw-redirect" title="Public key cryptography">public keys</a>. As a result, all systems depending upon the privacy of such weak keys are vulnerable to compromise, such as <a href="/wiki/Identity_theft" title="Identity theft">identity theft</a> or spoofing.<a href="#cite_note-ars20171016-75">[75]</a> Cryptosystems that store encryption keys directly in the TPM without <a href="/wiki/Blinding_(cryptography)" title="Blinding (cryptography)">blinding</a> could be at particular risk to these types of attacks, as passwords and other factors would be meaningless if the attacks can extract encryption secrets.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> Infineon has released firmware updates for its TPMs to manufacturers who have used them.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Availability">Availability</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trusted_Platform_Module&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Availability">edit</a>]</div> Currently, a TPM is provided by nearly all PC and notebook manufacturers in their products. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="TPM">TPM</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trusted_Platform_Module&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: TPM">edit</a>]</div> The TPM is implemented by several vendors: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Infineon" class="mw-redirect" title="Infineon">Infineon</a> provides both TPM chips and TPM software, which are delivered as <a href="/wiki/Original_equipment_manufacturer" title="Original equipment manufacturer">OEM</a> versions with new computers as well as separately by Infineon for products with TPM technology which comply with TCG standards. For example, Infineon licensed TPM management software to Broadcom Corp. in 2004.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microchip_Technology" title="Microchip Technology">Microchip</a> (formerly Atmel) manufactured TPM devices that it claims to be compliant to the Trusted Platform Module specification version 1.2 revision 116 and offered with several interfaces (LPC, SPI, and I2C), modes (FIPS 140-2 certified and standard mode), temperature grades (commercial and industrial), and packages (TSSOP and QFN).<a href="#cite_note-AtmelTPMFrontPage-79">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> Its TPMs support PCs and embedded devices.<a href="#cite_note-AtmelTPMFrontPage-79">[79]</a> It also provides TPM development kits to support integration of its TPM devices into various embedded designs.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuvoton" title="Nuvoton">Nuvoton</a> Technology Corporation provides TPM devices for PC applications. Nuvoton also provides TPM devices for embedded systems and Internet of Things (IoT) applications via I2C and SPI host interfaces. Nuvoton's TPM complies with <a href="/wiki/Common_Criteria" title="Common Criteria">Common Criteria</a> (CC) with assurance level EAL 4 augmented with ALC_FLR.1, AVA_VAN.4 and ALC_DVS.2, <a href="/wiki/FIPS_140-2" title="FIPS 140-2">FIPS 140-2</a> level 2 with Physical Security and EMI/EMC level 3 and <a href="/wiki/Trusted_Computing_Group" title="Trusted Computing Group">Trusted Computing Group</a> Compliance requirements, all supported within a single device. TPMs produced by <a href="/wiki/Winbond" title="Winbond">Winbond</a> are now part of Nuvoton.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STMicroelectronics" title="STMicroelectronics">STMicroelectronics</a> has provided TPMs for PC platforms and embedded systems since 2005. The product offering <a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> includes discrete devices with several interfaces supporting <a href="/wiki/Serial_Peripheral_Interface" title="Serial Peripheral Interface">Serial Peripheral Interface</a> (SPI) and <a href="/wiki/I%C2%B2C" title="I²C">I²C</a> and different qualification grades (consumer, industrial and automotive). The TPM products are <a href="/wiki/Common_Criteria" title="Common Criteria">Common Criteria</a> (CC) certified EAL4+ augmented with ALC_FLR.1 and AVA_VAN.5, <a href="/wiki/FIPS_140-2" title="FIPS 140-2">FIPS 140-2</a> level 2 certified with physical security level 3 and also <a href="/wiki/Trusted_Computing_Group" title="Trusted Computing Group">Trusted Computing Group</a> (TCG) certified.</li></ul> There are also hybrid types; for example, TPM can be integrated into an <a href="/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a> controller, thus eliminating the need for a separate motherboard component.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Field_upgrade">Field upgrade</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trusted_Platform_Module&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Field upgrade">edit</a>]</div> Field upgrade is the TCG term for updating the TPM firmware. The update can be between TPM 1.2 and TPM 2.0, or between firmware versions. Some vendors limit the number of transitions between 1.2 and 2.0, and some restrict rollback to previous versions.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Platform OEMs such as <a href="/wiki/HP_Inc." title="HP Inc.">HP</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> supply an upgrade tool. Since July 28, 2016, all new Microsoft device models, lines, or series (or updating the hardware configuration of an existing model, line, or series with a major update, such as CPU, graphic cards) implement, and enable by default TPM 2.0. While TPM 1.2 parts are discrete silicon components, which are typically soldered on the motherboard, TPM 2.0 is available as a discrete (dTPM) silicon component in a single semiconductor package, an integrated component incorporated in one or more semiconductor packages - alongside other logic units in the same package(s), and as a firmware (fTPM) based component running in a trusted execution environment (TEE) on a general purpose System-on-a-chip (SoC).<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Virtual_TPM">Virtual TPM</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trusted_Platform_Module&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Virtual TPM">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Google_Compute_Engine" title="Google Compute Engine">Google Compute Engine</a> offers virtualized TPMs (vTPMs) as part of <a href="/wiki/Google_Cloud_Platform" title="Google Cloud Platform">Google Cloud</a>'s Shielded VMs product.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a></li> <li>The libtpms library provides software emulation of a Trusted Platform Module (TPM 1.2 and TPM 2.0). It targets the integration of TPM functionality into hypervisors, primarily into Qemu.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Operating_systems">Operating systems</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trusted_Platform_Module&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Operating systems">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Windows_11" title="Windows 11">Windows 11</a> requires TPM 2.0 support as a minimum system requirement.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> On many systems TPM is disabled by default which requires changing settings in the computer's UEFI to enable it.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_8" title="Windows 8">Windows 8</a> and later have native support for TPM 2.0.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_7" title="Windows 7">Windows 7</a> can install official patch to add TPM 2.0 support.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Vista" title="Windows Vista">Windows Vista</a> through <a href="/wiki/Windows_10" title="Windows 10">Windows 10</a> have native support for TPM 1.2.</li> <li>The Trusted Platform Module 2.0 (TPM 2.0) has been supported by the <a href="/wiki/Linux_kernel" title="Linux kernel">Linux kernel</a> since version 3.20 (2012)<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Platforms">Platforms</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trusted_Platform_Module&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Platforms">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a> includes TPMs in <a href="/wiki/Chromebook" title="Chromebook">Chromebooks</a> as part of their security model.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oracle_Corporation" title="Oracle Corporation">Oracle</a> ships TPMs in their X- and T-Series Systems such as T3 or T4 series of servers.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> Support is included in <a href="/wiki/Solaris_(operating_system)" class="mw-redirect" title="Solaris (operating system)">Solaris 11</a>.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a></li> <li>In 2006, with the introduction of first Macintosh models with Intel processors, Apple started to ship Macs with TPM. Apple never provided an official driver, but there was a port under <a href="/wiki/GNU_General_Public_License" title="GNU General Public License">GPL</a> available.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> Apple has not shipped a computer with TPM since 2006.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a></li> <li>In 2011, Taiwanese manufacturer <a href="/wiki/Micro-Star_International" title="Micro-Star International">MSI</a> launched its Windpad 110W tablet featuring an <a href="/wiki/Advanced_Micro_Devices" class="mw-redirect" title="Advanced Micro Devices">AMD</a> CPU and Infineon Security Platform TPM, which ships with controlling software version 3.7. The chip is disabled by default but can be enabled with the included, pre-installed software.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Virtualization">Virtualization</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trusted_Platform_Module&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Virtualization">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/VMware_ESXi" title="VMware ESXi">VMware ESXi</a> hypervisor has supported TPM since 4.x, and from 5.0 it is enabled by default.