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id="toc-System_management-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Developer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Developer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Developer </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Developer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Installation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Installation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Installation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Installation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Removed_features" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Removed_features"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Removed features </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Removed_features-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Support_lifecycle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Support_lifecycle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Support lifecycle </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Support_lifecycle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Upgradability" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Upgradability"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Upgradability </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Upgradability-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Editions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Editions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Editions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Editions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Visual_styles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Visual_styles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Visual styles </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Visual_styles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hardware_requirements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hardware_requirements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Hardware requirements </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Hardware_requirements-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Hardware requirements subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Hardware_requirements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Physical_memory_limits" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Physical_memory_limits"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Physical memory limits </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Physical_memory_limits-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Processor_limits" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Processor_limits"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Processor limits </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Processor_limits-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Updates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Updates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Updates </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Updates-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Updates subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Updates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Service_Pack_1" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Service_Pack_1"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Service Pack 1 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Service_Pack_1-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Service_Pack_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Service_Pack_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Service Pack 2 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Service_Pack_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Platform_Update" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Platform_Update"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3 Platform Update </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Platform_Update-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Out-of-band_patches" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Out-of-band_patches"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.4 Out-of-band patches </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Out-of-band_patches-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marketing_campaigns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marketing_campaigns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Marketing campaigns </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Marketing_campaigns-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Marketing campaigns subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Marketing_campaigns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_Mojave_Experiment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Mojave_Experiment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 The Mojave Experiment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Mojave_Experiment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reception" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reception"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Reception </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Reception-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Reception subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Reception-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sales" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sales"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1 Sales </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sales-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Criticism </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Criticism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Criticism subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hardware_requirements_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hardware_requirements_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.1 Hardware requirements </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hardware_requirements_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Licensing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Licensing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.2 Licensing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Licensing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cost" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cost"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.3 Cost </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cost-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Digital_rights_management" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Digital_rights_management"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.4 Digital rights management </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Digital_rights_management-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-User_Account_Control" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#User_Account_Control"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.5 User Account Control </div> </a> <ul id="toc-User_Account_Control-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Downgrade_rights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Downgrade_rights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Downgrade rights </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Downgrade_rights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Windows Vista</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 87 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-87" aria-hidden="true" > 87 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Vista" title="Windows Vista – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Windows Vista" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B2_%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7" title="ويندوز فيستا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ويندوز فيستا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Vista" title="Windows Vista – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Windows Vista" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%9C_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE" title="উইন্ডোজ ভিস্তা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="উইন্ডোজ ভিস্তা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Vista" title="Windows Vista – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Windows Vista" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Vista" title="Windows Vista – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Windows Vista" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Vista" title="Windows Vista – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Windows Vista" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Vista" title="Windows Vista – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Windows Vista" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Vista" title="Windows Vista – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Windows Vista" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Vista" title="Windows Vista – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Windows Vista" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Vista" title="Windows Vista – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Windows Vista" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windows_Vista" title="Microsoft Windows Vista – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Microsoft Windows Vista" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windows_Vista" title="Microsoft Windows Vista – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Microsoft Windows Vista" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Vista" title="Windows Vista – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Windows Vista" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Vista" title="Windows Vista – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Windows Vista" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Vista" title="Windows Vista – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Windows Vista" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Vista" title="Windows Vista – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Windows Vista" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Vista" title="Windows Vista – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Windows Vista" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B2_%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7" title="ویندوز ویستا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ویندوز ویستا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Vista" title="Windows Vista – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Windows Vista" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Vista" title="Windows Vista – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Windows Vista" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Vista" title="Windows Vista – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Windows Vista" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Vista" title="Windows Vista – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Windows Vista" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9C%88%EB%8F%84%EC%9A%B0_%EB%B9%84%EC%8A%A4%ED%83%80" title="윈도우 비스타 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="윈도우 비스타" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8E%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%B8%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A6_%D5%8E%D5%AB%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%A1" title="Վինդոուզ Վիստա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Վինդոուզ Վիստա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE" title="विंडोज़ विस्टा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="विंडोज़ विस्टा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Vista" title="Windows Vista – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Windows Vista" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Vista" title="Windows Vista – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Windows Vista" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Vista" title="Windows Vista – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Windows Vista" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Vista" title="Windows Vista – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Windows Vista" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Vista" title="Windows Vista – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Windows Vista" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Vista" title="Windows Vista – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Windows Vista" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Vista" title="Windows Vista – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="Windows Vista" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Vista" title="Windows Vista – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Windows Vista" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Vista" title="Windows Vista – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="Windows Vista" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Vista" title="Windows Vista – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Windows Vista" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Vista" title="Windows Vista – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Windows Vista" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Vista" title="Windows Vista – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Windows Vista" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Vista" title="Windows Vista – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Windows Vista" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Vista" title="Windows Vista – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Windows Vista" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Vista" title="Windows Vista – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Windows Vista" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Vista" title="Windows Vista – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Windows Vista" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BB%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1" title="വിൻഡോസ് വിസ്റ്റ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="വിൻഡോസ് വിസ്റ്റ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9C_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE" title="विंडोज व्हिस्टा – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="विंडोज व्हिस्टा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Vista" title="Windows Vista – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Windows Vista" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Vista" title="Windows Vista – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="Windows Vista" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Vista" title="Windows Vista – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Windows Vista" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windows_Vista" title="Microsoft Windows Vista – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="Microsoft Windows Vista" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Vista" title="Windows Vista – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Windows Vista" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Vista" title="Windows Vista – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Windows Vista" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Vista" title="Windows Vista – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Windows Vista" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Vista" title="Windows Vista – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Windows Vista" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Vista" title="Windows Vista – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Windows Vista" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Vista" title="Windows Vista – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Windows Vista" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Vista" title="Windows Vista – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Windows Vista" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Vista" title="Windows Vista – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Windows Vista" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Vista" title="Windows Vista – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Windows Vista" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Vista" title="Windows Vista – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Windows Vista" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Vista" title="Windows Vista – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Windows Vista" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Vista" title="Windows Vista – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Windows Vista" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%A9%E0%B7%9D%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%8F" title="වින්ඩෝස් විස්ටා – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="වින්ඩෝස් විස්ටා" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Vista" title="Windows Vista – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Windows Vista" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Vista" title="Windows Vista – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Windows Vista" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Vista" title="Windows Vista – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Windows Vista" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Vista" title="Windows Vista – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Windows Vista" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%86%D8%B2_%DA%A4%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7" title="ویندۆز ڤیستا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ویندۆز ڤیستا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Vista" title="Windows Vista – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Windows Vista" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Vista" title="Windows Vista – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Windows Vista" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Vista" title="Windows Vista – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Windows Vista" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Vista" title="Windows Vista – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Windows Vista" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Vista" title="Windows Vista – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Windows Vista" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Vista" title="Windows Vista – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Windows Vista" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BE" title="விண்டோஸ் விஸ்டா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="விண்டோஸ் விஸ்டா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Vista" title="Windows Vista – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Windows Vista" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B2" title="วินโดวส์วิสตา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="วินโดวส์วิสตา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Vista" title="Windows Vista – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Windows Vista" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Vista" title="Windows Vista – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Windows Vista" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Vista" title="Windows Vista – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Windows Vista" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%86%DA%88%D9%88%D8%B2_%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%B9%D8%A7" title="ونڈوز وسٹا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ونڈوز وسٹا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Vista" title="Windows Vista – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Windows Vista" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Vista" title="Windows Vista – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Windows Vista" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A6%96%E7%AA%97%E9%81%A0%E6%99%AF" title="視窗遠景 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="視窗遠景" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Vista" title="Windows Vista – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="Windows Vista" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Vista" title="Windows Vista – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="Windows Vista" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Vista" title="Windows Vista – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Windows Vista" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Vista" title="Windows Vista – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="Windows Vista" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Vista" title="Windows Vista – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="Windows Vista" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q11230#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div 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.infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><caption class="infobox-title summary">Windows Vista</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">Version of the <a href="/wiki/Windows_NT" title="Windows NT">Windows NT</a> operating system</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Windows_Vista_Logo_and_Wordmark.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/Windows_Vista_Logo_and_Wordmark.svg/200px-Windows_Vista_Logo_and_Wordmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/Windows_Vista_Logo_and_Wordmark.svg/300px-Windows_Vista_Logo_and_Wordmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/Windows_Vista_Logo_and_Wordmark.svg/400px-Windows_Vista_Logo_and_Wordmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="685" data-file-height="135" /></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Windows_Vista.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a3/Windows_Vista.png/300px-Windows_Vista.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a3/Windows_Vista.png/450px-Windows_Vista.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a3/Windows_Vista.png/600px-Windows_Vista.