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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Pilgrims and Puritans: 1620–1629</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pilgrims_and_Puritans:_1620–1629-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Massachusetts_Bay_Colony:_1628–1686" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Massachusetts_Bay_Colony:_1628–1686"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Massachusetts Bay Colony: 1628–1686</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Massachusetts_Bay_Colony:_1628–1686-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dominion_of_New_England:_1686–1692" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dominion_of_New_England:_1686–1692"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Dominion of New England: 1686–1692</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dominion_of_New_England:_1686–1692-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Royal_Province_of_Massachusetts_Bay:_1692–1774" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Royal_Province_of_Massachusetts_Bay:_1692–1774"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Royal Province of Massachusetts Bay: 1692–1774</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Royal_Province_of_Massachusetts_Bay:_1692–1774-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Royal Province of Massachusetts Bay: 1692–1774 subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Royal_Province_of_Massachusetts_Bay:_1692–1774-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Banking" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Banking"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.1</span> <span>Banking</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Banking-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wars_with_France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wars_with_France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Wars with France</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wars_with_France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Disasters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Disasters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Disasters</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Disasters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Politics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Revolutionary_Massachusetts:_1760s–1780s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Revolutionary_Massachusetts:_1760s–1780s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Revolutionary Massachusetts: 1760s–1780s</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Revolutionary_Massachusetts:_1760s–1780s-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Revolutionary Massachusetts: 1760s–1780s subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Revolutionary_Massachusetts:_1760s–1780s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Boston_Massacre" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Boston_Massacre"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Boston Massacre</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Boston_Massacre-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Boston_Tea_Party" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Boston_Tea_Party"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Boston Tea Party</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Boston_Tea_Party-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-American_Revolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#American_Revolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>American Revolution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-American_Revolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Federalist_Era:_1780–1815" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Federalist_Era:_1780–1815"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Federalist Era: 1780–1815</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Federalist_Era:_1780–1815-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Federalist Era: 1780–1815 subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Federalist_Era:_1780–1815-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_new_constitution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_new_constitution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>The new constitution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_new_constitution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shays's_Rebellion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shays's_Rebellion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Shays's Rebellion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shays's_Rebellion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Johnny_Appleseed" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Johnny_Appleseed"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Johnny Appleseed</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Johnny_Appleseed-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_industrial_period:_1815–1860" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_industrial_period:_1815–1860"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Early industrial period: 1815–1860</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Early_industrial_period:_1815–1860-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Early industrial period: 1815–1860 subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Early_industrial_period:_1815–1860-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Industrial_development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Industrial_development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Industrial development</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Industrial_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Railroads" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Railroads"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1.1</span> <span>Railroads</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Railroads-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Whaling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Whaling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1.2</span> <span>Whaling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Whaling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_and_social_movements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_and_social_movements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Political and social movements</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_and_social_movements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Know_Nothing_movement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Know_Nothing_movement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Know Nothing movement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Know_Nothing_movement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Civil_War_and_Gilded_Age:_1860–1900" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Civil_War_and_Gilded_Age:_1860–1900"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Civil War and Gilded Age: 1860–1900</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Civil_War_and_Gilded_Age:_1860–1900-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Civil War and Gilded Age: 1860–1900 subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Civil_War_and_Gilded_Age:_1860–1900-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Invention_of_basketball_and_volleyball" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Invention_of_basketball_and_volleyball"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Invention of basketball and volleyball</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Invention_of_basketball_and_volleyball-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Industrial_advance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Industrial_advance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Industrial advance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Industrial_advance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prosperity_decades:_1900–29" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prosperity_decades:_1900–29"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Prosperity decades: 1900–29</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prosperity_decades:_1900–29-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Depression_and_war:_1929–1945" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Depression_and_war:_1929–1945"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Depression and war: 1929–1945</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Depression_and_war:_1929–1945-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economic_changes:_decline_of_manufacturing,_1945–1985" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_changes:_decline_of_manufacturing,_1945–1985"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Economic changes: decline of manufacturing, 1945–1985</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic_changes:_decline_of_manufacturing,_1945–1985-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Kennedy_family" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Kennedy_family"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>The Kennedy family</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Kennedy_family-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_economy_and_society:_1985–present" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_economy_and_society:_1985–present"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Modern economy and society: 1985–present</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Modern_economy_and_society:_1985–present-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Modern economy and society: 1985–present subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Modern_economy_and_society:_1985–present-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_Big_Dig" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Big_Dig"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.1</span> <span>The Big Dig</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Big_Dig-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Boundaries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Boundaries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Boundaries</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Boundaries-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Boundaries subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Boundaries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Founding_grants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Founding_grants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15.1</span> <span>Founding grants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Founding_grants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_Hampshire_boundary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Hampshire_boundary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15.2</span> <span>New Hampshire boundary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Hampshire_boundary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rhode_Island_eastern_border" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rhode_Island_eastern_border"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15.3</span> <span>Rhode Island eastern border</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rhode_Island_eastern_border-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rhode_Island_northern_border" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rhode_Island_northern_border"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15.4</span> <span>Rhode Island northern border</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rhode_Island_northern_border-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Connecticut_border" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Connecticut_border"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15.5</span> <span>Connecticut border</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Connecticut_border-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_York_border" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_York_border"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15.6</span> <span>New York border</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_York_border-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Maine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Maine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15.7</span> <span>Maine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Maine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Further reading subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Surveys" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Surveys"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18.1</span> <span>Surveys</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Surveys-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Specialized_scholarly_studies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Specialized_scholarly_studies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18.2</span> <span>Specialized scholarly studies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Specialized_scholarly_studies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-To_1780" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#To_1780"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18.2.1</span> <span>To 1780</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-To_1780-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1780–1900" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1780–1900"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18.2.2</span> <span>1780–1900</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1780–1900-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1900–present" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1900–present"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18.2.3</span> <span>1900–present</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1900–present-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Primary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18.3</span> <span>Primary sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">19</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon 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Available in 5 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-5" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">5 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histoire_du_Massachusetts" title="Histoire du Massachusetts – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Histoire du Massachusetts" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%B9%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BD%D5%A5%D5%A9%D5%BD%D5%AB_%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%B4%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Մասաչուսեթսի պատմություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մասաչուսեթսի պատմություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9E%E3%82%B5%E3%83%81%E3%83%A5%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BB%E3%83%83%E3%83%84%E5%B7%9E%E3%81%AE%E6%AD%B4%E5%8F%B2" title="マサチューセッツ州の歴史 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="マサチューセッツ州の歴史" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a 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<div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Massachusetts_in_the_American_Revolution&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Massachusetts in the American Revolution">Massachusetts in the American Revolution</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Massachusetts.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Massachusetts.svg/220px-Flag_of_Massachusetts.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Massachusetts.svg/330px-Flag_of_Massachusetts.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Massachusetts.svg/440px-Flag_of_Massachusetts.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption>Flag of Massachusetts</figcaption></figure> <p>The area that is now <b><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a></b> was colonized by <a href="/wiki/British_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="British colonization of the Americas">English settlers</a> in the early 17th century and became the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Massachusetts" class="mw-redirect" title="Commonwealth of Massachusetts">Commonwealth of Massachusetts</a> in the 18th century. Before that, it was inhabited by a variety of Native American tribes. Massachusetts is named after the <a href="/wiki/Massachusett" title="Massachusett">Massachusett</a> tribe that inhabited the area of present-day <a href="/wiki/Greater_Boston" title="Greater Boston">Greater Boston</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Pilgrim_Fathers" class="mw-redirect" title="Pilgrim Fathers">Pilgrim Fathers</a> who sailed on the <i><a href="/wiki/Mayflower" title="Mayflower">Mayflower</a></i> established the first permanent settlement in 1620 at <a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Colony" title="Plymouth Colony">Plymouth Colony</a> which set precedents but never grew large. A large-scale <a href="/wiki/Puritan_migration_to_New_England_(1620%E2%80%931640)" title="Puritan migration to New England (1620–1640)">Puritan migration</a> began in 1630 with the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Bay_Colony" title="Massachusetts Bay Colony">Massachusetts Bay Colony</a>, and that spawned the settlement of other <a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a> colonies. </p><p>As the Colony grew, businessmen established wide-ranging trade, sending ships to the <a href="/wiki/West_Indies" title="West Indies">West Indies</a> and Europe. Britain began to increase taxes on the New England colonies, and tensions grew with implementation of the <a href="/wiki/Navigation_Acts" title="Navigation Acts">Navigation Acts</a>. These political and trade issues led to the revocation of the Massachusetts charter in 1684. The king established the <a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_New_England" title="Dominion of New England">Dominion of New England</a> in 1686 to govern all of New England, and to centralize royal control and weaken local government. Sir <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Andros" title="Edmund Andros">Edmund Andros</a>'s intensely unpopular rule came to a sudden end in 1689 with <a href="/wiki/1689_Boston_revolt" title="1689 Boston revolt">an uprising</a> sparked by the <a href="/wiki/Glorious_Revolution" title="Glorious Revolution">Glorious Revolution</a> in England. The new king <a href="/wiki/William_III_of_England" title="William III of England">William III</a> established the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Massachusetts_Bay" title="Province of Massachusetts Bay">Province of Massachusetts Bay</a> in 1691 to govern a territory roughly equivalent to the modern states of <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maine" title="Maine">Maine</a>. Its governors were appointed by the crown, unlike the predecessor colonies that had elected their own governors. This increased friction between the colonists and the crown, which reached its height in the days leading up to the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a> in the 1760s and 1770s over the question of who could levy taxes. The <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a> <a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Lexington_and_Concord" title="Battles of Lexington and Concord">began in Massachusetts</a> in 1775 when London tried to shut down American self-government. </p><p>The commonwealth formally adopted the <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Massachusetts Constitution">state constitution</a> in 1780, electing <a href="/wiki/John_Hancock" title="John Hancock">John Hancock</a> as its first governor. In the 19th century, <a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a> became America's center of manufacturing with the development of precision manufacturing and weaponry in <a href="/wiki/Springfield,_Massachusetts" title="Springfield, Massachusetts">Springfield</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hartford,_Connecticut" title="Hartford, Connecticut">Hartford, Connecticut</a>, and large-scale textile mill complexes in <a href="/wiki/Worcester,_Massachusetts" title="Worcester, Massachusetts">Worcester</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haverhill,_Massachusetts" title="Haverhill, Massachusetts">Haverhill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lowell,_Massachusetts" title="Lowell, Massachusetts">Lowell</a>, and other communities throughout New England using their rivers for power. New England also was an intellectual center and center of abolitionism. The <a href="/wiki/Springfield_Armory" title="Springfield Armory">Springfield Armory</a> made most of the weaponry for the Union in the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>. After the war, immigrants from <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>, The <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a> and <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a> flooded into <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a>, continuing to expand its industrial base until the 1950s when textiles and other industries started to fade away, leaving a "rust belt" of empty mills and factories. <a href="/wiki/Trade_union" title="Trade union">Labor unions</a> were important after the 1860s, as was big-city politics. The state's strength as a center of education contributed to the development of an economy based on information technology and biotechnology in the later years of the 20th century, leading to the "<a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Miracle" title="Massachusetts Miracle">Massachusetts Miracle</a>" of the late 1980s. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Before_European_settlement">Before European settlement</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Massachusetts&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Before European settlement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tribal_Territories_Southern_New_England.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Tribal_Territories_Southern_New_England.png/220px-Tribal_Territories_Southern_New_England.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Tribal_Territories_Southern_New_England.png/330px-Tribal_Territories_Southern_New_England.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Tribal_Territories_Southern_New_England.png/440px-Tribal_Territories_Southern_New_England.png 2x" data-file-width="1701" data-file-height="1169" /></a><figcaption>Map of southern New England indicating approximate ranges of <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native American tribes</a> circa 1600. Massachusetts is named after the <a href="/wiki/Massachusett" title="Massachusett">Massachusett</a> tribe.</figcaption></figure> <p>Massachusetts was originally inhabited by tribes of the <a href="/wiki/Algonquian_languages" title="Algonquian languages">Algonquian language family</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Wampanoag" title="Wampanoag">Wampanoag</a>, <a href="/wiki/Narragansett_(tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Narragansett (tribe)">Narragansetts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nipmuc" title="Nipmuc">Nipmucs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pocomtuc" title="Pocomtuc">Pocomtucs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mahican" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahican">Mahicans</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Massachusett" title="Massachusett">Massachusetts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BT67_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BT67-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mohican_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mohican-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Vermont" title="Vermont">Vermont</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire" title="New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a> borders and the <a href="/wiki/Merrimack_River" title="Merrimack River">Merrimack River</a> valley was the traditional home of the <a href="/wiki/Pennacook" title="Pennacook">Pennacook</a> tribe. <a href="/wiki/Cape_Cod" title="Cape Cod">Cape Cod</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nantucket" title="Nantucket">Nantucket</a>, <a href="/wiki/Martha%27s_Vineyard" title="Martha's Vineyard">Martha's Vineyard</a>, and southeast Massachusetts were the home of the Wampanoags who established a close bond with the <a href="/wiki/Pilgrim_Fathers" class="mw-redirect" title="Pilgrim Fathers">Pilgrim Fathers</a>. The extreme end of the Cape was inhabited by the closely related <a href="/wiki/Nauset" title="Nauset">Nauset</a> tribe. Much of the central portion and the <a href="/wiki/Connecticut_River" title="Connecticut River">Connecticut River</a> valley was home to the loosely organized Nipmucs. The <a href="/wiki/Berkshires" title="Berkshires">Berkshires</a> were the home of both the Pocomtuc and the Mahican tribes. Narragansetts from <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Rhode_Island_and_Providence_Plantations" title="Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations">Rhode Island</a> and Mahicans from <a href="/wiki/Connecticut_Colony" title="Connecticut Colony">Connecticut Colony</a> were also present. </p><p>These tribes were generally dependent on hunting and fishing for most of their food supply.