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xen" title="Xen">Xen</a> hypervisor has support of virtualized TPMs. Each guest gets its own unique, emulated, software TPM.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kernel-based_Virtual_Machine" title="Kernel-based Virtual Machine">KVM</a>, combined with <a href="/wiki/QEMU" title="QEMU">QEMU</a>, has support for virtualized TPMs. As of 2012<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trusted_Platform_Module&action=edit">[update]</a>, it supports passing through the physical TPM chip to a single dedicated guest. QEMU 2.11 released in December 2017 also provides emulated TPMs to guests.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VirtualBox" title="VirtualBox">VirtualBox</a> has support for virtual TPM 1.2 and 2.0 devices starting with version 7.0 released in October 2022.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Software">Software</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trusted_Platform_Module&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Software">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a> operating systems <a href="/wiki/Windows_Vista" title="Windows Vista">Windows Vista</a> and later use the chip in conjunction with the included disk encryption component named <a href="/wiki/BitLocker" title="BitLocker">BitLocker</a>. Microsoft had announced that from January 1, 2015, all computers will have to be equipped with a TPM 2.0 module in order to pass <a href="/wiki/Windows_8.1" title="Windows 8.1">Windows 8.1</a> <a href="/wiki/Hardware_certification" title="Hardware certification">hardware certification</a>.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> However, in a December 2014 review of the Windows Certification Program this was instead made an optional requirement. However, TPM 2.0 is required for <a href="/wiki/InstantGo" title="InstantGo">connected standby</a> systems.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> Virtual machines running on Hyper-V can have their own virtual TPM module starting with Windows 10 1511 and Windows Server 2016.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> Microsoft Windows includes two TPM related <a href="/wiki/Command_(computing)" title="Command (computing)">commands</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886049734">.mw-parser-output .monospaced{font-family:monospace,monospace}</style>tpmtool, a utility that can be used to retrieve information about the TPM, and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">tpmvscmgr, a <a href="/wiki/Command-line_interface" title="Command-line interface">command-line</a> tool that allows creating and deleting TPM virtual <a href="/wiki/Smart_card" title="Smart card">smart cards</a> on a computer.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Endorsement_keys">Endorsement keys</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trusted_Platform_Module&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Endorsement keys">edit</a>]</div> TPM endorsement keys (EKs) are asymmetric key pairs unique to each TPM. They use the <a href="/wiki/RSA_(cryptosystem)" title="RSA (cryptosystem)">RSA</a> and <a href="/wiki/Elliptic-curve_cryptography" title="Elliptic-curve cryptography">ECC</a> algorithms. The TPM manufacturer usually provisions endorsement key certificates in TPM <a href="/wiki/Non-volatile_memory" title="Non-volatile memory">non-volatile memory</a>. The certificates assert that the TPM is authentic. Starting with TPM 2.0, the certificates are in <a href="/wiki/X.509" title="X.509">X.509</a> <a href="/wiki/Distinguished_Encoding_Rules" class="mw-redirect" title="Distinguished Encoding Rules">DER</a> format. These manufacturers typically provide their <a href="/wiki/Certificate_Authority" class="mw-redirect" title="Certificate Authority">certificate authority</a> root (and sometimes intermediate) certificates on their web sites. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AMD" title="AMD">AMD</a><a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infineon" class="mw-redirect" title="Infineon">Infineon</a><a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel" title="Intel">Intel</a><a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a></li> <li>NationZ<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuvoton" title="Nuvoton">Nuvoton</a><a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STMicroelectronics" title="STMicroelectronics">ST Micro</a><a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="TPM_software_libraries">TPM software libraries</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trusted_Platform_Module&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: TPM software libraries">edit</a>]</div> To utilize a TPM, the user needs a software library that communicates with the TPM and provides a friendlier API than the raw TPM communication. Currently, there are several such open-source TPM 2.0 libraries. Some of them also support TPM 1.2, but mostly TPM 1.2 chips are now deprecated and modern development is focused on TPM 2.0. Typically, a TPM library provides an API with one-to-one mappings to TPM commands. The TCG specification calls this layer the System API(SAPI). This way the user has more control over the TPM operations, however the complexity is high. To hide some of the complexity most libraries also offer simpler ways to invoke complex TPM operations. The TCG specification call these two layers Enhanced System API(ESAPI) and Feature API(FAPI). There is currently only one stack that follows the TCG specification. All the other available open-source TPM libraries use their own form of richer API. <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Summary of the existing open-source TPM libraries </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>TPM Libraries </th> <th>API </th> <th>TPM 2.0 </th> <th>TPM 1.2 </th> <th>Attestation server or example </th> <th>Microsoft Windows </th> <th>Linux </th> <th>Bare metal </th></tr> <tr> <td>tpm2-tss<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> </td> <td>SAPI, ESAPI and FAPI from the TCG specification </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No, but there is a separate project<a href="#cite_note-142">[a]</a> </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td>Maybe<a href="#cite_note-144">[b]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ibmtss<a href="#cite_note-145">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-146">[144]</a> </td> <td>1:1 mapping to TPM commands + rich API (mild layer on top) </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFB; color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-partial">Partial </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes, "IBM ACS"<a href="#cite_note-147">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-148">[146]</a> </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <td>go-tpm<a href="#cite_note-149">[147]</a> </td> <td>1:1 mapping to TPM commands + rich API (mild layer on top) </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFB; color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-partial">Partial </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes, "Go-attestation"<a href="#cite_note-150">[148]</a> </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <td>wolfTPM<a href="#cite_note-151">[149]</a> </td> <td>1:1 mapping to TPM commands + rich API (wrappers) </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes, examples are inside the library </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td>TSS.MSR<a href="#cite_note-152">[150]</a> </td> <td>1:1 mapping to TPM commands + rich API (wrappers) </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes, examples are inside the library </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes<a href="#cite_note-153">[c]</a> </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> There is a separate project called "CHARRA" by Fraunhofer<a href="#cite_note-">[141]</a> that uses the tpm2-tss library for Remote Attestation. The other stacks have accompanying attestation servers or directly include examples for attestation. IBM offer their open-source Remote Attestation Server called "IBM ACS" on SourceForge and Google have "Go-Attestation" available on GitHub, while "wolfTPM" offers time and local attestation examples directly in its open-source code, also on GitHub. </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> There is an application note<a href="#cite_note-">[142]</a> about an example project for the AURIX 32-bit SoC using the tpm2-tss library. </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> Requires additional libraries (dotnet) to run on Linux. </li> </ol></div></div> These TPM libraries are sometimes also called TPM stacks, because they provide the interface for the developer or user to interact with the TPM. As seen from the table, the TPM stacks abstract the operating system and transport layer, so the user could migrate one application between platforms. For example, by using TPM stack API the user would interact the same way with a TPM, regardless if the physical chip is connected over SPI, I2C or LPC interface to the Host system. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trusted_Platform_Module&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AMD_Platform_Security_Processor" title="AMD Platform Security Processor">AMD Platform Security Processor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ARM_TrustZone" class="mw-redirect" title="ARM TrustZone">ARM TrustZone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crypto-shredding" title="Crypto-shredding">Crypto-shredding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardware_security" title="Hardware security">Hardware security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardware_security_module" title="Hardware security module">Hardware security module</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hengzhi_chip" title="Hengzhi chip">Hengzhi chip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_Management_Engine" title="Intel Management Engine">Intel Management Engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Pluton" class="mw-redirect" title="Microsoft Pluton">Microsoft Pluton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Next-Generation_Secure_Computing_Base" title="Next-Generation Secure Computing Base">Next-Generation Secure Computing Base</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secure_Enclave" class="mw-redirect" title="Secure Enclave">Secure Enclave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Threat_model" title="Threat model">Threat model</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trusted_Platform_Module&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWarren2021" class="citation web cs1">Warren, Tom (2021-06-25). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theverge.com/2021/6/25/22550376/microsoft-windows-11-tpm-chips-requirement-security">"Why Windows 11 is forcing everyone to use TPM chips"</a>. 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Retrieved March 24, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What%27s+new+in+Hyper-V+on+Windows+Server+2016&rft.pub=Microsoft&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftechnet.microsoft.com%2Fen-us%2Fwindows-server-docs%2Fcompute%2Fhyper-v%2Fwhat-s-new-in-hyper-v-on-windows&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrusted+Platform+Module" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-server/administration/windows-commands/tpmtool">tpmtool | Microsoft Docs</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-server/administration/windows-commands/tpmvscmgr">tpmvscmgr | Microsoft Docs</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ftpm.amd.com/pki/aia/264D39A23CEB5D5B49D610044EEBD121">AMD EK RSA Root Certificate</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=AMD+EK+RSA+Root+Certificate&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fftpm.amd.com%2Fpki%2Faia%2F264D39A23CEB5D5B49D610044EEBD121&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrusted+Platform+Module" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ftpm.amd.com/pki/aia/23452201D41C5AB064032BD23F158FEF">AMD EK ECC Root Certificate</a></cite><span 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=ST+Micro+EK+ECC+Intermediate+Certificate&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsecure.globalsign.com%2Fstmtpmeccint01.crt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrusted+Platform+Module" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/tpm2-software/tpm2-tss">tpm2-software/tpm2-tss</a>, Linux TPM2 & TSS2 Software, 2020-11-18, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201112024052/https://github.com/tpm2-software/tpm2-tss">archived</a> from the original on November 12, 2020, retrieved 2020-11-20</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=tpm2-software%2Ftpm2-tss&rft.pub=Linux+TPM2+%26+TSS2+Software&rft.date=2020-11-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgithub.com%2Ftpm2-software%2Ftpm2-tss&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrusted+Platform+Module" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-123-141"><a href="#cite_ref-123_141-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/Fraunhofer-SIT/charra">Fraunhofer-SIT/charra</a>, Fraunhofer Institute for Secure Information Technology, 2020-08-26, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201029163950/https://github.com/Fraunhofer-SIT/charra">archived</a> from the original on October 29, 2020, retrieved 2020-11-20</cite><span 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Retrieved 2020-11-20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.infineon.com&rft.atitle=OPTIGA%E2%84%A2+TPM+SLI+9670+A-TPM+board+-+Infineon+Technologies&rft.aulast=AG&rft.aufirst=Infineon+Technologies&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.infineon.com%2Fcms%2Fde%2Fproduct%2Fevaluation-boards%2Foptiga-tpm-sli9670-a-tpm%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrusted+Platform+Module" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sourceforge.net/projects/ibmtpm20tss">"IBM TSS for TPM 2.0"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210629081044/https://sourceforge.net/projects/ibmtpm20tss/">Archived</a> from the original on June 29, 2021. 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Retrieved June 2, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GitHub&rft.atitle=IBM+TSS+for+TPM+2.0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgithub.com%2Fkgoldman%2Fibmtss&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrusted+Platform+Module" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sourceforge.net/projects/ibmtpm20acs">"IBM TPM Attestation Client Server"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210302042105/https://sourceforge.net/projects/ibmtpm20acs/">Archived</a> from the original on March 2, 2021. 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=google%2Fgo-attestation&rft.date=2020-11-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgithub.com%2Fgoogle%2Fgo-attestation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrusted+Platform+Module" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/wolfSSL/wolfTPM">wolfSSL/wolfTPM</a>, wolfSSL, 2020-11-18, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201120123044/https://github.com/wolfSSL/wolfTPM">archived</a> from the original on November 20, 2020, retrieved 2020-11-20</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=wolfSSL%2FwolfTPM&rft.pub=wolfSSL&rft.date=2020-11-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgithub.com%2FwolfSSL%2FwolfTPM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrusted+Platform+Module" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/Microsoft/TSS.MSR">TSS.MSR</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210626071123/https://github.com/microsoft/TSS.MSR/">archived</a> from the original on June 26, 2021, retrieved June 17, 2021</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=TSS.MSR&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgithub.com%2FMicrosoft%2FTSS.MSR&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrusted+Platform+Module" 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style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">ISO</a> standards by standard number</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>List of <a href="/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards" title="List of ISO standards">ISO standards</a> – <a href="/wiki/List_of_ISO_romanizations" title="List of ISO romanizations">ISO romanizations</a> – <a href="/wiki/List_of_IEC_standards" title="List of IEC standards">IEC standards</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1–9999</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO_1" title="ISO 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2" title="ISO 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renard_series" title="Renard series">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_4" title="ISO 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_speed" title="Film speed">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Standard_Pipe" title="British Standard Pipe">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_9" title="ISO 9">9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A440_(pitch_standard)" title="A440 (pitch standard)">16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renard_series" title="Renard series">17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31" title="ISO 31">31</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-0" title="ISO 31-0">-0</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-1" title="ISO 31-1">-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-3" title="ISO 31-3">-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-4" title="ISO 31-4">-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-5" title="ISO 31-5">-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-6" title="ISO 31-6">-6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-7" title="ISO 31-7">-7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-8" title="ISO 31-8">-8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-9" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 31-9">-9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-10" title="ISO 31-10">-10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-11" title="ISO 31-11">-11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-12" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 31-12">-12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-13" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 31-13">-13</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_metric_screw_thread" title="ISO metric screw thread">68-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_128" title="ISO 128">128</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_216" title="ISO 216">216</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_217" title="ISO 217">217</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equal-loudness_contour" title="Equal-loudness contour">226</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Standard_Pipe" title="British Standard Pipe">228</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_233" title="ISO 233">233</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_259" title="ISO 259">259</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_metric_screw_thread" title="ISO metric screw thread">261</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_metric_screw_thread" title="ISO metric screw thread">262</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kappa_number" title="Kappa