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Screenshot of Windows Vista, showing its <a href="/wiki/Desktop_metaphor" title="Desktop metaphor">desktop</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taskbar" title="Taskbar">taskbar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Start_menu" title="Start menu">Start menu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Windows_Sidebar" class="mw-redirect" title="Windows Sidebar">Windows Sidebar</a>, Welcome Center, and glass effects of <a href="/wiki/Windows_Aero" title="Windows Aero">Windows Aero</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Programmer" title="Programmer">Developer</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Source model</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Closed-source" class="mw-redirect" title="Closed-source">Closed-source</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Source-available" class="mw-redirect" title="Source-available">Source-available</a> (through <a href="/wiki/Shared_Source_Initiative" title="Shared Source Initiative">Shared Source Initiative</a>)<a href="#cite_note-SharedSource-1">[1]</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Software_release_life_cycle#RTM" title="Software release life cycle">Released to manufacturing</a></th><td class="infobox-data">November 8, 2006; 18 years ago (2006-11-08)<a href="#cite_note-WindowsVistaRTM-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Software_release_life_cycle#General_availability_(GA)" title="Software release life cycle">General availability</a></th><td class="infobox-data">January 30, 2007; 17 years ago (2007-01-30)<a href="#cite_note-WindowsVistaGA-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Software_release_life_cycle" title="Software release life cycle">Final release</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Service Pack 2<a href="#cite_note-SP2RTM-4">[4]</a> with August 17, 2017 security update (6.0.6002.24170) / July 21, 2017; 7 years ago (2017-07-21)<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Marketing target</th><td class="infobox-data">Consumer and Business</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Update method</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Update" title="Windows Update">Windows Update</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Server_Update_Services" title="Windows Server Update Services">Windows Server Update Services</a> (WSUS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_Center_Configuration_Manager" class="mw-redirect" title="System Center Configuration Manager">System Center Configuration Manager</a> (SCCM)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Platforms</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/IA-32" title="IA-32">IA-32</a> and <a href="/wiki/X86-64" title="X86-64">x86-64</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Kernel_(operating_system)" title="Kernel (operating system)">Kernel</a> type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_kernel" title="Hybrid kernel">Hybrid</a> (<a href="/wiki/Windows_NT" title="Windows NT">NT</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/User_space_and_kernel_space" title="User space and kernel space">Userland</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Windows_API" title="Windows API">Windows API</a>, <a href="/wiki/NTVDM" class="mw-redirect" title="NTVDM">NTVDM</a>, <a href="/wiki/Subsystem_for_Unix-based_Applications" class="mw-redirect" title="Subsystem for Unix-based Applications">SUA</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Software_license" title="Software license">License</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Proprietary_software" title="Proprietary software">Proprietary commercial software</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Windows_XP" title="Windows XP">Windows XP</a> (2001)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Windows_7" title="Windows 7">Windows 7</a> (2009)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Official website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080716203229/http://www.microsoft.com/windows/windows-vista/default.aspx">Windows Vista</a> (archived at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Support status</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Mainstream support ended on April 10, 2012<a href="#cite_note-Support-6">[6]</a> Extended support ended on April 11, 2017<a href="#cite_note-Support-6">[6]</a></td></tr></tbody></table> 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.sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="width:auto"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="border-top:#a5eff5 5px solid">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Windows_Vista" title="Category:Windows Vista">a series of articles</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="border-bottom:#a5eff5 5px solid"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Windows Vista</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e4e4f0ЯтХЖ"> New features</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Vista_editions" title="Windows Vista editions">Editions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Features_new_to_Windows_Vista" title="Features new to Windows Vista">New features</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_Vista" title="List of features removed in Windows Vista">Removed features</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Windows_Vista" title="Criticism of Windows Vista">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technical_features_new_to_Windows_Vista" title="Technical features new to Windows Vista">Technical and core system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_and_safety_features_new_to_Windows_Vista" title="Security and safety features new to Windows Vista">Security and safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Vista_networking_technologies" title="Windows Vista networking technologies">Networking technologies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Vista_I/O_technologies" title="Windows Vista I/O technologies">I/O technologies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Management_features_new_to_Windows_Vista" title="Management features new to Windows Vista">Management and administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Windows_Vista_and_Windows_XP" title="Comparison of Windows Vista and Windows XP">Vista vs. XP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_Windows_Vista" title="Development of Windows Vista">Development history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mojave_Experiment" title="Mojave Experiment">Mojave Experiment</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e4e4f0ЯтХЖ"> Siblings</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Server_2008" title="Windows Server 2008">Windows Server 2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Mobile_6.0" title="Windows Mobile 6.0">Windows Mobile 6.0</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Mobile_6.1" title="Windows Mobile 6.1">Windows Mobile 6.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Mobile_6.5" title="Windows Mobile 6.5">Windows Mobile 6.5</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Windows_Vista" title="Template:Windows Vista"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Windows_Vista" title="Template talk:Windows Vista"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Windows_Vista" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Windows Vista"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Windows Vista is a major release of the <a href="/wiki/Windows_NT" title="Windows NT">Windows NT</a> operating system developed by <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a>. It was the direct successor to <a href="/wiki/Windows_XP" title="Windows XP">Windows XP</a>, released five years earlier, which was then the longest time span between successive releases of Microsoft Windows. It was <a href="/wiki/Software_release_life_cycle#Release_to_manufacturing_(RTM)" title="Software release life cycle">released to manufacturing</a> on November 8, 2006, and over the following two months, it was released in stages to business customers, <a href="/wiki/Original_equipment_manufacturers" class="mw-redirect" title="Original equipment manufacturers">original equipment manufacturers</a> (OEMs), and retail channels. On January 30, 2007, it was released internationally and was made available for purchase and download from the <a href="/wiki/Windows_Marketplace" title="Windows Marketplace">Windows Marketplace</a>; it is the first release of Windows to be made available through a <a href="/wiki/Digital_distribution_platform" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital distribution platform">digital distribution platform</a>.<a href="#cite_note-WindowsVistaMarketplace-7">[7]</a> <a href="/wiki/Development_of_Windows_Vista" title="Development of Windows Vista">Development of Windows Vista</a> began in 2001 under the codename "Longhorn"; originally envisioned as a minor successor to Windows XP, it <a href="/wiki/Feature_creep" title="Feature creep">gradually included numerous new features</a> from the then-next major release of Windows codenamed "Blackcomb", after which it was repositioned as a major release of Windows, and it subsequently <a href="/wiki/Development_hell" title="Development hell">underwent a period of protracted development</a> that was unprecedented for Microsoft. Most new features were prominently based on a new presentation layer codenamed <a href="/wiki/Windows_Presentation_Foundation" title="Windows Presentation Foundation">Avalon</a>, a new communications architecture codenamed <a href="/wiki/Windows_Communication_Foundation" title="Windows Communication Foundation">Indigo</a>, and a relational storage platform codenamed <a href="/wiki/WinFS" title="WinFS">WinFS</a> — all built on the <a href="/wiki/.NET_Framework" title=".NET Framework">.NET Framework</a>; however, this proved to be untenable due to incompleteness of technologies and ways in which new features were added, and Microsoft reset the project in 2004. Many features were eventually reimplemented after the reset, but Microsoft ceased using <a href="/wiki/Managed_code" title="Managed code">managed code</a> to develop the operating system.<a href="#cite_note-DVDMakerFAQ-8">[8]</a> <a href="/wiki/Features_new_to_Windows_Vista" title="Features new to Windows Vista">New features of Windows Vista</a> include a <a href="/wiki/Graphical_user_interface" title="Graphical user interface">graphical user interface</a> and <a href="/wiki/Skin_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Skin (computing)">visual style</a> referred to as <a href="/wiki/Windows_Aero" title="Windows Aero">Windows Aero</a>; a <a href="/wiki/Content_index" class="mw-redirect" title="Content index">content index</a> and <a href="/wiki/Desktop_search" title="Desktop search">desktop search</a> platform called <a href="/wiki/Windows_Search" title="Windows Search">Windows Search</a>; new <a href="/wiki/Peer-to-peer" title="Peer-to-peer">peer-to-peer</a> technologies to simplify sharing <a href="/wiki/Computer_file" title="Computer file">files</a> and <a href="/wiki/Digital_media" title="Digital media">media</a> between computers and devices on a <a href="/wiki/Home_network" title="Home network">home network</a>; and new multimedia tools such as <a href="/wiki/Windows_DVD_Maker" title="Windows DVD Maker">Windows DVD Maker</a>. Windows Vista included version 3.0 of the <a href="/wiki/.NET_Framework" title=".NET Framework">.NET Framework</a>, allowing <a href="/wiki/Software_developer" class="mw-redirect" title="Software developer">software developers</a> to write applications without traditional <a href="/wiki/Windows_API" title="Windows API">Windows APIs</a>. There are major architectural overhauls to audio, display, network, and print sub-systems; deployment, installation, servicing, and startup procedures are also revised. It is the first release of Windows built on Microsoft's <a href="/wiki/Trustworthy_Computing" class="mw-redirect" title="Trustworthy Computing">Trustworthy Computing</a> initiative and emphasized security with the introduction of many new <a href="/wiki/Security_and_safety_features_new_to_Windows_Vista" title="Security and safety features new to Windows Vista">security and safety features</a> such as <a href="/wiki/BitLocker" title="BitLocker">BitLocker</a> and <a href="/wiki/User_Account_Control" title="User Account Control">User Account Control</a>. The ambitiousness and scope of these changes, and the abundance of new features earned positive reviews, but Windows Vista was the subject of frequent negative press and significant criticism. <a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Windows_Vista" title="Criticism of Windows Vista">Criticism of Windows Vista</a> focused on driver, peripheral, and program incompatibility; <a href="/wiki/Digital_rights_management" title="Digital rights management">digital rights management</a>; excessive authorization from the new User Account Control; inordinately high <a href="/wiki/System_requirements" title="System requirements">system requirements</a> when contrasted with Windows XP; its protracted development; longer <a href="/wiki/Boot_time" class="mw-redirect" title="Boot time">boot time</a>; and more restrictive product licensing. Windows Vista deployment and satisfaction rates were consequently lower than those of Windows XP, and it is considered a market failure;<a href="#cite_note-FiveReasonsFailed-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-TechTalkers-10">[10]</a> however, its use surpassed Microsoft's pre-launch two-year-out expectations of achieving 200 million users<a href="#cite_note-RalliesDevelopers-11">[11]</a> (with an estimated 330 million users by 2009).<a href="#cite_note-LicensesSoldArs-12">[12]</a> On October 22, 2010, Microsoft ceased retail distribution of Windows Vista; OEM supply ceased a year later.<a href="#cite_note-RetailCopies-13">[13]</a> Windows Vista was succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Windows_7" title="Windows 7">Windows 7</a> in 2009. Mainstream support for Windows Vista ended on April 10, 2012 and extended support ended on April 11, 2017.<a href="#cite_note-Support-6">[6]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Development">Development</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Development_of_Windows_Vista" title="Development of Windows Vista">Development of Windows Vista</a></div> Microsoft began work on Windows Vista, known at the time by its <a href="/wiki/Codename" class="mw-redirect" title="Codename">codename</a> "Longhorn", in May 2001,<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> five months before the release of <a href="/wiki/Windows_XP" title="Windows XP">Windows XP</a>. It was originally expected to ship in October 2003 as a minor step between Windows XP and "Blackcomb", which was planned to be the company's next major operating system release. Gradually, "Longhorn" assimilated many of the important new features and technologies slated for Blackcomb, resulting in the release date being pushed back several times in three years. In some builds of Longhorn, their license agreement said "For the Microsoft product codenamed 'Whistler'". Many of Microsoft's developers were also re-tasked to build updates to Windows XP and <a href="/wiki/Windows_Server_2003" title="Windows Server 2003">Windows Server 2003</a> to strengthen security. Faced with ongoing delays and concerns about <a href="/wiki/Feature_creep" title="Feature creep">feature creep</a>, Microsoft announced on August 27, 2004, that it had revised its plans. For this reason, Longhorn was reset to start work on componentizing the Windows Server 2003 Service Pack 1 codebase, and over time re-incorporating the features that would be intended for an actual operating system release. However, some previously announced features such as <a href="/wiki/WinFS" title="WinFS">WinFS</a> were dropped or postponed, and a new software development methodology called the <a href="/wiki/Security_Development_Lifecycle" class="mw-redirect" title="Security Development Lifecycle">Security Development Lifecycle</a> was incorporated to address concerns with the security of the Windows codebase, which is programmed in <a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a>, <a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++">C++</a> and <a href="/wiki/Assembly_language" title="Assembly language">assembly</a>. Longhorn became known as Vista in 2005. Vista in Spanish means view.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Longhorn">Longhorn</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Microsoft_Codename_LongHorn_v6.0_Build_4074.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a8/Microsoft_Codename_LongHorn_v6.0_Build_4074.png/220px-Microsoft_Codename_LongHorn_v6.0_Build_4074.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a8/Microsoft_Codename_LongHorn_v6.0_Build_4074.png/330px-Microsoft_Codename_LongHorn_v6.0_Build_4074.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/a/a8/Microsoft_Codename_LongHorn_v6.0_Build_4074.png 2x" data-file-width="365" data-file-height="274" /></a><figcaption>Desktop screenshot of Windows Longhorn build 4074, showing the <a href="/wiki/Start_menu" title="Start menu">Start menu</a>, an early version of <a href="/wiki/Windows_Desktop_Gadgets" title="Windows Desktop Gadgets">Windows Desktop Sidebar</a>, Windows Explorer, and the Slate visual style</figcaption></figure> The early development stages of Longhorn were generally characterized by incremental improvements and updates to Windows XP. During this period, Microsoft was fairly quiet about what was being worked on, as their marketing and public relations efforts were more strongly focused on Windows XP, and <a href="/wiki/Windows_Server_2003" title="Windows Server 2003">Windows Server 2003</a>, which was released in April 2003. Occasional builds of Longhorn were leaked onto popular <a href="/wiki/Legal_aspects_of_file_sharing" title="Legal aspects of file sharing">file sharing</a> networks such as <a href="/wiki/IRC" title="IRC">IRC</a>, <a href="/wiki/BitTorrent" title="BitTorrent">BitTorrent</a>, <a href="/wiki/EDonkey_network" title="EDonkey network">eDonkey</a> and various <a href="/wiki/Newsgroup" class="mw-redirect" title="Newsgroup">newsgroups</a>, and so most of what is known about builds before the first sanctioned development release of Longhorn in May 2003 is derived from these builds. After several months of relatively little news or activity from Microsoft with Longhorn, Microsoft released Build 4008, which had made an appearance on the Internet around February 28, 2003.<a href="#cite_note-build4008-17">[17]</a> It was also privately handed out to a select group of software developers. As an evolutionary release over build 3683, it contained several small improvements, including a modified blue "Plex" theme and a new, simplified Windows Image-based installer that operates in graphical mode from the outset, and completed an install of the operating system in approximately one third the time of Windows XP on the same hardware. An optional "new taskbar" was introduced that was thinner than the previous build and displayed the time differently. The most notable visual and functional difference, however, came with Windows Explorer. The incorporation of the Plex theme made blue the dominant color of the entire application. The Windows XP-style task pane was almost completely replaced with a large horizontal pane that appeared under the toolbars. A new search interface allowed for filtering of results, searching for Windows help, and natural-language queries that would be used to integrate with WinFS. The animated search characters were also removed. The "view modes" were also replaced with a single slider that would resize the icons in real-time, in the list, thumbnail, or details mode, depending on where the slider was. File metadata was also made more visible and more easily editable, with more active encouragement to fill out missing pieces of information. Also of note was the conversion of Windows Explorer to being a <a href="/wiki/.NET_Framework" title=".NET Framework">.NET</a> application. Most builds of Longhorn and Vista were identified by a label that was always displayed in the bottom-right corner of the desktop. A typical build label would look like "Longhorn Build 3683.Lab06_N.020923-1821". Higher build numbers did not automatically mean that the latest features from every development team at Microsoft was included. Typically, a team working on a certain feature or subsystem would generate their working builds which developers would test with, and when the code was deemed stable, all the changes would be incorporated back into the main development tree at once. At Microsoft, several "Build labs" exist where the compilation of the entirety of Windows can be performed by a team. The name of the lab in which any given build originated is shown as part of the build label, and the date and time of the build follow that. Some builds (such as Beta 1 and Beta 2) only display the build label in the version information dialog (Winver). The icons used in these builds are from Windows XP. At the <a href="/wiki/Windows_Hardware_Engineering_Conference" title="Windows Hardware Engineering Conference">Windows Hardware Engineering Conference</a> (WinHEC) in May 2003, Microsoft gave their first public demonstrations of the new Desktop Window Manager and <a href="/wiki/Windows_Aero" title="Windows Aero">Aero</a>. The demonstrations were done on a revised build 4015 which was never released. Several sessions for developers and hardware engineers at the conference focused on these new features, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Next-Generation_Secure_Computing_Base" title="Next-Generation Secure Computing Base">Next-Generation Secure Computing Base</a> (previously known as "Palladium"), which at the time was Microsoft's proposed solution for creating a secure computing environment whereby any given component of the system could be deemed "trusted". Also at this conference, Microsoft reiterated their roadmap for delivering Longhorn, pointing to an "early 2005" release date.<a href="#cite_note-winhec2003-18">[18]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Development_reset">Development reset</h3></div> By 2004, it had become obvious to the Windows team at Microsoft that they were losing sight of what needed to be done to complete the next version of Windows and ship it to customers. Internally, some Microsoft employees were describing the Longhorn project as "another Cairo" or "Cairo.NET", referring to the <a href="/wiki/Cairo_(operating_system)" title="Cairo (operating system)">Cairo development project</a> that the company embarked on through the first half of the 1990s, which never resulted in a shipping operating system (though nearly all the technologies developed in that time did end up in <a href="/wiki/Windows_95" title="Windows 95">Windows 95</a> and <a href="/wiki/Windows_NT" title="Windows NT">Windows NT</a><a href="#cite_note-caplancairo-19">[19]</a>). Microsoft was shocked in 2005 by Apple's release of <a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Tiger" title="Mac OS X Tiger">Mac OS X Tiger</a>. It offered only a limited subset of features planned for Longhorn, in particular fast file searching and integrated graphics and sound processing, but appeared to have impressive reliability and performance compared to contemporary Longhorn builds.