<sup id="cite_ref-BT67_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BT67-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Villages consisted of lodges called <a href="/wiki/Wigwams" class="mw-redirect" title="Wigwams">wigwams</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Longhouse" title="Longhouse">long houses</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Mohican_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mohican-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and tribes were led by male or female elders known as <a href="/wiki/Sachem" title="Sachem">sachems</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Europeans began exploring the coast in the 16th century, but they made few attempts at permanent settlement anywhere. Early European explorers of the New England coast included <a href="/wiki/Bartholomew_Gosnold" title="Bartholomew Gosnold">Bartholomew Gosnold</a> who named <a href="/wiki/Cape_Cod" title="Cape Cod">Cape Cod</a> in 1602, <a href="/wiki/Samuel_de_Champlain" title="Samuel de Champlain">Samuel de Champlain</a> who charted the northern coast as far as Cape Cod in 1605 and 1606, <a href="/wiki/John_Smith_of_Jamestown" class="mw-redirect" title="John Smith of Jamestown">John Smith</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Henry_Hudson" title="Henry Hudson">Henry Hudson</a>. Fishing ships from Europe also worked in the rich waters off the coast, and may have traded with some of the tribes. Large numbers of Indians were decimated by <a href="/wiki/Virgin_soil_epidemics" class="mw-redirect" title="Virgin soil epidemics">virgin soil epidemics</a>, perhaps including smallpox, measles, influenza, or <a href="/wiki/Leptospirosis" title="Leptospirosis">leptospirosis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-hoxie-164_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hoxie-164-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1617–1619, a disease killed 90 percent of the Indians in the region.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pilgrims_and_Puritans:_1620–1629"><span id="Pilgrims_and_Puritans:_1620.E2.80.931629"></span>Pilgrims and Puritans: 1620–1629</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Massachusetts&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Pilgrims and Puritans: 1620–1629"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mayflower_in_Plymouth_Harbor,_by_William_Halsall.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Mayflower_in_Plymouth_Harbor%2C_by_William_Halsall.jpg/220px-Mayflower_in_Plymouth_Harbor%2C_by_William_Halsall.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Mayflower_in_Plymouth_Harbor%2C_by_William_Halsall.jpg/330px-Mayflower_in_Plymouth_Harbor%2C_by_William_Halsall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Mayflower_in_Plymouth_Harbor%2C_by_William_Halsall.jpg/440px-Mayflower_in_Plymouth_Harbor%2C_by_William_Halsall.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1973" data-file-height="1012" /></a><figcaption><i>Mayflower in Plymouth Harbor</i> by <a href="/wiki/William_Halsall" title="William Halsall">William Halsall</a> (1882)</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Colony" title="Plymouth Colony">Plymouth Colony</a></div> <p>The first settlers in Massachusetts were the <a href="/wiki/Pilgrim_(Plymouth_Colony)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pilgrim (Plymouth Colony)">Pilgrims</a> who established <a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Colony" title="Plymouth Colony">Plymouth Colony</a> in 1620 and developed friendly relations with the <a href="/wiki/Wampanoag_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Wampanoag people">Wampanoag people</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was the second permanent English colony in America following <a href="/wiki/Jamestown_Colony" class="mw-redirect" title="Jamestown Colony">Jamestown Colony</a>. The Pilgrims had migrated from England to Holland to escape religious persecution for rejecting England's official church. They were allowed religious liberty in Holland, but they gradually became concerned that the next generation would lose their distinct English heritage. They approached the Virginia Company and asked to settle "as a distinct body of themselves"<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> in America. In the fall of 1620, they sailed to America on the <i><a href="/wiki/Mayflower" title="Mayflower">Mayflower</a></i>, first landing near <a href="/wiki/Provincetown,_Massachusetts" title="Provincetown, Massachusetts">Provincetown</a> at the tip of Cape Cod. The area did not lie within their charter, so the Pilgrims created the <a href="/wiki/Mayflower_Compact" title="Mayflower Compact">Mayflower</a> Compact before landing, one of America's first documents of self-governance. The first year was extremely difficult, with inadequate supplies and very harsh weather, but Wampanoag sachem <a href="/wiki/Massasoit" title="Massasoit">Massasoit</a> and his people assisted them. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_First_Thanksgiving_cph.3g04961.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/The_First_Thanksgiving_cph.3g04961.jpg/250px-The_First_Thanksgiving_cph.3g04961.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/The_First_Thanksgiving_cph.3g04961.jpg/375px-The_First_Thanksgiving_cph.3g04961.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/The_First_Thanksgiving_cph.3g04961.jpg/500px-The_First_Thanksgiving_cph.3g04961.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3050" data-file-height="1946" /></a><figcaption><i>The First Thanksgiving 1621</i></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1621, the Pilgrims celebrated their first Thanksgiving Day together to thank God for the blessings of good harvest and survival. This Thanksgiving came to represent the peace that existed at that time between the Wampanoags and the Pilgrims, although only about half of the Mayflower company survived the first year. The colony grew slowly over the next ten years, and was estimated to have 300 inhabitants by 1630.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A group of fur-trappers and traders established <a href="/wiki/Wessagusset_Colony" title="Wessagusset Colony">Wessagusset Colony</a> near the Plymouth colony in <a href="/wiki/Weymouth,_Massachusetts" title="Weymouth, Massachusetts">Weymouth</a> in 1622. They abandoned it in 1623, and it was replaced by another small colony led by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Gorges" title="Robert Gorges">Robert Gorges</a>. This settlement also failed, and individuals from these colonies returned to England, joined the Plymouth colonists, or established individual outposts elsewhere on the shores of <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Bay" title="Massachusetts Bay">Massachusetts Bay</a>. In 1624, the <a href="/wiki/Dorchester_Company" title="Dorchester Company">Dorchester Company</a> established a settlement on <a href="/wiki/Cape_Ann" title="Cape Ann">Cape Ann</a>. This colony only survived until 1626, although a few settlers remained. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Massachusetts_Bay_Colony:_1628–1686"><span id="Massachusetts_Bay_Colony:_1628.E2.80.931686"></span>Massachusetts Bay Colony: 1628–1686</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Massachusetts&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Massachusetts Bay Colony: 1628–1686"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Masscolony.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Masscolony.png/220px-Masscolony.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Masscolony.png/330px-Masscolony.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Masscolony.png/440px-Masscolony.png 2x" data-file-width="1239" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>Major boundaries of Massachusetts Bay and neighboring colonial claims in the 17th century and 18th century; modern state boundaries are partially overlaid for context</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Bay_Colony" title="Massachusetts Bay Colony">Massachusetts Bay Colony</a> and <a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Colony" title="Plymouth Colony">Plymouth Colony</a></div> <p>The Pilgrims were followed by <a href="/wiki/Puritan" class="mw-redirect" title="Puritan">Puritans</a> who established the <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Bay_Colony" title="Massachusetts Bay Colony">Massachusetts Bay Colony</a> at <a href="/wiki/Salem,_Massachusetts" title="Salem, Massachusetts">Salem</a> (1629) and Boston (1630).<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Puritans strongly dissented from the theology and church polity of the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a>, and they came to Massachusetts for religious freedom.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Bay Colony was founded under a royal charter, unlike Plymouth Colony. The Puritan migration was mainly from <a href="/wiki/East_Anglia" title="East Anglia">East Anglia</a> and southwestern regions of England, with an estimated 20,000 immigrants between 1628 and 1642. Massachusetts Bay colony quickly eclipsed Plymouth in population and economy, the chief factors being the large influx of population, more suitable harbor facilities for trade, and the growth of a prosperous merchant class. </p><p>Religious dissension and expansionism led to the founding of several new colonies shortly after Plymouth and Massachusetts Bay. Dissenters such as <a href="/wiki/Roger_Williams" title="Roger Williams">Roger Williams</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anne_Hutchinson" title="Anne Hutchinson">Anne Hutchinson</a> were banished due to religious disagreements with Massachusetts Bay authorities. Williams established <a href="/wiki/Providence_Plantations" class="mw-redirect" title="Providence Plantations">Providence Plantations</a> in 1636. Over the next few years, another group, which included Hutchinson, established <a href="/wiki/Newport,_Rhode_Island" title="Newport, Rhode Island">Newport</a> and <a href="/wiki/Portsmouth,_Rhode_Island" title="Portsmouth, Rhode Island">Portsmouth</a>; these settlements eventually joined to form the <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Rhode_Island_and_Providence_Plantations" title="Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations">Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations</a>. Others left Massachusetts Bay in order to establish other settlements, including <a href="/wiki/Connecticut_Colony" title="Connecticut Colony">Connecticut Colony</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Connecticut_River" title="Connecticut River">Connecticut River</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Haven_Colony" title="New Haven Colony">New Haven Colony</a> on the coast. </p><p>In 1636, a group of settlers led by <a href="/wiki/William_Pynchon" title="William Pynchon">William Pynchon</a> founded <a href="/wiki/Springfield,_Massachusetts" title="Springfield, Massachusetts">Springfield, Massachusetts</a> (originally named Agawam), after scouting for the region's most advantageous location for trading and farming.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Springfield_City_Library_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Springfield_City_Library-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Springfield is located just north of the first of Connecticut River's unnavigable waterfalls, and it also sits amid the fertile valley which contains New England's best agricultural land. The Indian tribes surrounding Springfield were friendly, which was not always the case for the fledgling Connecticut colonies.<sup id="cite_ref-Springfield_City_Library_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Springfield_City_Library-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pynchon annexed Springfield to the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1640 rather than the much closer Connecticut Colony over tensions with Connecticut following the <a href="/wiki/Pequot_War" title="Pequot War">Pequot War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Massachusetts Bay Colony's southern and western borders were thus established in 1640.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/King_Philip%27s_War" title="King Philip's War">King Philip's War</a> (1675–76) was the bloodiest <a href="/wiki/American_Indian_Wars" title="American Indian Wars">Indian war</a> of the colonial period. In little over a year, Indians attacked nearly half of the region's towns, and they burned to the ground the major settlements at <a href="/wiki/Providence_Plantations" class="mw-redirect" title="Providence Plantations">Providence</a> and <a href="/wiki/Springfield,_Massachusetts" title="Springfield, Massachusetts">Springfield</a>. New England's economy was all but ruined, and much of its population was killed.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Proportionately, it was one of the bloodiest and costliest wars in the history of North America.<sup id="cite_ref-Schultz_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schultz-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1645, the General Court ordered rural towns to increase sheep production. Sheep provided meat and especially wool for the local cloth industry, avoiding the expense of imports of British cloth.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1652, the General Court authorized Boston silversmith <a href="/wiki/John_Hull_(merchant)" title="John Hull (merchant)">John Hull</a> to produce <a href="/wiki/Pine_tree_shilling" title="Pine tree shilling">local coinage</a> in shilling, sixpence and threepence denominations to address a coin shortage in the colony.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To that point, the colony's economy had been entirely dependent on barter and foreign currency, including English, Spanish, Dutch, Portuguese and counterfeit coins.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_England" title="Charles II of England">Charles II</a> was <a href="/wiki/English_Restoration" class="mw-redirect" title="English Restoration">restored to the throne</a> in 1660 and began to scrutinize the governmental oversight in the colonies, and Parliament passed the <a href="/wiki/Navigation_Acts" title="Navigation Acts">Navigation Acts</a> to regulate trade for England's benefit. Massachusetts and Rhode Island had thriving merchant fleets, and they often ran afoul of the trade regulations. The English government also considered the Boston mint to be treasonous.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the colony ignored the English demands to cease mint operations until at least 1682.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> King Charles formally vacated the Massachusetts charter in 1684.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dominion_of_New_England:_1686–1692"><span id="Dominion_of_New_England:_1686.E2.80.931692"></span>Dominion of New England: 1686–1692</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Massachusetts&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Dominion of New England: 1686–1692"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_New_England" title="Dominion of New England">Dominion of New England</a></div> <p>In 1660, King <a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_England" title="Charles II of England">Charles II</a> was restored to the throne. Colonial matters brought to his attention led him to propose the amalgamation of all of the New England colonies into a single administrative unit. In 1685, he was succeeded by <a href="/wiki/James_II_of_England" title="James II of England">James II</a>, an outspoken Catholic who implemented the proposal. In June 1684, the charter of the Massachusetts Bay Colony was annulled, but its government continued to rule until James appointed <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Dudley" title="Joseph Dudley">Joseph Dudley</a> to the new post of President of New England in 1686. Dudley established his authority later in <a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire" title="New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a> and the King's Province (part of current <a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island" title="Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a>), maintaining this position until Sir <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Andros" title="Edmund Andros">Edmund Andros</a> arrived to become the Royal Governor of the <a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_New_England" title="Dominion of New England">Dominion of New England</a>. The rule of Andros was unpopular. He ruled without a representative assembly, vacated land titles, restricted town meetings, enforced the Navigation Acts, and promoted the Church of England, angering virtually every segment of Massachusetts colonial society. Andros dealt a major blow to the colonists by challenging their title to the land; unlike England the great majority of New Englanders were land-owners. Taylor says that because they "regarded secure real estate as fundamental to their liberty, status, and prosperity, the colonists felt horrified by the sweeping and expensive challenge to their land titles."<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After James II was <a href="/wiki/Glorious_Revolution" title="Glorious Revolution">overthrown</a> by <a href="/wiki/William_II_of_England" title="William II of England">William III</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mary_II_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary II of England">Mary II</a> in late 1688, Boston colonists <a href="/wiki/1689_Boston_revolt" title="1689 Boston revolt">overthrew Andros and his officials</a> in 1689. Both Massachusetts and Plymouth returned to their previous governments until 1692. During <a href="/wiki/King_William%27s_War" title="King William's War">King William's War</a> (1689–1697), the colony launched an unsuccessful <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Quebec_(1690)" title="Battle of Quebec (1690)">expedition against Quebec</a> under Sir <a href="/wiki/William_Phips" title="William Phips">William Phips</a> in 1690, which had been financed by issuing <a href="/wiki/Bond_(finance)" title="Bond (finance)">paper bonds</a> set against the gains expected from taking the city.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The colony continued to be on the front lines of the war, and experienced widespread French and Indian raids on its northern and western frontiers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Royal_Province_of_Massachusetts_Bay:_1692–1774"><span id="Royal_Province_of_Massachusetts_Bay:_1692.E2.80.931774"></span>Royal Province of Massachusetts Bay: 1692–1774</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Massachusetts&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Royal Province of Massachusetts Bay: 1692–1774"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Massachusetts_Bay" title="Province of Massachusetts Bay">Province of Massachusetts Bay</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile plainlist" style="border-collapse:collapse;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Calvinism" title="Category:Calvinism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:150%"><a href="/wiki/Reformed_Christianity" title="Reformed Christianity">Reformed Christianity</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ReformationsdenkmalGenf1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/ReformationsdenkmalGenf1.jpg/225px-ReformationsdenkmalGenf1.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/ReformationsdenkmalGenf1.jpg/338px-ReformationsdenkmalGenf1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/ReformationsdenkmalGenf1.jpg/450px-ReformationsdenkmalGenf1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="590" data-file-height="400" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-caption"><a href="/wiki/Reformation_Wall" title="Reformation Wall">Reformation Wall</a> in Geneva, featuring prominent Reformed theologians <a href="/wiki/William_Farel" title="William Farel">William Farel</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">John Calvin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Beza" title="Theodore Beza">Theodore Beza</a>, and <a href="/wiki/John_Knox" title="John Knox">John Knox</a></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #ddf;padding:0.2em;color:#000000;color: var(--color-base)">Background</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em; text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color: lavender; border:2px solid lavender;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #ddf;padding:0.2em;color:#000000;color: var(--color-base)">Theology</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em; text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color: lavender; border:2px solid lavender;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theology_of_John_Calvin" title="Theology of John Calvin">Theology of John Calvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covenant_theology" title="Covenant theology">Covenant theology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republication_of_the_Covenant_of_Works" title="Republication of the Covenant of Works">Republication of the Covenant of Works</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptist_Covenant_Theology" class="mw-redirect" title="Baptist Covenant Theology">Baptist Covenant Theology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logical_order_of_God%27s_decrees" title="Logical order of God's decrees">Logical order of God's decrees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_baptismal_theology" title="Reformed baptismal theology">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord%27s_Supper_in_Reformed_theology" title="Lord's Supper in Reformed theology">Lord's Supper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulative_principle_of_worship" title="Regulative principle of worship">Regulative principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predestination_in_Calvinism" title="Predestination in Calvinism">Predestination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_scholasticism" class="mw-redirect" title="Reformed scholasticism">Scholasticism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #ddf;padding:0.2em;color:#000000;color: var(--color-base)">Texts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em; text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color: lavender; border:2px solid lavender;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Calvinist_texts" title="Category:Calvinist texts">List of texts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geneva_Bible" title="Geneva Bible">Geneva Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_confessions_of_faith" title="Reformed confessions of faith">Confessions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Helvetic_Confessions" title="Helvetic Confessions">Helvetic Confessions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Confession_of_Faith" title="French Confession of Faith">French Confession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Forms_of_Unity" title="Three Forms of Unity">Three Forms of Unity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belgic_Confession" title="Belgic Confession">Belgic Confession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heidelberg_Catechism" title="Heidelberg Catechism">Heidelberg Catechism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canons_of_Dort" title="Canons of Dort">Canons of Dort</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scots_Confession" title="Scots Confession">Scots Confession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westminster_Standards" title="Westminster Standards">Westminster Standards</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Westminster_Confession_of_Faith" title="Westminster Confession of Faith">Westminster Confession of Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westminster_Shorter_Catechism" title="Westminster Shorter Catechism">Westminster Shorter Catechism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westminster_Larger_Catechism" title="Westminster Larger Catechism">Westminster Larger Catechism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barmen_Declaration" title="Barmen Declaration">Barmen Declaration</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Institutes_of_the_Christian_Religion" title="Institutes of the Christian Religion">Institutes of the Christian Religion</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_systematic_theology_bibliography" title="Reformed systematic theology bibliography">Systematic theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metrical_psalter" title="Metrical psalter">Metrical psalter</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #ddf;padding:0.2em;color:#000000;color: var(--color-base)">Theologians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em; text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color: lavender; border:2px solid lavender;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Calvinist_and_Reformed_theologians" title="Category:Calvinist and