number">302</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicat_softening_point" title="Vicat softening point">306</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazard_symbol#Ionizing_radiation_symbol" title="Hazard symbol">361</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_take-off" title="Power take-off">500</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot_shoe" title="Hot shoe">518</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prontor-Compur" title="Prontor-Compur">519</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_639" title="ISO 639">639</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-1" title="ISO 639-1">-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-2" title="ISO 639-2">-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-5" title="ISO 639-5">-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-6" title="ISO 639-6">-6</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_646" title="ISO/IEC 646">646</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_657" title="ISO 657">657</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_668" title="ISO 668">668</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_690" title="ISO 690">690</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_704" title="ISO 704">704</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_732" title="ISO 732">732</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antimagnetic_watch" title="Antimagnetic watch">764</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hole_punch" title="Hole punch">838</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_843" title="ISO 843">843</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_860" title="ISO 860">860</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_898" title="ISO 898">898</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_965" title="ISO 965">965</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_999" title="ISO 999">999</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_1000" title="ISO 1000">1000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_ink_character_recognition" title="Magnetic ink character recognition">1004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/135_film" title="135 film">1007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OCR-A" title="OCR-A">1073-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OCR-B" title="OCR-B">1073-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longitudinal_redundancy_check" title="Longitudinal redundancy check">1155</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shock-resistant_watch#ISO_1413_shock-resistant_standard" title="Shock-resistant watch">1413</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ALGOL_60" title="ALGOL 60">1538</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_1629" title="ISO 1629">1629</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_1745" title="ISO 1745">1745</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COBOL" title="COBOL">1989</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2014" title="ISO 2014">2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2015" title="ISO 2015">2015</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_2022" title="ISO/IEC 2022">2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2033" title="ISO 2033">2033</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2047" title="ISO 2047">2047</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">2108</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2145" title="ISO 2145">2145</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2146" title="ISO 2146">2146</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_speed" title="Film speed">2240</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_Resistant_mark" title="Water Resistant mark">2281</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Atmosphere" title="International Standard Atmosphere">2533</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2709" title="ISO 2709">2709</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2711" title="ISO 2711">2711</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_speed" title="Film speed">2720</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2788" title="ISO 2788">2788</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2848" title="ISO 2848">2848</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2852" title="ISO 2852">2852</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2921" title="ISO 2921">2921</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/126_film" title="126 film">3029</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_3103" title="ISO 3103">3103</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">3166</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-1" title="ISO 3166-1">-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2" title="ISO 3166-2">-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-3" title="ISO 3166-3">-3</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">3297</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_3307" title="ISO 3307">3307</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O-ring" title="O-ring">3601</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunrei-shiki_romanization" title="Kunrei-shiki romanization">3602</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_3864" title="ISO 3864">3864</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Recording_Code" title="International Standard Recording Code">3901</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FDI_World_Dental_Federation_notation" title="FDI World Dental Federation notation">3950</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_3977" title="ISO 3977">3977</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_4031" title="ISO 4031">4031</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_4157" title="ISO 4157">4157</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_4165" title="ISO 4165">4165</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_4217" title="ISO 4217">4217</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_4909" title="ISO/IEC 4909">4909</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_5218" title="ISO/IEC 5218">5218</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_5426" title="ISO 5426">5426</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_5427" title="ISO 5427">5427</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_5428" title="ISO 5428">5428</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accuracy_and_precision" title="Accuracy and precision">5725</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_5775" title="ISO 5775">5775</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_5776" title="ISO 5776">5776</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_speed" title="Film speed">5800</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flowchart" title="Flowchart">5807</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_5964" title="ISO 5964">5964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Securities_Identification_Number" title="International Securities Identification Number">6166</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_6344" title="ISO 6344">6344</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_6346" title="ISO 6346">6346</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimal_BASIC" title="Minimal BASIC">6373</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_6385" title="ISO 6385">6385</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_Resistant_mark" title="Water Resistant mark">6425</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ANSI_escape_code" title="ANSI escape code">6429</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_6438" title="ISO 6438">6438</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_6523" title="ISO/IEC 6523">6523</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_6709" title="ISO 6709">6709</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_6943" title="ISO 6943">6943</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_7001" title="ISO 7001">7001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_7002" title="ISO 7002">7002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_7010" title="ISO 7010">7010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_7027" title="ISO 7027">7027</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_7064" title="ISO/IEC 7064">7064</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">7098</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pascal_(programming_language)" title="Pascal (programming language)">7185</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_7200" title="ISO 7200">7200</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSI_model" title="OSI model">7498</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/OSI_model" title="OSI model">-1</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_7637" title="ISO 7637">7637</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_7736" title="ISO 7736">7736</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_7810" title="ISO/IEC 7810">7810</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_7811" title="ISO/IEC 7811">7811</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_7812" title="ISO/IEC 7812">7812</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_7813" title="ISO/IEC 7813">7813</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_7816" title="ISO/IEC 7816">7816</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphical_Kernel_System" title="Graphical Kernel System">7942</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_8000" title="ISO 8000">8000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On-board_diagnostics" title="On-board diagnostics">8093</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_8178" title="ISO 8178">8178</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuel_oil" title="Fuel