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> Most Longhorn builds had major <a href="/wiki/Windows_Explorer" class="mw-redirect" title="Windows Explorer">Windows Explorer</a> system leaks which prevented the OS from performing well, and added more confusion to the development teams in later builds with more and more code being developed which failed to reach stability. In a September 23, 2005 front-page article in <a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a>,<a href="#cite_note-resetwsj-21">[21]</a> Microsoft co-president <a href="/wiki/Jim_Allchin" title="Jim Allchin">Jim Allchin</a>, who had overall responsibility for the development and delivery of Windows, explained how development of Longhorn had been "crashing into the ground" due in large part to the haphazard methods by which features were introduced and integrated into the core of the operating system, without a clear focus on an end-product. Allchin went on to explain how in December 2003, he enlisted the help of two other senior executives, Brian Valentine and Amitabh Srivastava, the former being experienced with shipping software at Microsoft, most notably Windows Server 2003,<a href="#cite_note-supersitevalentine-22">[22]</a> and the latter having spent his career at Microsoft researching and developing methods of producing high-quality testing systems.<a href="#cite_note-forbessrivastava-23">[23]</a> Srivastava employed a team of core architects to visually map out the entirety of the Windows operating system, and to proactively work towards a development process that would enforce high levels of code quality, reduce interdependencies between components, and in general, "not make things worse with Vista".<a href="#cite_note-channel9kernel-24">[24]</a> Since Microsoft decided that Longhorn needed to be further componentized, work started on builds (known as the Omega-13 builds, named after a time travel device in the film <a href="/wiki/Galaxy_Quest" title="Galaxy Quest">Galaxy Quest</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a>) that would componentize existing Windows Server 2003 source code, and over time add back functionality as development progressed. Future Longhorn builds would start from Windows Server 2003 Service Pack 1 and continue from there. This change, announced internally to Microsoft employees on August 26, 2004, began in earnest in September, though it would take several more months before the new development process and build methodology would be used by all of the development teams. A number of complaints came from individual developers, and Bill Gates himself, that the new development process was going to be prohibitively difficult to work within. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="As_Windows_Vista">As Windows Vista</h3></div> By approximately November 2004, the company had considered several names for the final release, ranging from simple to fanciful and inventive. In the end, Microsoft chose Windows Vista as confirmed on July 22, 2005, believing it to be a "wonderful intersection of what the product really does, what Windows stands for, and what resonates with customers, and their needs". Group Project Manager Greg Sullivan told Paul Thurrott "You want the PC to adapt to you and help you cut through the clutter to focus on what's important to you. That's what Windows Vista is all about: "bringing clarity to your world" (a reference to the three marketing points of Vista—Clear, Connected, Confident), so you can focus on what matters to you".<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> Microsoft co-president Jim Allchin also loved the name, saying that "Vista creates the right imagery for the new product capabilities and inspires the imagination with all the possibilities of what can be done with Windows—making people's passions come alive."<a href="#cite_note-roadtogold4-27">[27]</a> After Longhorn was named Windows Vista in July 2005, an unprecedented <a href="/wiki/Development_stage" class="mw-redirect" title="Development stage">beta-test</a> program was started, involving hundreds of thousands of volunteers and companies. In September of that year, Microsoft started releasing regular <a href="/wiki/Community_Technology_Preview" class="mw-redirect" title="Community Technology Preview">Community Technology Previews</a> (CTP) to beta testers from July 2005 to February 2006. The first of these was distributed at the 2005 Microsoft <a href="/wiki/Professional_Developers_Conference" title="Professional Developers Conference">Professional Developers Conference</a>, and was subsequently released to beta testers and <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Developer_Network" title="Microsoft Developer Network">Microsoft Developer Network</a> subscribers. The builds that followed incorporated most of the planned features for the final product, as well as a number of changes to the user interface, based largely on feedback from beta testers. Windows Vista was deemed feature-complete with the release of the "February CTP", released on February 22, 2006, and much of the remainder of the work between that build and the final release of the product focused on stability, performance, application and driver compatibility, and documentation. Beta 2, released in late May, was the first build to be made available to the general public through Microsoft's Customer Preview Program. It was downloaded over 5 million times. Two release candidates followed in September and October, both of which were made available to a large number of users.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> At the <a href="/wiki/Intel_Developer_Forum" title="Intel Developer Forum">Intel Developer Forum</a> on March 9, 2006, Microsoft announced a change in their plans to support EFI in Windows Vista. The <a href="/wiki/UEFI" title="UEFI">UEFI</a> 2.0 specification (which replaced EFI 1.10) was not completed until early 2006, and at the time of Microsoft's announcement, no firmware manufacturers had completed a production implementation which could be used for testing. As a result, the decision was made to postpone the introduction of UEFI support to Windows; support for UEFI on 64-bit platforms was postponed until Vista Service Pack 1 and <a href="/wiki/Windows_Server_2008" title="Windows Server 2008">Windows Server 2008</a> and 32-bit UEFI would not be supported, as Microsoft did not expect many such systems to be built because the market was quickly moving to 64-bit processors.<a href="#cite_note-uefiremoved-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-uefiplans-30">[30]</a> While Microsoft had originally hoped to have the consumer versions of the operating system available worldwide in time for the 2006 <a href="/wiki/Holiday_shopping_season" class="mw-redirect" title="Holiday shopping season">holiday shopping season</a>, it announced in March 2006 that the release date would be pushed back to January 2007 in order to give the company—and the hardware and software companies that Microsoft depends on for providing <a href="/wiki/Device_driver" title="Device driver">device drivers</a>—additional time to prepare. Because a <a href="/wiki/Release_to_manufacturing" class="mw-redirect" title="Release to manufacturing">release to manufacturing</a> (RTM) build is the final version of code shipped to retailers and other distributors, the purpose of a pre-RTM build is to eliminate any last "show-stopper" bugs that may prevent the code from responsibly being shipped to customers, as well as anything else that consumers may find troublesome. Thus, it is unlikely that any major new features would be introduced; instead, work would focus on Vista's fit and finish. In just a few days, developers had managed to drop Vista's bug count from over 2470 on September 22 to just over 1400 by the time RC2 shipped in early October. However, they still had a way to go before Vista was ready to RTM. Microsoft's internal processes required Vista's bug count to drop to 500 or fewer before the product could go into escrow for RTM.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> For most of the pre-RTM builds, only 32-bit editions were released. On June 14, 2006, Windows developer Philip Su posted a blog entry which decried the development process of Windows Vista, stating that "The code is way too complicated, and that the pace of coding has been tremendously slowed down by overbearing process."<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> The same post also described Windows Vista as having approximately 50 million <a href="/wiki/Lines_of_code" class="mw-redirect" title="Lines of code">lines of code</a>, with about 2,000 developers working on the product. During a demonstration of the speech recognition feature new to Windows Vista at Microsoft's Financial Analyst Meeting on July 27, 2006, the software recognized the phrase "Dear mom" as "Dear aunt". After several failed attempts to correct the error, the sentence eventually became "Dear aunt, let's set so double the killer delete select all".<a href="#cite_note-voicedemo-33">[33]</a> A developer with Vista's speech recognition team later explained that there was a bug with the build of Vista that was causing the microphone <a href="/wiki/Gain_(electronics)" title="Gain (electronics)">gain level</a> to be set very high, resulting in the audio being received by the speech recognition software being "incredibly distorted".<a href="#cite_note-chamberssr-34">[34]</a> Windows Vista build 5824 (October 17, 2006) was supposed to be the RTM release, but a bug, where the OOBE hangs at the start of the WinSAT Assessment (if upgraded from Windows XP), requiring the user to terminate msoobe.exe by pressing Shift+F10 to open Command Prompt using either command-line tools or Task Manager prevented this, damaging development and lowering the chance that it would hit its January 2007 deadline.<a href="#cite_note-Windows_Vista_RTM_code_delayed-35">[35]</a> Development of Windows Vista came to an end when Microsoft announced that it had been finalized on November 8, 2006, and was concluded by co-president of Windows development, <a href="/wiki/Jim_Allchin" title="Jim Allchin">Jim Allchin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> The RTM's build number had also jumped to 6000 to reflect Vista's internal version number, <a href="/wiki/Windows_NT" title="Windows NT">NT</a> 6.0.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> Jumping RTM build numbers is common practice among consumer-oriented Windows versions, like <a href="/wiki/Windows_98" title="Windows 98">Windows 98</a> (build 1998), Windows 98 SE (build 2222), <a href="/wiki/Windows_Me" title="Windows Me">Windows Me</a> (build 3000) or <a href="/wiki/Windows_XP" title="Windows XP">Windows XP</a> (build 2600), as compared to the business-oriented versions like <a href="/wiki/Windows_2000" title="Windows 2000">Windows 2000</a> (build 2195) or <a href="/wiki/Windows_Server_2003" title="Windows Server 2003">Server 2003</a> (build 3790). On November 16, 2006, Microsoft made the final build available to <a href="/wiki/MSDN" class="mw-redirect" title="MSDN">MSDN</a> and Technet Plus subscribers.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> A business-oriented Enterprise edition was made available to volume license customers on November 30, 2006.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> Windows Vista was launched for general customer availability on January 30, 2007.<a href="#cite_note-WindowsVistaGA-3">[3]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="New_or_changed_features">New or changed features</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Features_new_to_Windows_Vista" title="Features new to Windows Vista">Features new to Windows Vista</a></div> New features introduced by Windows Vista are very numerous, encompassing significant functionality not available in its predecessors. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="End-user">End-user</h3></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Aero" title="Windows Aero">Windows Aero</a> is the new graphical user interface, which Jim Allchin stated is an acronym for Authentic, Energetic, Reflective, and Open.<a href="#cite_note-WindowsVistaSounds-40">[40]</a> Microsoft intended the new interface to be cleaner and more aesthetically pleasing than those of previous Windows versions, and it features advanced visual effects such as blurred glass translucencies and dynamic glass reflections and smooth window animations.<a href="#cite_note-WVPG-41">[41]</a> Laptop users report, however, that enabling Aero reduces battery life<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> and reduces performance. Windows Aero requires a <a href="/wiki/Compositing_window_manager" title="Compositing window manager">compositing window manager</a> called <a href="/wiki/Desktop_Window_Manager" title="Desktop Window Manager">Desktop Window Manager</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Shell" class="mw-redirect" title="Windows Shell">Windows Shell</a> offers a new range of organization, navigation, and search capabilities: Task Panes in <a href="/wiki/Windows_Explorer" class="mw-redirect" title="Windows Explorer">Windows Explorer</a> are removed, with the relevant tasks moved to a new command bar. The navigation pane can now be displayed when tasks are available, and it has been updated to include a new "Favorite Links" that houses shortcuts to common locations. An <a href="/wiki/Incremental_search" title="Incremental search">incremental search</a> search box now appears at all times in Windows Explorer. The address bar has been replaced with a <a href="/wiki/Breadcrumb_navigation" title="Breadcrumb navigation">breadcrumb navigation</a> bar, which means that multiple locations in a hierarchy can be navigated without needing to go back and forth between locations. Icons now display thumbnails depicting contents of items and can be dynamically scaled in size (up to 256 × 256 pixels). A new preview pane allows users to see thumbnails of items and play tracks, read contents of documents, and view photos when they are selected. Groups of items are now selectable and display the number of items in each group. A new details pane allows users to manage <a href="/wiki/Metadata" title="Metadata">metadata</a>. There are several new sharing features, including the ability to directly share files. The <a href="/wiki/Start_menu" title="Start menu">Start menu</a> also now includes an incremental search box — allowing the user to press the <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1249182868">.mw-parser-output .keyboard-key{border:1px solid #aaa;border-radius:0.2em;box-shadow:0.1em 0.1em 0.2em rgba(0,0,0,0.1);background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);background-image:linear-gradient(to bottom,var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0),var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa),var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0));color:var(--color-base,#202122);padding:0.1em 0.3em;font-family:inherit;font-size:0.85em}</style><kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">⊞ Win</kbd> key and start typing to instantly find an item or launch a program — and the All Programs list uses a vertical scroll bar instead of the cascading flyout menu of Windows XP.<a href="#cite_note-WVPG-41">[41]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Search" title="Windows Search">Windows Search</a> is a new content index desktop search platform that replaces the <a href="/wiki/Indexing_Service" title="Indexing Service">Indexing Service</a> of previous Windows versions to enable incremental searches for files and non-file items — documents, emails, folders, programs, photos, tracks, and videos — and contents or details such as <a href="/wiki/File_attribute" title="File attribute">attributes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Filename_extension" title="Filename extension">extensions</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Filename" title="Filename">filenames</a> across compatible applications.<a href="#cite_note-WVPG-41">[41]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Sidebar" class="mw-redirect" title="Windows Sidebar">Windows Sidebar</a> is a translucent panel that hosts gadgets that display details such as feeds and sports scores on the Windows desktop; the Sidebar can be hidden and gadgets can also be placed on the desktop itself.<a href="#cite_note-WVPG-41">[41]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Explorer_7" title="Internet Explorer 7">Internet Explorer 7</a> is a significant revision over <a href="/wiki/Internet_Explorer_6" title="Internet Explorer 6">Internet Explorer 6</a> with a new user interface comprising additional address bar features, a new search box, enhanced page zoom, <a href="/wiki/RSS_feed" class="mw-redirect" title="RSS feed">RSS feed</a> functionality, and support for <a href="/wiki/Tabbed_browsing" class="mw-redirect" title="Tabbed browsing">tabbed browsing</a> (with an optional "quick tabs" feature that shows thumbnails of each open tab). <a href="/wiki/Anti-phishing_software" title="Anti-phishing software">Anti-phishing software</a> is introduced that combines client-side scanning with an optional online service; it checks with Microsoft the address being visited to determine its legitimacy, compares the address with a locally stored list of legitimate addresses, and uses heuristics to determine whether an address's characteristics are indicative of phishing attempts. In Windows Vista, it <a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Integrity_Control" title="Mandatory Integrity Control">runs in isolation from other applications</a> (protected mode); exploits and malicious software are restricted from writing to any location beyond Temporary Internet Files without explicit user consent.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Media_Player_11" class="mw-redirect" title="Windows Media Player 11">Windows Media Player 11</a> is a significant update to Microsoft's <a href="/wiki/Windows_Media_Player" title="Windows Media Player">Windows Media Player</a> for playing and organizing photos, tracks, and videos. New features include an updated GUI for the media library, disc spanning, enhanced audio fingerprinting, instant search capabilities, item organization features, synchronization features, the ability to share the media library over a network with other Windows Vista machines, <a href="/wiki/Xbox_360" title="Xbox 360">Xbox 360</a> integration, and <a href="/wiki/Windows_Media_Center_Extender" title="Windows Media Center Extender">Windows Media Center Extender</a> support.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Defender" class="mw-redirect" title="Windows Defender">Windows Defender</a> is an antispyware program with <a href="/wiki/Windows_Defender#Windows_Vista-specific_functionality" class="mw-redirect" title="Windows Defender">several configurable options</a> for real-time protection, with settings to block and notify of changes to browser, security, and Windows settings; prohibit startup applications; and view network-connected applications and their addresses; users can optionally report detected threats through the <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Active_Protection_Service" title="Microsoft Active Protection Service">Microsoft Active Protection Service</a> to help stop new threats.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backup_and_Restore_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Backup and Restore Center">Backup and Restore Center</a> allows for the creation of periodic backups and backup schedules, as well as recovery from previous backups; backups are incremental, storing only subsequent changes, which minimizes disk space usage. Windows Vista Business, Windows Vista Enterprise, and Windows Vista Ultimate additionally include Windows Complete PC Backup that allows <a href="/wiki/System_image" title="System image">system images</a> to be created, and this feature can be started from Windows Vista installation media so that images can be restored to a new hard disk or new hardware or if a PC has experienced hardware failures and it cannot boot.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Calendar" class="mw-redirect" title="Windows Calendar">Windows Calendar</a> is a basic <a href="/wiki/Calendar_application" class="mw-redirect" title="Calendar application">calendar application</a> that integrates with Windows Contacts and Windows Mail; users can create appointments and tasks, publish calendars to the Internet or to a network share, receive reminders, send and receive calendar invitations, and share calendars with family members.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Mail" class="mw-redirect" title="Windows Mail">Windows Mail</a> is the successor to <a href="/wiki/Outlook_Express" title="Outlook Express">Outlook Express</a> that includes significant feature additions (many of which were previously exclusive to <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Outlook" title="Microsoft Outlook">Microsoft Outlook</a>) and introduces fundamental revisions to the identification process, storage architecture, and security structure.<a href="#cite_note-Datamation-44">[44]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Photo_Gallery" title="Windows Photo Gallery">Windows Photo Gallery</a> replaces Windows Picture and Fax Viewer; it can acquire photographs from digital cameras; adjust photograph effects; burn photographs to optical media; create <a href="/wiki/Direct3D" title="Direct3D">Direct3D</a>-accelerated slideshows; and reduce <a href="/wiki/Red-eye_effect" title="Red-eye effect">red eye</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Media_Center" title="Windows Media Center">Windows Media Center</a> previously exclusive to <a href="/wiki/Windows_XP_Media_Center_Edition" title="Windows XP Media Center Edition">Windows XP Media Center Edition</a> is available in Windows Vista Home Premium and Windows Vista Ultimate; it has been updated with many new features such as support for <a href="/wiki/CableCARD" title="CableCARD">CableCARD</a>, DVD/MPEG-2, HD content, and two dual-tuner cards.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_and_safety_features_new_to_Windows_Vista#Parental_Controls" title="Security and safety features new to Windows Vista">Parental controls</a> allow administrators to control and manage user activity (such as limiting the games that can be played or prohibiting specific contents of websites) of each standard user.<a href="#cite_note-WVPG-41">[41]</a></li> <li>Games including <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_FreeCell" title="Microsoft FreeCell">FreeCell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hearts_(Windows)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hearts (Windows)">Hearts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Minesweeper" title="Microsoft Minesweeper">Minesweeper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Solitaire_(Windows)" class="mw-redirect" title="Solitaire (Windows)">Solitaire</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Spider_Solitaire_(Windows)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spider Solitaire (Windows)">Spider Solitaire</a> have been rewritten in DirectX to take advantage of Windows Vista's new graphical capabilities.<a href="#cite_note-UnderTheHood-45">[45]</a> New games include <a href="/wiki/Chess_Titans" title="Chess Titans">Chess Titans</a> (3D <a href="/wiki/Chess" title="Chess">Chess</a>), <a href="/wiki/Mahjong_Titans" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahjong Titans">Mahjong Titans</a> (3D <a href="/wiki/Mahjong" title="Mahjong">Mahjong</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Purble_Place" title="Purble Place">Purble Place</a> (a collection consisting of a cake-creation game, a <a href="/wiki/Dress-up" title="Dress-up">dress-up</a> puzzle game, and a matching game oriented towards younger children). All in-box games in Windows Vista can be played with an <a href="/wiki/Xbox_360_Controller" class="mw-redirect" title="Xbox 360 Controller">Xbox 360 Controller</a>.