CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Swastika - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"14b1158c-eb03-42ad-a426-1768a6dd9311","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Swastika","wgTitle":"Swastika","wgCurRevisionId":1259624600,"wgRevisionId":1259624600,"wgArticleId":45943,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Articles containing German-language text","Articles containing Polish-language text","Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from November 2019","CS1 Russian-language sources (ru)","CS1: long volume value","CS1 Sanskrit-language sources (sa)","Webarchive template wayback links","CS1 Persian-language sources (fa)","CS1 German-language sources (de)","CS1 uses Russian-language script (ru)","CS1 Polish-language sources (pl)","CS1 Traditional Chinese-language sources (zh-hant)", "CS1 uses Japanese-language script (ja)","CS1 Japanese-language sources (ja)","CS1 Albanian-language sources (sq)","Webarchive template archiveis links","CS1 Latvian-language sources (lv)","CS1 Lithuanian-language sources (lt)","CS1 French-language sources (fr)","Articles with German-language sources (de)","Webarchive template other archives","CS1 Ukrainian-language sources (uk)","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages","Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages","Use dmy dates from July 2020","Articles containing Sanskrit-language text","Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text","Articles containing French-language text","Articles containing Latin-language text","Articles containing Old French (842-ca. 1400)-language text","Articles containing Latvian-language text","Articles containing Italian-language text","Lang and lang-xx template errors", "Articles containing Mongolian-language text","Articles containing Mandarin Chinese-language text","Articles containing Japanese-language text","Articles containing Korean-language text","Articles containing Vietnamese-language text","Articles containing Balti-language text","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from January 2023","Articles containing Mari (Russia)-language text","Articles containing Chinese-language text","All articles lacking reliable references","Articles lacking reliable references from February 2021","Articles containing Armenian-language text","All accuracy disputes","Articles with disputed statements from December 2014","All articles with failed verification","Articles with failed verification from August 2017","Wikipedia articles needing clarification from March 2021","Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images","Articles containing Hindi-language text","Articles with unsourced statements from September 2021", "Articles with unsourced statements from June 2019","Articles containing Albanian-language text","Articles with unsourced statements from July 2021","Articles with unsourced statements from October 2024","Articles containing Russian-language text","Articles with unsourced statements from March 2023","Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets via Module:Annotated link","Articles containing Tagalog-language text","Articles with excerpts","Swastika","Buddhist symbols","Cross symbols","Crosses in heraldry","Hindu symbols","Jain symbols","Magic symbols","Nazi symbolism","Religious symbols","Rotational symmetry","Symbols of Indian religions","Symbols of Nazi Germany","Talismans","Visual motifs"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Swastika","wgRelevantArticleId":45943,"wgIsProbablyEditable":false,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":false,"wgRestrictionEdit":["autoconfirmed"],"wgRestrictionMove":["sysop"], "wgRedirectedFrom":"Kolovrat_(symbol)","wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":200000,"wgInternalRedirectTargetUrl":"/wiki/Swastika#Modern_adoptions","wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q45513","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"], "GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","mediawiki.page.gallery.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["mediawiki.action.view.redirect","ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.gallery","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP", "ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cmediawiki.page.gallery.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Four-swastika_collage_%28transparent%29.png/1200px-Four-swastika_collage_%28transparent%29.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Four-swastika_collage_%28transparent%29.png/800px-Four-swastika_collage_%28transparent%29.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="800"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Four-swastika_collage_%28transparent%29.png/640px-Four-swastika_collage_%28transparent%29.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="640"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Swastika - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swastika#Modern_adoptions"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swastika#Modern_adoptions"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Swastika rootpage-Swastika skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Main menu </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z">Main page</a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia">Contents</a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events">Current events</a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x">Random article</a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works">About Wikipedia</a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia">Contact us</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia">Help</a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia">Learn to edit</a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors">Community portal</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia">Upload file</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> Search </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Appearance </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class="">Donate</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Swastika" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class="">Create account</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Swastika" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class="">Log in</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Personal tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en">Donate</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Swastika" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"> Create account</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Swastika" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"> Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing">learn more</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Etymology_and_nomenclature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology_and_nomenclature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Etymology and nomenclature </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology_and_nomenclature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Appearance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Appearance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Appearance </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Appearance-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Appearance subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Appearance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Written_characters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Written_characters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Written characters </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Written_characters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Origin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Origin </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Origin-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Origin subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Origin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-North_pole" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_pole"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 North pole </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_pole-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Comet </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Four_winds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Four_winds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Four winds </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Four_winds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Historical uses </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Historical_uses-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Historical uses subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Historical_uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Prehistory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prehistory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Prehistory </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prehistory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Caucasus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Caucasus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.1 Caucasus </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Caucasus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.2 Europe </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Southern_and_eastern_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Southern_and_eastern_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Southern and eastern Asia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Southern_and_eastern_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hinduism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hinduism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.1 Hinduism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hinduism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Buddhism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buddhism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.2 Buddhism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Buddhism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jainism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jainism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.3 Jainism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jainism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prevalence_in_southern_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prevalence_in_southern_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.4 Prevalence in southern Asia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prevalence_in_southern_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spread_to_eastern_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spread_to_eastern_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.5 Spread to eastern Asia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spread_to_eastern_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classical_Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classical_Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Classical Europe </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classical_Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medieval_and_early_modern_Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medieval_and_early_modern_Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Medieval and early modern Europe </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medieval_and_early_modern_Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Middle_Ages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_Ages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4.1 Middle Ages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_Ages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rediscovery_by_Heinrich_Schliemann" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rediscovery_by_Heinrich_Schliemann"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4.2 Rediscovery by Heinrich Schliemann </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rediscovery_by_Heinrich_Schliemann-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-Schliemann_popularity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-Schliemann_popularity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4.3 Post-Schliemann popularity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-Schliemann_popularity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_religious_movements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_religious_movements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4.4 New religious movements </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_religious_movements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 World War II </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Use_in_Nazism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Use_in_Nazism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5.1 Use in Nazism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Use_in_Nazism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Use_by_the_Allies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Use_by_the_Allies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5.2 Use by the Allies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Use_by_the_Allies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Americas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Americas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6 Americas </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Americas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.7 Africa </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_adoptions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_adoptions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.8 Modern adoptions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_adoptions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_controversy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_controversy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Modern controversy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Modern_controversy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Modern controversy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Modern_controversy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Post-_World_War_II_stigmatisation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-_World_War_II_stigmatisation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Post- World War II stigmatisation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-_World_War_II_stigmatisation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.1 Germany </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legislation_in_other_European_countries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legislation_in_other_European_countries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.2 Legislation in other European countries </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legislation_in_other_European_countries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Outside_Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Outside_Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.3 Outside Europe </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Outside_Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.4 Media </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Use_by_neo-Nazis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Use_by_neo-Nazis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Use by neo-Nazis </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Use_by_neo-Nazis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Western_misinterpretation_of_Asian_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Western_misinterpretation_of_Asian_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Western misinterpretation of Asian use </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Western_misinterpretation_of_Asian_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Swastika_as_distinct_from_Hakenkreuz_debate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Swastika_as_distinct_from_Hakenkreuz_debate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.1 Swastika as distinct from Hakenkreuz debate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Swastika_as_distinct_from_Hakenkreuz_debate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Swastika</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 94 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-94" aria-hidden="true" > 94 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swastika" title="Swastika – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Swastika" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svastika" title="Svastika – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Svastika" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fylf%C5%8Dt" title="Fylfōt – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Fylfōt" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A8_%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%82%D9%88%D9%81" title="صليب معقوف – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="صليب معقوف" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svastika" title="Svastika – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Svastika" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE" title="স্বস্তিকা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="স্বস্তিকা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C4%81n-j%C4%AB-b%C3%BBn" title="Bān-jī-bûn – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Bān-jī-bûn" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Свастыка – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Свастыка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Свастыка – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Свастыка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Свастика – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Свастика" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%A1%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%84%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%91%E0%BE%B2%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%84%E0%BC%8B%E0%BC%8D" title="གཡུང་དྲུང་། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="གཡུང་དྲུང་།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svastika" title="Svastika – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Svastika" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Хас – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Хас" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esv%C3%A0stica" title="Esvàstica – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Esvàstica" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svastika" title="Svastika – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Svastika" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swastica" title="Swastica – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Swastica" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svastika" title="Svastika – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Svastika" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swastika" title="Swastika – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Swastika" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swastika" title="Swastika – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Swastika" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svastika" title="Svastika – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Svastika" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%B2%CE%AC%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%B1" title="Σβάστικα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σβάστικα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esv%C3%A1stica" title="Esvástica – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Esvástica" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svastiko" title="Svastiko – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Svastiko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esbastika" title="Esbastika – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Esbastika" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7" title="سواستیکا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سواستیکا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svastika" title="Svastika – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Svastika" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svaistice" title="Svaistice – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Svaistice" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esv%C3%A1stica" title="Esvástica – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Esvástica" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B8%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B5%E0%AA%B8%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%A4%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%95" title="સ્વસ્તિક – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="સ્વસ્તિક" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D2%AF%D2%A3%D1%82%D0%BD" title="Лүңтн – Kalmyk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Лүңтн" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="Kalmyk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Хальмг</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A7%8C%EC%9E%90%EB%AC%B8" title="만자문 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="만자문" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%A1" title="Սվաստիկա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սվաստիկա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95" title="स्वस्तिक – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="स्वस्तिक" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svastika" title="Svastika – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Svastika" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swastika" title="Swastika – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Swastika" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hakakross" title="Hakakross – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Hakakross" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svastica" title="Svastica – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Svastica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A6%D7%9C%D7%91_%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%A1" title="צלב קרס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="צלב קרס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%95" title="ಸ್ವಸ್ತಿಕ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಸ್ವಸ್ತಿಕ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90" title="სვასტიკა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სვასტიკა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Свастика – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Свастика" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crux_gammata" title="Crux gammata – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Crux gammata" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svastika" title="Svastika – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Svastika" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svastika" title="Svastika – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Svastika" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svastega" title="Svastega – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Svastega" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szvasztika" title="Szvasztika – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szvasztika" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95" title="स्वस्तिक – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="स्वस्तिक" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Свастика – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Свастика" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95" title="स्वस्तिक – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="स्वस्तिक" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90" title="სვასტიკა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="სვასტიკა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%82%D9%88%D9%81" title="الصليب المعقوف – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الصليب المعقوف" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swastika" title="Swastika – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Swastika" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%B7%D1%8E%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Шиньзюлма – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Шиньзюлма" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Хас – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Хас" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swastika_(symbool)" title="Swastika (symbool) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Swastika (symbool)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95" title="स्वस्तिक – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="स्वस्तिक" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%8D" title="卍 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="卍" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hakekors" title="Hakekors – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Hakekors" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svastika" title="Svastika – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Svastika" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svastike" title="Svastike – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Svastike" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esvastica" title="Esvastica – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Esvastica" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%B8%E0%AD%8D%E0%AD%B1%E0%AC%B8%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A4%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%95" title="ସ୍ୱସ୍ତିକ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ସ୍ୱସ୍ତିକ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svastika" title="Svastika – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Svastika" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7" title="سواستیکا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="سواستیکا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%BC%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7" title="سواسټیکا – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="سواسټیکا" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swastyka" title="Swastyka – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Swastyka" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Su%C3%A1stica" title="Suástica – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Suástica" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svastic%C4%83" title="Svastică – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Svastică" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Свастика – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Свастика" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svastika" title="Svastika – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Svastika" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swastika" title="Swastika – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Swastika" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svastika" title="Svastika – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Svastika" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svastika" title="Svastika – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Svastika" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hakynkrojc" title="Hakynkrojc – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Hakynkrojc" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7" title="سواستیکا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="سواستیکا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_(%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB)" title="Свастика (симбол) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Свастика (симбол)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svastika" title="Svastika – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Svastika" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swastika" title="Swastika – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Swastika" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hakaristi" title="Hakaristi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Hakaristi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svastika" title="Svastika – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Svastika" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swastika" title="Swastika – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Swastika" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE" title="சுவசுத்திக்கா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சுவசுத்திக்கா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D" title="స్వస్తిక్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="స్వస్తిక్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B0" title="สวัสติกะ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สวัสติกะ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svastika" title="Svastika – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Svastika" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Свастика – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Свастика" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%DA%A9" title="سواستک – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سواستک" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%E1%BB%AF_V%E1%BA%A1n" title="Chữ Vạn – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Chữ Vạn" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swastika" title="Swastika – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Swastika" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%8D" title="卍 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="卍" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%90%D7%A7%D7%A0%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A5" title="האקנקרייץ – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="האקנקרייץ" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%90_(%E7%AC%A6%E8%99%9F)" title="卐 (符號) – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="卐 (符號)" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%8D" title="卍 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="卍" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banji" title="Banji – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Banji" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Betawi</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q45513#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Swastika" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Swastika" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >English </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Swastika">Read</a></li><li id="ca-viewsource" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Swastika&action=edit" title="This page is protected.
You can view its source [e]" accesskey="e">View source</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Swastika&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Swastika">Read</a></li><li id="ca-more-viewsource" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Swastika&action=edit">View source</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Swastika&action=history">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Swastika" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Swastika" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u">Upload file</a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q">Special pages</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Swastika&oldid=1259624600" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page">Permanent link</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Swastika&action=info" title="More information about this page">Page information</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Swastika&id=1259624600&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page">Cite this page</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FSwastika%23Modern_adoptions">Get shortened URL</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FSwastika%23Modern_adoptions">Download QR code</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Swastika&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file">Download as PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Swastika&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Swastika" hreflang="en">Wikimedia Commons</a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiquote mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Swastika" hreflang="en">Wikiquote</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q45513" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected."><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kolovrat_(symbol)&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Kolovrat (symbol)">Kolovrat (symbol)</a>)</div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ancient Eurasian icon and later Nazi symbol</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Swastika_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Swastika (disambiguation)">Swastika (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Four-swastika_collage_(transparent).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Four-swastika_collage_%28transparent%29.png/220px-Four-swastika_collage_%28transparent%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Four-swastika_collage_%28transparent%29.png/330px-Four-swastika_collage_%28transparent%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Four-swastika_collage_%28transparent%29.png/440px-Four-swastika_collage_%28transparent%29.png 2x" data-file-width="4096" data-file-height="4096" /></a><figcaption>The swastika is a symbol with many styles and meanings and can be found in many cultures.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_NSDAP_(1920%E2%80%931945,_1-1).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_the_NSDAP_%281920%E2%80%931945%2C_1-1%29.svg/220px-Flag_of_the_NSDAP_%281920%E2%80%931945%2C_1-1%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_the_NSDAP_%281920%E2%80%931945%2C_1-1%29.svg/330px-Flag_of_the_NSDAP_%281920%E2%80%931945%2C_1-1%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_the_NSDAP_%281920%E2%80%931945%2C_1-1%29.svg/440px-Flag_of_the_NSDAP_%281920%E2%80%931945%2C_1-1%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="#Association_with_Nazism">appropriation</a> of the swastika by the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazi Party</a> is the most recognisable modern use of the symbol in the Western world.</figcaption></figure> The swastika (卐 or 卍) is a symbol used in various <a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">Eurasian</a> religions and cultures, and it is also seen in some <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Africa" title="Indigenous peoples of Africa">African</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">American</a> ones. In the Western world, it is more widely recognized as a symbol of the German <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazi Party</a> who <a href="/wiki/Cultural_appropriation" title="Cultural appropriation">appropriated</a> it for their party insignia starting in the early 20th century. The appropriation continues with its use by <a href="/wiki/Neo-Nazism" title="Neo-Nazism">neo-Nazis</a> around the world.<a href="#cite_note-britswast-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-BBC_News_2014-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Roden-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Olson-4">[4]</a> The swastika was and continues to be used as a symbol of divinity and spirituality in <a href="/wiki/Indian_religions" title="Indian religions">Indian religions</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-britswast-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sullivan2001p216-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-snodgrass82-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cort_2001_17-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-p.97-8">[8]</a> It generally takes the form of a <a href="/wiki/Cross" title="Cross">cross</a>,<a href="#cite_note-10">[A]</a> the arms of which are of equal length and perpendicular to the adjacent arms, each bent midway at a right angle.<a href="#cite_note-MigSym-11">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-CambDict-12">[11]</a> The word swastika comes from <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit language">Sanskrit</a>: <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95#Sanskrit" class="extiw" title="wikt:स्वस्तिक">स्वस्तिक</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Sanskrit" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Sanskrit">romanized</a>: svastika, meaning 'conducive to well-being'.<a href="#cite_note-britswast-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-etymology-13">[12]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>, the right-facing symbol (clockwise) (卐) is called swastika, symbolizing <a href="/wiki/Surya" title="Surya">surya</a> ('sun'), prosperity and good luck, while the left-facing symbol (counter-clockwise) (卍) is called sauvastika, symbolising night or <a href="/wiki/Tantra" title="Tantra">tantric</a> aspects of <a href="/wiki/Kali" title="Kali">Kali</a>.<a href="#cite_note-britswast-1">[1]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Jain_symbols" title="Jain symbols">Jain symbolism</a>, it represents <a href="/wiki/Suparshvanatha" title="Suparshvanatha">Suparshvanatha</a> – the seventh of 24 <a href="/wiki/Tirthankara" title="Tirthankara">Tirthankaras</a> (<a href="/wiki/Spiritual_teacher" class="mw-redirect" title="Spiritual teacher">spiritual teachers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Salvation" title="Salvation">saviours</a>), while in <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_symbols" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist symbols">Buddhist symbolism</a> it represents the auspicious footprints of the <a href="/wiki/Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddha">Buddha</a>.<a href="#cite_note-britswast-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-silverblatt109-14">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[14]</a> In the different <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> traditions, the swastika symbolises <a href="/wiki/Fire" title="Fire">fire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lightning" title="Lightning">lightning</a> bolts, and the <a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">sun</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Greg-16">[15]</a> The symbol is found in the archaeological remains of the <a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_civilisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus Valley civilisation">Indus Valley civilisation</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[16]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Samarra_culture" title="Samarra culture">Samarra</a>, as well as in early <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christian_art" title="Christian art">Christian artwork</a>.<a href="#cite_note-18">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[18]</a> Although used for the first time as a symbol of international antisemitism by far-right Romanian politician <a href="/wiki/A._C._Cuza" title="A. C. Cuza">A. C. Cuza</a> prior to <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>,<a href="#cite_note-20">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[21]</a> it was <a href="/wiki/Western_use_of_the_swastika_in_the_early_20th_century" title="Western use of the swastika in the early 20th century">a symbol of auspiciousness and good luck for most of the Western world</a> until the 1930s,<a href="#cite_note-BBC_News_2014-2">[2]</a> when the German Nazi Party adopted the swastika as an emblem of the <a href="/wiki/Aryan_race" title="Aryan race">Aryan race</a>. As a result of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">the Holocaust</a>, in the West it continues to be strongly associated with <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">antisemitism</a>,<a href="#cite_note-holocaust2009-23">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-wiener463-24">[23]</a> <a href="/wiki/White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">white supremacism</a>,<a href="#cite_note-25">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[25]</a> or simply <a href="/wiki/Evil" title="Evil">evil</a>.<a href="#cite_note-27">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[27]</a> As a consequence, its use in some countries, <a href="/wiki/Strafgesetzbuch_section_86a" title="Strafgesetzbuch section 86a">including Germany</a>, is <a href="/wiki/Bans_on_Nazi_symbols" title="Bans on Nazi symbols">prohibited by law</a>.<a href="#cite_note-29">[B]</a> However, the swastika remains a symbol of good luck and prosperity in Hindu, Buddhist and Jain countries such as Nepal, India, Thailand, Mongolia, Sri Lanka, China and Japan, and carries various other meanings for peoples around the world, such as the <a href="/wiki/Akan_people" title="Akan people">Akan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hopi" title="Hopi">Hopi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Navajo" title="Navajo">Navajo</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tlingit" title="Tlingit">Tlingit</a> peoples. It is also commonly used in Hindu marriage ceremonies and <a href="/wiki/Divali" class="mw-redirect" title="Divali">Dipavali</a> celebrations. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology_and_nomenclature">Etymology and nomenclature</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Snoldelevsunwheel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Snoldelevsunwheel.jpg/220px-Snoldelevsunwheel.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Snoldelevsunwheel.jpg/330px-Snoldelevsunwheel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Snoldelevsunwheel.jpg/440px-Snoldelevsunwheel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="563" /></a><figcaption>Drawing of a swastika on the <a href="/wiki/Snoldelev_Stone" title="Snoldelev Stone">Snoldelev Stone</a> found in <a href="/wiki/Rams%C3%B8" title="Ramsø">Ramsø</a>, <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a> (9th century)</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:30em; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> With well-being (swasti) we would follow along our path, like the Sun and the Moon. May we meet up with one who gives in return, who does not smite (harm), with one who knows. </blockquote> <cite class="left-aligned" style="">— The <a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a> V.52.15<a href="#cite_note-30">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[29]</a></cite> </div> The word swastika is derived from the Sanskrit root swasti, which is composed of su 'good, well' and asti 'is; it is; there is'.<a href="#cite_note-Schliemann347-32">[30]</a> The word swasti occurs frequently in the <a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a> as well as in classical literature, meaning 'health, luck, success, prosperity', and it was commonly used as a greeting.<a href="#cite_note-M-W-33">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[32]</a> The final ka is a common suffix that could have multiple meanings.<a href="#cite_note-35">[33]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Monier-Williams" class="mw-redirect" title="Monier-Williams">Monier-Williams</a>, a majority of scholars consider the swastika to originally be a <a href="/wiki/Solar_symbol" title="Solar symbol">solar symbol</a>.<a href="#cite_note-M-W-33">[31]</a> The sign implies well-being, something fortunate, lucky, or auspicious.<a href="#cite_note-M-W-33">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[34]</a> It is alternatively spelled in contemporary texts as svastika,<a href="#cite_note-37">[35]</a> and other spellings were occasionally used in the 19th and early 20th century, such as suastika.<a href="#cite_note-38">[36]</a> It was derived from the <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> term (<a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95" class="extiw" title="wikt:स्वस्तिक">स्वस्तिक</a>), which transliterates to svastika under the commonly used <a href="/wiki/International_Alphabet_of_Sanskrit_Transliteration" title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration">IAST transliteration system</a>, but is pronounced closer to swastika when letters are used with their English values. The earliest known use of the word swastika is in <a href="/wiki/P%C4%81%E1%B9%87ini" title="Pāṇini">Pāṇini</a>'s <a href="/wiki/A%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%AD%C4%81dhy%C4%81y%C4%AB" title="Aṣṭādhyāyī">Aṣṭādhyāyī</a>, which uses it to explain one of the Sanskrit grammar rules, in the context of a type of identifying mark on a cow's ear.<a href="#cite_note-Schliemann347-32">[30]</a> Most scholarship suggests that Pāṇini lived in or before the 4th century BCE,<a href="#cite_note-39">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[38]</a> possibly in 6th or 5th century BCE.<a href="#cite_note-41">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[40]</a> An important early use of the word swastika in a European text was in 1871 with the publications of <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Schliemann" title="Heinrich Schliemann">Heinrich Schliemann</a>, who discovered more than 1,800 ancient samples of swastika symbols and variants thereof while digging the <a href="/wiki/Hisarlik" class="mw-redirect" title="Hisarlik">Hisarlik</a> mound near the Aegean Sea coast for the history of Troy. Schliemann linked his findings to the Sanskrit swastika.<a href="#cite_note-boissoneaultsm-43">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMees200857–58-45">[43]</a> By the 19th century, the term swastika was adopted into the English lexicon,<a href="#cite_note-46">[44]</a> replacing the previous gammadion from Greek γαμμάδιον. In 1878, Irish scholar <a href="/wiki/Charles_Graves_(bishop)" title="Charles Graves (bishop)">Charles Graves</a> used swastika as the common English name for the symbol, after defining it as equivalent to the French term croix gammée – a cross with arms shaped like the Greek letter <a href="/wiki/Gamma" title="Gamma">gamma</a> (Γ).<a href="#cite_note-47">[45]</a> Shortly thereafter, British antiquarians <a href="/wiki/Edward_Thomas_(antiquarian)" title="Edward Thomas (antiquarian)">Edward Thomas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Sewell_(historian)" title="Robert Sewell (historian)">Robert Sewell</a> separately published their studies about the symbol, using swastika as the common English term.<a href="#cite_note-48">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[47]</a> The concept of a "reversed" swastika was probably first made among European scholars by <a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Burnouf" title="Eugène Burnouf">Eugène Burnouf</a> in 1852 and taken up by <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Schliemann" title="Heinrich Schliemann">Schliemann</a> in Ilios (1880), based on a letter from <a href="/wiki/Max_M%C3%BCller" title="Max Müller">Max Müller</a> that quotes Burnouf. The term sauwastika is used in the sense of 'backward swastika' by <a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Goblet_d%27Alviella" title="Eugène Goblet d'Alviella">Eugène Goblet d'Alviella</a> (1894): "In India it [the gammadion] bears the name of swastika, when its arms are bent towards the right, and sauwastika when they are turned in the other direction."<a href="#cite_note-50">[48]</a> Other names for the symbol include: <ul><li>tetragammadion (Greek: τετραγαμμάδιον) or cross gammadion (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: crux gammata; French: croix gammée), as each arm resembles the Greek letter Γ (<a href="/wiki/Gamma" title="Gamma">gamma</a>)<a href="#cite_note-MigSym-11">[10]</a></li> <li>hooked cross (German: Hakenkreuz), angled cross (Winkelkreuz), or crooked cross (Krummkreuz)</li> <li>cross cramponned, cramponnée, or cramponny in heraldry, as each arm resembles a <a href="/wiki/Crampon_(heraldry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Crampon (heraldry)">crampon</a> or angle-iron (German: Winkelmaßkreuz)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fylfot" title="Fylfot">fylfot</a>, chiefly in heraldry and architecture</li> <li>tetraskelion (Greek: τετρασκέλιον), literally meaning 'four-legged', especially when composed of four conjoined legs (compare <a href="/wiki/Triskelion" title="Triskelion">triskelion</a>/triskele [Greek: τρισκέλιον])<a href="#cite_note-51">[49]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugunskrusts" title="Ugunskrusts">ugunskrusts</a> (Latvian for 'fire cross, cross of fire"; other names – pērkonkrusts ('cross of thunder', 'thunder cross'), cross of <a href="/wiki/Perun" title="Perun">Perun</a> or of <a href="/wiki/Perk%C5%ABnas" title="Perkūnas">Perkūnas</a>), cross of branches, cross of <a href="/wiki/Laima" title="Laima">Laima</a>)</li> <li>whirling logs (Navajo): can denote abundance, prosperity, healing, and luck<a href="#cite_note-52">[50]</a></li></ul> In various European languages, it is known as the <a href="/wiki/Fylfot" title="Fylfot">fylfot</a>, gammadion, tetraskelion, or cross cramponnée (a term in Anglo-Norman <a href="/wiki/Heraldry" title="Heraldry">heraldry</a>); German: Hakenkreuz; French: croix gammée; Italian: croce uncinata; <a href="/wiki/Latvian_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latvian Language">Latvian</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ugunskrusts" title="Ugunskrusts">ugunskrusts</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongolian Language">Mongolian</a> it is called [хас] Error: {{Lang}}: Non-latn text/Latn script subtag mismatch (<a href="/wiki/Category:Lang_and_lang-xx_template_errors" title="Category:Lang and lang-xx template errors">help</a>) (khas) and mainly used in seals. In Chinese it is called 卍字 (wànzì), pronounced manji in Japanese, manja (만자) in Korean and vạn tự or chữ vạn in <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Baltistan" title="Baltistan">Balti</a>/<a href="/wiki/Tibetic_languages" title="Tibetic languages">Tibetan</a> language it is called yung drung.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Appearance">Appearance</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:192px;max-width:192px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="margin-right:5px;width:92px;max-width:92px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Swastika.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Swastika.svg/90px-Swastika.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Swastika.svg/135px-Swastika.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Swastika.svg/180px-Swastika.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:92px;max-width:92px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Swastika_right-facing.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Swastika_right-facing.svg/90px-Swastika_right-facing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Swastika_right-facing.svg/135px-Swastika_right-facing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Swastika_right-facing.svg/180px-Swastika_right-facing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Left: the left-facing sauwastika is a sacred symbol in the <a href="/wiki/Bon" title="Bon">Bon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81y%C4%81na" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahāyāna">Mahāyāna Buddhist</a> traditions. Right: the right-facing swastika appears commonly in <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Lankan Buddhism">Sri Lankan Buddhism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-John_Powers-53">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[52]</a></div></div></div></div> All swastikas are bent crosses based on a <a href="/wiki/Chiral" class="mw-redirect" title="Chiral">chiral</a> symmetry, but they appear with different <a href="/wiki/Geometry" title="Geometry">geometric</a> details: as compact crosses with short legs, as crosses with large arms and as motifs in a pattern of unbroken lines. Chirality describes an absence of <a href="/wiki/Reflective_symmetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Reflective symmetry">reflective symmetry</a>, with the existence of two versions that are <a href="/wiki/Mirror_image" title="Mirror image">mirror images</a> of each other. The mirror-image forms are typically described as left-facing or left-hand (卍) and right-facing or right-hand (卐). The compact swastika can be seen as a chiral irregular <a href="/wiki/Icosagon" title="Icosagon">icosagon</a> (20-sided <a href="/wiki/Polygon" title="Polygon">polygon</a>) with fourfold (90°) <a href="/wiki/Rotational_symmetry" title="Rotational symmetry">rotational symmetry</a>. Such a swastika proportioned on a 5 × 5 square grid and with the broken portions of its legs shortened by one unit can <a href="/wiki/Tessellation" title="Tessellation">tile the plane</a> by <a href="/wiki/Translation_(geometry)" title="Translation (geometry)">translation</a> alone. The main Nazi flag swastika used a 5 × 5 diagonal grid, but with the legs unshortened.<a href="#cite_note-55">[53]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Written_characters">Written characters</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:192px;max-width:192px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="margin-right:5px;width:92px;max-width:92px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Cangjie_NX.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Cangjie_NX.svg/90px-Cangjie_NX.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Cangjie_NX.svg/135px-Cangjie_NX.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Cangjie_NX.svg/180px-Cangjie_NX.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="640" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:92px;max-width:92px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Cangjie_VX.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Cangjie_VX.svg/90px-Cangjie_VX.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Cangjie_VX.svg/135px-Cangjie_VX.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Cangjie_VX.svg/180px-Cangjie_VX.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="640" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">卍 and 卐 characters.</div></div></div></div> The swastika was adopted as a standard character in <a href="/wiki/Written_Chinese" title="Written Chinese">Chinese</a>, "<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1094882035">.mw-parser-output .script-Cprt{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Segoe UI Historic","Noto Sans Cypriot",Code2001}.mw-parser-output .script-Hano{font-size:125%;font-family:"Noto Sans Hanunoo",FreeSerif,Quivira}.mw-parser-output .script-Latf,.mw-parser-output .script-de-Latf{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Breitkopf Fraktur",UnifrakturCook,UniFrakturMaguntia,MarsFraktur,"MarsFraktur OT",KochFraktur,"KochFraktur OT",OffenbacherSchwabOT,"LOB.AlteSchwabacher","LOV.AlteSchwabacher","LOB.AtlantisFraktur","LOV.AtlantisFraktur","LOB.BreitkopfFraktur","LOV.BreitkopfFraktur","LOB.FetteFraktur","LOV.FetteFraktur","LOB.Fraktur3","LOV.Fraktur3","LOB.RochFraktur","LOV.RochFraktur","LOB.PostFraktur","LOV.PostFraktur","LOB.RuelhscheFraktur","LOV.RuelhscheFraktur","LOB.RungholtFraktur","LOV.RungholtFraktur","LOB.TheuerbankFraktur","LOV.TheuerbankFraktur","LOB.VinetaFraktur","LOV.VinetaFraktur","LOB.WalbaumFraktur","LOV.WalbaumFraktur","LOB.WeberMainzerFraktur","LOV.WeberMainzerFraktur","LOB.WieynckFraktur","LOV.WieynckFraktur","LOB.ZentenarFraktur","LOV.ZentenarFraktur"}.mw-parser-output .script-en-Latf{font-size:1.25em;font-family:Cankama,"Old English Text MT","Textura Libera","Textura Libera Tenuis",London}.mw-parser-output .script-it-Latf{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Rotunda Pommerania",Rotunda,"Typographer Rotunda"}.mw-parser-output .script-Lina{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Noto Sans Linear A"}.mw-parser-output .script-Linb{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Noto Sans Linear B"}.mw-parser-output .script-Ugar{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Segoe UI Historic","Noto Sans Ugaritic",Aegean}.mw-parser-output .script-Xpeo{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Segoe UI Historic","Noto Sans Old Persian",Artaxerxes,Xerxes,Aegean}</style><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%8D%8D#Translingual" class="extiw" title="wikt:卍">卍</a>" (<a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: wàn) and as such entered various other <a href="/wiki/East_Asian_languages" title="East Asian languages">East Asian languages</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Chinese_character" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese character">Chinese script</a>. In Japanese the symbol is called "<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%8D%8D#Japanese" class="extiw" title="wikt:卍">卍</a>" (<a href="/wiki/Hepburn_romanization" title="Hepburn romanization">Hepburn</a>: manji) or "<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%8D%8D%E5%AD%97#Japanese" class="extiw" title="wikt:卍字">卍字</a>" (manji). The swastika is included in the <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> character sets of two languages. In the Chinese block it is U+534D <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%8D%8D" class="extiw" title="wikt:卍">卍</a> (left-facing) and U+5350 for the swastika <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%8D%90" class="extiw" title="wikt:卐">卐</a> (right-facing);<a href="#cite_note-56">[54]</a> The latter has a mapping in the original <a href="/wiki/Big5" title="Big5">Big5</a> character set,<a href="#cite_note-57">[55]</a> but the former does not (although it is in Big5+<a href="#cite_note-58">[56]</a>). In Unicode 5.2, two swastika symbols and two swastikas were added to the <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_(Unicode_block)" title="Tibetan (Unicode block)">Tibetan block</a>: swastika <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886049734">.mw-parser-output .monospaced{font-family:monospace,monospace}</style>U+0FD5 ࿕ RIGHT-FACING SVASTI SIGN, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+0FD7 ࿗ RIGHT-FACING SVASTI SIGN WITH DOTS, and swastikas <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+0FD6 ࿖ LEFT-FACING SVASTI SIGN, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+0FD8 ࿘ LEFT-FACING SVASTI SIGN WITH DOTS.<a href="#cite_note-59">[57]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origin">Origin</h2></div> European uses of swastikas are often treated in conjunction with <a href="/wiki/Cross_symbol" class="mw-redirect" title="Cross symbol">cross symbols</a> in general, such as the <a href="/wiki/Sun_cross" title="Sun cross">sun cross</a> of <a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_religion" title="Prehistoric religion">Bronze Age religion</a>. Beyond its certain presence in the "<a href="/wiki/Proto-writing" title="Proto-writing">proto-writing</a>" symbol systems, such as the <a href="/wiki/Vin%C4%8Da_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Vinča script">Vinča script</a>,<a href="#cite_note-60">[58]</a> which appeared during the <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-61">[59]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="North_pole">North pole</h3></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Precessional_north_pole_(B%C4%9Bij%C3%AD_%E5%8C%97%E6%9E%81)_in_%CE%B1_Ursae_Minoris,_drawing_a_w%C3%A0n_%E5%8D%8D_in_the_four_phases_of_time.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Precessional_north_pole_%28B%C4%9Bij%C3%AD_%E5%8C%97%E6%9E%81%29_in_%CE%B1_Ursae_Minoris%2C_drawing_a_w%C3%A0n_%E5%8D%8D_in_the_four_phases_of_time.svg/300px-Precessional_north_pole_%28B%C4%9Bij%C3%AD_%E5%8C%97%E6%9E%81%29_in_%CE%B1_Ursae_Minoris%2C_drawing_a_w%C3%A0n_%E5%8D%8D_in_the_four_phases_of_time.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="299" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Precessional_north_pole_%28B%C4%9Bij%C3%AD_%E5%8C%97%E6%9E%81%29_in_%CE%B1_Ursae_Minoris%2C_drawing_a_w%C3%A0n_%E5%8D%8D_in_the_four_phases_of_time.svg/450px-Precessional_north_pole_%28B%C4%9Bij%C3%AD_%E5%8C%97%E6%9E%81%29_in_%CE%B1_Ursae_Minoris%2C_drawing_a_w%C3%A0n_%E5%8D%8D_in_the_four_phases_of_time.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Precessional_north_pole_%28B%C4%9Bij%C3%AD_%E5%8C%97%E6%9E%81%29_in_%CE%B1_Ursae_Minoris%2C_drawing_a_w%C3%A0n_%E5%8D%8D_in_the_four_phases_of_time.svg/600px-Precessional_north_pole_%28B%C4%9Bij%C3%AD_%E5%8C%97%E6%9E%81%29_in_%CE%B1_Ursae_Minoris%2C_drawing_a_w%C3%A0n_%E5%8D%8D_in_the_four_phases_of_time.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="522" data-file-height="520" /></a><figcaption>Approximate representation of the Tiānmén 天門 ('Gate of Heaven') or Tiānshū 天樞 ('Pivot of Heaven') as the processional north celestial pole, with <a href="/wiki/Polaris" title="Polaris">α Ursae Minoris</a> as the <a href="/wiki/Pole_star" title="Pole star">pole star</a>, with the spinning <a href="/wiki/Big_Dipper" title="Big Dipper">Chariot</a> constellations in the four phases of time. <a href="/wiki/Ti%C4%81n" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiān">Tiān</a>, generally translated as 'heaven' in <a href="/wiki/Chinese_theology" title="Chinese theology">Chinese theology</a>, refers to the northern <a href="/wiki/Celestial_pole" title="Celestial pole">celestial pole</a> (北極 Běijí), the pivot and the vault of the sky with its spinning constellations. The celestial pivot can be represented by wàn 卍 ('myriad things').</figcaption></figure> According to <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Gu%C3%A9non" title="René Guénon">René Guénon</a>, the swastika represents the north pole, and the rotational movement around a centre or immutable axis (<a href="/wiki/Axis_mundi" title="Axis mundi">axis mundi</a>), and only secondly it represents the <a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a> as a reflected function of the north pole. As such it is a symbol of life, of the vivifying role of the supreme principle of the universe, the <a href="/wiki/Absolute_(philosophy)" title="Absolute (philosophy)">absolute</a> God, in relation to the cosmic order. It represents the activity (the Hellenic <a href="/wiki/Logos" title="Logos">Logos</a>, the Hindu <a href="/wiki/Om" title="Om">Om</a>, the Chinese <a href="/wiki/Chinese_theology" title="Chinese theology">Taiyi</a>, 'Great One') of the principle of the universe in the formation of the world.<a href="#cite_note-62">[60]</a> According to Guénon, the swastika in its polar value has the same meaning of the <a href="/wiki/Yin_and_yang" title="Yin and yang">yin and yang</a> symbol of the Chinese tradition, and of other traditional symbols of the working of the universe, including the letters Γ (<a href="/wiki/Gamma_(letter)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamma (letter)">gamma</a>) and G, symbolising the <a href="/wiki/Great_Architect_of_the_Universe" title="Great Architect of the Universe">Great Architect of the Universe</a> of <a href="/wiki/Freemasonry" title="Freemasonry">Masonic</a> thought.<a href="#cite_note-63">[61]</a> According to the scholar Reza Assasi, the swastika represents the north <a href="/wiki/Ecliptic_north_pole" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecliptic north pole">ecliptic north pole</a> centred in <a href="/wiki/Zeta_Draconis" title="Zeta Draconis">ζ Draconis</a>, with the constellation <a href="/wiki/Draco_(constellation)" title="Draco (constellation)">Draco</a> as one of its beams. He argues that this symbol was later attested as the four-horse chariot of <a href="/wiki/Mithra" title="Mithra">Mithra</a> in ancient Iranian culture. They believed the cosmos was pulled by four heavenly horses who revolved around a fixed centre in a clockwise direction. He suggests that this notion later flourished in Roman <a href="/wiki/Mithraism" title="Mithraism">Mithraism</a>, as the symbol appears in Mithraic iconography and astronomical representations.<a href="#cite_note-64">[62]</a> According to the Russian archaeologist <a href="/wiki/Gennady_Zdanovich" title="Gennady Zdanovich">Gennady Zdanovich</a>, who studied some of the oldest examples of the symbol in <a href="/wiki/Sintashta_culture" title="Sintashta culture">Sintashta culture</a>, the swastika symbolises the universe, representing the spinning constellations of the <a href="/wiki/Celestial_north_pole" class="mw-redirect" title="Celestial north pole">celestial north pole</a> centred in <a href="/wiki/Polaris" title="Polaris">α Ursae Minoris</a>, specifically the <a href="/wiki/Little_Dipper" class="mw-redirect" title="Little Dipper">Little</a> and <a href="/wiki/Big_Dipper" title="Big Dipper">Big Dipper</a> (or Chariots), or Ursa Minor and Ursa Major.<a href="#cite_note-ru-sled.ru-65">[63]</a> Likewise, according to René Guénon-the swastika is drawn by visualising the Big Dipper/Great Bear in the four phases of revolution around the pole star.<a href="#cite_note-66">[64]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Comet">Comet</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mawangdui_Astrology_Comets_Ms.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Mawangdui_Astrology_Comets_Ms.JPG/220px-Mawangdui_Astrology_Comets_Ms.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Mawangdui_Astrology_Comets_Ms.JPG/330px-Mawangdui_Astrology_Comets_Ms.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Mawangdui_Astrology_Comets_Ms.JPG/440px-Mawangdui_Astrology_Comets_Ms.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1245" data-file-height="585" /></a><figcaption>Depiction of comets from the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Silk" class="mw-redirect" title="Book of Silk">Book of Silk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a>, 2nd century BCE</figcaption></figure> In their 1985 book <a href="/wiki/Comet_(book)" title="Comet (book)">Comet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carl_Sagan" title="Carl Sagan">Carl Sagan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ann_Druyan" title="Ann Druyan">Ann Druyan</a> argue that the appearance of a rotating <a href="/wiki/Comet" title="Comet">comet</a> with a four-pronged tail as early as 2,000 years BCE could explain why the swastika is found in the cultures of both the <a href="/wiki/Old_World" title="Old World">Old World</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Columbian Americas">pre-Columbian Americas</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a> <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Silk" class="mw-redirect" title="Book of Silk">Book of Silk</a> (2nd century BCE) depicts such a comet with a swastika-like symbol.<a href="#cite_note-67">[65]</a> Bob Kobres, in a 1992 paper, contends that the swastika-like comet on the Han-dynasty manuscript was labelled a "long tailed pheasant star" (dixing) because of its resemblance to a bird's foot or footprint.<a href="#cite_note-kobres-68">[66]</a> Similar comparisons had been made by J. F. Hewitt in 1907,<a href="#cite_note-69">[67]</a> as well as a 1908 article in <a href="/wiki/Good_Housekeeping" title="Good Housekeeping">Good Housekeeping</a>.<a href="#cite_note-70">[68]</a> Kobres goes on to suggest an association of mythological birds and comets also outside of China.<a href="#cite_note-kobres-68">[66]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Four_winds">Four winds</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pima_Swastika.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Pima_Swastika.svg/110px-Pima_Swastika.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Pima_Swastika.svg/165px-Pima_Swastika.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Pima_Swastika.svg/220px-Pima_Swastika.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="127" data-file-height="127" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pima_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Pima people">Pima</a> symbol of the four winds</figcaption></figure> In <a href="/wiki/Native_American_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Native American culture">Native American culture</a>, particularly among the <a href="/wiki/Pima_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Pima people">Pima people</a> of <a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a>, the swastika is a symbol of the four winds. Anthropologist <a href="/wiki/Frank_Hamilton_Cushing" title="Frank Hamilton Cushing">Frank Hamilton Cushing</a> noted that among the Pima the symbol of the four winds is made from a cross with the four curved arms (similar to a broken <a href="/wiki/Sun_cross" title="Sun cross">sun cross</a>) and concludes "the right-angle swastika is primarily a representation of the circle of the four wind gods standing at the head of their trails, or directions."<a href="#cite_note-71">[69]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_uses">Historical uses</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prehistory">Prehistory</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Archaeological_Monuments_and_Spaciments_of_Armenia_Volume_6_Armenia_Yerevan_1971_p_198.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/The_Archaeological_Monuments_and_Spaciments_of_Armenia_Volume_6_Armenia_Yerevan_1971_p_198.jpg/220px-The_Archaeological_Monuments_and_Spaciments_of_Armenia_Volume_6_Armenia_Yerevan_1971_p_198.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/The_Archaeological_Monuments_and_Spaciments_of_Armenia_Volume_6_Armenia_Yerevan_1971_p_198.jpg/330px-The_Archaeological_Monuments_and_Spaciments_of_Armenia_Volume_6_Armenia_Yerevan_1971_p_198.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/The_Archaeological_Monuments_and_Spaciments_of_Armenia_Volume_6_Armenia_Yerevan_1971_p_198.jpg/440px-The_Archaeological_Monuments_and_Spaciments_of_Armenia_Volume_6_Armenia_Yerevan_1971_p_198.jpg 2x" data-file-width="732" data-file-height="732" /></a><figcaption>Rock painting in the caves of <a href="/wiki/Gegham_mountains" title="Gegham mountains">Gegham mountains</a>, Armenia</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AE_%D9%85%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%B1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AE_%D9%85%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%B1.jpg/220px-%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AE_%D9%85%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%B1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AE_%D9%85%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%B1.jpg/330px-%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AE_%D9%85%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%B1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AE_%D9%85%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%B1.jpg/440px-%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AE_%D9%85%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%B1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Lakh_Mazar" title="Lakh Mazar">Lakh Mazar</a>, a pre-historic inscription in Iran</figcaption></figure> The earliest known swastikas are from 10,000 BCE – part of "an intricate meander pattern of joined-up swastikas" found on a late <a href="/wiki/Paleolithic" title="Paleolithic">paleolithic</a> figurine of a bird, carved from <a href="/wiki/Mammoth" title="Mammoth">mammoth</a> ivory, found in <a href="/wiki/Mezine" title="Mezine">Mezine</a>, Ukraine.<a href="#cite_note-72">[70]</a> However, the age of 10,000 BCE is a conservative estimate, and the true age may be as old as 17,000 BCE.<a href="#cite_note-73">[71]</a> It has been suggested that this swastika may be a stylised picture of a <a href="/wiki/Stork" title="Stork">stork</a> in flight.<a href="#cite_note-74">[72]</a> As the carving was found near <a href="/wiki/Phallus" title="Phallus">phallic</a> objects, this may also support the idea that the pattern was a fertility symbol.<a href="#cite_note-BBC_News_2014-2">[2]</a> In the mountains of <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, there are swastikas or spinning wheels inscribed on stone walls, which are estimated to be more than 7,000 years old. One instance is in Khorashad, <a href="/wiki/Birjand" title="Birjand">Birjand</a>, on the holy wall Lakh Mazar.<a href="#cite_note-75">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[74]</a> Mirror-image swastikas (clockwise and counter-clockwise) have been found on ceramic pottery in the <a href="/wiki/Devetashka_cave" title="Devetashka cave">Devetashka cave</a>, Bulgaria, dated to 6,000 BCE.<a href="#cite_note-77">[75]</a> In Asia, swastika symbols first appear in the archaeological record around<a href="#cite_note-Kathleen_M._Nadeau_2010_87-78">[76]</a> 3000 BCE in the Indus Valley Civilisation.<a href="#cite_note-Heller_2008-79">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-80">[78]</a> It also appears in the <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a> cultures around the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a>. In all these cultures, swastika symbols do not appear to occupy any marked position or significance, appearing as just one form of a series of similar symbols of varying complexity. In the <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrian</a> religion of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Persia">Persia</a>, the swastika was a symbol of the revolving sun, infinity, or continuing creation.<a href="#cite_note-81">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[80]</a> It is one of the most common symbols on <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamian</a> coins.<a href="#cite_note-britswast-1">[1]</a> Some researchers put forth the hypothesis that the swastika moved westward from the Indian subcontinent to Finland, <a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Highlands" title="Scottish Highlands">Scottish Highlands</a> and other parts of Europe.<a href="#cite_note-83">[81]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] In England, neolithic or Bronze Age stone carvings of the symbol have been found on <a href="/wiki/Ilkley_Moor" title="Ilkley Moor">Ilkley Moor</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Swastika_Stone" title="Swastika Stone">Swastika Stone</a>. Swastikas have also been found on pottery in archaeological digs in Africa, in the area of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kush" title="Kingdom of Kush">Kush</a> and on pottery at the <a href="/wiki/Jebel_Barkal" title="Jebel Barkal">Jebel Barkal</a> temples,<a href="#cite_note-84">[82]</a> in <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a> designs of the northern <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a> (<a href="/wiki/Koban_culture" title="Koban culture">Koban culture</a>), and in <a href="/wiki/Neolithic_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Neolithic China">Neolithic China</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Majiayao_culture" title="Majiayao culture">Majiayao</a> culture.