oil">8217</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_8373" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 8373">8373</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_8501-1" title="ISO 8501-1">8501-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FTAM" title="FTAM">8571</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_8583" title="ISO 8583">8583</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_8601" title="ISO 8601">8601</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Document_Architecture" title="Open Document Architecture">8613</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_Graphics_Metafile" title="Computer Graphics Metafile">8632</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphical_Kernel_System" title="Graphical Kernel System">8651</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8652" title="ISO/IEC 8652">8652</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_8691" title="ISO 8691">8691</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphical_Kernel_System" title="Graphical Kernel System">8805/8806</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_Of_Temporal_Ordering_Specification" class="mw-redirect" title="Language Of Temporal Ordering Specification">8807</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuse_(automotive)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fuse (automotive)">8820-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859" title="ISO/IEC 8859">8859</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-1" title="ISO/IEC 8859-1">-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-2" title="ISO/IEC 8859-2">-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-3" title="ISO/IEC 8859-3">-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-4" title="ISO/IEC 8859-4">-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-5" title="ISO/IEC 8859-5">-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-6" title="ISO/IEC 8859-6">-6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-7" title="ISO/IEC 8859-7">-7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-8" title="ISO/IEC 8859-8">-8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO-8859-8-I" title="ISO-8859-8-I">-8-I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-9" title="ISO/IEC 8859-9">-9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-10" title="ISO/IEC 8859-10">-10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-11" title="ISO/IEC 8859-11">-11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-12" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO/IEC 8859-12">-12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-13" title="ISO/IEC 8859-13">-13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-14" title="ISO/IEC 8859-14">-14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-15" title="ISO/IEC 8859-15">-15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-16" title="ISO/IEC 8859-16">-16</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Generalized_Markup_Language" title="Standard Generalized Markup Language">8879</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_9000" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 9000">9000/9001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASMO_449" title="ASMO 449">9036</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SQL" title="SQL">9075</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_9126" title="ISO/IEC 9126">9126</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On-board_diagnostics" title="On-board diagnostics">9141</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_spray_test" title="Salt spray test">9227</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_9241" title="ISO 9241">9241</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File_Allocation_Table" title="File Allocation Table">9293</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiber_Distributed_Data_Interface" title="Fiber Distributed Data Interface">9314</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_9362" title="ISO 9362">9362</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoe_size" title="Shoe size">9407</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CHILL" title="CHILL">9496</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_Message_Specification" title="Manufacturing Message Specification">9506</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_9529" title="ISO/IEC 9529">9529</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_9564" title="ISO 9564">9564</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PHIGS" title="PHIGS">9592/9593</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X.500" title="X.500">9594</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_9660" title="ISO 9660">9660</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_9797-1" title="ISO/IEC 9797-1">9797-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_9897" title="ISO 9897">9897</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ANSI_C" title="ANSI C">9899</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/POSIX" title="POSIX">9945</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Georgian" title="Romanization of Georgian">9984</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Armenian" title="Romanization of Armenian">9985</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_9995" title="ISO/IEC 9995">9995</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">10000–19999</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO_10006" title="ISO 10006">10006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_10007" title="ISO 10007">10007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_10116" title="ISO/IEC 10116">10116</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whirlpool_(hash_function)" title="Whirlpool (hash function)">10118-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_10160" title="ISO 10160">10160</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_10161" title="ISO 10161">10161</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guidelines_for_the_Definition_of_Managed_Objects" title="Guidelines for the Definition of Managed Objects">10165</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Document_Style_Semantics_and_Specification_Language" title="Document Style Semantics and Specification Language">10179</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pascal_(programming_language)#ISO/IEC_10206:1990_Extended_Pascal" title="Pascal (programming language)">10206</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_10218" title="ISO 10218">10218</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full_BASIC" title="Full BASIC">10279</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_10303" title="ISO 10303">10303</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/EXPRESS_(data_modeling_language)" title="EXPRESS (data modeling language)">-11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_10303-21" title="ISO 10303-21">-21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_10303-22" title="ISO 10303-22">-22</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_10303-28" title="ISO 10303-28">-28</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STEP-NC" title="STEP-NC">-238</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_Identifier_Code" title="Market Identifier Code">10383</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ArmSCII" title="ArmSCII">10585</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IS-IS" title="IS-IS">10589</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_10628" title="ISO 10628">10628</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Coded_Character_Set" title="Universal Coded Character Set">10646</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torx" title="Torx">10664</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RM-ODP" title="RM-ODP">10746</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multibus" title="Multibus">10861</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Music_Number" title="International Standard Music Number">10957</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_10962" title="ISO 10962">10962</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_10967" title="ISO/IEC 10967">10967</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEEE_11073" title="ISO/IEEE 11073">11073</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_11170" title="ISO 11170">11170</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-1" title="MPEG-1">11172</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_11179" title="ISO/IEC 11179">11179</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_11404" title="ISO/IEC 11404">11404</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JBIG" title="JBIG">11544</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_11783" title="ISO 11783">11783</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_11784_and_ISO_11785" title="ISO 11784 and ISO 11785">11784</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_11784_and_ISO_11785" title="ISO 11784 and ISO 11785">11785</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_11801" title="ISO/IEC 11801">11801</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">11889</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CAN_bus#CAN_lower-layer_standards" title="CAN bus">11898</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_11940" title="ISO 11940">11940</a> (<a href="/wiki/ISO_11940-2" title="ISO 11940-2">-2</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/TR_11941" title="ISO/TR 11941">11941</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/TR_11941" title="ISO/TR 11941">11941 (TR)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_11992" title="ISO 11992">11992</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_12006" title="ISO 12006">12006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DICOM" title="DICOM">12052</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_TR_12182" title="ISO/IEC