<a href="#cite_note-GamingWindowsVistaXbox360-46">[46]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Games_Explorer" class="mw-redirect" title="Games Explorer">Games Explorer</a> is the central location for installed games that displays details such as covers, developers, genres, installation dates, play times, publishers, ratings, and versions. Customizable tasks for games are available; metadata for installed games can be updated from the Internet. Game-related settings such as audio options, community support options, game controller options, firewall settings, and parental controls are displayed.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Mobility_Center" title="Windows Mobility Center">Windows Mobility Center</a> centralizes settings and statuses relevant to mobile computing such as battery life, connectivity status, display brightness, screen orientation, synchronization status, and volume level, and new options can be added by OEMs.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Fax_and_Scan" title="Windows Fax and Scan">Windows Fax and Scan</a> allows machines to create, receive, scan, and send faxes, with the goal of making fax management identical to working with email; it is available in Windows Vista Business, Windows Vista Enterprise, and Windows Vista Ultimate.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Meeting_Space" title="Windows Meeting Space">Windows Meeting Space</a> replaces <a href="/wiki/NetMeeting" class="mw-redirect" title="NetMeeting">NetMeeting</a> and relies on <a href="/wiki/Windows_Vista_networking_technologies#People_Near_Me" title="Windows Vista networking technologies">People Near Me</a> and <a href="/wiki/WS-Discovery" title="WS-Discovery">WS-Discovery</a> to identify participants on the local subnet or across the Internet; users can give control of their computers to other participants, project their desktops, send messages to participants, and share files.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Features_new_to_Windows_Vista#Windows_HotStart" title="Features new to Windows Vista">Windows HotStart</a> enables compatible computers to start applications directly from startup or resume by the press of a button, which allows them to function as a <a href="/wiki/Consumer_electronics_device" class="mw-redirect" title="Consumer electronics device">consumer electronics device</a> such as a <a href="/wiki/DVD_player" title="DVD player">DVD player</a>.<a href="#cite_note-MobilePCs-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-LonghornMobilePC-48">[48]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadow_Copy" title="Shadow Copy">Shadow Copy</a> (originally only available in Windows Server 2003) creates copies of files and folders on a scheduled basis, allowing users to recover multiple versions of deleted or overwritten files or folders. Incremental changes are saved by shadow copies, which helps to limit the disk space in use.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Update" title="Windows Update">Windows Update</a> is now a native client application; in previous versions of Windows, it was a <a href="/wiki/Web_application" title="Web application">web application</a> that had to be accessed from a web browser. Automatic Updates can now automatically download and install Recommended updates (in addition to High Priority updates that could be automatically downloaded and installed in previous versions of Windows). The prompt that appears when an update is installed that requires a machine to be <a href="/wiki/Reboot" title="Reboot">restarted</a> has been revised, with new options to postpone an operating system restart indefinitely, by 10 minutes, by 1 hour, or by 4 hours (in Windows XP, users could only repeatedly dismiss the prompt to restart, or allow the machine to be restarted within 15 minutes of its appearance). Windows Defender definitions and Windows Mail spam filter are delivered through Windows Update.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_SideShow" title="Windows SideShow">Windows SideShow</a> delivers data such as messages and feeds from a personal computer to additional devices and displays, which makes data available in mobile scenarios; compatible devices could additionally transmit commands to applications, devices, or systems connected to a computer (e.g., a smart phone can control a presentation).<a href="#cite_note-WVPG-41">[41]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Magnifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Microsoft Magnifier">Magnifier</a> in Windows Vista can magnify the vector-based content of <a href="/wiki/Windows_Presentation_Foundation" title="Windows Presentation Foundation">Windows Presentation Foundation</a> applications without blurring the magnified content—it performs resolution-independent zooming—when the Desktop Window Manager is enabled;<a href="#cite_note-MagnifierDiscovery-49">[49]</a> the release of <a href="/wiki/.NET_Framework_version_history#Service_Pack_1_5" title=".NET Framework version history">.NET Framework 3.5 SP1</a> in 2008 removes this capability when installed in Windows Vista.<a href="#cite_note-WPF35-50">[50]</a> Magnifier can now be docked to the bottom, left, right, or top of the screen.<a href="#cite_note-WVPG-41">[41]</a> Microsoft also introduced the Magnification API so that developers can build solutions that magnify portions of the screen or that apply color effects.<a href="#cite_note-MagnificationAPI-51">[51]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Speech_Recognition" title="Windows Speech Recognition">Windows Speech Recognition</a> is new <a href="/wiki/Speech_recognition" title="Speech recognition">speech recognition</a> functionality that enables <a href="/wiki/Hands-free_computing" title="Hands-free computing">voice commands</a> for controlling the desktop; <a href="/wiki/Transcription_(linguistics)" title="Transcription (linguistics)">dictating</a> documents; navigating websites; operating the <a href="/wiki/Cursor_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cursor (computing)">mouse cursor</a>; and performing <a href="/wiki/Keyboard_shortcut" title="Keyboard shortcut">keyboard shortcuts</a>.<a href="#cite_note-WVPG-41">[41]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_Reports_and_Solutions" class="mw-redirect" title="Problem Reports and Solutions">Problem Reports and Solutions</a> allows users to check for solutions to problems and receive solutions and additional information when it is available.</li> <li>Disk Management: the <a href="/wiki/Logical_Disk_Manager" title="Logical Disk Manager">Logical Disk Manager</a> in Windows Vista supports shrinking and expanding <a href="/wiki/Volume_(computing)" title="Volume (computing)">volumes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Partitioning-52">[52]</a></li> <li>Reliability and Performance Monitor includes various tools for tuning and monitoring system performance and resources activities of <a href="/wiki/CPU" class="mw-redirect" title="CPU">CPU</a>, disks, network, memory and other resources. It shows the operations on files, the opened connections, etc.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_System_Assessment_Tool" title="Windows System Assessment Tool">Windows System Assessment Tool</a> performs a series of assessments of a system's CPU, <a href="/wiki/GPU" class="mw-redirect" title="GPU">GPU</a>, <a href="/wiki/RAM" class="mw-redirect" title="RAM">RAM</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hard_disk_drive" title="Hard disk drive">HDD</a> performance and assigns to the system a rating from 1.0 to 5.9; a system is rated during the <a href="/wiki/Out-of-box_experience" title="Out-of-box experience">out-of-box experience</a> to determine if Windows Aero should be enabled.<a href="#cite_note-WVPG-41">[41]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Anytime_Upgrade" title="Windows Anytime Upgrade">Windows Anytime Upgrade</a> enabled users running a lower tier edition of Windows Vista to easily upgrade to a subsequent edition (e.g., to upgrade from Windows Vista Home Basic to Windows Vista Ultimate) by purchasing a license from an online merchant.</li> <li>Digital Locker Assistant simplified access to <a href="/wiki/Windows_Marketplace" title="Windows Marketplace">Windows Marketplace</a> purchases for users to download applications and retrieve licenses;<a href="#cite_note-DigitalLockerAssistant-54">[54]</a> purchases were managed with <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_account" title="Microsoft account">Microsoft account</a> credentials.<a href="#cite_note-DigitalLocker-55">[55]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Ultimate_Extras" title="Windows Ultimate Extras">Windows Ultimate Extras</a> in Windows Vista Ultimate provided additional features such as BitLocker and <a href="/wiki/Encrypting_File_System" title="Encrypting File System">EFS</a> improvements that allowed users to back up their encryption <a href="/wiki/Key_(cryptography)" title="Key (cryptography)">keys</a>; <a href="/wiki/Multilingual_User_Interface" title="Multilingual User Interface">Multilingual User Interface</a> packages; and <a href="/wiki/Windows_Dreamscene" class="mw-redirect" title="Windows Dreamscene">Windows Dreamscene</a>, which allowed using <a href="/wiki/MPEG" class="mw-redirect" title="MPEG">MPEG</a> and <a href="/wiki/Windows_Media_Video" title="Windows Media Video">WMV</a> videos as the desktop background.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Core">Core</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Technical_features_new_to_Windows_Vista" title="Technical features new to Windows Vista">Technical features new to Windows Vista</a></div> Vista includes technologies such as <a href="/wiki/ReadyBoost" title="ReadyBoost">ReadyBoost</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> and <a href="/wiki/ReadyDrive" class="mw-redirect" title="ReadyDrive">ReadyDrive</a>, which employ fast <a href="/wiki/Flash_memory" title="Flash memory">flash memory</a> (located on <a href="/wiki/USB_flash_drive" title="USB flash drive">USB flash drives</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_drive" title="Hybrid drive">hybrid hard disk drives</a>) to improve system performance by caching commonly used programs and data. This manifests itself in improved battery life on notebook computers as well, since a hybrid drive can be spun down when not in use.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> Another new technology called <a href="/wiki/Windows_Vista_I/O_technologies#SuperFetch" title="Windows Vista I/O technologies">SuperFetch</a> utilizes <a href="/wiki/Machine_learning" title="Machine learning">machine learning</a> techniques to analyze usage patterns to allow Windows Vista to make intelligent decisions about what content should be present in system memory at any given time. It uses almost all the extra RAM as <a href="/wiki/Page_cache" title="Page cache">disk cache</a>.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> In conjunction with SuperFetch, an automatic built-in <a href="/wiki/Windows_Disk_Defragmenter" class="mw-redirect" title="Windows Disk Defragmenter">Windows Disk Defragmenter</a> makes sure that those applications are strategically positioned on the hard disk where they can be loaded into memory very quickly with the least physical movement of the hard disk's read-write heads.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> As part of the redesign of the networking architecture, <a href="/wiki/IPv6" title="IPv6">IPv6</a> has been fully incorporated into the operating system<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> and a number of performance improvements have been introduced, such as <a href="/wiki/TCP_window_scale_option" title="TCP window scale option">TCP window scaling</a>.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> Earlier versions of Windows typically needed third-party wireless networking software to work properly, but this is not the case with Vista, which includes more comprehensive wireless networking support.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> For graphics, Vista introduces a new <a href="/wiki/Windows_Display_Driver_Model" title="Windows Display Driver Model">Windows Display Driver Model</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> and a major revision to <a href="/wiki/Direct3D" title="Direct3D">Direct3D</a>. The new driver model facilitates the new <a href="/wiki/Desktop_Window_Manager" title="Desktop Window Manager">Desktop Window Manager</a>, which provides the <a href="/wiki/Screen_tearing" title="Screen tearing">tearing</a>-free desktop and special effects that are the cornerstones of Windows Aero. Direct3D 10, developed in conjunction with major graphics card manufacturers, is a new architecture with more advanced <a href="/wiki/Shader" title="Shader">shader</a> support, and allows the <a href="/wiki/Graphics_processing_unit" title="Graphics processing unit">graphics processing unit</a> to render more complex scenes without assistance from the CPU. It features improved load balancing between CPU and GPU and also optimizes data transfer between them.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> WDDM also provides video content playback that rivals typical consumer electronics devices. It does this by making it easy to connect to external monitors, providing for protected HD video playback, and increasing overall video playback quality. For the first time in Windows, graphics processing unit (GPU) multitasking is possible, enabling users to run more than one GPU-intensive application simultaneously.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> At the core of the <a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating system</a>, many improvements have been made to the memory manager, process scheduler and I/O scheduler. The Heap Manager implements additional features such as integrity checking in order to improve robustness and defend against <a href="/wiki/Buffer_overflow" title="Buffer overflow">buffer overflow</a> security <a href="/wiki/Exploit_(computer_security)" title="Exploit (computer security)">exploits</a>, although this comes at the price of breaking backward compatibility with some legacy applications.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Kernel_Transaction_Manager" title="Kernel Transaction Manager">Kernel Transaction Manager</a> has been implemented that enables applications to work with the <a href="/wiki/File_system" title="File system">file system</a> and <a href="/wiki/Windows_Registry" title="Windows Registry">Registry</a> using <a href="/wiki/Atomic_transaction" class="mw-redirect" title="Atomic transaction">atomic transaction</a> operations.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Security-related">Security-related</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Security_and_safety_features_new_to_Windows_Vista" title="Security and safety features new to Windows Vista">Security and safety features new to Windows Vista</a></div> Improved security was a primary design goal for Vista.<a href="#cite_note-GatesSecurity-68">[68]</a> Microsoft's <a href="/wiki/Trustworthy_Computing" class="mw-redirect" title="Trustworthy Computing">Trustworthy Computing</a> initiative, which aims to improve public trust in its products, has had a direct effect on its development. This effort has resulted in a number of new security and safety features and an <a href="/wiki/Evaluation_Assurance_Level" title="Evaluation Assurance Level">Evaluation Assurance Level</a> rating of 4+.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> <a href="/wiki/User_Account_Control" title="User Account Control">User Account Control</a>, or UAC is perhaps the most significant and visible of these changes. UAC is a security technology that makes it possible for users to use their computer with fewer privileges by default, to stop <a href="/wiki/Malware" title="Malware">malware</a> from making unauthorized changes to the system. This was often difficult in previous versions of Windows, as the previous "limited" user accounts proved too restrictive and incompatible with a large proportion of application software, and even prevented some basic operations such as looking at the calendar from the notification tray. In Windows Vista, when an action is performed that requires administrative rights (such as installing/uninstalling software or making system-wide configuration changes), the user is first prompted for an administrator name and password; in cases where the user is already an administrator, the user is still prompted to confirm the pending privileged action. Regular use of the computer such as running programs, printing, or surfing the Internet does not trigger UAC prompts. User Account Control asks for credentials in a Secure Desktop mode, in which the entire screen is dimmed, and only the authorization window is active and highlighted. The intent is to stop a malicious program from misleading the user by interfering with the authorization window, and to hint to the user about the importance of the prompt.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> Testing by <a href="/wiki/Symantec_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Symantec Corporation">Symantec Corporation</a> has proven the effectiveness of UAC. Symantec used over 2,000 active malware samples, consisting of <a href="/wiki/Backdoor_(computing)" title="Backdoor (computing)">backdoors</a>, <a href="/wiki/Keyloggers" class="mw-redirect" title="Keyloggers">keyloggers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rootkit" title="Rootkit">rootkits</a>, mass mailers, <a href="/wiki/Trojan_horse_(computing)" title="Trojan horse (computing)">trojan horses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spyware" title="Spyware">spyware</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adware" title="Adware">adware</a>, and various other samples. Each was executed on a default Windows Vista installation within a standard user account. UAC effectively blocked over 50 percent of each <a href="/wiki/Threat_(computer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Threat (computer)">threat</a>, excluding rootkits. 5 percent or less of the <a href="/wiki/Malware" title="Malware">malware</a> that evaded UAC survived a reboot.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> <a href="/wiki/Internet_Explorer" title="Internet Explorer">Internet Explorer 7</a>'s new security and safety features include a <a href="/wiki/Phishing" title="Phishing">phishing</a> filter, <a href="/wiki/Internationalized_domain_name" title="Internationalized domain name">IDN</a> with anti-spoofing capabilities, and integration with system-wide parental controls. For added security, <a href="/wiki/ActiveX" title="ActiveX">ActiveX</a> controls are disabled by default. Also, Internet Explorer operates in a protected mode, which operates with lower permissions than the user and runs in isolation from other applications in the operating system, preventing it from accessing or modifying anything besides the Temporary Internet Files directory.<a href="#cite_note-protectedmodeie-74">[74]</a> Microsoft's anti-spyware product, <a href="/wiki/Windows_Defender" class="mw-redirect" title="Windows Defender">Windows Defender</a>, has been incorporated into Windows, protecting against malware and other threats. Changes to various system configuration settings (such as new auto-starting applications) are blocked unless the user gives consent. Whereas prior releases of Windows supported per-file encryption using <a href="/wiki/Encrypting_File_System" title="Encrypting File System">Encrypting File System</a>, the Enterprise and Ultimate editions of Vista include <a href="/wiki/BitLocker_Drive_Encryption" class="mw-redirect" title="BitLocker Drive Encryption">BitLocker Drive Encryption</a>, which can protect entire <a href="/wiki/Volume_(computing)" title="Volume (computing)">volumes</a>, notably the operating system volume. However, BitLocker requires approximately a 1.5-gigabyte partition to be permanently not encrypted and to contain system files for Windows to boot. In normal circumstances, the only time this partition is accessed is when the computer is booting, or when there is a Windows update that changes files in this area, which is a legitimate reason to access this section of the drive. The area can be a potential security issue, because a hexadecimal editor (such as dskprobe.exe), or malicious software running with administrator and/or kernel level privileges would be able to write to this "Ghost Partition" and allow a piece of malicious software to compromise the system, or disable the encryption. BitLocker can work in conjunction with a <a href="/wiki/Trusted_Platform_Module" title="Trusted Platform Module">Trusted Platform Module</a> (TPM) <a href="/wiki/Cryptoprocessor" class="mw-redirect" title="Cryptoprocessor">cryptoprocessor</a> (version 1.2) embedded in a computer's <a href="/wiki/Motherboard" title="Motherboard">motherboard</a>, or with a USB key.<a href="#cite_note-exec-overview-75">[75]</a> However, as with other <a href="/wiki/Full_disk_encryption" class="mw-redirect" title="Full disk encryption">full disk encryption</a> technologies, BitLocker is vulnerable to a <a href="/wiki/Cold_boot_attack" title="Cold boot attack">cold boot attack</a>, especially where TPM is used as a <a href="/wiki/Key_(cryptography)" title="Key (cryptography)">key</a> protector without a boot <a href="/wiki/Personal_identification_number" title="Personal identification number">PIN</a> being required too.<a href="#cite_note-ColdBoot-76">[76]</a> A variety of other privilege-restriction techniques are also built into Vista. An example is the concept of "integrity levels" in user processes, whereby a process with a lower integrity level cannot interact with processes of a higher integrity level and cannot perform DLL–injection to processes of a higher integrity level. The security restrictions of <a href="/wiki/Windows_service" title="Windows service">Windows services</a> are more fine-grained, so that services (especially those listening on the network) cannot interact with parts of the operating system they do not need to. <a href="/wiki/Obfuscation" title="Obfuscation">Obfuscation</a> techniques such as <a href="/wiki/Address_space_layout_randomization" title="Address space layout randomization">address space layout randomization</a> are used to increase the amount of effort required of <a href="/wiki/Malware" title="Malware">malware</a> before successful infiltration of a system. <a href="/wiki/Code_integrity" title="Code integrity">Code integrity</a> verifies that system binaries have not been tampered with by malicious code. As part of the redesign of the network stack, <a href="/wiki/Windows_Firewall" title="Windows Firewall">Windows Firewall</a> has been upgraded, with new support for filtering both incoming and outgoing traffic. Advanced packet filter rules can be created that can grant or deny communications to specific services. The 64-bit versions of Vista require that all new <a href="/wiki/Protection_ring" title="Protection ring">Kernel-Mode</a> device drivers be digitally signed, so that the creator of the driver can be identified.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> This is also on par with one of the primary goals of Vista to move code out of kernel-mode into user-mode drivers, with another example bing the new <a href="/wiki/Windows_Display_Driver_Model" title="Windows Display Driver Model">Windows Display Driver Model</a>.