<a href="#cite_note-GW-85">[83]</a> Swastikas are also seen in Egypt during the Coptic period. Textile number T.231-1923 held at the V&A Museum in London includes small swastikas in its design. This piece was found at Qau-el-Kebir, near <a href="/wiki/Asyut" title="Asyut">Asyut</a>, and is dated between 300 and 600 CE.<a href="#cite_note-86">[84]</a> The Tierwirbel (the German for "animal whorl" or "whirl of animals"<a href="#cite_note-87">[85]</a>) is a characteristic motif in Bronze Age Central Asia, the <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Steppe" title="Eurasian Steppe">Eurasian Steppe</a>, and later also in Iron Age <a href="/wiki/Scythian" class="mw-redirect" title="Scythian">Scythian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age_Europe" title="Iron Age Europe">European</a> (<a href="/wiki/Baltic_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Baltic peoples">Baltic</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[86]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic</a>) culture, showing rotational symmetric arrangement of an <a href="/wiki/Animal_style" title="Animal style">animal motif</a>, often four birds' heads. Even wider diffusion of this "Asiatic" theme has been proposed to the Pacific and even North America (especially <a href="/wiki/Moundville_Archaeological_Site" title="Moundville Archaeological Site">Moundville</a>).<a href="#cite_note-89">[87]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Samarra_bowl.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Samarra bowl, from Iraq, circa 4,000 BCE, held at the Pergamonmuseum, Berlin. The swastika in the centre of the design is a reconstruction.[88]"><img alt="The Samarra bowl, from Iraq, circa 4,000 BCE, held at the Pergamonmuseum, Berlin. The swastika in the centre of the design is a reconstruction.[88]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Samarra_bowl.jpg/197px-Samarra_bowl.jpg" decoding="async" width="197" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Samarra_bowl.jpg/296px-Samarra_bowl.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Samarra_bowl.jpg/394px-Samarra_bowl.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="812" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Samarra_culture" title="Samarra culture">Samarra</a> bowl, from Iraq, circa 4,000 BCE, held at the <a href="/wiki/Pergamonmuseum" class="mw-redirect" title="Pergamonmuseum">Pergamonmuseum</a>, Berlin. The swastika in the centre of the design is a reconstruction.<a href="#cite_note-90">[88]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:IndusValleySeals_swastikas.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Swastika seals from Mohenjo-daro, Pakistan, of the Indus Valley civilisation, circa 2,100 – 1,750 BCE, preserved at the British Museum[89]"><img alt="Swastika seals from Mohenjo-daro, Pakistan, of the Indus Valley civilisation, circa 2,100 – 1,750 BCE, preserved at the British Museum[89]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/IndusValleySeals_swastikas.JPG/200px-IndusValleySeals_swastikas.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/IndusValleySeals_swastikas.JPG/300px-IndusValleySeals_swastikas.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/IndusValleySeals_swastikas.JPG/400px-IndusValleySeals_swastikas.JPG 2x" data-file-width="411" data-file-height="237" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Swastika seals from <a href="/wiki/Mohenjo-daro" title="Mohenjo-daro">Mohenjo-daro</a>, Pakistan, of the <a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_civilisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus Valley civilisation">Indus Valley civilisation</a>, circa 2,100 – 1,750 BCE, preserved at the <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a><a href="#cite_note-91">[89]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Swastika_iran.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A swastika necklace excavated from Marlik, Gilan province, northern Iran, circa 1,200 – 1,050 BCE"><img alt="A swastika necklace excavated from Marlik, Gilan province, northern Iran, circa 1,200 – 1,050 BCE" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Swastika_iran.jpg/200px-Swastika_iran.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Swastika_iran.jpg/300px-Swastika_iran.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9b/Swastika_iran.jpg 2x" data-file-width="344" data-file-height="312" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">A swastika necklace excavated from <a href="/wiki/Marlik" title="Marlik">Marlik</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gilan" class="mw-redirect" title="Gilan">Gilan</a> province, northern Iran, circa 1,200 – 1,050 BCE</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Caucasus">Caucasus</h4></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arevakhach.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Arevakhach.svg/100px-Arevakhach.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Arevakhach.svg/150px-Arevakhach.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Arevakhach.svg/200px-Arevakhach.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="636" data-file-height="636" /></a><figcaption>Armenian <a href="/wiki/Arevakhach" class="mw-redirect" title="Arevakhach">arevakhach</a></figcaption></figure> In Armenia the swastika is called the "<a href="/wiki/Arevakhach" class="mw-redirect" title="Arevakhach">arevakhach</a>" and "kerkhach" (<a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a>: կեռխաչ)<a href="#cite_note-Concise_Armenian_Encyclopedia_p._663-92">[90]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute">dubious</a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Swastika#Dubious" title="Talk:Swastika">discuss</a>] and is the ancient symbol of eternity and eternal light (i.e. God). Swastikas in Armenia were found on petroglyphs from the copper age, predating the Bronze Age. During the Bronze Age it was depicted on <a href="/wiki/Cauldron" title="Cauldron">cauldrons</a>, belts, <a href="/wiki/Medallion" class="mw-redirect" title="Medallion">medallions</a> and other items.<a href="#cite_note-93">[91]</a> Swastikas can also be seen on early Medieval churches and fortresses, including the principal tower in Armenia's historical capital city of <a href="/wiki/Ani" title="Ani">Ani</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Concise_Armenian_Encyclopedia_p._663-92">[90]</a> The same symbol can be found on <a href="/wiki/Armenian_carpet" title="Armenian carpet">Armenian carpets</a>, cross-stones (<a href="/wiki/Khachkar" title="Khachkar">khachkar</a>) and in medieval manuscripts, as well as on modern monuments as a <a href="/wiki/Armenian_eternity_sign" title="Armenian eternity sign">symbol of eternity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-94">[92]</a><div style="clear:left;" class=""></div> Old <a href="/wiki/Petroglyph" title="Petroglyph">petroglyphs</a> of four-beam and other swastikas were recorded in <a href="/wiki/Dagestan" title="Dagestan">Dagestan</a>, in particular, among the <a href="/wiki/Avars_(Caucasus)" title="Avars (Caucasus)">Avars</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Debirov-95">[93]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Vakhushti_of_Kartli" title="Vakhushti of Kartli">Vakhushti of Kartli</a>, the tribal banner of the <a href="/wiki/Avar_Khanate" title="Avar Khanate">Avar khans</a> depicted a wolf with a standard with a double-spiral swastika.<a href="#cite_note-96">[94]</a> Petroglyphs with swastikas were depicted on medieval <a href="/wiki/Vainakh_tower_architecture" title="Vainakh tower architecture">Vainakh tower architecture</a> (see sketches by scholar Bruno Plaetschke from the 1920s).<a href="#cite_note-Plaetschke-97">[95]</a> Thus, a rectangular swastika was made in engraved form on the entrance of a residential tower in the settlement <a href="/wiki/Khimoy" title="Khimoy">Khimoy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chechnya" title="Chechnya">Chechnya</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Plaetschke-97">[95]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:The_petroglyph_with_swastikas,_in_Geghama_mountains,_Armenia.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The petroglyph with swastikas, Gegham mountains, Armenia, circa 8,000 – 5,000 BCE[96]"><img alt="The petroglyph with swastikas, Gegham mountains, Armenia, circa 8,000 – 5,000 BCE[96]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/The_petroglyph_with_swastikas%2C_in_Geghama_mountains%2C_Armenia.jpg/120px-The_petroglyph_with_swastikas%2C_in_Geghama_mountains%2C_Armenia.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/The_petroglyph_with_swastikas%2C_in_Geghama_mountains%2C_Armenia.jpg/180px-The_petroglyph_with_swastikas%2C_in_Geghama_mountains%2C_Armenia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/The_petroglyph_with_swastikas%2C_in_Geghama_mountains%2C_Armenia.jpg/240px-The_petroglyph_with_swastikas%2C_in_Geghama_mountains%2C_Armenia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1550" data-file-height="1092" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The petroglyph with swastikas, <a href="/wiki/Gegham_mountains" title="Gegham mountains">Gegham mountains</a>, Armenia, circa 8,000 – 5,000 BCE<a href="#cite_note-98">[96]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Swastika_of_Avars_Daghestan.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Avar old petroglyph[93]"><img alt="Avar old petroglyph[93]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Swastika_of_Avars_Daghestan.JPG/120px-Swastika_of_Avars_Daghestan.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Swastika_of_Avars_Daghestan.JPG/180px-Swastika_of_Avars_Daghestan.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Swastika_of_Avars_Daghestan.JPG/240px-Swastika_of_Avars_Daghestan.JPG 2x" data-file-width="302" data-file-height="221" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Avars_(Caucasus)" title="Avars (Caucasus)">Avar</a> old petroglyph<a href="#cite_note-Debirov-95">[93]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Swastika_avarian_Dagh.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Avar folk swastika"><img alt="Avar folk swastika" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Swastika_avarian_Dagh.JPG/114px-Swastika_avarian_Dagh.JPG" decoding="async" width="114" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Swastika_avarian_Dagh.JPG/171px-Swastika_avarian_Dagh.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Swastika_avarian_Dagh.JPG/227px-Swastika_avarian_Dagh.JPG 2x" data-file-width="433" data-file-height="457" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Avars_(Caucasus)" title="Avars (Caucasus)">Avar</a> folk swastika</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Armenian_Khachkar_with_Swastikas_Sanahin_Armenia_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Khachkar with swastikas and hexafoils in Sanahin, Armenia"><img alt="Khachkar with swastikas and hexafoils in Sanahin, Armenia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Armenian_Khachkar_with_Swastikas_Sanahin_Armenia_1.jpg/120px-Armenian_Khachkar_with_Swastikas_Sanahin_Armenia_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Armenian_Khachkar_with_Swastikas_Sanahin_Armenia_1.jpg/180px-Armenian_Khachkar_with_Swastikas_Sanahin_Armenia_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Armenian_Khachkar_with_Swastikas_Sanahin_Armenia_1.jpg/240px-Armenian_Khachkar_with_Swastikas_Sanahin_Armenia_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="634" data-file-height="480" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Khachkar" title="Khachkar">Khachkar</a> with swastikas and <a href="/wiki/Hexafoil" title="Hexafoil">hexafoils</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sanahin" title="Sanahin">Sanahin</a>, Armenia</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8B_%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B5_%D1%81%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B2_%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B5.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Swastika on the medieval tower arche in Khimoy, Chechnya"><img alt="Swastika on the medieval tower arche in Khimoy, Chechnya" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8B_%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B5_%D1%81%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B2_%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B5.jpg/120px-%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8B_%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B5_%D1%81%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B2_%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B5.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8B_%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B5_%D1%81%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B2_%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B5.jpg/180px-%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8B_%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B5_%D1%81%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B2_%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B5.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8B_%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B5_%D1%81%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B2_%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B5.jpg/240px-%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8B_%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B5_%D1%81%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B2_%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B5.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="507" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Swastika on the medieval tower arche in <a href="/wiki/Khimoy" title="Khimoy">Khimoy</a>, Chechnya</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Europe">Europe</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Swastika_(Germanic_Iron_Age)" title="Swastika (Germanic Iron Age)">Swastika (Germanic Iron Age)</a></div> Iron Age attestations of swastikas can be associated with <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Europeans" title="Proto-Indo-Europeans">Indo-European</a> cultures such as the <a href="/wiki/Illyrians" title="Illyrians">Illyrians</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Stipčević-99">[97]</a> <a href="/wiki/Indo-Iranians" title="Indo-Iranians">Indo-Iranians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Celt" class="mw-redirect" title="Celt">Celts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greeks" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greeks">Greeks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swastika_(Germanic_Iron_Age)" title="Swastika (Germanic Iron Age)">Germanic peoples</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slavs" title="Slavs">Slavs</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Sintashta_culture" title="Sintashta culture">Sintashta culture</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/Country_of_Towns" title="Country of Towns">Country of Towns</a>", ancient <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Europeans" title="Proto-Indo-Europeans">Indo-European</a> settlements in southern Russia, it has been found a great concentration of some of the oldest swastika patterns.<a href="#cite_note-ru-sled.ru-65">[63]</a> Swastika shapes have been found on numerous artefacts from <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a> Europe.<a href="#cite_note-Concise_Armenian_Encyclopedia_p._663-92">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-100">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-101">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-Stipčević-99">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-MigSym-11">[10]</a> The swastika shape (also called a fylfot) appears on various Germanic <a href="/wiki/Migration_Period" title="Migration Period">Migration Period</a> and <a href="/wiki/Viking_Age" title="Viking Age">Viking Age</a> artifacts, such as the 3rd-century <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A6rl%C3%B8se_Fibula" class="mw-redirect" title="Værløse Fibula">Værløse Fibula</a> from Zealand, Denmark, the <a href="/wiki/Goths" title="Goths">Gothic</a> spearhead from <a href="/wiki/Brest-Litovsk" class="mw-redirect" title="Brest-Litovsk">Brest-Litovsk</a>, today in Belarus, the 9th-century <a href="/wiki/Snoldelev_Stone" title="Snoldelev Stone">Snoldelev Stone</a> from <a href="/wiki/Rams%C3%B8" title="Ramsø">Ramsø</a>, Denmark, and numerous Migration Period <a href="/wiki/Bracteate" title="Bracteate">bracteates</a> drawn left-facing or right-facing.<a href="#cite_note-OLDTIDENS-102">[100]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_paganism" title="Anglo-Saxon paganism">pagan</a> <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxons" title="Anglo-Saxons">Anglo-Saxon</a> <a href="/wiki/Ship_burial" title="Ship burial">ship burial</a> at <a href="/wiki/Sutton_Hoo" title="Sutton Hoo">Sutton Hoo</a>, England, contained numerous items bearing swastikas, now housed in the collection of the <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Archaeology_and_Anthropology,_University_of_Cambridge" title="Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology, University of Cambridge">Cambridge Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology</a>.<a href="#cite_note-DAVIDSON83-103">[101]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">failed verification</a>] A swastika is clearly marked on a hilt and sword belt found at <a href="/wiki/Bifrons" class="mw-redirect" title="Bifrons">Bifrons</a> in Kent, in a grave of about the 6th century. <a href="/wiki/Hilda_Ellis_Davidson" title="Hilda Ellis Davidson">Hilda Ellis Davidson</a> theorised[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] that the swastika symbol was associated with <a href="/wiki/Thor" title="Thor">Thor</a>, possibly representing his <a href="/wiki/Mjolnir" class="mw-redirect" title="Mjolnir">Mjolnir</a> – symbolic of thunder – and possibly being connected to the Bronze Age sun cross.<a href="#cite_note-DAVIDSON83-103">[101]</a> Davidson cites "many examples" of swastika symbols from Anglo-Saxon graves of the pagan period, with particular prominence on cremation urns from the cemeteries of East Anglia.<a href="#cite_note-DAVIDSON83-103">[101]</a> Some of the swastikas on the items, on display at the Cambridge Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology, are depicted with such care and art that, according to Davidson, it must have possessed special significance as a <a href="/wiki/Funerary_art" title="Funerary art">funerary symbol</a>.<a href="#cite_note-DAVIDSON83-103">[101]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Runic_inscription" class="mw-redirect" title="Runic inscription">runic inscription</a> on the 8th-century <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A6b%C3%B8_sword" title="Sæbø sword">Sæbø sword</a> has been taken as evidence of the swastika as a symbol of Thor in <a href="/wiki/Norse_paganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Norse paganism">Norse paganism</a>. The bronze frontispiece of a ritual pre-Christian (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 350–50 BCE) shield found in the <a href="/wiki/River_Thames" title="River Thames">River Thames</a> near <a href="/wiki/Battersea_Bridge" title="Battersea Bridge">Battersea Bridge</a> (hence "<a href="/wiki/Battersea_Shield" title="Battersea Shield">Battersea Shield</a>") is embossed with 27 swastikas in bronze and red enamel.<a href="#cite_note-104">[102]</a> An <a href="/wiki/Ogham" title="Ogham">Ogham</a> stone found in Aglish, <a href="/wiki/County_Kerry" title="County Kerry">County Kerry</a>, Ireland (<a href="/wiki/CIIC" class="mw-redirect" title="CIIC">CIIC</a> 141) was modified into an early Christian gravestone, and was decorated with a <a href="/wiki/Cross_patt%C3%A9e" title="Cross pattée">cross pattée</a> and two swastikas.<a href="#cite_note-105">[103]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Kells" title="Book of Kells">Book of Kells</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 800 CE) contains swastika-shaped ornamentation. At the Northern edge of <a href="/wiki/Ilkley_Moor" title="Ilkley Moor">Ilkley Moor</a> in West Yorkshire, there is a swastika-shaped pattern engraved in a stone known as the <a href="/wiki/Swastika_Stone" title="Swastika Stone">Swastika Stone</a>.<a href="#cite_note-106">[104]</a> A number of swastikas have been found embossed in <a href="/wiki/Galicia_(Spain)" title="Galicia (Spain)">Galician</a> metal pieces and carved in stones, mostly from the <a href="/wiki/Castro_culture" title="Castro culture">Castro culture</a> period, although there also are contemporary examples (imitating old patterns for decorative purposes).<a href="#cite_note-107">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-108">[106]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Swastika_from_Baltic.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Swastika_from_Baltic.jpg/150px-Swastika_from_Baltic.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="503" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b5/Swastika_from_Baltic.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="671" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ugunskrusts" title="Ugunskrusts">Ugunskrusts</a> motif</figcaption></figure> The ancient <a href="/wiki/Balts" title="Balts">Baltic</a> thunder cross symbol (pērkona krusts (cross of <a href="/wiki/Perkons" class="mw-redirect" title="Perkons">Perkons</a>); also fire cross, <a href="/wiki/Ugunskrusts" title="Ugunskrusts">ugunskrusts</a>) is a swastika symbol used to decorate objects, traditional clothing and in <a href="/wiki/Excavation_(archaeology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Excavation (archaeology)">archaeological excavations</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Guénon-2001-109">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-110">[108]</a> According to painter Stanisław Jakubowski, the "little sun" (Polish: słoneczko) is an <a href="/wiki/Early_Slavs" title="Early Slavs">Early Slavic</a> pagan symbol of the Sun; he claimed it was engraved on wooden monuments built near the final resting places of fallen Slavs to represent eternal life. The symbol was first seen in his collection of Early Slavic symbols and architectural features, which he named Prasłowiańskie motywy architektoniczne (Polish: Early Slavic Architectural Motifs). His work was published in 1923.<a href="#cite_note-Old_Slavic_Symbols-111">[109]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Boreyko_coat_of_arms" title="Boreyko coat of arms">Boreyko coat of arms</a> with a red swastika was used by several noble families in the <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a>.<a href="#cite_note-112">[110]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Boris_Kuftin" title="Boris Kuftin">Boris Kuftin</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Russians" title="Russians">Russians</a> often used swastikas as a decorative element and as the basis of the ornament on traditional weaving products.<a href="#cite_note-Kuftin-113">[111]</a> Many can be seen on a women's folk costume from the <a href="/wiki/Meshchera_Lowlands" title="Meshchera Lowlands">Meshchera Lowlands</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Kuftin-113">[111]</a> According to some authors, Russian names popularly associated with the swastika include veterok ("breeze"),<a href="#cite_note-echoMsk-114">[112]</a> ognevtsi ("little flames"), "geese", "hares" (a towel with a swastika was called a towel with "hares"), or "little horses".<a href="#cite_note-Bogdasarov2002-115">[113]</a> The similar word "koleso" ("wheel") was used for rosette-shaped amulets, such as a <a href="/wiki/Hexafoil" title="Hexafoil">hexafoil</a>-thunder wheel <a href="/wiki/File:Thunder_mark_(1).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Thunder_mark_%281%29.svg/30px-Thunder_mark_%281%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Thunder_mark_%281%29.svg/45px-Thunder_mark_%281%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Thunder_mark_%281%29.svg/60px-Thunder_mark_%281%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="334" data-file-height="376" /></a>) in folklore, particularly in the <a href="/wiki/Russian_North" title="Russian North">Russian North</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ivanits-116">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-Garshol-117">[115]</a> An object very much like a hammer or a double axe is depicted among the magical symbols on the drums of <a href="/wiki/Sami_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Sami people">Sami</a> <a href="/wiki/Noaidi" title="Noaidi">noaidi</a>, used in their religious ceremonies before Christianity was established. The name of the Sami thunder god was <a href="/wiki/Horagalles" title="Horagalles">Horagalles</a>, thought to derive from "Old Man Thor" (Þórr karl). Sometimes on the drums, a male figure with a hammer-like object in either hand is shown, and sometimes it is more like a cross with crooked ends, or a swastika.<a href="#cite_note-DAVIDSON83-103">[101]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:ReceBogaSwargi.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ancient symbol the Hands of God or "Hands of Svarog" (Polish: Ręce Swaroga)[116]"><img alt="Ancient symbol the Hands of God or "Hands of Svarog" (Polish: Ręce Swaroga)[116]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/ReceBogaSwargi.svg/120px-ReceBogaSwargi.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/ReceBogaSwargi.svg/180px-ReceBogaSwargi.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/ReceBogaSwargi.svg/240px-ReceBogaSwargi.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ancient symbol the <a href="/wiki/Ashtray_from_Bia%C5%82a#Hands_of_God" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashtray from Biała">Hands of God</a> or "Hands of Svarog" (Polish: Ręce Swaroga)<a href="#cite_note-118">[116]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Laimas_krusts_Lielvardes_josta.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Swastika on the Lielvārde Belt, Latvia"><img alt="Swastika on the Lielvārde Belt, Latvia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Laimas_krusts_Lielvardes_josta.jpg/90px-Laimas_krusts_Lielvardes_josta.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Laimas_krusts_Lielvardes_josta.jpg/135px-Laimas_krusts_Lielvardes_josta.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Laimas_krusts_Lielvardes_josta.jpg/180px-Laimas_krusts_Lielvardes_josta.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1512" data-file-height="2016" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Swastika on the <a href="/wiki/Lielv%C4%81rde_Belt" class="mw-redirect" title="Lielvārde Belt">Lielvārde Belt</a>, Latvia</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:POL_COA_Boreyko.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Boreyko coat of arms"><img alt="Boreyko coat of arms" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/POL_COA_Boreyko.svg/119px-POL_COA_Boreyko.svg.png" decoding="async" width="119" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/POL_COA_Boreyko.svg/179px-POL_COA_Boreyko.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/POL_COA_Boreyko.svg/239px-POL_COA_Boreyko.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="730" data-file-height="734" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Boreyko_coat_of_arms" title="Boreyko coat of arms">Boreyko coat of arms</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Southern_and_eastern_Asia">Southern and eastern Asia</h3></div> The icon has been of spiritual significance to Indian religions such as Hinduism, Buddhism and Jainism.<a href="#cite_note-p.97-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-britswast-1">[1]</a> The swastika is a sacred symbol in the <a href="/wiki/B%C3%B6n" class="mw-redirect" title="Bön">Bön</a> religion, native to <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hinduism">Hinduism</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:291px;max-width:291px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">Hindu swastikas</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:90px;max-width:90px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:90px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:HinduSwastika.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/HinduSwastika.svg/88px-HinduSwastika.svg.png" decoding="async" width="88" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/HinduSwastika.svg/132px-HinduSwastika.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/HinduSwastika.svg/176px-HinduSwastika.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="142" data-file-height="145" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Hindu swastika</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:92px;max-width:92px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:90px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Sauwastika.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Sauwastika.svg/90px-Sauwastika.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Sauwastika.svg/135px-Sauwastika.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Sauwastika.svg/180px-Sauwastika.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="70" data-file-height="70" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Sauwastika</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:99px;max-width:99px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:90px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Bengali_Swastika_Symbol_half.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Bengali_Swastika_Symbol_half.svg/97px-Bengali_Swastika_Symbol_half.svg.png" decoding="async" width="97" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Bengali_Swastika_Symbol_half.svg/146px-Bengali_Swastika_Symbol_half.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Bengali_Swastika_Symbol_half.svg/194px-Bengali_Swastika_Symbol_half.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="428" data-file-height="396" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Bengali swastika</div></div></div></div></div> The swastika is an important Hindu symbol.<a href="#cite_note-britswast-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-p.97-8">[8]</a> The swastika symbol is commonly used before entrances or on doorways of homes or temples, to mark the starting page of financial statements, and <a href="/wiki/Mandala" title="Mandala">mandalas</a> constructed for rituals such as weddings or welcoming a newborn.<a href="#cite_note-britswast-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lander2013p27-119">[117]</a> The swastika has a particular association with <a href="/wiki/Diwali" title="Diwali">Diwali</a>, being drawn in <a href="/wiki/Rangoli" title="Rangoli">rangoli</a> (coloured sand) or formed with <a href="/wiki/Deepak" title="Deepak">deepak</a> lights on the floor outside Hindu houses and on wall hangings and other decorations.<a href="#cite_note-120">[118]</a> In the diverse traditions within Hinduism, both the clockwise and counterclockwise swastika are found, with different meanings. The clockwise or right hand icon is called swastika, while the counterclockwise or left hand icon is called sauwastika or sauvastika.<a href="#cite_note-britswast-1">[1]</a> The clockwise swastika is a solar symbol (<a href="/wiki/Surya" title="Surya">Surya</a>), suggesting the motion of the Sun in India (the northern hemisphere), where it appears to enter from the east, then ascend to the south at midday, exiting to the west.<a href="#cite_note-britswast-1">[1]</a> The counterclockwise sauwastika is less used; it connotes the night, and in tantric traditions it is an icon for the goddess <a href="/wiki/Kali" title="Kali">Kali</a>, the terrifying form of <a href="/wiki/Devi" title="Devi">Devi</a> <a href="/wiki/Durga" title="Durga">Durga</a>.<a href="#cite_note-britswast-1">[1]</a> The symbol also represents activity, karma, motion, wheel, and in some contexts the lotus.<a href="#cite_note-Sullivan2001p216-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-snodgrass82-6">[6]</a> According to Norman McClelland its symbolism for motion and the Sun may be from shared prehistoric cultural roots.<a href="#cite_note-121">[119]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed center"> <li class="gallerycaption">A swastika is typical in Hindu temples</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Jaipur_03-2016_38_Garh_Ganesh_Temple.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A Hindu temple in Rajasthan, India"><img alt="A Hindu temple in Rajasthan, India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Jaipur_03-2016_38_Garh_Ganesh_Temple.jpg/270px-Jaipur_03-2016_38_Garh_Ganesh_Temple.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Jaipur_03-2016_38_Garh_Ganesh_Temple.jpg/405px-Jaipur_03-2016_38_Garh_Ganesh_Temple.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Jaipur_03-2016_38_Garh_Ganesh_Temple.jpg/540px-Jaipur_03-2016_38_Garh_Ganesh_Temple.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4520" data-file-height="3013" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">A Hindu temple in <a href="/wiki/Rajasthan" title="Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a>, India</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 213.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 211.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF.png" class="mw-file-description" title="A swastika inside a temple"><img alt="A swastika inside a temple" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF.png/317px-%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF.png" decoding="async" width="212" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF.png/476px-%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF.png/635px-%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF.png 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1090" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">A swastika inside a temple</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:A_Hindu_Swastika_at_Goa_Lawah_Temple_Bali_Indonesia.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Balinese Hindu pura Goa Lawah entrance"><img alt="The Balinese Hindu pura Goa Lawah entrance" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/A_Hindu_Swastika_at_Goa_Lawah_Temple_Bali_Indonesia.jpg/271px-A_Hindu_Swastika_at_Goa_Lawah_Temple_Bali_Indonesia.jpg" decoding="async" width="181" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/A_Hindu_Swastika_at_Goa_Lawah_Temple_Bali_Indonesia.jpg/407px-A_Hindu_Swastika_at_Goa_Lawah_Temple_Bali_Indonesia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/A_Hindu_Swastika_at_Goa_Lawah_Temple_Bali_Indonesia.jpg/542px-A_Hindu_Swastika_at_Goa_Lawah_Temple_Bali_Indonesia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Balinese_Hinduism" title="Balinese Hinduism">Balinese Hindu</a> <a href="/wiki/Pura_Goa_Lawah" title="Pura Goa Lawah">pura Goa Lawah</a> entrance</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Bali_014_-_Ubud_-_swastika.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A Balinese Hindu shrine"><img alt="A Balinese Hindu shrine" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Bali_014_-_Ubud_-_swastika.jpg/270px-Bali_014_-_Ubud_-_swastika.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Bali_014_-_Ubud_-_swastika.jpg/405px-Bali_014_-_Ubud_-_swastika.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Bali_014_-_Ubud_-_swastika.jpg/540px-Bali_014_-_Ubud_-_swastika.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2376" data-file-height="1584" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">A Balinese Hindu shrine</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Buddhism">Buddhism</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Buddhist_Swastika_with_24_Beads.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Buddhist_Swastika_with_24_Beads.svg/170px-Buddhist_Swastika_with_24_Beads.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Buddhist_Swastika_with_24_Beads.svg/255px-Buddhist_Swastika_with_24_Beads.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Buddhist_Swastika_with_24_Beads.svg/340px-Buddhist_Swastika_with_24_Beads.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="466" /></a><figcaption>Sauwastika with 24 beads <a href="/wiki/Japamala" title="Japamala">japamala</a>, primarily used in Malaysian Buddhism</figcaption></figure>In <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>, the swastika is considered to symbolise the auspicious footprints of the Buddha.<a href="#cite_note-britswast-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-silverblatt109-14">[13]</a> The left-facing sauwastika is often imprinted on the chest, feet or palms of <a href="/wiki/Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddha">Buddha</a> images. It is an aniconic symbol for the Buddha in many parts of Asia and homologous with the <a href="/wiki/Dharmachakra" title="Dharmachakra">dharma wheel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-snodgrass82-6">[6]</a> The shape symbolises eternal cycling, a theme found in the <a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra_(Buddhism)" title="Saṃsāra (Buddhism)">samsara</a> doctrine of Buddhism.<a href="#cite_note-snodgrass82-6">[6]</a> The swastika symbol is common in <a href="/wiki/Esoteric_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Esoteric Buddhism">esoteric tantric traditions of Buddhism</a>, along with Hinduism, where it is found with <a href="/wiki/Chakra" title="Chakra">chakra</a> theories and other meditative aids.<a href="#cite_note-Lander2013p27-119">[117]</a> The clockwise symbol is more common, and contrasts with the counterclockwise version common in the Tibetan <a href="/wiki/Bon" title="Bon">Bon</a> tradition and locally called yungdrung.<a href="#cite_note-122">[120]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Swastika_in_Ashoka_Barabar_Caves_edict.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Swastika_in_Ashoka_Barabar_Caves_edict.jpg/220px-Swastika_in_Ashoka_Barabar_Caves_edict.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e2/Swastika_in_Ashoka_Barabar_Caves_edict.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="296" data-file-height="214" /></a><figcaption>Sauwastika monogram at the end of <a href="/wiki/Barabar_Caves" title="Barabar Caves">Karna Chaupar Cave</a> edict of Ashoka</figcaption></figure> In East Asia, the swastika is prevalent in Buddhist monasteries and communities. It is commonly found in Buddhist temples, religious artifacts, texts related to Buddhism and schools founded by Buddhist religious groups. It also appears as a design or motif (singularly or woven into a pattern) on textiles, architecture and various decorative objects as a symbol of luck and good fortune. The icon is also found as a sacred symbol in the Bon tradition, but in the left-facing orientation.<a href="#cite_note-John_Powers-53">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-lee86-123">[121]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Jainism">Jainism</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg/170px-Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg/255px-Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg/340px-Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1124" data-file-height="1934" /></a><figcaption>Jain symbol (Prateek) containing a swastika</figcaption></figure> In <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a>, it is a symbol of the seventh <a href="/wiki/Tirthankara" title="Tirthankara">tīrthaṅkara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suparshvanatha" title="Suparshvanatha">Suparśvanātha</a>.<a href="#cite_note-britswast-1">[1]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Av%C4%93t%C4%81mbara" class="mw-redirect" title="Śvētāmbara">Śvētāmbara</a> tradition, it is also one of the <a href="/wiki/Ashtamangala" title="Ashtamangala">aṣṭamaṅgala</a> or eight auspicious symbols. All <a href="/wiki/Jain_temple" title="Jain temple">Jain temples</a> and holy books must contain the swastika and ceremonies typically begin and end with creating a swastika mark several times with rice around the altar. Jains use rice to make a swastika in front of statues and then put an offering on it, usually a ripe or dried fruit, a sweet (<a href="/wiki/Hindi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindi language">Hindi</a>: मिठाई miṭhāī), or a coin or currency note. The four arms of the swastika symbolise the four places where a soul could be reborn in <a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra_(Jainism)" title="Saṃsāra (Jainism)">samsara</a>, the cycle of birth and death – <a href="/wiki/Svarga" title="Svarga">svarga</a> "heaven", <a href="/wiki/Naraka_(Jainism)" title="Naraka (Jainism)">naraka</a> "hell", manushya "humanity" or tiryancha "as flora or fauna" – before the soul attains <a href="/wiki/Moksha_(Jainism)" title="Moksha (Jainism)">moksha</a> "salvation" as a <a href="/wiki/Siddha#Siddha_in_Jainism" title="Siddha">siddha</a>, having ended the cycle of birth and death and become <a href="/wiki/Omniscience" title="Omniscience">omniscient</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Cort_2001_17-7">[7]</a><div style="clear:left;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Prevalence_in_southern_Asia">Prevalence in southern Asia</h4></div> In Bhutan, India, Nepal and Sri Lanka, the swastika is common. Temples, businesses and other organisations, such as the Buddhist libraries, <a href="/wiki/Ahmedabad_Stock_Exchange" title="Ahmedabad Stock Exchange">Ahmedabad Stock Exchange</a> and the Nepal Chamber of Commerce,<a href="#cite_note-124">[122]</a> use the swastika in reliefs or logos.<a href="#cite_note-lee86-123">[121]</a> Swastikas are ubiquitous in Indian and Nepalese communities, located on shops, buildings, transport vehicles, and clothing. The swastika remains prominent in Hindu ceremonies such as weddings. The left facing sauwastika symbol is found in tantric rituals.<a href="#cite_note-britswast-1">[1]</a> <a href="/wiki/Musaeus_College" title="Musaeus College">Musaeus College</a> in Colombo, Sri Lanka, a Buddhist girls' school, has a left facing swastika in their school logo. In India, Swastik and Swastika, with their spelling variants, are first names for males and females respectively, for instance with <a href="/wiki/Swastika_Mukherjee" title="Swastika Mukherjee">Swastika Mukherjee</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_Bihar" title="Emblem of Bihar">Emblem of Bihar</a> contains two swastikas.<div style="clear:left;" class=""></div> In Bhutan, swastika motifs are found in architecture, fabrics and religious ceremonies. Among the predominantly Hindu population of <a href="/wiki/Bali" title="Bali">Bali</a>, in Indonesia, swastikas are common in temples, homes and public spaces. Similarly, the swastika is a common icon associated with Buddha's footprints in Theravada Buddhist communities of Myanmar, Thailand and Cambodia.<a href="#cite_note-lee86-123">[121]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Tantra" title="Tantra">Tantra</a>-based new religious movement <a href="/wiki/Ananda_Marga" title="Ananda Marga">Ananda Marga</a> (Devanagari: आनन्द मार्ग, meaning 'Path of Bliss') uses a motif similar to the Raëlians, but in their case the apparent star of David is defined as intersecting triangles with no specific reference to Jewish culture. <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Torajan_pattern_-_pa%27sepu%27_to_Ronkong.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="One of common carving patterns of Torajan people in Indonesia."><img alt="One of common carving patterns of Torajan people in Indonesia." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Torajan_pattern_-_pa%27sepu%27_to_Ronkong.svg/120px-Torajan_pattern_-_pa%27sepu%27_to_Ronkong.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Torajan_pattern_-_pa%27sepu%27_to_Ronkong.svg/180px-Torajan_pattern_-_pa%27sepu%27_to_Ronkong.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Torajan_pattern_-_pa%27sepu%27_to_Ronkong.svg/240px-Torajan_pattern_-_pa%27sepu%27_to_Ronkong.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="800" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">One of common carving patterns of <a href="/wiki/Torajan_people" title="Torajan people">Torajan people</a> in Indonesia.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:%C4%80nanda_M%C4%81rga_Symbol.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="The symbol of the Ananda Marga movement"><img alt="The symbol of the Ananda Marga movement" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/%C4%80nanda_M%C4%81rga_Symbol.svg/106px-%C4%80nanda_M%C4%81rga_Symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="106" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/%C4%80nanda_M%C4%81rga_Symbol.svg/159px-%C4%80nanda_M%C4%81rga_Symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/%C4%80nanda_M%C4%81rga_Symbol.svg/211px-%C4%80nanda_M%C4%81rga_Symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="454" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The symbol of the Ananda Marga movement</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Spread_to_eastern_Asia">Spread to eastern Asia</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Chinese_auspicious_ornaments_in_textile_and_clothing#Wan" title="Chinese auspicious ornaments in textile and clothing">Chinese auspicious ornaments in textile and clothing § Wan</a>; and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_symbols,_designs,_and_art_motifs" title="List of Chinese symbols, designs, and art motifs">List of Chinese symbols, designs, and art motifs</a></div> The swastika is an auspicious symbol in China where it was introduced from India with <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pacificasiamuseum-125">[123]</a> In 693, during the <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a>, it was declared as "the source of all good fortune" and was called wan by <a href="/wiki/Wu_Zetian" title="Wu Zetian">Wu Zetian</a> becoming a Chinese word.<a href="#cite_note-pacificasiamuseum-125">[123]</a> The Chinese character for wan (pinyin: wàn) is similar to a swastika in shape and has two different variations:《卐》and 《卍》. As the Chinese character wan (卐 or 卍) is homonym for the Chinese word of "ten thousand" (万) and "infinity", as such the Chinese character is itself a symbol of immortality<a href="#cite_note-126">[124]</a> and infinity.<a href="#cite_note-Dusenberry-2004-127">[125]</a>: 175  It was also a representation of <a href="/wiki/Longevity" title="Longevity">longevity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Dusenberry-2004-127">[125]</a>: 175  The Chinese character wan could be used as a stand-alone《卐》or《卍》or as be used as pairs《卐 卍》in Chinese visual arts, decorative arts, and clothing due to its auspicious connotation.<a href="#cite_note-Dusenberry-2004-127">[125]</a>: 175  Adding the character wan (卐 or 卍) to other auspicious Chinese symbols or patterns can multiply that wish by 10,000 times.<a href="#cite_note-pacificasiamuseum-125">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dusenberry-2004-127">[125]</a>: 175  It can be combined with other Chinese characters, such as the Chinese character <a href="/wiki/Shou_(character)" title="Shou (character)">shou</a>《壽》for longevity where it is sometimes even integrated into the Chinese character shou to augment the meaning of longevity.<a href="#cite_note-Dusenberry-2004-127">[125]</a>: 175  The paired swastika symbols (卐 and 卍) are included, at least since the <a href="/wiki/Liao_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Liao Dynasty">Liao Dynasty</a> (907–1125 CE), as part of the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_character" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese character">Chinese writing system</a> and are <a href="/wiki/Variant_Chinese_characters" title="Variant Chinese characters">variant characters</a> for 《萬》 or 《万》 (wàn in Mandarin, 《만》(man) in Korean, Cantonese, and Japanese, vạn in Vietnamese) meaning "<a href="/wiki/Myriad" title="Myriad">myriad</a>".<a href="#cite_note-128">[126]</a> The character wan can also be stylized in the form of the <a href="/wiki/Xiangyun_(Auspicious_clouds)" title="Xiangyun (Auspicious clouds)">xiangyun</a>, Chinese auspicious clouds. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Japanese_Crest_Maru_ni_Hidari_Mannji.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Japanese_Crest_Maru_ni_Hidari_Mannji.svg/110px-Japanese_Crest_Maru_ni_Hidari_Mannji.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Japanese_Crest_Maru_ni_Hidari_Mannji.svg/165px-Japanese_Crest_Maru_ni_Hidari_Mannji.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Japanese_Crest_Maru_ni_Hidari_Mannji.svg/220px-Japanese_Crest_Maru_ni_Hidari_Mannji.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="688" data-file-height="688" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Mon_(emblem)" title="Mon (emblem)">mon</a> (family crest) of the <a href="/wiki/Hachisuka_clan" title="Hachisuka clan">Hachisuka clan</a></figcaption></figure> When the Chinese writing system was introduced to Japan in the 8th century, the swastika was adopted into the Japanese language and culture. It is commonly referred as the manji (lit. "10,000-character"). Since the Middle Ages, it has been used as a <a href="/wiki/Mon_(emblem)" title="Mon (emblem)">mon</a> by various Japanese families such as <a href="/wiki/Tsugaru_clan" title="Tsugaru clan">Tsugaru clan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hachisuka_clan" title="Hachisuka clan">Hachisuka clan</a> or around 60 clans that belong to <a href="/wiki/Tokugawa_clan" title="Tokugawa clan">Tokugawa clan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-129">[127]</a> The city of <a href="/wiki/Hirosaki" title="Hirosaki">Hirosaki</a> in <a href="/wiki/Aomori_Prefecture" title="Aomori Prefecture">Aomori Prefecture</a> designates this symbol as its official flag, which stemmed from its use in the emblem of the <a href="/wiki/Tsugaru_clan" title="Tsugaru clan">Tsugaru clan</a>, the lords of <a href="/wiki/Hirosaki_Domain" title="Hirosaki Domain">Hirosaki Domain</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Edo_period" title="Edo period">Edo period</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In Japan, the swastika is also used as a <a href="/wiki/List_of_Japanese_map_symbols" title="List of Japanese map symbols">map symbol</a> and is designated by the Survey Act and related Japanese governmental rules to denote a <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_temple" title="Buddhist temple">Buddhist temple</a>.<a href="#cite_note-130">[128]</a> Japan has considered changing this due to occasional controversy and misunderstanding by foreigners.<a href="#cite_note-telegraph290721-131">[129]</a> The symbol is sometimes censored in international versions of Japanese works, such as anime.<a href="#cite_note-CBR-2021-132">[130]</a> Censorship of this symbol in Japan and in Japanese media abroad has been subject to occasional controversy related to freedom of speech, with critics of the censorship arguing it does not respect history nor freedom of speech.<a href="#cite_note-telegraph290721-131">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-CBR-2021-132">[130]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sayagata.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Sayagata.svg/110px-Sayagata.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Sayagata.svg/165px-Sayagata.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Sayagata.svg/220px-Sayagata.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1653" data-file-height="1653" /></a><figcaption>Sayagata pattern</figcaption></figure> In <a href="/wiki/Chinese_art" title="Chinese art">Chinese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Japanese_art" title="Japanese art">Japanese art</a>, swastikas are often found as part of a repeating pattern. One common pattern, called sayagata in Japanese, comprises left- and right-facing swastikas joined by lines.<a href="#cite_note-133">[131]</a> As the negative space between the lines has a distinctive shape, the sayagata pattern is sometimes called the key fret motif in English.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Many <a href="/wiki/Chinese_folk_religion" title="Chinese folk religion">Chinese religions</a> make use of swastika symbols, including <a href="/wiki/Guiyidao" title="Guiyidao">Guiyidao</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shanrendao" title="Shanrendao">Shanrendao</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Red_Swastika_Society" title="Red Swastika Society">Red Swastika Society</a>, formed in China in 1922 as the philanthropic branch of Guiyidao, became the largest supplier of emergency relief in China during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, in the same manner as the <a href="/wiki/International_Red_Cross_and_Red_Crescent_Movement" title="International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement">Red Cross</a> in the rest of the world. The Red Swastika Society abandoned mainland China in 1954, settling first in Hong Kong then in Taiwan. They continue to use the red swastika as their symbol.<a href="#cite_note-134">[132]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Falun_Gong" title="Falun Gong">Falun Gong</a> <a href="/wiki/Qigong" title="Qigong">qigong</a> movement, founded in China in the early 1990s, uses a symbol that features a large swastika surrounded by four smaller (and rounded) ones, interspersed with <a href="/wiki/Yin_and_yang" title="Yin and yang">yin-and-yang</a> symbols.<a href="#cite_note-135">[133]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Shou_Swastika.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chinese character wan integrated into one of the stylistic versions of the Chinese character shou"><img alt="Chinese character wan integrated into one of the stylistic versions of the Chinese character shou" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Shou_Swastika.svg/114px-Shou_Swastika.svg.png" decoding="async" width="114" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Shou_Swastika.svg/171px-Shou_Swastika.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Shou_Swastika.svg/228px-Shou_Swastika.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="421" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Chinese character wan integrated into one of the stylistic versions of the Chinese character <a href="/wiki/Shou_(character)" title="Shou (character)">shou</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Robe,_dragon,_man%27s_(AM_9838-33).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Paired character wan on a dragon robe, Qing dynasty"><img alt="Paired character wan on a dragon robe, Qing dynasty" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Robe%2C_dragon%2C_man%27s_%28AM_9838-33%29.jpg/120px-Robe%2C_dragon%2C_man%27s_%28AM_9838-33%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Robe%2C_dragon%2C_man%27s_%28AM_9838-33%29.jpg/180px-Robe%2C_dragon%2C_man%27s_%28AM_9838-33%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Robe%2C_dragon%2C_man%27s_%28AM_9838-33%29.jpg/240px-Robe%2C_dragon%2C_man%27s_%28AM_9838-33%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Paired character wan on a <a href="/wiki/Dragon_robe" title="Dragon robe">dragon robe</a>, Qing dynasty</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Swastika-seoel_(xndr).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Swastika on a temple in Korea"><img alt="Swastika on a temple in Korea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Swastika-seoel_%28xndr%29.jpg/120px-Swastika-seoel_%28xndr%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Swastika-seoel_%28xndr%29.jpg/180px-Swastika-seoel_%28xndr%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Swastika-seoel_%28xndr%29.jpg/240px-Swastika-seoel_%28xndr%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1760" data-file-height="1141" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Swastika on a temple in Korea</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Wanguo_Daodehui.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Symbol of Shanrendao, a Confucian-Taoism religious movement in Northeast China"><img alt="Symbol of Shanrendao, a Confucian-Taoism religious movement in Northeast China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Wanguo_Daodehui.svg/120px-Wanguo_Daodehui.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Wanguo_Daodehui.svg/180px-Wanguo_Daodehui.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Wanguo_Daodehui.svg/240px-Wanguo_Daodehui.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="450" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Symbol of <a href="/wiki/Shanrendao" title="Shanrendao">Shanrendao</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Confucian-Taoism</a> religious movement in Northeast China</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_swastika_flag.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of the Red Swastika Society, the largest emergency relief group in China during World War II"><img alt="Flag of the Red Swastika Society, the largest emergency relief group in China during World War II" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Red_swastika_flag.svg/120px-Red_swastika_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Red_swastika_flag.svg/180px-Red_swastika_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Red_swastika_flag.svg/240px-Red_swastika_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Flag of the <a href="/wiki/Red_Swastika_Society" title="Red Swastika Society">Red Swastika Society</a>, the largest emergency relief group in China during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Saisiyat_pattern_of_the_Goddess_of_Thunder.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The pattern of the Goddess of Thunder (wa:on) of Saisiyat people in Taiwan."><img alt="The pattern of the Goddess of Thunder (wa:on) of Saisiyat people in Taiwan." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Saisiyat_pattern_of_the_Goddess_of_Thunder.jpg/120px-Saisiyat_pattern_of_the_Goddess_of_Thunder.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Saisiyat_pattern_of_the_Goddess_of_Thunder.jpg/180px-Saisiyat_pattern_of_the_Goddess_of_Thunder.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Saisiyat_pattern_of_the_Goddess_of_Thunder.jpg/240px-Saisiyat_pattern_of_the_Goddess_of_Thunder.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="2448" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The pattern of the Goddess of Thunder (wa:on) of <a href="/wiki/Saisiyat_people" title="Saisiyat people">Saisiyat people</a> in Taiwan.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Falun_Gong_Logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="The symbol of the Falun Gong movement"><img alt="The symbol of the Falun Gong movement" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Falun_Gong_Logo.svg/120px-Falun_Gong_Logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Falun_Gong_Logo.svg/180px-Falun_Gong_Logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Falun_Gong_Logo.svg/240px-Falun_Gong_Logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="443" data-file-height="443" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The symbol of the Falun Gong movement</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Classical_Europe">Classical Europe</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ott%C5%AFv_slovn%C3%ADk_nau%C4%8Dn%C3%BD_-_obr%C3%A1zek_%C4%8D._2643.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Ott%C5%AFv_slovn%C3%ADk_nau%C4%8Dn%C3%BD_-_obr%C3%A1zek_%C4%8D._2643.svg/220px-Ott%C5%AFv_slovn%C3%ADk_nau%C4%8Dn%C3%BD_-_obr%C3%A1zek_%C4%8D._2643.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="422" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Ott%C5%AFv_slovn%C3%ADk_nau%C4%8Dn%C3%BD_-_obr%C3%A1zek_%C4%8D._2643.svg/330px-Ott%C5%AFv_slovn%C3%ADk_nau%C4%8Dn%C3%BD_-_obr%C3%A1zek_%C4%8D._2643.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Ott%C5%AFv_slovn%C3%ADk_nau%C4%8Dn%C3%BD_-_obr%C3%A1zek_%C4%8D._2643.svg/440px-Ott%C5%AFv_slovn%C3%ADk_nau%C4%8Dn%C3%BD_-_obr%C3%A1zek_%C4%8D._2643.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="920" /></a><figcaption>Various <a href="/wiki/Meander_(art)" title="Meander (art)">meander</a> patterns, a.k.a. Greek keys</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a> architectural, clothing and coin designs are replete with single or interlinking swastika motifs. There are also gold plate <a href="/wiki/Fibula_(brooch)" title="Fibula (brooch)">fibulae</a> from the 8th century BCE decorated with an engraved swastika.<a href="#cite_note-136">[134]</a> Related symbols in classical Western architecture include the cross, the three-legged triskele or <a href="/wiki/Triskelion" title="Triskelion">triskelion</a> and the rounded <a href="/wiki/Lauburu" title="Lauburu">lauburu</a>. The swastika symbol is also known in these contexts by a number of names, especially gammadion,<a href="#cite_note-137">[135]</a> or rather the tetra-gammadion. The name gammadion comes from its being seen as being made up of four Greek <a href="/wiki/Gamma" title="Gamma">gamma</a> (Γ) letters. Ancient Greek architectural designs are replete with the interlinking symbol. In <a href="/wiki/Art_in_Ancient_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Art in Ancient Greece">Greco-Roman</a> art and architecture, and in <a href="/wiki/Romanesque_architecture" title="Romanesque architecture">Romanesque</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gothic_art" title="Gothic art">Gothic art</a> in the West, isolated swastikas are relatively rare, and the swastika is more commonly found as a repeated element in a border or tessellation. Swastikas often represented perpetual motion, reflecting the design of a rotating windmill or watermill. A meander of connected swastikas makes up the large band that surrounds the <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustan</a> <a href="/wiki/Ara_Pacis" title="Ara Pacis">Ara Pacis</a>. A design of interlocking swastikas is one of several <a href="/wiki/Tessellation" title="Tessellation">tessellations</a> on the floor of the <a href="/wiki/Amiens_Cathedral" title="Amiens Cathedral">cathedral</a> of <a href="/wiki/Amiens" title="Amiens">Amiens</a>, France.<a href="#cite_note-138">[136]</a> A border of linked swastikas was a common Roman architectural motif,<a href="#cite_note-139">[137]</a> and can be seen in more recent buildings as a neoclassical element. A swastika border is one form of <a href="/wiki/Meander_(art)" title="Meander (art)">meander</a>, and the individual swastikas in such a border are sometimes called <a href="/wiki/Meander_(art)" title="Meander (art)">Greek keys</a>. There have also been swastikas found on the floors of <a href="/wiki/Pompeii" title="Pompeii">Pompeii</a>.<a href="#cite_note-140">[138]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Tetraskele.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Greek tetraskelion (lauburu)"><img alt="Greek tetraskelion (lauburu)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Tetraskele.svg/120px-Tetraskele.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Tetraskele.svg/180px-Tetraskele.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Tetraskele.svg/240px-Tetraskele.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Greek tetraskelion (<a href="/wiki/Lauburu" title="Lauburu">lauburu</a>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Silver_Stater_of_Corinth.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Swastika on a Greek silver stater coin from Corinth, 6th century BCE"><img alt="Swastika on a Greek silver stater coin from Corinth, 6th century BCE" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Greek_Silver_Stater_of_Corinth.jpg/120px-Greek_Silver_Stater_of_Corinth.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="62" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Greek_Silver_Stater_of_Corinth.jpg/180px-Greek_Silver_Stater_of_Corinth.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Greek_Silver_Stater_of_Corinth.jpg/240px-Greek_Silver_Stater_of_Corinth.jpg 2x" data-file-width="778" data-file-height="402" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Swastika on a Greek silver <a href="/wiki/Stater" title="Stater">stater</a> coin from <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Corinth" title="Ancient Corinth">Corinth</a>, 6th century BCE</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Ancient_Roman_Mosaics_Villa_Romana_La_Olmeda_007_Pedrosa_De_La_Vega_-_Salda%C3%B1a_(Palencia).JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Roman mosaic of La Olmeda, Spain"><img alt="Roman mosaic of La Olmeda, Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Ancient_Roman_Mosaics_Villa_Romana_La_Olmeda_007_Pedrosa_De_La_Vega_-_Salda%C3%B1a_%28Palencia%29.JPG/120px-Ancient_Roman_Mosaics_Villa_Romana_La_Olmeda_007_Pedrosa_De_La_Vega_-_Salda%C3%B1a_%28Palencia%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Ancient_Roman_Mosaics_Villa_Romana_La_Olmeda_007_Pedrosa_De_La_Vega_-_Salda%C3%B1a_%28Palencia%29.JPG/180px-Ancient_Roman_Mosaics_Villa_Romana_La_Olmeda_007_Pedrosa_De_La_Vega_-_Salda%C3%B1a_%28Palencia%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Ancient_Roman_Mosaics_Villa_Romana_La_Olmeda_007_Pedrosa_De_La_Vega_-_Salda%C3%B1a_%28Palencia%29.JPG/240px-Ancient_Roman_Mosaics_Villa_Romana_La_Olmeda_007_Pedrosa_De_La_Vega_-_Salda%C3%B1a_%28Palencia%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1936" data-file-height="1296" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Roman mosaic of <a href="/wiki/La_Olmeda" title="La Olmeda">La Olmeda</a>, Spain</div> </li> </ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stele_daunienne_mariemont.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Stele_daunienne_mariemont.JPG/170px-Stele_daunienne_mariemont.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="287" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Stele_daunienne_mariemont.JPG/255px-Stele_daunienne_mariemont.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Stele_daunienne_mariemont.JPG/340px-Stele_daunienne_mariemont.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1569" data-file-height="2647" /></a><figcaption>610-550 BC <a href="/wiki/Daunians" title="Daunians">Daunian</a> <a href="/wiki/Daunian_stele" title="Daunian stele">funerary stele</a> from <a href="/wiki/Apulia" title="Apulia">Apulia</a> showing <a href="/wiki/Albanian_traditional_tattooing#History" title="Albanian traditional tattooing">Paleo-Balkan tattooing</a>. The stele depicts crosses and swastikas.</figcaption></figure> Swastikas were widespread among the <a href="/wiki/Illyrians" title="Illyrians">Illyrians</a>, symbolising the Sun and the fire. The Sun cult was the main Illyrian cult; a swastika in clockwise motion is interpreted in particular as a representation of the movement of the Sun.<a href="#cite_note-Stipčević-99">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-141">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-142">[140]</a> The swastika has been preserved by the <a href="/wiki/Albanians" title="Albanians">Albanians</a> since Illyrian times as a <a href="/wiki/Albanian_paganism" title="Albanian paganism">pagan</a> symbol commonly found in a variety of contexts of Albanian folk art, including <a href="/wiki/Albanian_traditional_tattooing" title="Albanian traditional tattooing">traditional tattooing</a>, grave art, jewellery, clothes, and house carvings. The swastika (<a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a>: kryqi grepç or kryqi i thyer, "hooked cross") and other crosses in Albanian tradition represent the Sun (<a href="/wiki/Dielli_(Albanian_paganism)" title="Dielli (Albanian paganism)">Dielli</a>) and the fire (<a href="/wiki/Zjarri_(Albanian_paganism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zjarri (Albanian paganism)">zjarri</a>, evidently called with the theonym <a href="/wiki/Enji_(deity)" title="Enji (deity)">Enji</a>). In <a href="/wiki/Albanian_paganism" title="Albanian paganism">Albanian paganism</a> fire is regarded as the offspring of the Sun and fire calendar rituals are practiced in order to give strength to the Sun and to <a href="/wiki/Apotropaic" class="mw-redirect" title="Apotropaic">ward off evil</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETreimer197132-143">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETirta200469–70,_75,_80,_113,_116,_250-144">[142]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medieval_and_early_modern_Europe">Medieval and early modern Europe</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Middle_Ages">Middle Ages</h4></div> In Christianity, the swastika is used as a hooked version of the <a href="/wiki/Christian_Cross" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian Cross">Christian Cross</a>, the symbol of Christ's victory over death. Some Christian churches built in the <a href="/wiki/Romanesque_architecture" title="Romanesque architecture">Romanesque</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gothic_architecture" title="Gothic architecture">Gothic</a> eras are decorated with swastikas, carrying over earlier Roman designs. Swastikas are prominently displayed in a <a href="/wiki/Mosaic" title="Mosaic">mosaic</a> in the St. Sophia church of <a href="/wiki/Kyiv" title="Kyiv">Kyiv</a>, Ukraine dating from the 12th century. They also appear as a repeating ornamental motif on a tomb in the Basilica of St. Ambrose in <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-145">[143]</a> A ceiling painted in 1910 in the church of St Laurent in <a href="/wiki/Grenoble" title="Grenoble">Grenoble</a> has many swastikas. It can be visited today because the church became the archaeological museum of the city. A proposed direct link between it and a swastika floor mosaic in the <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_Our_Lady_of_Amiens" class="mw-redirect" title="Cathedral of Our Lady of Amiens">Cathedral of Our Lady of Amiens</a>, which was built on top of a pagan site at <a href="/wiki/Amiens" title="Amiens">Amiens</a>, France in the 13th century, is considered unlikely. The <a href="/wiki/Stole_(vestment)" title="Stole (vestment)">stole</a> worn by a priest in the 1445 <a href="/wiki/Seven_Sacraments_Altarpiece" title="Seven Sacraments Altarpiece">painting of the Seven Sacraments</a> by <a href="/wiki/Rogier_van_der_Weyden" title="Rogier van der Weyden">Rogier van der Weyden</a> presents the swastika form simply as one way of depicting the cross. Swastikas also appear in art and architecture during the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">Baroque</a> era. The fresco The School of Athens shows an ornament made out of swastikas, and the symbol can also be found on the facade of the Santa Maria della Salute, a Roman Catholic church and minor basilica located at Punta della Dogana in the Dorsoduro sestiere of the city of <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a>. In the Polish First Republic swastika symbols were also popular with the nobility. Several noble houses, e.g. Boreyko, Borzym, and Radziechowski from Ruthenia, also had swastikas as their <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms" title="Coat of arms">coat of arms</a>. The family reached its greatness in the 14th and 15th centuries and its crest can be seen in many heraldry books produced at that time. The swastika was also a heraldic symbol, for example on the <a href="/wiki/Boreyko_coat_of_arms" title="Boreyko coat of arms">Boreyko coat of arms</a>, used by noblemen in Poland and Ukraine. In the 19th century a swastika was one of the Russian Empire's symbols and was used on coinage as a backdrop to the <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Russia#1721–1917:_Russian_Empire" title="Coat of arms of Russia">Russian eagle</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ruskolan.xpomo.com-146">[144]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Bashkort_symbol_of_Sun.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bashkirs symbol of the sun and fertility"><img alt="Bashkirs symbol of the sun and fertility" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Bashkort_symbol_of_Sun.svg/120px-Bashkort_symbol_of_Sun.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Bashkort_symbol_of_Sun.svg/180px-Bashkort_symbol_of_Sun.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Bashkort_symbol_of_Sun.svg/240px-Bashkort_symbol_of_Sun.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Bashkirs" title="Bashkirs">Bashkirs</a> symbol of the sun and fertility</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:ShaveyZion1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mosaic swastika in an excavated Byzantine church in Shavei Tzion, (Israel)"><img alt="Mosaic swastika in an excavated Byzantine church in Shavei Tzion, (Israel)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/ShaveyZion1.jpg/120px-ShaveyZion1.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/ShaveyZion1.jpg/180px-ShaveyZion1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/ShaveyZion1.jpg/240px-ShaveyZion1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1336" data-file-height="1220" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mosaic swastika in an excavated <a href="/wiki/Byzantine" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine">Byzantine</a> church in <a href="/wiki/Shavei_Tzion" title="Shavei Tzion">Shavei Tzion</a>, (Israel)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Jewish_swastika.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A swastika composed of Hebrew letters as a mystical symbol from the Jewish Kabbalistic work "Parashat Eliezer", from the 18th century or earlier"><img alt="A swastika composed of Hebrew letters as a mystical symbol from the Jewish Kabbalistic work "Parashat Eliezer", from the 18th century or earlier" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Jewish_swastika.jpg/120px-Jewish_swastika.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Jewish_swastika.jpg/180px-Jewish_swastika.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Jewish_swastika.jpg/240px-Jewish_swastika.jpg 2x" data-file-width="438" data-file-height="407" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">A swastika composed of Hebrew letters as a mystical symbol from the Jewish <a href="/wiki/Kabbalah" title="Kabbalah">Kabbalistic</a> work "Parashat Eliezer", from the 18th century or earlier</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Winchestercathedralheadonwilliamedingtontomb_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Swastikas on the vestments of the effigy of Bishop William Edington (d. 1366) in Winchester Cathedral"><img alt="Swastikas on the vestments of the effigy of Bishop William Edington (d. 1366) in Winchester Cathedral" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Winchestercathedralheadonwilliamedingtontomb_crop.jpg/120px-Winchestercathedralheadonwilliamedingtontomb_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Winchestercathedralheadonwilliamedingtontomb_crop.jpg/180px-Winchestercathedralheadonwilliamedingtontomb_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Winchestercathedralheadonwilliamedingtontomb_crop.jpg/240px-Winchestercathedralheadonwilliamedingtontomb_crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2887" data-file-height="1901" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Swastikas on the vestments of the effigy of Bishop <a href="/wiki/William_Edington" title="William Edington">William Edington</a> (d. 1366) in <a href="/wiki/Winchester_Cathedral" title="Winchester Cathedral">Winchester Cathedral</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Swastika_Stone,_Ilkley_(reproduction)_-_geograph.org.uk_-_48282.