TR 12182">12182</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_12207" title="ISO/IEC 12207">12207</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TIFF/EP" title="TIFF/EP">12234-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_categories#ISO_12620_(ISO_TC37_Data_Category_Registry,_ISOcat)" title="Linguistic categories">12620</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prolog" title="Prolog">13211</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prolog" title="Prolog">-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prolog" title="Prolog">-2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isofix" title="Isofix">13216</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topic_map" title="Topic map">13250</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_13399" title="ISO 13399">13399</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_13406-2" title="ISO 13406-2">13406-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/110_film" title="110 film">13450</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_13485" title="ISO 13485">13485</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_13490" title="ISO 13490">13490</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_13567" title="ISO 13567">13567</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z_notation" title="Z notation">13568</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_13584" title="ISO 13584">13584</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Bank_Account_Number" title="International Bank Account Number">13616</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISLISP" title="ISLISP">13816</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-2" title="MPEG-2">13818</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_14000" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 14000">14000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_14031" title="ISO 14031">14031</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_14224" title="ISO 14224">14224</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PDF/UA" title="PDF/UA">14289</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horsepower" title="Horsepower">14396</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_14443" title="ISO/IEC 14443">14443</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-4" title="MPEG-4">14496</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-4_Part_2" title="MPEG-4 Part 2">-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-4_Part_3" title="MPEG-4 Part 3">-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delivery_Multimedia_Integration_Framework" title="Delivery Multimedia Integration Framework">-6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Video_Coding" title="Advanced Video Coding">-10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-4_Part_11" title="MPEG-4 Part 11">-11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_base_media_file_format" title="ISO base media file format">-12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MP4_file_format" title="MP4 file format">-14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MP4_file_format" title="MP4 file format">-17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MP4_file_format" title="MP4 file format">-20</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_14617" title="ISO 14617">14617</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_14644" title="ISO 14644">14644</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STEP-NC" title="STEP-NC">14649</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_14651" title="ISO/IEC 14651">14651</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_14698" title="ISO 14698">14698</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_maintenance" title="Software maintenance">14764</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++">14882</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_14971" title="ISO 14971">14971</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_15022" title="ISO 15022">15022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_15189" title="ISO 15189">15189</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_15288" title="ISO/IEC 15288">15288</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ada_Semantic_Interface_Specification" title="Ada Semantic Interface Specification">15291</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_15398" title="ISO 15398">15398</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Criteria" title="Common Criteria">15408</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JPEG_2000" title="JPEG 2000">15444</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Motion_JPEG_2000" title="Motion JPEG 2000">-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JPIP" title="JPIP">-9</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HTML" title="HTML">15445</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PDF417" title="PDF417">15438</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_15504" title="ISO/IEC 15504">15504</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Identifier_for_Libraries_and_Related_Organizations" title="International Standard Identifier for Libraries and Related Organizations">15511</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_15686" title="ISO 15686">15686</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_15693" title="ISO/IEC 15693">15693</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Audiovisual_Number" title="International Standard Audiovisual Number">15706</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Audiovisual_Number" title="International Standard Audiovisual Number">-2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Musical_Work_Code" title="International Standard Musical Work Code">15707</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_15897" title="ISO/IEC 15897">15897</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_15919" title="ISO 15919">15919</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_15924" title="ISO 15924">15924</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_15926" title="ISO 15926">15926</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_15926_WIP" title="ISO 15926 WIP">15926 WIP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PDF/X" title="PDF/X">15930</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-7" title="MPEG-7">15938</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MaxiCode" title="MaxiCode">16023</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ECMAScript" title="ECMAScript">16262</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quality_function_deployment" title="Quality function deployment">16355-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_raster_content" title="Mixed raster content">16485</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PDF/VT" title="PDF/VT">16612-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_16750" title="ISO 16750">16750</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IATF_16949" title="IATF 16949">16949 (TS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_17024" title="ISO/IEC 17024">17024</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_17025" title="ISO/IEC 17025">17025</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_17100" title="ISO 17100">17100</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Virtualization_Format" title="Open Virtualization Format">17203</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SDMX" title="SDMX">17369</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_Entity_Identifier" title="Legal Entity Identifier">17442</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COLLADA" title="COLLADA">17506</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_27002" title="ISO/IEC 27002">17799</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QR_code" title="QR code">18004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_18014" title="ISO/IEC 18014">18014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JPEG_XL" title="JPEG XL">18181</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_18245" title="ISO 18245">18245</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_Specification_Language" title="Process Specification Language">18629</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographic_Activity_Test" title="Photographic Activity Test">18916</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PDF/A" title="PDF/A">19005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_19011" title="ISO 19011">19011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_19092-1" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 19092-1">19092</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO_19092-1" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 19092-1">-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_19092-2" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 19092-2">-2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_19114" title="ISO 19114">19114</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geospatial_metadata#ISO_19115:_Geographic_information_–_Metadata" title="Geospatial metadata">19115</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_Features" title="Simple Features">19125</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_Markup_Language#ISO_19136" title="Geography Markup Language">19136</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoe_size" title="Shoe size">19407</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_19439" title="ISO 19439">19439</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Object_Request_Broker_Architecture" title="Common Object Request Broker Architecture">19500</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unified_Modeling_Language" title="Unified Modeling