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="System_management">System management</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Management_features_new_to_Windows_Vista" title="Management features new to Windows Vista">Management features new to Windows Vista</a></div> While much of the focus of Vista's new capabilities highlighted the new user interface,<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> security technologies, and improvements to the core operating system, Microsoft also adding new deployment and maintenance features: <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Windows_Imaging_Format" title="Windows Imaging Format">Windows Imaging Format</a> (WIM) provides the cornerstone of Microsoft's new deployment and packaging system. WIM files, which contain a <a href="/wiki/Hardware_Abstraction_Layer" class="mw-redirect" title="Hardware Abstraction Layer">HAL</a>-independent image of Windows Vista, can be maintained and patched without having to rebuild new images. Windows Images can be delivered via <a href="/wiki/Systems_Management_Server" class="mw-redirect" title="Systems Management Server">Systems Management Server</a> or Business Desktop Deployment technologies. Images can be customized and configured with applications then deployed to corporate client personal computers using little to no touch by a system administrator. <a href="/wiki/ImageX" class="mw-redirect" title="ImageX">ImageX</a> is the Microsoft tool used to create and customize images.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Deployment_Services" title="Windows Deployment Services">Windows Deployment Services</a> replaces <a href="/wiki/Remote_Installation_Services" title="Remote Installation Services">Remote Installation Services</a> for deploying Vista and prior versions of Windows.</li> <li>Approximately 700 new <a href="/wiki/Group_Policy" title="Group Policy">Group Policy</a> settings have been added, covering most aspects of the new features in the operating system, as well as significantly expanding the configurability of wireless networks, removable storage devices, and user desktop experience. Vista also introduced an XML-based format (ADMX) to display registry-based policy settings, making it easier to manage networks that span geographic locations and different languages.<a href="#cite_note-gp-81">[81]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Services_for_UNIX" class="mw-redirect" title="Services for UNIX">Services for UNIX</a>, renamed as "Subsystem for UNIX-based Applications", comes with the Enterprise and Ultimate editions of Vista. <a href="/wiki/Network_File_System" title="Network File System">Network File System</a> (NFS) client support is also included.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multilingual_User_Interface" title="Multilingual User Interface">Multilingual User Interface</a>–Unlike previous versions of Windows (which required the loading of language packs to provide local-language support), Windows Vista Ultimate and Enterprise editions support the ability to dynamically change languages based on the logged-on user's preference.</li> <li>Wireless Projector support</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Developer">Developer</h3></div> Windows Vista includes a large number of new application programming interfaces. Chief among them is the inclusion of <a href="/wiki/.NET_Framework_3.0" class="mw-redirect" title=".NET Framework 3.0">version 3.0</a> of the <a href="/wiki/.NET_Framework" title=".NET Framework">.NET Framework</a>, which consists of a <a href="/wiki/Class_library" class="mw-redirect" title="Class library">class library</a> and <a href="/wiki/Common_Language_Runtime" title="Common Language Runtime">Common Language Runtime</a>. Version 3.0 includes four new major components:<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Presentation_Foundation" title="Windows Presentation Foundation">Windows Presentation Foundation</a> is a <a href="/wiki/User_interface" title="User interface">user interface</a> subsystem and framework based <a href="/wiki/Vector_graphics" title="Vector graphics">vector graphics</a>, which makes use of <a href="/wiki/3D_computer_graphics" title="3D computer graphics">3D computer graphics</a> hardware and <a href="/wiki/Direct3D" title="Direct3D">Direct3D</a> technologies. It provides the foundation for building applications and blending application UI, documents, and media content. It is the successor to <a href="/wiki/Windows_Forms" title="Windows Forms">Windows Forms</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Communication_Foundation" title="Windows Communication Foundation">Windows Communication Foundation</a> is a service-oriented messaging subsystem that enables applications and systems to interoperate locally or remotely using <a href="/wiki/Web_service" title="Web service">Web services</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Workflow_Foundation" title="Windows Workflow Foundation">Windows Workflow Foundation</a> provides task automation and integrated transactions using <a href="/wiki/Workflow" title="Workflow">workflows</a>. It is the programming model, engine, and tools for building workflow-enabled applications on Windows.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_CardSpace" title="Windows CardSpace">Windows CardSpace</a> is a component that securely stores digital identities of a person, and provides a unified interface for choosing the identity for a particular transaction, such as logging into a website.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a></li></ul> These technologies are also available for <a href="/wiki/Windows_XP" title="Windows XP">Windows XP</a> and <a href="/wiki/Windows_Server_2003" title="Windows Server 2003">Windows Server 2003</a> to facilitate their introduction to and usage by developers and end-users. There are also significant new development APIs in the core of the operating system, notably the completely re-designed audio, networking, print, and video interfaces, major changes to the security infrastructure, improvements to the deployment and installation of applications ("<a href="/wiki/ClickOnce" title="ClickOnce">ClickOnce</a>" and <a href="/wiki/Windows_Installer" title="Windows Installer">Windows Installer</a> 4.0), new device driver development model ("<a href="/wiki/Windows_Driver_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="Windows Driver Foundation">Windows Driver Foundation</a>"), <a href="/wiki/Transactional_NTFS#Transactional_NTFS" title="Transactional NTFS">Transactional NTFS</a>, mobile computing API advancements (power management, <a href="/wiki/Tablet_PC" class="mw-redirect" title="Tablet PC">Tablet PC</a> Ink support, <a href="/wiki/SideShow" class="mw-redirect" title="SideShow">SideShow</a>) and major updates to (or complete replacements of) many core subsystems such as <a href="/wiki/Winlogon" title="Winlogon">Winlogon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cryptographic_Application_Programming_Interface" class="mw-redirect" title="Cryptographic Application Programming Interface">CAPI</a>. There are some issues for software developers using some of the graphics APIs in Vista. Games or programs built solely on the Windows Vista-exclusive version of <a href="/wiki/DirectX" title="DirectX">DirectX</a>, version 10, cannot work on prior versions of Windows, as <a href="/wiki/DirectX_10" class="mw-redirect" title="DirectX 10">DirectX 10</a> is not available for previous Windows versions. Also, games that require the features of D3D9Ex, the updated implementation of DirectX 9 in Windows Vista are also incompatible with previous Windows versions.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> According to a Microsoft blog, there are three choices for <a href="/wiki/OpenGL" title="OpenGL">OpenGL</a> implementation on Vista. An application can use the default implementation, which translates OpenGL calls into the Direct3D API and is frozen at OpenGL version 1.4, or an application can use an Installable Client <a href="/wiki/Device_driver" title="Device driver">Driver</a> (ICD), which comes in two flavors: legacy and Vista-compatible. A legacy ICD disables the <a href="/wiki/Desktop_Window_Manager" title="Desktop Window Manager">Desktop Window Manager</a>, a Vista-compatible ICD takes advantage of a new API, and is fully compatible with the Desktop Window Manager.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> At least two primary vendors, <a href="/wiki/ATI_Technologies" title="ATI Technologies">ATI</a> and <a href="/wiki/NVIDIA" class="mw-redirect" title="NVIDIA">NVIDIA</a> provided full Vista-compatible ICDs.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> However, <a href="/wiki/Hardware_overlay" title="Hardware overlay">hardware overlay</a> is not supported, because it is considered as an obsolete feature in Vista. ATI and NVIDIA strongly recommend using compositing desktop/<a href="/w/index.php?title=Framebuffer_Objects&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Framebuffer Objects (page does not exist)">Framebuffer Objects</a> for same functionality.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Installation">Installation</h3></div> Windows Vista is the first Microsoft operating system: <ul><li>To use DVD-ROM media for installation<a href="#cite_note-WindowsVistaInstallationPart3-88">[88]</a></li> <li>To provide during setup a selection of multiple editions of Windows available for installation (a license determines which version of Windows Vista is eligible for installation)<a href="#cite_note-InstallationSuperGuide-89">[89]</a></li> <li>That can be installed only on a partition formatted with the <a href="/wiki/NTFS" title="NTFS">NTFS</a> file system<a href="#cite_note-WindowsVistaRequiresNTFS-90">[90]</a></li> <li>That supports installation from either OEM or retail media and during setup the input of a single license regardless of the installation source (previous releases of Windows maintained OEM and retail versions separately — users installing Windows from a manufacturer-supplied source could not input a retail license during setup, and users installing Windows from a retail source could not input a manufacturer-supplied license)<a href="#cite_note-InstallationSuperGuide-89">[89]</a></li> <li>That supports loading drivers for <a href="/wiki/SCSI" title="SCSI">SCSI</a>, <a href="/wiki/SATA" title="SATA">SATA</a> and <a href="/wiki/RAID" title="RAID">RAID</a> controllers from any source (such as <a href="/wiki/Optical_disc_drive" title="Optical disc drive">optical disc drives</a> and <a href="/wiki/USB_flash_drive" title="USB flash drive">USB flash drives</a>) in addition to <a href="/wiki/Floppy_disk" title="Floppy disk">floppy disks</a> prior to its installation<a href="#cite_note-UpgradingAndRepairingPCs-91">[91]</a></li> <li>That can be installed on and booted from systems with <a href="/wiki/GUID_Partition_Table" title="GUID Partition Table">GPT</a> disks and <a href="/wiki/UEFI" title="UEFI">UEFI</a> firmware<a href="#cite_note-93">[a]</a><a href="#cite_note-GPTFAQ-94">[93]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Removed_features">Removed features</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_Vista" title="List of features removed in Windows Vista">List of features removed in Windows Vista</a></div> Some notable Windows XP applications and features have been replaced or removed in Windows Vista, including <a href="/wiki/Active_Desktop" title="Active Desktop">Active Desktop</a>, <a href="/wiki/MSN_Explorer" class="mw-redirect" title="MSN Explorer">MSN Explorer</a>, <a href="/wiki/HyperTerminal" class="mw-redirect" title="HyperTerminal">HyperTerminal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Messenger_service" title="Microsoft Messenger service">Messenger service</a> <a href="/wiki/NetMeeting" class="mw-redirect" title="NetMeeting">NetMeeting</a>, <a href="/wiki/NTBackup" title="NTBackup">NTBackup</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Windows_Messenger" title="Windows Messenger">Windows Messenger</a>. Several multimedia features, networking features, and Shell and Windows Explorer features such as the <a href="/wiki/Luna_(theme)" class="mw-redirect" title="Luna (theme)">Luna</a> visual style are no longer available. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Support_lifecycle">Support lifecycle</h2></div> Support for the original release of Windows Vista (without a service pack) ended on April 13, 2010. Windows Vista Service Pack 1 was retired on July 12, 2011, and Windows Vista Service Pack 2 reached its end of support on April 11, 2017.<a href="#cite_note-Support-6">[6]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Upgradability">Upgradability</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Windows_Vista" title="Special:EditPage/Windows Vista">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>. (August 2024) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> Several Windows Vista components are upgradable to the latest versions, which include new versions introduced in later versions of Windows, and other major Microsoft applications are available. These latest versions for Windows Vista include: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DirectX_11" class="mw-redirect" title="DirectX 11">DirectX 11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Explorer_9" title="Internet Explorer 9">Internet Explorer 9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Installer" title="Windows Installer">Windows Installer</a> 4.5</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Virtual_PC" class="mw-redirect" title="Microsoft Virtual PC">Microsoft Virtual PC</a> 2007 SP1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/.NET_Framework_4.6" class="mw-redirect" title=".NET Framework 4.6">.NET Framework 4.6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_Studio_2015" class="mw-redirect" title="Visual Studio 2015">Visual Studio 2015</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_2010" class="mw-redirect" title="Office 2010">Office 2010</a> SP2</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Editions">Editions</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Windows_Vista_editions" title="Windows Vista editions">Windows Vista editions</a></div> Windows Vista shipped in six different product editions.<a href="#cite_note-ProductLineup-95">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ars-WindowsVistaEditions-96">[95]</a> These were deviced across separate consumer and business target markets, with editions varying in features to cater to specific sub-markets. For consumers, there are three editions, with two available for economically more developed countries. Windows Vista Starter edition is aimed at low-powered computers with availability only in emerging markets. Windows Vista Home Basic is intended for budget users. Windows Vista Home Premium covers the majority of the consumer market and contains applications for creating and using multimedia; the home editions consequentally cannot join a <a href="/wiki/Windows_Server_domain" class="mw-redirect" title="Windows Server domain">Windows Server domain</a>. For businesses, there are three editions as well. Windows Vista Business is specifically designed for <a href="/wiki/Small_and_medium-sized_enterprises" title="Small and medium-sized enterprises">small and medium-sized enterprises</a>, while Windows Vista Enterprise is only available to <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Software_Assurance" title="Microsoft Software Assurance">Software Assurance</a> customers. Windows Vista Ultimate contains all features from the Home and Business editions, as well as <a href="/wiki/Windows_Ultimate_Extras" title="Windows Ultimate Extras">Windows Ultimate Extras</a>.<a href="#cite_note-WVPG-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-WVPGRevisions-97">[96]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>, Home Basic N and Business N variants without Windows Media Player are also available due to sanctions brought against Microsoft for <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Corp_v_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="Microsoft Corp v Commission">violating anti-monopoly laws</a>; similar sanctions exist in <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a>.<a href="#cite_note-MSDNSoftwareLicenseTerms-98">[97]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Visual_styles">Visual styles</h2></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vista-visual-styles-comparison.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6d/Vista-visual-styles-comparison.png/200px-Vista-visual-styles-comparison.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="352" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/6/6d/Vista-visual-styles-comparison.png 1.5x" data-file-width="238" data-file-height="419" /></a><figcaption>A comparison of the four distinct visual styles included in Windows Vista</figcaption></figure> Windows Vista includes four distinct visual styles:<a href="#cite_note-WVPG-41">[41]</a> <dl><dt>Windows Aero</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Windows_Aero" title="Windows Aero">Windows Aero</a> requires the Desktop Window Manager and is available in Home Premium and subsequent editions. Windows Aero introduces support for advanced visual effects such as blurred glass translucencies and dynamic glass reflections, Flip and Flip 3D, smooth window animations, and thumbnails on the taskbar. Windows Aero is intended for mid-range to high-end video cards; to enable its features the contents of every open window are stored in video in video memory to facilitate preemptive graphic operations such as <a href="/wiki/Page_tearing" class="mw-redirect" title="Page tearing">tearing</a>-free movement of windows. As a result, Windows Aero has significantly higher hardware requirements than its predecessors; video cards must support 128 MB of memory, <a href="/wiki/RGBA_color_model" title="RGBA color model">32 bits per pixel</a>, <a href="/wiki/DirectX_9" class="mw-redirect" title="DirectX 9">DirectX 9</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shader#Pixel_shader" title="Shader">Pixel Shader 2.0</a>, and the new <a href="/wiki/Windows_Display_Driver_Model" title="Windows Display Driver Model">Windows Display Driver Model</a> (WDDM).</dd> <dt>Windows Vista Standard</dt> <dd>A variant of Windows Aero, but it lacks advanced graphical effects including blurred glass translucencies, dynamic glass reflections, and smooth window animations; it is only included in Windows Vista Home Basic.</dd> <dt>Windows Vista Basic</dt> <dd>A visual style that does not rely on the Desktop Window Manager; as such, it does not feature blurred glass translucencies, dynamic glass reflections, smooth window animations, or taskbar thumbnails. Windows Vista Basic has video card requirements similar to Windows XP, and it is the default visual style of Windows Vista Starter and on systems without support for Windows Aero. Before Windows Vista SP1, machines that failed <a href="/wiki/Windows_Genuine_Advantage" title="Windows Genuine Advantage">Windows Genuine Advantage</a> product license validation would also revert to this visual style.<a href="#cite_note-HomeBasic-99">[98]</a></dd> <dt>Windows Standard/Windows Classic</dt> <dd>This visual style reprises the user interface of <a href="/wiki/Windows_9x" title="Windows 9x">Windows 9x</a>, <a href="/wiki/Windows_2000" title="Windows 2000">Windows 2000</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Windows_Server" title="Windows Server">Windows Server</a>. As with previous versions of Windows, this visual style supports custom color schemes, which are collections of color settings. Windows Vista includes four high-contrast color schemes and the default color schemes from <a href="/wiki/Windows_98" title="Windows 98">Windows 98</a> (titled "Windows Classic") and <a href="/wiki/Windows_2000" title="Windows 2000">Windows 2000</a>/<a href="/wiki/Windows_Me" title="Windows Me">Windows Me</a> (titled "Windows Standard").</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hardware_requirements">Hardware requirements</h2></div> Computers capable of running Windows Vista are classified as Vista Capable and Vista Premium Ready.<a href="#cite_note-100">[99]</a> A Vista Capable or equivalent PC is capable of running all editions of Windows Vista although some of the special features and high-end graphics options may require additional or more advanced hardware. A Vista Premium Ready PC can take advantage of Vista's high-end features.<a href="#cite_note-microsoft1-101">[100]</a> Windows Vista's Basic and Classic interfaces work with virtually any graphics hardware that supports Windows XP or 2000; accordingly, most discussion around Vista's graphics requirements centers on those for the Windows Aero interface. As of Windows Vista Beta 2, the NVIDIA <a href="/wiki/GeForce_6" class="mw-redirect" title="GeForce 6">GeForce 6</a> series and later, the ATI <a href="/wiki/Radeon_9500" class="mw-redirect" title="Radeon 9500">Radeon 9500</a> and later, Intel's <a href="/wiki/GMA_950" class="mw-redirect" title="GMA 950">GMA 950</a> and later integrated graphics, and a handful of <a href="/wiki/VIA_chipsets" class="mw-redirect" title="VIA chipsets">VIA chipsets</a> and <a href="/wiki/S3_Graphics" title="S3 Graphics">S3 Graphics</a> discrete chips are supported. Although originally supported, the GeForce FX 5 series has been dropped from newer drivers from NVIDIA. The last driver from NVIDIA to support the GeForce FX series on Vista was 96.85.<a href="#cite_note-102">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-103">[102]</a> Microsoft offered a tool called the Windows Vista Upgrade Advisor<a href="#cite_note-microsoft1-101">[100]</a> to assist Windows XP and Vista users in determining what versions of Windows their machine is capable of running. The required server connections for this utility are no longer available. Although the installation media included in retail packages is a 32-bit DVD, customers needing a CD-ROM or customers who wish for a 64-bit install media can acquire this media through the Windows Vista Alternate Media program.<a href="#cite_note-Windows_Vista_system_requirements-104">[103]</a> The Ultimate edition includes both 32-bit and 64-bit media.