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Victorian-era reproduction of the Swastika Stone on Ilkley Moor, which sits near the original to aid visitors in interpreting the carving"><img alt="The Victorian-era reproduction of the Swastika Stone on Ilkley Moor, which sits near the original to aid visitors in interpreting the carving" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Swastika_Stone%2C_Ilkley_%28reproduction%29_-_geograph.org.uk_-_48282.jpg/120px-Swastika_Stone%2C_Ilkley_%28reproduction%29_-_geograph.org.uk_-_48282.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Swastika_Stone%2C_Ilkley_%28reproduction%29_-_geograph.org.uk_-_48282.jpg/180px-Swastika_Stone%2C_Ilkley_%28reproduction%29_-_geograph.org.uk_-_48282.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Swastika_Stone%2C_Ilkley_%28reproduction%29_-_geograph.org.uk_-_48282.jpg/240px-Swastika_Stone%2C_Ilkley_%28reproduction%29_-_geograph.org.uk_-_48282.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Victorian-era reproduction of the <a href="/wiki/Swastika_Stone" title="Swastika Stone">Swastika Stone</a> on <a href="/wiki/Ilkley_Moor" title="Ilkley Moor">Ilkley Moor</a>, which sits near the original to aid visitors in interpreting the carving</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rediscovery_by_Heinrich_Schliemann">Rediscovery by Heinrich Schliemann</h4></div> At <a href="/wiki/Troy" title="Troy">Troy</a> near the <a href="/wiki/Dardanelles" title="Dardanelles">Dardanelles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Schliemann" title="Heinrich Schliemann">Heinrich Schliemann</a>'s 1871–1875 <a href="/wiki/Archaeological_excavations" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaeological excavations">archaeological excavations</a> discovered objects decorated with swastikas.<a href="#cite_note-Schliemann_1875-147">[145]</a>: 101–105 <a href="#cite_note-Boxer-2000-148">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-Heller-2000-149">[147]</a>: 31 <a href="#cite_note-Quinn-1994-150">[148]</a>: 31  Hearing of this, the director of the <a href="/wiki/French_School_at_Athens" title="French School at Athens">French School at Athens</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile-Louis_Burnouf" title="Émile-Louis Burnouf">Émile-Louis Burnouf</a>, wrote to Schliemann in 1872, stating "the Swastika should be regarded as a sign of the <a href="/wiki/Aryan_race" title="Aryan race">Aryan race</a>". Burnouf told Schliemann that "It should also be noted that the Jews have completely rejected it".<a href="#cite_note-Gere-2006-151">[149]</a>: 89  Accordingly, Schliemann believed the Trojans to have been Aryans: "The primitive Trojans, therefore, belonged to the Aryan race, which is further sufficiently proved by the symbols on the round terra-cottas".<a href="#cite_note-Schliemann_1875-147">[145]</a>: 157 <a href="#cite_note-Gere-2006-151">[149]</a>: 90  Schliemann accepted Burnouf's interpretation.<a href="#cite_note-Gere-2006-151">[149]</a>: 89  <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">This winter, I have read in Athens many excellent works of celebrated scholars on Indian antiquities, especially <a href="/wiki/Adalbert_Kuhn" class="mw-redirect" title="Adalbert Kuhn">Adalbert Kuhn</a>, Die Herakunft des Feuers; <a href="/wiki/Max_M%C3%BCller" title="Max Müller">Max Müller</a>'s Essays; <a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Burnouf" class="mw-redirect" title="Émile Burnouf">Émile Burnouf</a>, La Science des Religions and Essai sur le Vêda; as well as several works by <a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Burnouf" title="Eugène Burnouf">Eugène Burnouf</a>; and I now perceive that these crosses upon the Trojan terra-cottas are of the highest importance to archæology.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Heinrich Schliemann, Troy and Its Remains, 1875<a href="#cite_note-Schliemann_1875-147">[145]</a>: 101 </cite></div></blockquote> Schliemann believed that use of swastikas spread widely across Eurasia.<a href="#cite_note-152">[150]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">… I am now able to prove that … the 卍, which I find in Émile Burnouf's Sanscrit lexicon, under the name of "suastika," and with the meaning εὖ ἐστι, or as the sign of good wishes, were already regarded, thousands of years before Christ, as religious symbols of the very greatest importance among the early progenitors of the Aryan races in <a href="/wiki/Bactria" title="Bactria">Bactria</a> and in the villages of the <a href="/wiki/Oxus" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxus">Oxus</a>, at a time when <a href="/wiki/Germans" title="Germans">Germans</a>, Indians, <a href="/wiki/Pelasgians" title="Pelasgians">Pelasgians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Persians" title="Persians">Persians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slavonians" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavonians">Slavonians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iranian_peoples" title="Iranian peoples">Iranians</a> still formed one nation and spoke one language.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Heinrich Schliemann, Troy and Its Remains, 1875<a href="#cite_note-Schliemann_1875-147">[145]</a>: 101–102 </cite></div></blockquote> Schliemann established a link between the swastika and Germany. He connected objects he excavated at Troy to objects bearing swastikas found in Germany near <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6nigswalde" title="Königswalde">Königswalde</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Oder" title="Oder">Oder</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Boxer-2000-148">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-Heller-2000-149">[147]</a>: 31 <a href="#cite_note-Quinn-1994-150">[148]</a>: 31 <a href="#cite_note-Gere-2006-151">[149]</a>: 90  <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zeitschrift_f%C3%BCr_Ethnologie,_3.1871,_Taf._VI_(cropped).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Zeitschrift_f%C3%BCr_Ethnologie%2C_3.1871%2C_Taf._VI_%28cropped%29.png/220px-Zeitschrift_f%C3%BCr_Ethnologie%2C_3.1871%2C_Taf._VI_%28cropped%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Zeitschrift_f%C3%BCr_Ethnologie%2C_3.1871%2C_Taf._VI_%28cropped%29.png/330px-Zeitschrift_f%C3%BCr_Ethnologie%2C_3.1871%2C_Taf._VI_%28cropped%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Zeitschrift_f%C3%BCr_Ethnologie%2C_3.1871%2C_Taf._VI_%28cropped%29.png/440px-Zeitschrift_f%C3%BCr_Ethnologie%2C_3.1871%2C_Taf._VI_%28cropped%29.png 2x" data-file-width="4896" data-file-height="3267" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lithograph" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithograph">Lithograph</a> of <a href="/wiki/Potsherds" class="mw-redirect" title="Potsherds">potsherds</a> found at Bishop's Island (German: Bischofsinsel) near <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6nigswalde" title="Königswalde">Königswalde</a> and published in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zeitschrift_f%C3%BCr_Ethnologie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zeitschrift für Ethnologie (page does not exist)">Zeitschrift für Ethnologie</a> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeitschrift_f%C3%BCr_Ethnologie" class="extiw" title="de:Zeitschrift für Ethnologie">de</a>] in 1871. Schliemann believed the motif on the potsherd in figure 1 to be a swastika.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">For I recognise at the first glance the "suastika" upon one of those three pot bottoms, which were discovered on Bishop's Island near Königswalde on the right bank of the Oder, and have given rise to very many learned discussions, while no one recognised the mark as that exceedingly significant religious symbol of our remote ancestors.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Heinrich Schliemann, Troy and Its Remains, 1875<a href="#cite_note-Schliemann_1875-147">[145]</a>: 102 </cite></div></blockquote> <a href="/wiki/Sarah_Boxer" title="Sarah Boxer">Sarah Boxer</a>, in an article in 2000 in <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>, described this as a "fateful link".<a href="#cite_note-Boxer-2000-148">[146]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Steven_Heller_(design_writer)" title="Steven Heller (design writer)">Steven Heller</a>, "Schliemann presumed that the swastika was a religious symbol of his German ancestors which linked ancient <a href="/wiki/Teutons" title="Teutons">Teutons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Homeric" class="mw-redirect" title="Homeric">Homeric</a> Greeks and <a href="/wiki/Vedic_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Vedic India">Vedic India</a>".<a href="#cite_note-Heller-2000-149">[147]</a>: 31  According to Bernard Mees, "Of all of the pre-runic symbols, the swastika has always been the most popular among scholars" and "The origin of swastika studies must be traced to the excitement generated by the archaeological finds of Heinrich Schliemann at Troy".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMees200857-153">[151]</a> After his excavations at Troy, Schliemann began digging at <a href="/wiki/Mycenae" title="Mycenae">Mycenae</a>. According to Cathy Gere, "Having burdened the swastika symbol with such cultural, religious and racial significance in Troy and Its Remains, it was incumbent on Schliemann to find the symbol repeated at Mycenae, but its occurrence turned out to be disappointingly infrequent".<a href="#cite_note-Gere-2006-151">[149]</a>: 91  Gere writes that "He did his best with what he had":<a href="#cite_note-Gere-2006-151">[149]</a>: 91  <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">The cross with the marks of four nails may often be seen; as well as the 卍, which is usually also represented with four points indicating the four nails, thus ࿘. These signs cannot but represent the suastika, formed by two pieces of wood, which were laid across and fixed with four nails, and in the joint of which the holy fire was produced by friction by a third piece of wood. But both the cross and the 卍 occur for the most part only on the vases with geometrical patterns.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Heinrich Schliemann, Mycenæ, 1878<a href="#cite_note-Schliemann_1878-154">[152]</a>: 66–68 </cite></div></blockquote> Gere points out that although Schliemann wrote that the motif "may often be seen", his 1878 book Mycenæ did not have illustrations of any examples.<a href="#cite_note-Gere-2006-151">[149]</a>: 91  Schliemann described "a small and thick terra-cotta disk" on which "are engraved a number of 卍's, the sign which occurs so frequently in the ruins of Troy", but as Gere notes, he did not publish an illustration.<a href="#cite_note-Schliemann_1878-154">[152]</a>: 77 <a href="#cite_note-Gere-2006-151">[149]</a>: 91  <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gold_roundels_from_Grave_Circle_A,_Grave_III_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Gold_roundels_from_Grave_Circle_A%2C_Grave_III_01.jpg/220px-Gold_roundels_from_Grave_Circle_A%2C_Grave_III_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Gold_roundels_from_Grave_Circle_A%2C_Grave_III_01.jpg/330px-Gold_roundels_from_Grave_Circle_A%2C_Grave_III_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Gold_roundels_from_Grave_Circle_A%2C_Grave_III_01.jpg/440px-Gold_roundels_from_Grave_Circle_A%2C_Grave_III_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>Gold <a href="/wiki/Repouss%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Repoussé">repoussé</a> roundel from grave III of <a href="/wiki/Grave_Circle_A,_Mycenae" title="Grave Circle A, Mycenae">Grave Circle A</a>, whose central motif Schliemann thought "derived" from the swastika.<a href="#cite_note-Schliemann_1878-154">[152]</a>: 165–166 </figcaption></figure> Among the <a href="/wiki/Gold_grave_goods_at_Grave_Circles_A_and_B" title="Gold grave goods at Grave Circles A and B">gold grave goods at Grave Circles A and B</a> was a <a href="/wiki/Repouss%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Repoussé">repoussé</a> roundel in grave III of <a href="/wiki/Grave_Circle_A,_Mycenae" title="Grave Circle A, Mycenae">Grave Circle A</a>, the ornamentation of which Schliemann thought was "derived" from the swastika: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">The curious ornamentation in the centre, which so often recurs here, seems to me to be derived from the ࿘, the more so as the points which are thought to be the marks of the nails, are seldom missing; the artist has only added two more arms and curved all of them.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Heinrich Schliemann, Mycenæ, 1878<a href="#cite_note-Schliemann_1878-154">[152]</a>: 165–166 </cite></div></blockquote> According to Gere, this motif is "completely dissimilar" to the swastika, and that Schliemann was "straining desperately after the same connection".<a href="#cite_note-Gere-2006-151">[149]</a>: 91  Nevertheless, the <a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greeks" class="mw-redirect" title="Mycenaean Greeks">Mycenaean Greeks</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Trojan_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Trojan people">Trojan people</a> both came to be identified as representatives of the Aryan race: "Despite the difficulties with linking the symbolism of Troy and Mycenae, the common Aryan roots of the two peoples became something of a truism".<a href="#cite_note-Gere-2006-151">[149]</a>: 91  The house Schliemann had had built in <a href="/wiki/Panepistimiou_Street" title="Panepistimiou Street">Panepistimiou Street</a> in Athens by 1880, <a href="/wiki/Iliou_Melathron" class="mw-redirect" title="Iliou Melathron">Iliou Melathron</a>, is decorated with swastika symbols and motifs in numerous places, including the ironwork railing and gates, the window bars, the ceiling fresco of the entrance hall, and the entire floor of one room.<a href="#cite_note-Gere-2006-151">[149]</a>: 117–123  Following Schliemann, academic studies on the swastika were published by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ludvig_M%C3%BCller_(numismatist)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ludvig Müller (numismatist) (page does not exist)">Ludvig Müller</a> [<a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludvig_M%C3%BCller_(numismatiker)" class="extiw" title="da:Ludvig Müller (numismatiker)">da</a>], <a href="/w/index.php?title=Micha%C5%82_%C5%BBmigrodzki&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michał Żmigrodzki (page does not exist)">Michał Żmigrodzki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Goblet_d%27Alviella" title="Eugène Goblet d'Alviella">Eugène Goblet d'Alviella</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Wilson_(anthropologist)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thomas Wilson (anthropologist) (page does not exist)">Thomas Wilson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oscar_Montelius" title="Oscar Montelius">Oscar Montelius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joseph_D%C3%A9chelette" title="Joseph Déchelette">Joseph Déchelette</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMees200857-153">[151]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Post-Schliemann_popularity">Post-Schliemann popularity</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Western_use_of_the_swastika_in_the_early_20th_century" title="Western use of the swastika in the early 20th century">Western use of the swastika in the early 20th century</a></div> The swastika (gammadion, fylfot) symbol became a popular symbol in the Western world in the early 20th century, and was often used for ornamentation. The Benedictine choir school at <a href="/wiki/Lambach_Abbey" title="Lambach Abbey">Lambach Abbey</a>, Upper Austria, which Hitler attended for several months as a boy, had a swastika chiseled into the monastery portal and also the wall above the spring grotto in the courtyard by 1868. Their origin was the personal <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms" title="Coat of arms">coat of arms</a> of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Theoderich_Hagn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Theoderich Hagn (page does not exist)">Theoderich Hagn</a>, abbot of the monastery in Lambach, which bore a golden swastika with slanted points on a blue field.<a href="#cite_note-155">[153]</a> The British author and poet <a href="/wiki/Rudyard_Kipling" title="Rudyard Kipling">Rudyard Kipling</a> used the symbol on the cover art of a number of his works, including <a href="/wiki/The_Five_Nations" title="The Five Nations">The Five Nations</a>, 1903, which has it twinned with an elephant. Once Adolf Hitler and the Nazis came to power, Kipling ordered that swastikas should no longer adorn his books.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In 1927, a red swastika <a href="/wiki/Defacement_(flag)" title="Defacement (flag)">defaced</a> by a Union Jack was proposed as a flag for the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_South_Africa" title="Union of South Africa">Union of South Africa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-156">[154]</a> The logo of <a href="/wiki/Eimskip" title="Eimskip">H/f. Eimskipafjelag Íslands</a><a href="#cite_note-157">[155]</a> was a swastika, called "Thor's hammer", from its founding in 1914 until the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a> when it was discontinued and changed to read only the letters Eimskip. The swastika was also used by the women's paramilitary organisation <a href="/wiki/Lotta_Sv%C3%A4rd" title="Lotta Svärd">Lotta Svärd</a>, which was banned in 1944 in accordance with the <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Armistice" title="Moscow Armistice">Moscow Armistice</a> between Finland and the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">allied</a> <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> and Britain. Also, the insignias of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Cross_of_Liberty" title="Order of the Cross of Liberty">Cross of Liberty</a>, designed by Gallen-Kallela in 1918, have swastikas. The 3rd class Cross of Liberty is depicted in the upper left corner of the standard of the President of Finland, who is the grand master of the order, too.<a href="#cite_note-158">[156]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Roundel_of_Latvia_(1926-1940).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Roundel_of_Latvia_%281926-1940%29.svg/110px-Roundel_of_Latvia_%281926-1940%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Roundel_of_Latvia_%281926-1940%29.svg/165px-Roundel_of_Latvia_%281926-1940%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Roundel_of_Latvia_%281926-1940%29.svg/220px-Roundel_of_Latvia_%281926-1940%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="601" data-file-height="601" /></a><figcaption>Latvian Air Force roundel until 1940</figcaption></figure> Latvia adopted the swastika, for its <a href="/wiki/Latvian_Air_Force" title="Latvian Air Force">Air Force</a> in 1918/1919 and continued its use until the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Latvia_in_1940" title="Soviet occupation of Latvia in 1940">Soviet occupation</a> in 1940.<a href="#cite_note-159">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-160">[158]</a> The cross itself was maroon on a white background, mirroring the colours of the Latvian flag. Earlier versions pointed counter-clockwise, while later versions pointed clock-wise and eliminated the white background.<a href="#cite_note-161">[159]</a><a href="#cite_note-162">[160]</a> Various other <a href="/wiki/Latvian_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Latvian Army">Latvian Army</a> units and the Latvian War College<a href="#cite_note-163">[161]</a> (the predecessor of the <a href="/wiki/National_Defence_Academy_of_Latvia" title="National Defence Academy of Latvia">National Defence Academy</a>) also had adopted the symbol in their battle flags and insignia during the <a href="/wiki/Latvian_War_of_Independence" title="Latvian War of Independence">Latvian War of Independence</a>.<a href="#cite_note-164">[162]</a> A stylised fire cross is the base of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_L%C4%81%C4%8Dpl%C4%93sis" title="Order of Lāčplēsis">Order of Lāčplēsis</a>, the highest military decoration of Latvia for participants of the War of Independence.<a href="#cite_note-165">[163]</a> The <a href="/wiki/P%C4%93rkonkrusts" title="Pērkonkrusts">Pērkonkrusts</a>, an ultra-nationalist political organisation active in the 1930s, also used the fire cross as one of its symbols. The swastika symbol (<a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_language" title="Lithuanian language">Lithuanian</a>: sūkurėlis) is a traditional Baltic ornament,<a href="#cite_note-Guénon-2001-109">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-166">[164]</a> found on relics dating from at least the 13th century.<a href="#cite_note-Sarmatas-167">[165]</a> The sūkurėlis for Lithuanians represents the history and memory of their Lithuanian ancestors as well as the <a href="/wiki/Balts" title="Balts">Baltic people</a> at large.<a href="#cite_note-Sarmatas-167">[165]</a> There are monuments in Lithuania such as the Freedom Monument in <a href="/wiki/Roki%C5%A1kis" title="Rokiškis">Rokiškis</a> where swastikas can be found.<a href="#cite_note-Sarmatas-167">[165]</a> Starting in 1917, <a href="/wiki/Mikal_Sylten" title="Mikal Sylten">Mikal Sylten</a>'s staunchly <a href="/wiki/Antisemitic" class="mw-redirect" title="Antisemitic">antisemitic</a> periodical, <a href="/wiki/Nationalt_Tidsskrift_(magazine)" title="Nationalt Tidsskrift (magazine)">Nationalt Tidsskrift</a> took up the swastika as a symbol, three years before <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> chose to do so.<a href="#cite_note-ØS-168">[166]</a> The left-handed swastika was a favourite sign of the last Russian Empress <a href="/wiki/Alexandra_Feodorovna_(Alix_of_Hesse)" title="Alexandra Feodorovna (Alix of Hesse)">Alexandra Feodorovna</a>. She wore a talisman in the form of a swastika, put it everywhere for happiness, including on her suicide letters from <a href="/wiki/Tobolsk" title="Tobolsk">Tobolsk</a>,<a href="#cite_note-169">[167]</a> later drew with a pencil on the wall and in the window opening of the room in the <a href="/wiki/Ipatiev_House" title="Ipatiev House">Ipatiev House</a>, which served as the place of the last imprisonment of the royal family and on the wallpaper above the bed.<a href="#cite_note-170">[168]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Russian_Provisional_Government" title="Russian Provisional Government">Russian Provisional Government</a> of 1917 printed a number of new bank notes with right-facing, diagonally rotated swastikas in their centres.<a href="#cite_note-171">[169]</a> The banknote design was initially intended for the Mongolian national bank but was re-purposed for <a href="/wiki/Russian_ruble" title="Russian ruble">Russian rubles</a> after the February revolution. Swastikas were depicted and on some Soviet credit cards (<a href="/wiki/Sovznak" title="Sovznak">sovznaks</a>) printed with clichés that were in circulation in 1918–1922.<a href="#cite_note-172">[170]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a>, swastikas were present in the symbolism of the uniform of some units of the <a href="/wiki/White_Army" title="White Army">White Army</a> <a href="/wiki/Asiatic_Cavalry_Division" title="Asiatic Cavalry Division">Asiatic Cavalry Division</a> of <a href="/wiki/Roman_von_Ungern-Sternberg" title="Roman von Ungern-Sternberg">Baron Ungern</a> in Siberia and <a href="/wiki/Bogd_Khanate_of_Mongolia" title="Bogd Khanate of Mongolia">Bogd Khanate of Mongolia</a>, which is explained by the significant number of Buddhists within it.<a href="#cite_note-173">[171]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a>'s ethnic <a href="/wiki/Kalmyk_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalmyk people">Kalmyk</a> units wore distinct armbands featuring a swastika with "РСФСР" (Roman: "RSFSR") inscriptions on them.<a href="#cite_note-174">[172]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Tannu_Tuva_(1921-1926)_alternate.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Tuva – Tuvan People's Republic (1921–1926)"><img alt="Flag of Tuva – Tuvan People's Republic (1921–1926)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Tannu_Tuva_%281921-1926%29_alternate.svg/120px-Flag_of_Tannu_Tuva_%281921-1926%29_alternate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="64" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Tannu_Tuva_%281921-1926%29_alternate.svg/180px-Flag_of_Tannu_Tuva_%281921-1926%29_alternate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Tannu_Tuva_%281921-1926%29_alternate.svg/240px-Flag_of_Tannu_Tuva_%281921-1926%29_alternate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="275" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Tuva" title="Flag of Tuva">Flag of Tuva</a> – <a href="/wiki/Tuvan_People%27s_Republic" title="Tuvan People's Republic">Tuvan People's Republic</a> (1921–1926)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="New_religious_movements">New religious movements</h4></div> Besides its use as a religious symbol in <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a>, which can be traced back to pre-modern traditions, the swastika was also incorporated into a large number of <a href="/wiki/New_religious_movements" class="mw-redirect" title="New religious movements">new religious movements</a> which were established in the West in the modern period. In the 1880s, the U.S.-origined <a href="/wiki/Theosophical_Society" title="Theosophical Society">Theosophical Society</a> adopted a swastika as part of its seal, along with an <a href="/wiki/Om" title="Om">Om</a>, a hexagram or <a href="/wiki/Star_of_David" title="Star of David">star of David</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Ankh" title="Ankh">Ankh</a>, and an <a href="/wiki/Ouroboros" title="Ouroboros">Ouroboros</a>. Unlike the much more recent <a href="/wiki/Ra%C3%ABlian_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Raëlian movement">Raëlian movement</a>, the Theosophical Society symbol has been free from controversy, and the seal is still used. The current seal also includes the text "There is no religion higher than truth."<a href="#cite_note-175">[173]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Ra%C3%ABlism" title="Raëlism">Raëlian Movement</a>, whose adherents believe extraterrestrials created all life on earth, use a symbol that is often the source of considerable controversy: an interlaced <a href="/wiki/Star_of_David" title="Star of David">star of David</a> and a swastika. The Raëlians say the Star of David represents infinity in space whereas the swastika represents infinity in time – no beginning and no end in time, and everything being cyclic.<a href="#cite_note-176">[174]</a> In 1991, the symbol was changed to remove the swastika, out of respect to the victims of <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">the Holocaust</a>, but as of 2007 it has been restored to its original form.<a href="#cite_note-177">[175]</a> The swastika is a holy symbol in <a href="/wiki/Neopaganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Neopaganism">neopagan</a> <a href="/wiki/Heathenry_(new_religious_movement)" title="Heathenry (new religious movement)">Germanic Heathenry</a>, along with the <a href="/wiki/Mj%C3%B6lnir" title="Mjölnir">hammer of Thor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Runes" class="mw-redirect" title="Runes">runes</a>. This tradition – which is found in Scandinavia, Germany, and elsewhere – considers the swastika to be derived from a Norse symbol for the sun. Their use of the symbol has led people to accuse them of being a neo-Nazi group.<a href="#cite_note-178">[176]</a><a href="#cite_note-179">[177]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMees2008141,_193–194,_210–211,_226–227-180">[178]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Emb_logo.png" class="mw-file-description" title="The seal of the Theosophical society"><img alt="The seal of the Theosophical society" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Emb_logo.png/106px-Emb_logo.png" decoding="async" width="106" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Emb_logo.png/159px-Emb_logo.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Emb_logo.png/212px-Emb_logo.png 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="960" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The seal of the Theosophical society</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Raelian_symbol.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Raëlian symbol with the swastika"><img alt="The Raëlian symbol with the swastika" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Raelian_symbol.svg/108px-Raelian_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="108" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Raelian_symbol.svg/162px-Raelian_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Raelian_symbol.svg/216px-Raelian_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="192" data-file-height="213" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Raëlian symbol with the swastika</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Raelian_symbol_alternate.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="The alternative Raëlian with the spiral"><img alt="The alternative Raëlian with the spiral" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Raelian_symbol_alternate.svg/108px-Raelian_symbol_alternate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="108" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Raelian_symbol_alternate.svg/162px-Raelian_symbol_alternate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Raelian_symbol_alternate.svg/216px-Raelian_symbol_alternate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="192" data-file-height="213" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The alternative Raëlian with the spiral</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_II">World War II</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Use_in_Nazism">Use in Nazism</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Fascist_symbolism" title="Fascist symbolism">Fascist symbolism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nazi_symbolism" title="Nazi symbolism">Nazi symbolism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Occultism_in_Nazism" title="Occultism in Nazism">Occultism in Nazism</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">Nazi Party Emblems</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:81px;max-width:81px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:79px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:NSDAP-Logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/NSDAP-Logo.svg/79px-NSDAP-Logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="79" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/NSDAP-Logo.svg/119px-NSDAP-Logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/NSDAP-Logo.svg/158px-NSDAP-Logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Party badge</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:124px;max-width:124px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:79px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Parteiadler_Nationalsozialistische_Deutsche_Arbeiterpartei_(1933%E2%80%931945).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Parteiadler_Nationalsozialistische_Deutsche_Arbeiterpartei_%281933%E2%80%931945%29.svg/122px-Parteiadler_Nationalsozialistische_Deutsche_Arbeiterpartei_%281933%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="122" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Parteiadler_Nationalsozialistische_Deutsche_Arbeiterpartei_%281933%E2%80%931945%29.svg/183px-Parteiadler_Nationalsozialistische_Deutsche_Arbeiterpartei_%281933%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Parteiadler_Nationalsozialistische_Deutsche_Arbeiterpartei_%281933%E2%80%931945%29.svg/244px-Parteiadler_Nationalsozialistische_Deutsche_Arbeiterpartei_%281933%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1297" data-file-height="846" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Parteiadler" class="mw-redirect" title="Parteiadler">Parteiadler</a> ("Party eagle")</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:81px;max-width:81px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:79px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Golden_Nazi_Party_Badge.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Golden_Nazi_Party_Badge.svg/79px-Golden_Nazi_Party_Badge.svg.png" decoding="async" width="79" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Golden_Nazi_Party_Badge.svg/119px-Golden_Nazi_Party_Badge.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Golden_Nazi_Party_Badge.svg/158px-Golden_Nazi_Party_Badge.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1185" data-file-height="1193" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Golden_Party_Badge" title="Golden Party Badge">Golden Party Badge</a></div></div></div></div></div> The swastika was widely used in Europe at the start of the 20th century. It symbolised many things to the Europeans, with the most common symbolism being of good luck and auspiciousness.<a href="#cite_note-holocaust2009-23">[22]</a> In the wake of <a href="/wiki/Western_use_of_the_Swastika_in_the_early_20th_century" class="mw-redirect" title="Western use of the Swastika in the early 20th century">widespread popular usage</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">post-World War I Germany</a>, the newly established <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazi Party</a> formally adopted the swastika in 1920.<a href="#cite_note-holocaust2009-23">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-181">[179]</a> The Nazi Party emblem was a black swastika rotated 45 degrees on a white circle on a red background. This insignia was used on the party's flag, badge, and armband. <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Hitler</a> also designed his personal standard using a black swastika sitting flat on one arm, not rotated.<a href="#cite_note-182">[180]</a> Before the Nazis, the swastika was already in use as a symbol of German völkisch nationalist movements (<a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lkisch_movement" title="Völkisch movement">Völkische Bewegung</a>). <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Order_of_New_Templars.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Flag_of_the_Order_of_New_Templars.svg/220px-Flag_of_the_Order_of_New_Templars.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Flag_of_the_Order_of_New_Templars.svg/330px-Flag_of_the_Order_of_New_Templars.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Flag_of_the_Order_of_New_Templars.svg/440px-Flag_of_the_Order_of_New_Templars.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Flag of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_New_Templars" title="Order of the New Templars">Order of the New Templars</a> designed 1907 with a swastika used as <a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lkisch_movement" title="Völkisch movement">völkisch</a> (German ethno-nationalist) symbol</figcaption></figure> José Manuel Erbez says: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">The first time the swastika was used with an "Aryan" meaning was on 25 December 1907, when the self-named <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_New_Templars" title="Order of the New Templars">Order of the New Templars</a>, a secret society founded by <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6rg_Lanz_von_Liebenfels" title="Jörg Lanz von Liebenfels">Lanz von Liebenfels</a>, hoisted at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Werfenstein_Castle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Werfenstein Castle (page does not exist)">Werfenstein Castle</a> (Austria) a yellow flag with a swastika and four <a href="/wiki/Fleur-de-lys" class="mw-redirect" title="Fleur-de-lys">fleurs-de-lys</a>.<a href="#cite_note-183">[181]</a></blockquote> However, Liebenfels was drawing on an already-established use of the symbol.<a href="#cite_note-Goodrick-Clarke1997/2006-184">[182]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:248px;max-width:248px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:122px;max-width:122px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_NSDAP_(1920%E2%80%931945).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_the_NSDAP_%281920%E2%80%931945%29.svg/120px-Flag_of_the_NSDAP_%281920%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="72" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_the_NSDAP_%281920%E2%80%931945%29.svg/180px-Flag_of_the_NSDAP_%281920%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_the_NSDAP_%281920%E2%80%931945%29.svg/240px-Flag_of_the_NSDAP_%281920%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">The flag of the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazi Party</a> (National Socialist German Workers' Party, NSDAP)</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:122px;max-width:122px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Germany_(1935%E2%80%931945).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/120px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="72" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/180px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/240px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">The national flag of <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Germany</a> (1935–1945), which differs from the NSDAP flag in that the white circle with the swastika is off-center</div></div></div></div></div> In his 1925 work <a href="/wiki/Mein_Kampf" title="Mein Kampf">Mein Kampf</a>, Adolf Hitler writes: "I myself, meanwhile, after innumerable attempts, had laid down a final form; a flag with a red background, a white disk, and a black hooked cross in the middle. After long trials I also found a definite proportion between the size of the flag and the size of the white disk, as well as the shape and thickness of the hooked cross." When Hitler created a flag for the Nazi Party, he sought to incorporate both the swastika and "those revered colours expressive of our homage to the glorious past and which once brought so much honour to the German nation". (Red, white, and black were the colours of the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_German_Empire" title="Flag of the German Empire">flag of the old German Empire</a>.) He also stated: "As National Socialists, we see our program in our flag. In red, we see the social idea of the movement; in white, the nationalistic idea; in the hooked cross, the mission of the struggle for the victory of the <a href="/wiki/Aryan_race" title="Aryan race">Aryan</a> man, and, by the same token, the victory of the idea of creative work."<a href="#cite_note-185">[183]</a> The swastika was also understood as "the symbol of the creating, effecting life" (das Symbol des schaffenden, wirkenden Lebens) and as "race emblem of Germanism" (Rasseabzeichen des Germanentums).<a href="#cite_note-186">[184]</a> The concepts of <a href="/wiki/Racial_hygiene" title="Racial hygiene">racial hygiene</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scientific_racism" title="Scientific racism">scientific racism</a> were central to Nazism.<a href="#cite_note-187">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-188">[186]</a> High-ranking Nazi theorist <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Rosenberg" title="Alfred Rosenberg">Alfred Rosenberg</a> noted that the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_peoples" title="Indo-Aryan peoples">Indo-Aryan peoples</a> were both a model to be imitated and a warning of the dangers of the spiritual and racial "confusion" that, he believed, arose from the proximity of races. The Nazis co-opted the swastika as a symbol of the Aryan master race. On 14 March 1933, shortly after Hitler's appointment as Chancellor of Germany, the NSDAP flag was hoisted alongside Germany's national colours. As part of the <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Laws" title="Nuremberg Laws">Nuremberg Laws</a>, the NSDAP flag – with the swastika slightly offset from centre – was adopted as the sole national flag of Germany on 15 September 1935.<a href="#cite_note-189">[187]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Treu_Deutsch_Nr._11_12_10._September_1918_Nachrichten_des_Deutschen_Volksrates_Einheit_v%C3%B6lkischer_Verb%C3%A4nde_Herausgegeben_von_Dr._Heinrich_Pudor._Hakenkreuz_early_swastika_Stadtgeschichtliches_Museum_Leipzig_(City_Museum)_2015_adjusted.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Heinrich Pudor's völkisch Treu Deutsch ('True German') 1918 with a swastika. From the collections of Leipzig City Museum."><img alt="Heinrich Pudor's völkisch Treu Deutsch ('True German') 1918 with a swastika. From the collections of Leipzig City Museum." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Treu_Deutsch_Nr._11_12_10._September_1918_Nachrichten_des_Deutschen_Volksrates_Einheit_v%C3%B6lkischer_Verb%C3%A4nde_Herausgegeben_von_Dr._Heinrich_Pudor._Hakenkreuz_early_swastika_Stadtgeschichtliches_Museum_Leipzig_%28City_Museum%29_2015_adjusted.jpg/120px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="82" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Treu_Deutsch_Nr._11_12_10._September_1918_Nachrichten_des_Deutschen_Volksrates_Einheit_v%C3%B6lkischer_Verb%C3%A4nde_Herausgegeben_von_Dr._Heinrich_Pudor._Hakenkreuz_early_swastika_Stadtgeschichtliches_Museum_Leipzig_%28City_Museum%29_2015_adjusted.jpg/180px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Treu_Deutsch_Nr._11_12_10._September_1918_Nachrichten_des_Deutschen_Volksrates_Einheit_v%C3%B6lkischer_Verb%C3%A4nde_Herausgegeben_von_Dr._Heinrich_Pudor._Hakenkreuz_early_swastika_Stadtgeschichtliches_Museum_Leipzig_%28City_Museum%29_2015_adjusted.jpg/240px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="570" data-file-height="389" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Pudor" title="Heinrich Pudor">Heinrich Pudor</a>'s völkisch Treu Deutsch ('True German') 1918 with a swastika. From the collections of Leipzig City Museum.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Pre-Nazi_Swastika._Stahlhelm_M_1916_mit_Hakenkreuzbemalung._Marinebrigade_Ehrhardt._L%C3%BCttwitz-Kapp-Putsch_1920._Deutsches_Historisches_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="German World War I helmet with swastika used by a member of the Marinebrigade Ehrhardt, a right-wing paramilitary free corps, participating in the Kapp Putsch 1920"><img alt="German World War I helmet with swastika used by a member of the Marinebrigade Ehrhardt, a right-wing paramilitary free corps, participating in the Kapp Putsch 1920" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Pre-Nazi_Swastika._Stahlhelm_M_1916_mit_Hakenkreuzbemalung._Marinebrigade_Ehrhardt._L%C3%BCttwitz-Kapp-Putsch_1920._Deutsches_Historisches_Museum.jpg/80px-Pre-Nazi_Swastika._Stahlhelm_M_1916_mit_Hakenkreuzbemalung._Marinebrigade_Ehrhardt._L%C3%BCttwitz-Kapp-Putsch_1920._Deutsches_Historisches_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Pre-Nazi_Swastika._Stahlhelm_M_1916_mit_Hakenkreuzbemalung._Marinebrigade_Ehrhardt._L%C3%BCttwitz-Kapp-Putsch_1920._Deutsches_Historisches_Museum.jpg/120px-Pre-Nazi_Swastika._Stahlhelm_M_1916_mit_Hakenkreuzbemalung._Marinebrigade_Ehrhardt._L%C3%BCttwitz-Kapp-Putsch_1920._Deutsches_Historisches_Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Pre-Nazi_Swastika._Stahlhelm_M_1916_mit_Hakenkreuzbemalung._Marinebrigade_Ehrhardt._L%C3%BCttwitz-Kapp-Putsch_1920._Deutsches_Historisches_Museum.jpg/160px-Pre-Nazi_Swastika._Stahlhelm_M_1916_mit_Hakenkreuzbemalung._Marinebrigade_Ehrhardt._L%C3%BCttwitz-Kapp-Putsch_1920._Deutsches_Historisches_Museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1914" data-file-height="2871" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">German World War I helmet with swastika used by a member of the <a href="/wiki/Marinebrigade_Ehrhardt" title="Marinebrigade Ehrhardt">Marinebrigade Ehrhardt</a>, a right-wing paramilitary free corps, participating in the <a href="/wiki/Kapp_Putsch" title="Kapp Putsch">Kapp Putsch</a> 1920</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Standarte_Adolf_Hitlers.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Personal standard of Adolf Hitler (a war flag or Standarte in German) used from 1934 to 1945"><img alt="Personal standard of Adolf Hitler (a war flag or Standarte in German) used from 1934 to 1945" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Standarte_Adolf_Hitlers.svg/120px-Standarte_Adolf_Hitlers.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Standarte_Adolf_Hitlers.svg/180px-Standarte_Adolf_Hitlers.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Standarte_Adolf_Hitlers.svg/240px-Standarte_Adolf_Hitlers.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="670" data-file-height="670" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Personal_standard_of_Adolf_Hitler" title="Personal standard of Adolf Hitler">Personal standard of Adolf Hitler</a> (a <a href="/wiki/War_flag" title="War flag">war flag</a> or Standarte in German) used from 1934 to 1945</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Deutsches_Reich_Mother%27s_Cross_of_Honour.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cross of Honour of the German Mother (1939–1945) given to German mothers of four or more children"><img alt="Cross of Honour of the German Mother (1939–1945) given to German mothers of four or more children" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Deutsches_Reich_Mother%27s_Cross_of_Honour.jpg/83px-Deutsches_Reich_Mother%27s_Cross_of_Honour.jpg" decoding="async" width="83" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Deutsches_Reich_Mother%27s_Cross_of_Honour.jpg/124px-Deutsches_Reich_Mother%27s_Cross_of_Honour.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Deutsches_Reich_Mother%27s_Cross_of_Honour.jpg/165px-Deutsches_Reich_Mother%27s_Cross_of_Honour.jpg 2x" data-file-width="217" data-file-height="315" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Cross_of_Honour_of_the_German_Mother" title="Cross of Honour of the German Mother">Cross of Honour of the German Mother</a> (1939–1945) given to German mothers of four or more children</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Use_by_the_Allies">Use by the Allies</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flight_Lieutenant_Dennis_Barnham_of_No._601_Squadron_RAF_in_the_cockpit_of_his_Supermarine_Spitfire_Mk_VB_at_Luqa,_Malta,_with_Pilot_Officer_M_H_Le_Bas,_June_1942._GM1001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Flight_Lieutenant_Dennis_Barnham_of_No._601_Squadron_RAF_in_the_cockpit_of_his_Supermarine_Spitfire_Mk_VB_at_Luqa%2C_Malta%2C_with_Pilot_Officer_M_H_Le_Bas%2C_June_1942._GM1001.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Flight_Lieutenant_Dennis_Barnham_of_No._601_Squadron_RAF_in_the_cockpit_of_his_Supermarine_Spitfire_Mk_VB_at_Luqa%2C_Malta%2C_with_Pilot_Officer_M_H_Le_Bas%2C_June_1942._GM1001.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Flight_Lieutenant_Dennis_Barnham_of_No._601_Squadron_RAF_in_the_cockpit_of_his_Supermarine_Spitfire_Mk_VB_at_Luqa%2C_Malta%2C_with_Pilot_Officer_M_H_Le_Bas%2C_June_1942._GM1001.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1648" data-file-height="1360" /></a><figcaption>Swastikas marking downed <a href="/wiki/Luftwaffe" title="Luftwaffe">Luftwaffe</a> aircraft on the fuselage of a <a href="/wiki/Supermarine_Spitfire" title="Supermarine Spitfire">Supermarine Spitfire</a> of <a href="/wiki/No._601_Squadron_RAF" title="No. 601 Squadron RAF">No. 601 Squadron RAF</a>. A <a href="/wiki/Fasces" title="Fasces">fasces</a> indicates a <a href="/wiki/Regia_Aeronautica" title="Regia Aeronautica">Regia Aeronautica</a> aircraft.</figcaption></figure>During World War II it was common to use small swastikas to mark air-to-air victories on the sides of Allied aircraft, and at least one British fighter pilot inscribed a swastika in his logbook for each German plane he shot down.<a href="#cite_note-190">[188]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Americas">Americas</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chromesun_4_uktenas_design.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Chromesun_4_uktenas_design.jpg/220px-Chromesun_4_uktenas_design.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Chromesun_4_uktenas_design.jpg/330px-Chromesun_4_uktenas_design.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Chromesun_4_uktenas_design.jpg/440px-Chromesun_4_uktenas_design.jpg 2x" data-file-width="444" data-file-height="405" /></a><figcaption>A digital illustration of <a href="/wiki/Horned_Serpent" title="Horned Serpent">Horned Serpent</a> by the artist Herb Roe. Based on an engraved shell cup in the Craig B style (designated Engraved shell cup number 229<a href="#cite_note-191">[189]</a>) from <a href="/wiki/Spiro_Mounds" title="Spiro Mounds">Spiro</a>, Oklahoma.</figcaption></figure> The swastika has been used in the art and iconography of multiple indigenous peoples of North America, including the Hopi, Navajo, and Tlingit.<a href="#cite_note-192">[190]</a> Swastikas were founds on pottery from the Mississippi valley and on copper objects in the <a href="/wiki/Hopewell_Culture_National_Historical_Park" title="Hopewell Culture National Historical Park">Hopewell Mounds</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ross_County,_Ohio" title="Ross County, Ohio">Ross County, Ohio</a>, and on objects associated with the <a href="/wiki/Southeastern_Ceremonial_Complex#Motifs" title="Southeastern Ceremonial Complex">Southeastern Ceremonial Complex (S.E.C.C.)</a>.<a href="#cite_note-193">[191]</a><a href="#cite_note-194">[192]</a> To the <a href="/wiki/Hopi" title="Hopi">Hopi</a> it represents the wandering Hopi clan.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The <a href="/wiki/Navajo" title="Navajo">Navajo</a> symbol, called tsin náálwołí ("whirling log"), represents humanity and life, and is used in healing rituals.<a href="#cite_note-Sanchez-2018-195">[193]</a><a href="#cite_note-196">[194]</a> A brightly coloured <a href="/wiki/First_Nations_in_Canada" title="First Nations in Canada">First Nations</a> saddle featuring swastika designs is on display at the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Saskatchewan_Museum" title="Royal Saskatchewan Museum">Royal Saskatchewan Museum</a> in Canada.<a href="#cite_note-197">[195]</a> Before the 1930s, the symbol for the <a href="/wiki/45th_Infantry_Division_(United_States)" title="45th Infantry Division (United States)">45th Infantry Division of the United States Army</a> was a red diamond with a yellow swastika, a tribute to the large Native American population in the southwestern United States. It was later replaced with a <a href="/wiki/Thunderbird_(mythology)" title="Thunderbird (mythology)">thunderbird</a> symbol. In the 20th century, traders encouraged Native American artists to use the symbol in their crafts, and it was used by the US Army 45th Infantry Division, an all-Native American division.<a href="#cite_note-198">[196]</a><a href="#cite_note-199">[197]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ayres-2021-200">[198]</a> The symbol lost popularity in the 1930s due to its associations with Nazi Germany. In 1940, partially due to government encouragement, community leaders from several different Native American tribes made a statement promising to no longer use the symbol.<a href="#cite_note-201">[199]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sanchez-2018-195">[193]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kane-2017-202">[200]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ayres-2021-200">[198]</a> However, the symbol has continued to be used by Native American groups, both in reference to the original symbol and as a memorial to the 45th Division, despite external objections to its use.<a href="#cite_note-Olson-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ayres-2021-200">[198]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kane-2017-202">[200]</a><a href="#cite_note-203">[201]</a><a href="#cite_note-204">[202]</a><a href="#cite_note-205">[203]</a> The symbol was used on state road signs in <a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a> from the 1920s until the 1940s.<a href="#cite_note-206">[204]</a> The town of <a href="/wiki/Swastika,_Ontario" title="Swastika, Ontario">Swastika, Ontario, Canada</a>, and the hamlet of <a href="/wiki/Swastika,_New_York" title="Swastika, New York">Swastika, New York</a> were named after the symbol. From 1909 to 1916, the <a href="/wiki/K-R-I-T_Motor_Car_Company" title="K-R-I-T Motor Car Company">K-R-I-T automobile</a>, manufactured in Detroit, Michigan, used a right-facing swastika as their trademark. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Kuna_Yala.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Kuna_Yala.svg/220px-Flag_of_Kuna_Yala.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Kuna_Yala.svg/330px-Flag_of_Kuna_Yala.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Kuna_Yala.svg/440px-Flag_of_Kuna_Yala.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>Flag of the Guna Yala people (since 1925) bears their ancient symbol Naa Ukuryaa</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Guna_people#Flag" title="Guna people">flag of the Guna people</a> (also "Kuna Yala" or "Guna Yala") of Panama. This flag, adopted in 1925, has a swastika symbol that they call Naa Ukuryaa. According to one explanation, this ancestral symbol symbolises the octopus that created the world, its tentacles pointing to the four cardinal points.<a href="#cite_note-207">[205]</a> In 1942, a ring was added to the centre of the flag to differentiate it from the symbol of the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazi Party</a> (this version subsequently fell into disuse).<a href="#cite_note-Panama_-_Native_Peoples-208">[206]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerycaption">The swastika in North America</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 222px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 217px; height: 217px;"><a href="/wiki/File:William_Neptune,_Passamaquoddy_chief,_1920.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chief William Neptune of the Passamaquoddy, wearing a headdress and outfit adorned with swastikas"><img alt="Chief William Neptune of the Passamaquoddy, wearing a headdress and outfit adorned with swastikas" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/William_Neptune%2C_Passamaquoddy_chief%2C_1920.jpg/140px-William_Neptune%2C_Passamaquoddy_chief%2C_1920.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/William_Neptune%2C_Passamaquoddy_chief%2C_1920.jpg/211px-William_Neptune%2C_Passamaquoddy_chief%2C_1920.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/William_Neptune%2C_Passamaquoddy_chief%2C_1920.jpg/280px-William_Neptune%2C_Passamaquoddy_chief%2C_1920.jpg 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="400" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Chief William Neptune of the <a href="/wiki/Passamaquoddy" title="Passamaquoddy">Passamaquoddy</a>, wearing a headdress and outfit adorned with swastikas</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 222px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 217px; height: 217px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Native_American_basketball_team_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chilocco Indian Agricultural School basketball team in 1909"><img alt="Chilocco Indian Agricultural School basketball team in 1909" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Native_American_basketball_team_crop.jpg/166px-Native_American_basketball_team_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="166" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Native_American_basketball_team_crop.jpg/250px-Native_American_basketball_team_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Native_American_basketball_team_crop.jpg/332px-Native_American_basketball_team_crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="440" data-file-height="495" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Chilocco_Indian_Agricultural_School" title="Chilocco Indian Agricultural School">Chilocco Indian Agricultural School</a> basketball team in 1909</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 222px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 217px; height: 217px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Fernie_Swastikas_hockey_team_1922.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fernie Swastikas hockey team in 1922"><img alt="Fernie Swastikas hockey team in 1922" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Fernie_Swastikas_hockey_team_1922.jpg/187px-Fernie_Swastikas_hockey_team_1922.jpg" decoding="async" width="187" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Fernie_Swastikas_hockey_team_1922.jpg/281px-Fernie_Swastikas_hockey_team_1922.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Fernie_Swastikas_hockey_team_1922.jpg/374px-Fernie_Swastikas_hockey_team_1922.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1403" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Fernie_Swastikas" title="Fernie Swastikas">Fernie Swastikas</a> hockey team in 1922</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 222px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 217px; height: 217px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Patch_of_the_45th_Infantry_Division_(1924-1939).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Original insignia of the 45th Infantry Division"><img alt="Original insignia of the 45th Infantry Division" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Patch_of_the_45th_Infantry_Division_%281924-1939%29.svg/187px-Patch_of_the_45th_Infantry_Division_%281924-1939%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="187" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Patch_of_the_45th_Infantry_Division_%281924-1939%29.svg/281px-Patch_of_the_45th_Infantry_Division_%281924-1939%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Patch_of_the_45th_Infantry_Division_%281924-1939%29.svg/374px-Patch_of_the_45th_Infantry_Division_%281924-1939%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="579" data-file-height="579" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Original insignia of the <a href="/wiki/45th_Infantry_Division_(United_States)" title="45th Infantry Division (United States)">45th Infantry Division</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 222px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 217px; height: 217px;"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Girls_Club_of_Ladies_Home_Journal_1912_pillow_cover_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pillow cover offered by the Girls' Club in The Ladies Home Journal in 1912"><img alt="Pillow cover offered by the Girls' Club in The Ladies Home Journal in 1912" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/The_Girls_Club_of_Ladies_Home_Journal_1912_pillow_cover_%28cropped%29.jpg/187px-The_Girls_Club_of_Ladies_Home_Journal_1912_pillow_cover_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="187" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/The_Girls_Club_of_Ladies_Home_Journal_1912_pillow_cover_%28cropped%29.jpg/281px-The_Girls_Club_of_Ladies_Home_Journal_1912_pillow_cover_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/The_Girls_Club_of_Ladies_Home_Journal_1912_pillow_cover_%28cropped%29.jpg/374px-The_Girls_Club_of_Ladies_Home_Journal_1912_pillow_cover_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="444" data-file-height="444" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Pillow cover offered by the Girls' Club in The Ladies Home Journal in 1912</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 222px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 217px; height: 217px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Arizona_2_1927.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Arizona state highway marker (1927)"><img alt="Arizona state highway marker (1927)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Arizona_2_1927.jpg/155px-Arizona_2_1927.jpg" decoding="async" width="155" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Arizona_2_1927.jpg/233px-Arizona_2_1927.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Arizona_2_1927.jpg/311px-Arizona_2_1927.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1204" data-file-height="1449" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Arizona state highway marker (1927)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Africa">Africa</h3></div> Swastikas can be seen in various African cultures. In Ethiopia a swastika is carved in the window of the famous 12th-century <a href="/wiki/Biete_Maryam" title="Biete Maryam">Biete Maryam</a>, one of the <a href="/wiki/Rock-Hewn_Churches,_Lalibela" title="Rock-Hewn Churches, Lalibela">Rock-Hewn Churches, Lalibela</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Roden-3">[3]</a> In Ghana, the <a href="/wiki/Adinkra_symbol" class="mw-redirect" title="Adinkra symbol">adinkra symbol</a> nkontim, used by the <a href="/wiki/Akan_people" title="Akan people">Akan people</a> to represent loyalty, takes the form of a swastika. Nkontim symbols could be found on <a href="/wiki/Akan_goldweights" title="Akan goldweights">Ashanti gold weights</a> and clothing.<a href="#cite_note-209">[207]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Skastika_symbol_in_the_window_of_Lalibela_Rock_hewn_churches.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Carved fretwork forming a swastika on the Biete Maryam in Ethiopia"><img alt="Carved fretwork forming a swastika on the Biete Maryam in Ethiopia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Skastika_symbol_in_the_window_of_Lalibela_Rock_hewn_churches.jpg/120px-Skastika_symbol_in_the_window_of_Lalibela_Rock_hewn_churches.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="82" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Skastika_symbol_in_the_window_of_Lalibela_Rock_hewn_churches.jpg/180px-Skastika_symbol_in_the_window_of_Lalibela_Rock_hewn_churches.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Skastika_symbol_in_the_window_of_Lalibela_Rock_hewn_churches.jpg/240px-Skastika_symbol_in_the_window_of_Lalibela_Rock_hewn_churches.jpg 2x" data-file-width="576" data-file-height="395" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Carved fretwork forming a swastika on the <a href="/wiki/Biete_Maryam" title="Biete Maryam">Biete Maryam</a> in Ethiopia</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Ghana-nkontim.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Nkontim adinkra symbol from Ghana, representing loyalty and readiness to serve"><img alt="Nkontim adinkra symbol from Ghana, representing loyalty and readiness to serve" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Ghana-nkontim.svg/120px-Ghana-nkontim.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Ghana-nkontim.svg/180px-Ghana-nkontim.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Ghana-nkontim.svg/240px-Ghana-nkontim.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Nkontim <a href="/wiki/Adinkra_symbols" title="Adinkra symbols">adinkra symbol</a> from Ghana, representing loyalty and readiness to serve</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Brooklyn_Museum_74.218.25_Weight.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ashanti weight in Africa"><img alt="Ashanti weight in Africa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Brooklyn_Museum_74.218.25_Weight.jpg/120px-Brooklyn_Museum_74.218.25_Weight.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Brooklyn_Museum_74.218.25_Weight.jpg/180px-Brooklyn_Museum_74.218.25_Weight.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Brooklyn_Museum_74.218.25_Weight.jpg/240px-Brooklyn_Museum_74.218.25_Weight.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1376" data-file-height="897" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Ashanti_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashanti Empire">Ashanti</a> weight in Africa</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_adoptions">Modern adoptions</h3></div> A <a href="/wiki/Ugunskrusts" title="Ugunskrusts">ugunskrusts</a> ('fire cross') is used by the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_neopaganism" title="Baltic neopaganism">Baltic neopaganism</a> movements <a href="/wiki/Dievtur%C4%ABba" title="Dievturība">Dievturība</a> in Latvia and <a href="/wiki/Romuva_(religion)" title="Romuva (religion)">Romuva</a> in Lithuania.<a href="#cite_note-210">[208]</a> In the early 1990s, the former dissident and one of the founders of Russian neo-paganism <a href="/wiki/Alexey_Dobrovolsky" title="Alexey Dobrovolsky">Alexey Dobrovolsky</a> first gave the name "kolovrat" (Russian: коловрат, literally 'spinning wheel') to a four-beam swastika, identical to the Nazi symbol, and later transferred this name to an eight-beam rectangular swastika.<a href="#cite_note-211">[209]</a> According to the historian and religious scholar Roman Shizhensky, Dobrovolsky took the idea of the swastika from the work "The Chronicle of <a href="/wiki/Oera_Linda_Book" title="Oera Linda Book">Oera Linda</a>"<a href="#cite_note-212">[210]</a> by the Nazi ideologist <a href="/wiki/Herman_Wirth" title="Herman Wirth">Herman Wirth</a>, the first head of the <a href="/wiki/Ahnenerbe" title="Ahnenerbe">Ahnenerbe</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Shizhensky_2012-213">[211]</a> Dobrovolsky introduced the eight-beam "kolovrat" as a symbol of "resurgent paganism."<a href="#cite_note-214">[212]</a> He considered this version of the Kolovrat a pagan sign of the sun and, in 1996, declared it a symbol of the uncompromising "national liberation struggle" against the "<a href="/wiki/Zhyd" title="Zhyd">Zhyd</a> yoke".<a href="#cite_note-215">[213]</a> According to Dobrovolsky, the meaning of the "kolovrat" completely coincides with the meaning of the Nazi swastika.<a href="#cite_note-216">[214]</a> The kolovrat is the most commonly used religious symbol within neopagan <a href="/wiki/Slavic_Native_Faith" title="Slavic Native Faith">Slavic Native Faith</a> (a.k.a. Rodnovery).<a href="#cite_note-217">[215]</a><a href="#cite_note-218">[216]</a> In 2005, authorities in Tajikistan called for the widespread adoption of the swastika as a national <a href="/wiki/Symbol" title="Symbol">symbol</a>. President <a href="/wiki/Emomali_Rahmonov" class="mw-redirect" title="Emomali Rahmonov">Emomali Rahmonov</a> declared the swastika an <a href="/wiki/Aryan" title="Aryan">Aryan</a> symbol, and 2006 "the year of Aryan culture", which would be a time to "study and popularise Aryan contributions to the history of the world civilisation, raise a new generation (of Tajiks) with the spirit of national self-determination, and develop deeper ties with other ethnicities and cultures".<a href="#cite_note-219">[217]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Fire_Cross_(Ugunskrusts).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Baltic fire-cross"><img alt="The Baltic fire-cross" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Fire_Cross_%28Ugunskrusts%29.svg/120px-Fire_Cross_%28Ugunskrusts%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Fire_Cross_%28Ugunskrusts%29.svg/180px-Fire_Cross_%28Ugunskrusts%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Fire_Cross_%28Ugunskrusts%29.svg/240px-Fire_Cross_%28Ugunskrusts%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="1280" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Baltic fire-cross</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Kolovrat_(%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82)_Swastika_(%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0)_-_Rodnovery.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Polish: Słoneczko ("little sun"); kolovrat ("spinning wheel")"><img alt="Polish: Słoneczko ("little sun"); kolovrat ("spinning wheel")" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Kolovrat_%28%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%29_Swastika_%28%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%29_-_Rodnovery.svg/120px-Kolovrat_%28%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%29_Swastika_%28%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%29_-_Rodnovery.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Kolovrat_%28%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%29_Swastika_%28%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%29_-_Rodnovery.svg/180px-Kolovrat_%28%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%29_Swastika_%28%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%29_-_Rodnovery.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Kolovrat_%28%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%29_Swastika_%28%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%29_-_Rodnovery.svg/240px-Kolovrat_%28%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%29_Swastika_%28%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%29_-_Rodnovery.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>: Słoneczko ("little sun"); kolovrat ("<a href="/wiki/Spinning_wheel" title="Spinning wheel">spinning wheel</a>")</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Kolovrat.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="A kolovrat flag, introduced by Alexey Dobrovolsky"><img alt="A kolovrat flag, introduced by Alexey Dobrovolsky" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Kolovrat.svg/120px-Kolovrat.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Kolovrat.svg/180px-Kolovrat.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Kolovrat.svg/240px-Kolovrat.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1052" data-file-height="744" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">A kolovrat flag, introduced by <a href="/wiki/Alexey_Dobrovolsky" title="Alexey Dobrovolsky">Alexey Dobrovolsky</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_controversy">Modern controversy</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-_World_War_II_stigmatisation">Post- World War II stigmatisation</h3></div> Because of its use by Nazi Germany, the swastika since the 1930s has been largely associated with Nazism. In the aftermath of World War II, it has been considered a symbol of hate in the West,<a href="#cite_note-220">[218]</a> and of white supremacy in many Western countries.<a href="#cite_note-221">[219]</a> As a result, all use of it, or its use as a Nazi or hate symbol, is prohibited in some countries, including Germany. In some countries, such as the United States (in the 2003 case <a href="/wiki/Virginia_v._Black" title="Virginia v. Black">Virginia v. Black</a>), the highest courts have ruled that the local governments can prohibit the use of swastika along with other symbols such as cross burning, if the intent of the use is to intimidate others.<a href="#cite_note-wiener463-24">[23]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Germany">Germany</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Strafgesetzbuch_section_86a" title="Strafgesetzbuch section 86a">Strafgesetzbuch section 86a</a></div> The German and Austrian postwar <a href="/wiki/Strafgesetzbuch" title="Strafgesetzbuch">criminal code</a> makes the public showing of the swastika, the <a href="/wiki/Sig_rune" class="mw-redirect" title="Sig rune">sig rune</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Celtic_cross" title="Celtic cross">Celtic cross</a> (specifically <a href="/wiki/Celtic_cross#White_supremacist_symbolism" title="Celtic cross">the variations used by white power activists</a>), the <a href="/wiki/Wolfsangel" title="Wolfsangel">wolfsangel</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Odal_(rune)" class="mw-redirect" title="Odal (rune)">odal rune</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Totenkopf" title="Totenkopf">Totenkopf</a> skull illegal, except for certain enumerated exemptions. It is also censored from the reprints of 1930s railway timetables published by the <a href="/wiki/Reichsbahn" class="mw-redirect" title="Reichsbahn">Reichsbahn</a>. The swastikas on Hindu, Buddhist, and Jain temples are exempt, as religious symbols cannot be banned in Germany.<a href="#cite_note-222">[220]</a> A controversy was stirred by the decision of several police departments to begin inquiries against anti-fascists.<a href="#cite_note-223">[221]</a> In late 2005 police raided the offices of the <a href="/wiki/Punk_rock" title="Punk rock">punk rock</a> label and mail order store "Nix Gut Records" and confiscated merchandise depicting crossed-out swastikas and fists smashing swastikas. In 2006 the <a href="/wiki/Stade" title="Stade">Stade</a> police department started an inquiry against anti-fascist youths using a placard depicting a person dumping a swastika into a trashcan. The placard was displayed in opposition to the campaign of right-wing nationalist parties for local elections.<a href="#cite_note-224">[222]</a> On Friday, 17 March 2006, a member of the <a href="/wiki/Bundestag" title="Bundestag">Bundestag</a>, <a href="/wiki/Claudia_Roth" title="Claudia Roth">Claudia Roth</a> reported herself to the German police for displaying a crossed-out swastika in multiple demonstrations against <a href="/wiki/Neo-Nazis" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Nazis">neo-Nazis</a>, and subsequently got the Bundestag to suspend her immunity from prosecution. She intended to show the absurdity of charging anti-fascists with using fascist symbols: "We don't need prosecution of non-violent young people engaging against right-wing extremism." On 15 March 2007, the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Court_of_Justice_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Court of Justice of Germany">Federal Court of Justice of Germany</a> (Bundesgerichtshof) held that the crossed-out symbols were "clearly directed against a revival of national-socialist endeavours", thereby settling the dispute for the future.<a href="#cite_note-225">[223]</a><a href="#cite_note-226">[224]</a><a href="#cite_note-227">[225]</a> On 9 August 2018, Germany lifted the ban on the usage of swastikas and other Nazi symbols in video games. "Through the change in the interpretation of the law, games that critically look at current affairs can for the first time be given a USK age rating," USK managing director Elisabeth Secker told CTV. "This has long been the case for films and with regards to the freedom of the arts, this is now rightly also the case with computer and videogames."<a href="#cite_note-228">[226]</a><a href="#cite_note-229">[227]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Legislation_in_other_European_countries">Legislation in other European countries</h4></div> <ul><li>Until 2013 in Hungary, it was a criminal misdemeanour to publicly display "totalitarian symbols", including the swastika, the <a href="/wiki/SS" class="mw-redirect" title="SS">SS</a> insignia, and the <a href="/wiki/Arrow_Cross" title="Arrow Cross">Arrow Cross</a>, punishable by custodial arrest.