Language">19501</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meta-Object_Facility" title="Meta-Object Facility">19502</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XML_Metadata_Interchange" title="XML Metadata Interchange">19503</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unified_Modeling_Language" title="Unified Modeling Language">19505</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_Discovery_Metamodel" title="Knowledge Discovery Metamodel">19506</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Object_Constraint_Language" title="Object Constraint Language">19507</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meta-Object_Facility" title="Meta-Object Facility">19508</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XML_Metadata_Interchange" title="XML Metadata Interchange">19509</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_Process_Model_and_Notation" title="Business Process Model and Notation">19510</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_19600" title="ISO 19600">19600</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_19752" title="ISO/IEC 19752">19752</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RELAX_NG" title="RELAX NG">19757</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_19770" title="ISO/IEC 19770">19770</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X3D" title="X3D">19775-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_19794-5" title="ISO/IEC 19794-5">19794-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloud_Infrastructure_Management_Interface" title="Cloud Infrastructure Management Interface">19831</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20000–29999</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_20000" title="ISO/IEC 20000">20000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_20022" title="ISO 20022">20022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_20121" title="ISO 20121">20121</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_20400" title="ISO 20400">20400</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Data_Protocol" title="Open Data Protocol">20802</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_Xin_code" title="Han Xin code">20830</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-21" title="MPEG-21">21000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_21001" title="ISO 21001">21001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Text_Code" title="International Standard Text Code">21047</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JPEG_XS" title="JPEG XS">21122</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_21500" title="ISO 21500">21500</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_21827" title="ISO/IEC 21827">21827</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_22000" title="ISO 22000">22000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ECMAScript" title="ECMAScript">22275</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_22300" title="ISO 22300">22300</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_22301" title="ISO 22301">22301</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_22395" title="ISO 22395">22395</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ECMAScript_for_XML" title="ECMAScript for XML">22537</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-A" title="MPEG-A">23000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-D" title="MPEG-D">23003</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-H" title="MPEG-H">23008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_Adaptive_Streaming_over_HTTP" title="Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP">23009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Versatile_Video_Coding" title="Versatile Video Coding">23090-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-G" title="MPEG-G">23092</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essential_Video_Coding" title="Essential Video Coding">23094-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LCEVC" title="LCEVC">23094-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C_Sharp_(programming_language)" title="C Sharp (programming language)">23270</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Language_Infrastructure" title="Common Language Infrastructure">23271</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linux_Standard_Base" title="Linux Standard Base">23360</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rectangular_Micro_QR_Code" title="Rectangular Micro QR Code">23941</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PDF/E" title="PDF/E">24517</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lexical_Markup_Framework" title="Lexical Markup Framework">24613</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO-TimeML" title="ISO-TimeML">24617</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Logic" title="Common Logic">24707</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MicroPDF417" title="MicroPDF417">24728</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_25178" title="ISO 25178">25178</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_25964" title="ISO 25964">25964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_26000" title="ISO 26000">26000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_26262" title="ISO 26262">26262</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenDocument" title="OpenDocument">26300</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">26324</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_27000-series" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO/IEC 27000-series">27000 series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_27000" title="ISO/IEC 27000">27000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_27001" title="ISO/IEC 27001">27001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_27002" title="ISO/IEC 27002">27002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_27005" title="ISO/IEC 27005">27005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_27006" title="ISO/IEC 27006">27006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Name_Identifier" title="International Standard Name Identifier">27729</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_28000" title="ISO 28000">28000</a></li> <li>29110</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Requirements_engineering" title="Requirements engineering">29148</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JPEG_XR" title="JPEG XR">29199-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_Open_XML" title="Office Open XML">29500</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">30000+</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ruby_(programming_language)" title="Ruby (programming language)">30170</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31000" title="ISO 31000">31000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PDF" title="PDF">32000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_37001" title="ISO 37001">37001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_38500" title="ISO/IEC 38500">38500</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graph_Query_Language" title="Graph Query Language">39075</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_Content_Accessibility_Guidelines" title="Web Content Accessibility Guidelines">40500</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_42010" title="ISO/IEC 42010">42010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_45001" title="ISO 45001">45001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_50001" title="ISO 50001">50001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_55000" title="ISO 55000">55000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_56000" title="ISO 56000">56000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_80000" title="ISO/IEC 80000">80000</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:ISO_standards" title="Category:ISO standards">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Firmware_and_booting" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Firmware_and_booting" title="Template:Firmware and booting"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Firmware_and_booting" title="Template talk:Firmware and booting"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Firmware_and_booting" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Firmware and booting"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Firmware_and_booting" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Firmware" title="Firmware">Firmware</a> and <a href="/wiki/Booting" title="Booting">booting</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Processes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Booting_process_of_Windows" title="Booting process of Windows">Windows</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Windows_9x#Boot_sequence" title="Architecture of Windows 9x">9x</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Booting_process_of_Windows_NT" class="mw-redirect" title="Booting process of Windows NT">NT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Booting_process_of_Linux" title="Booting process of Linux">Linux</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Booting_process_of_Android_devices" title="Booting process of Android devices">Android</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="10" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:WD_Blue_WD5000LPVX_-_controller_-_Winbond_25X20CLVIG-0182.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/WD_Blue_WD5000LPVX_-_controller_-_Winbond_25X20CLVIG-0182.jpg/100px-WD_Blue_WD5000LPVX_-_controller_-_Winbond_25X20CLVIG-0182.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/WD_Blue_WD5000LPVX_-_controller_-_Winbond_25X20CLVIG-0182.jpg/150px-WD_Blue_WD5000LPVX_-_controller_-_Winbond_25X20CLVIG-0182.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/WD_Blue_WD5000LPVX_-_controller_-_Winbond_25X20CLVIG-0182.jpg/200px-WD_Blue_WD5000LPVX_-_controller_-_Winbond_25X20CLVIG-0182.