<a href="#cite_note-105">[104]</a> The digitally downloaded version of Ultimate includes only one version, either 32-bit or 64-bit, from Windows Marketplace. <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; margin:auto"> <caption>Windows Vista system requirements<a href="#cite_note-106">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-startsysreqnetworld2-107">[106]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Component of PC </th> <th>Minimum required </th> <th>Recommended </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Central_processing_unit" title="Central processing unit">Processor</a> </th> <td>800 MHz </td> <td>1 GHz </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Random-access_memory" title="Random-access memory">Memory</a> </th> <td>512 MB (384 MB for Starter edition) </td> <td>1 GB </td></tr> <tr> <th>Graphics card </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Super_VGA" title="Super VGA">Super VGA</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Windows_Display_Driver_Model" title="Windows Display Driver Model">WDDM 1.0</a>-compliant <a href="/wiki/RGBA_color_model" title="RGBA color model">32 bits per pixel</a> <a href="/wiki/DirectX" title="DirectX">DirectX</a> 9.0 support <a href="/wiki/Pixel_Shader_2.0" class="mw-redirect" title="Pixel Shader 2.0">Pixel Shader 2.0</a> support </td></tr> <tr> <th>Graphics memory </th> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td>128 MB </td></tr> <tr> <th>Total <a href="/wiki/Hard_disk_drive" title="Hard disk drive">HDD</a> capacity </th> <td>20 GB </td> <td>40 GB </td></tr> <tr> <th>Free HDD space </th> <td>15 GB </td> <td>15 GB </td></tr> <tr> <th>Optical drives </th> <td><a href="/wiki/CD-ROM" title="CD-ROM">CD-ROM</a> drive </td> <td><a href="/wiki/DVD-ROM" class="mw-redirect" title="DVD-ROM">DVD-ROM</a> drive </td></tr> <tr> <th>Others </th> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td><a href="/wiki/TV_tuner_card" title="TV tuner card">TV tuner card</a> (Premium, Ultimate) <a href="/wiki/Touchscreen" title="Touchscreen">Touchscreen</a> (Premium, Business, Ultimate) <a href="/wiki/USB_flash_drive" title="USB flash drive">USB flash drive</a> (Ultimate) <a href="/wiki/Trusted_Platform_Module" title="Trusted Platform Module">Trusted Platform Module</a> (Ultimate) </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Physical_memory_limits">Physical memory limits</h3></div> The maximum amount of RAM that Windows Vista supports varies by edition and processor architecture, as shown in the table.<a href="#cite_note-WVPG-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-WVPGRevisions-97">[96]</a> <table class="wikitable" style="margin:auto; text-align:center;"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Edition</th> <th colspan="2">Processor architecture </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/IA-32" title="IA-32">IA-32</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/X86-64" title="X86-64">x86-64</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Ultimate</td> <td rowspan="5">4 GB</td> <td rowspan="3">128 GB </td></tr> <tr> <td>Enterprise </td></tr> <tr> <td>Business </td></tr> <tr> <td>Home Premium</td> <td>16 GB </td></tr> <tr> <td>Home Basic</td> <td>8 GB </td></tr> <tr> <td>Starter</td> <td>1 GB</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Processor_limits">Processor limits</h3></div> All editions except Windows Vista Starter support both the <a href="/wiki/32-bit" class="mw-redirect" title="32-bit">32-bit</a> (<a href="/wiki/IA-32" title="IA-32">x86</a>) architecture and the additional <a href="/wiki/64-bit" class="mw-redirect" title="64-bit">64-bit</a> (<a href="/wiki/X86-64" title="X86-64">x86-64</a>) instruction set extensions, which Vista was the first consumer home release of Windows to support.<a href="#cite_note-WVPG-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-WVPGRevisions-97">[96]</a> <a href="/wiki/IA-64" title="IA-64">Intel IA-64 Itanium</a> support however is exclusively limited to the Vista-based <a href="/wiki/Windows_Server_2008" title="Windows Server 2008">Windows Server 2008</a>. The maximum number of logical processors<a href="#cite_note-108">[b]</a> in a PC that Windows Vista supports is: 32 for 32-bit;<a href="#cite_note-109">[c]</a> 64 for 64-bit.<a href="#cite_note-110">[d]</a><a href="#cite_note-CPUs-111">[107]</a> The maximum number of physical processors in a PC that Windows Vista supports is: one processor for Windows Vista Starter, Windows Vista Home Basic, and Windows Vista Home Premium, and two processors for Windows Vista Business, Windows Vista Enterprise, and Windows Vista Ultimate.<a href="#cite_note-CPUs-111">[107]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Updates">Updates</h2></div> Microsoft releases updates such as <a href="/wiki/Service_pack" title="Service pack">service packs</a> for its Windows operating systems to add features, address issues, and improve performance and stability. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Service_Pack_1">Service Pack 1</h3></div> Windows Vista Service Pack 1 (SP1) was released on February 4, 2008, alongside <a href="/wiki/Windows_Server_2008" title="Windows Server 2008">Windows Server 2008</a> to <a href="/wiki/OEM" class="mw-redirect" title="OEM">OEM</a> partners, after a five-month beta test period. The initial deployment of the service pack caused a number of machines to continually reboot, rendering the machines unusable.<a href="#cite_note-112">[108]</a> This temporarily caused Microsoft to suspend automatic deployment of the service pack until the problem was resolved. The synchronized release date of the two operating systems reflected the merging of the workstation and server <a href="/wiki/Kernel_(operating_system)" title="Kernel (operating system)">kernels</a> back into a single <a href="/wiki/Source_code" title="Source code">code base</a> for the first time since <a href="/wiki/Windows_2000" title="Windows 2000">Windows 2000</a>. <a href="/wiki/MSDN" class="mw-redirect" title="MSDN">MSDN</a> subscribers were able to download SP1 on February 15, 2008. SP1 became available to current Windows Vista users on <a href="/wiki/Windows_Update" title="Windows Update">Windows Update</a> and the Download Center on March 18, 2008.<a href="#cite_note-113">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-sp1whitepaper-114">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-Fried-115">[111]</a> Initially, the service pack only supported five languages – English, French, Spanish, German and Japanese. Support for the remaining 31 languages was released on April 14, 2008.<a href="#cite_note-116">[112]</a> A white paper, published by Microsoft on August 29, 2007, outlined the scope and intent of the service pack, identifying three major areas of improvement: reliability and performance, administration experience, and support for newer hardware and standards.<a href="#cite_note-117">[113]</a> One area of particular note is performance. Areas of improvement include file copy operations, hibernation, logging off on domain-joined machines, JavaScript parsing in Internet Explorer, network file share browsing,<a href="#cite_note-sp1whitepaper-114">[110]</a> Windows Explorer ZIP file handling,<a href="#cite_note-118">[114]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Windows_Disk_Defragmenter" class="mw-redirect" title="Windows Disk Defragmenter">Windows Disk Defragmenter</a>.<a href="#cite_note-119">[115]</a> The ability to choose individual drives to defragment is being reintroduced as well.<a href="#cite_note-sp1whitepaper-114">[110]</a> Service Pack 1 introduced support for some new hardware and software standards, notably the <a href="/wiki/ExFAT" title="ExFAT">exFAT</a> file system,<a href="#cite_note-sp1whitepaper-114">[110]</a> <a href="/wiki/802.11n" class="mw-redirect" title="802.11n">802.11n</a> wireless networking, <a href="/wiki/IPv6" title="IPv6">IPv6</a> over <a href="/wiki/VPN" class="mw-redirect" title="VPN">VPN</a> connections, and the <a href="/wiki/Secure_Socket_Tunneling_Protocol" title="Secure Socket Tunneling Protocol">Secure Socket Tunneling Protocol</a>.<a href="#cite_note-120">[116]</a> Booting a system using <a href="/wiki/Extensible_Firmware_Interface" class="mw-redirect" title="Extensible Firmware Interface">Extensible Firmware Interface</a> on <a href="/wiki/X64" class="mw-redirect" title="X64">x64</a> systems was also introduced;<a href="#cite_note-sp1whitepaper-114">[110]</a> this feature had originally been slated for the initial release of Vista but was delayed due to a lack of compatible hardware at the time. Booting from a <a href="/wiki/GUID_Partition_Table" title="GUID Partition Table">GUID Partition Table</a>–based hard drive greater than 2.19 TB is supported (x64 only).<a href="#cite_note-121">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-122">[118]</a> Two areas have seen changes in SP1 that have come as the result of concerns from software vendors. One of these is desktop search; users will be able to change the default <a href="/wiki/Desktop_search" title="Desktop search">desktop search</a> program to one provided by a third party instead of the Microsoft desktop search program that comes with Windows Vista, and desktop search programs will be able to seamlessly tie in their services into the operating system.<a href="#cite_note-Fried-115">[111]</a> These changes come in part due to complaints from <a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a>, whose <a href="/wiki/Google_Desktop_Search" class="mw-redirect" title="Google Desktop Search">Google Desktop Search</a> application was hindered by the presence of Vista's built-in desktop search. In June 2007, Google claimed that the changes being introduced for SP1 "are a step in the right direction, but they should be improved further to give consumers greater access to alternate desktop search providers".<a href="#cite_note-123">[119]</a> The other area of note is a set of new security <a href="/wiki/API" title="API">APIs</a> being introduced for the benefit of <a href="/wiki/Antivirus_software" title="Antivirus software">antivirus software</a> that currently relies on the unsupported practice of patching the kernel (see <a href="/wiki/Kernel_Patch_Protection" title="Kernel Patch Protection">Kernel Patch Protection</a>).<a href="#cite_note-124">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-125">[121]</a> An update to DirectX 10, named DirectX 10.1,<a href="#cite_note-sp1whitepaper-114">[110]</a> marked mandatory several features that were previously optional in Direct3D 10 hardware. Graphics cards will be required to support DirectX 10.1.<a href="#cite_note-126">[122]</a> SP1 includes a kernel (6001.18000) that matches the version shipped with Windows Server 2008.<a href="#cite_note-127">[123]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Group_Policy" title="Group Policy">Group Policy</a> Management Console (GPMC) was replaced by the Group Policy Object Editor. An updated downloadable version of the Group Policy Management Console was released soon after the service pack. SP1 enables support for hotpatching, a reboot-reduction servicing technology designed to maximize uptime. It works by allowing Windows components to be updated (or "patched") while they are still in use by a running process. Hotpatch-enabled update packages are installed via the same methods as traditional update packages, and will not trigger a system reboot.<a href="#cite_note-technetnotablesp1-128">[124]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Service_Pack_2">Service Pack 2</h3></div> Service Pack 2 for Windows Vista and Windows Server 2008 was released through different channels between April 28<a href="#cite_note-129">[125]</a> and June 9, 2009, one year after the release of Windows Vista SP1, and four months before the release of Windows 7.<a href="#cite_note-SP2-GA-130">[126]</a> In addition to a number of security and other fixes, a number of new features have been added. However, it did not include <a href="/wiki/Internet_Explorer_8" title="Internet Explorer 8">Internet Explorer 8</a>, but instead was included in <a href="/wiki/Windows_7" title="Windows 7">Windows 7</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Nash-131">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-132">[128]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Search_4" class="mw-redirect" title="Windows Search 4">Windows Search 4</a> (available for SP1 systems as a standalone update)</li> <li>Feature Pack for Wireless adds support for <a href="/wiki/Bluetooth_v2.1%2BEDR" class="mw-redirect" title="Bluetooth v2.1+EDR">Bluetooth 2.1</a></li> <li>Windows Feature Pack for Storage enables the data recording onto <a href="/wiki/Blu-ray" title="Blu-ray">Blu-ray</a> media</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Connect_Now" class="mw-redirect" title="Windows Connect Now">Windows Connect Now (WCN)</a> to simplify <a href="/wiki/Wi-Fi" title="Wi-Fi">Wi-Fi</a> configuration</li> <li>Improved support for resuming with active Wi-Fi connections</li> <li>Improved support for eSATA drives</li> <li>The limit of 10 half-open, outgoing TCP connections introduced in Windows XP SP2 was removed</li> <li>Enables the <a href="/wiki/ExFAT" title="ExFAT">exFAT</a> file system to support <a href="/wiki/UTC" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC">UTC</a> timestamps, which allows correct file synchronization across time zones</li> <li>Support for ICCD/CCID <a href="/wiki/Smart_card" title="Smart card">smart cards</a></li> <li>Support for <a href="/wiki/VIA_Nano" title="VIA Nano">VIA 64-bit CPUs</a></li> <li>Improved performance and responsiveness with the RSS feeds sidebar</li> <li>Improves audio and video performance for streaming high-definition content</li> <li>Improves <a href="/wiki/Windows_Media_Center" title="Windows Media Center">Windows Media Center</a> (WMC) in content protection for TV<a href="#cite_note-133">[129]</a></li> <li>Provides an improved power management policy that is approximately 10% more efficient than the original with the default policies<a href="#cite_note-134">[130]</a></li></ul> Windows Vista and <a href="/wiki/Windows_Server_2008" title="Windows Server 2008">Windows Server 2008</a> share a single service pack binary, reflecting the fact that their code bases were joined with the release of Server 2008.<a href="#cite_note-Nash-131">[127]</a> Service Pack 2 is not a cumulative update meaning that Service Pack 1 must be installed first. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Platform_Update">Platform Update</h3></div> The Platform Update for Windows Vista and Windows Server 2008 (KB971644) was announced on September 10, 2009<a href="#cite_note-TransitionPack-135">[131]</a> and released on October 27, 2009;<a href="#cite_note-PlatformUpdateDescription-136">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-October27-137">[133]</a> The Platform Update for Windows Vista and Windows Server 2008 allows developers to target both Windows Vista and Windows 7 by backporting several significant components by consisting of: <ul><li>Windows Automation API 3.0 (<a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Active_Accessibility" title="Microsoft Active Accessibility">MSAA</a> and <a href="/wiki/UI_Automation" class="mw-redirect" title="UI Automation">UI Automation</a> updates)</li> <li>Windows Graphics Runtime (<a href="/wiki/Direct2D" title="Direct2D">Direct2D</a>, Direct3D 10 Level 9, <a href="/wiki/Direct3D_11" class="mw-redirect" title="Direct3D 11">Direct3D 11</a>, <a href="/wiki/DirectX_11" class="mw-redirect" title="DirectX 11">DirectX 11</a>, <a href="/wiki/DXGI" class="mw-redirect" title="DXGI">DXGI</a> 1.1, <a href="/wiki/DirectWrite" title="DirectWrite">DirectWrite</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Windows_Advanced_Rasterization_Platform" title="Windows Advanced Rasterization Platform">WARP</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_XML_Paper_Specification" title="Open XML Paper Specification">XPS</a> Document API, XPS Rasterization Service, and XPS Print API</li> <li>Windows Ribbon and Animation Manager Library' (Windows Animation Manager API and Windows <a href="/wiki/Ribbon_(computing)" title="Ribbon (computing)">Ribbon</a> API)</li> <li>Windows Portable Devices Platform (<a href="/wiki/Media_Transfer_Protocol" title="Media Transfer Protocol">Media Transfer Protocol</a> over Bluetooth and WPD over MTP Device Services)</li></ul> With the release of the Platform Update on October 27, 2009, the Windows Management Framework (<a href="/wiki/Background_Intelligent_Transfer_Service" title="Background Intelligent Transfer Service">Background Intelligent Transfer Service</a> 4.0, <a href="/wiki/Windows_PowerShell" class="mw-redirect" title="Windows PowerShell">Windows PowerShell</a> 2.0, and Windows Remote Management 2.0) of Windows 7 was also made available to users of Windows XP and Windows Vista.<a href="#cite_note-WMF-138">[134]</a> <a href="/wiki/Remote_Desktop_Connection" class="mw-redirect" title="Remote Desktop Connection">Remote Desktop Connection</a> 7.0 was made available as well.<a href="#cite_note-RDP7-139">[135]</a> In July 2011, Microsoft released the Platform Update Supplement (KB2117917) to address issues and improve performance on Windows Vista and Windows Server 2008 machines with the Platform Update installed.<a href="#cite_note-PlatformUpdateSupplement-140">[136]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Out-of-band_patches">Out-of-band patches</h3></div> <dl><dt>BlueKeep patch</dt> <dd>Microsoft released an update for Windows Vista SP2 to resolve the <a href="/wiki/BlueKeep" title="BlueKeep">BlueKeep</a> security vulnerability (<a href="/wiki/CVE_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CVE (identifier)">CVE</a>-<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free 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.id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2019-0708">2019-0708</a>) that affects the <a href="/wiki/Remote_Desktop_Protocol" title="Remote Desktop Protocol">Remote Desktop Protocol</a> of several versions of Windows.<a href="#cite_note-141">[137]</a> Subsequent related flaws, <a href="/wiki/CVE_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CVE (identifier)">CVE</a>-<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2019-1181">2019-1181</a>, CVE-<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2019-1182">2019-1182</a>, CVE-<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2019-1222">2019-1222</a> and CVE-<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2019-1226">2019-1226</a> (collectively known as <a href="/wiki/DejaBlue" class="mw-redirect" title="DejaBlue">DejaBlue</a>) do not affect Windows Vista or earlier versions of Windows.<a href="#cite_note-WRD-20190813-142">[138]</a> The installation of this patch in Windows Vista changes the build number of Windows Vista from 6002 to 6003.<a href="#cite_note-145">[e]</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt>CredSSP encryption oracle remediation</dt> <dd>A remote code execution vulnerability was discovered in the Credential Security Support Provider protocol (CredSSP) (<a href="/wiki/CVE_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CVE (identifier)">CVE</a>-<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2018-0886">2018-0886</a>) that could allow attackers to relay user credentials during a connection to execute code on a targeted system. Microsoft released a patch to address the issue.<a href="#cite_note-CVECredSSP-146">[141]</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Microsoft Malware Protection Engine patch</dt> <dd>A vulnerability related to Windows Defender that affected the way the Malware Protection Engine operates (<a href="/wiki/CVE_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CVE (identifier)">CVE</a>-<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2017-0290">2017-0290</a>) was reported in May 2017. If Windows Defender scanned a specially crafted file, it would lead to memory corruption, potentially allowing an attacker to control the affected machine or perform <a href="/wiki/Arbitrary_code_execution" title="Arbitrary code execution">arbitrary code execution</a> in the context of <a href="/wiki/Security_Identifier" title="Security Identifier">LocalSystem</a>; the vulnerability was exacerbated by the default real-time protection settings of Windows Defender, which were configured to automatically initiate malware scans at regular intervals. The first version of the Protection Engine affected by the vulnerability is Version 1.1.13701.0—subsequent versions of the engine are unaffected. Microsoft released a patch to address the issue.<a href="#cite_note-ProtectionEngineFlaw-147">[142]</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Text Services Framework patch</dt> <dd>The <a href="/wiki/Text_Services_Framework" title="Text Services Framework">Text Services Framework</a> was compromised by a <a href="/wiki/Privilege_escalation" title="Privilege escalation">privilege escalation</a> vulnerability (<a href="/wiki/CVE_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CVE (identifier)">CVE</a>-<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2019-1162">2019-1162</a>) that could allow attackers to use the framework to perform privileged operations, run software, or send messages to privileged processes from unprivileged processes—bypassing security features such as <a href="/wiki/Sandbox_(computer_security)" title="Sandbox (computer security)">sandboxes</a> or User Account Control. Microsoft remediated issues related to this vulnerability with the release of a patch in August 2019 for Windows Vista SP2, Windows Server 2008 SP2, and later versions of Windows.<a href="#cite_note-CVE1162-148">[143]</a></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Marketing_campaigns">Marketing campaigns</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Mojave_Experiment">The Mojave Experiment</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mojave_Experiment" title="Mojave Experiment">Mojave Experiment</a></div> Microsoft introduced an advertising campaign in July 2008 called the Mojave Experiment that depicted a group of people being asked to evaluate what is purported to be a new operating system codenamed "Mojave".<a href="#cite_note-CNETMojave-149">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-WS-150">[145]</a> Participants were asked for their impressions of Windows Vista, whether they used it, and to assess it based on a scale from one to ten. Participants were then shown a demonstration of Windows Vista features and were then asked to assess "Mojave"; none of the participants gave "Mojave" a rating lower than an initial rating for Windows Vista.<a href="#cite_note-MojaveResults-151">[146]</a> The campaign implied that negative reception of Windows Vista was based partially on preconceived ideas.<a href="#cite_note-MojaveDesert-152">[147]</a> The campaign had been criticized for focusing on positive statements from participants and not addressing all criticism of Windows Vista.<a href="#cite_note-MojaveNYT-153">[148]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reception">Reception</h2></div> Windows Vista received mixed reviews at the time of its release and throughout its lifespan, mainly for its much higher hardware requirements and perceived slowness compared to Windows XP.<a href="#cite_note-154">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-155">[150]</a> It received generally positive reviews from PC gamers who praised the advantages brought by DirectX 10, which allowed for better gaming performance and more realistic graphics, as well as support for many new capabilities featured in new <a href="/wiki/GPU" class="mw-redirect" title="GPU">GPUs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-156">[151]</a> However, many DirectX 9 games initially ran with lower frame rates compared to when they were run on Windows XP. In mid-2008, benchmarks suggested that the SP1 update improved performance to be on par with (or better than) Windows XP in terms of game performance.<a href="#cite_note-157">[152]</a> Peter Bright of <a href="/wiki/Ars_Technica" title="Ars Technica">Ars Technica</a> wrote that, despite its delays and feature cuts, Windows Vista was "a huge evolution in the history of the NT platform [...] The fundamental changes to the platform are of a scale not seen since the release of NT [3.1; the first version]."