Reformed theologians">List of theologians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Huldrych_Zwingli" title="Huldrych Zwingli">Huldrych Zwingli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Oecolampadius" title="Johannes Oecolampadius">Johannes Oecolampadius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Bucer" title="Martin Bucer">Martin Bucer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Martyr_Vermigli" title="Peter Martyr Vermigli">Peter Martyr Vermigli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Bullinger" title="Heinrich Bullinger">Heinrich Bullinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">John Calvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Knox" title="John Knox">John Knox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zacharias_Ursinus" title="Zacharias Ursinus">Zacharias Ursinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Beza" title="Theodore Beza">Theodore Beza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Perkins_(theologian)" title="William Perkins (theologian)">William Perkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franciscus_Gomarus" title="Franciscus Gomarus">Franciscus Gomarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Twisse" title="William Twisse">William Twisse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses_Amyraut" title="Moses Amyraut">Moses Amyraut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Rutherford" title="Samuel Rutherford">Samuel Rutherford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Owen_(theologian)" title="John Owen (theologian)">John Owen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Turretin" title="Francis Turretin">Francis Turretin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Baxter" title="Richard Baxter">Richard Baxter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Edwards_(theologian)" title="Jonathan Edwards (theologian)">Jonathan Edwards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schleiermacher" title="Friedrich Schleiermacher">Friedrich Schleiermacher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Schaff" title="Philip Schaff">Philip Schaff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Williamson_Nevin" title="John Williamson Nevin">John Nevin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Hodge" title="Charles Hodge">Charles Hodge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Kuyper" title="Abraham Kuyper">Abraham Kuyper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herman_Bavinck" title="Herman Bavinck">Herman Bavinck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._B._Warfield" title="B. B. Warfield">B. B. Warfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Gresham_Machen" title="J. Gresham Machen">John Machen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geerhardus_Vos" title="Geerhardus Vos">Geerhardus Vos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Barth" title="Karl Barth">Karl Barth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._Richard_Niebuhr" title="H. Richard Niebuhr">H. Richard Niebuhr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinhold_Niebuhr" title="Reinhold Niebuhr">Reinhold Niebuhr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornelius_Van_Til" title="Cornelius Van Til">Cornelius Van Til</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_F._Torrance" title="Thomas F. Torrance">T. F. Torrance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Moltmann" title="Jürgen Moltmann">Jürgen Moltmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._I._Packer" title="J. I. Packer">J. I. Packer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_G._Bloesch" title="Donald G. Bloesch">Donald G. Bloesch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Horton_(theologian)" title="Michael Horton (theologian)">Michael Horton</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #ddf;padding:0.2em;color:#000000;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Reformed_denominations" title="List of Reformed denominations"> Denominations</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em; text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color: lavender; border:2px solid lavender;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Reformed_Protestantism" title="Continental Reformed Protestantism">Continental Reformed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presbyterianism" title="Presbyterianism">Presbyterian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presbyterianism_in_South_Korea" title="Presbyterianism in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presbyterianism_in_the_United_States" title="Presbyterianism in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congregational_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregational church">Congregational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_Baptists" title="Reformed Baptists">Reformed Baptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglican</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #ddf;padding:0.2em;color:#000000;color: var(--color-base)">Movements</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em; text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color: lavender; border:2px solid lavender;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afrikaner_Calvinism" title="Afrikaner Calvinism">Afrikaners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amyraldism" title="Amyraldism">Amyraldians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Vision" title="Federal Vision">Federal Vision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huguenots" title="Huguenots">Huguenots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marrow_Brethren" title="Marrow Brethren">Marrow Brethren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercersburg_theology" title="Mercersburg theology">Mercersburg theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neonomianism" title="Neonomianism">Neonomians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Calvinism" title="Neo-Calvinism">Neo-Calvinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_England_theology" title="New England theology">New England theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Calvinism" title="New Calvinism">New Calvinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pilgrims_(Plymouth_Colony)" title="Pilgrims (Plymouth Colony)">Pilgrims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princeton_theology" title="Princeton theology">Princeton theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puritans" title="Puritans">Puritans</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #ddf;padding:0.2em;color:#000000;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:International_bodies_of_Reformed_denominations" title="Category:International bodies of Reformed denominations">Organizations</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em; text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color: lavender; border:2px solid lavender;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_Communion_of_Reformed_Churches" title="World Communion of Reformed Churches">World Communion of Reformed Churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Reformed_Fellowship" title="World Reformed Fellowship">World Reformed Fellowship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Conference_of_Reformed_Churches" title="International Conference of Reformed Churches">International Conference of Reformed Churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Presbyterian_and_Reformed_Council" title="North American Presbyterian and Reformed Council">North American Presbyterian and Reformed Council</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <p><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> • <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a> </p> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kreuz-hugenotten.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Kreuz-hugenotten.svg/10px-Kreuz-hugenotten.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Kreuz-hugenotten.svg/16px-Kreuz-hugenotten.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Kreuz-hugenotten.svg/21px-Kreuz-hugenotten.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="557" data-file-height="849" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Reformed_Christianity" title="Portal:Reformed Christianity">Reformed Christianity portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Reformed_Christianity" title="Template:Reformed Christianity"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Reformed_Christianity" title="Template talk:Reformed Christianity"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Reformed_Christianity" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Reformed Christianity"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In 1691, William and Mary chartered the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Massachusetts_Bay" title="Province of Massachusetts Bay">Province of Massachusetts Bay</a>, combining the territories of Massachusetts Bay, Plymouth, Maine, Nova Scotia (which then included <a href="/wiki/New_Brunswick" title="New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a>), and the islands south of Cape Cod. For its first governor they chose Sir William Phips. Phips came to Boston in 1692 to begin his rule, and was immediately thrust into the <a href="/wiki/Witchcraft" title="Witchcraft">witchcraft</a> hysteria in Salem. He established the court that heard the notorious <a href="/wiki/Salem_witch_trials" title="Salem witch trials">Salem witch trials</a>, and oversaw the war effort until he was recalled in 1694. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economy">Economy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Massachusetts&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CasesofConscience1st.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/CasesofConscience1st.jpg/200px-CasesofConscience1st.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="299" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/CasesofConscience1st.jpg/300px-CasesofConscience1st.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/CasesofConscience1st.jpg/400px-CasesofConscience1st.jpg 2x" data-file-width="418" data-file-height="625" /></a><figcaption><i>Concerning Evil Spirits</i> (Boston, 1693) by Increase Mather</figcaption></figure> <p>The province was the largest and most economically important in <a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a>, and one where many American institutions and traditions were formed. Unlike southern colonies, it was built around small towns rather than scattered farms. The westernmost portion of Massachusetts, the Berkshires, was settled during the three decades following the end of the <a href="/wiki/French_and_Indian_War" title="French and Indian War">French and Indian War</a>, largely by Scots. Sir Francis Bernard, the Royal Governor, named this new area "Berkshire" after his home county in England. The largest settlement in Berkshire County was <a href="/wiki/Pittsfield,_Massachusetts" title="Pittsfield, Massachusetts">Pittsfield, Massachusetts</a>, founded in 1761.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The educational system, headed by Harvard College, was the best in the 13 colonies. <a href="/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_Massachusetts_in_the_18th-century" class="mw-redirect" title="List of newspapers in Massachusetts in the 18th-century">Newspapers</a> became a major communications system in the 18th century, with Boston taking a leading role in the British colonies.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Teenaged <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a> (born January 17, 1706, in <a href="/wiki/Milk_Street,_Boston" title="Milk Street, Boston">Milk Street</a>) worked on one of the earliest newspapers, <a href="/wiki/The_New-England_Courant" title="The New-England Courant">The New-England Courant</a> (owned by his brother) until he ran away to Philadelphia in 1723. Five Boston newspapers presented a full range of opinions during the coming of the American revolution. In Worcester, printer <a href="/wiki/Isaiah_Thomas_(publisher)" title="Isaiah Thomas (publisher)">Isaiah Thomas</a> made the <i><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Spy" title="Massachusetts Spy">Massachusetts Spy</a></i> the influential voice of the western settlers.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Farming was the largest economic activity. Most farming towns were largely self-sufficient, with families trading with each other for items they did not produce themselves; the surplus was sold to cities.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Fishing was important in coastal towns like Marblehead. Great quantities of cod were exported to the slave colonies in the West Indies.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Merchant trade was based in Salem and Boston, and numerous wealthy merchants traded internationally. They typically stationed their sons and nephews as agents in ports around the empire.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their business grew dramatically after 1783 when they no longer were confined to the British Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shipbuilding was a fast-growing industry. Most other manufactured products were imported from Britain (or smuggled in from the Netherlands). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Banking">Banking</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Massachusetts&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Banking"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1690, the <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Bay_Colony" title="Massachusetts Bay Colony">Massachusetts Bay Colony</a> became the first to issue paper money in what would become the United States, but soon others began printing their own money as well. The demand for currency in the colonies was due to the scarcity of coins, which had been the primary means of trade.<sup id="cite_ref-A_Brief_History_of_Our_Nation's_Paper_Money_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A_Brief_History_of_Our_Nation's_Paper_Money-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Colonies' paper currencies were used to pay for their expenses and lend money to the colonies' citizens. Paper money quickly became the primary means of exchange within each colony, and it even began to be used in financial transactions with other colonies.<sup id="cite_ref-Benjamin_Franklin_And_the_Birth_of_a_Paper_Money_Economy_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Benjamin_Franklin_And_the_Birth_of_a_Paper_Money_Economy-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, some of the currencies were not redeemable in gold or silver, which caused them to depreciate.<sup id="cite_ref-A_Brief_History_of_Our_Nation's_Paper_Money_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A_Brief_History_of_Our_Nation's_Paper_Money-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the <a href="/wiki/Currency_Act_of_1751" class="mw-redirect" title="Currency Act of 1751">Currency Act of 1751</a>, the British parliament limited the ability of the New England colonies to issue <a href="/wiki/Fiat_money" title="Fiat money">fiat</a> paper currency. Under the 1751 act, the New England colonial governments could make paper money <a href="/wiki/Legal_tender" title="Legal tender">legal tender</a> for the payment of public debts (such as taxes), and could issue bills of credit as a tool of government finance, but barred the use of paper money as legal tender for private debts.<sup id="cite_ref-Allen_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Allen-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under continued pressure from the British merchant-creditors who disliked being paid in depreciated paper currency, the subsequent <a href="/wiki/Currency_Act_of_1764" class="mw-redirect" title="Currency Act of 1764">Currency Act of 1764</a> banned the issuance of bills of credit (paper money) throughout the colonies.<sup id="cite_ref-Allen_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Allen-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Colonial governments used workarounds to accept paper notes as payment for taxes and pressured Parliament to repeal the prohibition on paper money as legal tender for public debts, which Parliament ultimately did in 1773.<sup id="cite_ref-Allen_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Allen-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The colony was always short of gold and silver and printed a great deal of paper money, which caused inflation that favored farmers but angered business interests. By 1750, however, the colony recalled its paper currency and transitioned to a specie currency based on the British reimbursement (in gold and silver) for its spending in the French and Indian wars. The large-scale merchants and Royal officials welcomed the transition but many farmers and smaller businessmen were opposed.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wars_with_France">Wars with France</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Massachusetts&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Wars with France"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The colony fought alongside British regulars in a series of <a href="/wiki/French_and_Indian_Wars" title="French and Indian Wars">French and Indian Wars</a> characterized by brutal border raids and attacks by Indians organized and supplied by <a href="/wiki/New_France" title="New France">New France</a>. Particularly in King William's War (1689–97) and <a href="/wiki/Queen_Anne%27s_War" title="Queen Anne's War">Queen Anne's War</a> (1702–13), the colony's rural communities were directly exposed to French and Indian attacks, with <a href="/wiki/Deerfield,_Massachusetts" title="Deerfield, Massachusetts">Deerfield</a> <a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Deerfield" title="Raid on Deerfield">raided in 1704</a> and <a href="/wiki/Haverhill,_Massachusetts" title="Haverhill, Massachusetts">Haverhill</a> <a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Haverhill" class="mw-redirect" title="Raid on Haverhill">raided in 1708</a>. Boston responded, launching naval expeditions against <a href="/wiki/Acadia" title="Acadia">Acadia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Quebec_City" title="Quebec City">Quebec</a> in both wars. </p><p>During Queen Anne's War, Massachusetts men were involved in the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Port_Royal_(1710)" title="Siege of Port Royal (1710)">Conquest of Acadia</a> (1710), which became the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Nova_Scotia" class="mw-redirect" title="Province of Nova Scotia">Province of Nova Scotia</a>. The province was also involved in <a href="/wiki/Dummer%27s_War" title="Dummer's War">Dummer's War</a>, which drove Indian tribes from northern New England. In 1745, during <a href="/wiki/King_George%27s_War" title="King George's War">King George's War</a>, Massachusetts provincial forces <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Louisbourg_(1745)" title="Siege of Louisbourg (1745)">successfully besieged</a> <a href="/wiki/Fortress_Louisbourg" class="mw-redirect" title="Fortress Louisbourg">Fortress Louisbourg</a>. The fortress was returned to France at the end of the war, angering many colonists who viewed it as a threat to their security. During the <a href="/wiki/French_and_Indian_War" title="French and Indian War">French and Indian War</a>, Governor <a href="/wiki/William_Shirley" title="William Shirley">William Shirley</a> was instrumental in the <a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_the_Acadians" title="Expulsion of the Acadians">Expulsion of the Acadians</a> from Nova Scotia and trying to settle them in <a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a>. After the expulsion, Shirley also was involved in transporting <a href="/wiki/New_England_Planters" title="New England Planters">New England Planters</a> to settle Nova Scotia on the former Acadian farms.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many troops from Massachusetts participated in the successful <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Havana" title="Siege of Havana">Siege of Havana</a> in 1762. <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain_in_the_Seven_Years%27_War" title="Great Britain in the Seven Years' War">Britain's victory in the war</a> led to its acquisition of New France, removing the immediate northern threat to Massachusetts that the French had posed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Disasters">Disasters</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Massachusetts&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Disasters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Boston was hit by a major smallpox epidemic in 1721. Some colonial leaders called for use of the new technique of inoculation, whereby a patient would get a weak form of the disease and become permanently immune. Puritan minister <a href="/wiki/Cotton_Mather" title="Cotton Mather">Cotton Mather</a> and physician <a href="/wiki/Zabdiel_Boylston" title="Zabdiel Boylston">Zabdiel Boylston</a> led the drive for inoculation, while physician William Douglass and newspaper editor <a href="/wiki/James_Franklin_(printer)" title="James Franklin (printer)">James Franklin</a> led the opposition.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1755, about 4:15 am on Tuesday, November 18, was the <a href="/wiki/1755_Cape_Ann_earthquake" title="1755 Cape Ann earthquake">most destructive earthquake</a> yet known in New England. The first pulsations of the ground were followed for about a minute of tremulous motion. Next came a quick vibration and several jerks much worse than the first. Houses rocked and cracked; furniture fell over. Dr. Edward A. Holyoke, of <a href="/wiki/Salem,_Massachusetts" title="Salem, Massachusetts">Salem</a>, wrote in his diary that he "thought of nothing less than being buried instantly in the ruins of the house." The shaking continued for two to three minutes more, and seemed to move from northwest to southeast. The ocean along the coast was affected; ships shook so much that sleeping sailors awoke, thinking they had run aground. In Boston, the earthquake threw dishes on the floor, stopped clocks, and bent vane-rods on churches and <a href="/wiki/Faneuil_Hall" title="Faneuil Hall">Faneuil Hall</a>. Stone walls collapsed. New springs appeared, and old springs dried up. Subterranean streams changed their courses, emptying many wells. The worst damage was to chimneys. In Boston alone, about a hundred were leveled; about fifteen hundred were damaged, the streets in some places almost covered with fallen bricks. Falling chimneys broke some roofs. Many wooden buildings in Boston were thrown down, and some brick buildings suffered; the gable ends of twelve or fifteen were knocked down to the eaves. Despite the danger and many narrow escapes, no one was killed or seriously injured. Aftershocks continued for four days.<sup id="cite_ref-earthquake.usgs.gov_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-earthquake.usgs.gov-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Politics">Politics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Massachusetts&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The relationship between the provincial government and the crown-appointed governor was often difficult and contentious. The governors sought to assert the royal prerogatives granted in the provincial charter, and the provincial government sought to strip or minimize the governor's power. For example, each governor was ordered to enact legislation for providing permanent salaries for crown officials, but the legislature refused to do so, using its ability to grant stipends annually as a means of control over the governor. The province's periodic issuance of paper currency was also a persistent source of friction between factions in the province, due to its inflationary effects. Notable royal governors during this period were <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Dudley" title="Joseph Dudley">Joseph Dudley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hutchinson_(governor)" title="Thomas Hutchinson (governor)">Thomas Hutchinson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Belcher" title="Jonathan Belcher">Jonathan Belcher</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sir_Francis_Bernard,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir Francis Bernard, 1st Baronet">Francis Bernard</a>, and General <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Gage" title="Thomas Gage">Thomas Gage</a>. Gage was the last British governor of Massachusetts, and his effective rule extended to little more than Boston. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Revolutionary_Massachusetts:_1760s–1780s"><span id="Revolutionary_Massachusetts:_1760s.E2.80.931780s"></span>Revolutionary Massachusetts: 1760s–1780s</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Massachusetts&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Revolutionary Massachusetts: 1760s–1780s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Percy%27s_Rescue_at_Lexington_Detail.