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1535" data-file-height="1535" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Booting <a href="/wiki/Firmware#Computers" title="Firmware">firmware</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proprietary_firmware" title="Proprietary firmware">Proprietary firmware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_firmware" title="Open-source firmware">Open-source firmware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Custom_firmware" title="Custom firmware">Custom firmware</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Interfaces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/UEFI" title="UEFI">UEFI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BIOS" title="BIOS">BIOS</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Video_BIOS" title="Video BIOS">Video BIOS</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Firmware" title="Open Firmware">Open Firmware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ACPI" title="ACPI">ACPI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MultiProcessor_Specification" title="MultiProcessor Specification">MultiProcessor Specification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Power_Management" title="Advanced Power Management">APM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legacy_Plug_and_Play" title="Legacy Plug and Play">Legacy Plug and Play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ARC_(specification)" title="ARC (specification)">AlphaBIOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SRM_firmware" title="SRM firmware">SRM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_Firmware_Interface" title="Simple Firmware Interface">SFI</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Implementations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SeaBIOS" title="SeaBIOS">SeaBIOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Award_Software" title="Award Software">Award BIOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Megatrends" title="American Megatrends">American Megatrends</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AMIBIOS" class="mw-redirect" title="AMIBIOS">AMIBIOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AMI_Aptio" class="mw-redirect" title="AMI Aptio">AMI Aptio</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insyde_Software" title="Insyde Software">InsydeH2O</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenix_Technologies" title="Phoenix Technologies">Phoenix SecureCore UEFI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TianoCore_EDK_II" title="TianoCore EDK II">TianoCore EDK II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenBIOS" title="OpenBIOS">OpenBIOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coreboot" title="Coreboot">Coreboot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libreboot" title="Libreboot">Libreboot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LinuxBoot" title="LinuxBoot">LinuxBoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kickstart_(Amiga)" title="Kickstart (Amiga)">Kickstart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Run-Time_Abstraction_Services" title="Run-Time Abstraction Services">Run-Time Abstraction Services</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hybrid firmware bootloader</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common_Firmware_Environment" title="Common Firmware Environment">Common Firmware Environment</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Das_U-Boot" title="Das U-Boot">Das U-Boot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ARCS_(computing)" title="ARCS (computing)">ARCS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bootloaders" class="mw-redirect" title="Bootloaders">Bootloaders</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bootloader_unlocking" title="Bootloader unlocking">Bootloader unlocking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_bootloaders" title="Comparison of bootloaders">Comparison of bootloaders</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Implementations" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Implementations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acronis_OS_Selector" class="mw-redirect" title="Acronis OS Selector">Acronis OS Selector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barebox" title="Barebox">Barebox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BootManager" class="mw-redirect" title="BootManager">BootManager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BootX_(Apple)" title="BootX (Apple)">BootX (Apple)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BootX_(Linux)" title="BootX (Linux)">BootX (Linux)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNU_GRUB" title="GNU GRUB">GNU GRUB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBoot" title="IBoot">iBoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systemd-boot" title="Systemd-boot">systemd-boot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loadlin" title="Loadlin">loadlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NTLDR" title="NTLDR">NTLDR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpeniBoot" title="OpeniBoot">OpeniBoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RedBoot" title="RedBoot">RedBoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/REFInd" title="REFInd">rEFInd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/REFIt" title="REFIt">rEFIt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SYSLINUX" title="SYSLINUX">SYSLINUX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Boot_Manager" title="Windows Boot Manager">Windows Boot Manager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XOSL" title="XOSL">xOSL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaboot" title="Yaboot">Yaboot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plop_Boot_Manager" title="Plop Boot Manager">Plop Boot Manager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MILO_(bootloader)" title="MILO (bootloader)">MILO</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Partition layouts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GUID_Partition_Table" title="GUID Partition Table">GUID Partition Table</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_boot_record" title="Master boot record">Master boot record</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Partition_Map" title="Apple Partition Map">Apple Partition Map</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/System_partition_and_boot_partition" title="System partition and boot partition">Partitions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/EFI_system_partition" title="EFI system partition">EFI system partition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BIOS_boot_partition" title="BIOS boot partition">BIOS boot partition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki//boot/" title="/boot/">/boot/</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Utilities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Software</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flashrom_(utility)" title="Flashrom (utility)">flashrom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fwupd" title="Fwupd">fwupd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UEFITool" title="UEFITool">UEFITool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odin_(firmware_flashing_software)" title="Odin (firmware flashing software)">Odin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Odin_(firmware_flashing_software)#Heimdall" title="Odin (firmware flashing software)">Heimdall</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hardware</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bus_Pirate" title="Bus Pirate">Bus Pirate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raspberry_Pi" title="Raspberry Pi">Raspberry Pi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FTDI" title="FTDI">ft2232</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Network_booting" title="Network booting">Network boot</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Preboot_Execution_Environment" title="Preboot Execution Environment">Preboot Execution Environment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GPXE" title="GPXE">gPXE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPXE" title="IPXE">iPXE</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NetBoot" title="NetBoot">NetBoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remote_Initial_Program_Load" title="Remote Initial Program Load">Remote Initial Program Load</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wake-on-LAN" title="Wake-on-LAN">Wake-on-LAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wake-on-ring" title="Wake-on-ring">Wake-on-ring</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">ROM variants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Read-only_memory" title="Read-only memory">ROM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programmable_ROM" title="Programmable ROM">PROM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EPROM" title="EPROM">EPROM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EEPROM" title="EEPROM">EEPROM</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boot_ROM" title="Boot ROM">Boot ROM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ROM_hacking" title="ROM hacking">ROM hacking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ROM_image" title="ROM image">ROM image</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Execute_in_place" title="Execute in place">Execute in place</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devicetree" title="Devicetree">Devicetree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fastboot" title="Fastboot">Fastboot</a></li> <li><a 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