<a href="#cite_note-ArsReview-158">[153]</a> In a continuation of his previous assessment, Bright stated that "Vista is not simply XP with a new skin; core parts of the OS have been radically overhauled, and virtually every area has seen significant refinement. In terms of the magnitude and extent of these changes, Vista represents probably the biggest leap that the NT platform has ever seen. Never before have significant subsystems been gutted and replaced in the way they are in Vista."<a href="#cite_note-UndertheHood-159">[154]</a> Many others in the tech industry echoed these sentiments at the time, directing praise towards the massive amount of <a href="/wiki/Technical_features_new_to_Windows_Vista" title="Technical features new to Windows Vista">technical features new to Windows Vista</a>.<a href="#cite_note-160">[155]</a> Windows Vista received the "Best of CES" award at the <a href="/wiki/Consumer_Electronics_Show" title="Consumer Electronics Show">Consumer Electronics Show</a> in 2007.<a href="#cite_note-BestofCES-161">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-CNET-BestOfCES-162">[157]</a> In its first year of availability, <a href="/wiki/PC_World" title="PC World">PC World</a> rated it as the biggest tech disappointment of 2007,<a href="#cite_note-163">[158]</a> and it was rated by <a href="/wiki/InfoWorld" title="InfoWorld">InfoWorld</a> as No. 2 of Tech's all-time 25 flops.<a href="#cite_note-164">[159]</a> Microsoft's then much smaller competitor <a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple</a> noted that, despite Vista's far greater sales, its own operating system did not seem to have suffered after its release, and would later invest in <a href="/wiki/Get_a_Mac" title="Get a Mac">advertising</a> mocking Vista's unpopularity with users.<a href="#cite_note-Apple_Zooms_Past_Rivals,_With_88%_Profit_Growth-165">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-166">[161]</a> Computer manufacturers such as <a href="/wiki/Dell" title="Dell">Dell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lenovo" title="Lenovo">Lenovo</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hewlett-Packard" title="Hewlett-Packard">Hewlett-Packard</a> released their newest computers with Windows Vista pre-installed; however, after the negative reception of the operating system, they also began selling their computers with Windows XP CDs included because of a drop in sales.<a href="#cite_note-167">[162]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sales">Sales</h3></div> A <a href="/wiki/Gartner" title="Gartner">Gartner</a> research report predicted that Vista business adoption in 2008 would overtake that of XP during the same time frame (21.3% vs. 16.9%)<a href="#cite_note-168">[163]</a> while <a href="/wiki/International_Data_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="International Data Corporation">IDC</a> had indicated that the launch of <a href="/wiki/Windows_Server_2008" title="Windows Server 2008">Windows Server 2008</a> served as a catalyst for the stronger adoption rates.<a href="#cite_note-169">[164]</a><a href="#cite_note-170">[165]</a> As of January 2009, <a href="/wiki/Forrester_Research" title="Forrester Research">Forrester Research</a> had indicated that almost one third of North American and European corporations had started deploying Vista.<a href="#cite_note-171">[166]</a> At a May 2009 conference, a Microsoft Vice President said "Adoption and deployment of Windows Vista has been slightly ahead of where we had been with XP" for big businesses.<a href="#cite_note-172">[167]</a><a href="#cite_note-173">[168]</a> Within its first month, 20 million copies of Vista were sold, double the amount of Windows XP sales within its first month in October 2001, five years earlier.<a href="#cite_note-174">[169]</a> Shortly after however, due to Vista's relatively low adoption rates and continued demand for Windows XP, Microsoft decided to sell Windows XP until June 30, 2008, instead of the previously planned date of January 31, 2008.<a href="#cite_note-175">[170]</a> There were reports of Vista users "downgrading" their operating systems back to XP, as well as reports of businesses planning to skip Vista.<a href="#cite_note-176">[171]</a> A study conducted by ChangeWave in March 2008 showed that the percentage of corporate users who were "very satisfied" with Vista was dramatically lower than other operating systems, with Vista at 8%, compared to the 40% who said they were "very satisfied" with Windows XP.<a href="#cite_note-computerworld1-177">[172]</a> The internet-usage <a href="/wiki/Market_share" title="Market share">market share</a> for Windows Vista after two years of availability, in January 2009, was 20.61%. This figure combined with World Internet Users and Population Stats yielded a user base of roughly 330 million,<a href="#cite_note-internetworldusers-178">[173]</a> which exceeded Microsoft's two-year post launch expectations by 130 million.<a href="#cite_note-windowsitpro2006-179">[174]</a> The internet user base reached before the release of its successor (Windows 7) was roughly 400 million according to the same statistical sources.<a href="#cite_note-180">[175]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism">Criticism</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Windows_Vista" title="Criticism of Windows Vista">Criticism of Windows Vista</a></div> Windows Vista received mixed reviews. Criticism targets include protracted development time (5–6 years), more restrictive licensing terms, the inclusion of several technologies aimed at restricting the copying of protected digital media,<a href="#cite_note-181">[176]</a> and the usability of the new <a href="/wiki/User_Account_Control" title="User Account Control">User Account Control</a> security technology. Moreover, some concerns have been raised about many PCs meeting "Vista Premium Ready" hardware requirements and Vista's pricing. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hardware_requirements_2">Hardware requirements</h3></div> While in 2005 Microsoft claimed "nearly all PCs on the market today will run Windows Vista",<a href="#cite_note-Hwreqts2-182">[177]</a> the higher requirements of some of the "premium" features, such as the Aero interface, affected many upgraders. According to the UK newspaper <a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a> in May 2006, the full set of features "would be available to less than 5 percent of Britain's PC market"; however, this prediction was made several months before Vista was released.<a href="#cite_note-Judge1-183">[178]</a> This continuing lack of clarity eventually led to a class action against Microsoft as people found themselves with new computers that were unable to use the new software to its full potential despite the assurance of "Vista Capable" designations.<a href="#cite_note-184">[179]</a> The court case has made public internal Microsoft communications that indicate that senior executives have also had difficulty with this issue. For example, Mike Nash (Corporate <a href="/wiki/Vice_President" class="mw-redirect" title="Vice President">Vice President</a>, Windows Product Management) commented, "I now have a $2,100 e-mail machine" because his laptop lacked an appropriate graphics chip needed for Vista's advanced features.<a href="#cite_note-185">[180]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Licensing">Licensing</h3></div> Criticism of upgrade <a href="/wiki/Software_licensing" class="mw-redirect" title="Software licensing">licenses</a> pertaining to Windows Vista Starter through Home Premium was expressed by <a href="/wiki/Ars_Technica" title="Ars Technica">Ars Technica</a>'s Ken Fisher, who noted that the new requirement of having a prior operating system already installed was going to irritate users who reinstall Windows regularly.<a href="#cite_note-186">[181]</a> It has been revealed that an Upgrade copy of Windows Vista can be installed clean without first installing a previous version of Windows. On the first install, Windows will refuse to activate. The user must then reinstall that same copy of Vista. Vista will then activate on the reinstall, thus allowing a user to install an Upgrade of Windows Vista without owning a previous operating system.<a href="#cite_note-187">[182]</a> As with Windows XP, separate rules still apply to OEM versions of Vista installed on new PCs: Microsoft asserts that these versions are not legally transferable (although whether this conflicts with the <a href="/wiki/Right_of_first_sale" class="mw-redirect" title="Right of first sale">right of first sale</a> has yet to be clearly decided legally).<a href="#cite_note-188">[183]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cost">Cost</h3></div> Initially, the cost of Windows Vista was also a source of concern and commentary. A majority of users in a poll said that the prices of various Windows Vista editions posted on the Microsoft Canada website in August 2006 make the product too expensive.<a href="#cite_note-189">[184]</a> A BBC News report on the day of Vista's release suggested that, "there may be a backlash from consumers over its pricing plans—with the cost of Vista versions in the US roughly half the price of equivalent versions in the UK."<a href="#cite_note-190">[185]</a> Since the release of Vista in 2006, Microsoft has reduced the retail, and upgraded the price point of Vista. Originally, Vista Ultimate was priced at $399, and Home Premium Vista at $239. These prices have since been reduced to $319 and $199 respectively.<a href="#cite_note-191">[186]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Digital_rights_management">Digital rights management</h3></div> Windows Vista supports additional forms of <a href="/wiki/Digital_rights_management" title="Digital rights management">DRM</a> restrictions. One aspect of this is the <a href="/wiki/Protected_Video_Path" class="mw-redirect" title="Protected Video Path">Protected Video Path</a>, which is designed so that "premium content" from <a href="/wiki/HD_DVD" title="HD DVD">HD DVD</a> or <a href="/wiki/Blu-ray_Disc" class="mw-redirect" title="Blu-ray Disc">Blu-ray Discs</a> may mandate that the connections between PC components be encrypted. Depending on what the content demands, the devices may not pass premium content over non-encrypted outputs, or they must artificially degrade the quality of the signal on such outputs or not display it at all. Drivers for such hardware must be approved by Microsoft; a revocation mechanism is also included, which allows Microsoft to disable drivers of devices in end-user PCs over the Internet.<a href="#cite_note-Microsoft-ocp-192">[187]</a> <a href="/wiki/Peter_Gutmann_(computer_scientist)" title="Peter Gutmann (computer scientist)">Peter Gutmann</a>, security researcher and author of the open source <a href="/wiki/Cryptlib" title="Cryptlib">cryptlib</a> library, claims that these mechanisms violate fundamental rights of the user (such as <a href="/wiki/Fair_use" title="Fair use">fair use</a>), unnecessarily increase the cost of hardware, and make systems less reliable (the "tilt bit" being a particular worry; if triggered, the entire graphic subsystem performs a reset) and vulnerable to <a href="/wiki/Denial-of-service_attacks" class="mw-redirect" title="Denial-of-service attacks">denial-of-service attacks</a>.<a href="#cite_note-gutmann-193">[188]</a> However, despite several requests<a href="#cite_note-194">[189]</a> for evidence supporting such claims Peter Gutmann has never supported his claims with any researched evidence. Proponents have claimed that Microsoft had no choice but to follow the demands of the movie studios, and that the technology will not actually be enabled until after 2010;<a href="#cite_note-smith-195">[190]</a><a href="#cite_note-arstechnica-196">[191]</a> Microsoft also noted that content protection mechanisms have existed in Windows as far back as <a href="/wiki/Windows_ME" class="mw-redirect" title="Windows ME">Windows ME</a>, and that the new protections will not apply to any existing content, only future content.<a href="#cite_note-197">[192]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="User_Account_Control">User Account Control</h3></div> Although User Account Control (UAC) is an important part of Vista's security infrastructure as it blocks software from silently gaining administrator privileges without the user's knowledge, it has been widely criticized for generating too many prompts.<a href="#cite_note-198">[193]</a> This has led many Vista UAC users to consider it troublesome, with some consequently either turning the feature off or (for Windows Vista Enterprise or Windows Vista Ultimate users) putting it in auto-approval mode.<a href="#cite_note-199">[194]</a> Responding to this criticism, Microsoft altered the implementation to reduce the number of prompts with SP1.<a href="#cite_note-technetnotablesp1-128">[124]</a> Though the changes resulted in some improvement, it did not alleviate the concerns completely.<a href="#cite_note-200">[195]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Downgrade_rights">Downgrade rights</h2></div> End-users of licenses of Windows 7 acquired through OEM or volume licensing may downgrade to the equivalent edition of Windows Vista. Downgrade rights are not offered for Starter, Home Basic or Home Premium editions of Windows 7.<a href="#cite_note-201">[196]</a> For <a href="/wiki/Windows_8" title="Windows 8">Windows 8</a> licenses acquired through an OEM, a user may also downgrade to the equivalent edition of Windows Vista. Customers licensed for use of Windows 8 Enterprise are generally licensed for Windows 8 Pro, which may be downgraded to Windows Vista Business. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BlueKeep_(security_vulnerability)" class="mw-redirect" title="BlueKeep (security vulnerability)">BlueKeep (security vulnerability)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Windows_Vista_and_Windows_XP" title="Comparison of Windows Vista and Windows XP">Comparison of Windows Vista and Windows XP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Security_Essentials" title="Microsoft Security Essentials">Microsoft Security Essentials</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> 64-bit editions of Windows Vista only. Requires Service Pack 1.<a href="#cite_note-TechNetNotableSP1-92">[92]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> A logical processor is either: 1) One of the numbers of cores of one of the numbers of physical processors without support for HyperThreading; or 2) One of the two handlers of the thread of instructions of one of the numbers of cores of one of the number of physical processors with support for HyperThreading. </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> 32 cores without support for HyperThreading (16 cores with support for HyperThreading). </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> 64 cores without support for HyperThreading (32 cores with support for HyperThreading). </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> Installing the Monthly Rollup package released for Windows Server 2008 on March 19, 2019 (KB4489887) (or any subsequent rollup package) onto Windows Vista will update its build number from version 6.0.6002 to 6.0.6003. This change was made so Microsoft could continue to service the operating system while avoiding "version-related issues".<a href="#cite_note-V6003-143">[139]</a> The Security-Only BlueKeep Patch (KB4499180) includes patches released after May 2019, two months after this change was initiated (and its installation will thus update the build number).<a href="#cite_note-BlueKeepPatch-144">[140]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-SharedSource-1"><a href="#cite_ref-SharedSource_1-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081216125724/http://www.microsoft.com/resources/sharedsource/windowslp.mspx">"Windows Licensing Programs"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.microsoft.com/resources/sharedsource/windowslp.mspx">the original</a> on December 16, 2008. Retrieved September 9, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Windows+Licensing+Programs&rft.pub=Microsoft&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.microsoft.com%2Fresources%2Fsharedsource%2Fwindowslp.mspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWindows+Vista" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-WindowsVistaRTM-2"><a href="#cite_ref-WindowsVistaRTM_2-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhite2006" class="citation web cs1">White, Nick (November 8, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061110150816/http://windowsvistablog.com/blogs/windowsvista/archive/2006/11/08/windows-vista-releases-to-manufacturing.aspx">"Windows Vista releases to manufacturing"</a>. Windows Vista Team Blog. <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blogs.msdn.com/b/greg_schechter/archive/2008/05/12/gpu-accelerated-custom-effects-for-wpf.aspx">the original</a> on August 3, 2010. Retrieved February 19, 2021. <q>As a result of a series of changes that are too numerous to describe here, the OS magnifier is no longer 'WPF-aware', and does bitmap scaling just like it does of other content. Although we do lose this feature, we believe that without the dependencies that enabled Magnifier to work in a WPF-specific way, we can be more agile in what we provide to WPF customers moving forward.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MSDN&rft.atitle=GPU-accerlated+custom+effects+for+WPF&rft.date=2008-05-12&rft.aulast=Schechter&rft.aufirst=Greg&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblogs.msdn.com%2Fb%2Fgreg_schechter%2Farchive%2F2008%2F05%2F12%2Fgpu-accelerated-custom-effects-for-wpf.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWindows+Vista" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MagnificationAPI-51"><a href="#cite_ref-MagnificationAPI_51-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/previous-versions/windows/desktop/magapi/entry-magapi-sdk?redirectedfrom=MSDN">"Magnification API"</a>. <a href="/wiki/MSDN" class="mw-redirect" title="MSDN">MSDN</a>. <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a>. 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Microsoft. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121106051608/http://blogs.msdn.com/b/wndp/archive/2007/07/05/receive-window-auto-tuning-on-vista.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on November 6, 2012. Retrieved January 28, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=msdn.com&rft.atitle=MSDN+Blogs&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblogs.msdn.com%2Fb%2Fwndp%2Farchive%2F2007%2F07%2F05%2Freceive-window-auto-tuning-on-vista.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWindows+Vista" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://technet.microsoft.com/en-gb/magazine/2006.11.vistanetworking.aspx">"Windows Vista: Enterprise Networking with Windows Vista"</a>. microsoft.com. Microsoft. 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Retrieved September 9, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Platform+Update+Supplement+for+Windows+Vista+and+for+Windows+Server+2008&rft.pub=Microsoft&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsupport.microsoft.com%2Fen-us%2Ftopic%2Fplatform-update-supplement-for-windows-vista-and-for-windows-server-2008-5f6a1e60-0bcd-2080-06ab-85ecc8110d5f&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWindows+Vista" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/help/4500705/customer-guidance-for-cve-2019-0708">"Customer guidance for CVE-2019-0708"</a>. Microsoft. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190913191712/https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/help/4500705/customer-guidance-for-cve-2019-0708">Archived</a> from the original on September 13, 2019. Retrieved September 16, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Customer+guidance+for+CVE-2019-0708&rft.pub=Microsoft&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsupport.microsoft.com%2Fen-us%2Fhelp%2F4500705%2Fcustomer-guidance-for-cve-2019-0708&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWindows+Vista" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-WRD-20190813-142"><a href="#cite_ref-WRD-20190813_142-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenberg2019" class="citation magazine cs1">Greenberg, Andy (August 13, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wired.com/story/dejablue-windows-bugs-worm-rdp/">"DejaBlue: New BlueKeep-Style Bugs Renew The Risk Of A Windows worm"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Wired_(magazine)" title="Wired (magazine)">wired</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210413152701/https://www.wired.com/story/dejablue-windows-bugs-worm-rdp/">Archived</a> from the original on April 13, 2021. Retrieved August 15, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=wired&rft.atitle=DejaBlue%3A+New+BlueKeep-Style+Bugs+Renew+The+Risk+Of+A+Windows+worm&rft.date=2019-08-13&rft.aulast=Greenberg&rft.aufirst=Andy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wired.com%2Fstory%2Fdejablue-windows-bugs-worm-rdp%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWindows+Vista" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-V6003-143"><a href="#cite_ref-V6003_143-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/topic/build-number-changing-to-6003-in-windows-server-2008-1335e4d4-c155-52eb-4a45-b85bd1909ca8">"Build number changing to 6003 in Windows Server 2008"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220930203211/https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/topic/build-number-changing-to-6003-in-windows-server-2008-1335e4d4-c155-52eb-4a45-b85bd1909ca8">Archived</a> from the original on September 30, 2022. Retrieved September 8, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Build+number+changing+to+6003+in+Windows+Server+2008&rft.pub=Microsoft&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsupport.microsoft.com%2Fen-us%2Ftopic%2Fbuild-number-changing-to-6003-in-windows-server-2008-1335e4d4-c155-52eb-4a45-b85bd1909ca8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWindows+Vista" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BlueKeepPatch-144"><a href="#cite_ref-BlueKeepPatch_144-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/topic/may-14-2019-kb4499180-security-only-update-081acd25-afa4-fb15-2dc1-fefcece4325a">"May 14, 2019—KB4499180 (Security-only update)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a>. 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Retrieved March 14, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CredSSP+updates+for+CVE-2018-0886&rft.pub=Microsoft&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsupport.microsoft.com%2Fen-us%2Ftopic%2Fcredssp-updates-for-cve-2018-0886-5cbf9e5f-dc6d-744f-9e97-7ba400d6d3ea&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWindows+Vista" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ProtectionEngineFlaw-147"><a href="#cite_ref-ProtectionEngineFlaw_147-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/security-updates/SecurityAdvisories/2017/4022344?">"Microsoft Security Advisory 4022344"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a>. May 8, 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210109125350/https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/security-updates/SecurityAdvisories/2017/4022344">Archived</a> from the original on January 9, 2021. Retrieved December 23, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Microsoft+Security+Advisory+4022344&rft.pub=Microsoft&rft.date=2017-05-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdocs.microsoft.com%2Fen-us%2Fsecurity-updates%2FSecurityAdvisories%2F2017%2F4022344%3F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWindows+Vista" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CVE1162-148"><a href="#cite_ref-CVE1162_148-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://msrc.microsoft.com/update-guide/en-US/vulnerability/CVE-2019-1162">"CVE-2019-1162 - Security Update Guide - Microsoft Windows ALPC Elevation of Privilege Vulnerability"</a>. Customer Guidance Security Update Guide. <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a>. 