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Percy%27s_Rescue_at_Lexington_Detail.jpg/220px-Percy%27s_Rescue_at_Lexington_Detail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Percy%27s_Rescue_at_Lexington_Detail.jpg/330px-Percy%27s_Rescue_at_Lexington_Detail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Percy%27s_Rescue_at_Lexington_Detail.jpg/440px-Percy%27s_Rescue_at_Lexington_Detail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="314" /></a><figcaption><i>Percy's Rescue at Lexington</i> by <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Earl" title="Ralph Earl">Ralph Earl</a> and Amos Doolittle from 1775, an illustration of the <a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Lexington_and_Concord" title="Battles of Lexington and Concord">Battles of Lexington and Concord</a>.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Boston_campaign" title="Boston campaign">Boston campaign</a></div> <p>Massachusetts was a center of the movement for independence from <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Great Britain</a>, earning it the nickname, the "Cradle of Liberty". Colonists here had long had uneasy relations with the British monarchy, including open rebellion under the <a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_New_England" title="Dominion of New England">Dominion of New England</a> in the 1680s.<sup id="cite_ref-Goldfield66_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goldfield66-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Boston_Tea_Party" title="Boston Tea Party">Boston Tea Party</a> is an example of the protest spirit in the early 1770s, while the <a href="/wiki/Boston_Massacre" title="Boston Massacre">Boston Massacre</a> escalated the conflict.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Anti-British activity by men like <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Adams" title="Samuel Adams">Sam Adams</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Hancock" title="John Hancock">John Hancock</a>, followed by reprisals by the British government, were a primary reason for the unity of the <a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a> and the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Lexington_and_Concord" title="Battles of Lexington and Concord">Battles of Lexington and Concord</a> initiated the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a> and were fought in the Massachusetts towns of <a href="/wiki/Lexington,_Massachusetts" title="Lexington, Massachusetts">Lexington</a> and <a href="/wiki/Concord,_Massachusetts" title="Concord, Massachusetts">Concord</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Future President <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a> took over what would become the Continental Army after the battle. His first victory was the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Boston" title="Siege of Boston">Siege of Boston</a> in the winter of 1775–76, after which the British were forced to evacuate the city.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The event is still celebrated in <a href="/wiki/Suffolk_County,_Massachusetts" title="Suffolk County, Massachusetts">Suffolk County</a> as <a href="/wiki/Evacuation_Day_(Massachusetts)" title="Evacuation Day (Massachusetts)">Evacuation Day</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1777, <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a> and <a href="/wiki/Henry_Knox" title="Henry Knox">Henry Knox</a> founded the <a href="/wiki/Arsenal_at_Springfield" class="mw-redirect" title="Arsenal at Springfield">Arsenal at Springfield</a>, which catalyzed many innovations in Massachusetts' Connecticut River Valley. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Boston_Massacre">Boston Massacre</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Massachusetts&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Boston Massacre"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Boston_Massacre,_03-05-1770_-_NARA_-_518262.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Boston_Massacre%2C_03-05-1770_-_NARA_-_518262.jpg/280px-Boston_Massacre%2C_03-05-1770_-_NARA_-_518262.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Boston_Massacre%2C_03-05-1770_-_NARA_-_518262.jpg/420px-Boston_Massacre%2C_03-05-1770_-_NARA_-_518262.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Boston_Massacre%2C_03-05-1770_-_NARA_-_518262.jpg/560px-Boston_Massacre%2C_03-05-1770_-_NARA_-_518262.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2250" /></a><figcaption>Boston Massacre</figcaption></figure> <p>Boston was the center of revolutionary activity in the decade before 1775, with Massachusetts natives <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Adams" title="Samuel Adams">Samuel Adams</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a>, and <a href="/wiki/John_Hancock" title="John Hancock">John Hancock</a> as leaders who would become important in the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">revolution</a>. Boston had been under military occupation since 1768. When customs officials were attacked by mobs, two regiments of British regulars arrived. They had been housed in the city with increasing public outrage. </p><p>In Boston on March 5, 1770, what began as a rock-throwing incident against a few British soldiers ended in the shooting of five men by British soldiers in what became known as the <a href="/wiki/Boston_Massacre" title="Boston Massacre">Boston Massacre</a>. The incident caused further anger against British authority in the commonwealth over taxes and the presence of the British soldiers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Boston_Tea_Party">Boston Tea Party</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Massachusetts&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Boston Tea Party"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Boston_Tea_Party" title="Boston Tea Party">Boston Tea Party</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Boston_Tea_Party_Currier_colored.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Boston_Tea_Party_Currier_colored.jpg/300px-Boston_Tea_Party_Currier_colored.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Boston_Tea_Party_Currier_colored.jpg/450px-Boston_Tea_Party_Currier_colored.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Boston_Tea_Party_Currier_colored.jpg/600px-Boston_Tea_Party_Currier_colored.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1789" data-file-height="1091" /></a><figcaption>Boston Tea Party</figcaption></figure> <p>One of the many taxes protested by the colonists was a tax on tea, imposed when Parliament passed the <a href="/wiki/Townshend_Acts" title="Townshend Acts">Townshend Acts</a>, and retained when most of the provisions of those acts were repealed. With the passage of the <a href="/wiki/Tea_Act" title="Tea Act">Tea Act</a> in 1773, tea sold by the <a href="/wiki/British_East_India_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="British East India Company">British East India Company</a> would become less expensive than smuggled tea, and there would be reduced profit-making opportunities for Massachusetts merchants traded in tea. This led to protests against the delivery of the company's tea to Boston. On December 16, 1773, when a tea ship of the East India Company was planning to land taxed tea in Boston, a group of local men known as the <a href="/wiki/Sons_of_Liberty" title="Sons of Liberty">Sons of Liberty</a> sneaked onto the boat the night before it was to be unloaded and dumped all the tea into the harbor, an act known as the Boston Tea Party. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Massachusetts_Revolutionary_War_loan_certificate_September_1777.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Massachusetts_Revolutionary_War_loan_certificate_September_1777.jpg/220px-Massachusetts_Revolutionary_War_loan_certificate_September_1777.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="274" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Massachusetts_Revolutionary_War_loan_certificate_September_1777.jpg/330px-Massachusetts_Revolutionary_War_loan_certificate_September_1777.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Massachusetts_Revolutionary_War_loan_certificate_September_1777.jpg/440px-Massachusetts_Revolutionary_War_loan_certificate_September_1777.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1233" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Certificate of government of Massachusetts Bay acknowledging loan of £20 to state treasury by Seth Davenport. September 1777</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="American_Revolution">American Revolution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Massachusetts&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: American Revolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a></div> <p>The Boston Tea Party prompted the British government to pass the <a href="/wiki/Intolerable_Acts" title="Intolerable Acts">Intolerable Acts</a> in 1774 that brought stiff punishment on Massachusetts. They <a href="/wiki/Boston_Port_Act" title="Boston Port Act">closed the port of Boston</a>, the economic lifeblood of the Commonwealth, and <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Government_Act" title="Massachusetts Government Act">reduced self-government</a>. Local self-government was ended and the colony put under military rule. The Patriots formed the <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Provincial_Congress" title="Massachusetts Provincial Congress">Massachusetts Provincial Congress</a> after the provincial legislature was disbanded by Governor Gage. The suffering of Boston and the tyranny of its rule caused great sympathy and stirred resentment throughout the <a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a>. On February 9, 1775, the British Parliament <a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_Rebellion" title="Proclamation of Rebellion">declared Massachusetts to be in rebellion</a>, and sent additional troops to restore order to the colony. With the local population largely opposing British authority, troops moved from Boston on April 18, 1775, to destroy the military supplies of local resisters in <a href="/wiki/Concord,_Massachusetts" title="Concord, Massachusetts">Concord</a>. <a href="/wiki/Paul_Revere" title="Paul Revere">Paul Revere</a> made his famous ride to warn the locals in response to this march. On the 19th, in the <a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Lexington_and_Concord" title="Battles of Lexington and Concord">Battles of Lexington and Concord</a>, where the famous "<a href="/wiki/Shot_heard_%27round_the_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Shot heard 'round the world">shot heard 'round the world</a>" was fired, British troops, after running over the Lexington militia, were forced back into the city by local resistors. The city was quickly <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Boston" title="Siege of Boston">brought under siege</a>. Fighting broke out again in June when the British took the Charlestown Peninsula in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bunker_Hill" title="Battle of Bunker Hill">Battle of Bunker Hill</a> after the colonial militia fortified <a href="/wiki/Breed%27s_Hill" class="mw-redirect" title="Breed's Hill">Breed's Hill</a>. The British won the battle, but at a very large cost, and were unable to break the siege. The British made a desperate attempt by using <a href="/wiki/Biological_agents" class="mw-redirect" title="Biological agents">biological weapons</a> against the Americans by sending infected civilians with smallpox behind American lines but this was soon contained by Continental General <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a> who launched a <a href="/wiki/Vaccination" title="Vaccination">vaccination</a> program to ensure his troops and civilians were in good health after the damage <a href="/wiki/Biological_warfare" title="Biological warfare">biological warfare</a> caused. Soon after the Battle of Bunker Hill, General George Washington took charge of the rebel army, and when he <a href="/wiki/Noble_train_of_artillery" title="Noble train of artillery">acquired heavy cannon</a> in March 1776, the British were <a href="/wiki/Evacuation_Day_(Massachusetts)" title="Evacuation Day (Massachusetts)">forced to leave</a>, marking the first great colonial victory of the war. Ever since, "Evacuation Day" has been celebrated as a state holiday. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Recto_Massachusetts_5_shillings_1779_urn-3_HBS.Baker.AC_1086081.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A Massachusetts five-shilling note issued in 1779 with the inscription: "FIVE SHILLINGS. shall be paid to the Bearer of this Bill, by the 1st Day of Decmr. 1782 agreeable to an Act of the Genl, Court of said STATE."; Within print of sun: "RISING"." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Recto_Massachusetts_5_shillings_1779_urn-3_HBS.Baker.AC_1086081.jpeg/220px-Recto_Massachusetts_5_shillings_1779_urn-3_HBS.Baker.AC_1086081.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="263" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Recto_Massachusetts_5_shillings_1779_urn-3_HBS.Baker.AC_1086081.jpeg/330px-Recto_Massachusetts_5_shillings_1779_urn-3_HBS.Baker.AC_1086081.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Recto_Massachusetts_5_shillings_1779_urn-3_HBS.Baker.AC_1086081.jpeg/440px-Recto_Massachusetts_5_shillings_1779_urn-3_HBS.Baker.AC_1086081.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1664" data-file-height="1992" /></a><figcaption>A Massachusetts five-shilling banknote issued in 1779.</figcaption></figure> <p>Massachusetts was not invaded again but in 1779 the disastrous <a href="/wiki/Penobscot_Expedition" title="Penobscot Expedition">Penobscot Expedition</a> took place in the <a href="/wiki/District_of_Maine" title="District of Maine">District of Maine</a>, then part of the Commonwealth. Trapped by the British fleet, the American sailors sank the ships of the Massachusetts state navy before it could be captured by the British. In May 1778, the section of <a href="/wiki/Freetown,_Massachusetts" title="Freetown, Massachusetts">Freetown</a> that later became <a href="/wiki/Fall_River,_Massachusetts" title="Fall River, Massachusetts">Fall River</a> was <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Freetown" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Freetown">raided by the British</a>, and in September 1778, the communities of <a href="/wiki/Martha%27s_Vineyard" title="Martha's Vineyard">Martha's Vineyard</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Bedford,_Massachusetts" title="New Bedford, Massachusetts">New Bedford</a> were also subjected to <a href="/wiki/Grey%27s_raid" title="Grey's raid">a British raid</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a> was a leader in the independence movement and he helped secure a unanimous vote for independence and on July 4, 1776, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">United States Declaration of Independence</a> was adopted in <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>. It was signed first by Massachusetts resident <a href="/wiki/John_Hancock" title="John Hancock">John Hancock</a>, president of the <a href="/wiki/Continental_Congress" title="Continental Congress">Continental Congress</a>. Soon afterward the Declaration of Independence was read to the people of Boston from the balcony of the <a href="/wiki/Old_State_House_(Boston)" title="Old State House (Boston)">State House</a>. Massachusetts was no longer a colony; it was a state and part of a new nation, the United States of America. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Federalist_Era:_1780–1815"><span id="Federalist_Era:_1780.E2.80.931815"></span>Federalist Era: 1780–1815</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Massachusetts&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Federalist Era: 1780–1815"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:First_Articles_of_the_1780_Massachusetts_Constitution.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/First_Articles_of_the_1780_Massachusetts_Constitution.jpg/180px-First_Articles_of_the_1780_Massachusetts_Constitution.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="354" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/First_Articles_of_the_1780_Massachusetts_Constitution.jpg/270px-First_Articles_of_the_1780_Massachusetts_Constitution.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/First_Articles_of_the_1780_Massachusetts_Constitution.jpg/360px-First_Articles_of_the_1780_Massachusetts_Constitution.jpg 2x" data-file-width="509" data-file-height="1002" /></a><figcaption>First articles, the Declaration of the Rights of the Inhabitants of the Commonwealth, in the 1780 <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Massachusetts Constitution">Massachusetts Constitution</a></figcaption></figure> <p>A Constitutional Convention drew up a state constitution, which was drafted primarily by John Adams, and ratified by the people on June 15, 1780. Adams, along with Samuel Adams and <a href="/wiki/James_Bowdoin" title="James Bowdoin">James Bowdoin</a>, wrote in the <i>Preamble to the <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Massachusetts Constitution">Constitution of the Commonwealth</a></i>: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>We, therefore, the people of Massachusetts, acknowledging, with grateful hearts, the goodness of the Great Legislator of the Universe, in affording us, in the course of His Providence, an opportunity, deliberately and peaceably, without fraud, violence or surprise, on entering into an Original, explicit, and Solemn Compact with each other; and of forming a new Constitution of Civil Government, for Ourselves and Posterity, and devoutly imploring His direction in so interesting a design, Do agree upon, ordain and establish, the following Declaration of Rights, and Frame of Government, as the Constitution of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts.</p></blockquote> <p>Bostonian <a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a>, known as the "Atlas of Independence", was an important figure in both the struggle for independence as well as the formation of the new United States.<sup id="cite_ref-Adams_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adams-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Adams was highly involved in the push for separation from Britain and the writing of the <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Massachusetts Constitution">Massachusetts Constitution</a> in 1780 (which, in the <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Freeman_(Mum_Bett)" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabeth Freeman (Mum Bett)">Elizabeth Freeman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Quock_Walker" title="Quock Walker">Quock Walker</a> cases, effectively made Massachusetts the first state to have a constitution that declared universal rights and, as interpreted by Supreme Judicial Court Chief Justice <a href="/wiki/William_Cushing" title="William Cushing">William Cushing</a>, abolished slavery).<sup id="cite_ref-Adams_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adams-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sjc-slavery_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sjc-slavery-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Adams became minister to Britain in the 1780s, Vice President in 1789 and succeeded Washington as President in 1797. His son, <a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">John Quincy Adams</a>, would go on to become the sixth US president. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Official_Presidential_portrait_of_John_Adams_(by_John_Trumbull,_circa_1792).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Official_Presidential_portrait_of_John_Adams_%28by_John_Trumbull%2C_circa_1792%29.jpg/200px-Official_Presidential_portrait_of_John_Adams_%28by_John_Trumbull%2C_circa_1792%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Official_Presidential_portrait_of_John_Adams_%28by_John_Trumbull%2C_circa_1792%29.jpg/300px-Official_Presidential_portrait_of_John_Adams_%28by_John_Trumbull%2C_circa_1792%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Official_Presidential_portrait_of_John_Adams_%28by_John_Trumbull%2C_circa_1792%29.jpg/400px-Official_Presidential_portrait_of_John_Adams_%28by_John_Trumbull%2C_circa_1792%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2398" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>John Adams</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_new_constitution">The new constitution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Massachusetts&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: The new constitution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Massachusetts was the first state in the United States to abolish slavery. (Vermont, which became part of the U.S. in 1791, <a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_Vermont" title="History of slavery in Vermont">abolished adult slavery</a> somewhat earlier than Massachusetts, in 1777.) The new constitution also dropped any religious tests for political office, though local tax money had to be paid to support local churches. People who belonged to non-Congregational churches paid their tax money to their own church, and the churchless paid to the Congregationalists. Baptist leader <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Backus" title="Isaac Backus">Isaac Backus</a> vigorously fought these provisions, arguing people should have freedom of choice regarding financial support of religion. Adams drafted most of the document and despite numerous amendments it still follows his line of thought. He distrusted utopians and pure democracy, and put his faith in a system of checks and balances; he admired the principles of the unwritten British Constitution. He insisted on a bicameral legislature which would represent both the gentlemen and the common citizen. Above all he insisted on a government by laws, not men.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The constitution also changed the name of the <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Bay_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Massachusetts Bay State">Massachusetts Bay State</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Massachusetts" class="mw-redirect" title="Commonwealth of Massachusetts">Commonwealth of Massachusetts</a>. Still in force, it is the oldest constitution in current use in the world. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shays's_Rebellion"><span id="Shays.27s_Rebellion"></span>Shays's Rebellion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Massachusetts&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Shays's Rebellion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Shays%27s_Rebellion" title="Shays's Rebellion">Shays's Rebellion</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Springfield_Armory.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Springfield_Armory.jpg/220px-Springfield_Armory.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Springfield_Armory.jpg/330px-Springfield_Armory.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Springfield_Armory.jpg/440px-Springfield_Armory.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="533" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Springfield_Armory" title="Springfield Armory">Springfield Armory</a> (building pictured is from the 19th century) was the first major target of the rebellion.</figcaption></figure> <p>The economy of rural Massachusetts suffered an economic depression after the war ended. Merchants, pressured for hard currency by overseas partners, made similar demands on local debtors, and the state raised taxes in order to pay off its own war debts. Efforts to collect both public and private debts from cash-poor farmers led to protests that flared into <a href="/wiki/Direct_action" title="Direct action">direct action</a> in August 1786. Rebels calling themselves <i>Regulators</i> (after the North Carolina <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Regulation" class="mw-redirect" title="War of the Regulation">Regulator movement</a> of the 1760s) succeeded in shutting down courts meeting to hear debt and tax collection cases. By the end of 1786 a farmer in western Massachusetts named <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Shays" title="Daniel Shays">Daniel Shays</a> emerged as one of the ringleaders, and government attempts to squelch the protests only served to radicalize the protestors. In January 1787 Shays and <a href="/wiki/Luke_Day" title="Luke Day">Luke Day</a> organized an attempt to take the federal <a href="/wiki/Springfield_Armory" title="Springfield Armory">Springfield Armory</a>; state militia holding the armory beat back the attempt with cannon fire. A private militia raised by wealthy Boston merchants and led by General <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Lincoln" title="Benjamin Lincoln">Benjamin Lincoln</a> broke the back of the rebellion in early February at <a href="/wiki/Petersham,_Massachusetts" title="Petersham, Massachusetts">Petersham</a>, but small-scale resistance continued in the western parts of the state for a while.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The state put down the rebellion—but if it had been too weak to do so it would be no help to call on the ineffective federal government. The event led nationalists like <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a> to redouble efforts to strengthen the weak national government as necessary for survival in a dangerous world. Massachusetts, divided along class lines polarized by the rebellion, only narrowly ratified the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Constitution">United States Constitution</a> in 1788.