<a href="#cite_note-hu-const-court-230">[228]</a><a href="#cite_note-231">[229]</a> Display for academic, educational, artistic or journalistic reasons was allowed at the time. The <a href="/wiki/Communist_symbol" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist symbol">communist symbols</a> of <a href="/wiki/Hammer_and_sickle" title="Hammer and sickle">hammer and sickle</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Red_star" title="Red star">red star</a> were also regarded as totalitarian symbols and had the same restriction by Hungarian criminal law until 2013.<a href="#cite_note-hu-const-court-230">[228]</a></li> <li>In Latvia, public display of Nazi and Soviet symbols, including the Nazi swastika, is prohibited in public events since 2013.<a href="#cite_note-232">[230]</a><a href="#cite_note-233">[231]</a> However, in a court case from 2007 a regional court in Riga held that the swastika can be used as an ethnographic symbol, in which case the ban does not apply.<a href="#cite_note-234">[232]</a></li> <li>In Lithuania, public display of Nazi and Soviet symbols, including the Nazi swastika, is an administrative offence, punishable by a fine from 150 to 300 <a href="/wiki/Euros" class="mw-redirect" title="Euros">euros</a>. According to judicial practice, display of a non-Nazi swastika is legal.<a href="#cite_note-235">[233]</a></li> <li>In Poland, public display of Nazi symbols, including the <a href="/wiki/Nazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi">Nazi</a> swastika, is a criminal offence punishable by up to eight years of imprisonment. The use of the swastika as a religious symbol is legal.<a href="#cite_note-tele-che-236">[234]</a></li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Geneva" title="Geneva">Geneva</a>, Switzerland, a new constitution article banning the use of hate symbols, emblems, and other hateful images was passed in June 2024, which included banning the use of the swastika.<a href="#cite_note-237">[235]</a></li></ul> The <a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Union's Executive Commission</a> proposed a European Union-wide anti-racism law in 2001, but European Union states failed to agree on the balance between prohibiting racism and freedom of expression.<a href="#cite_note-EthanMcNern-238">[236]</a> An attempt to ban the swastika across the EU in early 2005 failed after objections from the British Government and others. In early 2007, while Germany held the European Union presidency, Berlin proposed that the European Union should follow German Criminal Law and criminalise the <a href="/wiki/Holocaust_denial" title="Holocaust denial">denial of the Holocaust</a> and the display of Nazi symbols including the swastika, which is based on the Ban on the Symbols of Unconstitutional Organisations Act. This led to an opposition campaign by Hindu groups across Europe against a ban on the swastika. They pointed out that the swastika has been around for 5,000 years as a symbol of peace.<a href="#cite_note-239">[237]</a><a href="#cite_note-240">[238]</a> The proposal to ban the swastika was dropped by Berlin from the proposed <a href="/wiki/Fundamental_Rights_Agency" title="Fundamental Rights Agency">European Union wide anti-racism laws</a> on 29 January 2007.<a href="#cite_note-EthanMcNern-238">[236]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Outside_Europe">Outside Europe</h4></div> The manufacture, distribution or broadcasting of a swastika, with the intent to propagate Nazism, is a crime in Brazil as dictated by article 20, paragraph 1, of federal statute 7.716, passed in 1989. The penalty is a two to five years prison term and a fine.<a href="#cite_note-241">[239]</a> The public display of <a href="/wiki/Nazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi">Nazi</a>-era German flags (or any other flags) is protected by the <a href="/wiki/First_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="First Amendment to the United States Constitution">First Amendment to the United States Constitution</a>, which guarantees the right to <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">freedom of speech</a>.<a href="#cite_note-242">[240]</a> The Nazi <a href="/wiki/Reichskriegsflagge" title="Reichskriegsflagge">Reichskriegsflagge</a> has also been seen on display at white supremacist events within United States borders, side by side with the <a href="/wiki/Flags_of_the_Confederate_States_of_America#Battle_flag" title="Flags of the Confederate States of America">Confederate battle flag</a>.<a href="#cite_note-243">[241]</a> In 2010, the <a href="/wiki/Anti-Defamation_League" title="Anti-Defamation League">Anti-Defamation League</a> (ADL) downgraded the swastika from its status as a Jewish hate symbol, saying "We know that the swastika has, for some, lost its meaning as the primary symbol of Nazism and instead become a more generalised symbol of hate."<a href="#cite_note-Dickter-244">[242]</a> The ADL notes on their website that the symbol is often used as "shock graffiti" by juveniles, rather than by individuals who hold white supremacist beliefs, but it is still a predominant symbol among American white supremacists (particularly as a tattoo design) and used with antisemitic intention.<a href="#cite_note-ADL-245">[243]</a> In 2022, <a href="/wiki/Victoria_(Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoria (Australia)">Victoria</a> was the first Australian state to ban the display of the Nazi's swastika. People who intentionally break this law will face a one-year jail sentence, a fine of 120 penalty units ($23,077.20 AUD as of 2023, equivalent to £12,076.66 or US$15,385.57), or both.<a href="#cite_note-246">[244]</a><a href="#cite_note-247">[245]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Media">Media</h4></div> In 2010, <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a> officially spoke out against use of the swastika by players of the <a href="/wiki/First-person_shooter" title="First-person shooter">first-person shooter</a> <a href="/wiki/Call_of_Duty:_Black_Ops" title="Call of Duty: Black Ops">Call of Duty: Black Ops</a>. In Black Ops, players are allowed to customise their name tags to represent whatever they want. The swastika can be created and used, but <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Toulouse" title="Stephen Toulouse">Stephen Toulouse</a>, director of <a href="/wiki/Xbox_Live" class="mw-redirect" title="Xbox Live">Xbox Live</a> policy and enforcement, said players with the symbol on their name tag will be banned (if someone reports it as inappropriate) from Xbox Live.<a href="#cite_note-Goldman_2010-248">[246]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Indiana_Jones_Stunt_Spectacular" class="mw-redirect" title="Indiana Jones Stunt Spectacular">Indiana Jones Stunt Spectacular</a> in <a href="/wiki/Disney_Hollywood_Studios" class="mw-redirect" title="Disney Hollywood Studios">Disney Hollywood Studios</a> in Orlando, Florida, the swastikas on German trucks, aircraft and actor uniforms in the reenactment of a scene from <a href="/wiki/Raiders_of_the_Lost_Ark" title="Raiders of the Lost Ark">Raiders of the Lost Ark</a> were removed in 2004. The swastikas have been replaced by a stylised <a href="/wiki/Christian_cross_variants#Basic_forms" title="Christian cross variants">Greek cross</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Telotte_2008_p.201-249">[247]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Use_by_neo-Nazis">Use by neo-Nazis</h3></div> As with many <a href="/wiki/Neo-Nazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Nazi">neo-Nazi</a> groups across the world, the <a href="/wiki/American_Nazi_Party" title="American Nazi Party">American Nazi Party</a> used the swastika as part of its flag before its first dissolution in 1967. The symbol was chosen by the organisation's founder, <a href="/wiki/George_Lincoln_Rockwell" title="George Lincoln Rockwell">George Lincoln Rockwell</a>.<a href="#cite_note-250">[248]</a> It was "re-used" by successor organisations in 1983, without the publicity Rockwell's organisation enjoyed.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The swastika, in various iconographic forms, is one of the hate symbols identified in use as <a href="/wiki/Graffiti" title="Graffiti">graffiti</a> in US schools, and is described as such in a 1999 US Department of Education document, "Responding to Hate at School: A Guide for Teachers, Counsellors and Administrators", edited by Jim Carnes, which provides advice to educators on how to support students targeted by such hate symbols and address hate graffiti. Examples given show that it is often used alongside other white supremacist symbols, such as those of the <a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan" title="Ku Klux Klan">Ku Klux Klan</a>, and note a <a href="/wiki/Triskelion" title="Triskelion">"three-bladed" variation</a> used by <a href="/wiki/White_power_skinhead" title="White power skinhead">skinheads</a>, white supremacists, and "<a href="/wiki/Afrikaner_Weerstandsbeweging" title="Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging">some South African extremist groups</a>".<a href="#cite_note-251">[249]</a> The neo-Nazi <a href="/wiki/Russian_National_Unity" title="Russian National Unity">Russian National Unity</a> group's branch in Estonia is officially registered under the name "Kolovrat" and published an extremist newspaper in 2001 under the same name.<a href="#cite_note-Lihachev-252">[250]</a> A criminal investigation found the paper included an array of racial epithets. One Narva resident was sentenced to one year in jail for distribution of Kolovrat.<a href="#cite_note-253">[251]</a> The Kolovrat has since been used by the <a href="/wiki/Rusich_Group" title="Rusich Group">Rusich Battalion</a>, a Russian militant group known for its operation during the <a href="/wiki/War_in_Donbas_(2014%E2%80%932022)" class="mw-redirect" title="War in Donbas (2014–2022)">war in Donbas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-254">[252]</a><a href="#cite_note-255">[253]</a> In 2014 and 2015, members of the Ukrainian <a href="/wiki/Azov_Regiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Azov Regiment">Azov Regiment</a> were seen with swastika tattoos.<a href="#cite_note-256">[254]</a><a href="#cite_note-257">[255]</a><a href="#cite_note-258">[256]</a><a href="#cite_note-259">[257]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_American_Nazi_Party_(1960s-2015).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of the American Nazi Party"><img alt="Flag of the American Nazi Party" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Flag_of_the_American_Nazi_Party_%281960s-2015%29.svg/120px-Flag_of_the_American_Nazi_Party_%281960s-2015%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="72" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Flag_of_the_American_Nazi_Party_%281960s-2015%29.svg/180px-Flag_of_the_American_Nazi_Party_%281960s-2015%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Flag_of_the_American_Nazi_Party_%281960s-2015%29.svg/240px-Flag_of_the_American_Nazi_Party_%281960s-2015%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="240" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Flag of the <a href="/wiki/American_Nazi_Party" title="American Nazi Party">American Nazi Party</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Blason_du_National_Socialist_Movement_usa.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Logo of the National Socialist Movement (U.S.)"><img alt="Logo of the National Socialist Movement (U.S.)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Blason_du_National_Socialist_Movement_usa.svg/110px-Blason_du_National_Socialist_Movement_usa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Blason_du_National_Socialist_Movement_usa.svg/164px-Blason_du_National_Socialist_Movement_usa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Blason_du_National_Socialist_Movement_usa.svg/219px-Blason_du_National_Socialist_Movement_usa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="327" data-file-height="358" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Logo of the <a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Movement_(United_States)" title="National Socialist Movement (United States)">National Socialist Movement</a> (U.S.)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Russian_National_Unity_Emblem.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Logo of the Russian National Unity"><img alt="Logo of the Russian National Unity" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Russian_National_Unity_Emblem.svg/120px-Russian_National_Unity_Emblem.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Russian_National_Unity_Emblem.svg/180px-Russian_National_Unity_Emblem.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Russian_National_Unity_Emblem.svg/240px-Russian_National_Unity_Emblem.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="996" data-file-height="997" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Logo of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_National_Unity" title="Russian National Unity">Russian National Unity</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Western_misinterpretation_of_Asian_use">Western misinterpretation of Asian use</h3></div> Since the end of the 20th century, and through the early 21st century, confusion and controversy has occurred when personal-use goods bearing the traditional Jain, Buddhist, or Hindu symbols have been exported to the West, notably to North America and Europe, and have been interpreted by purchasers as bearing a Nazi symbol. This has resulted in several such products having been boycotted or pulled from shelves. When a ten-year-old boy in <a href="/wiki/Lynbrook,_New_York" title="Lynbrook, New York">Lynbrook, New York</a>, bought a set of <a href="/wiki/Pok%C3%A9mon_Trading_Card_Game" title="Pokémon Trading Card Game">Pokémon cards</a> imported from Japan in 1999, two of the cards contained the left-facing Buddhist swastika. The boy's parents misinterpreted the symbol as the right-facing Nazi swastika and filed a complaint to the manufacturer. <a href="/wiki/Nintendo_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Nintendo of America">Nintendo of America</a> announced that the cards would be discontinued, explaining that what was acceptable in one culture was not necessarily so in another; their action was welcomed by the <a href="/wiki/Anti-Defamation_League" title="Anti-Defamation League">Anti-Defamation League</a> who recognised that there was no intention to offend, but said that international commerce meant that "Isolating [the swastika] in Asia would just create more problems."<a href="#cite_note-Heller_2008-79">[77]</a> In 2002, <a href="/wiki/Christmas_cracker" title="Christmas cracker">Christmas crackers</a> containing plastic toy red pandas sporting swastikas were pulled from shelves after complaints from customers in Canada. The manufacturer, based in China, said the symbol was presented in a traditional sense and not as a reference to the Nazis, and apologised to the customers for the cross-cultural mix-up.<a href="#cite_note-260">[258]</a> In 2020, the retailer <a href="/wiki/Shein_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Shein (company)">Shein</a> pulled a necklace featuring a left-facing swastika pendant from its website after receiving backlash on social media. The retailer apologized for the lack of sensitivity but noted that the swastika was a Buddhist symbol.<a href="#cite_note-261">[259]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Swastika_as_distinct_from_Hakenkreuz_debate">Swastika as distinct from Hakenkreuz debate</h4></div> Beginning in the early 2000s, partially as a reaction to the publication of a book titled The Swastika: Symbol Beyond Redemption? by <a href="/wiki/Steven_Heller_(design_writer)" title="Steven Heller (design writer)">Steven Heller</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Heller_2008-79">[77]</a> there has been a movement by <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hindu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples" title="Indigenous peoples">indigenous peoples</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jain</a> historians, <a href="/wiki/Anthropologist" title="Anthropologist">anthropologists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">linguists</a>, and other scholars to "reclaim" what was seen as "their" swastika symbol "... until Hitler stole it."<a href="#cite_note-BBC_News_2014-2">[2]</a> These groups argue that the swastika is distinct from the Nazi symbol. A key part of this argument rests on the fact that Adolf Hitler, writing in German, referred to the symbol as a hooked cross (German: Hakenkreuz). The main barrier to the effort to "reclaim", "restore", or "reassess" the swastika comes from the decades of extremely negative association in the Western world following the Nazi Party's adoption of it in the 1930s. As well, <a href="/wiki/White_supremacist" class="mw-redirect" title="White supremacist">white supremacist</a> groups still cling to the symbol as an icon of power and identity.<a href="#cite_note-ADL-245">[243]</a> On 13 August 1920, speaking to his followers in the <a href="/wiki/Hofbr%C3%A4uhaus_am_Platzl" title="Hofbräuhaus am Platzl">Hofbräuhaus am Platzl</a> of Munich, Hitler said that the Nazi symbol was shared by various cultures around the world, and could be seen "as far as India and Japan, carved in the temple pillars."<a href="#cite_note-262">[260]</a> Many media organizations in the West also continue to describe neo-Nazi usage of the symbol as a swastika, or sometimes with the "Nazi" adjective written as "Nazi Swastika".<a href="#cite_note-USA_Today,_Marc_Ramirez,_August_28,_2022-263">[261]</a><a href="#cite_note-264">[262]</a> Groups that oppose this media terminology do not wish to censor such usage, but rather to shift coverage of antisemitic and hateful events to describe the symbol in this context as a "Hakenkreuz" or "hooked cross".<a href="#cite_note-265">[263]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/27px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/41px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/54px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="367" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Hinduism" title="Portal:Hinduism">Hinduism portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/32px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/48px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/64px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:India" title="Portal:India">India portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:P_religion_world.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/31px-P_religion_world.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/47px-P_religion_world.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/62px-P_religion_world.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Religion" title="Portal:Religion">Religion portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/32px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/48px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/64px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Germany" title="Portal:Germany">Germany portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Asia_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/28px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/42px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/56px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Asia" title="Portal:Asia">Asia portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arevakhach" class="mw-redirect" title="Arevakhach">Arevakhach</a> – Ancient Armenian national symbolPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borjgali" title="Borjgali">Borjgali</a> – Georgian symbol of the Sun</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brigid%27s_cross" title="Brigid's cross">Brigid's cross</a> – Cross woven from rushes, arms offset</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camunian_rose" title="Camunian rose">Camunian rose</a> – Prehistoric symbol from the petroglyphs of Valcamonica</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fasces" title="Fasces">Fasces</a> – Bound bundle of wooden rods, sometimes with an axe</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascist_symbolism" title="Fascist symbolism">Fascist symbolism</a> – Use of certain images and symbols which are designed to represent aspects of fascism</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flash_and_circle" title="Flash and circle">Flash and circle</a> – Symbol of the British Union of Fascists</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fylfot" title="Fylfot">Fylfot</a> – Anglo-Saxon symbol and swastika variation</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lauburu" title="Lauburu">Lauburu</a> – Basque cross</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_symbolism" title="Nazi symbolism">Nazi symbolism</a> – Symbols used by Nazis and neo-Nazis</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_cross" title="Sun cross">Sun cross</a> – Circle containing four or more spokes</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svastikasana" class="mw-redirect" title="Svastikasana">Svastikasana</a> – Ancient seated meditation posture in hatha yogaPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triskelion" title="Triskelion">Triskelion</a> – Various symbols with three-fold rotational symmetry</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tursaansyd%C3%A4n" title="Tursaansydän">Tursaansydän</a> – Ancient symbol used in Northern Europe</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugunskrusts" title="Ugunskrusts">Ugunskrusts</a> – The swastika as a symbol in Latvian folklore</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valknut" title="Valknut">Valknut</a> – Germanic multi-triangular symbol, occurs in several forms</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoke_and_arrows" title="Yoke and arrows">Yoke and arrows</a> – Badge of Spanish monarchy, fascist emblem</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z_(military_symbol)" title="Z (military symbol)">Z (military symbol)</a> – sometimes called a Zwastika</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-upper-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> In a broader sense, swastika is a <a href="/wiki/Rosette_(design)" title="Rosette (design)">rosette</a> with any number of rays bent in one direction,<a href="#cite_note-GRE-9">[9]</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Triskelion" title="Triskelion">triskelion</a> or <a href="/wiki/Arevakhach" class="mw-redirect" title="Arevakhach">arevakhach</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> Except for religious use. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-britswast-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-britswast_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-britswast_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-britswast_1-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-britswast_1-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-britswast_1-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-britswast_1-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-britswast_1-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-britswast_1-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-britswast_1-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-britswast_1-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-britswast_1-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-britswast_1-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-britswast_1-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-britswast_1-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-britswast_1-14">o</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/swastika">"Swastika"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a> Online. Retrieved 22 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Swastika&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica+Online&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2Fswastika&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwastika" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC_News_2014-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BBC_News_2014_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BBC_News_2014_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BBC_News_2014_2-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BBC_News_2014_2-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampion2014" class="citation magazine cs1">Campion, Mukti Jain (23 October 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-29644591">"How the world loved the swastika – until Hitler stole it"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="BBC News Magazine">BBC News Magazine</a>. Retrieved 11 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News+Magazine&rft.atitle=How+the+world+loved+the+swastika+%E2%80%93+until+Hitler+stole+it&rft.date=2014-10-23&rft.aulast=Campion&rft.aufirst=Mukti+Jain&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fmagazine-29644591&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwastika" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Roden-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Roden_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Roden_3-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuxton1947" class="citation journal cs1">Buxton, David Roden (1947). "The Christian Antiquities of Northern Ethiopia". Archaeologia. 92. <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Antiquaries_of_London" title="Society of Antiquaries of London">Society of Antiquaries of London</a>: 11 & 23. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0261340900009863">10.1017/S0261340900009863</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archaeologia&rft.atitle=The+Christian+Antiquities+of+Northern+Ethiopia&rft.volume=92&rft.pages=11+%26+23&rft.date=1947&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0261340900009863&rft.aulast=Buxton&rft.aufirst=David+Roden&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwastika" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Olson-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Olson_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Olson_4-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlson2020" class="citation journal cs1">Olson, Jim (September 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.proquest.com/docview/2453170975">"The Swastika Symbol in Native American Art"</a>. Whispering Wind. 48 (3): 23–25. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0300-6565">0300-6565</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.proquest.com/docview/2453170975">2453170975</a> – via ProQuest.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Whispering+Wind&rft.atitle=The+Swastika+Symbol+in+Native+American+Art&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=23-25&rft.date=2020-09&rft.issn=0300-6565&rft.aulast=Olson&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.proquest.com%2Fdocview%2F2453170975&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwastika" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sullivan2001p216-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sullivan2001p216_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sullivan2001p216_5-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBruce_M._Sullivan2001" class="citation book cs1">Bruce M. Sullivan (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/atozofhinduism2001sull">The A to Z of Hinduism</a>. Scarecrow Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/atozofhinduism2001sull/page/216">216</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4616-7189-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4616-7189-3"><bdi>978-1-4616-7189-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+A+to+Z+of+Hinduism&rft.pages=216&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-4616-7189-3&rft.au=Bruce+M.+Sullivan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fatozofhinduism2001sull&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwastika" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-snodgrass82-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-snodgrass82_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-snodgrass82_6-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-snodgrass82_6-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-snodgrass82_6-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdrian_Snodgrass1992" class="citation book cs1">Adrian Snodgrass (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nzqK8dDCM0UC&pg=PA82">The Symbolism of the Stupa</a>. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 82–83. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0781-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0781-5"><bdi>978-81-208-0781-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Symbolism+of+the+Stupa&rft.pages=82-83&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-81-208-0781-5&rft.au=Adrian+Snodgrass&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnzqK8dDCM0UC%26pg%3DPA82&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwastika" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cort_2001_17-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cort_2001_17_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cort_2001_17_7-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCort2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_E._Cort" title="John E. Cort">Cort, John E.</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PZk-4HOMzsoC">Jains in the World: Religious Values and Ideology in India</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195132342" title="Special:BookSources/978-0195132342"><bdi>978-0195132342</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jains+in+the+World%3A+Religious+Values+and+Ideology+in+India&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0195132342&rft.aulast=Cort&rft.aufirst=John+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPZk-4HOMzsoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwastika" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-p.97-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-p.97_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-p.97_8-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-p.97_8-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeer2003" class="citation book cs1">Beer, Robert (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-3804Ud9-4IC">The Handbook of Tibetan Buddhist Symbols</a>. Serindia Publications, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1932476033" title="Special:BookSources/978-1932476033"><bdi>978-1932476033</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Handbook+of+Tibetan+Buddhist+Symbols&rft.pub=Serindia+Publications%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1932476033&rft.aulast=Beer&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-3804Ud9-4IC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwastika" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-GRE-9"><a href="#cite_ref-GRE_9-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200205212950/https://bigenc.ru/ethnology/text/3539594">"Свастика"</a> [Swastika]. Большая российская энциклопедия/<a href="/wiki/Great_Russian_Encyclopedia" title="Great Russian Encyclopedia">Great Russian Encyclopedia</a> Online (in Russian). 2017. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bigenc.ru/ethnology/text/3539594">the original</a> on 5 February 2020. Retrieved 18 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0&rft.btitle=%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F%2FGreat+Russian+Encyclopedia+Online&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbigenc.ru%2Fethnology%2Ftext%2F3539594&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwastika" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MigSym-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MigSym_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MigSym_11-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MigSym_11-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sacred-texts.com/sym/mosy/index.htm">"The Migration of Symbols Index"</a>. sacred-texts.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sacred-texts.com&rft.atitle=The+Migration+of+Symbols+Index&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsacred-texts.com%2Fsym%2Fmosy%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwastika" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CambDict-12"><a href="#cite_ref-CambDict_12-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PDHCFSRmjSMC">Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary</a>. Cambridge University Press. 2008. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3125179882" title="Special:BookSources/978-3125179882"><bdi>978-3125179882</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cambridge+Advanced+Learner%27s+Dictionary&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-3125179882&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPDHCFSRmjSMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwastika" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-etymology-13"><a href="#cite_ref-etymology_13-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/swastika?s=t">"'Swastika' Etymology"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Dictionary.com" title="Dictionary.com">Dictionary.com</a>. Retrieved 8 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%27Swastika%27+Etymology&rft.btitle=Dictionary.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdictionary.reference.com%2Fbrowse%2Fswastika%3Fs%3Dt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwastika" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-silverblatt109-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-silverblatt109_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-silverblatt109_14-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArt_SilverblattNikolai_Zlobin2015" class="citation book cs1">Art Silverblatt; Nikolai Zlobin (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_mfxBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA109">International Communications: A Media Literacy Approach</a>. Routledge. p. 109. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-46760-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-46760-1"><bdi>978-1-317-46760-1</bdi></a>. <q>Buddha's footprints were said to be swastikas.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+Communications%3A+A+Media+Literacy+Approach&rft.pages=109&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-317-46760-1&rft.au=Art+Silverblatt&rft.au=Nikolai+Zlobin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_mfxBwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA109&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwastika" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPantFuno2007" class="citation book cs1">Pant, Mohan; Funo, Shūji (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=W-K5_Z8qsJEC">Stupa and Swastika: Historical Urban Planning Principles in Nepal's Kathmandu Valley</a>. National University of Singapore Press. p. 231 with note 5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9971-69-372-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-9971-69-372-5"><bdi>978-9971-69-372-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stupa+and+Swastika%3A+Historical+Urban+Planning+Principles+in+Nepal%27s+Kathmandu+Valley&rft.pages=231+with+note+5&rft.pub=National+University+of+Singapore+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-9971-69-372-5&rft.aulast=Pant&rft.aufirst=Mohan&rft.au=Funo%2C+Sh%C5%ABji&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DW-K5_Z8qsJEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwastika" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Greg-16"><a href="#cite_ref-Greg_16-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreg1884" class="citation book cs1">Greg, Robert Philips (1884). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/onmeaningandori00londgoog">On the Meaning and Origin of the Fylfot and Swastika</a>. Nichols and Sons. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/onmeaningandori00londgoog/page/n11">6</a>, 29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+the+Meaning+and+Origin+of+the+Fylfot+and+Swastika&rft.pages=6%2C+29&rft.pub=Nichols+and+Sons&rft.date=1884&rft.aulast=Greg&rft.aufirst=Robert+Philips&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fonmeaningandori00londgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwastika" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.harappa.com/indus4/45.html">"Faience button seal"</a>. <q>Faience button seal (H99-3814/8756-01) with swastika motif found on the floor of Room 202 (Trench 43).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Faience+button+seal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.harappa.com%2Findus4%2F45.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwastika" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/swastika">"Swastika"</a>. Britanica. <q>The swastika also appeared in early Christian and Byzantine art (where it became known as the gammadion cross, or crux gammata, because it could be constructed from four Greek gammas [ Γ ] attached to a common base).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Swastika&rft.btitle=Britanica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2Fswastika&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwastika" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/463250">"Textile with Interlacing Bands forming Swastika Figures (German, 14th–15th century)"</a>. The Metropolitan Museum of Art.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Textile+with+Interlacing+Bands+forming+Swastika+Figures+%28German%2C+14th%E2%80%9315th+century%29&rft.pub=The+Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.metmuseum.org%2Fart%2Fcollection%2Fsearch%2F463250&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwastika" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fTIlAQAAMAAJ&q=%22as%20an%20emblem%22">The National Jewish Monthly</a>. Vol. 55–56. B'nai B'rith. 1940. p. 181. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220728230502/https://books.google.ro/books?id=fTIlAQAAMAAJ&dq=%22as%20an%20emblem%22">Archived</a> from the original on 28 July 2022. Retrieved 28 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+National+Jewish+Monthly&rft.pages=181&rft.pub=B%27nai+B%27rith&rft.date=1940&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfTIlAQAAMAAJ%26q%3D%2522as%2520an%2520emblem%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwastika" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNagy-Talavera1998" class="citation book cs1">Nagy-Talavera, Nicholas M. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NFZpAAAAMAAJ&q=%22brandishing%22">Nicholas M. Nagy-Talavera, Center for Romanian Studies, 1998, Nicolae Iorga: A Biography, p. 102</a>. Center for Romanian Studies. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789739809177" title="Special:BookSources/9789739809177"><bdi>9789739809177</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230105083200/https://books.google.ro/books?id=NFZpAAAAMAAJ&dq&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=%22brandishing%22">Archived</a> from the original on 5 January 2023. Retrieved 28 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nicholas+M.+Nagy-Talavera%2C+Center+for+Romanian+Studies%2C+1998%2C+Nicolae+Iorga%3A+A+Biography%2C+p.+102&rft.pub=Center+for+Romanian+Studies&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9789739809177&rft.aulast=Nagy-Talavera&rft.aufirst=Nicholas+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNFZpAAAAMAAJ%26q%3D%2522brandishing%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwastika" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFButnaruSpodheim1992" class="citation book cs1">Butnaru, Ion C.; Spodheim, Renee (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sOUPsUNhO6wC&pg=PA28">Ion C. Butnaru, Renee Spodheim, Greenwood Publishing Group, 1992, The Silent Holocaust: Romania and Its Jews, p. 28</a>. Greenwood Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780313279850" title="Special:BookSources/9780313279850"><bdi>9780313279850</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230105083151/https://books.google.ro/books?id=sOUPsUNhO6wC&pg=PA28">Archived</a> from the original on 5 January 2023. Retrieved 28 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ion+C.+Butnaru%2C+Renee+Spodheim%2C+Greenwood+Publishing+Group%2C+1992%2C+The+Silent+Holocaust%3A+Romania+and+Its+Jews%2C+p.+28&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=9780313279850&rft.aulast=Butnaru&rft.aufirst=Ion+C.&rft.au=Spodheim%2C+Renee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsOUPsUNhO6wC%26pg%3DPA28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwastika" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-holocaust2009-23">^ <a href="#cite_ref-holocaust2009_23-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-holocaust2009_23-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-holocaust2009_23-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/history-of-the-swastika">"History of the Swastika"</a>. Holocaust Encyclopedia. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Holocaust+Encyclopedia&rft.atitle=History+of+the+Swastika&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fencyclopedia.ushmm.org%2Fcontent%2Fen%2Farticle%2Fhistory-of-the-swastika&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwastika" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-wiener463-24">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wiener463_24-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-wiener463_24-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWienerRichter2008" class="citation journal cs1">Wiener, Richard L.; Richter, Erin (2008). "Symbolic hate: Intention to intimidate, political ideology, and group association". Law and Human Behavior. 32 (6). American Psychological Association: 463–476. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10979-007-9119-3">10.1007/s10979-007-9119-3</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18030607">18030607</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:25546323">25546323</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Law+and+Human+Behavior&rft.atitle=Symbolic+hate%3A+Intention+to+intimidate%2C+political+ideology%2C+and+group+association.&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=463-476&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A25546323%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18030607&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10979-007-9119-3&rft.aulast=Wiener&rft.aufirst=Richard+L.&rft.au=Richter%2C+Erin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwastika" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStollznow2020" class="citation book cs1">Stollznow, Karen (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dsf3DwAAQBAJ&dq=Swastika+%2522symbol+of+white+supremacy%2522&pg=PA134">On the Offensive: Prejudice in Language Past and Present</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 134. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-49627-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-49627-8"><bdi>978-1-108-49627-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+the+Offensive%3A+Prejudice+in+Language+Past+and+Present&rft.pages=134&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-108-49627-8&rft.aulast=Stollznow&rft.aufirst=Karen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Ddsf3DwAAQBAJ%26dq%3DSwastika%2B%252522symbol%2Bof%2Bwhite%2Bsupremacy%252522%26pg%3DPA134&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwastika" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLangmanLundskow2016" class="citation book cs1">Langman, Lauren; Lundskow, George (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dk4PDQAAQBAJ&dq=Swastika+%2522symbol+of+white+supremacy%2522&pg=PA89">God, Guns, Gold and Glory: American Character and its Discontents</a>. Brill. p. 89. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-32863-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-32863-1"><bdi>978-90-04-32863-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=God%2C+Guns%2C+Gold+and+Glory%3A+American+Character+and+its+Discontents&rft.pages=89&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-90-04-32863-1&rft.aulast=Langman&rft.aufirst=Lauren&rft.au=Lundskow%2C+George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Ddk4PDQAAQBAJ%26dq%3DSwastika%2B%252522symbol%2Bof%2Bwhite%2Bsupremacy%252522%26pg%3DPA89&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwastika" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLander2013" class="citation book cs1">Lander, Janis (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IH5iAgAAQBAJ&dq=swastika+%2522symbol+of+evil%2522&pg=PA28">Spiritual Art and Art Education</a>. Routledge. p. 28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-66789-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-66789-5"><bdi>978-1-134-66789-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Spiritual+Art+and+Art+Education&rft.pages=28&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-134-66789-5&rft.aulast=Lander&rft.aufirst=Janis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIH5iAgAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dswastika%2B%252522symbol%2Bof%2Bevil%252522%26pg%3DPA28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwastika" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWagoner2009" class="citation book cs1">Wagoner, Brady (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HWeMAgAAQBAJ&dq=swastika+%2522symbol+of+evil%2522&pg=PA13">Symbolic Transformation: The Mind in Movement Through Culture and Society</a>. Routledge. p. 13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-15090-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-15090-7"><bdi>978-1-135-15090-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Symbolic+Transformation%3A+The+Mind+in+Movement+Through+Culture+and+Society&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-135-15090-7&rft.aulast=Wagoner&rft.aufirst=Brady&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHWeMAgAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dswastika%2B%252522symbol%2Bof%2Bevil%252522%26pg%3DPA13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwastika" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJamisonBrereton2014" class="citation book cs1">Jamison, S.W.; Brereton, J.P. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fgzVAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA727">The Rigveda: 3-Volume Set</a>. South Asia Research. Oxford University Press. p. 727. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-972078-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-972078-1"><bdi>978-0-19-972078-1</bdi></a>. Retrieved 14 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rigveda%3A+3-Volume+Set&rft.series=South+Asia+Research&rft.pages=727&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-19-972078-1&rft.aulast=Jamison&rft.aufirst=S.W.&rft.au=Brereton%2C+J.P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfgzVAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA727&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwastika" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a class="external text" href="https://sa.m.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8B%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%83_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%82_%E0%A5%AB.%E0%A5%AB%E0%A5%A7">"ऋग्वेदः सूक्तं ५.५१"</a>. विकिस्रोतः (in Sanskrit). Retrieved 14 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%83&rft.atitle=%E0%A4%8B%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%83+%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%82+%E0%A5%AB.%E0%A5%AB%E0%A5%A7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsa.m.wikisource.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E0%25A4%258B%25E0%25A4%2597%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25B5%25E0%25A5%2587%25E0%25A4%25A6%25E0%25A4%2583_%25E0%25A4%25B8%25E0%25A5%2582%25E0%25A4%2595%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25A4%25E0%25A4%2582_%25E0%25A5%25AB.%25E0%25A5%25AB%25E0%25A5%25A7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwastika" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schliemann347-32">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schliemann347_32-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schliemann347_32-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeinrich_Schliemann1880" class="citation book cs1">Heinrich Schliemann (1880). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PkoXAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA347">Ilios</a>. J. Murray. pp. 347–348.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ilios&rft.pages=347-348&rft.pub=J.+Murray&rft.date=1880&rft.au=Heinrich+Schliemann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPkoXAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA347&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwastika" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-M-W-33">^ <a href="#cite_ref-M-W_33-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-M-W_33-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-M-W_33-2">c</a> <a href="/wiki/Monier_Monier-Williams" title="Monier Monier-Williams">Monier Monier-Williams</a> (1899). A Sanskrit-English Dictionary, s.v. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibiblio.org/sripedia/ebooks/mw/1300/mw__1316.html">svastika</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180304021143/http://www.ibiblio.org/sripedia/ebooks/mw/1300/mw__1316.html">Archived</a> 4 March 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (p. 1283). </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/vedicconcordance00bloouoft#page/1053/mode/1up">A Vedic Concordance</a>, Maurice Bloomfield, Harvard University Press, pp. 1052–1054 </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Page:Sanskrit_Grammar_by_Whitney_p1.djvu/494">"Page:Sanskrit Grammar by Whitney p1.djvu/494 – Wikisource, the free online library"</a>. en.wikisource.org. Retrieved 10 June 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=en.wikisource.org&rft.atitle=Page%3ASanskrit+Grammar+by+Whitney+p1.djvu%2F494+%E2%80%93+Wikisource%2C+the+free+online+library&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikisource.org%2Fwiki%2FPage%3ASanskrit_Grammar_by_Whitney_p1.djvu%2F494&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwastika" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZimmer2017" class="citation book cs1">Zimmer, Heinrich (2017). Myths and Symbols in Indian Art and Civilization. Princeton University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Myths+and+Symbols+in+Indian+Art+and+Civilization&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Zimmer&rft.aufirst=Heinrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwastika" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllchinErdosy1995" class="citation book cs1">Allchin, F. R.; Erdosy, George (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Q5kI02_zW70C&pg=PA180">The Archaeology of Early Historic South Asia: The Emergence of Cities and States</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 180. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-37695-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-37695-2"><bdi>978-0-521-37695-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Archaeology+of+Early+Historic+South+Asia%3A+The+Emergence+of+Cities+and+States&rft.pages=180&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-521-37695-2&rft.aulast=Allchin&rft.aufirst=F.+R.&rft.au=Erdosy%2C+George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQ5kI02_zW70C%26pg%3DPA180&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwastika" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> First recorded 1871 (<a href="/wiki/OED" class="mw-redirect" title="OED">OED</a>); alternative historical English spellings include suastika, swastica, and svastica; see, for example: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=C2AEAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA259">Notes and Queries</a>. Oxford University Press. 31 March 1883. p. 259.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Notes+and+Queries&rft.pages=259&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1883-03-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DC2AEAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA259&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwastika" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStaal1965" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Frits_Staal" title="Frits Staal">Staal, Frits</a> (April 1965). "Euclid and Pāṇini". Philosophy East and West. 15 (2): 99–116. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1397332">10.2307/1397332</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0031-8221">0031-8221</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1397332">1397332</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophy+East+and+West&rft.atitle=Euclid+and+P%C4%81%E1%B9%87ini&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=99-116&rft.date=1965-04&rft.issn=0031-8221&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1397332%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1397332&rft.aulast=Staal&rft.aufirst=Frits&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwastika" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCardona1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Cardona" title="George Cardona">Cardona, George</a> (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=adWXhQ-yHQUC&pg=PA268">Pāṇini: A Survey of Research</a>. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 268. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1494-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1494-3"><bdi>978-81-208-1494-3</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=P%C4%81%E1%B9%87ini%3A+A+Survey+of+Research&rft.pages=268&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-81-208-1494-3&rft.aulast=Cardona&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DadWXhQ-yHQUC%26pg%3DPA268&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwastika" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Ashtadhyayi">"Panini (Indian Grammarian)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Panini+%28Indian+Grammarian%29&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FAshtadhyayi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwastika" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScharfe1977" class="citation book cs1">Scharfe, Hartmut (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2_VbnWkZ-SYC&pg=PA88">Grammatical Literature</a>. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 88–89. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-447-01706-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-447-01706-0"><bdi>978-3-447-01706-0</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Grammatical+Literature&rft.pages=88-89&rft.pub=Otto+Harrassowitz+Verlag&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-3-447-01706-0&rft.aulast=Scharfe&rft.aufirst=Hartmut&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2_VbnWkZ-SYC%26pg%3DPA88&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwastika" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-boissoneaultsm-43"><a href="#cite_ref-boissoneaultsm_43-0">^</a> Lorraine Boissoneault (6 April 2017), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/man-who-brought-swastika-germany-and-how-nazis-stole-it-180962812/">The Man Who Brought the Swastika to Germany, and How the Nazis Stole It</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170601082056/http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/man-who-brought-swastika-germany-and-how-nazis-stole-it-180962812/">Archived</a> 1 June 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Smithsonian Magazine </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarper2016" class="citation web cs1">Harper, Douglas (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?allowed_in_frame=0&search=swastika">"Swastika"</a>. Etymology Dictionary.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Etymology+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Swastika&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Harper&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Findex.php%3Fallowed_in_frame%3D0%26search%3Dswastika&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwastika" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMees200857–58-45"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMees200857–58_45-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMees2008">Mees (2008)</a>, pp. 57–58. </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.120833/page/n1120/mode/1up">"Swastika"</a>. Oxford English Dictionary. Vol. X. Sole–Sz. Oxford University Press. 1933. p. 290.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Swastika&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.pages=290&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1933&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.120833%2Fpage%2Fn1120%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwastika" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraves1879" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Graves_(bishop)" title="Charles Graves (bishop)">Graves, Charles</a> (April 1879). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AHcTAAAAYAAJ">"On the Croix Gammée, or Swastika"</a>. The Transactions of the Royal Irish Academy. 27. <a href="/wiki/Royal_Irish_Academy" title="Royal Irish Academy">Royal Irish Academy</a>: 41–46.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Transactions+of+the+Royal+Irish+Academy&rft.atitle=On+the+Croix+Gamm%C3%A9e%2C+or+Swastika&rft.volume=27&rft.pages=41-46&rft.date=1879-04&rft.aulast=Graves&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAHcTAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwastika" class="Z3988"> Read by Graves to the Royal Irish Academy on 13 May 1878. </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas1880" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Thomas_(antiquarian)" title="Edward Thomas (antiquarian)">Thomas, Edward</a> (1880). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-UIOAAAAQAAJ">"The Indian Swastika and Its Western Counterparts"</a>. Numismatic Chronicle. 20. <a href="/wiki/Royal_Numismatic_Society" title="Royal Numismatic Society">Royal Numismatic Society</a>: 18–48.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Numismatic+Chronicle&rft.atitle=The+Indian+Swastika+and+Its+Western+Counterparts&rft.volume=20&rft.pages=18-48&rft.date=1880&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-UIOAAAAQAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwastika" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSewell1881" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Sewell_(historian)" title="Robert Sewell (historian)">Sewell, Robert</a> (1881). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TRYHAAAAQAAJ">"Notes on the Swastika"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Indian_Antiquary" title="The Indian Antiquary">The Indian Antiquary</a>. 9: 65–73.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Indian+Antiquary&rft.atitle=Notes+on+the+Swastika&rft.volume=9&rft.pages=65-73&rft.date=1881&rft.aulast=Sewell&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTRYHAAAAQAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwastika" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sacred-texts.com/sym/mosy/mosy06.htm#page_40">The Migration of Symbols</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210225075221/https://sacred-texts.com/sym/mosy/mosy06.htm#page_40">Archived</a> 25 February 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Goblet_d%27Alviella" title="Eugène Goblet d'Alviella">Eugène Goblet d'Alviella</a>, (1894), p. 40 at <a href="/wiki/Sacred-texts.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacred-texts.com">sacred-texts.com</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/tetraskelion">"tetraskelion"</a>. Merriam-Webster Dictionary (Online ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica Inc. Retrieved 9 February 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Merriam-Webster+Dictionary&rft.atitle=tetraskelion&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Ftetraskelion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwastika" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130811070916/http://indiancountrytodaymedianetwork.com/2013/08/07/melissa-codys-whirling-logs-dont-you-dare-call-them-swastikas-150782">"Melissa Cody's Whirling Logs: Don't You Dare Call Them Swastikas"</a>. Indian Country Today Media Network. 7 August 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://indiancountrytodaymedianetwork.com/2013/08/07/melissa-codys-whirling-logs-dont-you-dare-call-them-swastikas-150782">the original</a> on 11 August 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Indian+Country+Today+Media+Network&rft.atitle=Melissa+Cody%27s+Whirling+Logs%3A+Don%27t+You+Dare+Call+Them+Swastikas&rft.date=2013-08-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Findiancountrytodaymedianetwork.com%2F2013%2F08%2F07%2Fmelissa-codys-whirling-logs-dont-you-dare-call-them-swastikas-150782&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwastika" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-John_Powers-53">^ <a href="#cite_ref-John_Powers_53-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-John_Powers_53-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPowers2007" class="citation book cs1">Powers, John (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cy980CH84mEC&pg=PA509">Introduction to Tibetan Buddhism</a>. Shambhala Press. p. 509. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55939-835-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55939-835-0"><bdi>978-1-55939-835-0</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Tibetan+Buddhism&rft.pages=509&rft.pub=Shambhala+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-55939-835-0&rft.aulast=Powers&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dcy980CH84mEC%26pg%3DPA509&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwastika" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChessa2012" class="citation book cs1">Chessa, Luciano (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=P2NGRnEFfmQC&pg=PA34">Luigi Russolo, Futurist: Noise, Visual Arts, and the Occult</a>. University of California Press. p. 34. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-95156-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-95156-3"><bdi>978-0-520-95156-3</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Luigi+Russolo%2C+Futurist%3A+Noise%2C+Visual+Arts%2C+and+the+Occult&rft.pages=34&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-520-95156-3&rft.aulast=Chessa&rft.aufirst=Luciano&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DP2NGRnEFfmQC%26pg%3DPA34&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwastika" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://flagspot.net/flags/de%271933.html">Swastika Flag Specifications and Construction Sheet (Germany)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050208032141/http://flagspot.net/flags/de%271933.html">Archived</a> 8 February 2005 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". <a href="/wiki/Flags_of_the_World_(website)" title="Flags of the World (website)">Flags of the World</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U4E00.pdf#page=35&zoom=auto,-76,166">"CJK Unified Ideographs"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030916074204/http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U4E00.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 16 September 2003.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CJK+Unified+Ideographs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicode.org%2Fcharts%2FPDF%2FU4E00.pdf%23page%3D35%26zoom%3Dauto%2C-76%2C166&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwastika" class="Z3988"> (4.83 MB), The Unicode Standard, Version 4.1. Unicode, Inc. 2005. </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> Big5: C9_C3, according to <a href="/wiki/Wenlin" class="mw-redirect" title="Wenlin">Wenlin</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> Big5+: 85_80, according to <a href="/wiki/Wenlin" class="mw-redirect" title="Wenlin">Wenlin</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240730015250/https://unicode.org/favicon.ico">"Tibetan"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Unicode_Consortium" title="Unicode Consortium">Unicode Consortium</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unicode.org/charts/nameslist/n_0F00.html">the original</a> on 30 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tibetan&rft.pub=Unicode+Consortium&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Funicode.org%2Fcharts%2Fnameslist%2Fn_0F00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwastika" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> Paliga S., The tablets of Tărtăria Dialogues d'histoire ancienne, vol. 19, n°1, 1993. pp. 9–43; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.persee.fr/doc/dha_0755-7256_1993_num_19_1_2073">(Fig. 5 on p. 28)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191106214611/https://www.persee.fr/doc/dha_0755-7256_1993_num_19_1_2073">Archived</a> 6 November 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> Freed, S. A. and R. S., "Origin of the Swastika", Natural History, January 1980, 68–75. </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuénonFohr2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Gu%C3%A9non" title="René Guénon">Guénon, René</a>; Fohr, Samuel D. (2004). Symbols of Sacred Science. Sophia Perennis. pp. 64–67, 113–117. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0900588785" title="Special:BookSources/978-0900588785"><bdi>978-0900588785</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Symbols+of+Sacred+Science&rft.pages=64-67%2C+113-117&rft.pub=Sophia+Perennis&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0900588785&rft.aulast=Gu%C3%A9non&rft.aufirst=Ren%C3%A9&rft.au=Fohr%2C+Samuel+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwastika" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuénonFohr2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Gu%C3%A9non" title="René Guénon">Guénon, René</a>; Fohr, Samuel D. (2004). Symbols of Sacred Science. Sophia Perennis. pp. 113–117, 130. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0900588785" title="Special:BookSources/978-0900588785"><bdi>978-0900588785</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Symbols+of+Sacred+Science&rft.pages=113-117%2C+130&rft.pub=Sophia+Perennis&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0900588785&rft.aulast=Gu%C3%A9non&rft.aufirst=Ren%C3%A9&rft.au=Fohr%2C+Samuel+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwastika" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAssasi2013" class="citation journal cs1">Assasi, Reza (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/4087681">"Swastika: The Forgotten Constellation Representing the Chariot of Mithras"</a>. Anthropological Notebooks (Supplement: Šprajc, Ivan; Pehani, Peter, eds. Ancient Cosmologies and Modern Prophets: Proceedings of the 20th Conference of the European Society for Astronomy in Culture). XIX (2). Ljubljana: Slovene Anthropological Society. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1408-032X">1408-032X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Anthropological+Notebooks&rft.atitle=Swastika%3A+The+Forgotten+Constellation+Representing+the+Chariot+of+Mithras&rft.volume=XIX&rft.issue=2&rft.date=2013&rft.issn=1408-032X&rft.aulast=Assasi&rft.aufirst=Reza&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F4087681&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwastika" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ru-sled.ru-65">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ru-sled.ru_65-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ru-sled.ru_65-1">b</a> <a href="/wiki/Gennady_Zdanovich" title="Gennady Zdanovich">Gennady Zdanovich</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ru-sled.ru/o-mirovozzrenii-drevnix-zhitelej-strany-gorodov/">"О мировоззрении древних жителей «Страны Городов»"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170725145444/http://ru-sled.ru/o-mirovozzrenii-drevnix-zhitelej-strany-gorodov/">Archived</a> 25 July 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Русский след, 26 June 2017. </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuénonFohr2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Gu%C3%A9non" title="René Guénon">Guénon, René</a>; Fohr, Samuel D. (2004). Symbols of Sacred Science. Sophia Perennis. p. 117. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0900588785" title="Special:BookSources/978-0900588785"><bdi>978-0900588785</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Symbols+of+Sacred+Science&rft.pages=117&rft.pub=Sophia+Perennis&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0900588785&rft.aulast=Gu%C3%A9non&rft.aufirst=Ren%C3%A9&rft.au=Fohr%2C+Samuel+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwastika" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaganDruyan1985" class="citation book cs1">Sagan, Carl; Druyan, Ann (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cometsaga00saga/page/181/mode/2up">Comet</a> (1st ed.). New York: Random House. pp. 181–187. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-394-54908-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-394-54908-2"><bdi>0-394-54908-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/12080683">12080683</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Comet&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=181-187&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=1985&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F12080683&rft.isbn=0-394-54908-2&rft.aulast=Sagan&rft.aufirst=Carl&rft.au=Druyan%2C+Ann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcometsaga00saga%2Fpage%2F181%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwastika" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-kobres-68">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kobres_68-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-kobres_68-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKobres" class="citation web cs1">Kobres, Bob. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090908045814/http://abob.libs.uga.edu/bobk/bronze.html">"Comets and the Bronze Age Collapse"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://abob.libs.uga.edu/bobk/bronze.html">the original</a> on 8 September 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Comets+and+the+Bronze+Age+Collapse&rft.aulast=Kobres&rft.aufirst=Bob&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fabob.libs.uga.edu%2Fbobk%2Fbronze.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwastika" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHewitt1907" class="citation book cs1">Hewitt, J. F. (1907). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QvQeAAAAMAAJ&q=peacock+foot+tracks+su+astika+flying+star+bird&pg=PA145">Primitive Traditional History: The Primitive History and Chronology of India, South-eastern and South-western Asia, Egypt, and Europe, and the Colonies Thence Sent Forth</a>. Vol. 1. Oxford: J. Parker and Company. p. 145.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Primitive+Traditional+History%3A+The+Primitive+History+and+Chronology+of+India%2C+South-eastern+and+South-western+Asia%2C+Egypt%2C+and+Europe%2C+and+the+Colonies+Thence+Sent+Forth&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=145&rft.pub=J.+Parker+and+Company&rft.date=1907&rft.aulast=Hewitt&rft.aufirst=J.+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQvQeAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dpeacock%2Bfoot%2Btracks%2Bsu%2Bastika%2Bflying%2Bstar%2Bbird%26pg%3DPA145&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwastika" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zHgQcMFTSwsC&q=swastika%20chicken%20tracks&pg=PA421">Good Housekeeping</a>. Vol. 47. C. W. Bryan & Company. 1908.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Good+Housekeeping&rft.pub=C.+W.+Bryan+%26+Company&rft.date=1908&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzHgQcMFTSwsC%26q%3Dswastika%2520chicken%2520tracks%26pg%3DPA421&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwastika" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Frank_Hamilton_Cushing" title="Frank Hamilton Cushing">Frank Hamilton Cushing</a>: "Observations Relative to the Origin of the Fylfot or Swastika", <a href="/wiki/American_Anthropologist" title="American Anthropologist">American Anthropologist</a> vol 9, no. 2, June 1907 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/659592">p. 335</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220220134853/https://www.jstor.org/stable/659592">Archived</a> 20 February 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> at <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbell2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Campbell" title="Joseph Campbell">Campbell, Joseph</a> (2002). The Flight of the Wild Gander. p. 117.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Flight+of+the+Wild+Gander&rft.pages=117&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwastika" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoseph2013" class="citation book cs1">Joseph, Frank, ed. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wpPnAgAAQBAJ&dq=oldest+swastika+ukraine&pg=PA52">Unlocking the Prehistory of America</a> (1st ed.). New York: Rosen Publishing. p. 52. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4777-2806-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4777-2806-2"><bdi>978-1-4777-2806-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Unlocking+the+Prehistory+of+America&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=52&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Rosen+Publishing&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-4777-2806-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwpPnAgAAQBAJ%26dq%3Doldest%2Bswastika%2Bukraine%26pg%3DPA52&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwastika" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbell2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Campbell" title="Joseph Campbell">Campbell, Joseph</a> (2002). The Flight of the Wild Gander. p. 117.