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Retrieved July 29, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ExtremeTech&rft.atitle=Gaming+Performance%3A+Windows+Vista+SP1+vs.+XP+SP3&rft.date=2008-05-12&rft.aulast=Durham&rft.aufirst=Joel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.extremetech.com%2Fcomputing%2F80294-gaming-performance-windows-vista-sp1-vs-xp-sp3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWindows+Vista" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ArsReview-158"><a href="#cite_ref-ArsReview_158-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBright2007" class="citation web cs1">Bright, Peter (March 19, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2007/03/pretty-vista/1/">"Windows Vista: more than just a pretty face"</a>. <a href="/wiki/ArsTechnica" class="mw-redirect" title="ArsTechnica">ArsTechnica</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cond%C3%A9_Nast" title="Condé Nast">Condé Nast</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150715064217/http://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2007/03/pretty-vista/1/">Archived</a> from the original on July 15, 2015. 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Retrieved December 18, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PC+World&rft.atitle=The+15+Biggest+Tech+Disappointments+of+2007&rft.date=2007-12-16&rft.aulast=Tynan&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pcworld.com%2Farticle%2Fid%2C140583-page%2C5-c%2Ctechindustrytrends%2Farticle.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWindows+Vista" class="Z3988">: listed as No. 1 of "The 15 Biggest Tech Disappointments of 2007" </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcAllister2008" class="citation web cs1">McAllister, Neil (January 21, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.infoworld.com/article/2642687/operating-systems/tech-s-all-time-top-25-flops.html">"Tech's all-time top 25 flops"</a>. <a href="/wiki/InfoWorld" title="InfoWorld">InfoWorld</a>. <a href="/wiki/IDG" class="mw-redirect" title="IDG">IDG</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141018223537/http://www.infoworld.com/article/2642687/operating-systems/tech-s-all-time-top-25-flops.html">Archived</a> from the original on October 18, 2014. 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Retrieved October 4, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Windows+7+pricing+announced%3A+cheaper+than+Vista+%28Updated%29&rft.date=2009-06-25&rft.aulast=Protalinski&rft.aufirst=Emil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farstechnica.com%2Fmicrosoft%2Fnews%2F2009%2F06%2Fwindows-7-pricing-announced-cheaper-than-vista.ars&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWindows+Vista" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Microsoft-ocp-192"><a href="#cite_ref-Microsoft-ocp_192-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061116163834/http://www.microsoft.com/whdc/device/stream/output_protect.mspx">"Output Content Protection and Windows Vista"</a>. WHDC. <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a>. April 27, 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.microsoft.com/whdc/device/stream/output_protect.mspx">the original</a> on November 16, 2006. Retrieved January 8, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WHDC&rft.atitle=Output+Content+Protection+and+Windows+Vista&rft.date=2005-04-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.microsoft.com%2Fwhdc%2Fdevice%2Fstream%2Foutput_protect.mspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWindows+Vista" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-gutmann-193"><a href="#cite_ref-gutmann_193-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGutmann2007" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Gutmann_(computer_scientist)" title="Peter Gutmann (computer scientist)">Gutmann, Peter</a> (January 27, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cs.auckland.ac.nz/~pgut001/pubs/vista_cost.html">"A Cost Analysis of Windows Vista Content Protection"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070126012057/http://www.cs.auckland.ac.nz/~pgut001/pubs/vista_cost.html">Archived</a> from the original on January 26, 2007. Retrieved January 27, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Cost+Analysis+of+Windows+Vista+Content+Protection&rft.date=2007-01-27&rft.aulast=Gutmann&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cs.auckland.ac.nz%2F~pgut001%2Fpubs%2Fvista_cost.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWindows+Vista" class="Z3988"> Also available: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://max-sievers.name/vista_cost.pdf">PDF version</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110511144644/http://max-sievers.name/vista_cost.pdf">Archived</a> May 11, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blogs.guardian.co.uk/technology/2007/08/15/bott_and_ou_call_out_gutmanns_vista_fud.html">Bott and Ou call out Gutmann's Vista FUD</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070831062301/http://blogs.guardian.co.uk/technology/2007/08/15/bott_and_ou_call_out_gutmanns_vista_fud.html">Archived</a> August 31, 2007, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Blogs.guardian.co.uk. Retrieved on October 14, 2011. </li> <li id="cite_note-smith-195"><a href="#cite_ref-smith_195-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2006" class="citation web cs1">Smith, Paul (December 31, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dasmirnov.net/blog/2006/12/31/windows_vista_drm_nonsense">"Windows Vista DRM nonsense"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070119043104/http://www.dasmirnov.net/blog/2006/12/31/windows_vista_drm_nonsense">Archived</a> from the original on January 19, 2007. Retrieved January 3, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Windows+Vista+DRM+nonsense&rft.date=2006-12-31&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dasmirnov.net%2Fblog%2F2006%2F12%2F31%2Fwindows_vista_drm_nonsense&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWindows+Vista" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-arstechnica-196"><a href="#cite_ref-arstechnica_196-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFisher2006" class="citation web cs1">Fisher, Ken (May 21, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arstechnica.com/news.ars/post/20060521-6880.html">"Hollywood reportedly in agreement to delay forced quality downgrades for Blu-ray, HD DVD"</a>. Ars Technica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071105063630/http://arstechnica.com/news.ars/post/20060521-6880.html">Archived</a> from the original on November 5, 2007. Retrieved January 21, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ars+Technica&rft.atitle=Hollywood+reportedly+in+agreement+to+delay+forced+quality+downgrades+for+Blu-ray%2C+HD+DVD&rft.date=2006-05-21&rft.aulast=Fisher&rft.aufirst=Ken&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farstechnica.com%2Fnews.ars%2Fpost%2F20060521-6880.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWindows+Vista" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarsh2007" class="citation web cs1">Marsh, Dave (January 20, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130121121652/http://blogs.windows.com/windows/archive/b/windowsvista/archive/2007/01/20/windows-vista-content-protection-twenty-questions-and-answers.aspx">"Windows Vista Content Protection—Twenty Questions (and Answers)"</a>. Windows Vista team blog. Microsoft. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://windowsvistablog.com/blogs/windowsvista/archive/2007/01/20/windows-vista-content-protection-twenty-questions-and-answers.aspx">the original</a> on January 21, 2013. Retrieved January 20, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Windows+Vista+team+blog&rft.atitle=Windows+Vista+Content+Protection%E2%80%94Twenty+Questions+%28and+Answers%29&rft.date=2007-01-20&rft.aulast=Marsh&rft.aufirst=Dave&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwindowsvistablog.com%2Fblogs%2Fwindowsvista%2Farchive%2F2007%2F01%2F20%2Fwindows-vista-content-protection-twenty-questions-and-answers.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWindows+Vista" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2006/09/7703/">"User Account Control: yes, you can turn it off. Is this a good or a bad thing?"</a>. Ars Technica. September 10, 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230111153007/https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2006/09/7703/">Archived</a> from the original on January 11, 2023. Retrieved June 15, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ars+Technica&rft.atitle=User+Account+Control%3A+yes%2C+you+can+turn+it+off.+Is+this+a+good+or+a+bad+thing%3F&rft.date=2006-09-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farstechnica.com%2Finformation-technology%2F2006%2F09%2F7703%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWindows+Vista" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.informationweek.com/blog/main/archives/2007/06/dont_shut_off_v.html">"Don't Shut Off Vista UAC, There's A Better Way"</a>. <a href="/wiki/InformationWeek" title="InformationWeek">InformationWeek</a>. June 11, 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110921084325/http://www.informationweek.com/blog/main/archives/2007/06/dont_shut_off_v.html">Archived</a> from the original on September 21, 2011. Retrieved October 14, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=InformationWeek&rft.atitle=Don%27t+Shut+Off+Vista+UAC%2C+There%27s+A+Better+Way&rft.date=2007-06-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.informationweek.com%2Fblog%2Fmain%2Farchives%2F2007%2F06%2Fdont_shut_off_v.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWindows+Vista" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTorode2008" class="citation web cs1">Torode, Christina (April 2, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080406193013/http://searchwinit.techtarget.com/news/article/0,289142,sid1_gci1308132,00.html">"Minasi says Vista SP1 solves problems, adds new ones"</a>. SearchWinIT.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://searchwinit.techtarget.com/news/article/0,289142,sid1_gci1308132,00.html">the original</a> on April 6, 2008. Retrieved April 6, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SearchWinIT.com&rft.atitle=Minasi+says+Vista+SP1+solves+problems%2C+adds+new+ones&rft.date=2008-04-02&rft.aulast=Torode&rft.aufirst=Christina&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsearchwinit.techtarget.com%2Fnews%2Farticle%2F0%2C289142%2Csid1_gci1308132%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWindows+Vista" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://download.microsoft.com/download/6/8/9/68964284-864d-4a6d-aed9-f2c1f8f23e14/Downgrade_Rights.pdf">"Downgrade rights for owners of licensed Windows 8 and Windows 7"</a> (PDF). microsoft.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230113183833/https://download.microsoft.com/download/6/8/9/68964284-864d-4a6d-aed9-f2c1f8f23e14/Downgrade_Rights.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on January 13, 2023. Retrieved September 15, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=microsoft.com&rft.atitle=Downgrade+rights+for+owners+of+licensed+Windows+8+and+Windows+7&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdownload.microsoft.com%2Fdownload%2F6%2F8%2F9%2F68964284-864d-4a6d-aed9-f2c1f8f23e14%2FDowngrade_Rights.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWindows+Vista" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://support.microsoft.com/en-my/help/22882/windows-vista-end-of-support">Windows Vista End of Support</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://support.microsoft.com/en-my/help/13858/windows-vista-service-pack-2-install">Windows Vista Service Pack 2 (SP2) Update</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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95">95</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_98" title="Windows 98">98</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Me" title="Windows Me">Me</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Windows_NT" title="Windows NT">Windows NT</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Base releases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Windows_NT_3.1" title="Windows NT 3.1">NT 3.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_NT_3.5" title="Windows NT 3.5">NT 3.5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_NT_3.51" title="Windows NT 3.51">NT 3.51</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_NT_4.0" title="Windows NT 4.0">NT 4.0</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_2000" title="Windows 2000">2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_XP" title="Windows XP">XP</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Windows_XP_Professional_x64_Edition" title="Windows XP Professional x64 Edition">Pro x64</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_XP_Media_Center_Edition" title="Windows XP Media Center Edition">Media Center</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Vista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_7" title="Windows 7">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_8" title="Windows 8">8</a> / <a href="/wiki/Windows_8.1" title="Windows 8.1">8.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_10" title="Windows 10">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_11" title="Windows 11">11</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Windows_Server" title="Windows Server">Windows Server</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Server_2003" title="Windows Server 2003">Server 2003</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Home_Server" title="Windows Home Server">Home Server</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Server_2008" title="Windows Server 2008">Server 2008</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Essential_Business_Server_2008" title="Windows Essential Business Server 2008">EBS 2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_HPC_Server_2008" title="Windows HPC Server 2008">HPC Server 2008</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Server_2008_R2" title="Windows Server 2008 R2">Server 2008 R2</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Home_Server_2011" title="Windows Home Server 2011">Home Server 2011</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Server_2012" title="Windows Server 2012">Server 2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Server_2012_R2" title="Windows Server 2012 R2">Server 2012 R2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Server_2016" title="Windows Server 2016">Server 2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Server_2019" title="Windows Server 2019">Server 2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Server_2022" title="Windows Server 2022">Server 2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Server_2025" title="Windows Server 2025">Server 2025</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other releases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Fundamentals_for_Legacy_PCs" title="Windows Fundamentals for Legacy PCs">Fundamentals for Legacy PCs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_RT" title="Windows RT">RT</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Specialized</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Preinstallation_Environment" title="Windows Preinstallation Environment">Preinstallation Environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_MultiPoint_Server" title="Windows MultiPoint Server">MultiPoint Server</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Windows_IoT" title="Windows IoT">Windows Embedded / Windows IoT</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Windows_Embedded_Compact" title="Windows Embedded Compact">Embedded Compact</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Windows_CE_5.0" title="Windows CE 5.0">CE 5.0</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Embedded_CE_6.0" title="Windows Embedded CE 6.0">Embedded CE 6.0</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Embedded_Compact_7" title="Windows Embedded Compact 7">Embedded Compact 7</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Embedded_Automotive" title="Windows Embedded Automotive">Embedded Automotive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Embedded_Industry" title="Windows Embedded Industry">Embedded Industry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Windows_Mobile" title="Windows Mobile">Windows Mobile</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pocket_PC_2000" title="Pocket PC 2000">Pocket PC 2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pocket_PC_2002" title="Pocket PC 2002">Pocket PC 2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Mobile_2003" title="Windows Mobile 2003">Mobile 2003</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Mobile_5.0" title="Windows Mobile 5.0">Mobile 5.0</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Mobile_6.0" title="Windows Mobile 6.0">Mobile 6.0</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Mobile_6.1" title="Windows Mobile 6.1">Mobile 6.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Mobile_6.5" title="Windows Mobile 6.5">Mobile 6.5</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Windows_Phone" title="Windows Phone">Windows Phone</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Phone_7" title="Windows Phone 7">Phone 7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Phone_8" title="Windows Phone 8">Phone 8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Phone_8.1" title="Windows Phone 8.1">Phone 8.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_10_Mobile" title="Windows 10 Mobile">10 Mobile</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cancelled</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cairo_(operating_system)" title="Cairo (operating system)">Cairo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Nashville" title="Windows Nashville">Nashville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Neptune" title="Windows Neptune">Neptune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Odyssey" title="Windows Odyssey">Odyssey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Polaris" class="mw-redirect" title="Windows Polaris">Polaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_10X" title="Windows 10X">10X</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Development <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_Windows_95" title="Development of Windows 95">95</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_Windows_XP" title="Development of Windows XP">XP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_Windows_Vista" title="Development of Windows Vista">Vista</a></li></ul></li> <li>Editions <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Windows_XP_editions" title="Windows XP editions">XP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Vista_editions" title="Windows Vista editions">Vista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_7_editions" title="Windows 7 editions">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_8_editions" title="Windows 8 editions">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_10_editions" title="Windows 10 editions">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_11_editions" class="mw-redirect" title="Windows 11 editions">11</a></li></ul></li> <li>New features <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Features_new_to_Windows_XP" title="Features new to Windows XP">XP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Features_new_to_Windows_Vista" title="Features new to Windows Vista">Vista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Features_new_to_Windows_7" title="Features new to Windows 7">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Features_new_to_Windows_8" title="Features new to Windows 8">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Features_new_to_Windows_10" title="Features new to Windows 10">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Features_new_to_Windows_11" title="Features new to Windows 11">11</a></li></ul></li> <li>Removed features <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_XP" title="List of features removed in Windows XP">XP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_Vista" title="List of features removed in Windows Vista">Vista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_7" title="List of features removed in Windows 7">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_8" title="List of features removed in Windows 8">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_10" title="List of features removed in Windows 10">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_11" title="List of features removed in Windows 11">11</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows_version_history" title="Microsoft Windows version history">Version history</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Phone_version_history" title="Windows Phone version history">Phone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_10_version_history" title="Windows 10 version history">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_10_Mobile_version_history" title="Windows 10 Mobile version history">10 Mobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_11_version_history" title="Windows 11 version history">11</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Microsoft_Windows_versions" title="Comparison of Microsoft Windows versions">Version comparison</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Windows_Vista_and_Windows_XP" title="Comparison of Windows Vista and Windows XP">Vista and XP</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Microsoft_Windows" title="Criticism of Microsoft Windows">Criticism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Windows_XP" title="Criticism of Windows XP">XP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Windows_Vista" title="Criticism of Windows Vista">Vista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Windows_10" title="Criticism of Windows 10">10</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_for_Pen_Computing" title="Windows for Pen Computing">Windows for Pen Computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Plus!" title="Microsoft Plus!">Microsoft Plus!</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_PowerToys" title="Microsoft PowerToys">Microsoft PowerToys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Server_Essentials" title="Windows Server Essentials">Windows Server Essentials</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" 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