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Johnny_Appleseed">Johnny Appleseed</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Massachusetts&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Johnny Appleseed"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Johnny_Appleseed_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Johnny_Appleseed_1.jpg/200px-Johnny_Appleseed_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="329" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Johnny_Appleseed_1.jpg/300px-Johnny_Appleseed_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Johnny_Appleseed_1.jpg/400px-Johnny_Appleseed_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="714" data-file-height="1176" /></a><figcaption>Johnny Appleseed</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Johnny_Appleseed" title="Johnny Appleseed">John Chapman</a> often called Johnny "Appleseed" (born September 26, 1774, in <a href="/wiki/Leominster,_Massachusetts" title="Leominster, Massachusetts">Leominster, Massachusetts</a>) was an American <a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_the_United_States" title="Folklore of the United States">folk hero</a> and pioneer <a href="/wiki/Plant_nursery" title="Plant nursery">nurseryman</a> who introduced apple trees and established orchards to many areas in the Midwestern region of the country including <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Indiana" title="Indiana">Indiana</a>. Today, Appleseed is the official folk hero of Massachusetts and his stature has served a focus in many children's books, movies, and folk tales since the end of the Civil War.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_industrial_period:_1815–1860"><span id="Early_industrial_period:_1815.E2.80.931860"></span>Early industrial period: 1815–1860</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Massachusetts&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Early industrial period: 1815–1860"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1836, <a href="/wiki/Mary_Lyon" title="Mary Lyon">Mary Lyon</a> opened <a href="/wiki/Mount_Holyoke_College" title="Mount Holyoke College">Mount Holyoke College</a>, the first women's college in America. Lyon, a very active Congregationalist, promoted the college as an exemplification of the ideas of revivalist <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Edwards_(theologian)" title="Jonathan Edwards (theologian)">Jonathan Edwards</a> regarding self-restraint, self-denial, and disinterested benevolence.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the first students was reclusive poet <a href="/wiki/Emily_Dickinson" title="Emily Dickinson">Emily Dickinson</a>. </p><p>During the 19th century, Massachusetts became a national leader in the American <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a>, with factories around Boston producing textiles and shoes, and factories around Springfield producing precision manufacturing tools and paper.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The economy transformed from one based primarily on agriculture to an industrial one, initially making use of waterpower and later the steam engine to power factories, and canals and later railroads for transporting goods and materials.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At first, the new industries drew labor from <a href="/wiki/Yankee" title="Yankee">Yankees</a> on nearby subsistence farms, and later relied upon Catholic immigrants from Ireland and Canada.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Industrial_development">Industrial development</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Massachusetts&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Industrial development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mill_Building_(now_museum),_Lowell,_Massachusetts.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Mill_Building_%28now_museum%29%2C_Lowell%2C_Massachusetts.JPG/220px-Mill_Building_%28now_museum%29%2C_Lowell%2C_Massachusetts.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Mill_Building_%28now_museum%29%2C_Lowell%2C_Massachusetts.JPG/330px-Mill_Building_%28now_museum%29%2C_Lowell%2C_Massachusetts.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Mill_Building_%28now_museum%29%2C_Lowell%2C_Massachusetts.JPG/440px-Mill_Building_%28now_museum%29%2C_Lowell%2C_Massachusetts.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>Textile mills such as the Boott Mills in <a href="/wiki/Lowell,_Massachusetts" title="Lowell, Massachusetts">Lowell</a> made Massachusetts a leader in the <a href="/wiki/The_Industrial_Revolution_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="The Industrial Revolution in the United States">US Industrial Revolution</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Massachusetts became a leader in industrial innovation and development during the 19th century. Since colonial times, there had been a successful iron making industry in <a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a>. The first successful <a href="/wiki/Ironworks" title="Ironworks">ironworks</a> in America was established at <a href="/wiki/Saugus_Iron_Works_National_Historic_Site" title="Saugus Iron Works National Historic Site">Saugus</a> in 1646,<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> utilizing <a href="/wiki/Bog_iron" title="Bog iron">bog iron</a> from swamps to produce plows, nails, firearms, hoops for barrels and other items necessary for the development of the Colony. Other industries would be established during this period, such as shipbuilding, lumber, paper and furniture making. These small-scale shops and factories often utilized the State's many rivers and streams to power their machinery. </p><p>While <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Slater" title="Samuel Slater">Samuel Slater</a> had established the first successful textile mill at <a href="/wiki/Pawtucket,_Rhode_Island" title="Pawtucket, Rhode Island">Pawtucket, Rhode Island</a>, in 1793, there remained no way to efficiently mass-produce cloth from the spun yarn produced by the early mills. The yarn was still outsourced to small weaving shops where it was woven into cloth on hand looms. The first woolen mill, and the second textile mill in the <a href="/wiki/Blackstone_Valley" title="Blackstone Valley">Blackstone Valley</a>, was a "wool carding mill", established in 1810 by <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Day_(manufacturer)" title="Daniel Day (manufacturer)">Daniel Day</a>, near the <a href="/wiki/West_River_(Massachusetts)" title="West River (Massachusetts)">West River</a> and <a href="/wiki/Blackstone_River" title="Blackstone River">Blackstone River</a> at <a href="/wiki/Uxbridge,_Massachusetts" title="Uxbridge, Massachusetts">Uxbridge, Massachusetts</a>. Then, in 1813, a group of wealthy Boston merchants led by <a href="/wiki/Francis_Cabot_Lowell_(businessman)" class="mw-redirect" title="Francis Cabot Lowell (businessman)">Francis Cabot Lowell</a>, known as the <a href="/wiki/The_Boston_Associates" title="The Boston Associates">Boston Associates</a>, established the first successful integrated <a href="/wiki/Boston_Manufacturing_Company" title="Boston Manufacturing Company">textile mill</a> in North America at <a href="/wiki/Waltham,_Massachusetts" title="Waltham, Massachusetts">Waltham</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lowell had visited England in 1810 and studied the <a href="/wiki/Lancashire" title="Lancashire">Lancashire</a> textile industry. Because the British government prohibited the export of this new technology, Lowell memorized plans for the power looms on his return trip to Boston. With the skill of master mechanic <a href="/wiki/Paul_Moody_(inventor)" title="Paul Moody (inventor)">Paul Moody</a>, the first successful power looms were produced, harnessing the power of the <a href="/wiki/Charles_River" title="Charles River">Charles River</a>. For the first time, all phases of textile production could now be performed under one roof, greatly increasing production, and profits. This was the real beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a> in America. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hubert_Sattler_Boston.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Hubert_Sattler_Boston.jpg/220px-Hubert_Sattler_Boston.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Hubert_Sattler_Boston.jpg/330px-Hubert_Sattler_Boston.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Hubert_Sattler_Boston.jpg/440px-Hubert_Sattler_Boston.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="525" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a> painted by <a href="/wiki/Hubert_Sattler_(painter)" title="Hubert Sattler (painter)">Hubert Sattler</a>, c. 1850</figcaption></figure> <p>With the early success of the <a href="/wiki/Boston_Manufacturing_Company" title="Boston Manufacturing Company">Boston Manufacturing Company</a> at Waltham, the Boston Associates would also later establish several other textile towns, including <a href="/wiki/Lowell,_Massachusetts" title="Lowell, Massachusetts">Lowell</a> in 1823, <a href="/wiki/Lawrence,_Massachusetts" title="Lawrence, Massachusetts">Lawrence</a> in 1845, <a href="/wiki/Chicopee,_Massachusetts" title="Chicopee, Massachusetts">Chicopee</a> in 1848 and <a href="/wiki/Holyoke,_Massachusetts" title="Holyoke, Massachusetts">Holyoke</a> in 1850. </p><p>Lowell grew quickly to a city of 33,000 people by 1850. Its mills were highly integrated and centrally controlled. An <a href="/wiki/Lowell_canal_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Lowell canal system">ingenious canal system</a> provided the water power that drove the machinery. Steam power would be introduced beginning in the 1850s. The mill owners initially employed <a href="/wiki/Lowell_girls" class="mw-redirect" title="Lowell girls">local farm women</a>, often recruited from poor, remote parts of New England, and attempted to create a <a href="/wiki/Utopia" title="Utopia">Utopian</a> industrial society by providing housing, churches, schools and parks for their workers, unlike their English counterparts. Eventually, as the mills grew larger and larger, the owners turned to newly arrived <a href="/wiki/Irish_diaspora" title="Irish diaspora">Irish</a> immigrants to fill their factories. </p><p>Industrial cities, especially <a href="/wiki/Worcester,_Massachusetts" title="Worcester, Massachusetts">Worcester</a> and <a href="/wiki/Springfield,_Massachusetts" title="Springfield, Massachusetts">Springfield</a>, became important centers in textile machinery (in Worcester's case) and precision tool production and innovation (in Springfield's case.) While Boston did not have many large factories, it became increasingly important as the business and transportation hub of all of New England, as well as a national leader in finance, law, medicine, education, arts and publishing. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Railroads">Railroads</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Massachusetts&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Railroads"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1826, the <a href="/wiki/Granite_Railway" title="Granite Railway">Granite Railway</a> became the first commercial railroad in the nation. In 1830, the legislature chartered three new railroads—the <a href="/wiki/Boston_and_Lowell_Railroad" title="Boston and Lowell Railroad">Boston and Lowell</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Boston_and_Providence_Railroad" title="Boston and Providence Railroad">Boston and Providence</a>, and most important of all, the <a href="/wiki/Boston_and_Worcester_Railroad" class="mw-redirect" title="Boston and Worcester Railroad">Boston and Worcester</a>. In 1833, it chartered the <a href="/wiki/Western_Railroad_(Massachusetts)" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Railroad (Massachusetts)">Western Railroad</a> to connect Worcester with <a href="/wiki/Albany,_New_York" title="Albany, New York">Albany</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Erie_Canal" title="Erie Canal">Erie Canal</a>. The system flourished and western grain began flowing to the port of Boston for export to Europe, thereby breaking New York City's virtual monopoly on trade from the Erie Canal system. Much of the construction work was done by <a href="/wiki/Irish_Americans" title="Irish Americans">Irish</a> work gangs. They lived in temporary camps but many settled in the new industrial cities along the line, where the gang bosses became leaders in the Democratic Party.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of their work is still used. For example, the stone <a href="/wiki/Canton_Viaduct" title="Canton Viaduct">Canton Viaduct</a> at <a href="/wiki/Canton,_Massachusetts" title="Canton, Massachusetts">Canton, Massachusetts</a>, built in 1835, is still used by Amtrak's high-speed Acela Express along the Boston–Washington, Northeast Corridor. The viaduct required only minor changes to bring it up to late-20th-century standards.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Whaling">Whaling</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Massachusetts&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Whaling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Walfang_zwischen_1856_und_1907.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Walfang_zwischen_1856_und_1907.jpg/200px-Walfang_zwischen_1856_und_1907.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Walfang_zwischen_1856_und_1907.jpg/300px-Walfang_zwischen_1856_und_1907.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Walfang_zwischen_1856_und_1907.jpg/400px-Walfang_zwischen_1856_und_1907.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1135" /></a><figcaption>Whaling</figcaption></figure> <p>Beginning in the late colonial period, Massachusetts leveraged its strong seafaring tradition, advanced shipbuilding industry, and access to the oceans to make the U.S. the pre-eminent whaling nation in the world by the 1830s.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whale oil was in demand chiefly for lamps. By the 1750s whaling in <a href="/wiki/Nantucket" title="Nantucket">Nantucket</a> had become a highly lucrative deep-sea industry, with voyages extending for years at a time and with vessels traveling as far as South Pacific waters. The British Navy captured most of the whalers during the revolution, but at the same time many whalers refitted as privateers against the British. Whaling recovered after the war as <a href="/wiki/New_Bedford" class="mw-redirect" title="New Bedford">New Bedford</a> became the center. Whalers took greater economic risks to turn major profits: expanding their hunting grounds and securing foreign and domestic workforces for the Pacific. Investment decisions and financing arrangements were set up so that managers of whaling ventures shared their risks by selling some equity claims but retained a substantial portion due to moral hazard considerations. As a result, they had little incentive to consider the correlation between their own returns and those of others in planning their voyages. This stifled diversity in whaling voyages and increased industry-wide risk. After 1860, kerosene replaced whale oil—concurrent with the devastation of the whaling fleet by <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederate</a> commerce raiders—and the entrepreneurs shifted to manufacturing.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_and_social_movements">Political and social movements</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Massachusetts&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Political and social movements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/History_of_education_in_Massachusetts" title="History of education in Massachusetts">History of education in Massachusetts</a></div> <p>On March 15, 1820, <a href="/wiki/History_of_Maine" title="History of Maine">Maine</a> was separated from Massachusetts and entered the Union as the 23rd State as a result of the enactment of the <a href="/wiki/Missouri_Compromise" title="Missouri Compromise">Missouri Compromise</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Horace_Mann" title="Horace Mann">Horace Mann</a> made the state system of schools the national model. The Commonwealth made its mark in Washington with such political leaders as <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Webster" title="Daniel Webster">Daniel Webster</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Sumner" title="Charles Sumner">Charles Sumner</a>. Building on the many activist <a href="/wiki/Congregational_churches" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregational churches">Congregational churches</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States">abolitionism</a> flourished. <a href="/wiki/William_Lloyd_Garrison" title="William Lloyd Garrison">William Lloyd Garrison</a> was the outstanding spokesperson, though many "<a href="/wiki/Cotton_Whig" class="mw-redirect" title="Cotton Whig">cotton Whig</a>" mill owners complained that the agitation was bad for their strong business ties to <a href="/wiki/Plantations_in_the_American_South" class="mw-redirect" title="Plantations in the American South">southern cotton planters</a>. </p><p>The Congregationalists remained dominant in rural areas, but, in the cities, a new religious sensibility had replaced their straight-laced <a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Calvinism</a>. By 1826, reported <a href="/wiki/Harriet_Beecher_Stowe" title="Harriet Beecher Stowe">Harriet Beecher Stowe</a>: </p> <blockquote><p>All the literary men of Massachusetts were Unitarians. All the trustees and professors of Harvard College were Unitarians. All the élite of wealth and fashion crowded Unitarian churches. The judges on the bench were Unitarian, giving decisions by which the peculiar features of church organization, so carefully ordained by the <a href="/wiki/Pilgrim_fathers" class="mw-redirect" title="Pilgrim fathers">Pilgrim fathers</a>, had been nullified. </p></blockquote> <p>Some of the most important writers and thinkers of this time came from Massachusetts. <a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Henry David Thoreau</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Ralph Waldo Emerson</a> are well known today for their contributions to American thought. Part of an intellectual movement known as <a href="/wiki/Transcendentalism" title="Transcendentalism">Transcendentalism</a>, they emphasized the importance of the natural world to humanity and were also part of the abolitionist call. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Know_Nothing_movement">Know Nothing movement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Massachusetts&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Know Nothing movement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Know_Nothing" title="Know Nothing">Know Nothing</a> movement formed a new party in 1854 and captured almost all the seats in the legislature, the state government, and many cities. Historian John Mulkern finds the new party was populist and highly democratic, hostile to wealth, elites, and to expertise, and deeply suspicious of outsiders especially Catholics. The new party's voters were concentrated in the rapidly growing industrial towns, where Yankee workers faced direct competition with new Irish immigrants. Whereas the <a href="/wiki/Whig_Party_(United_States)" title="Whig Party (United States)">Whig Party</a> was strongest in high income districts, the Know Nothing electorate was strongest in the poor districts. They voted out the traditional upper-class closed political leadership class, especially the lawyers and merchants. In their stead they elected working-class men, farmers, and a large number of teachers and ministers. Replacing the moneyed elite were men who seldom owned $10,000 in property.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In national perspective, the most aggressive and innovative legislation came out of Massachusetts, Both in terms of nativism and in terms of reforms. Historian Stephen Taylor says that in addition to nativist legislation: </p> <blockquote><p>the party also distinguished itself by its opposition to slavery, support for an expansion of the rights of women, regulation of industry, and support of measures designed to improve the status of working people.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>It passed legislation to regulate railroads, insurance companies, and public utilities. It funded free textbooks for the public schools, and raised the appropriations for local libraries and for the school for the blind. Purification of Massachusetts against divisive social evils was a high priority. The legislature set up the state's first reform school for juvenile delinquents, while trying to block the importation of supposedly subversive government documents and academic books from Europe. It upgraded the legal status of wives, giving them more property rights and more rights in divorce courts. It passed harsh penalties on speakeasies, gambling houses and bordellos. Prohibition legislation imposed severe penalties: serving one glass of beer was punishable by six months in prison. Many juries refused to convict. Many of the reforms were quite expensive; State spending rose 45% on top of a 50% hike in annual taxes on cities and towns. The extravagance angered the taxpayers; few Know Nothings were reelected so the brief two-year experiment ended.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The highest priority included attacks on the civil rights of <a href="/wiki/Irish_Catholics" title="Irish Catholics">Irish Catholic immigrants</a>. State courts lost the power to process applications for citizenship; the public schools had to require compulsory daily reading of the Protestant Bible (which the nativists were sure would transform the Catholic children). The governor disbanded the Irish militias, and replaced Catholics holding state jobs with Protestants. It failed to reach the two-thirds vote needed to pass a state constitutional amendment to restrict voting and office holding to men who had resided in Massachusetts for at least 21 years. The legislature then called on Congress to raise the requirement for naturalization from five years to 21 years, but Congress never acted.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The most dramatic move by the Know Nothing legislature was to appoint an investigating committee designed to prove widespread sexual immorality under way in Catholic convents. The press had a field day following the story, especially when it was discovered that the key reformer was using committee funds to pay for a prostitute. The legislature shut down its committee, ejected the reformer, and saw its investigation became a laughing stock.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Civil_War_and_Gilded_Age:_1860–1900"><span id="Civil_War_and_Gilded_Age:_1860.E2.80.931900"></span>Civil War and Gilded Age: 1860–1900</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Massachusetts&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Civil War and Gilded Age: 1860–1900"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Massachusetts in the American Civil War">Massachusetts in the American Civil War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:William_garrison.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/William_garrison.jpg/220px-William_garrison.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="345" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/William_garrison.jpg/330px-William_garrison.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/William_garrison.jpg/440px-William_garrison.jpg 2x" data-file-width="988" data-file-height="1551" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/William_Lloyd_Garrison" title="William Lloyd Garrison">William Lloyd Garrison</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In the years leading up to the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a>, Massachusetts was a center of <a href="/wiki/Social_progressivism" class="mw-redirect" title="Social progressivism">social progressivism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Transcendentalism" title="Transcendentalism">Transcendentalism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States">abolitionist</a> activity. <a href="/wiki/Horace_Mann" title="Horace Mann">Horace Mann</a> made the state system of schools the national model.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two prominent abolitionists from the Commonwealth were <a href="/wiki/William_Lloyd_Garrison" title="William Lloyd Garrison">William Lloyd Garrison</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wendell_Phillips" title="Wendell Phillips">Wendell Phillips</a>. Garrison founded the New England Anti-Slavery Society in 1832, and helped change perceptions on slavery. The movement increased antagonism over the issues of slavery, resulting in anti-abolitionist riots in Massachusetts between 1835 and 1837.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The works of abolitionists contributed to the eventual actions of the Commonwealth during the Civil War. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Henry David Thoreau</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Ralph Waldo Emerson</a> made major contributions to American thought.