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Flight+of+the+Wild+Gander&rft.pages=117&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwastika" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> Persian Sea magazine (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://parssea.persianblog.ir/Dvbe4xKanwIp7mnqw7yn-%D9%86%D9%82%D8%B4-%D8%AC%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C-%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%DA%AF%D9%86%D8%AC%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%87-%D9%87%D8%A7-%D8%8C-%D8%A8%D8%AA%D9%87%D8%A7-%D9%88-%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%B4-%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C">"The global role of the swastika in Iranian treasures, idols and carpets"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210506210234/https://parssea.persianblog.ir/Dvbe4xKanwIp7mnqw7yn-%D9%86%D9%82%D8%B4-%D8%AC%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C-%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%DA%AF%D9%86%D8%AC%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%87-%D9%87%D8%A7-%D8%8C-%D8%A8%D8%AA%D9%87%D8%A7-%D9%88-%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%B4-%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C">Archived</a> 6 May 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Iranian Studies. Accessed 19 April 2021. In <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://civilica.com/doc/541074/">"کتیبه های خوسف ولاخ مزار بیرجند، جک گویی پارتها (Parthians Joking) یا کتیبه های درست دینان سلطنت قباد؟"</a>. Civilica (in Persian). 25 September 1395. Retrieved 18 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Civilica&rft.atitle=%DA%A9%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%A8%D9%87+%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C+%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%81+%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AE+%D9%85%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%B1+%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%8C+%D8%AC%DA%A9+%DA%AF%D9%88%DB%8C%DB%8C+%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%87%D8%A7+%28Parthians+Joking%29+%DB%8C%D8%A7+%DA%A9%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%A8%D9%87+%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C+%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%AA+%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86+%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%AA+%D9%82%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%9F&rft.date=1395&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcivilica.com%2Fdoc%2F541074%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwastika" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDimitrova1996" class="citation journal cs1">Dimitrova, Stefania (30 January 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/4220126">"Eight Thousand Years Ago Proto-Thracians Depicted the Evolution of the Divine – English"</a>. Courrier of UNESCO – via www.academia.edu.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Courrier+of+UNESCO&rft.atitle=Eight+Thousand+Years+Ago+Proto-Thracians+Depicted+the+Evolution+of+the+Divine+%E2%80%93+English&rft.date=1996-01-30&rft.aulast=Dimitrova&rft.aufirst=Stefania&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F4220126&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwastika" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kathleen_M._Nadeau_2010_87-78"><a href="#cite_ref-Kathleen_M._Nadeau_2010_87_78-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKathleen_M._Nadeau2010" class="citation book cs1">Kathleen M. Nadeau (2010). Lee, Jonathan H. X. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofas00leej">Encyclopedia of Asian American Folklore and Folklife</a>. ABL-CLIO. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofas00leej/page/n19">87</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-35066-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-35066-5"><bdi>978-0-313-35066-5</bdi></a>. Retrieved 21 March 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Asian+American+Folklore+and+Folklife&rft.pages=87&rft.pub=ABL-CLIO&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-313-35066-5&rft.au=Kathleen+M.+Nadeau&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fencyclopediaofas00leej&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwastika" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Heller_2008-79">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Heller_2008_79-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Heller_2008_79-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Heller_2008_79-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeller2008" class="citation book cs1">Heller, Steven (2008). The Swastika: Symbol Beyond Redemption?. New York: Allworth Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58115-507-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58115-507-5"><bdi>978-1-58115-507-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Swastika%3A+Symbol+Beyond+Redemption%3F&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Allworth+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-58115-507-5&rft.aulast=Heller&rft.aufirst=Steven&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwastika" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMohan_Pant,_Shūji_Funo2007" class="citation book cs1">Mohan Pant, Shūji Funo (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=W-K5_Z8qsJEC&q=swastika&pg=PR16">Stupa and Swastika: Historical Urban Planning Principles in Nepal's Kathmandu Valley</a>. NUS Press. p. 16. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9971693725" title="Special:BookSources/978-9971693725"><bdi>978-9971693725</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stupa+and+Swastika%3A+Historical+Urban+Planning+Principles+in+Nepal%27s+Kathmandu+Valley&rft.pages=16&rft.pub=NUS+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-9971693725&rft.au=Mohan+Pant%2C+Sh%C5%ABji+Funo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DW-K5_Z8qsJEC%26q%3Dswastika%26pg%3DPR16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwastika" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130419073535/http://www.websters-dictionary-online.com/definitions/swastika?cx=partner-pub-0939450753529744%3Av0qd01-tdlq&cof=FORID%3A9&ie=UTF-8&q=swastika&sa=Search%23906">"Dictionary – Definition of swastika"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.websters-dictionary-online.com/definitions/swastika">the original</a> on 19 April 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dictionary+%E2%80%93+Definition+of+swastika&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.websters-dictionary-online.com%2Fdefinitions%2Fswastika&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwastika" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDruid" class="citation web cs1">Druid, Morning Star Athbhreith Athbheochan Kwisatz Haderach. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120205165736/http://www.unique-design.net/library/word/symbol.html">"A symbol is a thought, a drawing, an action, an archetype, etcetera of the conceptualization of a thing that exists either in reality or in the imagination"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unique-design.net/library/word/symbol.html">the original</a> on 5 February 2012. Retrieved 17 February 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+symbol+is+a+thought%2C+a+drawing%2C+an+action%2C+an+archetype%2C+etcetera+of+the+conceptualization+of+a+thing+that+exists+either+in+reality+or+in+the+imagination.&rft.aulast=Druid&rft.aufirst=Morning+Star+Athbhreith+Athbheochan+Kwisatz+Haderach&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unique-design.net%2Flibrary%2Fword%2Fsymbol.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwastika" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> Staff (ndg) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ancient-code.com/researchers-find-the-swastika-predates-indus-valley-civilization/">"Researchers find the Swastika predates the Indus Valley Civilization"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171016123605/https://www.ancient-code.com/researchers-find-the-swastika-predates-indus-valley-civilization/">Archived</a> 16 October 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Ancient Code; citing :lead project investigator" Joy Sen from the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Institute_of_Technology_Kharagpur" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur">Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> Dunham, Dows "A Collection of 'Pot-Marks' from Kush and Nubia", Kush, 13, 131–147, 1965 </li> <li id="cite_note-GW-85"><a href="#cite_ref-GW_85-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuozhen2019" class="citation book cs1">Guozhen, Wang (1 December 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sGDwDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA123">Collection of Ancient Chinese Cultural Relics, Volume 1: Primitive Society (1.7 million – 4000 BC) and The Xia and Shang Dynasties (21st – 11th Century BC)</a>. ATF Press. pp. 123, 115, v. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-925371-29-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-925371-29-1"><bdi>978-1-925371-29-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Collection+of+Ancient+Chinese+Cultural+Relics%2C+Volume+1%3A+Primitive+Society+%281.7+million+%E2%80%93+4000+BC%29+and+The+Xia+and+Shang+Dynasties+%2821st+%E2%80%93+11th+Century+BC%29&rft.pages=123%2C+115%2C+v&rft.pub=ATF+Press&rft.date=2019-12-01&rft.isbn=978-1-925371-29-1&rft.aulast=Guozhen&rft.aufirst=Wang&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsGDwDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA123&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwastika" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O184378/textile-fragment-unknown/">"Textile fragment"</a>. V&A Museum. Retrieved 14 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Textile+fragment&rft.pub=V%26A+Museum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcollections.vam.ac.uk%2Fitem%2FO184378%2Ftextile-fragment-unknown%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwastika" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> a term coined by Anna Roes, "Tierwirbel", IPEK, 1936–1937 </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarija_Gimbutas" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Marija_Gimbutas" title="Marija Gimbutas">Marija Gimbutas</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120110165543/http://www.vaidilute.com/books/gimbutas/gimbutas-07.html">"The Balts before the Dawn of History"</a>. Vaidilute.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vaidilute.com/books/gimbutas/gimbutas-07.html">the original</a> on 10 January 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vaidilute.com&rft.atitle=The+Balts+before+the+Dawn+of+History&rft.au=Marija+Gimbutas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vaidilute.com%2Fbooks%2Fgimbutas%2Fgimbutas-07.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwastika" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Claude_L%C3%A9vi-Strauss" title="Claude Lévi-Strauss">Claude Lévi-Strauss</a>, Structural Anthropology (1959), p. 267. </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> Freed, Stanley A. Research Pitfalls as a Result of the Restoration of Museum Specimens, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, Volume 376, The Research Potential of Anthropological Museum Collections pp. 229–245, December 1981. </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDutta2010" class="citation journal cs1">Dutta, Rita (1 December 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5334%2Faa.10211">"Swastika Symbol on Bharhut Stone Railing: A Case Study"</a>. Ancient Asia. 2: 147–154. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5334%2Faa.10211">10.5334/aa.10211</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2042-5937">2042-5937</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ancient+Asia&rft.atitle=Swastika+Symbol+on+Bharhut+Stone+Railing%3A+A+Case+Study&rft.volume=2&rft.pages=147-154&rft.date=2010-12-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5334%2Faa.10211&rft.issn=2042-5937&rft.aulast=Dutta&rft.aufirst=Rita&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.5334%252Faa.10211&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwastika" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Concise_Armenian_Encyclopedia_p._663-92">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Concise_Armenian_Encyclopedia_p._663_92-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Concise_Armenian_Encyclopedia_p._663_92-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Concise_Armenian_Encyclopedia_p._663_92-2">c</a> Concise Armenian Encyclopedia, Yerevan, v. II, p. 663 </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> T. Wilson <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/theswastika00wilsuoft">The swastika, the earlist known symbol and its migrations</a>, pp. 807, 951 </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoldingHolding2011" class="citation book cs1">Holding, Nicholas; Holding, Deirdre (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Epec69LGa0IC&q=symbol+of+eternity+modern+armenia&pg=PA148">Armenia</a>. Bradt Travel Guides. p. 148. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1841623450" title="Special:BookSources/978-1841623450"><bdi>978-1841623450</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Armenia&rft.pages=148&rft.pub=Bradt+Travel+Guides&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1841623450&rft.aulast=Holding&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft.au=Holding%2C+Deirdre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEpec69LGa0IC%26q%3Dsymbol%2Bof%2Beternity%2Bmodern%2Barmenia%26pg%3DPA148&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwastika" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Debirov-95">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Debirov_95-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Debirov_95-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDebirov1966" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Debirov, Paruk M. (1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://instituteofhistory.ru/library/publications/rezba-po-kamnyu-v-dagestane">Резьба по камню в Дагестане</a> [Stone carving in Dagestan] (in Russian). Moscow: <a href="/wiki/Nauka_(publisher)" title="Nauka (publisher)">Nauka</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B7%D1%8C%D0%B1%D0%B0+%D0%BF%D0%BE+%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BD%D1%8E+%D0%B2+%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5&rft.place=Moscow&rft.pub=Nauka&rft.date=1966&rft.aulast=Debirov&rft.aufirst=Paruk+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finstituteofhistory.ru%2Flibrary%2Fpublications%2Frezba-po-kamnyu-v-dagestane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwastika" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Vakhushti_of_Kartli" title="Vakhushti of Kartli">Vakhushti of Kartli</a>. <a href="/wiki/Description_of_the_Kingdom_of_Georgia" title="Description of the Kingdom of Georgia">Description of the Kingdom of Georgia</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Plaetschke-97">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Plaetschke_97-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Plaetschke_97-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlaetschke1929" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Plaetschke, Bruno (1929). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nahcheworld.com/книга-бруно-плечке-чеченцы/">Die Tschetschenen: Forschungen zur Völkerkunde des nordöstlichen Kaukasus auf Grund von Reisen in den Jahren 1918–20 und 1927/28</a> [The Chechens]. Veröffentlichungen des Geographischen Instituts der <a href="/wiki/University_of_K%C3%B6nigsberg" title="University of Königsberg">Universität Königsberg</a> Pr., 11 (in German). Hamburg: Friedrichsen, de Gruyter & Co m. b. H.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Tschetschenen%3A+Forschungen+zur+V%C3%B6lkerkunde+des+nord%C3%B6stlichen+Kaukasus+auf+Grund+von+Reisen+in+den+Jahren+1918%E2%80%9320+und+1927%2F28&rft.place=Hamburg&rft.series=Ver%C3%B6ffentlichungen+des+Geographischen+Instituts+der+Universit%C3%A4t+K%C3%B6nigsberg+Pr.%2C+11&rft.pub=Friedrichsen%2C+de+Gruyter+%26+Co+m.+b.+H.&rft.date=1929&rft.aulast=Plaetschke&rft.aufirst=Bruno&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnahcheworld.com%2F%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0-%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B5-%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%8B%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwastika" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTokhatyan" class="citation web cs1">Tokhatyan, K.S. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fundamentalarmenology.am/Article/9/180/ROCK-CARVINGS-OF-ARMENIA.html">"Rock Carvings of Armenia, Fundamental Armenology, v. 2, 2015, pp. 1-22"</a>. Institute of History of NAS RA.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rock+Carvings+of+Armenia%2C+Fundamental+Armenology%2C+v.+2%2C+2015%2C+pp.+1-22&rft.pub=Institute+of+History+of+NAS+RA&rft.aulast=Tokhatyan&rft.aufirst=K.S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fundamentalarmenology.am%2FArticle%2F9%2F180%2FROCK-CARVINGS-OF-ARMENIA.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwastika" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stipčević-99">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stipčević_99-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stipčević_99-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stipčević_99-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStipčević1977" class="citation book cs1">Stipčević, Aleksandar (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NLcWAQAAIAAJ&q=swastika">The Illyrians: history and culture</a>. Noyes Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0815550525" title="Special:BookSources/978-0815550525"><bdi>978-0815550525</bdi></a>. Retrieved 14 February 2017 – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Illyrians%3A+history+and+culture&rft.pub=Noyes+Press&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-0815550525&rft.aulast=Stip%C4%8Devi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Aleksandar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNLcWAQAAIAAJ%26q%3Dswastika&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwastika" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> Jacob G. Ghazarian (2006), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cKHYAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Armenian+symbol+of+eternity%22">The Mediterranean legacy in early Celtic Christianity: a journey from Armenia to Ireland</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230105083219/https://books.google.com/books?id=cKHYAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Armenian+symbol+of+eternity%22&redir_esc=y">Archived</a> 5 January 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Bennett & Bloom, pp. 263, p. 171 "... Quite a different version of the Celtic triskelion, and perhaps the most common pre-Christian symbolism found throughout Armenian cultural tradition, is the round clockwise (occasionally counter-clockwise) whirling sun-like spiral fixed at a centre – the Armenian symbol of eternity." </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> K. B. Mehr, M. Markow, Mormon Missionaries enter Eastern Europe, Brigham Young University Press, 2002, pp. 399, p. 252 "... She viewed a tall building with spires and circular windows along the top of the walls. It was engraved with sun stones, a typical symbol of eternity in ancient Armenian architecture." </li> <li id="cite_note-OLDTIDENS-102"><a href="#cite_ref-OLDTIDENS_102-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Margrethe_II_of_Denmark" class="mw-redirect" title="Margrethe II of Denmark">Margrethe, Queen</a>, Poul Kjrum, Rikke Agnete Olsen (1990). Oldtidens Ansigt: Faces of the Past, p. 148. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-87-7468-274-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-87-7468-274-5">978-87-7468-274-5</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-DAVIDSON83-103">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DAVIDSON83_103-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DAVIDSON83_103-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DAVIDSON83_103-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DAVIDSON83_103-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DAVIDSON83_103-4">e</a> H.R. Ellis Davidson (1965). Gods and Myths of Northern Europe, p. 83. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-013627-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-013627-2">978-0-14-013627-2</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070324011256/http://www.thebritishmuseum.ac.uk/compass/ixbin/hixclient.exe?_IXDB_=compass">"The Battersea Shield"</a>. <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thebritishmuseum.ac.uk/compass/ixbin/hixclient.exe?_IXDB_=compass&_IXSR_=wt9&_IXSS_=%2524%2bwith%2ball_unique_id_index%2bis%2b%2524%3dOBJ1172%26_IXNOMATCHES_%3dgraphical%252fno_matches%252ehtml%26_IXMAXHITS_%3d1%26_IXDB_%3dcompass%26_IXSESSION_%3d7q_PyrzUX1l%26_IXFIRST_%3d1&_IXFIRST_=1&_IXMAXHITS_=1&_IXSPFX_=graphical/full/&_IXimg=ps260150.jpg&submit-button=summary">the original</a> on 24 March 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Battersea+Shield&rft.pub=British+Museum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thebritishmuseum.ac.uk%2Fcompass%2Fixbin%2Fhixclient.exe%3F_IXDB_%3Dcompass%26_IXSR_%3Dwt9%26_IXSS_%3D%252524%252bwith%252ball_unique_id_index%252bis%252b%252524%253dOBJ1172%2526_IXNOMATCHES_%253dgraphical%25252fno_matches%25252ehtml%2526_IXMAXHITS_%253d1%2526_IXDB_%253dcompass%2526_IXSESSION_%253d7q_PyrzUX1l%2526_IXFIRST_%253d1%26_IXFIRST_%3D1%26_IXMAXHITS_%3D1%26_IXSPFX_%3Dgraphical%2Ffull%2F%26_IXimg%3Dps260150.jpg%26submit-button%3Dsummary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwastika" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ucl.ac.uk/archaeology/cisp/database/stone/aglis_1.html">"CISP entry"</a>. Ucl.ac.uk. Retrieved 2 March 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CISP+entry&rft.pub=Ucl.ac.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ucl.ac.uk%2Farchaeology%2Fcisp%2Fdatabase%2Fstone%2Faglis_1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwastika" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin_J_Powell" class="citation web cs1">Martin J Powell. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aenigmatis.com/prehistoric-sites/england/england-3.htm">"Megalithic Sites in England – Photo Archive"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Megalithic+Sites+in+England+%E2%80%93+Photo+Archive&rft.au=Martin+J+Powell&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aenigmatis.com%2Fprehistoric-sites%2Fengland%2Fengland-3.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwastika" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> Domínguez Fontela, J. (1938): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://paxinasdaguarda.blogspot.com.es/2015/02/ceramica-de-santa-tecla-ii.html">Cerámica de Santa Tecla. Un hallazgo importantísimo</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180323155012/http://paxinasdaguarda.blogspot.com.es/2015/02/ceramica-de-santa-tecla-ii.html">Archived</a> 23 March 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> in Faro de Vigo. </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> Romero, Bieito (2009): Xeometrías Máxicas de Galicia. Ir Indo, Vigo. </li> <li id="cite_note-Guénon-2001-109">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Guénon-2001_109-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guénon-2001_109-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuénon2001" class="citation book cs1">Guénon, René (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CQRWnf2JflQC&q=lithuania+use+of+swastika&pg=PA62">The Symbolism of the Cross</a>. Sophia Perennis. p. 62. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0900588655" title="Special:BookSources/978-0900588655"><bdi>978-0900588655</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Symbolism+of+the+Cross&rft.pages=62&rft.pub=Sophia+Perennis&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0900588655&rft.aulast=Gu%C3%A9non&rft.aufirst=Ren%C3%A9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCQRWnf2JflQC%26q%3Dlithuania%2Buse%2Bof%2Bswastika%26pg%3DPA62&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwastika" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://latvians.com/index.php?en/CFBH/Zimes/zimes-10-rhetoric.ssi#WIKFN3">"Latvia and the Swastika"</a>. latvians.com. Retrieved 8 November 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=latvians.com&rft.atitle=Latvia+and+the+Swastika&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flatvians.com%2Findex.php%3Fen%2FCFBH%2FZimes%2Fzimes-10-rhetoric.ssi%23WIKFN3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwastika" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Old_Slavic_Symbols-111"><a href="#cite_ref-Old_Slavic_Symbols_111-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141011213412/http://www.slowianie.republika.pl/drzeworyty.htm">"Prasłowiańskie motywy architektoniczne"</a>. 1923. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://slowianie.republika.pl/drzeworyty.htm">the original</a> on 11 October 2014. Retrieved 19 May 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pras%C5%82owia%C5%84skie+motywy+architektoniczne&rft.date=1923&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fslowianie.republika.pl%2Fdrzeworyty.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwastika" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGajl2007" class="citation book cs1">Gajl, Tadeusz (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gajl.wielcy.pl/herby_nazwiska.php?lang=en&herb=borejko">Polish Armorial Middle Ages to 20th Century</a>. Gdańsk: L&L. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-60597-10-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-83-60597-10-1"><bdi>978-83-60597-10-1</bdi></a> – via Gajl.wielcy.pl.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Polish+Armorial+Middle+Ages+to+20th+Century&rft.place=Gda%C5%84sk&rft.pub=L%26L&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-83-60597-10-1&rft.aulast=Gajl&rft.aufirst=Tadeusz&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgajl.wielcy.pl%2Fherby_nazwiska.php%3Flang%3Den%26herb%3Dborejko&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwastika" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kuftin-113">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kuftin_113-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kuftin_113-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuftin1926" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kuftin, Boris A. (1926). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perunica.ru/tradicii/9947-kuftin-ba-materialnaja-kultura-russkoj-meschery-1926-pdf-rus.html">Материальная культура Русской Мещеры. Ч. 1: Женская одежда: рубаха, понева, сарафан</a> [Material culture of Russian Meshchera. Part 1: Women's clothing: shirt, poniova, sarafan]. Proceedings of the State Museum of the Central Industrial Region, 3 (in Russian). Moscow: Tip. "Tajninskij pečatnik". pp. 62–64. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/490308640">490308640</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0+%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%89%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8B.+%D0%A7.+1%3A+%D0%96%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B0%3A+%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%2C+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%2C+%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BD&rft.place=Moscow&rft.series=Proceedings+of+the+State+Museum+of+the+Central+Industrial+Region%2C+3&rft.pages=62-64&rft.pub=Tip.+%22Tajninskij+pe%C4%8Datnik%22&rft.date=1926&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F490308640&rft.aulast=Kuftin&rft.aufirst=Boris+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perunica.ru%2Ftradicii%2F9947-kuftin-ba-materialnaja-kultura-russkoj-meschery-1926-pdf-rus.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwastika" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-echoMsk-114"><a href="#cite_ref-echoMsk_114-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFБагдасаров" class="citation web cs1">Багдасаров, Роман. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120710110211/http://echo.msk.ru/programs/victory/559590-echo/">"Свастика: благословение или проклятие"</a>. Цена Победы. <a href="/wiki/Echo_of_Moscow" title="Echo of Moscow">Echo of Moscow</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.echo.msk.ru/programs/victory/559590-echo/">the original</a> on 10 July 2012. Retrieved 7 April 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%D0%A6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8B&rft.atitle=%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%3A+%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B5&rft.aulast=%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2&rft.aufirst=%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.echo.msk.ru%2Fprograms%2Fvictory%2F559590-echo%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwastika" class="Z3988"> A 2008 interview with historian Roman Bagdasarov. Bagdasarov states that "for some reason, Russian people think that 'kolovrat' is the ancient name of the swastika. But this is absolutely not the case. [...] According to ethnographic records, when I went on expeditions, and so on, the swastika, for example, was called 'veterok' ['breeze']." </li> <li id="cite_note-Bogdasarov2002-115"><a href="#cite_ref-Bogdasarov2002_115-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFБагдасаров_Р._В.2002" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Багдасаров Р. В. (2002) [2001]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bagdasarovr.narod.ru/swastika.htm#imena">"Русские имена свастики"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bagdasarovr.narod.ru/swastika.htm"><bdi lang="ru">Свастика: священный символ. Этнорелигиоведческие очерки</bdi></a> (in Russian) (2nd ed.). Moscow: Белые Альвы. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-5-7619-0164-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-5-7619-0164-3"><bdi>978-5-7619-0164-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8&rft.btitle=%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%3A+%D1%81%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9+%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB.+%D0%AD%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B8&rft.place=Moscow&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%B5+%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B2%D1%8B&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-5-7619-0164-3&rft.au=%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2+%D0%A0.+%D0%92.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbagdasarovr.narod.ru%2Fswastika.htm%23imena&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwastika" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ivanits-116"><a href="#cite_ref-Ivanits_116-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIvanits1989" class="citation book cs1">Ivanits, Linda J. (1989). Russian Folk Belief. <a href="/wiki/M._E._Sharpe" title="M. E. Sharpe">M. E. Sharpe</a>. pp. 14, 17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780765630889" title="Special:BookSources/9780765630889"><bdi>9780765630889</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Russian+Folk+Belief&rft.pages=14%2C+17&rft.pub=M.+E.+Sharpe&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=9780765630889&rft.aulast=Ivanits&rft.aufirst=Linda+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwastika" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Garshol-117"><a href="#cite_ref-Garshol_117-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarshol2021" class="citation journal cs1">Garshol, Lars Marius (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digital.kenyon.edu/perejournal/vol7/iss4/7/">"Olav's Rose, Perun's Mark, Taranis's Wheel"</a>. Peregrinations: Journal of Medieval Art and Architecture. 7 (4): 121–151.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Peregrinations%3A+Journal+of+Medieval+Art+and+Architecture&rft.atitle=Olav%27s+Rose%2C+Perun%27s+Mark%2C+Taranis%27s+Wheel&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=121-151&rft.date=2021&rft.aulast=Garshol&rft.aufirst=Lars+Marius&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigital.kenyon.edu%2Fperejournal%2Fvol7%2Fiss4%2F7%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwastika" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrzegorzewic2016" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Grzegorzewic, Ziemisław (2016). O Bogach i ludziach. Praktyka i teoria Rodzimowierstwa Słowiańskiego [About the Gods and people. Practice and theory of Slavic Heathenism] (in Polish). Olsztyn: Stowarzyszenie "Kołomir". p. 57. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-940180-8-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-83-940180-8-5"><bdi>978-83-940180-8-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=O+Bogach+i+ludziach.+Praktyka+i+teoria+Rodzimowierstwa+S%C5%82owia%C5%84skiego&rft.place=Olsztyn&rft.pages=57&rft.pub=Stowarzyszenie+%22Ko%C5%82omir%22&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-83-940180-8-5&rft.aulast=Grzegorzewic&rft.aufirst=Ziemis%C5%82aw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwastika" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lander2013p27-119">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lander2013p27_119-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lander2013p27_119-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJanis_Lander2013" class="citation book cs1">Janis Lander (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IH5iAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA27">Spiritual Art and Art Education</a>. Routledge. pp. 27–28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-66789-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-66789-5"><bdi>978-1-134-66789-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Spiritual+Art+and+Art+Education&rft.pages=27-28&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-134-66789-5&rft.au=Janis+Lander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIH5iAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwastika" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://indiatribune.com/significance-of-swastika-in-diwali-celebrations/">"Significance of Swastika in Diwali celebrations"</a>. indiatribune.com. 27 October 2010. Retrieved 11 November 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=indiatribune.com&rft.atitle=Significance+of+Swastika+in+Diwali+celebrations&rft.date=2010-10-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Findiatribune.com%2Fsignificance-of-swastika-in-diwali-celebrations%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwastika" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorman_C._McClelland2010" class="citation book cs1">Norman C. McClelland (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=S_Leq4U5ihkC&pg=PA263">Encyclopedia of Reincarnation and Karma</a>. McFarland. pp. 263–264. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-5675-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-5675-8"><bdi>978-0-7864-5675-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Reincarnation+and+Karma&rft.pages=263-264&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-5675-8&rft.au=Norman+C.+McClelland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DS_Leq4U5ihkC%26pg%3DPA263&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwastika" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChris_Buckley2005" class="citation book cs1">Chris Buckley (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TDfrAAAAMAAJ">Tibetan Furniture</a>. Sambhala. pp. 5, 59, 68–70. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-891640-20-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-891640-20-9"><bdi>978-1-891640-20-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tibetan+Furniture&rft.pages=5%2C+59%2C+68-70&rft.pub=Sambhala&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-891640-20-9&rft.au=Chris+Buckley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTDfrAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwastika" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-lee86-123">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lee86_123-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lee86_123-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lee86_123-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJonathan_H._X._LeeKathleen_M._Nadeau2011" class="citation book cs1">Jonathan H. X. Lee; Kathleen M. Nadeau (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9BrfLWdeISoC">Encyclopedia of Asian American Folklore and Folklife</a>. ABC-CLIO. pp. 86–87. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-35066-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-35066-5"><bdi>978-0-313-35066-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Asian+American+Folklore+and+Folklife&rft.pages=86-87&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-313-35066-5&rft.au=Jonathan+H.+X.+Lee&rft.au=Kathleen+M.+Nadeau&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9BrfLWdeISoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwastika" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210125203035/https://www.nepalnews.com/today/frontpic/2008/mar/mar30.htm">"daily picture (News from Nepal as it happens)"</a>. Nepalnews.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nepalnews.com/today/frontpic/2008/mar/mar30.htm">the original</a> on 25 January 2021. Retrieved 2 March 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=daily+picture+%28News+from+Nepal+as+it+happens%29&rft.pub=Nepalnews.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nepalnews.com%2Ftoday%2Ffrontpic%2F2008%2Fmar%2Fmar30.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwastika" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pacificasiamuseum-125">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pacificasiamuseum_125-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pacificasiamuseum_125-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pacificasiamuseum_125-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pacificasiamuseum.usc.edu/exhibitions/past/exhibitions-at-usc-pam-prior-to-2011/rank-and-style-power-dressing-in-imperial-china/index-to-resources/symbols/">"Symbols – USC Pacific Asia Museum"</a>. pacificasiamuseum.usc.edu. Retrieved 23 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=pacificasiamuseum.usc.edu&rft.atitle=Symbols+%E2%80%93+USC+Pacific+Asia+Museum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpacificasiamuseum.usc.edu%2Fexhibitions%2Fpast%2Fexhibitions-at-usc-pam-prior-to-2011%2Frank-and-style-power-dressing-in-imperial-china%2Findex-to-resources%2Fsymbols%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwastika" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pacificasiamuseum.usc.edu/exhibitions/past/online-exhibition-chinese-ceramics/chinese-symbols/">"Chinese Symbols – USC Pacific Asia Museum"</a>. pacificasiamuseum.usc.edu. Retrieved 22 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=pacificasiamuseum.usc.edu&rft.atitle=Chinese+Symbols+%E2%80%93+USC+Pacific+Asia+Museum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpacificasiamuseum.usc.edu%2Fexhibitions%2Fpast%2Fonline-exhibition-chinese-ceramics%2Fchinese-symbols%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwastika" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dusenberry-2004-127">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dusenberry-2004_127-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dusenberry-2004_127-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dusenberry-2004_127-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dusenberry-2004_127-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dusenberry-2004_127-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDusenberry2004" class="citation book cs1">Dusenberry, Mary M. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/55016186">Flowers, dragons and pine trees : Asian textiles in the Spencer Museum of Art</a>. Carol Bier, Helen Foresman Spencer Museum of Art (1st ed.). New York: Hudson Hills Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55595-238-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-55595-238-0"><bdi>1-55595-238-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/55016186">55016186</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Flowers%2C+dragons+and+pine+trees+%3A+Asian+textiles+in+the+Spencer+Museum+of+Art&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Hudson+Hills+Press&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F55016186&rft.isbn=1-55595-238-0&rft.aulast=Dusenberry&rft.aufirst=Mary+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F55016186&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwastika" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKangxi_Emperor1716" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Kangxi_Emperor" title="Kangxi Emperor">Kangxi Emperor</a> (1716). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kangxizidian.com/kangxi/0156.gif">Kangxi Dictionary</a> (in Traditional Chinese). <a href="/wiki/Qing_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Qing Empire">Qing Empire</a>. p. 156.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kangxi+Dictionary&rft.place=Qing+Empire&rft.pages=156&rft.date=1716&rft.au=Kangxi+Emperor&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kangxizidian.com%2Fkangxi%2F0156.gif&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwastika" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> (Japanese) Hitoshi Takazawa, Encyclopedia of <a href="/wiki/Mon_(emblem)" title="Mon (emblem)">Kamon</a>, Tōkyōdō Shuppan, 2008. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-4-490-10738-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-4-490-10738-8">978-4-490-10738-8</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120419205803/http://www.gsi.go.jp/MAPSAKUSEI/25000SAKUSEI/zushiki-zushiki.html#tatemono"><bdi lang="ja">平成１４年２万５千分１地形図図式</bdi></a> [2002 1:25000 Topographical Map Scheme] (in Japanese). Geospatial Information Authority of Japan. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gsi.go.jp/MAPSAKUSEI/25000SAKUSEI/zushiki-zushiki.html#tatemono">the original</a> on 19 April 2012. Retrieved 21 April 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E5%B9%B3%E6%88%90%EF%BC%91%EF%BC%94%E5%B9%B4%EF%BC%92%E4%B8%87%EF%BC%95%E5%8D%83%E5%88%86%EF%BC%91%E5%9C%B0%E5%BD%A2%E5%9B%B3%E5%9B%B3%E5%BC%8F&rft.pub=Geospatial+Information+Authority+of+Japan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gsi.go.jp%2FMAPSAKUSEI%2F25000SAKUSEI%2Fzushiki-zushiki.html%23tatemono&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwastika" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-telegraph290721-131">^ <a href="#cite_ref-telegraph290721_131-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-telegraph290721_131-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/japan/12105102/Japan-to-remove-swastikas-from-maps-as-tourists-think-they-are-Nazi-symbols.html">"Japan to remove swastikas from maps as tourists 'think they are Nazi symbols'"</a>. www.telegraph.co.uk. 18 January 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/japan/12105102/Japan-to-remove-swastikas-from-maps-as-tourists-think-they-are-Nazi-symbols.html">Archived</a> from the original on 10 January 2022. Retrieved 29 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.telegraph.co.uk&rft.atitle=Japan+to+remove+swastikas+from+maps+as+tourists+%27think+they+are+Nazi+symbols%27&rft.date=2016-01-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworldnews%2Fasia%2Fjapan%2F12105102%2FJapan-to-remove-swastikas-from-maps-as-tourists-think-they-are-Nazi-symbols.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwastika" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CBR-2021-132">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CBR-2021_132-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CBR-2021_132-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbr.com/buddhist-manji-crunchyroll-tokyo-revengers/">"Buddhist Manji Removed from Crunchyroll's Release of Tokyo Revengers"</a>. CBR. 21 July 2021. Retrieved 29 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CBR&rft.atitle=Buddhist+Manji+Removed+from+Crunchyroll%27s+Release+of+Tokyo+Revengers&rft.date=2021-07-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbr.com%2Fbuddhist-manji-crunchyroll-tokyo-revengers%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwastika" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> "Sayagata　紗綾形". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aisf.or.jp/~jaanus/deta/s/sayagata.htm">Japanese Architecture and Art Net Users System</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050404210851/http://www.aisf.or.jp/~jaanus/deta/s/sayagata.htm">Archived</a> 4 April 2005 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStephan_Feuchtwang2020" class="citation book cs1">Stephan Feuchtwang, ed. (2020). Handbook on Religion in China. Edward Elgar Publishing. pp. 36, 194, 203. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781786437969" title="Special:BookSources/9781786437969"><bdi>9781786437969</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+on+Religion+in+China&rft.pages=36%2C+194%2C+203&rft.pub=Edward+Elgar+Publishing&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=9781786437969&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwastika" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaniel_Rancour-Laferriere2017" class="citation book cs1">Daniel Rancour-Laferriere (2017). The Sign of the Cross: From Golgotha to Genocide. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. 167. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1351474214" title="Special:BookSources/978-1351474214"><bdi>978-1351474214</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sign+of+the+Cross%3A+From+Golgotha+to+Genocide&rft.pages=167&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1351474214&rft.au=Daniel+Rancour-Laferriere&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwastika" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> Biers, W.R. 1996. The Archaeology of Greece, p. 130. Cornell University Press, Ithaca/London. </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/image?lookup=1990.26.0822">"Perseus:image:1990.26.0822"</a>. Perseus.tufts.edu. 26 February 1990. Retrieved 2 March 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Perseus.tufts.edu&rft.atitle=Perseus%3Aimage%3A1990.26.0822&rft.date=1990-02-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fcgi-bin%2Fimage%3Flookup%3D1990.26.0822&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwastika" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> Robert Ferré. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.labyrinth-enterprises.com/amiens.html">Amiens Cathedral</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080207145025/http://www.labyrinth-enterprises.com/amiens.html">Archived</a> 7 February 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". Labyrinth Enterprises. Constructed from 1220 to 1402, Amiens Cathedral is the largest <a href="/wiki/Gothic_Architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Gothic Architecture">Gothic</a> cathedral in France, a popular tourist attraction and since 1981 a <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a>. During World War I, <a href="/wiki/Amiens" title="Amiens">Amiens</a> was targeted by German forces but remained in Allied territory following the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Amiens_(1918)" title="Battle of Amiens (1918)">Battle of Amiens</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> Gary Malkin. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://romanbristol.tripod.com/avon/tockington.html">Tockington Park Roman Villa</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040521150446/http://romanbristol.tripod.com/avon/tockington.html">Archived</a> 21 May 2004 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". The Area of Bristol in Roman Times. 9 December 2002. </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> Lara Nagy, Jane Vadnal, "Glossary Medieval Art and Architecture", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pitt.edu/~medart/menuglossary/greekkey.htm">"Greek key or meander"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060920012603/http://www.pitt.edu/~medart/menuglossary/greekkey.htm">Archived</a> 20 September 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pittsburgh" title="University of Pittsburgh">University of Pittsburgh</a> 1997–1998. </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTreimer1971" class="citation book cs1">Treimer, Karl (1971). "Zur Rückerschliessung der illyrischen Götterwelt und ihre Bedeutung für die südslawische Philologie". In Henrik Barić (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dTIBAAAAMAAJ">Arhiv za Arbanasku starinu, jezik i etnologiju</a>. Vol. I. R. Trofenik. pp. 27–33.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Zur+R%C3%BCckerschliessung+der+illyrischen+G%C3%B6tterwelt+und+ihre+Bedeutung+f%C3%BCr+die+s%C3%BCdslawische+Philologie&rft.btitle=Arhiv+za+Arbanasku+starinu%2C+jezik+i+etnologiju&rft.pages=27-33&rft.pub=R.+Trofenik&rft.date=1971&rft.aulast=Treimer&rft.aufirst=Karl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdTIBAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwastika" class="Z3988"> p. 32. </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTirta2004" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Tirta, Mark (2004). Petrit Bezhani (ed.). Mitologjia ndër shqiptarë (in Albanian). Tirana: Mësonjëtorja. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/99927-938-9-9" title="Special:BookSources/99927-938-9-9"><bdi>99927-938-9-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mitologjia+nd%C3%ABr+shqiptar%C3%AB&rft.place=Tirana&rft.pub=M%C3%ABsonj%C3%ABtorja&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=99927-938-9-9&rft.aulast=Tirta&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwastika" class="Z3988"> pp. 69–70, 75. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETreimer197132-143"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETreimer197132_143-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTreimer1971">Treimer 1971</a>, p. 32. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETirta200469–70,_75,_80,_113,_116,_250-144"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETirta200469–70,_75,_80,_113,_116,_250_144-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTirta2004">Tirta 2004</a>, pp. 69–70, 75, 80, 113, 116, 250. </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarus1907" class="citation book cs1">Carus, Paul (1907). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=n8YNAQAAIAAJ&q=Basilica+of+St.+Ambrose+in+Milan+swastika&pg=PA541">The Open Court</a>. Open Court Publishing Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Open+Court&rft.pub=Open+Court+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1907&rft.aulast=Carus&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dn8YNAQAAIAAJ%26q%3DBasilica%2Bof%2BSt.%2BAmbrose%2Bin%2BMilan%2Bswastika%26pg%3DPA541&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwastika" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ruskolan.xpomo.com-146"><a href="#cite_ref-ruskolan.xpomo.com_146-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVladimir_Plakhotnyuk" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Vladimir Plakhotnyuk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090419080636/http://www.ruskolan.xpomo.com/liter/kolovrat.htm">"Kolovrat – Historical Roots – Collection of articles"</a> (in Russian). Ruskolan.xpomo.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ruskolan.xpomo.com/liter/kolovrat.htm">the original</a> on 19 April 2009. Retrieved 2 March 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kolovrat+%E2%80%93+Historical+Roots+%E2%80%93+Collection+of+articles&rft.pub=Ruskolan.xpomo.com&rft.au=Vladimir+Plakhotnyuk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fruskolan.xpomo.com%2Fliter%2Fkolovrat.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwastika" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schliemann_1875-147">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schliemann_1875_147-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schliemann_1875_147-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schliemann_1875_147-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schliemann_1875_147-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schliemann_1875_147-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchliemann1875" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Schliemann" title="Heinrich Schliemann">Schliemann, Henry</a> (1875). Smith, Philip (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/39020025953681-troyanditsremai">Troy and Its Remains; A Narrative of Researches and Discoveries Made on the Site of Ilium, and in the Trojan Plain</a>. London: <a href="/wiki/John_Murray_(publishing_house)" title="John Murray (publishing house)">John Murray</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Troy+and+Its+Remains%3B+A+Narrative+of+Researches+and+Discoveries+Made+on+the+Site+of+Ilium%2C+and+in+the+Trojan+Plain&rft.place=London&rft.pub=John+Murray&rft.date=1875&rft.aulast=Schliemann&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2F39020025953681-troyanditsremai&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwastika" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Boxer-2000-148">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Boxer-2000_148-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Boxer-2000_148-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Boxer-2000_148-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoxer2000" class="citation news cs1">Boxer, Sarah (29 June 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/library/arts/072900tank-swastika.html">"One of the World's Great Symbols Strives for a Comeback"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. "Think Tank" section. Retrieved 25 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=One+of+the+World%27s+Great+Symbols+Strives+for+a+Comeback&rft.pages=%22Think+Tank%22+section&rft.date=2000-06-29&rft.aulast=Boxer&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Flibrary%2Farts%2F072900tank-swastika.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwastika" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Heller-2000-149">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Heller-2000_149-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Heller-2000_149-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Heller-2000_149-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeller2000" class="citation book cs1">Heller, Steven (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/swastikasymbolbe0000hell">The Swastika: Symbol Beyond Redemption?</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Allworth_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Allworth Press">Allworth Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58115-041-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58115-041-4"><bdi>978-1-58115-041-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Swastika%3A+Symbol+Beyond+Redemption%3F&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Allworth+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-58115-041-4&rft.aulast=Heller&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fswastikasymbolbe0000hell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwastika" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Quinn-1994-150">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Quinn-1994_150-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Quinn-1994_150-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuinn1994" class="citation book cs1">Quinn, Malcolm (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/swastikaconstruc0000quin">The Swastika: Constructing the Symbol</a>. London, New York: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-10095-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-10095-3"><bdi>978-0-415-10095-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Swastika%3A+Constructing+the+Symbol&rft.place=London%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-415-10095-3&rft.aulast=Quinn&rft.aufirst=Malcolm&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fswastikaconstruc0000quin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwastika" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gere-2006-151">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gere-2006_151-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gere-2006_151-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gere-2006_151-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gere-2006_151-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gere-2006_151-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gere-2006_151-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gere-2006_151-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gere-2006_151-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gere-2006_151-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gere-2006_151-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gere-2006_151-10">k</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGere2006" class="citation book cs1">Gere, Cathy (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/tombofagamemnon0000gere">The Tomb of Agamemnon</a>. Cambridge, Massachusetts: <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-02170-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-02170-9"><bdi>978-0-674-02170-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Tomb+of+Agamemnon&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-674-02170-9&rft.aulast=Gere&rft.aufirst=Cathy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftombofagamemnon0000gere&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwastika" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllen2023" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Allen_(writer)" title="Charles Allen (writer)">Allen, Charles</a> (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yE7fEAAAQBAJ">Aryans: The Search for a People, a Place and a Myth</a>. Hachette India. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-5731-266-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-5731-266-0"><bdi>978-93-5731-266-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aryans%3A+The+Search+for+a+People%2C+a+Place+and+a+Myth&rft.pub=Hachette+India&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-93-5731-266-0&rft.aulast=Allen&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyE7fEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwastika" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMees200857-153">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMees200857_153-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMees200857_153-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMees2008">Mees (2008)</a>, pp. 57. </li> <li id="cite_note-Schliemann_1878-154">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schliemann_1878_154-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schliemann_1878_154-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schliemann_1878_154-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schliemann_1878_154-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchliemann1878" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Schliemann" title="Heinrich Schliemann">Schliemann, Henry</a> (1878). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mycenaenarrativ00schl">Mycenæ: A Narrative of Researches and Discoveries at Mycenæ and Tiryns</a>. London: <a href="/wiki/John_Murray_(publishing_house)" title="John Murray (publishing house)">John Murray</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mycen%C3%A6%3A+A+Narrative+of+Researches+and+Discoveries+at+Mycen%C3%A6+and+Tiryns&rft.place=London&rft.pub=John+Murray&rft.date=1878&rft.aulast=Schliemann&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmycenaenarrativ00schl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwastika" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.humanitas-international.org/holocaust/1889-99t.htm">Holocaust Chronology</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120801224433/http://www.humanitas-international.org/holocaust/1889-99t.htm">Archived</a> 1 August 2012 at <a href="/wiki/Archive.today" title="Archive.today">archive.today</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrampton1990" class="citation book cs1">Crampton, William (1990). The World of Flags. Studio Additions. pp. 154–155. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1851704264" title="Special:BookSources/1851704264"><bdi>1851704264</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World+of+Flags&rft.pages=154-155&rft.pub=Studio+Additions&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=1851704264&rft.aulast=Crampton&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwastika" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180821050702/https://www.eimskip.is/um-eimskip/saga-eimskips/">"Saga Eimskips"</a>. Eimskip. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eimskip.is/um-eimskip/saga-eimskips/">the original</a> on 21 August 2018. Retrieved 19 June 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Eimskip&rft.atitle=Saga+Eimskips&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eimskip.is%2Fum-eimskip%2Fsaga-eimskips%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwastika" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tpk.fi/public/default.aspx?nodeid=41443&culture=en-US&contentlan=2">Flag</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20110720194040/http://www.tpk.fi/public/default.aspx?nodeid=41443&culture=en-US&contentlan=2">Archived</a> 20 July 2011 at <a href="/wiki/Archive.today" title="Archive.today">archive.today</a> The President of the Republic Of Finland </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fotw.info/flags/lv%5Eair.html">"Latvia – Airforce Flag and Aircraft Marking"</a>. fotw.info. Retrieved 8 November 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=fotw.info&rft.atitle=Latvia+%E2%80%93+Airforce+Flag+and+Aircraft+Marking&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fotw.info%2Fflags%2Flv%255Eair.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwastika" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLumans2006" class="citation book cs1">Lumans, Valdis O. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IPv1gjLhtZ4C&q=latvian+army+swastika&pg=PA39">Latvia in World War II</a>. Fordham Univ Press. p. 39. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0823226276" title="Special:BookSources/978-0823226276"><bdi>978-0823226276</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Latvia+in+World+War+II&rft.pages=39&rft.pub=Fordham+Univ+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0823226276&rft.aulast=Lumans&rft.aufirst=Valdis+O.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIPv1gjLhtZ4C%26q%3Dlatvian%2Barmy%2Bswastika%26pg%3DPA39&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwastika" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.insigniamag.com/afs005.html">Latvian Air Force 1918–1940</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120217215841/http://www.insigniamag.com/afs005.html">Archived</a> 17 February 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved 30 September 2008. </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.latvianaviation.com">Spārnota Latvija</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120204035446/http://latvianaviation.com/">Archived</a> 4 February 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved 30 September 2008. </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vitber.lv/lv/lot/20294">"Nozīme, Apvienotā Kara skola, 1938. gada izlaidums, Nr. 937, sudrabs, Latvija, 20.gs. 20-30ie gadi, 44.3 x 34.2 mm, 15.60 g, darbnīca V. F. Millers"</a>. Vitber (in Latvian). Retrieved 8 November 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vitber&rft.atitle=Noz%C4%ABme%2C+Apvienot%C4%81+Kara+skola%2C+1938.+gada+izlaidums%2C+Nr.+937%2C+sudrabs%2C+Latvija%2C+20.gs.+20-30ie+gadi%2C+44.3+x+34.2+mm%2C+15.60+g%2C+darbn%C4%ABca+V.+F.+Millers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vitber.lv%2Flv%2Flot%2F20294&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwastika" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://latvianmilitaryhistory.wordpress.lv/2012/10/01/latvijas-armijas-nacionalo-brunoto-speku-un-citi-karogi/">"Latvijas armijas, Nacionālo Bruņoto Spēku un citu iestāžu karogi"</a>. latvianmilitaryhistory (in Latvian). 1 October 2012. Retrieved 8 November 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=latvianmilitaryhistory&rft.atitle=Latvijas+armijas%2C+Nacion%C4%81lo+Bru%C5%86oto+Sp%C4%93ku+un+citu+iest%C4%81%C5%BEu+karogi.&rft.date=2012-10-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flatvianmilitaryhistory.wordpress.lv%2F2012%2F10%2F01%2Flatvijas-armijas-nacionalo-brunoto-speku-un-citi-karogi%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwastika" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lnvm.lv/en/?p=1242">"Exhibition "The Lāčplēsis Military Order" ← National History Museum of Latvia"</a>. lnvm.lv. Retrieved 8 November 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=lnvm.lv&rft.atitle=Exhibition+%22The+L%C4%81%C4%8Dpl%C4%93sis+Military+Order%22+%E2%86%90+National+History+Museum+of+Latvia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flnvm.lv%2Fen%2F%3Fp%3D1242&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwastika" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.efhr.eu/2012/02/03/swastika-historical-heritage-of-lithuania/">"Swastika – historical heritage of Lithuania"</a>. European Foundation of Human Rights. 3 February 2012. Retrieved 8 November 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=European+Foundation+of+Human+Rights&rft.atitle=Swastika+%E2%80%93+historical+heritage+of+Lithuania&rft.date=2012-02-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.efhr.eu%2F2012%2F02%2F03%2Fswastika-historical-heritage-of-lithuania%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwastika" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sarmatas-167">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sarmatas_167-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sarmatas_167-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sarmatas_167-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100303130833/http://www.sarmatas.lt/02/svastika-musu-proteviu-lietuviu-simbolis/">"Svastika Mūsų protėvių lietuvių simbolis"</a> [Swastika The symbol of our Lithuanian ancestors]. sarmatas.lt (in Lithuanian). 7 February 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sarmatas.lt/02/svastika-musu-proteviu-lietuviu-simbolis/">the original</a> on 3 March 2010. Retrieved 8 November 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sarmatas.lt&rft.atitle=Svastika+M%C5%ABs%C5%B3+prot%C4%97vi%C5%B3+lietuvi%C5%B3+simbolis&rft.date=2010-02-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sarmatas.lt%2F02%2Fsvastika-musu-proteviu-lietuviu-simbolis%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwastika" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ØS-168"><a href="#cite_ref-ØS_168-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSørensen1989" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/%C3%98ystein_S%C3%B8rensen" title="Øystein Sørensen">Sørensen, Øystein</a> (1989). Fra Hitler til Quisling. Oslo: J.W. Cappelens Forlag. pp. 93–94. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/82-02-11992-8" title="Special:BookSources/82-02-11992-8"><bdi>82-02-11992-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fra+Hitler+til+Quisling&rft.place=Oslo&rft.pages=93-94&rft.pub=J.W.+Cappelens+Forlag&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=82-02-11992-8&rft.aulast=S%C3%B8rensen&rft.aufirst=%C3%98ystein&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwastika" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRollin1939" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Rollin, Henri (1939). L'Apocalypse de notre temps (in French). Paris: Gallimard. pp. 61–62.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=L%27Apocalypse+de+notre+temps&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=61-62&rft.pub=Gallimard&rft.date=1939&rft.aulast=Rollin&rft.aufirst=Henri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwastika" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilliard1923" class="citation book cs1">Gilliard, Pierre (1923). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alexanderpalace.org/2006pierre/introduction.html">Thirteen Years at the Russian Court</a>. Online open source – via Alexanderpalace.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thirteen+Years+at+the+Russian+Court&rft.pub=Online+open+source&rft.date=1923&rft.aulast=Gilliard&rft.aufirst=Pierre&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.alexanderpalace.org%2F2006pierre%2Fintroduction.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwastika" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://atsnotes.com/banknotes/russia.html">"Русские бумажные деньги, цену денежных знаков России, местных и частных денежных знаков, боны и валюты"</a> [Russian paper money, price list of Russia banknotes, currency, local and private banknotes]. atsnotes.com (in Russian).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=atsnotes.com&rft.atitle=%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5+%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%B3%D0%B8%2C+%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%83+%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85+%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2+%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B8%2C+%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85+%D0%B8+%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85+%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85+%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%2C+%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8B+%D0%B8+%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%82%D1%8B.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fatsnotes.com%2Fbanknotes%2Frussia.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwastika" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNikolaiev,_R." class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Nikolaiev, R. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bonistikaweb.ru/miniatur/1992-7.htm">"Советские "кредитки" со свастикой?"</a> [Soviet "credit cards" with a swastika?]. bonistikaweb.ru (in Russian). Retrieved 20 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=bonistikaweb.ru&rft.atitle=%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5+%22%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B8%22+%D1%81%D0%BE+%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9%3F&rft.au=Nikolaiev%2C+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bonistikaweb.ru%2Fminiatur%2F1992-7.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwastika" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTsvetkov2015" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Tsvetkov, Vasily (2015). "Р. Ф. Унгерн и попытки организации центра антибольшевистского сопротивления в Монголии (1918–1921 годы). 1-я часть" [R. F. Ungern and attempts to organize a center of anti-Bolshevik resistance in Mongolia (1918–1921). Part 1]. Новый исторический вестник [New Historical Bulletin] (in Russian). 45 (3): 145–172.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B9+%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA+%5BNew+Historical+Bulletin%5D&rft.atitle=%D0%A0.+%D0%A4.+%D0%A3%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD+%D0%B8+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B8+%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0+%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%B2+%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B8+%281918%E2%80%931921+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%8B%29.+1-%D1%8F+%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=145-172&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Tsvetkov&rft.aufirst=Vasily&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwastika" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a class="external text" href="https://ru.wikisource.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%AE%D0%B3%D0%BE-%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D1%84%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D1%82_03.11.1919_%E2%84%96_213">"Приказ войскам Юго-Восточного фронта от 03.11.1919 № 213"</a> [Order to the troops of the South-Eastern Front dated 11/03/1919 No. 213]. ru.wikisource.org (in Russian).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ru.wikisource.org&rft.atitle=%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7+%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BC+%D0%AE%D0%B3%D0%BE-%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D1%84%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0+%D0%BE%D1%82+03.11.1919+%E2%84%96+213&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fru.wikisource.org%2Fwiki%2F%25D0%259F%25D1%2580%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B7_%25D0%25B2%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B9%25D1%2581%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BC_%25D0%25AE%25D0%25B3%25D0%25BE-%25D0%2592%25D0%25BE%25D1%2581%25D1%2582%25D0%25BE%25D1%2587%25D0%25BD%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B3%25D0%25BE_%25D1%2584%25D1%2580%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BD%25D1%2582%25D0%25B0_%25D0%25BE%25D1%2582_03.11.1919_%25E2%2584%2596_213&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwastika" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ts-adyar.org/content/emblem-or-seal">"Emblem or the Seal | TS Adyar"</a>. www.ts-adyar.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ts-adyar.org&rft.atitle=Emblem+or+the+Seal+%26%23124%3B+TS+Adyar&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ts-adyar.org%2Fcontent%2Femblem-or-seal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwastika" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.proswastika.org">"Pro-Swastika"</a>. Pro-Swastika. Retrieved 2 March 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pro-Swastika&rft.pub=Pro-Swastika&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.proswastika.org&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwastika" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://raelianews.org/news.php?item.206.3">"The Official Raelian Symbol gets its swastika back"</a>. Raelianews. 17 January 2007. Retrieved 2 March 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Official+Raelian+Symbol+gets+its+swastika+back&rft.pub=Raelianews&rft.date=2007-01-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fraelianews.org%2Fnews.php%3Fitem.206.3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwastika" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarijke_Gijswijt-HofstraBrian_P._LevackRoy_Porter1999" class="citation book cs1">Marijke Gijswijt-Hofstra; Brian P. Levack; Roy Porter (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IurTAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA111">Witchcraft and Magic in Europe, Volume 6: The Twentieth Century</a>. Bloomsbury Academic. pp. 111–114. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-485-89105-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-485-89105-8"><bdi>978-0-485-89105-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Witchcraft+and+Magic+in+Europe%2C+Volume+6%3A+The+Twentieth+Century&rft.pages=111-114&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-485-89105-8&rft.au=Marijke+Gijswijt-Hofstra&rft.au=Brian+P.+Levack&rft.au=Roy+Porter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIurTAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA111&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwastika" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStefanie_von_Schnurbein2016" class="citation book cs1">Stefanie von Schnurbein (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZrdejgEACAAJ">Norse Revival: Transformations of Germanic Neopaganism</a>. Brill Academic. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-29435-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-29435-6"><bdi>978-90-04-29435-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Norse+Revival%3A+Transformations+of+Germanic+Neopaganism&rft.pub=Brill+Academic&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-90-04-29435-6&rft.au=Stefanie+von+Schnurbein&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZrdejgEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwastika" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMees2008141,_193–194,_210–211,_226–227-180"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMees2008141,_193–194,_210–211,_226–227_180-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMees2008">Mees (2008)</a>, pp. 141, 193–194, 210–211, 226–227. </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFA.2018" class="citation news cs1">A., Aleksandra (18 March 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240730015500/https://www.thevintagenews.com/2018/03/18/mysterious-wwii/">"Planted in 1933 this mysterious forest swastika remained unnoticed until 1992 – it was then quickly cut down"</a>. The Vintage News. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thevintagenews.com/2018/03/18/mysterious-wwii/">the original</a> on 30 July 2024. Retrieved 10 September 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Vintage+News&rft.atitle=Planted+in+1933+this+mysterious+forest+swastika+remained+unnoticed+until+1992+%E2%80%93+it+was+then+quickly+cut+down&rft.date=2018-03-18&rft.aulast=A.&rft.aufirst=Aleksandra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thevintagenews.com%2F2018%2F03%2F18%2Fmysterious-wwii%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwastika" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">"Der Flaggenkurier". Zeitschrift der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Flaggenkunde (in German) (16/2002 bis 30/2009). Achim und Berlin. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0949-6173">0949-6173</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zeitschrift+der+Deutschen+Gesellschaft+f%C3%BCr+Flaggenkunde&rft.atitle=Der+Flaggenkurier&rft.issue=16%2F2002+bis+30%2F2009&rft.issn=0949-6173&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwastika" class="Z3988"> [<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"The Flag Courier". Journal of the German Society for Flags.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+German+Society+for+Flags&rft.atitle=The+Flag+Courier&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwastika" class="Z3988">] </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a> José Manuel Erbez. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://flagspot.net/flags/de%7Dns_or.html#ont">Order of the New Templars 1907</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050208034139/http://flagspot.net/flags/de%7Dns_or.html#ont">Archived</a> 8 February 2005 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". <a href="/wiki/Flags_of_the_World_(website)" title="Flags of the World (website)">Flags of the World</a>. 21 January 2001. </li> <li id="cite_note-Goodrick-Clarke1997/2006-184"><a href="#cite_ref-Goodrick-Clarke1997/2006_184-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoodrick-Clarke2004" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Goodrick-Clarke, Nicholas (2004). "Graz 1997, S. 98, and 2006, S. 93 f.". Die okkulten Wurzeln des Nationalsozialismus [The occult roots of National Socialism] (in German). Wiesbaden: Marix-Verl. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783937715483" title="Special:BookSources/9783937715483"><bdi>9783937715483</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/76560810">76560810</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Graz+1997%2C+S.+98%2C+and+2006%2C+S.+93+f.&rft.btitle=Die+okkulten+Wurzeln+des+Nationalsozialismus&rft.place=Wiesbaden&rft.pub=Marix-Verl&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F76560810&rft.isbn=9783937715483&rft.aulast=Goodrick-Clarke&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwastika" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gutenberg.net.au/ebooks02/0200601.txt">"text of Mein Kampf at Project Gutenberg of Australia"</a>. Gutenberg.net.au. Retrieved 2 March 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=text+of+Mein+Kampf+at+Project+Gutenberg+of+Australia&rft.pub=Gutenberg.net.au&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgutenberg.net.au%2Febooks02%2F0200601.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwastika" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> Walther Blachetta: Das Buch der deutschen Sinnzeichen (The book of German sense characters); reprint of 1941; p. 47 </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_Proctor1988" class="citation book cs1">Robert Proctor (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/racialhygiene00robe">Racial Hygiene: Medicine Under the Nazis</a>. Harvard University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/racialhygiene00robe/page/n265">220</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0674745780" title="Special:BookSources/978-0674745780"><bdi>978-0674745780</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Racial+Hygiene%3A+Medicine+Under+the+Nazis&rft.pages=220&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0674745780&rft.au=Robert+Proctor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fracialhygiene00robe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwastika" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMark_B._Adams1990" class="citation book cs1">Mark B. Adams (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iX0IOWHsoAUC">The Wellborn Science: Eugenics in Germany, France, Brazil, and Russia: Eugenics in Germany, France, Brazil, and Russia</a>. Oxford University Press. p. 43. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195363838" title="Special:BookSources/978-0195363838"><bdi>978-0195363838</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Wellborn+Science%3A+Eugenics+in+Germany%2C+France%2C+Brazil%2C+and+Russia%3A+Eugenics+in+Germany%2C+France%2C+Brazil%2C+and+Russia&rft.pages=43&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0195363838&rft.au=Mark+B.+Adams&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiX0IOWHsoAUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwastika" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> <a href="/wiki/James_Whitman" title="James Whitman">James Q. Whitman</a>, "Hitler's American Model: The United States and the Making of Nazi Race Law", (Princeton: <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>, 2017), p. 28. </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrynne2014" class="citation web cs1">Prynne, Miranda (14 April 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180414083020/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/history/world-war-two/10764884/Battle-of-Britain-heros-medals-to-go-under-the-hammer.html">"Battle of Britain hero's medals to go under the hammer"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/history/world-war-two/10764884/Battle-of-Britain-heros-medals-to-go-under-the-hammer.html">the original</a> on 14 April 2018. Retrieved 6 April 2018 – via www.telegraph.co.uk.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Battle+of+Britain+hero%27s+medals+to+go+under+the+hammer&rft.date=2014-04-14&rft.aulast=Prynne&rft.aufirst=Miranda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fhistory%2Fworld-war-two%2F10764884%2FBattle-of-Britain-heros-medals-to-go-under-the-hammer.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwastika" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown,_James_A.Rogers,_J._Daniel2023" class="citation journal cs1">Brown, James A.; Rogers, J. Daniel (23 November 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://projectpast.org/caddo/topic4/brown1989.pdf">"Linking Spiro's artistic styles : The Copper Connection"</a> (PDF). Southeastern Archaeology. 8 (1). Allen Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Southeastern+Archaeology&rft.atitle=Linking+Spiro%27s+artistic+styles+%3A+The+Copper+Connection&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2023-11-23&rft.au=Brown%2C+James+A.&rft.au=Rogers%2C+J.+Daniel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fprojectpast.org%2Fcaddo%2Ftopic4%2Fbrown1989.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwastika" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2009" class="citation news cs1">Smith, Michael (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.lib.uiowa.edu/ihi/article/id/1388/download/pdf/">"Art in Daily Life: Native American Collections at the State Historical Society of Iowa"</a>. Iowa Heritage Illustrated. p. 102. Retrieved 27 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Iowa+Heritage+Illustrated&rft.atitle=Art+in+Daily+Life%3A+Native+American+Collections+at+the+State+Historical+Society+of+Iowa&rft.pages=102&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubs.lib.uiowa.edu%2Fihi%2Farticle%2Fid%2F1388%2Fdownload%2Fpdf%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwastika" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilloughby1897" class="citation journal cs1">Willoughby, C. C. (1897). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/533845">"An Analysis of the Decorations upon Pottery from the Mississippi Valley"</a>. The Journal of American Folklore. 10 (36): 9–20. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F533845">10.2307/533845</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0021-8715">0021-8715</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/533845">533845</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+American+Folklore&rft.atitle=An+Analysis+of+the+Decorations+upon+Pottery+from+the+Mississippi+Valley&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=36&rft.pages=9-20&rft.date=1897&rft.issn=0021-8715&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F533845%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F533845&rft.aulast=Willoughby&rft.aufirst=C.+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F533845&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwastika" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFreedFreed" class="citation book cs1">Freed, Stanley A; Freed, Ruth S. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholarship.rice.edu/bitstream/handle/1911/63402/article_rip661_part6.pdf?sequence=1">Swastika: A New Symbolic Interpretation</a> (PDF). Rice University Studies. p. 93.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Swastika%3A+A+New+Symbolic+Interpretation&rft.pages=93&rft.pub=Rice+University+Studies&rft.aulast=Freed&rft.aufirst=Stanley+A&rft.au=Freed%2C+Ruth+S&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholarship.rice.edu%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F1911%2F63402%2Farticle_rip661_part6.pdf%3Fsequence%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwastika" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sanchez-2018-195">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sanchez-2018_195-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sanchez-2018_195-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSanchez2018" class="citation web cs1">Sanchez, Hayley (15 August 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cpr.org/2018/08/15/those-are-sacred-navajo-symbols-not-swastikas-on-that-pueblo-art-collectors-rug/">"Those are sacred Navajo Symbols, Not Swastikas, On That Pueblo Art Collector's Rug"</a>. Colorado Public Radio. Retrieved 27 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Colorado+Public+Radio&rft.atitle=Those+are+sacred+Navajo+Symbols%2C+Not+Swastikas%2C+On+That+Pueblo+Art+Collector%27s+Rug&rft.date=2018-08-15&rft.aulast=Sanchez&rft.aufirst=Hayley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cpr.org%2F2018%2F08%2F15%2Fthose-are-sacred-navajo-symbols-not-swastikas-on-that-pueblo-art-collectors-rug%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwastika" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a> Dottie Indyke. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.collectorsguide.com/fa/fa086.shtml">The History of an Ancient Human Symbol</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041205011620/http://www.collectorsguide.com/fa/fa086.shtml">Archived</a> 5 December 2004 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". 4 April 2005. originally from The Wingspread Collector's Guide to <a href="/wiki/Santa_Fe,_New_Mexico" title="Santa Fe, New Mexico">Santa Fe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taos,_New_Mexico" title="Taos, New Mexico">Taos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Albuquerque,_New_Mexico" title="Albuquerque, New Mexico">Albuquerque</a>, Volume 15. </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> Photo and text, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.royalsaskmuseum.ca/research/faqs/ex_8.shtml">"Why is there a Swastika on the saddle in the First Nations Gallery?"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060118021210/http://www.royalsaskmuseum.ca/research/faqs/ex_8.shtml">Archived</a> 18 January 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Royal <a href="/wiki/Saskatchewan" title="Saskatchewan">Saskatchewan</a> Museum </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/the-swastika">"The Swastika"</a>. www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org. Retrieved 27 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org&rft.atitle=The+Swastika&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fthe-swastika&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwastika" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeepa2022" class="citation web cs1">Deepa, Bharath (28 November 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.arkansasonline.com/news/2022/nov/28/faith-groups-seek-to-save-sacred-swastikas/">"Faith groups seek to save sacred swastikas"</a>. Arkansas Online. Retrieved 27 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Arkansas+Online&rft.atitle=Faith+groups+seek+to+save+sacred+swastikas&rft.date=2022-11-28&rft.aulast=Deepa&rft.aufirst=Bharath&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.arkansasonline.com%2Fnews%2F2022%2Fnov%2F28%2Ffaith-groups-seek-to-save-sacred-swastikas%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwastika" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ayres-2021-200">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ayres-2021_200-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ayres-2021_200-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ayres-2021_200-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAyres2021" class="citation web cs1">Ayres, Steven (June 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.5ensesmag.com/article/reclaiming-sacred-heritage">"Reclaiming Sacred Heritage"</a>. 5enses Magazine. Retrieved 27 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=5enses+Magazine&rft.atitle=Reclaiming+Sacred+Heritage&rft.date=2021-06&rft.aulast=Ayres&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.5ensesmag.com%2Farticle%2Freclaiming-sacred-heritage&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwastika" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/36417593/indians-denounce-swastika/">"Indians Denounce Nazis, Forego Use of Swastika"</a>. St. Joseph Gazette. 26 February 1940. p. 1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=St.+Joseph+Gazette&rft.atitle=Indians+Denounce+Nazis%2C+Forego+Use+of+Swastika&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1940-02-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fclip%2F36417593%2Findians-denounce-swastika%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwastika" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kane-2017-202">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kane-2017_202-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kane-2017_202-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKane2017" class="citation web cs1">Kane, Rich (29 August 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sltrib.com/news/2017/08/29/uproar-at-salt-lake-city-market-raises-decades-old-question-will-the-ancient-native-american-swastika-always-be-a-symbol-of-nazi-hate/">"A group of protesters demanded that a Native American swastika be removed from an SLC market — but were they right?"</a>. Salt Lake City Tribune. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220324143526/https://www.sltrib.com/news/2017/08/29/uproar-at-salt-lake-city-market-raises-decades-old-question-will-the-ancient-native-american-swastika-always-be-a-symbol-of-nazi-hate/">Archived</a> from the original on 24 March 2022. Retrieved 24 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Salt+Lake+City+Tribune&rft.atitle=A+group+of+protesters+demanded+that+a+Native+American+swastika+be+removed+from+an+SLC+market+%E2%80%94+but+were+they+right%3F&rft.date=2017-08-29&rft.aulast=Kane&rft.aufirst=Rich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sltrib.com%2Fnews%2F2017%2F08%2F29%2Fuproar-at-salt-lake-city-market-raises-decades-old-question-will-the-ancient-native-american-swastika-always-be-a-symbol-of-nazi-hate%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwastika" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a> Brown, Jerome F. "Anti-semitism on campus: the swastika of NMSU." Shofar (1986): 22–32. </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a> Heller, Steven. The swastika: symbol beyond redemption? Simon and Schuster, 2010. </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ictnews.org/archive/swastika-or-whirling-logs-tattoo-artist-reignites-debate-over-ancient-native-symbol">"Swastika or Whirling Logs? Should the Ancient Native Symbol Stolen by the Nazis Be Reclaimed?"</a>. ICT News. 16 March 2015. Retrieved 27 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ICT+News&rft.atitle=Swastika+or+Whirling+Logs%3F+Should+the+Ancient+Native+Symbol+Stolen+by+the+Nazis+Be+Reclaimed%3F&rft.date=2015-03-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fictnews.org%2Farchive%2Fswastika-or-whirling-logs-tattoo-artist-reignites-debate-over-ancient-native-symbol&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwastika" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWarnick2006" class="citation web cs1">Warnick, Ron (26 October 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.route66news.com/2006/10/26/swastikas-on-old-arizona-road-maps/">"Swastikas on old Arizona road maps?"</a>. Route 66 News. Retrieved 5 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Route+66+News&rft.atitle=Swastikas+on+old+Arizona+road+maps%3F&rft.date=2006-10-26&rft.aulast=Warnick&rft.aufirst=Ron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.route66news.com%2F2006%2F10%2F26%2Fswastikas-on-old-arizona-road-maps%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwastika" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rainforestart.com/creationch.htm">Chants and Myths about Creation</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051031033352/http://www.rainforestart.com/creationch.htm">Archived</a> 31 October 2005 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, from Rainforest Art. Retrieved 25 February 2006. </li> <li id="cite_note-Panama_-_Native_Peoples-208"><a href="#cite_ref-Panama_-_Native_Peoples_208-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fotw.us/flags/pa-nat.html">Panama – Native Peoples</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060630200335/http://www.fotw.us/flags/pa-nat.html">Archived</a> 30 June 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, from Flags of the World. Retrieved 20 February 2006. </li> <li id="cite_note-209"><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a> Claire Polakoff. Into Indigo: African Textiles and Dyeing Techniques. 1980 </li> <li id="cite_note-210"><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKak2018" class="citation web cs1">Kak, Subhash (9 July 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://medium.com/@subhashkak1/romuva-and-the-vedic-gods-of-lithuania-3aae469ff2f1">"Romuva and the Vedic Gods of Lithuania"</a>. Subhash Kak. Retrieved 8 November 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Subhash+Kak&rft.atitle=Romuva+and+the+Vedic+Gods+of+Lithuania&rft.date=2018-07-09&rft.aulast=Kak&rft.aufirst=Subhash&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmedium.com%2F%40subhashkak1%2Fromuva-and-the-vedic-gods-of-lithuania-3aae469ff2f1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwastika" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-211"><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Alexey_Dobrovolsky" title="Alexey Dobrovolsky">Dobroslav</a>. Природные корни русского национального социализма // Russkaya Pravda. 1996. Спецвыпуск No. 1 (3). С. 3. </li> <li id="cite_note-212"><a href="#cite_ref-212">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWirth2007" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Herman_Wirth" title="Herman Wirth">Wirth, Herman</a> (2007). Хроника Ура-Линда. Древнейшая история Европы [Chronicle of Ura-Linda. Ancient history of Europe] (in Russian). Moscow: Вече. p. 454.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0+%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B0-%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0.+%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%8B&rft.place=Moscow&rft.pages=454&rft.pub=%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Wirth&rft.aufirst=Herman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwastika" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shizhensky_2012-213"><a href="#cite_ref-Shizhensky_2012_213-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShizhensky2012" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Shizhensky, Roman (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160221091003/http://www.mesoeurasia.org/archives/8604">"Роман Шиженский: Опыт сравнительного анализа текстов А.А. Добровольскогои Г.Ф. Вирта (к вопросу об источниковой базе российских неоязычников)"</a> [The experience of comparative analysis of the texts of A. A. Dobrovolsky and G. F. Wirth (to the question of the source base of Russian neo-pagans)] (in Russian). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mesoeurasia.org/archives/8604">the original</a> on 21 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD+%D0%A8%D0%B8%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9%3A+%D0%9E%D0%BF%D1%8B%D1%82+%D1%81%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0+%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2+%D0%90.%D0%90.+%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B8+%D0%93.%D0%A4.+%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0+%28%D0%BA+%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%83+%D0%BE%D0%B1+%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B5+%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85+%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%29&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Shizhensky&rft.aufirst=Roman&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mesoeurasia.org%2Farchives%2F8604&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwastika" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-214"><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKavykin2007" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kavykin, Oleg (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.inafran.ru/sites/default/files/page_file/rodnoveri.pdf">"Rodnovery". Self-identification of neo-pagans in modern Russia</a> (PDF) (in Russian). Moscow: Institute for African Studies RAS. p. 232. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-5-91298-017-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-5-91298-017-6"><bdi>978-5-91298-017-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22Rodnovery%22.+Self-identification+of+neo-pagans+in+modern+Russia&rft.place=Moscow&rft.pages=232&rft.pub=Institute+for+African+Studies+RAS&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-5-91298-017-6&rft.aulast=Kavykin&rft.aufirst=Oleg&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.inafran.ru%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fpage_file%2Frodnoveri.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwastika" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-215"><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDobrovolsky1996" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Dobrovolsky, Alexey Alexandrovich (1996). Природные корни русского национального социализма [The Natural Roots of Russian National Socialism] (in Russian). <a href="/wiki/Russkaya_Pravda" title="Russkaya Pravda">Russkaya Pravda</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5+%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8+%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%B0&rft.pub=Russkaya+Pravda&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Dobrovolsky&rft.aufirst=Alexey+Alexandrovich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwastika" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-216"><a href="#cite_ref-216">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchnirelmann2015" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Victor_Schnirelmann" title="Victor Schnirelmann">Schnirelmann, Victor</a> (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Aa8qCwAAQBAJ">Aryan myth in the modern world</a> (in Russian). New literary review. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9785444804223" title="Special:BookSources/9785444804223"><bdi>9785444804223</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aryan+myth+in+the+modern+world&rft.pub=New+literary+review&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9785444804223&rft.aulast=Schnirelmann&rft.aufirst=Victor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAa8qCwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwastika" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-217"><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchnirelmann2000" class="citation journal cs1">Schnirelmann, Victor A. (2000). "Perun, Svarog and Others: Russian Neo-Paganism in Search of Itself". The Cambridge Journal of Anthropology. 21 (3): 25. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23818709">23818709</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Cambridge+Journal+of+Anthropology&rft.atitle=Perun%2C+Svarog+and+Others%3A+Russian+Neo-Paganism+in+Search+of+Itself&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=25&rft.date=2000&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23818709%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Schnirelmann&rft.aufirst=Victor+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwastika" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-218"><a href="#cite_ref-218">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPilkingtonPopov2009" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Pilkington, Hilary; Popov, Anton (2009). "Understanding Neo-paganism in Russia: Religion? Ideology? Philosophy? Fantasy?". In George McKay (ed.). Subcultures and New Religious Movements in Russia and East-Central Europe. Peter Lang. p. 282. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3039119219" title="Special:BookSources/978-3039119219"><bdi>978-3039119219</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Understanding+Neo-paganism+in+Russia%3A+Religion%3F+Ideology%3F+Philosophy%3F+Fantasy%3F&rft.btitle=Subcultures+and+New+Religious+Movements+in+Russia+and+East-Central+Europe&rft.pages=282&rft.pub=Peter+Lang&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-3039119219&rft.aulast=Pilkington&rft.aufirst=Hilary&rft.au=Popov%2C+Anton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwastika" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-219"><a href="#cite_ref-219">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaidazimova2005" class="citation web cs1">Saidazimova, Gulnoza (23 December 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rferl.org/featuresarticle/2005/12/27f36005-4b37-4ada-87e0-034f33867c8e.html">"Tajikistan: Officials Say Swastika Part Of Their Aryan Heritage – Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty © 2008"</a>. Rferl.org. Retrieved 2 March 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tajikistan%3A+Officials+Say+Swastika+Part+Of+Their+Aryan+Heritage+%E2%80%93+Radio+Free+Europe+%2F+Radio+Liberty+%C2%A9+2008&rft.pub=Rferl.org&rft.date=2005-12-23&rft.aulast=Saidazimova&rft.aufirst=Gulnoza&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rferl.org%2Ffeaturesarticle%2F2005%2F12%2F27f36005-4b37-4ada-87e0-034f33867c8e.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwastika" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-220"><a href="#cite_ref-220">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVerhulsdonck,_Gustav2013" class="citation book cs1">Verhulsdonck, Gustav (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ed9GAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA94">Digital Rhetoric and Global Literacies</a>. IGI. p. 94. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4666-4917-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4666-4917-0"><bdi>978-1-4666-4917-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Digital+Rhetoric+and+Global+Literacies&rft.pages=94&rft.pub=IGI&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-4666-4917-0&rft.au=Verhulsdonck%2C+Gustav&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Ded9GAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA94&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwastika" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-221"><a href="#cite_ref-221">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDawn_Perlmutter2003" class="citation book cs1">Dawn Perlmutter (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QPnKBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA242">Investigating Religious Terrorism and Ritualistic Crimes</a>. CRC Press. p. 242. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4200-4104-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4200-4104-0"><bdi>978-1-4200-4104-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Investigating+Religious+Terrorism+and+Ritualistic+Crimes&rft.pages=242&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-4200-4104-0&rft.au=Dawn+Perlmutter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQPnKBQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA242&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwastika" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-222"><a href="#cite_ref-222">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dw.com/en/germany-wont-seek-eu-wide-ban-on-swastikas/a-2330716">"Germany Won't Seek EU-Wide Ban on Swastikas"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Welle" title="Deutsche Welle">Deutsche Welle</a>. 29 January 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Deutsche+Welle&rft.atitle=Germany+Won%27t+Seek+EU-Wide+Ban+on+Swastikas&rft.date=2007-01-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw.com%2Fen%2Fgermany-wont-seek-eu-wide-ban-on-swastikas%2Fa-2330716&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwastika" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-223"><a href="#cite_ref-223">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080420011238/http://www.spcm.org/Journal/article.php3?id_article=1869">"Stuttgart Seeks to Ban Anti-Fascist Symbols"</a>. Le Journal Chrétien. Spcm.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spcm.org/Journal/article.php3?id_article=1869">the original</a> on 20 April 2008. Retrieved 2 March 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Le+Journal+Chr%C3%A9tien&rft.atitle=Stuttgart+Seeks+to+Ban+Anti-Fascist+Symbols&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spcm.org%2FJournal%2Farticle.php3%3Fid_article%3D1869&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwastika" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-224"><a href="#cite_ref-224">^</a> (in German) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tageblatt.de/main.cfm?DID=747071">Tageblatt</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090113164205/http://www.tageblatt.de/main.cfm?DID=747071">Archived</a> 13 January 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> 23 September 2006 </li> <li id="cite_note-225"><a href="#cite_ref-225">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://juris.bundesgerichtshof.de/cgi-bin/rechtsprechung/document.py?Gericht=bgh&Art=pm&Datum=2007&Sort=3&Seite=5&anz=200&pos=164&nr=39349&linked=urt&Blank=1&file=dokument.pdf">"3 StR 486/06"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Federal_Court_of_Justice_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Court of Justice of Germany">Federal Court of Justice of Germany</a>. Retrieved 2 March 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=3+StR+486%2F06&rft.pub=Federal+Court+of+Justice+of+Germany&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjuris.bundesgerichtshof.de%2Fcgi-bin%2Frechtsprechung%2Fdocument.py%3FGericht%3Dbgh%26Art%3Dpm%26Datum%3D2007%26Sort%3D3%26Seite%3D5%26anz%3D200%26pos%3D164%26nr%3D39349%26linked%3Durt%26Blank%3D1%26file%3Ddokument.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwastika" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-226"><a href="#cite_ref-226">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://juris.bundesgerichtshof.de/cgi-bin/rechtsprechung/document.py?Gericht=bgh&Art=pm&Datum=2007&Sort=3&Seite=5&nr=39202&pos=164&anz=200">"Bundesgerichtshof press statement No. 36/2007"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Federal_Court_of_Justice_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Court of Justice of Germany">Federal Court of Justice of Germany</a>. 15 March 2007. Retrieved 2 March 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bundesgerichtshof+press+statement+No.+36%2F2007&rft.pub=Federal+Court+of+Justice+of+Germany&rft.date=2007-03-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjuris.bundesgerichtshof.de%2Fcgi-bin%2Frechtsprechung%2Fdocument.py%3FGericht%3Dbgh%26Art%3Dpm%26Datum%3D2007%26Sort%3D3%26Seite%3D5%26nr%3D39202%26pos%3D164%26anz%3D200&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwastika" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-227"><a href="#cite_ref-227">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spiegel.de/politik/deutschland/0,1518,471880,00.html">"Anti-Nazi-Symbole sind nicht strafbar"</a> [Anti-Nazi symbols are not forbidden]. Der Spiegel (in German). 15 March 2007. Retrieved 2 March 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Der+Spiegel&rft.atitle=Anti-Nazi-Symbole+sind+nicht+strafbar&rft.date=2007-03-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spiegel.de%2Fpolitik%2Fdeutschland%2F0%2C1518%2C471880%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwastika" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-228"><a href="#cite_ref-228">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2018/08/09/germany-lifts-ban-nazi-symbols-video-games/">"Germany Lifts Ban on Nazi Symbols in Video Games"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Telegraph</a>. 9 August 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2018/08/09/germany-lifts-ban-nazi-symbols-video-games/">Archived</a> from the original on 10 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Germany+Lifts+Ban+on+Nazi+Symbols+in+Video+Games&rft.date=2018-08-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2F2018%2F08%2F09%2Fgermany-lifts-ban-nazi-symbols-video-games%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwastika" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-229"><a href="#cite_ref-229">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChalk2018" class="citation web cs1">Chalk, Andy (9 August 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pcgamer.com/germany-lifts-ban-on-swastikas-in-videogames/">"Germany Lifts Ban on Swastikas in Videogames"</a>. <a href="/wiki/PC_Gamer" title="PC Gamer">PC Gamer</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PC+Gamer&rft.atitle=Germany+Lifts+Ban+on+Swastikas+in+Videogames&rft.date=2018-08-09&rft.aulast=Chalk&rft.aufirst=Andy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pcgamer.com%2Fgermany-lifts-ban-on-swastikas-in-videogames%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwastika" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-hu-const-court-230">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hu-const-court_230-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hu-const-court_230-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ansa.it/nuova_europa/en/news/sections/news/2013/02/24/visualizza_new.html_1844118137.html">"Hungary, hammer and sickle ban declared illegal"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Agenzia_Nazionale_Stampa_Associata" title="Agenzia Nazionale Stampa Associata">ANSA</a>. 27 February 2013. Retrieved 12 November 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Hungary%2C+hammer+and+sickle+ban+declared+illegal&rft.date=2013-02-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ansa.it%2Fnuova_europa%2Fen%2Fnews%2Fsections%2Fnews%2F2013%2F02%2F24%2Fvisualizza_new.html_1844118137.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwastika" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-231"><a href="#cite_ref-231">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thb.kormany.hu/download/a/46/11000/Btk_EN.pdf">"Act C of 2012 on the Criminal Code, Section 335: Use of Symbols of Totalitarianism"</a> (PDF). Ministry of Interior of Hungary. p. 97. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170222194128/http://thb.kormany.hu/download/a/46/11000/Btk_EN.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 22 February 2017. Retrieved 21 February 2017. <q>Any person who: a) distributes, b) uses before the public at large, or c) publicly exhibits, the swastika, the insignia of the SS, the arrow cross, the sickle and hammer, the five-pointed red star or any symbol depicting the above so as to breach public peace – specifically in a way to offend the dignity of victims of totalitarian regimes and their right to sanctity – is guilty of a misdemeanor punishable by custodial arrest, insofar as it did not result in a more serious criminal offense.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ministry+of+Interior+of+Hungary&rft.atitle=Act+C+of+2012+on+the+Criminal+Code%2C+Section+335%3A+Use+of+Symbols+of+Totalitarianism&rft.pages=97&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthb.kormany.hu%2Fdownload%2Fa%2F46%2F11000%2FBtk_EN.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwastika" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-232"><a href="#cite_ref-232">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.haaretz.com/jewish/latvia-bans-nazi-symbols-in-public-1.5283630">"Latvia Bans Nazi, Soviet Symbols at Public Events"</a>. Haaretz. 20 June 2013. Retrieved 8 November 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Haaretz&rft.atitle=Latvia+Bans+Nazi%2C+Soviet+Symbols+at+Public+Events&rft.date=2013-06-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Fjewish%2Flatvia-bans-nazi-symbols-in-public-1.5283630&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwastika" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-233"><a href="#cite_ref-233">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.upi.com/Latvian-bill-would-ban-Soviet-Nazi-symbols/58631371833846/">"Latvian bill would ban Soviet, Nazi symbols"</a>. UPI. 21 June 2013. Retrieved 8 November 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=UPI&rft.atitle=Latvian+bill+would+ban+Soviet%2C+Nazi+symbols&rft.date=2013-06-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.upi.com%2FLatvian-bill-would-ban-Soviet-Nazi-symbols%2F58631371833846%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwastika" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-234"><a href="#cite_ref-234">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFlvportals.lv2013" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">lvportals.lv (7 May 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lvportals.lv/skaidrojumi/255373-ka-aizliegt-to-kas-jau-ir-aizliegts-2013">"Kā aizliegt to, kas jau ir aizliegts?"</a> (in Latvian). Retrieved 8 November 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=K%C4%81+aizliegt+to%2C+kas+jau+ir+aizliegts%3F&rft.date=2013-05-07&rft.au=lvportals.lv&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flvportals.lv%2Fskaidrojumi%2F255373-ka-aizliegt-to-kas-jau-ir-aizliegts-2013&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwastika" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-235"><a href="#cite_ref-235">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStemple2010" class="citation web cs1">Stemple, Hillary (20 May 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jurist.org/paperchase/2010/05/lithuania-court-rules-swastikas-are-part-of-historic-legacy.php">"Lithuania court rules swastikas are part of historic legacy"</a>. <a href="/wiki/JURIST" class="mw-redirect" title="JURIST">JURIST</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=JURIST&rft.atitle=Lithuania+court+rules+swastikas+are+part+of+historic+legacy&rft.date=2010-05-20&rft.aulast=Stemple&rft.aufirst=Hillary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jurist.org%2Fpaperchase%2F2010%2F05%2Flithuania-court-rules-swastikas-are-part-of-historic-legacy.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwastika" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-tele-che-236"><a href="#cite_ref-tele-che_236-0">^</a> Day, Matthew (23 April 2009) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/poland/5207669/Poland-to-ban-Che-Guevara-image.html">"Poland 'to ban' Che Guevara image"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180414083007/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/poland/5207669/Poland-to-ban-Che-Guevara-image.html">Archived</a> 14 April 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-237"><a href="#cite_ref-237">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/democracy/hate-symbols-banned-by-voters-in-geneva/80152669">"Hate symbols banned by voters in Geneva"</a>. SWI swissinfo.ch. 9 June 2024. Retrieved 10 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SWI+swissinfo.ch&rft.atitle=Hate+symbols+banned+by+voters+in+Geneva&rft.date=2024-06-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.swissinfo.ch%2Feng%2Fdemocracy%2Fhate-symbols-banned-by-voters-in-geneva%2F80152669&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwastika" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-EthanMcNern-238">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EthanMcNern_238-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EthanMcNern_238-1">b</a> Ethan McNern. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thescotsman.scotsman.com/world/Swastika-ban-left-out-of.3342365.jp">Swastika ban left out of EU's racism law</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110805064029/http://thescotsman.scotsman.com/world/Swastika-ban-left-out-of.3342365.jp">Archived</a> 5 August 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Scotsman" title="The Scotsman">The Scotsman</a>, 30 January 2007 </li> <li id="cite_note-239"><a href="#cite_ref-239">^</a> Staff. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/6269627.stm">Hindus opposing EU swastika ban</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070119204834/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/6269627.stm">Archived</a> 19 January 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> online, 17 January 2007. </li> <li id="cite_note-240"><a href="#cite_ref-240">^</a> Staff (source dgs/<a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a>)<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spiegel.de/international/0,1518,460259,00.html">Hindus Against Proposed EU Swastika Ban</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120129141033/http://www.spiegel.de/international/0,1518,460259,00.html">Archived</a> 29 January 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a href="/wiki/Der_Spiegel" title="Der Spiegel">Der Spiegel</a> online, 17 January 2007 </li> <li id="cite_note-241"><a href="#cite_ref-241">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/LEIS/L7716.htm">Brazilian Federal Statute 7.716</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090515033324/http://www.planalto.gov.br/CCIVIL_03/LEIS/L7716.htm">Archived</a> 15 May 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> 1989-05-01, (Portuguese) </li> <li id="cite_note-242"><a href="#cite_ref-242">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShuster2017" class="citation news cs1">Shuster, Simon (14 August 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://time.com/4900385/charlottesville-nazi-kkk-swastika-germany-reaction/">"How the Nazi Flags in Charlottesville Look to a German"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a>. Retrieved 15 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=How+the+Nazi+Flags+in+Charlottesville+Look+to+a+German&rft.date=2017-08-14&rft.aulast=Shuster&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftime.com%2F4900385%2Fcharlottesville-nazi-kkk-swastika-germany-reaction%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwastika" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-243"><a href="#cite_ref-243">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchofield2015" class="citation web cs1">Schofield, Matthew (30 July 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mcclatchydc.com/news/nation-world/world/article29557972.html">"How Germany dealt with its symbols of hate"</a>. mcclatchydc.com. McClatchy DC Bureau. Retrieved 18 August 2017. <q>It's notable that when Ku Klux Klan members recently rallied in South Carolina, they carried both the battle flag and the Nazi swastika. The two flags in recent years have been commonly seen together at white supremacist groups and gatherings.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=mcclatchydc.com&rft.atitle=How+Germany+dealt+with+its+symbols+of+hate&rft.date=2015-07-30&rft.aulast=Schofield&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mcclatchydc.com%2Fnews%2Fnation-world%2Fworld%2Farticle29557972.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwastika" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dickter-244"><a href="#cite_ref-Dickter_244-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDickterLipmanSavage2010" class="citation web cs1">Dickter, Adam; Lipman, Steve; Savage, Nigel (1 June 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jewishweek.timesofisrael.com/adl-downgrades-swastika-as-jewish-hate-symbol/">"ADL Downgrades Swastika As Jewish Hate Symbol"</a>. Jewish Week. Retrieved 23 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jewish+Week&rft.atitle=ADL+Downgrades+Swastika+As+Jewish+Hate+Symbol&rft.date=2010-06-01&rft.aulast=Dickter&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft.au=Lipman%2C+Steve&rft.au=Savage%2C+Nigel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjewishweek.timesofisrael.com%2Fadl-downgrades-swastika-as-jewish-hate-symbol%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwastika" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ADL-245">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ADL_245-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ADL_245-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.adl.org/education/references/hate-symbols/swastika">"Swastika"</a>. Anti-Defamation League. Retrieved 31 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Anti-Defamation+League&rft.atitle=Swastika&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.adl.org%2Feducation%2Freferences%2Fhate-symbols%2Fswastika&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwastika" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-246"><a href="#cite_ref-246">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-australia-61890577">"Swastika: Victoria bans display of Nazi symbol in Australian first"</a>. BBC News. 22 June 2022. Retrieved 22 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Swastika%3A+Victoria+bans+display+of+Nazi+symbol+in+Australian+first&rft.date=2022-06-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-australia-61890577&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwastika" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-247"><a href="#cite_ref-247">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.legalaid.vic.gov.au/ban-nazi-symbols-gestures-victoria">"The ban on Nazi symbols and gestures in Victoria"</a>. Victoria Legal Aid. November 2023. Retrieved 3 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Victoria+Legal+Aid&rft.atitle=The+ban+on+Nazi+symbols+and+gestures+in+Victoria&rft.date=2023-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.legalaid.vic.gov.au%2Fban-nazi-symbols-gestures-victoria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwastika" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Goldman_2010-248"><a href="#cite_ref-Goldman_2010_248-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldman2010" class="citation web cs1">Goldman, Tom (23 November 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101123135409/https://www.escapistmagazine.com/news/view/105501-Black-Ops-Swastika-Emblems-Will-Earn-Xbox-Live-Ban">"Black Ops Swastika Emblems Will Earn Xbox Live Ban"</a>. escapistmagazine.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.escapistmagazine.com/news/view/105501-Black-Ops-Swastika-Emblems-Will-Earn-Xbox-Live-Ban">the original</a> on 23 November 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=escapistmagazine.com&rft.atitle=Black+Ops+Swastika+Emblems+Will+Earn+Xbox+Live+Ban&rft.date=2010-11-23&rft.aulast=Goldman&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.escapistmagazine.com%2Fnews%2Fview%2F105501-Black-Ops-Swastika-Emblems-Will-Earn-Xbox-Live-Ban&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwastika" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Telotte_2008_p.201-249"><a href="#cite_ref-Telotte_2008_p.201_249-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTelotte2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jay_Telotte" title="Jay Telotte">Telotte, Jay P.</a> (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mousemachinedisn0000telo/page/201/mode/2up">The Mouse Machine: Disney and Technology</a>. University of Illinois Press. p. 201. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0252092633" title="Special:BookSources/978-0252092633"><bdi>978-0252092633</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/811409076">811409076</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mouse+Machine%3A+Disney+and+Technology&rft.pages=201&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F811409076&rft.isbn=978-0252092633&rft.aulast=Telotte&rft.aufirst=Jay+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmousemachinedisn0000telo%2Fpage%2F201%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwastika" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-250"><a href="#cite_ref-250">^</a> Frederick J. Simonelli (1995), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24451464">"The American Nazi Party, 1958–1967"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200427075108/https://www.jstor.org/stable/24451464">Archived</a> 27 April 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, The Historian, Vol. 57, No. 3 (Spring 1995), pp. 553–566 </li> <li id="cite_note-251"><a href="#cite_ref-251">^</a> Carnes, Jim (1999), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED437466.pdf">Responding to Hate at School: A Guide for Teachers, Counselors and Administrators</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170224190200/http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED437466.pdf">Archived</a> 24 February 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, ERIC, Department of Education, US Government, pp. 9–11, 33, 49–50 </li> <li id="cite_note-Lihachev-252"><a href="#cite_ref-Lihachev_252-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sova-center.ru/files/xeno/nazi2002.pdf">Вячеслав Лихачев. Нацизм в России. с.5</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20081026100325/http://error.caravan.ru/404.html">Archived</a> 26 October 2008 at <a href="/wiki/Archive-It" class="mw-redirect" title="Archive-It">Archive-It</a> – about symbolic of neo-nazi party "<a href="/wiki/Russian_National_Unity" title="Russian National Unity">RNU</a>" </li> <li id="cite_note-253"><a href="#cite_ref-253">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMudde2005" class="citation book cs1">Mudde, Cas, ed. (2005). Racist Extremism in Central and Eastern Europe. Routledge studies in extremism and democracy. London: Routledge. p. 61. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415355933" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415355933"><bdi>978-0415355933</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Racist+Extremism+in+Central+and+Eastern+Europe&rft.place=London&rft.series=Routledge+studies+in+extremism+and+democracy&rft.pages=61&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0415355933&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwastika" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-254"><a href="#cite_ref-254">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theinsider.ua/politics/55cdd8ccea6a8/">"Сомнительная символика в лагере Азовец: зачем выглядеть, как сторонники ДНР?"</a> [Doubtful symbols in the Azovets camp: why look like DNR supporters?]. www.theinsider.ua (in Ukrainian).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.theinsider.ua&rft.atitle=%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0+%D0%B2+%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5+%D0%90%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%86%3A+%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BC+%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B3%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8C%2C+%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BA+%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8+%D0%94%D0%9D%D0%A0%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theinsider.ua%2Fpolitics%2F55cdd8ccea6a8%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwastika" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-255"><a href="#cite_ref-255">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLikhachev2016" class="citation web cs1">Likhachev, Vyacheslav (July 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ifri.org/sites/default/files/atoms/files/rnv95_uk_likhachev_far-right_radicals_final.pdf">"The Far Right in the Conflict between Russia and Ukraine"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Russie.NEI.Visions_in_English" title="Russie.NEI.Visions in English">Russie.NEI.Visions in English</a>. pp. 18–26. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161026151159/https://www.ifri.org/sites/default/files/atoms/files/rnv95_uk_likhachev_far-right_radicals_final.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 26 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Far+Right+in+the+Conflict+between+Russia+and+Ukraine&rft.pages=18-26&rft.pub=Russie.NEI.Visions+in+English&rft.date=2016-07&rft.aulast=Likhachev&rft.aufirst=Vyacheslav&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ifri.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fatoms%2Ffiles%2Frnv95_uk_likhachev_far-right_radicals_final.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwastika" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-256"><a href="#cite_ref-256">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.haaretz.com/2014-09-09/ty-article/ukrainian-soldiers-seen-wearing-nazi-symbols/0000017f-e17a-d568-ad7f-f37b64d50000">"Ukrainian Soldiers Seen Wearing Helmets With Nazi Swastika and SS Symbols"</a>. Haaretz.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Ukrainian+Soldiers+Seen+Wearing+Helmets+With+Nazi+Swastika+and+SS+Symbols&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2F2014-09-09%2Fty-article%2Fukrainian-soldiers-seen-wearing-nazi-symbols%2F0000017f-e17a-d568-ad7f-f37b64d50000&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwastika" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-257"><a href="#cite_ref-257">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/sep/10/azov-far-right-fighters-ukraine-neo-nazis">"Azov fighters are Ukraine's greatest weapon and may be its greatest threat"</a>. The Guardian.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Azov+fighters+are+Ukraine%27s+greatest+weapon+and+may+be+its+greatest+threat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2014%2Fsep%2F10%2Fazov-far-right-fighters-ukraine-neo-nazis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwastika" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-258"><a href="#cite_ref-258">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/the-azov-battalion-the-neo-nazis-of-ukraine/article65239935.ece">"The Azov Battalion:The neo-Nazis of Ukraine"</a>. The Hindu.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Azov+Battalion%3AThe+neo-Nazis+of+Ukraine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fnews%2Finternational%2Fthe-azov-battalion-the-neo-nazis-of-ukraine%2Farticle65239935.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwastika" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-259"><a href="#cite_ref-259">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/world-news/2022/03/18/inside-azov-neo-nazi-brigade-killing-russian-generals-playing/">"Inside Azov, the far-Right brigade killing Russian generals and playing a PR game in the Ukraine war"</a>. The Daily Telegraph.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Inside+Azov%2C+the+far-Right+brigade+killing+Russian+generals+and+playing+a+PR+game+in+the+Ukraine+war&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fworld-news%2F2022%2F03%2F18%2Finside-azov-neo-nazi-brigade-killing-russian-generals-playing%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwastika" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-260"><a href="#cite_ref-260">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/toy-pandas-bearing-swastikas-a-cultural-mix-up-1.343550">"Toy pandas bearing swastikas a cultural mix-up"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CBC_News" title="CBC News">CBC News</a>. 30 December 2002.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CBC+News&rft.atitle=Toy+pandas+bearing+swastikas+a+cultural+mix-up&rft.date=2002-12-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fcanada%2Ftoy-pandas-bearing-swastikas-a-cultural-mix-up-1.343550&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwastika" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-261"><a href="#cite_ref-261">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis2020" class="citation news cs1">Lewis, Sophie (10 July 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbsnews.com/news/shein-nazi-symbol-swastika-necklace/">"Popular online retailer Shein apologizes for selling swastika necklace after backlash"</a>. CBS News. <a href="/wiki/CBS" title="CBS">CBS</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200809110705/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/shein-nazi-symbol-swastika-necklace/">Archived</a> from the original on 9 August 2020. Retrieved 27 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CBS+News&rft.atitle=Popular+online+retailer+Shein+apologizes+for+selling+swastika+necklace+after+backlash&rft.date=2020-07-10&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Sophie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbsnews.com%2Fnews%2Fshein-nazi-symbol-swastika-necklace%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwastika" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-262"><a href="#cite_ref-262">^</a> Hitler, Adolf. (13 August 1920) "Why We Are Antisemites". <a href="/wiki/Hofbr%C3%A4uhaus_am_Platzl" title="Hofbräuhaus am Platzl">Hofbräuhaus am Platzl</a>, Munich. As transcribed by Reginald H. Phelps in "Dokumentation" in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ifz-muenchen.de/heftarchiv/1968_4.pdf">Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte</a> (PDF), published October 1968. In German: "Sie finden dieses Kreuz als Hackenkreuz nicht nur hier, sondern genau so in Indien und Japan in den Tempelpfosten eingemeißelt. Es ist das Hackenkreuz der einst von arischer Kultur gegründeten Gemeinwesen." English translation: "You will find this cross as a swastika as far as India and Japan, carved in the temple pillars. It is the swastika, which was once a sign of established communities of Aryan Culture." </li> <li id="cite_note-USA_Today,_Marc_Ramirez,_August_28,_2022-263"><a href="#cite_ref-USA_Today,_Marc_Ramirez,_August_28,_2022_263-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamirez" class="citation news cs1">Ramirez, Marc. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/2022/08/28/swastika-hate-symbol-link-dharmic-faiths/10342050002/">"Is the swastika a symbol of hate or peaceful icon? Faith groups try to save reviled emblem"</a>. USA Today. Retrieved 16 September 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft.atitle=Is+the+swastika+a+symbol+of+hate+or+peaceful+icon%3F+Faith+groups+try+to+save+reviled+emblem&rft.aulast=Ramirez&rft.aufirst=Marc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Fstory%2Fnews%2F2022%2F08%2F28%2Fswastika-hate-symbol-link-dharmic-faiths%2F10342050002%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwastika" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-264"><a href="#cite_ref-264">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTeitel2022" class="citation news cs1">Teitel, Emma (11 February 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thestar.com/opinion/star-columnists/2022/02/11/truck-protest-teaches-timely-lessons-about-the-current-face-of-antisemitism.html">"Truck protest teaches timely lessons about the current face of antisemitism"</a>. Toronto Star. Retrieved 15 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Toronto+Star&rft.atitle=Truck+protest+teaches+timely+lessons+about+the+current+face+of+antisemitism&rft.date=2022-02-11&rft.aulast=Teitel&rft.aufirst=Emma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestar.com%2Fopinion%2Fstar-columnists%2F2022%2F02%2F11%2Ftruck-protest-teaches-timely-lessons-about-the-current-face-of-antisemitism.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwastika" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-265"><a href="#cite_ref-265">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeller2021" class="citation web cs1">Heller, Steven (9 March 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.printmag.com/daily-heller/the-daily-heller-anti-hate-symbol-law-will-foster-more-hate/">"The Daily Heller: Anti-hate Symbol Law Will Foster More Hate"</a>. Print Magazine. Retrieved 17 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Print+Magazine&rft.atitle=The+Daily+Heller%3A+Anti-hate+Symbol+Law+Will+Foster+More+Hate&rft.date=2021-03-09&rft.aulast=Heller&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.printmag.com%2Fdaily-heller%2Fthe-daily-heller-anti-hate-symbol-law-will-foster-more-hate%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwastika" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMees2008" class="citation book cs1">Mees, Bernard (2008). The Science of the Swastika. Budapest: Central European University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9639776180" title="Special:BookSources/978-9639776180"><bdi>978-9639776180</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Science+of+the+Swastika&rft.place=Budapest&rft.pub=Central+European+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-9639776180&rft.aulast=Mees&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwastika" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKay" class="citation book cs1">McKay, George. Subcultures and New Religious Movements in Russia and East-Central Europe. p. 282.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Subcultures+and+New+Religious+Movements+in+Russia+and+East-Central+Europe&rft.pages=282&rft.aulast=McKay&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwastika" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuinn2005" class="citation book cs1">Quinn, Malcolm (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ExqIAgAAQBAJ">The Swastika: Constructing the Symbol</a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-85495-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-85495-0"><bdi>978-1-134-85495-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Swastika%3A+Constructing+the+Symbol&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-134-85495-0&rft.aulast=Quinn&rft.aufirst=Malcolm&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DExqIAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwastika" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Wikimedia Commons">Wikimedia Commons</a> has media related to: <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Swastika" class="extiw" title="commons:Swastika">Swastika</a> (<a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Swastikas" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Swastikas">category</a>)</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%8D%90" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:卐">卐</a> or <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/swastika" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:swastika">swastika</a> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Swastika" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Swastika">Swastika</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/history-of-the-swastika">History of the Swastika</a>—<a href="/wiki/United_States_Holocaust_Memorial_Museum" title="United States Holocaust Memorial Museum">United States Holocaust Memorial Museum</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/magazine/4183467.stm">The Origins of the Swastika</a>—<a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://latvians.com/?en/CFBH/Zimes/zimes-10-rhetoric.ssi">Latvian signs, swastikas, and mittens</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Amulets_and_talismans" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Amulets_and_talismans" title="Template:Amulets and talismans"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Amulets_and_talismans" title="Template talk:Amulets and talismans"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Amulets_and_talismans" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Amulets and talismans"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Amulets_and_talismans" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Amulet" title="Amulet">Amulets</a> and <a href="/wiki/Talisman" title="Talisman">talismans</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Amulets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abracadabra" title="Abracadabra">Abracadabra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agimat" title="Agimat">Agimat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amulet_MS_5236" title="Amulet MS 5236">Amulet MS 5236</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axe_of_Perun" title="Axe of Perun">Axe of Perun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azusa_Yumi" title="Azusa Yumi">Azusa Yumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonsh%C5%8D" title="Bonshō">Bonshō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brigid%27s_cross" title="Brigid's cross">Brigid's cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broom" title="Broom">Broom</a> (<a href="/wiki/Besom" title="Besom">Besom</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulla_(amulet)" title="Bulla (amulet)">Bulla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bullroarer" title="Bullroarer">Bullroarer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnyx" title="Carnyx">Carnyx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_cross" title="Celtic cross">Celtic cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cimaruta" title="Cimaruta">Cimaruta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornicello" title="Cornicello">Cornicello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crepundia" title="Crepundia">Crepundia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corn_dolly" title="Corn dolly">Corn dolly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corn_husk_doll" title="Corn husk doll">Corn husk doll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross_necklace" title="Cross necklace">Cross necklace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacian_Draco" class="mw-redirect" title="Dacian Draco">Dacian Draco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djucu" title="Djucu">Djucu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C5%8Dtaku" title="Dōtaku">Dōtaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dreamcatcher" title="Dreamcatcher">Dreamcatcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzi_bead" title="Dzi bead">Dzi bead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elf-arrow" class="mw-redirect" title="Elf-arrow">Elf-arrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascinus" title="Fascinus">Fascinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulu" title="Fulu">Fulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God%27s_eye" title="God's eye">God's eye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_luck_charm" class="mw-redirect" title="Good luck charm">Good luck charm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorgoneion" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorgoneion">Gorgoneion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gris-gris_(talisman)" title="Gris-gris (talisman)">Gris-gris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanging_craft" title="Hanging craft">Hanging craft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hama_yumi" title="Hama yumi">Hama ya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hama_yumi" title="Hama yumi">Hama yumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamsa" title="Hamsa">Hamsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hercules%27_Club_(amulet)" title="Hercules' Club (amulet)">Hercules' Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horse_brass" title="Horse brass">Horse brass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horseshoe" title="Horseshoe">Horseshoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoko_(doll)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoko (doll)">Hoko doll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I%27noGo_tied" title="I'noGo tied">I'noGo tied</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackal%27s_horn" title="Jackal's horn">Jackal's horn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juju" title="Juju">Juju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabura-ya" title="Kabura-ya">Kabura-ya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kagome_crest" class="mw-redirect" title="Kagome crest">Kagome crest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kagura_suzu" title="Kagura suzu">Kagura suzu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanai_Anzen" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanai Anzen">Kanai Anzen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koan_kroach" title="Koan kroach">Koan kroach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapis_alectorius" title="Lapis alectorius">Lapis alectorius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandrake" title="Mandrake">Mandrake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medicine_bag" title="Medicine bag">Medicine bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mj%C3%B6lnir" title="Mjölnir">Mjölnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mojo_(African-American_culture)" title="Mojo (African-American culture)">Mojo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mugwort" title="Mugwort">Mugwort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazar_(amulet)" title="Nazar (amulet)">Nazar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ofuda" title="Ofuda">Ofuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omamori" title="Omamori">Omamori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palad_khik" title="Palad khik">Palad khik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pictish_painted_pebbles" class="mw-redirect" title="Pictish painted pebbles">Pictish painted pebbles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poppet" title="Poppet">Poppet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbit%27s_foot" title="Rabbit's foot">Rabbit's foot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_string_(Kabbalah)" title="Red string (Kabbalah)">Red string</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standing_bell" title="Standing bell">Rin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sachet" title="Sachet">Sachet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sampy" title="Sampy">Sampy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sator_Square" title="Sator Square">Sator Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suzu_(bell)" title="Suzu (bell)">Suzu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ta%27wiz" title="Ta'wiz">Ta'wiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takrut" title="Takrut">Takrut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thokcha" title="Thokcha">Thokcha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thunderstone_(folklore)" title="Thunderstone (folklore)">Thunderstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tintinnabulum_(Ancient_Rome)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tintinnabulum (Ancient Rome)">Tintinnabulum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Touch_piece" title="Touch piece">Touch piece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triskelion" title="Triskelion">Triskelion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troll_cross" title="Troll cross">Troll cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voodoo_doll" title="Voodoo doll">Voodoo doll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_ball" title="Witch ball">Witch ball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_bottle" title="Witch bottle">Witch bottle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yantra_cloth" title="Yantra cloth">Yantra cloth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Talismans</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lamen_(magic)" title="Lamen (magic)">Lamen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navaratna" title="Navaratna">Navaratna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seal_of_Solomon" title="Seal of Solomon">Seal of Solomon</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Swastika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncial_0152" title="Uncial 0152">Uncial 0152</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfsangel" title="Wolfsangel">Wolfsangel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apotropaic_magic" title="Apotropaic magic">Apotropaic magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curse_tablet" title="Curse tablet">Curse tablet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evil_eye" title="Evil eye">Evil eye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feng_shui" title="Feng shui">Feng shui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_religion" title="Folk religion">Folk religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_and_religion" title="Magic and religion">Magic and religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numerology" title="Numerology">Numerology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numismatic_charm" title="Numismatic charm">Numismatic charm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fetishism" title="Fetishism">Religious fetish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superstitions" class="mw-redirect" title="Superstitions">Superstitions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torma" title="Torma">Torma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="15px&#124;link=Aum_Hinduism_14px_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background:#FFC569;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hindudharma" title="Template:Hindudharma"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hindudharma" title="Template talk:Hindudharma"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hindudharma" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hindudharma"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="15px&#124;link=Aum_Hinduism_14px_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Aum" title="Aum"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/15px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/23px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/30px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="367" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> <a href="/wiki/File:HinduSwastika.