<sup id="cite_ref-Goldfield254_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goldfield254-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Members of the Transcendentalism movement, they emphasized the importance of the natural world and emotion to humanity.<sup id="cite_ref-Goldfield254_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goldfield254-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although significant opposition to abolitionism existed early on in Massachusetts, resulting in anti-abolitionist riots between 1835 and 1837,<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> opposition to slavery gradually increased in the next few decades.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Famed abolitionist <a href="/wiki/John_Brown_(abolitionist)" title="John Brown (abolitionist)">John Brown</a> moved to the ideologically progressive town of Springfield in 1846. It was there that Brown first became a militant anti-slavery proponent. In Springfield and in Boston, Brown met the connections that would both influence him, (<a href="/wiki/Frederick_Douglass" title="Frederick Douglass">Frederick Douglass</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sojourner_Truth" title="Sojourner Truth">Sojourner Truth</a> in Springfield,) and later fund his efforts, (Simon Sanborn and <a href="/wiki/Amos_Adams_Lawrence" class="mw-redirect" title="Amos Adams Lawrence">Amos Adams Lawrence</a> in Boston,) in <a href="/wiki/Bleeding_Kansas" title="Bleeding Kansas">Bleeding Kansas</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Brown%27s_raid_on_Harpers_Ferry" title="John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry">John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry</a>. In 1850, Brown founded his first militant, anti-slavery organization – <i>The League of the Gileadites</i> – in Springfield, to protect escaped slaves from 1850s <a href="/wiki/Fugitive_Slave_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Fugitive Slave Act">Fugitive Slave Act</a>. Massachusetts was a hotbed of abolitionism – particularly the progressive cities of Boston and Springfield – and contributed to subsequent actions of the state during the Civil War. Massachusetts was among the first states to respond to President <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Lincoln</a>'s call for troops. Massachusetts was the first state to recruit, train, and arm a <a href="/wiki/African-American" class="mw-redirect" title="African-American">Black</a> regiment with <a href="/wiki/White_(people)" class="mw-redirect" title="White (people)">White</a> officers, the <a href="/wiki/54th_Massachusetts_Volunteer_Infantry" class="mw-redirect" title="54th Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry">54th Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Robert Gould Shaw Memorial in <a href="/wiki/Boston_Common" title="Boston Common">Boston Common</a> contains a relief depicting the 54th regiment.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Much of the Union's weaponry for the Civil War was produced in Springfield, at the <a href="/wiki/Springfield_Armory" title="Springfield Armory">Springfield Armory</a>. </p><p>Following the Civil War, thousands of immigrants from Canada and Europe continued to settle in the major cities of Massachusetts, attracted by employment in the state's ever-expanding factories.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The state also became a leader in education and innovation through this period, particularly in the Boston area. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Invention_of_basketball_and_volleyball">Invention of basketball and volleyball</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Massachusetts&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Invention of basketball and volleyball"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1891, and 1895, the sports of basketball and volleyball—both now Olympic sports, popular worldwide—were invented in the Western Massachusetts cities of <a href="/wiki/Springfield,_Massachusetts" title="Springfield, Massachusetts">Springfield</a> and <a href="/wiki/Holyoke,_Massachusetts" title="Holyoke, Massachusetts">Holyoke</a>, respectively. Both inventors, <a href="/wiki/James_Naismith" title="James Naismith">James Naismith</a>, and <a href="/wiki/William_G._Morgan" title="William G. Morgan">William G. Morgan</a> sought to create games for groups at the <a href="/wiki/YMCA" title="YMCA">YMCA</a>, with Naismith seeking a fast-paced game for youths often confined indoors during New England's harsh winters.<sup id="cite_ref-hofsummary_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hofsummary-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Morgan's invention of <i>mintonette</i>, soon renamed volleyball at the suggestion of colleague Professor Alfred T. Halsted, was a direct response to the then-new sport basketball, as he sought to create a fast-paced game with similar objectives that could be more easily played by a wider variety of players young and old, athletic and non-athletic.<sup id="cite_ref-todayifoundout.cm_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-todayifoundout.cm-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today, Springfield is home to the international <a href="/wiki/Basketball_Hall_of_Fame" class="mw-redirect" title="Basketball Hall of Fame">Basketball Hall of Fame</a>. Holyoke is home to the international <a href="/wiki/Volleyball_Hall_of_Fame" class="mw-redirect" title="Volleyball Hall of Fame">Volleyball Hall of Fame</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Industrial_advance">Industrial advance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Massachusetts&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Industrial advance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_the_Street_Railways_of_the_State_of_Massachusetts,_1913.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Map_of_the_Street_Railways_of_the_State_of_Massachusetts%2C_1913.jpeg/390px-Map_of_the_Street_Railways_of_the_State_of_Massachusetts%2C_1913.jpeg" decoding="async" width="390" height="269" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Map_of_the_Street_Railways_of_the_State_of_Massachusetts%2C_1913.jpeg/585px-Map_of_the_Street_Railways_of_the_State_of_Massachusetts%2C_1913.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Map_of_the_Street_Railways_of_the_State_of_Massachusetts%2C_1913.jpeg/780px-Map_of_the_Street_Railways_of_the_State_of_Massachusetts%2C_1913.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="6500" data-file-height="4481" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Interurban" title="Interurban">Interurban</a> street railway systems, or "trolleys", in Massachusetts, 1913</figcaption></figure> <p>In the 1890s—largely due to the presence of the <a href="/wiki/Springfield_Armory" title="Springfield Armory">Springfield Armory</a>, which employed many skilled, mechanical workers—<a href="/wiki/Springfield,_Massachusetts_metropolitan_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Springfield, Massachusetts metropolitan area">Greater Springfield</a> became the United States' first major center of automobile and motorcycle innovation. The United States' first gasoline-powered automobile company, the <a href="/wiki/Duryea_Motor_Wagon_Company" title="Duryea Motor Wagon Company">Duryea Motor Wagon Company</a>, was founded in <a href="/wiki/Chicopee,_Massachusetts" title="Chicopee, Massachusetts">Chicopee</a> in 1893. The first American motorcycle company, the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Motorcycle_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Motorcycle Company">Indian Motorcycle Company</a>, was founded in <a href="/wiki/Springfield,_Massachusetts" title="Springfield, Massachusetts">Springfield</a> in 1901. <a href="/wiki/Knox_Automobile" class="mw-redirect" title="Knox Automobile">Knox Automobile</a> produced the world's first motorized <a href="/wiki/Fire_engines" class="mw-redirect" title="Fire engines">fire engines</a> in Springfield in 1906.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> File:Street railway workers with a thermite crucible on Main Street, Holyoke, 1904.png </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:274px;max-width:274px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:272px;max-width:272px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Springfield,_birthplace_of_the_Automobile_Industry_(62030).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Springfield%2C_birthplace_of_the_Automobile_Industry_%2862030%29.jpg/270px-Springfield%2C_birthplace_of_the_Automobile_Industry_%2862030%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="270" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Springfield%2C_birthplace_of_the_Automobile_Industry_%2862030%29.jpg/405px-Springfield%2C_birthplace_of_the_Automobile_Industry_%2862030%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Springfield%2C_birthplace_of_the_Automobile_Industry_%2862030%29.jpg/540px-Springfield%2C_birthplace_of_the_Automobile_Industry_%2862030%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3318" data-file-height="2142" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:272px;max-width:272px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Street_railway_workers_with_a_thermite_crucible_on_Main_Street,_Holyoke,_1904.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Street_railway_workers_with_a_thermite_crucible_on_Main_Street%2C_Holyoke%2C_1904.png/270px-Street_railway_workers_with_a_thermite_crucible_on_Main_Street%2C_Holyoke%2C_1904.png" decoding="async" width="270" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Street_railway_workers_with_a_thermite_crucible_on_Main_Street%2C_Holyoke%2C_1904.png/405px-Street_railway_workers_with_a_thermite_crucible_on_Main_Street%2C_Holyoke%2C_1904.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Street_railway_workers_with_a_thermite_crucible_on_Main_Street%2C_Holyoke%2C_1904.png/540px-Street_railway_workers_with_a_thermite_crucible_on_Main_Street%2C_Holyoke%2C_1904.png 2x" data-file-width="611" data-file-height="443" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">A plaque honoring <a href="/wiki/Charles_E._Duryea" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles E. Duryea">Charles E. Duryea</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Duryea_Motor_Wagon_Company" title="Duryea Motor Wagon Company">Duryea Motor Wagon Company</a> of <a href="/wiki/Springfield,_Massachusetts" title="Springfield, Massachusetts">Springfield</a>, first producer of an American gasoline automobile; Charles Pellissier and <a href="/wiki/Holyoke_Street_Railway" title="Holyoke Street Railway">Holyoke Street Railway</a> workers with a crucible prior to ignition, as the first mile of track in the United States is laid with <a href="/wiki/Thermite_welding" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermite welding">thermite welding</a> in 1904</div></div></div></div> <p>Although the basic rail system was in place by 1860, the railways continued to make major improvements in tracks, signals, bridging, and facilities. With steel came heavier trains and more powerful locomotives. In the 1880s the Boston & Albany Railroad invested heavily in its physical facilities, including the construction of over 30 new passenger stations. Famed Boston architect <a href="/wiki/H._H._Richardson" class="mw-redirect" title="H. H. Richardson">H. H. Richardson</a> did much of the design work.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Passenger transportation was revolutionized by the electric trolley. <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Davenport_(inventor)" title="Thomas Davenport (inventor)">Thomas Davenport</a>, the first American to construct a <a href="/wiki/Direct_current" title="Direct current">DC</a> <a href="/wiki/Electric_motor" title="Electric motor">electric motor</a>, first demonstrated the feasibility of the electric railway in Springfield with a small circular railway in late 1835, which was subsequently exhibited in Boston that winter.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Decades later in 1890, Springfield's first electric line was constructed by the <a href="/wiki/Springfield_Street_Railway_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Springfield Street Railway Company">Springfield Street Railway Company</a>, and by 1905 the city had more track than New York City. These lines provided rapid, cheap transportation for farm produce and workers, created land booms in suburbia, and permitted Sunday outings in the country. They were highly profitable and the base of numerous fortunes.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Massachusetts played a unique role in what other states called the <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Era" title="Progressive Era">Progressive Era</a>, 1900–1917. It was relatively conservative in the early 20th century with a weak progressive movement. However, in the late 19th century the old upper-class Yankee establishment had put in place many of the reforms that other states adopted as progressive reforms. The state showed little support for prohibition or woman suffrage.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prosperity_decades:_1900–29"><span id="Prosperity_decades:_1900.E2.80.9329"></span>Prosperity decades: 1900–29</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Massachusetts&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Prosperity decades: 1900–29"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Massachusetts entered the 20th century with a strong industrial economy. Despite a lack of agricultural progress, the economy prospered between 1900 and 1919. Factories throughout the Commonwealth produced goods varying from paper to metals. Boston, in the year 1900, was still the second most important port in the United States, as well as the most valuable U.S. port in terms of its fish market. By 1908, however, the value of the port dropped considerably due to competition. Population growth during this period, which was aided by immigration from abroad, helped in urbanization and forced a change in the ethnic make-up of the Commonwealth. </p><p>The largely industrial economy of Massachusetts began to falter, however, due to the dependence of factory communities upon the production of one or two goods. External low-wage competition, coupled with other factors of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a> in later years, led to the collapse of the state's two main industries: shoes and textiles. Between 1921 and 1949 the failure of those industries resulted in rampant unemployment and the <a href="/wiki/Urban_decay" title="Urban decay">urban decay</a> of once-prosperous industrial centers which would persist for several decades. </p><p>The industrial economy began a decline in the early 20th century with the exodus of many manufacturing companies. By the 1920s competition from the South and Midwest, followed by the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a>, led to the collapse of the three main industries in Massachusetts: textiles, shoemaking, and mechanized transportation.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This decline would continue into the latter half of the century; between 1950 and 1979, the number of Bay Staters involved in textile manufacturing declined from 264,000 to 63,000.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Springfield_Armory" title="Springfield Armory">Springfield Armory</a>, the United States' Military's munitions producer since 1777, was controversially shut down by the <a href="/wiki/The_Pentagon" title="The Pentagon">Pentagon</a> in 1968. This spurred an exodus of high-paying jobs from Western Massachusetts, which suffered greatly as it de-industrialized during the last 40 years of the 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Eastern Massachusetts, following World War II, the economy was transformed from one based on heavy industry into a service and high-tech based economy.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Government contracts, private investment, and research facilities led to a new and improved industrial climate, with reduced unemployment and increased per capita income. Suburbanization flourished, and by the 1970s, the <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Route_128" title="Massachusetts Route 128">Route 128</a> corridor was dotted with <a href="/wiki/High_tech" title="High tech">high-technology</a> companies who recruited graduates of the area's many elite institutions of higher education.<sup id="cite_ref-Brown284_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brown284-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On Thursday, October 1, 1903, the city of Boston made history by hosting the inaugural <a href="/wiki/1903_World_Series" title="1903 World Series">World Series</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Huntington_Avenue_Grounds" title="Huntington Avenue Grounds">Huntington Avenue Grounds</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Boston_Red_Sox" title="Boston Red Sox">Boston Red Sox</a> won the best-of-nine series and launched into a <a href="/wiki/Baseball" title="Baseball">baseball</a> dynasty in the following years by capturing five championships in fifteen years behind Hall of Famer <a href="/wiki/Babe_Ruth" title="Babe Ruth">Babe Ruth</a>. </p><p>Massachusetts also endured <a href="/wiki/Class_conflict" title="Class conflict">class conflict</a> during this period. In the <a href="/wiki/1912_Lawrence_Textile_Strike" class="mw-redirect" title="1912 Lawrence Textile Strike">1912 general strike</a> in Lawrence, almost all of the town's mills were forced to shut down as a result of strife over wages that sustained only poverty. The Commonwealth was confronted with issues of worker conditions and wages. For example, when the legislature decreed that women and children could work only 50 hours per week, employers cut wages proportionally. Eventually, the demands of the Lawrence strikers were heeded, and a pay increase was made. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Depression_and_war:_1929–1945"><span id="Depression_and_war:_1929.E2.80.931945"></span>Depression and war: 1929–1945</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Massachusetts&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Depression and war: 1929–1945"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Even before the Great Depression struck the United States, Massachusetts was experiencing economic problems. The crash of the Commonwealth's major industries led to declining population in factory towns. The Boston metropolitan area became one of the slowest-growing areas in the United States between 1920 and 1950. Internal migration within the Commonwealth, however, was altered by the Great Depression. In the wake of economic woes, people moved to the metropolitan area of Boston looking for jobs, only to find high unemployment and dismal conditions. In the depressed situation that predominated in Boston during this era, racial tension sometimes manifested itself in gang warfare, notably with clashes between the Irish and Italians. </p><p>On the subject of securities laws in the early 1930s in response to the Great Depression, Boston figured prominently. Governor of <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a> <a href="/wiki/Frank_G._Allen" title="Frank G. Allen">Frank G. Allen</a> appointed <a href="/wiki/John_C._Hull_(politician)" title="John C. Hull (politician)">John C. Hull</a>  the first Securities Director of Massachusetts in January 1930.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On May 4, 1932, Hull introduced a bill to the committee on Banks and Banking in the Massachusetts House of Representatives for revision and simplification of the law relative to the sale of securities (Chapter 110A). <sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The act was approved June 6. 1932.  <sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>   Three <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard</a> professors, <a href="/wiki/Felix_Frankfurter" title="Felix Frankfurter">Felix Frankfurter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_V._Cohen" title="Benjamin V. Cohen">Benjamin V. Cohen</a> and <a href="/wiki/James_M._Landis" title="James M. Landis">James M. Landis</a> drafted both Securities Act of 1933 and <a href="/wiki/Securities_Exchange_Act_of_1934" title="Securities Exchange Act of 1934">Securities Exchange Act of 1934</a>. The 1st Chair of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_P._Kennedy_Sr." title="Joseph P. Kennedy Sr.">Joseph P. Kennedy Sr.</a> was from Boston.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>   Kennedy Sr. had this to say before the Boston Chamber of Commerce on November 15, 1934: "Necessary, legitimate, useful, profitable enterprise will be encouraged. Only the senseless, vicious, and fraudulent activities will be curtailed, and these must and will be eradicated. The initials S-E-C, we hope, will come to stand for Securities Ex-Crookedness.   Confidence is an outgrowth of character. We believe that character exists strongly in the financial world, so we  do not have to compel virtue; we seek to prevent vice.”<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On June 6, 1934, FDR signed the Securities Exchange Act into law with Pecora. At one point Roosevelt asked Pecora, "Ferd, now that I have signed this bill and it has become law, what kind of law will it be?" "It will be a good or bad bill, Mr. President," replied Pecora, "depending upon the men who administer it." (Ritchie, 59) <sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The economic and social turmoil in Massachusetts marked the beginning of a change in the Commonwealth's way of functioning. Politics helped to encourage stability among social groups by elevating members of various ranks in society, as well as ethnic groups, to influential posts. The two major industries of Massachusetts, shoes and textiles, had declined in a way that even the post-World War II economic boom could not reverse. Thus, the Commonwealth's economy was ripe for change as the post-war years dawned. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economic_changes:_decline_of_manufacturing,_1945–1985"><span id="Economic_changes:_decline_of_manufacturing.2C_1945.E2.80.931985"></span>Economic changes: decline of manufacturing, 1945–1985</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Massachusetts&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Economic changes: decline of manufacturing, 1945–1985"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Massachusetts_municipal_population_flows.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Massachusetts_municipal_population_flows.svg/220px-Massachusetts_municipal_population_flows.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Massachusetts_municipal_population_flows.svg/330px-Massachusetts_municipal_population_flows.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Massachusetts_municipal_population_flows.svg/440px-Massachusetts_municipal_population_flows.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="619" /></a><figcaption>Historical population changes among Massachusetts municipalities. Click to see animation.</figcaption></figure> <p>World War II precipitated great changes in the economy of Massachusetts, which led to changes in society. The aftermath of WWII created a <a href="/wiki/Global_economy" class="mw-redirect" title="Global economy">global economy</a> that was focused upon the interests of the United States, both militarily and in relation to business. The domestic economy in the United States was altered by government procurement policies focused on defense. In the years following WWII, Massachusetts was transformed from a factory-based economy to one based on services and technology. During WWII, the U.S. government had built facilities that they leased, and in the post-war years sold, to defense contractors. Such facilities contributed to an economy focused on creating specialized defense goods. That form of economy prospered as a result of the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a>. </p><p>In the ensuing years, government contracts, private investment, and research facilities helped to create a modern industry, which reduced unemployment and increased per capita income. All of these economic changes encouraged suburbanization and the formation of a new generation of well-assimilated and educated middle-class workers. At the same time, suburbanization and urban decay highlighted differences between various social groups, leading to a renewal of racial tension. Boston, a paragon of the problems in Massachusetts cities, experienced numerous challenges that led to racial problems. The problems facing urban centers included declining population, middle-class flight, departure of industry, high unemployment, rising taxes, low property values, and competition among ethnic groups. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_Kennedy_family">The Kennedy family</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Massachusetts&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: The Kennedy family"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_F._Kennedy,_White_House_color_photo_portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/John_F._Kennedy%2C_White_House_color_photo_portrait.jpg/210px-John_F._Kennedy%2C_White_House_color_photo_portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="272" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/John_F._Kennedy%2C_White_House_color_photo_portrait.jpg/315px-John_F._Kennedy%2C_White_House_color_photo_portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/John_F._Kennedy%2C_White_House_color_photo_portrait.jpg/420px-John_F._Kennedy%2C_White_House_color_photo_portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1419" data-file-height="1840" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a>, Massachusetts native and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Presidents of the United States">35th</a> President of the United States (1961–1963)</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Kennedy_family" title="Kennedy family">Kennedy family</a> was prominent in <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a> politics in the 20th century. Children of businessman and ambassador <a href="/wiki/Joseph_P._Kennedy_Sr." title="Joseph P. Kennedy Sr.">Joseph P. Kennedy Sr.