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/HinduSwastika.svg/14px-HinduSwastika.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/HinduSwastika.svg/21px-HinduSwastika.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/HinduSwastika.svg/28px-HinduSwastika.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="142" data-file-height="145" /></a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#FFC569;;font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Hinduism_terms" title="Glossary of Hinduism terms">Glossary</a></li> <li>Index</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Hinduism">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Hinduism_terms" title="Glossary of Hinduism terms">Concepts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Om" title="Om">Om</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishvara" title="Ishvara">Ishvara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80tman_(Hinduism)" title="Ātman (Hinduism)">Atman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_(religion)" title="Maya (religion)">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma" title="Karma">Karma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra" title="Saṃsāra">Saṃsāra</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Puru%E1%B9%A3%C4%81rtha" title="Puruṣārtha">Puruṣārthas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artha" title="Artha">Artha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kama" title="Kama">Kama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">Moksha</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_in_religion#Hindu_ethics" title="Ethics in religion">Niti</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">Ahimsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achourya" title="Achourya">Asteya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aparigraha" class="mw-redirect" title="Aparigraha">Aparigraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmacarya" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmacarya">Brahmacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satya" title="Satya">Satya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%81na" title="Dāna">Dāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperance_(virtue)#Hinduism" title="Temperance (virtue)">Damah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compassion#Hinduism" title="Compassion">Dayā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akrodha" title="Akrodha">Akrodha</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Schools</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80stika_and_n%C4%81stika" title="Āstika and nāstika">Āstika</a>: <a href="/wiki/Samkhya" title="Samkhya">Samkhya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyaya" title="Nyaya">Nyaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisheshika" title="Vaisheshika">Vaisheshika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%ABm%C4%81%E1%B9%83s%C4%81" title="Mīmāṃsā">Mīmāṃsā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dvaita_Vedanta" title="Dvaita Vedanta">Dvaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishishtadvaita" title="Vishishtadvaita">Vishishtadvaita</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80stika_and_n%C4%81stika" title="Āstika and nāstika">Nāstika</a>: <a href="/wiki/Charvaka" title="Charvaka">Charvaka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><img alt="Hindu "Om" symbol" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg/100px-Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg/150px-Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg/200px-Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="507" /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">Texts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;">Classification</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Aruti" title="Śruti">Śruti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sm%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Smṛti">Smṛti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajurveda" title="Yajurveda">Yajurveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaveda" title="Samaveda">Samaveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atharvaveda" title="Atharvaveda">Atharvaveda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;">Divisions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vedic_chant" title="Vedic chant">Samhita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmana" title="Brahmana">Brahmana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aranyaka" title="Aranyaka">Aranyaka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aitareya_Upanishad" title="Aitareya Upanishad">Aitareya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaushitaki_Upanishad" title="Kaushitaki Upanishad">Kaushitaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brihadaranyaka_Upanishad" title="Brihadaranyaka Upanishad">Brihadaranyaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isha_Upanishad" title="Isha Upanishad">Isha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taittiriya_Upanishad" title="Taittiriya Upanishad">Taittiriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katha_Upanishad" title="Katha Upanishad">Katha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maitrayaniya_Upanishad" title="Maitrayaniya Upanishad">Maitrayaniya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shvetashvatara_Upanishad" title="Shvetashvatara Upanishad">Shvetashvatara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandogya_Upanishad" title="Chandogya Upanishad">Chandogya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kena_Upanishad" title="Kena Upanishad">Kena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mundaka_Upanishad" title="Mundaka Upanishad">Mundaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandukya_Upanishad" title="Mandukya Upanishad">Mandukya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prashna_Upanishad" title="Prashna Upanishad">Prashna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Upaveda" class="mw-redirect" title="Upaveda">Upavedas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ayurveda" title="Ayurveda">Ayurveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_martial_arts" title="Indian martial arts">Dhanurveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natya_Shastra" title="Natya Shastra">Natyaveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple_architecture" title="Hindu temple architecture">Sthapatyaveda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Vedanga" title="Vedanga">Vedanga</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shiksha" title="Shiksha">Shiksha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_prosody" title="Sanskrit prosody">Chandas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vy%C4%81kara%E1%B9%87a" title="Vyākaraṇa">Vyākaraṇa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirukta" title="Nirukta">Nirukta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpa_(Vedanga)" title="Kalpa (Vedanga)">Kalpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jyotisha" class="mw-redirect" title="Jyotisha">Jyotisha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_texts" title="List of Hindu texts">Other</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agama_(Hinduism)" title="Agama (Hinduism)">Agamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itihasa-Purana" title="Itihasa-Purana">Itihasas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanishads#Classification" title="Upanishads">Minor Upanishads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthashastra" title="Arthashastra">Arthashastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitisara" title="Nitisara">Nitisara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma%C5%9B%C4%81stra" title="Dharmaśāstra">Dharmaśāstra</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manusmriti" title="Manusmriti">Manusmriti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81radasm%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Nāradasmṛti">Nāradasmṛti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y%C4%81j%C3%B1avalkya_Sm%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Yājñavalkya Smṛti">Yājñavalkya Smṛti</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stotra" title="Stotra">Stotras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subhashita" title="Subhashita">Subhashita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantras_(Hinduism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tantras (Hinduism)">Tantras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Vasistha" title="Yoga Vasistha">Yoga Vasistha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali" title="Yoga Sutras of Patanjali">Yoga Sutras of Patanjali</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Sangam_literature" title="Sangam literature">Sangam literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tirumurai" title="Tirumurai">Tirumurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divya_Prabandham" class="mw-redirect" title="Divya Prabandham">Divya Prabandham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirumuruk%C4%81%E1%B9%9F%E1%B9%9Fuppa%E1%B9%ADai" title="Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai">Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruppugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Thiruppugal">Thiruppugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirukkural" class="mw-redirect" title="Thirukkural">Thirukkural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamba_Ramayanam" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamba Ramayanam">Kamba Ramayanam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Great_Epics" title="Five Great Epics">Five Great Epics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Greater_Texts" title="Eighteen Greater Texts">Eighteen Greater Texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Lesser_Texts" title="Eighteen Lesser Texts">Eighteen Lesser Texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athichudi" title="Athichudi">Athichudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraiyanar_Akapporul" title="Iraiyanar Akapporul">Iraiyanar Akapporul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhirami_Antati" class="mw-redirect" title="Abhirami Antati">Abhirami Antati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvilaiyadal_Puranam" title="Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam">Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinayagar_Agaval" title="Vinayagar Agaval">Vinayagar Agaval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedarthasamgraha" title="Vedarthasamgraha">Vedarthasamgraha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_deities" title="Hindu deities">Deities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)" title="Deva (Hinduism)">Gods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trimurti" title="Trimurti">Trimurti</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahma" title="Brahma">Brahma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agni" title="Agni">Agni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dattatreya" title="Dattatreya">Dattatreya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesha" title="Ganesha">Ganesha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanuman" title="Hanuman">Hanuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indra" title="Indra">Indra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kartikeya" title="Kartikeya">Kartikeya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surya" title="Surya">Surya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varuna" title="Varuna">Varuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vayu" title="Vayu">Vayu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_gods" title="Category:Hindu gods">more</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Devi" title="Devi">Goddesses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tridevi" title="Tridevi">Tridevi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saraswati" title="Saraswati">Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi">Lakshmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parvati" title="Parvati">Parvati</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhumi_(goddess)" title="Bhumi (goddess)">Bhumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durga" title="Durga">Durga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kali" title="Kali">Kali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahavidya" title="Mahavidya">Mahavidya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matrika" class="mw-redirect" title="Matrika">Matrika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radha" title="Radha">Radha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rukmini" title="Rukmini">Rukmini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sati_(Hindu_goddess)" title="Sati (Hindu goddess)">Sati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakti" title="Shakti">Shakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shashthi" title="Shashthi">Shashthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sita" title="Sita">Sita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_goddesses" title="Category:Hindu goddesses">more</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Practices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Worship_in_Hinduism" title="Worship in Hinduism">Worship</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple" title="Hindu temple">Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murti" title="Murti">Murti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puja_(Hinduism)" title="Puja (Hinduism)">Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti">Bhakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japa" title="Japa">Japa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhajan" title="Bhajan">Bhajan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naivedhya" class="mw-redirect" title="Naivedhya">Naivedhya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajna" title="Yajna">Yajna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homa_(ritual)" title="Homa (ritual)">Homa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapas_(Indian_religions)" title="Tapas (Indian religions)">Tapas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhy%C4%81na_in_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhyāna in Hinduism">Dhyāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_pilgrimage_sites_in_India" title="Hindu pilgrimage sites in India">Tirthatana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Sanskara_(rite_of_passage)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskara (rite of passage)">Sanskaras</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garbhadhana" title="Garbhadhana">Garbhadhana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumsavana" title="Pumsavana">Pumsavana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumsavana_Simantonayana" title="Pumsavana Simantonayana">Simantonayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jatakarma" title="Jatakarma">Jatakarma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81makara%E1%B9%87a" title="Nāmakaraṇa">Namakarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nishkramana" title="Nishkramana">Nishkramana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annaprashana" title="Annaprashana">Annaprashana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chudakarana" title="Chudakarana">Chudakarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karnavedha" title="Karnavedha">Karnavedha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidy%C4%81ra%E1%B9%83bha%E1%B9%83" title="Vidyāraṃbhaṃ">Vidyarambha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanayana" title="Upanayana">Upanayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keshanta" title="Keshanta">Keshanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritu_Kala_Samskaram" title="Ritu Kala Samskaram">Ritushuddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samavartanam" title="Samavartanam">Samavartanam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivaah" class="mw-redirect" title="Vivaah">Vivaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antyesti" title="Antyesti">Antyeshti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;">Varnashrama</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Varna_(Hinduism)" title="Varna (Hinduism)">Varna</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">Brahmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kshatriya" title="Kshatriya">Kshatriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaishya" title="Vaishya">Vaishya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shudra" title="Shudra">Shudra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashrama_(stage)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashrama (stage)">Ashrama</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahmacarya" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmacarya">Brahmacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grihastha" class="mw-redirect" title="Grihastha">Grihastha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanaprastha" class="mw-redirect" title="Vanaprastha">Vanaprastha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sannyasa" title="Sannyasa">Sannyasa</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_festivals" title="List of Hindu festivals">Festivals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diwali" title="Diwali">Diwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holi" title="Holi">Holi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maha_Shivaratri" title="Maha Shivaratri">Shivaratri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raksha_Bandhan" title="Raksha Bandhan">Raksha Bandhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navaratri" title="Navaratri">Navaratri</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Durga_Puja" title="Durga Puja">Durga Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramlila" title="Ramlila">Ramlila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayadashami" title="Vijayadashami">Vijayadashami</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesh_Chaturthi" title="Ganesh Chaturthi">Ganesh Chaturthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama_Navami" title="Rama Navami">Rama Navami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna_Janmashtami" title="Krishna Janmashtami">Janmashtami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onam" title="Onam">Onam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pongal_(festival)" title="Pongal (festival)">Pongal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makar_Sankranti" title="Makar Sankranti">Makar Sankranti</a></li> <li>New Year <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bihu" title="Bihu">Bihu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gudi_Padwa" title="Gudi Padwa">Gudi Padwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahela_Baishakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Pahela Baishakh">Pahela Baishakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puthandu" title="Puthandu">Puthandu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisakhi" title="Vaisakhi">Vaisakhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishu" title="Vishu">Vishu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugadi" title="Ugadi">Ugadi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumbh_Mela" title="Kumbh Mela">Kumbh Mela</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haridwar_Kumbh_Mela" title="Haridwar Kumbh Mela">Haridwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nashik-Trimbakeshwar_Simhastha" title="Nashik-Trimbakeshwar Simhastha">Nashik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayag_Kumbh_Mela" title="Prayag Kumbh Mela">Prayag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ujjain_Simhastha" title="Ujjain Simhastha">Ujjain</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ratha_Yatra_(Puri)" title="Ratha Yatra (Puri)">Ratha Yatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teej" title="Teej">Teej</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasant_Panchami" title="Vasant Panchami">Vasant Panchami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Hindu_festivals" title="Template:Hindu festivals">Others</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sv%C4%81dhy%C4%81ya" title="Svādhyāya">Svādhyāya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namaste" title="Namaste">Namaste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bindi_(decoration)" title="Bindi (decoration)">Bindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilaka" title="Tilaka">Tilaka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Hinduism" title="Portal:Hinduism">Related</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindus" title="Hindus">Hindus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindus#Etymology" title="Hindus">Etymology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Hindus" title="Lists of Hindus">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_denominations" title="Hindu denominations">Denominations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_law" title="Hindu law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_calendar" title="Hindu calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Hindu_sentiment" title="Anti-Hindu sentiment">Anti-Hindu sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Hinduism" title="Criticism of Hinduism">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_gurus_and_sants" title="List of Hindu gurus and sants">Hindu gurus and sants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_studies" title="Hindu studies">Hindu studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_iconography" title="Hindu iconography">Iconography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_mythology" title="Hindu mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_nationalism" title="Hindu nationalism">Nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hindus" title="Persecution of Hindus">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_pilgrimage_sites" title="Hindu pilgrimage sites">Pilgrimage sites</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_pilgrimage_sites_in_India" title="Hindu pilgrimage sites in India">India</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_other_religions" title="Hinduism and other religions">Relations with other religions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_and_Hinduism" title="Baháʼí Faith and Hinduism">Baháʼí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Hinduism" title="Buddhism and Hinduism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu%E2%80%93Islamic_relations" title="Hindu–Islamic relations">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_and_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Jainism and Hinduism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Judaism" title="Hinduism and Judaism">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Sikhism" title="Hinduism and Sikhism">Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Theosophy" title="Hinduism and Theosophy">Theosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Hinduism_terms" title="Glossary of Hinduism terms">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_by_country" title="Hinduism by country">Hinduism by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temples" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu temples">Hindu temples</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_temples" title="List of Hindu temples">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple_architecture" title="Hindu temple architecture">Architecture</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#FFC569;;font-weight:bold;"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Hinduism" title="Outline of Hinduism">Outline</a> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Hinduism" title="Category:Hinduism">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Hinduism" title="Portal:Hinduism">Portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Hinduism" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Hinduism">WikiProject</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="20px_Jainism_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #F5DEB3;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Jainism_topics" title="Template:Jainism topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Jainism_topics" title="Template talk:Jainism topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jainism_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Jainism topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="20px_Jainism_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/File:In-jain-o.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/In-jain-o.svg/20px-In-jain-o.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/In-jain-o.svg/30px-In-jain-o.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/In-jain-o.svg/40px-In-jain-o.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="326" data-file-height="217" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism topics</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F5DEB3;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/God_in_Jainism" title="God in Jainism">Gods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tirthankara" title="Tirthankara">Tirthankara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganadhara" title="Ganadhara">Ganadhara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arihant_(Jainism)" title="Arihant (Jainism)">Arihant</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F5DEB3;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jain_philosophy" title="Jain philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Five_Vows" title="Five Vows">Five Vows</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa_in_Jainism" title="Ahimsa in Jainism">Ahimsa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_epistemology" title="Jain epistemology">Epistemology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kevala_Jnana" class="mw-redirect" title="Kevala Jnana">Kevala Jñāna</a></li></ul></li> <li>Jaina logic <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anekantavada" title="Anekantavada">Anekāntavāda</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_cosmology" title="Jain cosmology">Jain cosmology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siddhashila" title="Siddhashila">Siddhashila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naraka_(Jainism)" title="Naraka (Jainism)">Naraka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deva_(Jainism)" title="Deva (Jainism)">Heavenly beings</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma_in_Jainism" title="Karma in Jainism">Karma</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Types_of_Karma_(Jainism)" title="Types of Karma (Jainism)">Types</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_karma_in_Jainism" title="Causes of karma in Jainism">Causes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunasthana" title="Gunasthana">Gunasthana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dravya" title="Dravya">Dravya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/J%C4%ABva_(Jainism)" title="Jīva (Jainism)">Jīva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajiva" title="Ajiva">Ajiva</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pudgala" title="Pudgala">Pudgala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma_(Jainism)" title="Dharma (Jainism)">Dharma</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tattva_(Jainism)" title="Tattva (Jainism)">Tattva</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asrava" title="Asrava">Asrava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandha_(Jainism)" title="Bandha (Jainism)">Bandha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samvara" title="Samvara">Samvara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirjara" title="Nirjara">Nirjara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moksha_(Jainism)" title="Moksha (Jainism)">Mokṣa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_in_Jainism" title="Death in Jainism">Death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra_(Jainism)" title="Saṃsāra (Jainism)">Saṃsāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratnatraya" title="Ratnatraya">Ratnatraya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashaya_(Jainism)" title="Kashaya (Jainism)">Kashaya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F5DEB3;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jain_schools_and_branches" title="Jain schools and branches">Branches</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F5DEB3;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Digambara" title="Digambara">Digambara</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mula_Sangha" class="mw-redirect" title="Mula Sangha">Mula Sangha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balatkara_Gana" title="Balatkara Gana">Balatkara Gana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashtha_Sangha" title="Kashtha Sangha">Kashtha Sangha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taran_Panth" title="Taran Panth">Taran Panth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bispanthi" class="mw-redirect" title="Bispanthi">Bispanthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digambara_Terapanth" title="Digambara Terapanth">Terapanth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yapaniya" class="mw-redirect" title="Yapaniya">Yapaniya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanji_Panth" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanji Panth">Kanji Panth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F5DEB3;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Avet%C4%81mbara" title="Śvetāmbara">Śvetāmbara</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Murtipujaka" title="Murtipujaka">Murtipujaka</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaccha" title="Gaccha">Gaccha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kharatara_Gaccha" title="Kharatara Gaccha">Kharatara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapa_Gaccha" title="Tapa Gaccha">Tapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tristutik_Gaccha" class="mw-redirect" title="Tristutik Gaccha">Tristutik</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sth%C4%81nakav%C4%81s%C4%AB" title="Sthānakavāsī">Sthānakavāsī</a></li> <li>Terapanth</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F5DEB3;;width:1%">Practices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sallekhana" title="Sallekhana">Sallekhana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_meditation" title="Jain meditation">Meditation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/S%C4%81m%C4%81yika" title="Sāmāyika">Sāmāyika</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_monasticism" title="Jain monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_vegetarianism" title="Jain vegetarianism">Vegetarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fasting_in_Jainism" title="Fasting in Jainism">Fasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_rituals" title="Jain rituals">Rituals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_festivals" title="Jain festivals">Festivals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paryushana" title="Paryushana">Paryushana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kshamavani" title="Kshamavani">Kshamavani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahamastakabhisheka" title="Mahamastakabhisheka">Mahamastakabhisheka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upadhan" title="Upadhan">Upadhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapas_(Indian_religions)" title="Tapas (Indian religions)">Tapas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratikramana" title="Pratikramana">Pratikramana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F5DEB3;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jain_literature" title="Jain literature">Literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jain_Scriptures" class="mw-redirect" title="Jain Scriptures">Agama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pravachanasara" title="Pravachanasara">Pravachanasara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shatkhandagama" class="mw-redirect" title="Shatkhandagama">Shatkhandagama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasayapahuda" title="Kasayapahuda">Kasayapahuda</a></li> <li>Mantra <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Namokar_Mantra" title="Namokar Mantra">Namokar Mantra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhaktamara_Stotra" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhaktamara Stotra">Bhaktamara Stotra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tattvartha_Sutra" title="Tattvartha Sutra">Tattvartha Sutra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samayas%C4%81ra" title="Samayasāra">Samayasāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aptamimamsa" title="Aptamimamsa">Aptamimamsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpa_S%C5%ABtra" title="Kalpa Sūtra">Kalpa Sūtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttaradhyayana" title="Uttaradhyayana">Uttaradhyayana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F5DEB3;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jain_symbols" title="Jain symbols">Symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jain_flag" title="Jain flag">Jain flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddhachakra" title="Siddhachakra">Siddhachakra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashtamangala" title="Ashtamangala">Ashtamangala</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shrivatsa" title="Shrivatsa">Shrivatsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nandavarta" title="Nandavarta">Nandavarta</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auspicious_dreams_in_Jainism" title="Auspicious dreams in Jainism">Auspicious dreams</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Swastika</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F5DEB3;;width:1%">Ascetics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digambara_monk" title="Digambara monk">Digambara monk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aryika" title="Aryika">Aryika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kshullak" title="Kshullak">Kshullak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pattavali" title="Pattavali">Pattavali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acharya_(Jainism)" title="Acharya (Jainism)">Acharya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F5DEB3;;width:1%">Scholars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nalini_Balbir" title="Nalini Balbir">Nalini Balbir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colette_Caillat" title="Colette Caillat">Colette Caillat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandabai" title="Chandabai">Chandabai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_E._Cort" title="John E. Cort">John E. Cort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Dundas" title="Paul Dundas">Paul Dundas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virchand_Gandhi" title="Virchand Gandhi">Virchand Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Jacobi" title="Hermann Jacobi">Hermann Jacobi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champat_Rai_Jain" title="Champat Rai Jain">Champat Rai Jain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padmanabh_Jaini" title="Padmanabh Jaini">Padmanabh Jaini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffery_D._Long" title="Jeffery D. Long">Jeffery D. Long</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hampan%C4%81" title="Hampanā">Hampa Nagarajaiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bal_Patil" title="Bal Patil">Bal Patil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinendra_Varni" title="Jinendra Varni">Jinendra Varni</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F5DEB3;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jain_communities" title="Jain communities">Community</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Ar%C4%81vaka_(Jainism)" title="Śrāvaka (Jainism)">Śrāvaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarak" title="Sarak">Sarak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Jain" title="Tamil Jain">Tamil</a></li> <li>Organisations <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digambar_Jain_Mahasabha" title="Digambar Jain Mahasabha">Digambar Jain Mahasabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishwa_Jain_Sangathan" title="Vishwa Jain Sangathan">Vishwa Jain Sangathan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JAINA" title="JAINA">JAINA</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F5DEB3;;width:1%">Jainism in</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F5DEB3;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_India" title="Jainism in India">India</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Bundelkhand" title="Jainism in Bundelkhand">Bundelkhand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Delhi" title="Jainism in Delhi">Delhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Goa" title="Jainism in Goa">Goa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Gujarat" title="Jainism in Gujarat">Gujarat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Haryana" title="Jainism in Haryana">Haryana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Karnataka" title="Jainism in Karnataka">Karnataka</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_North_Karnataka" title="Jainism in North Karnataka">North</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Kerala" title="Jainism in Kerala">Kerala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Maharashtra" title="Jainism in Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Mumbai" title="Jainism in Mumbai">Mumbai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Rajasthan" title="Jainism in Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Tamil_Nadu" title="Jainism in Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Uttar_Pradesh" title="Jainism in Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F5DEB3;;width:1%">Overseas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Africa" title="Jainism in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Australia" title="Jainism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Belgium" title="Jainism in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Canada" title="Jainism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Europe" title="Jainism in Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Hong_Kong" title="Jainism in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Japan" title="Jainism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Pakistan" title="Jainism in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Singapore" title="Jainism in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Southeast_Asia" title="Jainism in Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_the_United_States" title="Jainism in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F5DEB3;;width:1%">Jainism and</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Jainism" title="Buddhism and Jainism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_and_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Jainism and Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_Jainism" title="Islam and Jainism">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_and_Sikhism" title="Jainism and Sikhism">Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_and_non-creationism" title="Jainism and non-creationism">Non-creationism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F5DEB3;;width:1%">Dynasties and empires</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chalukya_dynasty" title="Chalukya dynasty">Chalukya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Ganga_dynasty" title="Western Ganga dynasty">Ganga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoysala_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoysala Empire">Hoysala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_dynasty" title="Solar dynasty">Ikshvaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadamba_dynasty" title="Kadamba dynasty">Kadamba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalinga_(historical_region)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalinga (historical region)">Kalinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurya_Empire" title="Maurya Empire">Maurya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandya_dynasty" title="Pandya dynasty">Pandya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashtrakuta_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Rashtrakuta dynasty">Rashtrakuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santara_dynasty" title="Santara dynasty">Santara</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F5DEB3;;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jainism" title="History of Jainism">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Jainism" title="Timeline of Jainism">Timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekendriya" title="Ekendriya">Ekendriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pa%C3%B1ca-Parame%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%ADhi" title="Pañca-Parameṣṭhi">Pañca-Parameṣṭhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratima_(Jainism)" title="Pratima (Jainism)">Pratima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salakapurusa" class="mw-redirect" title="Salakapurusa">Śalākāpuruṣa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirtha_(Jainism)" title="Tirtha (Jainism)">Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samavasarana" title="Samavasarana">Samavasarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vira_Nirvana_Samvat" title="Vira Nirvana Samvat">Jain calendar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samvatsari" title="Samvatsari">Samvatsari</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panch_Kalyanaka" title="Panch Kalyanaka">Panch Kalyanaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Ahimsa" title="Statue of Ahimsa">Statue of Ahimsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_temple" title="Jain temple">Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_stupa" title="Jain stupa">Stupa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_sculpture" title="Jain sculpture">Sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_art" title="Jain art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_law" title="Jain law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigoda" title="Nigoda">Nigoda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_terms_and_concepts" title="Jain terms and concepts">Jain terms and concepts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_differences_in_Jainism" title="Sexual differences in Jainism">Sexual differences</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F5DEB3;;width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jains" title="List of Jains">List of Jains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jain_temples" title="List of Jain temples">List of Jain temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jain_monks" title="List of Jain monks">List of Jain ascetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Digambar_Jain_ascetics" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Digambar Jain ascetics">List of Digambar Jain ascetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Jainism-related_articles" title="Index of Jainism-related articles">Topics List (index)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F5DEB3;;width:1%">Navboxes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Jain_Gods" title="Template:Jain Gods">Gods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Jain_Agamas" title="Template:Jain Agamas">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Jain_Gurus" title="Template:Jain Gurus">Monks & nuns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Modern_Jain_writers" title="Template:Modern Jain writers">Scholars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Jain_temples" title="Template:Jain temples">Temples</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Jain_temples_in_North_America" title="Template:Jain temples in North America">America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Jain_centres_in_West_Bengal" title="Template:Jain centres in West Bengal">Bengal</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #F5DEB3;"><div><a href="/wiki/File:P_religion_world.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/31px-P_religion_world.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/47px-P_religion_world.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/62px-P_religion_world.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Religion" title="Portal:Religion">Religion portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="25px&#124;link=Dharmachakra_Topics_in_Buddhism_25px&#124;link=Buddhist_flag" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #FFD068;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Buddhism_topics" title="Template:Buddhism topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Buddhism_topics" title="Template talk:Buddhism topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Buddhism_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Buddhism topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="25px&#124;link=Dharmachakra_Topics_in_Buddhism_25px&#124;link=Buddhist_flag" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Dharmachakra" title="Dharmachakra"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Buddhism_Symbol.png/25px-Buddhism_Symbol.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Buddhism_Symbol.png/38px-Buddhism_Symbol.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Buddhism_Symbol.png/50px-Buddhism_Symbol.png 2x" data-file-width="267" data-file-height="278" /></a>   Topics in <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>   <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_flag" title="Buddhist flag"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Buddhism.svg/25px-Flag_of_Buddhism.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Buddhism.svg/38px-Flag_of_Buddhism.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Buddhism.svg/50px-Flag_of_Buddhism.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #FFD068;"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Buddhism" title="Outline of Buddhism">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Buddhism" title="Glossary of Buddhism">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Buddhism-related_articles" title="Index of Buddhism-related articles">Index</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Buddhism" title="Outline of Buddhism">Foundations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Noble_Truths" title="Four Noble Truths">Four Noble Truths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refuge_in_Buddhism" title="Refuge in Buddhism">Three Jewels</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Buddha" title="The Buddha">Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangha" title="Sangha">Sangha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_Eightfold_Path" title="Noble Eightfold Path">Noble Eightfold Path</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirvana" title="Nirvana">Nirvana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Way" title="Middle Way">Middle Way</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/The_Buddha" title="The Buddha">The Buddha</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tath%C4%81gata" title="Tathāgata">Tathāgata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha%27s_Birthday" title="Buddha's Birthday">Birthday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_sights" title="Four sights">Four sights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Eight_Great_Events_in_the_Life_of_Buddha" title="The Eight Great Events in the Life of Buddha">Eight Great Events</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Renunciation" title="Great Renunciation">Great Renunciation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_characteristics_of_the_Buddha" title="Physical characteristics of the Buddha">Physical characteristics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Buddha_in_art" title="Life of Buddha in art">Life of Buddha in art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha_footprint" title="Buddha footprint">Footprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relics_associated_with_Buddha" title="Relics associated with Buddha">Relics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iconography_of_Gautama_Buddha_in_Laos_and_Thailand" title="Iconography of Gautama Buddha in Laos and Thailand">Iconography in Laos and Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depictions_of_Gautama_Buddha_in_film" title="Depictions of Gautama Buddha in film">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miracles_of_Gautama_Buddha" title="Miracles of Gautama Buddha">Miracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_of_Gautama_Buddha" title="Family of Gautama Buddha">Family</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Auddhodana" title="Śuddhodana">Suddhodāna (father)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_(mother_of_the_Buddha)" title="Maya (mother of the Buddha)">Māyā (mother)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahapajapati_Gotami" title="Mahapajapati Gotami">Mahapajapati Gotamī (aunt, adoptive mother)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ya%C5%9Bodhar%C4%81" title="Yaśodharā">Yaśodharā (wife)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C4%81hula" title="Rāhula">Rāhula (son)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80nanda" title="Ānanda">Ānanda (cousin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devadatta" title="Devadatta">Devadatta (cousin)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_where_Gautama_Buddha_stayed" title="List of places where Gautama Buddha stayed">Places where the Buddha stayed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha_in_world_religions" title="Gautama Buddha in world religions">Buddha in world religions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">Bodhisattvas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avalokite%C5%9Bvara" title="Avalokiteśvara">Avalokiteśvara</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guanyin" title="Guanyin">Guanyin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manjushri" title="Manjushri">Mañjuśrī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahasthamaprapta" title="Mahasthamaprapta">Mahāsthāmaprāpta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80k%C4%81%C5%9Bagarbha" title="Ākāśagarbha">Ākāśagarbha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%E1%B9%A3itigarbha" title="Kṣitigarbha">Kṣitigarbha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samantabhadra_(Bodhisattva)" title="Samantabhadra (Bodhisattva)">Samantabhadra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrapani" title="Vajrapani">Vajrapāṇi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skanda_(Buddhism)" title="Skanda (Buddhism)">Skanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tara_(Buddhism)" title="Tara (Buddhism)">Tārā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maitreya" title="Maitreya">Metteyya/Maitreya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Disciples_of_Gautama_Buddha" title="Category:Disciples of Gautama Buddha">Disciples</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaundinya" title="Kaundinya">Kaundinya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assaji" title="Assaji">Assaji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C4%81riputra" title="Śāriputra">Sāriputta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maudgalyayana" title="Maudgalyayana">Mahamoggallāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80nanda" title="Ānanda">Ānanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81k%C4%81%C5%9Byapa" title="Mahākāśyapa">Mahākassapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%E1%B9%85gulim%C4%81la" title="Aṅgulimāla">Aṅgulimāla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anuruddha" title="Anuruddha">Anuruddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katyayana_(Buddhist)" title="Katyayana (Buddhist)">Mahākaccana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanda_(half-brother_of_Buddha)" title="Nanda (half-brother of Buddha)">Nanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subh%C5%ABti" title="Subhūti">Subhūti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pu%E1%B9%87%E1%B9%87a_Mant%C4%81n%C4%ABputta" title="Puṇṇa Mantānīputta">Puṇṇa Mantānīputta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Up%C4%81li" title="Upāli">Upāli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahapajapati_Gotami" title="Mahapajapati Gotami">Mahapajapati Gotamī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khema" title="Khema">Khema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uppalavanna" title="Uppalavanna">Uppalavanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asita" title="Asita">Asita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channa_(Buddhist)" title="Channa (Buddhist)">Channa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yasa" title="Yasa">Yasa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Buddhism" title="Glossary of Buddhism">Key concepts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avidy%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Avidyā (Buddhism)">Avidyā (Ignorance)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bardo" title="Bardo">Bardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhicitta" title="Bodhicitta">Bodhicitta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha-nature" title="Buddha-nature">Buddha-nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhamma_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhamma theory">Dhamma theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Buddhism" title="Enlightenment in Buddhism">Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_hindrances" title="Five hindrances">Five hindrances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indriya" title="Indriya">Indriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma_in_Buddhism" title="Karma in Buddhism">Karma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kleshas_(Buddhism)" title="Kleshas (Buddhism)">Kleshas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_factors_(Buddhism)" title="Mental factors (Buddhism)">Mental factors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mindstream" title="Mindstream">Mindstream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parinirvana" title="Parinirvana">Parinirvana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prat%C4%ABtyasamutp%C4%81da" title="Pratītyasamutpāda">Pratītyasamutpāda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebirth_(Buddhism)" title="Rebirth (Buddhism)">Rebirth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra_(Buddhism)" title="Saṃsāra (Buddhism)">Saṃsāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%85kh%C4%81ra" title="Saṅkhāra">Saṅkhāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skandha" title="Skandha">Skandha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C5%ABnyat%C4%81" title="Śūnyatā">Śūnyatā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ta%E1%B9%87h%C4%81" title="Taṇhā">Taṇhā (Craving)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tath%C4%81t%C4%81" title="Tathātā">Tathātā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fetter_(Buddhism)" title="Fetter (Buddhism)">Ten Fetters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_marks_of_existence" title="Three marks of existence">Three marks of existence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impermanence_(Buddhism)" title="Impermanence (Buddhism)">Anicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Du%E1%B8%A5kha" title="Duḥkha">Dukkha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatt%C4%81" title="Anattā">Anattā</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_truths_doctrine" title="Two truths doctrine">Two truths doctrine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_cosmology" title="Buddhist cosmology">Cosmology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ten_realms" title="Ten realms">Ten spiritual realms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six_Paths" title="Six Paths">Six Paths</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deva_(Buddhism)" title="Deva (Buddhism)">Deva realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_beings_in_Buddhism" title="Human beings in Buddhism">Human realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asura_(Buddhism)" title="Asura (Buddhism)">Asura realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preta" title="Preta">Hungry Ghost realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animals_in_Buddhism" title="Animals in Buddhism">Animal realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naraka_(Buddhism)" title="Naraka (Buddhism)">Naraka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trailokya" title="Trailokya">Three planes of existence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Buddhism" title="Schools of Buddhism">Branches</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zen" title="Zen">Zen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chan_Buddhism" title="Chan Buddhism">Chinese Chan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Zen" title="Japanese Zen">Japanese Zen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Seon" title="Korean Seon">Korean Seon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thi%E1%BB%81n" title="Thiền">Vietnamese Thiền</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pure_Land_Buddhism" title="Pure Land Buddhism">Pure Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiantai" title="Tiantai">Tiantai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huayan" title="Huayan">Huayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rissh%C5%AB_(Buddhism)" title="Risshū (Buddhism)">Risshū</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichiren_Buddhism" title="Nichiren Buddhism">Nichiren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhyamaka" title="Madhyamaka">Madhyamaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogachara" title="Yogachara">Yogachara</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Esoteric_Buddhism" title="Chinese Esoteric Buddhism">Chinese Esoteric Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shingon_Buddhism" title="Shingon Buddhism">Shingon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzogchen" title="Dzogchen">Dzogchen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navayana" title="Navayana">Navayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Buddhist_schools" title="Early Buddhist schools">Early Buddhist schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-sectarian_Buddhism" title="Pre-sectarian Buddhism">Pre-sectarian Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basic_points_unifying_Therav%C4%81da_and_Mah%C4%81y%C4%81na" title="Basic points unifying Theravāda and Mahāyāna">Basic points unifying Theravāda and Mahāyāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern,_Eastern_and_Northern_Buddhism" title="Southern, Eastern and Northern Buddhism">Southern, Eastern and Northern Buddhism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Buddhist_practices" title="Category:Buddhist practices">Practices</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhavana" title="Bhavana">Bhavana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhipakkhiy%C4%81dhamm%C4%81" title="Bodhipakkhiyādhammā">Bodhipakkhiyādhammā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmavihara" title="Brahmavihara">Brahmavihara</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maitr%C4%AB" title="Maitrī">Mettā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karu%E1%B9%87%C4%81" title="Karuṇā">Karuṇā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudita" title="Mudita">Mudita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upek%E1%B9%A3%C4%81" title="Upekṣā">Upekkha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddh%C4%81bhi%E1%B9%A3eka" title="Buddhābhiṣeka">Buddhābhiṣeka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%81na" title="Dāna">Dāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_devotion" title="Buddhist devotion">Devotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deity_yoga" title="Deity yoga">Deity yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhyana_in_Buddhism" title="Dhyana in Buddhism">Dhyāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_in_Buddhism" title="Faith in Buddhism">Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Strengths" title="Five Strengths">Five Strengths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iddhipada" title="Iddhipada">Iddhipada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_meditation" title="Buddhist meditation">Meditation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mantra#Buddhism" title="Mantra">Mantras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamma%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADh%C4%81na" title="Kammaṭṭhāna">Kammaṭṭhāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anussati" title="Anussati">Recollection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simran" title="Simran">Smarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anapanasati" title="Anapanasati">Anapanasati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samatha-vipassan%C4%81" title="Samatha-vipassanā">Samatha-vipassanā</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vipassana_movement" title="Vipassana movement">Vipassana movement</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shikantaza" title="Shikantaza">Shikantaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zazen" title="Zazen">Zazen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tukdam" title="Tukdam">Tukdam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koan" title="Koan">Koan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganana" title="Ganana">Ganana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandala" title="Mandala">Mandala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonglen" title="Tonglen">Tonglen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantra" title="Tantra">Tantra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tert%C3%B6n" title="Tertön">Tertön</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terma_(religion)" title="Terma (religion)">Terma</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merit_(Buddhism)" title="Merit (Buddhism)">Merit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mindfulness" title="Mindfulness">Mindfulness</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mindful_Yoga" title="Mindful Yoga">Mindful Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satipatthana" title="Satipatthana">Satipatthana</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nekkhamma" title="Nekkhamma">Nekkhamma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nianfo" title="Nianfo">Nianfo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81ramit%C4%81" title="Pāramitā">Pāramitā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paritta" title="Paritta">Paritta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_devotion" title="Buddhist devotion">Puja</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Offering_(Buddhism)" title="Offering (Buddhism)">Offerings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostration_(Buddhism)" title="Prostration (Buddhism)">Prostration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_music" title="Buddhist music">Music</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refuge_in_Buddhism" title="Refuge in Buddhism">Refuge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C4%81dhu_(Pali_word)" title="Sādhu (Pali word)">Sādhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satya" title="Satya">Satya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sacca" title="Sacca">Sacca</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Factors_of_Awakening" title="Seven Factors of Awakening">Seven Factors of Enlightenment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sati_(Buddhism)" title="Sati (Buddhism)">Sati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhamma_vicaya" title="Dhamma vicaya">Dhamma vicaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%ABti" title="Pīti">Pīti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passaddhi" title="Passaddhi">Passaddhi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_ethics" title="Buddhist ethics">Śīla</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Five_precepts" title="Five precepts">Five precepts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight_precepts" title="Eight precepts">Eight precepts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva_vow" title="Bodhisattva vow">Bodhisattva vow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratimok%E1%B9%A3a" title="Pratimokṣa">Pratimokṣa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Threefold_Training" title="Threefold Training">Threefold Training</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_ethics" title="Buddhist ethics">Śīla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samadhi" title="Samadhi">Samadhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praj%C3%B1%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Prajñā (Buddhism)">Prajñā</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C4%ABrya" title="Vīrya">Vīrya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Right_Exertions" title="Four Right Exertions">Four Right Exertions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-two_vows_of_Ambedkar" title="Twenty-two vows of Ambedkar">Twenty-two vows of Ambedkar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nirvana" title="Nirvana">Nirvana</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Buddhism" title="Enlightenment in Buddhism">Bodhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">Bodhisattva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhahood" title="Buddhahood">Buddhahood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratyekabuddhay%C4%81na" title="Pratyekabuddhayāna">Pratyekabuddhayāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_stages_of_awakening" title="Four stages of awakening">Four stages of awakening</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sot%C4%81panna" title="Sotāpanna">Sotāpanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakadagami" title="Sakadagami">Sakadagami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An%C4%81g%C4%81mi" title="Anāgāmi">Anāgāmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arhat" title="Arhat">Arhat</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_monasticism" title="Buddhist monasticism">Monasticism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhikkhu" title="Bhikkhu">Bhikkhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhikkhun%C4%AB" title="Bhikkhunī">Bhikkhunī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samanera" title="Samanera">Śrāmaṇera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samanera" title="Samanera">Śrāmaṇerī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anag%C4%81rika" title="Anagārika">Anagārika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajahn" title="Ajahn">Ajahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayadaw" title="Sayadaw">Sayadaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zen_master" title="Zen master">Zen master</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C5%8Dshi" title="Rōshi">Rōshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lama" title="Lama">Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rinpoche" title="Rinpoche">Rinpoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geshe" title="Geshe">Geshe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulku" title="Tulku">Tulku</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_tulku" title="Western tulku">Western tulku</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kappiya" title="Kappiya">Kappiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donchee" title="Donchee">Donchee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Householder_(Buddhism)" title="Householder (Buddhism)">Householder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Up%C4%81saka_and_Up%C4%81sik%C4%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Upāsaka and Upāsikā">Upāsaka and Upāsikā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achar_(Buddhism)" title="Achar (Buddhism)">Achar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Ar%C4%81vaka" title="Śrāvaka">Śrāvaka</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ten_principal_disciples" title="Ten principal disciples">Ten principal disciples</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaolin_Monastery" title="Shaolin Monastery">Shaolin Monastery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhists" title="List of Buddhists">Major figures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Buddha" title="The Buddha">The Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagasena" title="Nagasena">Nagasena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%C5%9Bvagho%E1%B9%A3a" title="Aśvaghoṣa">Aśvaghoṣa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagarjuna" title="Nagarjuna">Nagarjuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asanga" title="Asanga">Asanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasubandhu" title="Vasubandhu">Vasubandhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kum%C4%81raj%C4%ABva" title="Kumārajīva">Kumārajīva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhaghosa" title="Buddhaghosa">Buddhaghosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhap%C4%81lita" title="Buddhapālita">Buddhapālita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dign%C4%81ga" title="Dignāga">Dignāga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhidharma" title="Bodhidharma">Bodhidharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhiyi" title="Zhiyi">Zhiyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Wen_of_Sui" title="Emperor Wen of Sui">Emperor Wen of Sui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songtsen_Gampo" title="Songtsen Gampo">Songtsen Gampo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xuanzang" title="Xuanzang">Xuanzang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shandao" title="Shandao">Shandao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padmasambhava" title="Padmasambhava">Padmasambhava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saraha" title="Saraha">Saraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ati%C5%9Ba" title="Atiśa">Atiśa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naropa" title="Naropa">Naropa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karmapa" title="Karmapa">Karmapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C5%8Dnen" title="Hōnen">Hōnen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinran" title="Shinran">Shinran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C5%8Dgen" title="Dōgen">Dōgen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichiren" title="Nichiren">Nichiren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamarpa" title="Shamarpa">Shamarpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalai_Lama" title="Dalai Lama">Dalai Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchen_Lama" title="Panchen Lama">Panchen Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajahn_Mun" title="Ajahn Mun">Ajahn Mun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._R._Ambedkar" title="B. R. Ambedkar">B. R. Ambedkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajahn_Chah" title="Ajahn Chah">Ajahn Chah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%ADch_Nh%E1%BA%A5t_H%E1%BA%A1nh" title="Thích Nhất Hạnh">Thích Nhất Hạnh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_texts" title="Buddhist texts">Texts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Buddhist_texts" title="Early Buddhist texts">Early Buddhist texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripi%E1%B9%ADaka" title="Tripiṭaka">Tripiṭaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahayana_sutras" title="Mahayana sutras">Mahayana sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pali_Canon" title="Pali Canon">Pali Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Buddhist_canon" title="Chinese Buddhist canon">Chinese Buddhist canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhist_canon" title="Tibetan Buddhist canon">Tibetan Buddhist canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhammapada" title="Dhammapada">Dhammapada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">Sutra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinaya" title="Vinaya">Vinaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhyamak%C4%81la%E1%B9%83k%C4%81ra" title="Madhyamakālaṃkāra">Madhyamakālaṃkāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhidharmad%C4%ABpa" title="Abhidharmadīpa">Abhidharmadīpa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_by_country" title="Buddhism by country">Countries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Afghanistan" title="Buddhism in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Bangladesh" title="Buddhism in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Bhutan" title="Buddhism in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Cambodia" title="Buddhism in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_China" title="Buddhism in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism_in_India" title="History of Buddhism in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Indonesia" title="Buddhism in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Japan" title="Buddhism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Buddhism" title="Korean Buddhism">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Laos" title="Buddhism in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Malaysia" title="Buddhism in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Maldives" title="Buddhism in the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Mongolia" title="Buddhism in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Myanmar" title="Buddhism in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Nepal" title="Buddhism in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Pakistan" title="Buddhism in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Philippines" title="Buddhism in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Russia" title="Buddhism in Russia">Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Buryatia" title="Buddhism in Buryatia">Buryatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Kalmykia" title="Buddhism in Kalmykia">Kalmykia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Tuva&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in Tuva (page does not exist)">Tuva</a> (<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC_%D0%B2_%D0%A2%D1%8B%D0%B2%D0%B5" class="extiw" title="ru:Буддизм в Тыве">ru</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Singapore" title="Buddhism in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Buddhism in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Taiwan" title="Buddhism in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Thailand" title="Buddhism in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Vietnam" title="Buddhism in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Africa" title="Buddhism in Africa">Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Senegal" title="Buddhism in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_South_Africa" title="Buddhism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Central_Asia" title="Buddhism in Central Asia">Central Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Uzbekistan" title="Buddhism in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Middle_East" title="Buddhism in the Middle East">Middle East</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Iran" title="Buddhism in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Buddhism in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_West" title="Buddhism in the West">Western countries</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Argentina" title="Buddhism in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Australia" title="Buddhism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Brazil" title="Buddhism in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Canada" title="Buddhism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Costa_Rica" title="Buddhism in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Buddhism in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_France" title="Buddhism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Germany" title="Buddhism in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Italy" title="Buddhism in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Mexico" title="Buddhism in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_New_Zealand" title="Buddhism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Norway" title="Buddhism in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Poland" title="Buddhism in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Sweden" title="Buddhism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Switzerland" title="Buddhism in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Ukraine" title="Buddhism in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Buddhism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_United_States" title="Buddhism in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Venezuela" title="Buddhism in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism" title="History of Buddhism">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Buddhism" title="Timeline of Buddhism">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashoka" title="Ashoka">Ashoka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanishka" title="Kanishka">Kanishka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_councils" title="Buddhist councils">Buddhist councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism_in_India" title="History of Buddhism in India">History of Buddhism in India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decline_of_Buddhism_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="Decline of Buddhism in the Indian subcontinent">Decline of Buddhism in India</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huichang_persecution_of_Buddhism" title="Huichang persecution of Buddhism">Huichang persecution of Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhism" title="Greco-Buddhism">Greco-Buddhism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gandharan_Buddhism" title="Gandharan Buddhism">Gandharan Buddhism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gandh%C4%81ran_Buddhist_texts" title="Gandhāran Buddhist texts">Texts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menander_I" title="Menander I">Menander I</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_the_Roman_world" title="Buddhism and the Roman world">Buddhism and the Roman world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_West" title="Buddhism in the West">Buddhism in the West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk_Road_transmission_of_Buddhism" title="Silk Road transmission of Buddhism">Silk Road transmission of Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Buddhists" title="Persecution of Buddhists">Persecution of Buddhists</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Afghanistan" title="Buddhism in Afghanistan">In Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_crisis" title="Buddhist crisis">In Vietnam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rim%C3%A9_movement" title="Rimé movement">Rimé movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banishment_of_Buddhist_monks_from_Nepal" title="Banishment of Buddhist monks from Nepal">Banishment of Buddhist monks from Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalit_Buddhist_movement" title="Dalit Buddhist movement">Dalit Buddhist movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Tibet_by_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Annexation of Tibet by the People's Republic of China">Chinese invasion of Tibet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1959_Tibetan_uprising" title="1959 Tibetan uprising">1959 Tibetan uprising</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhalese_Buddhist_nationalism" title="Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism">Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_modernism" title="Buddhist modernism">Buddhist modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vipassana_movement" title="Vipassana movement">Vipassana movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/969_Movement" title="969 Movement">969 Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engaged_Buddhism" title="Engaged Buddhism">Engaged Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Buddhism" title="Women in Buddhism">Women in Buddhism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_philosophy" title="Buddhist philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhidharma" title="Abhidharma">Abhidharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_atomism" title="Buddhist atomism">Atomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_studies" title="Buddhist studies">Buddhology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creator_in_Buddhism" title="Creator in Buddhism">Creator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_democracy" title="Buddhism and democracy">Buddhism and democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_economics" title="Buddhist economics">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight_Consciousnesses" title="Eight Consciousnesses">Eight Consciousnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engaged_Buddhism" title="Engaged Buddhism">Engaged Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_eschatology" title="Buddhist eschatology">Eschatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_ethics" title="Buddhist ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_evolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhism and evolution">Evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_Buddhism" title="Humanistic Buddhism">Humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_logico-epistemology" title="Buddhist logico-epistemology">Logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reality_in_Buddhism" title="Reality in Buddhism">Reality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_Buddhism" title="Secular Buddhism">Secular Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_socialism" title="Buddhist socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_unanswerable_questions" title="The unanswerable questions">The unanswerable questions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Buddhism" title="Culture of Buddhism">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_architecture" title="Buddhist architecture">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_temple" title="Buddhist temple">Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vih%C4%81ra" title="Vihāra">Vihāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyaung" title="Kyaung">Kyaung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wat" title="Wat">Wat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordination_hall" title="Ordination hall">Ordination hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stupa" title="Stupa">Stupa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pagoda" title="Pagoda">Pagoda</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_pagoda" title="Burmese pagoda">Burmese pagoda</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candi_of_Indonesia" title="Candi of Indonesia">Candi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzong_architecture" title="Dzong architecture">Dzong architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhist_architecture_in_China" title="List of Buddhist architecture in China">List of Buddhist architecture in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Buddhist_architecture" title="Japanese Buddhist architecture">Japanese Buddhist architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_temples_in_Korea" title="Buddhist temples in Korea">Buddhist temples in Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_temple_art_and_architecture" title="Thai temple art and architecture">Thai temple art and architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhist_architecture" title="Tibetan Buddhist architecture">Tibetan Buddhist architecture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_art" title="Buddhist art">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhist_art" title="Greco-Buddhist art">Greco-Buddhist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhi_Tree" title="Bodhi Tree">Bodhi Tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budai" title="Budai">Budai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha_in_art" title="Buddha in art">Buddha in art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_calendar" title="Buddhist calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_cuisine" title="Buddhist cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_funeral" title="Buddhist funeral">Funeral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_holidays" title="Buddhist holidays">Holidays</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vesak" title="Vesak">Vesak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uposatha" title="Uposatha">Uposatha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81gha_P%C5%ABj%C4%81" title="Māgha Pūjā">Māgha Pūjā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asalha_Puja" title="Asalha Puja">Asalha Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vassa" title="Vassa">Vassa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaya_Sri_Maha_Bodhi" title="Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi">Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasaya_(clothing)" title="Kasaya (clothing)">Kasaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahabodhi_Temple" title="Mahabodhi Temple">Mahabodhi Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mantra" title="Mantra">Mantra</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Om_mani_padme_hum" title="Om mani padme hum">Om mani padme hum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudra" title="Mudra">Mudra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_music" title="Buddhist music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_pilgrimage_sites" title="Buddhist pilgrimage sites">Pilgrimage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lumbini" title="Lumbini">Lumbini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_Devi_Temple,_Lumbini" title="Maya Devi Temple, Lumbini">Maya Devi Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodh_Gaya" title="Bodh Gaya">Bodh Gaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarnath" title="Sarnath">Sarnath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushinagar" title="Kushinagar">Kushinagar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_poetry" title="Buddhist poetry">Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japamala" title="Japamala">Prayer beads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hama_yumi" title="Hama yumi">Hama yumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_wheel" title="Prayer wheel">Prayer wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_symbolism" title="Buddhist symbolism">Symbolism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharmachakra" title="Dharmachakra">Dharmachakra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_flag" title="Buddhist flag">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhavacakra" title="Bhavacakra">Bhavacakra</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Swastika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thangka" title="Thangka">Thangka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_the_Tooth" title="Temple of the Tooth">Temple of the Tooth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_vegetarianism" title="Buddhist vegetarianism">Vegetarianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Buddhism-related_articles" title="Index of Buddhism-related articles">Miscellaneous</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhij%C3%B1%C4%81" title="Abhijñā">Abhijñā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amit%C4%81bha" title="Amitābha">Amitābha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahm%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Brahmā (Buddhism)">Brahmā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma_talk" title="Dharma talk">Dharma talk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinayana" title="Hinayana">Hinayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iddhi" title="Iddhi">Iddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpa_(time)" title="Kalpa (time)">Kalpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koliya" title="Koliya">Koliya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lineage_(Buddhism)" title="Lineage (Buddhism)">Lineage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mara_(demon)" title="Mara (demon)">Māra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddhi" title="Siddhi">Siddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_language" title="Sacred language">Sacred languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pali" title="Pali">Pāḷi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Comparative_Buddhism" title="Category:Comparative Buddhism">Comparison</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_and_Buddhism" title="Baháʼí Faith and Buddhism">Baháʼí Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Christianity" title="Buddhism and Christianity">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_influences_on_Christianity" title="Buddhist influences on Christianity">Influences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Buddhism_and_Christianity" title="Comparison of Buddhism and Christianity">Comparison</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Eastern_religions" title="Buddhism and Eastern religions">East Asian religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Gnosticism" title="Buddhism and Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Hinduism" title="Buddhism and Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Jainism" title="Buddhism and Jainism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Buddhist" title="Jewish Buddhist">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_psychology" title="Buddhism and psychology">Psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_science" title="Buddhism and science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Theosophy" title="Buddhism and Theosophy">Theosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_violence" title="Buddhism and violence">Violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Western_philosophy" title="Buddhism and Western philosophy">Western philosophy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Buddhism-related_lists" title="Category:Buddhism-related lists">Lists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bodhisattvas" title="List of bodhisattvas">Bodhisattvas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhas" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Buddhas">Buddhas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhists" title="List of Buddhists">Buddhists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_suttas" title="List of suttas">Suttas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhist_temples" title="List of Buddhist temples">Temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhist_festivals" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Buddhist festivals">Festivals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #FFD068;"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Buddhism" title="Category:Buddhism">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Dharma_Wheel_(2).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg/16px-Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg/24px-Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg/32px-Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="697" data-file-height="697" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Buddhism" title="Portal:Buddhism">Buddhism portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Nazism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nazism" title="Template:Nazism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nazism" title="Template talk:Nazism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nazism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nazism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Nazism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahnenerbe" title="Ahnenerbe">Ahnenerbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artaman_League" title="Artaman League">Artaman League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gestapo" title="Gestapo">Geheime Staatspolizei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deutscher_Fichte-Bund" title="Deutscher Fichte-Bund">Deutscher Fichte-Bund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deutsches_Jungvolk" title="Deutsches Jungvolk">Deutsches Jungvolk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Eher_Nachfolger" title="Franz Eher Nachfolger">Franz Eher Nachfolger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hitler_Youth" title="Hitler Youth">Hitler Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_German_Girls" title="League of German Girls">League of German Girls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organisation_Todt" title="Organisation Todt">Organisation Todt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_German_Doctors%27_League" title="National Socialist German Doctors' League">NSDÄB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_German_Students%27_League" title="National Socialist German Students' League">NSDStB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_League_of_the_Reich_for_Physical_Exercise" title="National Socialist League of the Reich for Physical Exercise">NSRL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Flyers_Corps" title="National Socialist Flyers Corps">NSFK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Motor_Corps" title="National Socialist Motor Corps">NSKK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Women%27s_League" title="National Socialist Women's League">NSF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Propaganda in Nazi Germany">Nazi media organizations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nationalsozialistische_Monatshefte" title="Nationalsozialistische Monatshefte">Nationalsozialistische Monatshefte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neues_Volk" title="Neues Volk">Neues Volk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NS-Frauen-Warte" title="NS-Frauen-Warte">NS-Frauen-Warte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Das_Reich_(newspaper)" title="Das Reich (newspaper)">Das Reich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Das_Schwarze_Korps" title="Das Schwarze Korps">Das Schwarze Korps</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazi Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicherheitsdienst" title="Sicherheitsdienst">Sicherheitsdienst</a> (SD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sturmabteilung" title="Sturmabteilung">Sturmabteilung</a> (SA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schutzstaffel" title="Schutzstaffel">Schutzstaffel</a> (SS) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SS-Gefolge_(Women%27s_SS_Division)" title="SS-Gefolge (Women's SS Division)">SS Gefolge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waffen-SS" title="Waffen-SS">Waffen-SS</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany#History" title="Nazi Germany">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_timeline_of_Nazism" title="Early timeline of Nazism">Early timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Program" title="National Socialist Program">National Socialist Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler%27s_rise_to_power" title="Adolf Hitler's rise to power">Hitler's rise to power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler%27s_rise_to_power#Seizure_of_control_(1931–1933)" title="Adolf Hitler's rise to power">Machtergreifung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gleichschaltung" title="Gleichschaltung">Gleichschaltung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_rearmament" title="German rearmament">German rearmament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirchenkampf" title="Kirchenkampf">Kirchenkampf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler%27s_cult_of_personality" title="Adolf Hitler's cult of personality">Adolf Hitler's cult of personality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enabling_Act_of_1933" title="Enabling Act of 1933">Enabling Act of 1933</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night_of_the_Long_Knives" title="Night of the Long Knives">Night of the Long Knives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_rallies" title="Nuremberg rallies">Nuremberg rallies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Laws" title="Nuremberg Laws">Nuremberg Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Comintern_Pact" title="Anti-Comintern Pact">Anti-Comintern Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kristallnacht" title="Kristallnacht">Kristallnacht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anschluss" title="Anschluss">Anschluss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1938%E2%80%931939_German_expedition_to_Tibet" title="1938–1939 German expedition to Tibet">1938–1939 German expedition to Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripartite_Pact" title="Tripartite Pact">Tripartite Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denazification" title="Denazification">Denazification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_trials" title="Nuremberg trials">Nuremberg trials</a></li> <a href="/wiki/Final_solution" class="mw-redirect" title="Final solution">Final solution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camps" title="Nazi concentration camps">Concentration camps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deportation" title="Deportation">Deportations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctors%27_Trial" title="Doctors' Trial">Doctors' Trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extermination_camp" title="Extermination camp">Extermination camps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">Genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_ghettos" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi ghettos">Ghettos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_human_experimentation" title="Nazi human experimentation">Human experimentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_labour_under_German_rule_during_World_War_II" title="Forced labour under German rule during World War II">Labour camps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom">Pogroms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation#Germany" title="Racial segregation">Racial segregation</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nazism#Ideology_and_programme" title="Nazism">Ideology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/Aestheticization_of_politics" title="Aestheticization of politics">Aestheticization of politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism_and_ideology#Socialism_and_communism" title="Fascism and ideology">Anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-intellectualism#Fascism" title="Anti-intellectualism">Anti-intellectualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism_and_ideology#Liberalism" title="Fascism and ideology">Anti-liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacifism#Criticism" title="Pacifism">Anti-pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_and_soil" title="Blood and soil">Blood and soil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chauvinism" title="Chauvinism">Chauvinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_collaboration" title="Class collaboration">Class collaboration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theory" title="Conspiracy theory">Conspiracism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dolchsto%C3%9Flegende" class="mw-redirect" title="Dolchstoßlegende">Dolchstoßlegende</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/International_Jewish_conspiracy" title="International Jewish conspiracy">International Jewry</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Bolshevism" title="Jewish Bolshevism">Judeo-Bolshevism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporatism" title="Corporatism">Corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cult_of_personality" title="Cult of personality">Cult of personality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictatorship" title="Dictatorship">Dictatorship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%BChrerprinzip" title="Führerprinzip">Führerprinzip</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_action" title="Direct action">Direct action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_interventionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic interventionism">Economic interventionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_eugenics" title="Nazi eugenics">Eugenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geopolitik" title="Geopolitik">Geopolitik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heimat" title="Heimat">Heimat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_imperialism" class="mw-redirect" title="German imperialism">Imperialism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Germanic_Reich" title="Greater Germanic Reich">Greater Germanic Reich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heim_ins_Reich" title="Heim ins Reich">Heim ins Reich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebensraum" title="Lebensraum">Lebensraum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Germanism" title="Pan-Germanism">Pan-Germanism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_militarism" title="German militarism">Militarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_nationalism" title="German nationalism">Nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_nationalism" title="Ethnic nationalism">Ethno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_nationalism" title="Racial nationalism">Racial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palingenetic_ultranationalism" title="Palingenetic ultranationalism">Palingenetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_nationalism" title="Revolutionary nationalism">Revolutionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultranationalism" title="Ultranationalism">Ultra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Man_(utopian_concept)#Fascist" title="New Man (utopian concept)">New Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Order_(Nazism)" title="New Order (Nazism)">New Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-party_state" title="One-party state">One-party state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Populism" title="Populism">Populism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Propaganda in Nazi Germany">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prussianism" title="Prussianism">Prussianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_policy_of_Nazi_Germany" title="Racial policy of Nazi Germany">Racism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">Antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Slavic_sentiment" title="Anti-Slavic sentiment">Anti-Slavic sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aryan_race#Nazism_and_Neo-Nazism" title="Aryan race">Aryan race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aryanism" title="Aryanism">Aryanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_race" title="Master race">Master race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordicism" title="Nordicism">Nordicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rassenschande" title="Rassenschande">Rassenschande</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Untermenschen" class="mw-redirect" title="Untermenschen">Untermenschen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lkisch_equality" title="Völkisch equality">Völkisch equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lkisch_movement" title="Völkisch movement">Völkisch movement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactionary_modernism" title="Reactionary modernism">Reactionary modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Romanticism" title="German Romanticism">Romanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Darwinism#Nazism,_eugenics,_fascism,_imperialism" title="Social Darwinism">Social Darwinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_interventionism" title="Social interventionism">Social interventionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_order" title="Social order">Social order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_capitalism" title="State capitalism">State capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syncretic_politics" title="Syncretic politics">Syncretism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">Totalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volksgemeinschaft" title="Volksgemeinschaft">Volksgemeinschaft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volk_ohne_Raum" title="Volk ohne Raum">Volk ohne Raum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volksk%C3%B6rper" title="Volkskörper">Volkskörper</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nazi_Party_leaders_and_officials" title="List of Nazi Party leaders and officials">Politicians</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%A4the_Bierbaumer" title="Käthe Bierbaumer">Bierbaumer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Julius_Bloem" title="Walter Julius Bloem">Bloem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Bormann" title="Martin Bormann">Bormann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Daluege" title="Kurt Daluege">Daluege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_D%C3%B6nitz" title="Karl Dönitz">Dönitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Drexler" title="Anton Drexler">Drexler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Eichmann" title="Adolf Eichmann">Eichmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Esser" title="Hermann Esser">Esser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugen_Fischer" title="Eugen Fischer">Fischer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Frank" title="Hans Frank">Frank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Frick" title="Wilhelm Frick">Frick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Hess" title="Rudolf Hess">Hess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinhard_Heydrich" title="Reinhard Heydrich">Heydrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler" title="Heinrich Himmler">Himmler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Hitler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Goebbels" title="Joseph Goebbels">Goebbels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_G%C3%B6ring" title="Hermann Göring">Göring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Keller" title="Carlos Keller">Keller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Lammers" title="Hans Lammers">Lammers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Lutze" title="Viktor Lutze">Lutze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unity_Mitford" title="Unity Mitford">Mitford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_von_Neurath" title="Konstantin von Neurath">von Neurath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidkun_Quisling#Head_of_the_government" title="Vidkun Quisling">Quisling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim_von_Ribbentrop" title="Joachim von Ribbentrop">von Ribbentrop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_R%C3%B6hm" title="Ernst Röhm">Röhm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hjalmar_Schacht#Involvement_with_the_NSDAP_(Nazi_Party)_and_government" title="Hjalmar Schacht">Schacht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baldur_von_Schirach" title="Baldur von Schirach">von Schirach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gertrud_Scholtz-Klink" title="Gertrud Scholtz-Klink">Scholtz-Klink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Seldte" title="Franz Seldte">Seldte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Seyss-Inquart" title="Arthur Seyss-Inquart">Seyss-Inquart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Speer" title="Albert Speer">Speer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregor_Strasser" title="Gregor Strasser">Strasser (Gregor)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Strasser" title="Otto Strasser">Strasser (Otto)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Streicher" title="Julius Streicher">Streicher</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Nazis" title="Category:Nazis">Ideologues</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li>Pre-Machtergreifung <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Moritz_Arndt" title="Ernst Moritz Arndt">Arndt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile-Louis_Burnouf" title="Émile-Louis Burnouf">Burnouf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houston_Stewart_Chamberlain" title="Houston Stewart Chamberlain">Chamberlain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Drumont" title="Édouard Drumont">Drumont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dietrich_Eckart" title="Dietrich Eckart">Eckart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Fritsch" title="Theodor Fritsch">Fritsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_de_Gobineau" title="Arthur de Gobineau">de Gobineau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madison_Grant" title="Madison Grant">Grant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6rg_Lanz_von_Liebenfels" title="Jörg Lanz von Liebenfels">von Liebenfels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guido_von_List" title="Guido von List">von List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_L%C3%B6ns#Reception_in_National_Socialist_Germany" title="Hermann Löns">Löns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Lueger" title="Karl Lueger">Lueger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Marr" title="Wilhelm Marr">Marr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Influence_and_reception_of_Friedrich_Nietzsche#Nietzsche_and_fascism" title="Influence and reception of Friedrich Nietzsche">Nietzsche</a> (Contentious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Ratzel#Writings" title="Friedrich Ratzel">Ratzel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Heinrich_Riehl" title="Wilhelm Heinrich Riehl">Riehl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ruskin#Politics_and_critique_of_political_economy" title="John Ruskin">Ruskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner#Views" title="Richard Wagner">Wagner</a></li></ul></li> <ul><li>Post-Machtergreifung <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Anacker" title="Heinrich Anacker">Anacker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Baeumler" title="Alfred Baeumler">Baeumler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Bergmann_(philosopher)" title="Ernst Bergmann (philosopher)">Bergmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred-Ingemar_Berndt" title="Alfred-Ingemar Berndt">Berndt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Walther_Darr%C3%A9" title="Richard Walther Darré">Darré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Eggers" title="Kurt Eggers">Eggers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walther_Eichrodt" title="Walther Eichrodt">Eichrodt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Feder" title="Gottfried Feder">Feder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Ford#Antisemitism_and_The_Dearborn_Independent" title="Henry Ford">Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Grimm" title="Hans Grimm">Grimm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_F._K._G%C3%BCnther" title="Hans F. K. Günther">Günther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakob_Wilhelm_Hauer" title="Jakob Wilhelm Hauer">Hauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Haushofer" title="Karl Haushofer">Haushofer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Heidegger_and_Nazism" title="Martin Heidegger and Nazism">Heidegger</a> (Contentious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willibald_Hentschel" title="Willibald Hentschel">Hentschel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Hoche" title="Alfred Hoche">Hoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amin_al-Husseini#Ties_with_the_Axis_Powers_during_World_War_II" title="Amin al-Husseini">al-Husseini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Jung" title="Rudolf Jung">Jung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Krannhals" title="Paul Krannhals">Krannhals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Krieck" title="Ernst Krieck">Kriek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Lindbergh#Antisemitism_and_views_on_race" title="Charles Lindbergh">Lindbergh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_M%C3%BCller" title="Ludwig Müller">Müller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Plenge" title="Johann Plenge">Plenge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Rahn" title="Otto Rahn">Rahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Rosenberg" title="Alfred Rosenberg">Rosenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoun_Saadeh" title="Antoun Saadeh">Saadeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Sch%C3%A4fer" title="Ernst Schäfer">Schäfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herman_Schmalenbach" title="Herman Schmalenbach">Schmalenbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Schmitt" title="Carl Schmitt">Schmitt</a> (Contentious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_von_Sebottendorf" title="Rudolf von Sebottendorf">von Sebottendorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Schwarz_(philosopher)" title="Hermann Schwarz (philosopher)">Schwarz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Stapel" title="Wilhelm Stapel">Stapel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giselher_Wirsing" title="Giselher Wirsing">Wirsing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Zimmermann" title="Ferdinand Zimmermann">Zimmermann</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Nazi_war_crimes" title="Category:Nazi war crimes">Atrocities and war crimes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Aktion_T4" title="Aktion T4">Action T4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camps" title="Nazi concentration camps">Nazi concentration camps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extermination_camp" title="Extermination camp">Extermination camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Final_Solution" title="Final Solution">Final Solution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_human_experimentation" title="Nazi human experimentation">Human experimentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_genocide" class="mw-redirect" title="Romani genocide">Romani genocide</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Outside Germany</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nazism_in_the_Americas" title="Nazism in the Americas">Americas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nazism_in_Brazil" title="Nazism in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazism_in_Chile" title="Nazism in Chile">Chile</a></li></ul></li> <li>Europe <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Nazism_in_Greece" title="Template:Nazism in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazism_in_Sweden" title="Nazism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li></ul></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Category:Nazi_parties" title="Category:Nazi parties">Parties</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Nazi_Party" title="American Nazi Party">American Nazi Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrow_Cross_Party" title="Arrow Cross Party">Arrow Cross Party (Hungary)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_American_Bund" title="German American Bund">German American Bund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_National_Movement_in_Liechtenstein" title="German National Movement in Liechtenstein">German National Movement in Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasjonal_Samling" title="Nasjonal Samling">Nasjonal Samling (Norway)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Movement_in_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands">National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Movement_of_Chile" title="National Socialist Movement of Chile">National Socialist Movement of Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Movement_(United_States)" title="National Socialist Movement (United States)">National Socialist Movement (United States)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Workers%27_Party_of_Denmark" title="National Socialist Workers' Party of Denmark">National Socialist Workers' Party of Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Resistance_Movement" title="Nordic Resistance Movement">Nordic Resistance Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossewabrandwag" title="Ossewabrandwag">Ossewabrandwag (South Africa)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SUMKA" title="SUMKA">SUMKA (Iran)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Social_Nationalist_Party" title="Syrian Social Nationalist Party">Syrian Social Nationalist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsagaan_Khas" title="Tsagaan Khas">Tsagaan Khas (Mongolia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Union_of_National_Socialists" title="World Union of National Socialists">World Union of National Socialists</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Adolf_Hitler" title="Bibliography of Adolf Hitler">Bibliography of Adolf Hitler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nazi_ideologues" title="List of Nazi ideologues">Nazi ideologues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nazi_Party_leaders_and_officials" title="List of Nazi Party leaders and officials">NSDAP leaders and officials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nazis" title="List of Nazis">Nazi Party members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_last_surviving_people_suspected_of_participation_in_Nazi_war_crimes" title="List of last surviving people suspected of participation in Nazi war crimes">Last surviving war crime suspects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nazi_ideologues" title="List of Nazi ideologues">Party ideologues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_speeches_given_by_Adolf_Hitler" title="List of speeches given by Adolf Hitler">Speeches given by Adolf Hitler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_SS_personnel" title="List of SS personnel">SS personnel</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Role and impact in German society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazism_and_the_Wehrmacht" title="Nazism and the Wehrmacht">The Wehrmacht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Nazi_Germany" title="Economy of Nazi Germany">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Former_German_nobility_in_the_Nazi_Party" title="Former German nobility in the Nazi Party">Nobility</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Bolshevist_League#Historical_interpretation" title="Anti-Bolshevist League">Anti-Bolshevist League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Art in Nazi Germany">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_architecture" title="Nazi architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazism_and_cinema" title="Nazism and cinema">Cinema</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ats%C4%B1zism" title="Atsızism">Atsızism</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Beefsteak_Nazi" title="Beefsteak Nazi">Beefsteak Nazi</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Nazi_Germany" title="Economy of Nazi Germany">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denordification" title="Denordification">Denordification</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renordification" title="Renordification">Renordification</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Nazi_Germany" title="Glossary of Nazi Germany">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drang_nach_Osten" title="Drang nach Osten">Drang nach Osten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generalplan_Ost" title="Generalplan Ost">Generalplan Ost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_American_Bund" title="German American Bund">German American Bund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horst-Wessel-Lied" title="Horst-Wessel-Lied">Horst-Wessel-Lied</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_views_of_Adolf_Hitler" title="Political views of Adolf Hitler">Political views of Adolf Hitler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_propaganda_and_the_United_Kingdom" title="Nazi propaganda and the United Kingdom">Nazi propaganda and the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_racial_theories" title="Nazi racial theories">Racial theories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorelianism" title="Sorelianism">Sorelianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strasserism" title="Strasserism">Strasserism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Women in Nazi Germany">Women</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Nazism" title="Category:Nazism">Category</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45513#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45513#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45513#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4120418-9">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85131014">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph126294&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000089065&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007551007705171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10676075">NARA</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Swastika&oldid=1259624600#Modern_adoptions">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Swastika&oldid=1259624600#Modern_adoptions</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Swastika" title="Category:Swastika">Swastika</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Buddhist_symbols" title="Category:Buddhist symbols">Buddhist symbols</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cross_symbols" title="Category:Cross symbols">Cross symbols</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Crosses_in_heraldry" title="Category:Crosses in heraldry">Crosses in heraldry</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_symbols" title="Category:Hindu symbols">Hindu symbols</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Jain_symbols" title="Category:Jain symbols">Jain symbols</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Magic_symbols" title="Category:Magic symbols">Magic symbols</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Nazi_symbolism" title="Category:Nazi symbolism">Nazi symbolism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Religious_symbols" title="Category:Religious symbols">Religious symbols</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Rotational_symmetry" title="Category:Rotational symmetry">Rotational symmetry</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Symbols_of_Indian_religions" title="Category:Symbols of Indian religions">Symbols of Indian religions</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Symbols_of_Nazi_Germany" title="Category:Symbols of Nazi Germany">Symbols of Nazi Germany</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Talismans" title="Category:Talismans">Talismans</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Visual_motifs" title="Category:Visual motifs">Visual motifs</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_German-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing German-language text">Articles containing German-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Polish-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Polish-language text">Articles containing Polish-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_November_2019" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from November 2019">Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from November 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Russian-language_sources_(ru)" title="Category:CS1 Russian-language sources (ru)">CS1 Russian-language sources (ru)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1:_long_volume_value" title="Category:CS1: long volume value">CS1: long volume value</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Sanskrit-language_sources_(sa)" title="Category:CS1 Sanskrit-language sources (sa)">CS1 Sanskrit-language sources (sa)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Persian-language_sources_(fa)" title="Category:CS1 Persian-language sources (fa)">CS1 Persian-language sources (fa)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_German-language_sources_(de)" title="Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)">CS1 German-language sources (de)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_uses_Russian-language_script_(ru)" title="Category:CS1 uses Russian-language script (ru)">CS1 uses Russian-language script (ru)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Polish-language_sources_(pl)" title="Category:CS1 Polish-language sources (pl)">CS1 Polish-language sources (pl)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Traditional_Chinese-language_sources_(zh-hant)" title="Category:CS1 Traditional Chinese-language sources (zh-hant)">CS1 Traditional Chinese-language sources (zh-hant)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_uses_Japanese-language_script_(ja)" title="Category:CS1 uses Japanese-language script (ja)">CS1 uses Japanese-language script (ja)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Japanese-language_sources_(ja)" title="Category:CS1 Japanese-language sources (ja)">CS1 Japanese-language sources (ja)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Albanian-language_sources_(sq)" title="Category:CS1 Albanian-language sources (sq)">CS1 Albanian-language sources (sq)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_archiveis_links" title="Category:Webarchive template archiveis links">Webarchive template archiveis links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Latvian-language_sources_(lv)" title="Category:CS1 Latvian-language sources (lv)">CS1 Latvian-language sources (lv)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Lithuanian-language_sources_(lt)" title="Category:CS1 Lithuanian-language sources (lt)">CS1 Lithuanian-language sources (lt)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_French-language_sources_(fr)" title="Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)">CS1 French-language sources (fr)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_German-language_sources_(de)" title="Category:Articles with German-language sources (de)">Articles with German-language sources (de)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_other_archives" title="Category:Webarchive template other archives">Webarchive template other archives</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Ukrainian-language_sources_(uk)" title="Category:CS1 Ukrainian-language sources (uk)">CS1 Ukrainian-language sources (uk)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_indefinitely_semi-protected_pages" title="Category:Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages">Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_indefinitely_move-protected_pages" title="Category:Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages">Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_July_2020" title="Category:Use dmy dates from July 2020">Use dmy dates from July 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Sanskrit-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Sanskrit-language text">Articles containing Sanskrit-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Ancient_Greek_(to_1453)-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text">Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_French-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing French-language text">Articles containing French-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Latin-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Latin-language text">Articles containing Latin-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Old_French_(842-ca._1400)-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Old French (842-ca. 1400)-language text">Articles containing Old French (842-ca. 1400)-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Latvian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Latvian-language text">Articles containing Latvian-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Italian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Italian-language text">Articles containing Italian-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lang_and_lang-xx_template_errors" title="Category:Lang and lang-xx template errors">Lang and lang-xx template errors</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Mongolian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Mongolian-language text">Articles containing Mongolian-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Mandarin_Chinese-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Mandarin Chinese-language text">Articles containing Mandarin Chinese-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Japanese-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Japanese-language text">Articles containing Japanese-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Korean-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Korean-language text">Articles containing Korean-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Vietnamese-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Vietnamese-language text">Articles containing Vietnamese-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Balti-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Balti-language text">Articles containing Balti-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_January_2023" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from January 2023">Articles with unsourced statements from January 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Mari_(Russia)-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Mari (Russia)-language text">Articles containing Mari (Russia)-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Chinese-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Chinese-language text">Articles containing Chinese-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_lacking_reliable_references" title="Category:All articles lacking reliable references">All articles lacking reliable references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_lacking_reliable_references_from_February_2021" title="Category:Articles lacking reliable references from February 2021">Articles lacking reliable references from February 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Armenian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Armenian-language text">Articles containing Armenian-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_accuracy_disputes" title="Category:All accuracy disputes">All accuracy disputes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_disputed_statements_from_December_2014" title="Category:Articles with disputed statements from December 2014">Articles with disputed statements from December 2014</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_failed_verification" title="Category:All articles with failed verification">All articles with failed verification</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_failed_verification_from_August_2017" title="Category:Articles with failed verification from August 2017">Articles with failed verification from August 2017</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_clarification_from_March_2021" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing clarification from March 2021">Wikipedia articles needing clarification from March 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_multiple_image_with_auto_scaled_images" title="Category:Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images">Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Hindi-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Hindi-language text">Articles containing Hindi-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_September_2021" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from September 2021">Articles with unsourced statements from September 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_June_2019" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from June 2019">Articles with unsourced statements from June 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Albanian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Albanian-language text">Articles containing Albanian-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_July_2021" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from July 2021">Articles with unsourced statements from July 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_October_2024" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from October 2024">Articles with unsourced statements from October 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Russian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Russian-language text">Articles containing Russian-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_March_2023" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from March 2023">Articles with unsourced statements from March 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_displaying_short_descriptions_of_redirect_targets_via_Module:Annotated_link" title="Category:Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets via Module:Annotated link">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets via Module:Annotated link</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Tagalog-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Tagalog-language text">Articles containing Tagalog-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_excerpts" title="Category:Articles with excerpts">Articles with excerpts</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 26 November 2024, at 04:27 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Swastika&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile#Modern_adoptions" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-6b8d669998-f4dv2","wgBackendResponseTime":203,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"3.723","walltime":"4.227","ppvisitednodes":{"value":30981,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":738285,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":20821,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":23,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":40,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":917254,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 3492.236 1 -total"," 35.00% 1222.156 3 Template:Reflist"," 18.04% 629.991 12 Template:Navbox"," 13.70% 478.544 1 Template:Nazism"," 13.34% 465.759 8 Template:Excerpt"," 10.98% 383.512 86 Template:Cite_book"," 7.97% 278.196 72 Template:Cite_web"," 5.23% 182.798 30 Template:Rp"," 4.92% 171.736 30 Template:R/superscript"," 3.94% 137.735 110 Template:Lang"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"2.171","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":20418566,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFA.2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAdrian_Snodgrass1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAllchinErdosy1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAllen2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFArt_SilverblattNikolai_Zlobin2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAssasi2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAyres2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBeer2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBoxer2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrown,_James_A.Rogers,_J._Daniel2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBruce_M._Sullivan2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFButnaruSpodheim1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBuxton1947\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCampbell2002\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFCampion2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCardona1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarus1907\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChalk2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChessa2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChris_Buckley2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCort2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCrampton1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDaniel_Rancour-Laferriere2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDawn_Perlmutter2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDebirov1966\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDeepa2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDickterLipmanSavage2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDimitrova1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDobrovolsky1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDruid\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDusenberry2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDutta2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFreedFreed\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGajl2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGarshol2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGere2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGilliard1923\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoldman2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoodrick-Clarke2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGraves1879\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreg1884\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrzegorzewic2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGuozhen2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGuénon2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGuénonFohr2004\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFHarper2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeinrich_Schliemann1880\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeller2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeller2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeller2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHewitt1907\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoldingHolding2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIvanits1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJamisonBrereton2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJanis_Lander2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJonathan_H._X._LeeKathleen_M._Nadeau2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJoseph2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKak2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKane2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKangxi_Emperor1716\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKathleen_M._Nadeau2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKavykin2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKobres\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKuftin1926\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLander2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLangmanLundskow2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLewis2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLikhachev2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLumans2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarija_Gimbutas\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarijke_Gijswijt-HofstraBrian_P._LevackRoy_Porter1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMark_B._Adams1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMartin_J_Powell\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcKay\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMees2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMohan_Pant,_Shūji_Funo2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMudde2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNagy-Talavera1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNikolaiev,_R.\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNorman_C._McClelland2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOlson2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPantFuno2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPilkingtonPopov2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPlaetschke1929\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPowers2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPrynne2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFQuinn1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFQuinn2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRamirez\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobert_Proctor1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRollin1939\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSaganDruyan1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSaidazimova2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSanchez2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScharfe1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchliemann1875\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchliemann1878\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchnirelmann2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchnirelmann2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchofield2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSewell1881\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShizhensky2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShuster2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStaal1965\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStefanie_von_Schnurbein2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStemple2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStephan_Feuchtwang2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStipčević1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStollznow2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSørensen1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTeitel2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTelotte2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThomas1880\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTirta2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTokhatyan\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTreimer1971\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTsvetkov2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVerhulsdonck,_Gustav2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVladimir_Plakhotnyuk\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWagoner2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWarnick2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWienerRichter2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilloughby1897\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWirth2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZimmer2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFlvportals.lv2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFБагдасаров\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFБагдасаров_Р._В.2002\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 1,\n [\"Amulets and Talismans\"] = 1,\n [\"Annotated link\"] = 17,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Better source needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 6,\n [\"Buddhism topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Cbignore\"] = 2,\n [\"Char\"] = 2,\n [\"Circa\"] = 2,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 5,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 86,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 7,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 18,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 21,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 72,\n [\"Clarify\"] = 1,\n [\"Clear\"] = 1,\n [\"Clear left\"] = 3,\n [\"Cn\"] = 1,\n [\"Commons and category\"] = 1,\n [\"Dubious\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn-ua\"] = 2,\n [\"Failed verification\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 2,\n [\"Hindudharma\"] = 1,\n [\"IAST\"] = 2,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 3,\n [\"Ill\"] = 2,\n [\"In lang\"] = 1,\n [\"Jainism topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 77,\n [\"Lang-zh\"] = 12,\n [\"Langx\"] = 10,\n [\"Main\"] = 1,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 5,\n [\"Nazism\"] = 1,\n [\"Nbsp\"] = 1,\n [\"Ndash\"] = 1,\n [\"Nihongo\"] = 2,\n [\"Notelist-ua\"] = 1,\n [\"Nowrap\"] = 1,\n [\"Other uses\"] = 1,\n [\"Page needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-move\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-semi-indef\"] = 1,\n [\"ProQuest\"] = 1,\n [\"Quote box\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 2,\n [\"Rp\"] = 30,\n [\"Script\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 2,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 2,\n [\"Sfnp\"] = 4,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Small\"] = 1,\n [\"Snd\"] = 19,\n [\"Spaces\"] = 9,\n [\"Transliteration\"] = 11,\n [\"Unichar\"] = 4,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 33,\n [\"Wikiquote\"] = 1,\n [\"Wiktionary\"] = 1,\n [\"Zh\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","340","15.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","280","12.4"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","260","11.5"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","220","9.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::sub","200","8.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","160","7.1"],["assert","100","4.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","60","2.7"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","60","2.7"],["chunk \u003CModule:Citation/CS1:4383\u003E","40","1.8"],["[others]","540","23.9"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-6b8d669998-wjpsv","timestamp":"20241128062138","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Swastika","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Swastika#Modern_adoptions","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q45513","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q45513","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-03-25T16:01:42Z","dateModified":"2024-11-26T04:27:37Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/2\/21\/Four-swastika_collage_%28transparent%29.png","headline":"Ancient Eurasian icon and later used as Nazi symbol"}</script> </body> </html>