</a> included: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a>, a <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Massachusetts" title="List of United States senators from Massachusetts">United States senator from Massachusetts</a> from 1953 to 1960 and president of the United States from 1961 until <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Assassination of John F. Kennedy">his assassination</a> in 1963</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy" title="Robert F. Kennedy">Robert F. Kennedy</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney_General" title="United States Attorney General">United States Attorney General</a> from 1961 to 1964, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_New_York" title="List of United States senators from New York">United States senator from New York</a> from 1965 to 1968, and <a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy_1968_presidential_campaign" title="Robert F. Kennedy 1968 presidential campaign">presidential candidate in 1968</a> until <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Robert_F._Kennedy" title="Assassination of Robert F. Kennedy">his assassination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Kennedy" title="Ted Kennedy">Ted Kennedy</a>, a <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Massachusetts" title="List of United States senators from Massachusetts">United States senator from Massachusetts</a> from 1962 until his death in 2009 and <a href="/wiki/Ted_Kennedy_1980_presidential_campaign" title="Ted Kennedy 1980 presidential campaign">presidential candidate in 1980</a><sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eunice_Kennedy_Shriver" title="Eunice Kennedy Shriver">Eunice Kennedy Shriver</a>, a co-founder of the <a href="/wiki/Special_Olympics" title="Special Olympics">Special Olympics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>John F. Kennedy's <a href="/wiki/John_Fitzgerald_Kennedy_National_Historic_Site" title="John Fitzgerald Kennedy National Historic Site">birthplace and early childhood home</a> is located on Beals Street in <a href="/wiki/Brookline,_Massachusetts" title="Brookline, Massachusetts">Brookline, Massachusetts</a>. The famous <a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Compound" title="Kennedy Compound">Kennedy Compound</a> is located in <a href="/wiki/Hyannis_Port,_Massachusetts" title="Hyannis Port, Massachusetts">Hyannis Port, Massachusetts</a> on <a href="/wiki/Cape_Cod" title="Cape Cod">Cape Cod</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_economy_and_society:_1985–present"><span id="Modern_economy_and_society:_1985.E2.80.93present"></span>Modern economy and society: 1985–present</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Massachusetts&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Modern economy and society: 1985–present"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Over the past 20–30 years, Massachusetts has cemented its place in the country as a center of education (especially higher education) and high-tech industry, including the <a href="/wiki/Biotechnology" title="Biotechnology">biotechnology</a> and information technology sectors. With better-than-average schools overall and many elite universities, the area was well placed to take advantage of the technology-based economy of the 1990s. The rebound from the decay of manufacturing into the high-technology sector is often referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Miracle" title="Massachusetts Miracle">Massachusetts Miracle</a>. </p><p>The Commonwealth had several notable citizens in federal government in the 1980s, including presidential hopeful Senator <a href="/wiki/Ted_Kennedy" title="Ted Kennedy">Ted Kennedy</a> and House Speaker <a href="/wiki/Tip_O%27Neill" title="Tip O'Neill">Tip O'Neill</a>. This legislative influence allowed the Commonwealth to receive federal highway funding for the $14.6 billion Boston Central Artery/Tunnel Project. Known colloquially as "the <a href="/wiki/Big_Dig_(Boston,_Massachusetts)" class="mw-redirect" title="Big Dig (Boston, Massachusetts)">Big Dig</a>", it was, at the time, the most expensive federal highway project ever approved. Designed to relieve some of the traffic problems of the poorly planned city, it was approved in 1987, and effectively completed in 2005. The project was controversial due to massive <a href="/wiki/Cost_overrun" title="Cost overrun">budget overruns</a>, repeated construction delays, water leaks in the new tunnels in 2004, and a ceiling collapse in 2006 that killed a Bostonian. </p><p>Several Massachusetts politicians have run for the office of President of the United States in this period, won the primary elections, and gone on to contest the national elections. These include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Dukakis" title="Michael Dukakis">Michael Dukakis</a> in <a href="/wiki/1988_United_States_presidential_election" title="1988 United States presidential election">1988</a>; defeated by <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Kerry" title="John Kerry">John Kerry</a> in <a href="/wiki/2004_United_States_presidential_election" title="2004 United States presidential election">2004</a>; defeated by <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitt_Romney" title="Mitt Romney">Mitt Romney</a> in <a href="/wiki/2012_United_States_presidential_election" title="2012 United States presidential election">2012</a>; defeated by <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a></li></ul> <p>In 2002, the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church_sex_abuse_scandal" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church sex abuse scandal">Roman Catholic Church sex abuse scandal</a> involving local priests became public. The Archdiocese of Boston was found to have knowingly moved priests who sexually molested children from parish to parish and to have covered up abuse. The revelations caused the resignation of the archbishop, <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Bernard Law">Cardinal Bernard Law</a>, and resulted in an $85 million settlement with the victims. With the large Irish and Italian Catholic populations in Boston, this was a big concern. The diocese, under financial pressure, closed many of its churches. In some churches, parishioners camped out in the churches to protest and block closure. </p><p>On November 18, 2003, the <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Supreme_Judicial_Court" title="Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court">Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court</a> (SJC) decided that the Commonwealth could not deny marriage rights to gay couples under the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Massachusetts" title="Constitution of Massachusetts">state constitution</a>. On February 4, 2004, the SJC followed that ruling with a statement saying that allegedly <a href="/wiki/Separate_but_equal" title="Separate but equal">separate but equal</a> <a href="/wiki/Civil_unions" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil unions">civil unions</a>, implemented as of late in <a href="/wiki/Vermont" title="Vermont">Vermont</a>, would not pass constitutional muster and that only full <a href="/wiki/Gay_marriage" class="mw-redirect" title="Gay marriage">gay marriage</a> rights met constitutional guarantees. On May 17, 2004, the ruling took effect and thousands of gay and lesbian couples across the Commonwealth entered into marriage. Opponents of gay marriage subsequently pushed for an amendment to the state constitution that would allow the state to deny marriage rights to gay couples. It was necessary for the amendment to be approved by at least 1/4 of the members present in two consecutive legislative sessions of the <a href="/wiki/Great_and_General_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="Great and General Court">Massachusetts legislature</a>, and to receive majority support in a popular referendum. It passed the first legislative session, but was defeated in the second session, receiving less than 1/4 of the votes of the legislators present. As public opinion polls currently<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (May 2011)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> indicate majority support for gay marriage among the people of the Commonwealth, it is likely that the issue is settled in Massachusetts.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Increased white-collar jobs have driven suburban sprawl, but the consequent effects of sprawl have been lessened by regulations on land use and zoning, as well as an emphasis on "smart growth". In recent years, the Commonwealth has lost population as high housing costs have driven many away from Massachusetts. The Boston area is the third most expensive housing market in the country. Over the last several years there has been a net outflow of about 19,000 people from the Commonwealth.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2007)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The text near this tag is dated. (August 2012)">needs update</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 2006, the Massachusetts legislature enacted the first plan in the United States to provide all Commonwealth citizens with universal health insurance coverage, using a variety of private insurance providers. Insurance coverage for low-income individuals is paid for with tax revenues, and higher income people who don't have health insurance are required to purchase it. (The health insurance market is publicly regulated, so, at least in Massachusetts, no one can be denied coverage because of pre-existing conditions or be forced to pay exorbitant rates.) The implementation of <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Care" class="mw-redirect" title="Commonwealth Care">Commonwealth Care</a>, the new universal coverage law, is proceeding, as of 2007. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1st_Boston_Marathon_blast_seen_from_2nd_floor_and_a_half_block_away.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/1st_Boston_Marathon_blast_seen_from_2nd_floor_and_a_half_block_away.jpg/200px-1st_Boston_Marathon_blast_seen_from_2nd_floor_and_a_half_block_away.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/1st_Boston_Marathon_blast_seen_from_2nd_floor_and_a_half_block_away.jpg/300px-1st_Boston_Marathon_blast_seen_from_2nd_floor_and_a_half_block_away.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/1st_Boston_Marathon_blast_seen_from_2nd_floor_and_a_half_block_away.jpg/400px-1st_Boston_Marathon_blast_seen_from_2nd_floor_and_a_half_block_away.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2159" data-file-height="1530" /></a><figcaption>Boston Marathon bombing</figcaption></figure> <p>Two bombs exploded near the finish line of the <a href="/wiki/Boston_Marathon" title="Boston Marathon">Boston Marathon</a> on April 15, 2013, killing three spectators and injuring 264. The 2 brothers <a href="/wiki/Tamerlan_Tsarnaev" title="Tamerlan Tsarnaev">Tamerlan Tsarnaev</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dzhokhar_Tsarnaev" title="Dzhokhar Tsarnaev">Dzhokhar Tsarnaev</a> set the bombs because they were motivated by extremist Islamic beliefs and learned to build explosive devices from an online magazine of an <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">al-Qaeda</a> affiliate.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On November 8, 2016, Massachusetts voted for The Massachusetts Marijuana Legalization Initiative, also known as Question 4.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was included on the <a href="/wiki/US_Presidential_Election" class="mw-redirect" title="US Presidential Election">United States presidential election, 2016</a> ballot in Massachusetts as an indirect initiated state statute.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Big_Dig">The Big Dig</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Massachusetts&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: The Big Dig"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Boston_CAT_Project-construction_view_from_air.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Boston_CAT_Project-construction_view_from_air.jpeg/150px-Boston_CAT_Project-construction_view_from_air.jpeg" decoding="async" width="150" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Boston_CAT_Project-construction_view_from_air.jpeg/225px-Boston_CAT_Project-construction_view_from_air.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f7/Boston_CAT_Project-construction_view_from_air.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="319" /></a><figcaption>Part of the "<a href="/wiki/Big_Dig" title="Big Dig">Big Dig</a>" construction project; this portion is over the <a href="/wiki/Charles_River" title="Charles River">Charles River</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1987, the state received federal funding for the Central Artery/Tunnel Project. Known as "the <a href="/wiki/Big_Dig_(Boston,_Massachusetts)" class="mw-redirect" title="Big Dig (Boston, Massachusetts)">Big Dig</a>", it was at the time the biggest federal highway project ever approved.<sup id="cite_ref-BigDig1_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BigDig1-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The project included making the <a href="/wiki/Central_Artery" title="Central Artery">Central Artery</a> a tunnel under downtown Boston, in addition to the re-routing of several other major highways.<sup id="cite_ref-BigDig2_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BigDig2-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Often controversial, with numerous claims of graft and mismanagement, and with its initial price tag of $2.5 billion increasing to a final tally of over $15 billion, the Big Dig has nonetheless changed the face of Downtown Boston.<sup id="cite_ref-BigDig1_108-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BigDig1-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has connected areas once divided by elevated highway (much of the raised old Central Artery was replaced with the <a href="/wiki/Rose_Kennedy_Greenway" class="mw-redirect" title="Rose Kennedy Greenway">Rose Kennedy Greenway</a>), and improved traffic conditions along a number of routes.<sup id="cite_ref-BigDig1_108-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BigDig1-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BigDig2_109-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BigDig2-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Boundaries">Boundaries</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Massachusetts&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Boundaries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The history of the boundaries of Massachusetts is somewhat complex and covers several centuries. Land grants made to various groups of early colonists, mergers and secessions, and settlements of various boundary disputes all had a major influence on the modern definition of the Commonwealth. Disputes arose due to both overlapping grants, inaccurate surveys (creating a difference between where the border "should" be and where markers are placed on the ground). Having loyal settlers actually on the ground also partially determined which portions of their vast claims early groups held on too. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Founding_grants">Founding grants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Massachusetts&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Founding grants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1607, the <a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Company" title="Plymouth Company">Plymouth Company</a> was granted a coastal charter for all <i>coastal</i> territory up to a certain distance from the eastern shoreline of North America, from 38°N to 45°N. The northern boundary was thus slightly farther north than the current Maine–New Brunswick border, and the southern border intentionally overlapped with the <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Company_of_London" title="Virginia Company of London">Virginia Company of London</a> ("London Company") from the 38th parallel (near the current Maryland–Virginia border) to the 41st (near the current Connecticut–New York border in <a href="/wiki/Long_Island_Sound" title="Long Island Sound">Long Island Sound</a>). Neither colony was allowed to settle within 100 miles of the other. The Plymouth Company's patent fell into disuse after the failure of the <a href="/wiki/Popham_Colony" title="Popham Colony">Popham Colony</a> in what is now Maine. Meanwhile, the <a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Colony" title="Plymouth Colony">Plymouth Colony</a> had settled outside the territory of the London company due to navigational difficulties. The Plymouth Company was reorganized as the <a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Council_for_New_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Plymouth Council for New England">Plymouth Council for New England</a>, and given a new royal <i>sea-to-sea</i> charter for all North American territory from 40° North (just east between present-day Philadelphia and Trenton, New Jersey) and 48° N (thus including all of modern-day <a href="/wiki/New_Brunswick" title="New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a>, Nova Scotia, and <a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward_Island" title="Prince Edward Island">Prince Edward Island</a>). The Plymouth Colony was granted land patents between 1621 and 1630 from the Council to legitimize its settlement, though it maintained political independence under the <a href="/wiki/Mayflower_Compact" title="Mayflower Compact">Mayflower Compact</a>. </p><p>The Plymouth Council for New England made sub grants to various entities before it was surrendered to the crown in 1635 and ceased to operate as a corporate entity. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Sheffield_Patent" title="Sheffield Patent">Sheffield Patent</a> granted the use of <a href="/wiki/Cape_Ann" title="Cape Ann">Cape Ann</a> to members of the Plymouth Colony and the Dorchester Company. The fishing colony there failed, but led to the foundation of <a href="/wiki/Salem,_Massachusetts" title="Salem, Massachusetts">Salem, Massachusetts</a>. The bankrupt Dorchester Company's lands were reissued as part of a larger grant to the <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Bay_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Massachusetts Bay Company">Massachusetts Bay Company</a>. Massachusetts Bay obtained in 1628/29 a <i>sea-to-sea</i> patent for all lands and islands from three miles north of the <a href="/wiki/Merrimack_River" title="Merrimack River">Merrimack River</a> (roughly the current Massachusetts–New Hampshire border), to three miles south of the extents of the <a href="/wiki/Charles_River" title="Charles River">Charles River</a> and <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Bay" title="Massachusetts Bay">Massachusetts Bay</a>. The Charles River starts in <a href="/wiki/Hopkinton,_Massachusetts" title="Hopkinton, Massachusetts">Hopkinton</a> (in the middle of the territory) but flows in a circuitous path southeast to near present-day <a href="/wiki/Bellingham,_Massachusetts" title="Bellingham, Massachusetts">Bellingham</a> on the modern Rhode Island border. Land belonging to any other colonies as of November 3, 1629, was excluded from the grant. </p><p>The boundary between the Massachusetts Bay Colony and Plymouth Colony was settled in 1639, and today forms most of the border between <a href="/wiki/Norfolk_County,_Massachusetts" title="Norfolk County, Massachusetts">Norfolk County</a> to the north and <a href="/wiki/Plymouth_County,_Massachusetts" title="Plymouth County, Massachusetts">Plymouth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bristol_County,_Massachusetts" title="Bristol County, Massachusetts">Bristol</a> counties to the south. </p><p>In 1622, Sir <a href="/wiki/Ferdinando_Gorges" title="Ferdinando Gorges">Ferdinando Gorges</a> obtained a patent for the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Maine" title="Province of Maine">Province of Maine</a>, lands north of the Massachusetts Bay border near the Merrimack River, up to the <a href="/wiki/Kennebec_River" title="Kennebec River">Kennebec River</a>. This was soon split at the <a href="/wiki/Piscataqua_River" title="Piscataqua River">Piscataqua River</a>, with the southern portion eventually becoming the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_New_Hampshire" title="Province of New Hampshire">Province of New Hampshire</a>. The northern portion came under Massachusetts Bay control in the 1640s. In 1664, <a href="/wiki/James_II_of_England" title="James II of England">James, Duke of York</a>, obtained a charter for land from the Kennebec to the <a href="/wiki/Saint_Croix_River_(Maine_%E2%80%93_New_Brunswick)" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Croix River (Maine – New Brunswick)">St. Croix River</a>, joining it to his <a href="/wiki/Province_of_New_York" title="Province of New York">Province of New York</a>. New Hampshire was joined with Massachusetts Bay from 1641 to 1679 and during the dominion period (1686–1692). </p><p>The 1629 charter of Massachusetts Bay was canceled by a judgment of the high court of chancery of England, June 18, 1684.<sup id="cite_ref-usgs_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-usgs-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Massachusetts_Bay" title="Province of Massachusetts Bay">Province of Massachusetts Bay</a> was formed in 1691–92 by the British monarchs <a href="/wiki/William_III_of_England" title="William III of England">William III</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mary_II_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary II of England">Mary II</a>. It included the lands of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, the Plymouth Colony, the Province of Maine (including the eastern territories that had been part of Province of New York), and <a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a> (which included present-day <a href="/wiki/New_Brunswick" title="New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward_Island" title="Prince Edward Island">Prince Edward Island</a>). <a href="/wiki/Dukes_County,_Massachusetts" title="Dukes County, Massachusetts">Dukes County, Massachusetts</a> (<a href="/wiki/Martha%27s_Vineyard" title="Martha's Vineyard">Martha's Vineyard</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Islands" title="Elizabeth Islands">Elizabeth Islands</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Nantucket,_Massachusetts" class="mw-redirect" title="Nantucket, Massachusetts">Nantucket</a> were also transferred from the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_New_York" title="Province of New York">Province of New York</a>. In 1696, Nova Scotia was restored to France (who called it <a href="/wiki/Acadia" title="Acadia">Acadia</a>), but the northern and eastern boundaries of Maine would not be fixed until the 1840s. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_Hampshire_boundary">New Hampshire boundary</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Massachusetts&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: New Hampshire boundary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nhcolony.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Nhcolony.png/220px-Nhcolony.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Nhcolony.png/330px-Nhcolony.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Nhcolony.png/440px-Nhcolony.png 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>The disputed boundary between <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Bay_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Massachusetts Bay Company">Massachusetts Bay Company</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_New_Hampshire" title="Province of New Hampshire">Province of New Hampshire</a>.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Northern_boundary_of_Massachusetts" title="Northern boundary of Massachusetts">Northern boundary of Massachusetts</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Province_of_New_Hampshire" title="Province of New Hampshire">Province of New Hampshire</a> received a separate royal charter in 1679, but the language defining the southern border with Massachusetts Bay referenced the Merrimack River in an ambiguous way: </p> <blockquote><p>all that parte of New England in America lying and extending from the greate River commonly called Monomack als Merrimack on the northpart and from three Miles Northward of the said River to the Atlantick or Western Sea or Ocean on the South part [Pacific Ocean]<sup id="cite_ref-usgs_110-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-usgs-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The result was disagreement over the <a href="/wiki/Northern_boundary_of_Massachusetts" title="Northern boundary of Massachusetts">northern boundary of Massachusetts</a> that was often ignored by its governors because in those years they governed both Massachusetts and New Hampshire. Massachusetts claimed land west of the Merrimack as calculated from the headwaters of the river (which early colonial officials claimed to be the outlet of <a href="/wiki/Lake_Winnipesaukee" title="Lake Winnipesaukee">Lake Winnipesaukee</a> in modern-day <a href="/wiki/Franklin,_New_Hampshire" title="Franklin, New Hampshire">Franklin, New Hampshire</a>), but New Hampshire claimed that its southern boundary was the line of latitude three miles north of the river's mouth. The parties appealed to King George II of Great Britain, who ordered the dispute be settled by agreement between the parties. Commissioners from both colonies met at <a href="/wiki/Hampton,_New_Hampshire" title="Hampton, New Hampshire">Hampton, New Hampshire</a> in 1737, but were unable to reach agreement. </p><p>In 1740, the King settled the dispute in a surprising manner, by declaring "that the northern boundary of Massachusetts be a similar curve line pursuing the course of the Merrimack River at three miles distance on the north side thereof, beginning at the Atlantic Ocean and ending at a point due north of a place called Pawtucket Falls [now <a href="/wiki/Lowell,_Massachusetts" title="Lowell, Massachusetts">Lowell, Massachusetts</a>], and by a straight line drawn from thence west till it meets his Majesty's other governments." This ruling favored New Hampshire and actually gave it a strip of land 50 miles beyond its claim. Massachusetts declined to do a physical survey, so New Hampshire laid markers on its own.<sup id="cite_ref-usgs_110-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-usgs-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rhode_Island_eastern_border">Rhode Island eastern border</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Massachusetts&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Rhode Island eastern border"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Plymouthcolonymap.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Plymouthcolonymap.png/220px-Plymouthcolonymap.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Plymouthcolonymap.png/330px-Plymouthcolonymap.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Plymouthcolonymap.png/440px-Plymouthcolonymap.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>Early settlements and boundaries of the <a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Colony" title="Plymouth Colony">Plymouth Colony</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1641, the Plymouth Colony (at the time separate from the Massachusetts Bay Colony) purchased from the Indians a large tract of land which today includes the northern half of <a href="/wiki/East_Providence,_Rhode_Island" title="East Providence, Rhode Island">East Providence</a> (from Watchemoket to Rumford), <a href="/wiki/Rehoboth,_Massachusetts" title="Rehoboth, Massachusetts">Rehoboth, Massachusetts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seekonk,_Massachusetts" title="Seekonk, Massachusetts">Seekonk, Massachusetts</a>, and part of <a href="/wiki/Pawtucket,_Rhode_Island" title="Pawtucket, Rhode Island">Pawtucket, Rhode Island</a>. In 1645, John Brown of Plymouth bought a considerably smaller piece of land from the Indians, which today comprises the southern part of East Providence (Riverside), <a href="/wiki/Barrington,_Rhode_Island" title="Barrington, Rhode Island">Barrington, Rhode Island</a>, and a small part of <a href="/wiki/Swansea,_Massachusetts" title="Swansea, Massachusetts">Swansea, Massachusetts</a>. Finally, in 1661, Plymouth completed the "North Purchase", from which <a href="/wiki/Cumberland,_Rhode_Island" title="Cumberland, Rhode Island">Cumberland, Rhode Island</a>, <a href="/wiki/Attleboro,_Massachusetts" title="Attleboro, Massachusetts">Attleboro, Massachusetts</a>, and <a href="/wiki/North_Attleborough,_Massachusetts" title="North Attleborough, Massachusetts">North Attleborough, Massachusetts</a>, were later to be formed. The whole territory, which also included parts of modern <a href="/wiki/Somerset,_Massachusetts" title="Somerset, Massachusetts">Somerset, Massachusetts</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Warren,_Rhode_Island" title="Warren, Rhode Island">Warren</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bristol,_Rhode_Island" title="Bristol, Rhode Island">Bristol</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Woonsocket,_Rhode_Island" title="Woonsocket, Rhode Island">Woonsocket</a> in Rhode Island, was at the time called "Rehoboth". The center of "Old Rehoboth" was within the borders of modern <a href="/wiki/East_Providence,_Rhode_Island" title="East Providence, Rhode Island">East Providence, Rhode Island</a>. </p><p>By the 1650s, Massachusetts Bay, the Colony of Rhode Island (not yet unified with Providence) the <a href="/wiki/Connecticut_Colony" title="Connecticut Colony">Connecticut Colony</a>, and two different land companies all claimed what is now <a href="/wiki/Washington_County,_Rhode_Island" title="Washington County, Rhode Island">Washington County, Rhode Island</a>, what was referred to as <a href="/wiki/Narragansett_(tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Narragansett (tribe)">Narragansett Country</a>. Massachusetts Bay had conquered <a href="/wiki/Block_Island" title="Block Island">Block Island</a> in 1636 in retaliation for the murder of a trader at the start of the <a href="/wiki/Pequot_War" title="Pequot War">Pequot War</a>, and Massachusetts families settled there in 1661. The Plymouth Colony's land grant specified its western boundary as the Narragansett <i>River</i>;<sup id="cite_ref-fowler_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fowler-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it is unclear whether this referred to the <a href="/wiki/Pawcatuck_River" title="Pawcatuck River">Pawcatuck River</a> (on the current Connecticut–Rhode Island Border) or <a href="/wiki/Narragansett_Bay" title="Narragansett Bay">Narragansett Bay</a> (much farther east, near the modern-day Rhode Island–Massachusetts border). </p><p>In 1663, Rhode Island obtained a patent extending its territory in certain places three miles east of Narragansett Bay. In 1664, a royal commission appointed by King <a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_England" title="Charles II of England">Charles II of England</a> denied the claims of Massachusetts and Plymouth to land west of Narragansett Bay, granting jurisdiction to the newly unified <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Rhode_Island_and_Providence_Plantations" title="Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations">Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations</a> (pending resolution of the claims of Connecticut). However, the claims of Plymouth to all lands east of Narragansett Bay were upheld, and so the border was set in practice.<sup id="cite_ref-fowler_111-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fowler-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 1691 charter unified Massachusetts Bay with Plymouth Colony (including Rehoboth) and said that the combined territory would extend as far south as "Our Collonyes of Rhode Island Connecticut and the Narragansett Countrey"<sup id="cite_ref-usgs_110-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-usgs-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Narragansett Country). </p><p>In 1693, the monarchs <a href="/wiki/William_III_of_England" title="William III of England">William III</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mary_II_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary II of England">Mary II</a> issued a patent extending Rhode Island's territory to three miles "east and northeast" of Narragansett Bay, conflicting with the claims of Plymouth Colony.<sup id="cite_ref-where_2_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-where_2-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This enlarged the area of conflict between Rhode Island and the Province of Massachusetts. </p><p>The issue was not addressed until 1740, when Rhode Island appealed to King George II of Great Britain. Royal commissioners from both colonies were appointed in 1741, and decided in favor of Rhode Island. The King affirmed the settlement in 1746 after appeals from both colonies. The royally approved three-mile boundary moved several towns on the eastern shore of <a href="/wiki/Narragansett_Bay" title="Narragansett Bay">Narragansett Bay</a> (east of the mouth of the <a href="/wiki/Blackstone_River" title="Blackstone River">Blackstone River</a>) from Massachusetts to Rhode Island. </p><p>This included what is now <a href="/wiki/Bristol_County,_Rhode_Island" title="Bristol County, Rhode Island">Bristol County, Rhode Island</a> (the towns of Barrington, Bristol, and Warren), along with <a href="/wiki/Tiverton,_Rhode_Island" title="Tiverton, Rhode Island">Tiverton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Little_Compton,_Rhode_Island" title="Little Compton, Rhode Island">Little Compton</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cumberland,_Rhode_Island" title="Cumberland, Rhode Island">Cumberland, Rhode Island</a> (which was carved out of <a href="/wiki/Attleborough,_Massachusetts" class="mw-redirect" title="Attleborough, Massachusetts">Attleborough, Massachusetts</a>). East Freetown, which was left on the Massachusetts side of the border, was officially purchased by <a href="/wiki/Freetown,_Massachusetts" title="Freetown, Massachusetts">Freetown, Massachusetts</a>, from Tiverton in 1747. </p><p>Commissioners from Rhode Island had the new boundary surveyed in 1746 (without consulting Massachusetts), based on six reference points, from each of which a distance was measured 3 miles inland. Massachusetts accepted this border until 1791, when its own surveyors found that the Rhode Island surveyors had "encroached" on Massachusetts territory by a few hundred feet in certain places. (Rhode Island disagreed.) Of particular concern was the boundary near <a href="/wiki/Fall_River,_Massachusetts" title="Fall River, Massachusetts">Fall River, Massachusetts</a>, which would later fall in the middle of a thickly settled area of high taxable value.<sup id="cite_ref-fowler_111-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fowler-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1812, after a court case involving the Massachusetts border, the western half of Old Rehoboth was set off as a separate township called <a href="/wiki/Seekonk,_Massachusetts" title="Seekonk, Massachusetts">Seekonk, Massachusetts</a>, leaving the eastern part as <a href="/wiki/Rehoboth,_Massachusetts" title="Rehoboth, Massachusetts">Rehoboth, Massachusetts</a>. Old Rehoboth's town center now became the heart of Old Seekonk. </p><p>In 1832, Rhode Island filed a case with the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Supreme Court">U.S. Supreme Court</a>, but after six years of deliberations, it was dismissed. The court decided it did not have the jurisdiction to rule on the matter.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1844, and 1845, commissioners were once again authorized to survey and mark the boundary from Wrentham to the Atlantic Ocean, to address the inaccuracies of the 1746 survey. A report was issued in 1848, but the Massachusetts legislature refused to agree to the proposed solution after petitions from residents of Fall River.<sup id="cite_ref-fowler_111-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fowler-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-battleship_cove_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-battleship_cove-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Both states filed <a href="/wiki/Equity_(law)" title="Equity (law)">bills of equity</a> with the Supreme Court in 1852, and after more surveying and negotiation, a decree was issued on December 16, 1861. On March 1, 1862, when the Supreme Court ruling became effective,<sup id="cite_ref-usgs_110-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-usgs-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the western part of Old Seekonk (all of which was on the eastern shore of the <a href="/wiki/Blackstone_River" title="Blackstone River">Blackstone River</a>) was ceded by Massachusetts and incorporated as <a href="/wiki/East_Providence,_Rhode_Island" title="East Providence, Rhode Island">East Providence, Rhode Island</a>. Part of <a href="/wiki/North_Providence,_Rhode_Island" title="North Providence, Rhode Island">North Providence, Rhode Island</a>, was also combined with the former Pawtucket, Massachusetts and a sliver of Seekonk to form the modern <a href="/wiki/Pawtucket,_Rhode_Island" title="Pawtucket, Rhode Island">Pawtucket, Rhode Island</a>. A small amount of land was also added to <a href="/wiki/Westport,_Massachusetts" title="Westport, Massachusetts">Westport, Massachusetts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-battleship_cove_114-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-battleship_cove-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The southern boundary of <a href="/wiki/Fall_River,_Massachusetts" title="Fall River, Massachusetts">Fall River, Massachusetts</a>, was moved from Columbia Street to State Avenue, expanding its territory. The Supreme Court made these adjustments not in conformance with King George's instructions, but to unify the thickly settled areas of Pawtucket and Fall River under the jurisdiction of a single state.<sup id="cite_ref-fowler_111-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fowler-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 1861–2 boundary was slightly redefined in 1897, using stone markers instead of high-water levels. The physical survey was performed in 1898, and ratified by both states. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rhode_Island_northern_border">Rhode Island northern border</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Massachusetts&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Rhode Island northern border"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1710–11, commissioners from the Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations and the Province of Massachusetts Bay agreed that the stake planted in 1642 by Nathaniel Woodward and Solomon Saffrey at Burnt Swamp Corner on the plains of <a href="/wiki/Wrentham,_Massachusetts" title="Wrentham, Massachusetts">Wrentham, Massachusetts</a>, said to be at 41°55′N and thought to be three miles south of the southernmost part of the Charles River, would represent the starting point for the border. </p><p>The line extending west from the stake was surveyed in 1719, but inaccurately.<sup id="cite_ref-usgs_110-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-usgs-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1748, Rhode Island appointed a commission to survey the line from the stake to the Connecticut border, but Massachusetts failed to send a delegation. The surveyors could not find the 1642 stake, and so marked a line from three miles south, by their reckoning, of "Poppatolish Pond" (presumably Populatic Pond, near Norfolk Airpark in <a href="/wiki/Norfolk,_Massachusetts" title="Norfolk, Massachusetts">Norfolk, Massachusetts</a>). It was discovered that the Woodward and Saffrey stake was considerably farther south than three miles from the Charles River.<sup id="cite_ref-usgs_110-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-usgs-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rhode Island claimed that its commissioners had made a mistake in basing the border on the 1642 stake, and in 1832 filed a case with the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court of the United States</a>. In 1846, the Court ruled in favor of Massachusetts. The same surveyors that marked the eastern boundary the previous year then marked the northern boundary, filing their report in 1848. Rhode Island accepted the markings as the legal boundary on the condition that Massachusetts do the same, but the Commonwealth failed to do so until 1865. But by that time, Rhode Island claimed that the 1861 Supreme Court case had changed matters so much as to render the "line of 1848" unacceptable. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Connecticut_border">Connecticut border</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Massachusetts&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Connecticut border"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The town of <a href="/wiki/Springfield,_Massachusetts" title="Springfield, Massachusetts">Springfield</a> was settled in 1636 by <a href="/wiki/William_Pynchon" title="William Pynchon">William Pynchon</a> (as Agawam Plantation), encompassing the modern towns of Westfield, Southwick, West Springfield, Agawam, Chicopee, Holyoke, Wilbraham, Ludlow and Longmeadow in Massachusetts, and Enfield, Suffield, Somers, and East Windsor in Connecticut. It was connected to the Atlantic and major avenues of trade by the <a href="/wiki/Connecticut_River" title="Connecticut River">Connecticut River</a>, which ran past <a href="/wiki/Hartford" class="mw-redirect" title="Hartford">Hartford</a> and through the territory of the <a href="/wiki/Connecticut_Colony" title="Connecticut Colony">Connecticut Colony</a>. Initially, Springfield's founders attended the Connecticut Colony meetings held in Hartford; however, relations quickly soured between the strong-minded leaders of each settlement, the iconoclastic <a href="/wiki/William_Pynchon" title="William Pynchon">William Pynchon</a> of Springfield and Puritan Reverend <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hooker" title="Thomas Hooker">Thomas Hooker</a> of Hartford. Pynchon proved to be a very savvy businessman, and his settlement quickly eclipsed the Connecticut towns in trade with the Natives. In 1640, during a grain shortage, Hooker and other Connecticut leaders gave Pynchon permission to buy grain for them; however, because the Indians were refusing to sell at reasonable prices, Pynchon refused the Indians' offers. Pynchon's perceived greed infuriated Hartford; however, Pynchon explained that he was merely trying to keep market prices steady so that colonists need not pay exorbitant amounts in the future. Infuriated, Hartford sent famed Indian-killer Captain John Mason up to Pynchon's settlement "with money in one hand and a sword in the other." Mason threatened the Natives by Springfield with war if they did not sell grain at the prices he demanded. Pynchon was disgusted by this behavior, as he had enjoyed a congenial relationship with the Natives – and Mason's threats made him look bad. Mason believed that Natives were untrustworthy, and thus exchanged some "hard words" with Pynchon before leaving Springfield. After Mason left, settlers of Agawam Plantation rallied in support of Pynchon. In 1640, they voted to annex their settlement – with arguably the best position on the Connecticut River, near <a href="/wiki/Enfield_Falls" class="mw-redirect" title="Enfield Falls">Enfield Falls</a>, surrounded by fertile farmland and friendly Natives – to the faraway government in Boston, rather than the nearby government in Hartford.<sup id="cite_ref-umass_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-umass-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Springfield had been settled by permission of the <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_General_Court" title="Massachusetts General Court">Massachusetts General Court</a>, so Massachusetts assumed it had jurisdiction over Pynchon's settlement anyway; however, they renamed it Springfield in Pynchon's honor). </p><p>In 1641, Connecticut founded a trading post at Woronoke, which was in what was strongly considered to be Massachusetts territory (now Westfield).<sup id="cite_ref-jog_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jog-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Massachusetts complained, and Connecticut demanded that Springfield pay taxes to support the upkeep of the fort at the mouth of the river, in the <a href="/wiki/Saybrook_Colony" title="Saybrook Colony">Saybrook Colony</a>. Springfield's magistrate, William Pynchon, would have been amenable to the tax if Springfield could have representation at the fort at Saybrook; however, Connecticut refused Springfield's request for representation. Pynchon appealed to Boston, which responded to Connecticut by threatening to charge Connecticut traders for the use of the port of Boston on which they heavily depended.<sup id="cite_ref-umass_115-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-umass-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To assert its sovereignty on the northern Connecticut River, the Massachusetts Bay Colony sent Nathaniel Woodward and Solomon Saffrey to survey and mark the boundary. They accidentally marked the boundary with Rhode Island significantly farther than the royally decreed three miles south of the southernmost part of the Charles River. Instead of traversing the territory of Massachusetts by land, they sailed around and up the Connecticut River, calculating the same latitude at which they had misplaced the stake on the Rhode Island border. This compounded the error even further, resulting in a four to seven mile discrepancy between where the border should have been and where it was marked, and awarding more territory to Massachusetts Bay than it had been granted by its charter. Although it was suspicious of this survey, Connecticut would not even receive a charter until 1662, and so the dispute would lie dormant for several decades.<sup id="cite_ref-jog_116-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jog-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged October 2019">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup> </p><p>The towns of <a href="/wiki/Woodstock,_Connecticut" title="Woodstock, Connecticut">Woodstock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suffield,_Connecticut" title="Suffield, Connecticut">Suffield</a>, <a href="/wiki/Enfield,_Connecticut" title="Enfield, Connecticut">Enfield</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Somers,_Connecticut" title="Somers, Connecticut">Somers</a> were incorporated by Massachusetts, and mainly settled by migrants from the Massachusetts Bay and Plymouth Colonies. In 1686, Suffield and Enfield (incorporated in Massachusetts) were in a dispute over town territory with Windsor and Simsbury (incorporated in Connecticut, and which then included Granby). Massachusetts did not agree to a re-survey, so Connecticut hired John Butler and William Whitney to do the job. They found the southernmost part of the Charles River, and then traveled by land westward. Their 1695 report found that the 1642 line had been drawn too far south. </p><p>Consternation ensued. Abortive pleas to England were made in 1702. In 1713, a joint commission awarded control of Springfield-area towns to Massachusetts (without consulting the residents of those towns), compensating Connecticut with an <a href="/wiki/Equivalent_Lands" title="Equivalent Lands">equal amount of land</a> further north. But the inhabitants of the Connecticut River border towns petitioned to be part of Connecticut in 1724, perhaps due to high taxes in Massachusetts or the greater civil liberties granted in the Connecticut charter.<sup id="cite_ref-ehs_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ehs-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1747, Woodstock petitioned the General Assembly of Connecticut to be admitted to the colony because the transfer of lands from Massachusetts in 1713 had not been authorized by <a href="/wiki/The_Crown" title="The Crown">The Crown</a>. Suffield and Enfield soon followed, and the legislature accepted them in May 1749, and declared the 1713 compromise null and void. Massachusetts continued to assert sovereignty.<sup id="cite_ref-usgs_110-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-usgs-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ehs_117-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ehs-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Southwick_Jog"></span>In 1770, <a href="/wiki/Southwick,_Massachusetts" title="Southwick, Massachusetts">Southwick, Massachusetts</a>, was granted independence from <a href="/wiki/Westfield,_Massachusetts" title="Westfield, Massachusetts">Westfield, Massachusetts</a>. In May 1774, residents in southern Southwick also petitioned Connecticut for entry and secession from northern Southwick, on the grounds they were south of the royally approved border of the Massachusetts Bay Colony (three miles south of the Charles River). As a compromise, the area west of Congamond Lake remained in Massachusetts, and the area of Massachusetts east of the lake joined Suffield and became part of Connecticut.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ehs_117-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ehs-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1791, and 1793, commissioners were sent from both states to survey the boundary line yet again, but were unable to agree until a compromise was reached in 1803–04. Massachusetts accepted the nullification of the 1713 compromise and the loss of the border towns, but regained the portion of southern Southwick west of the lake. This resulted in the modern boundary with Connecticut, a relatively straight east–west line except for the "Southwick jog", a small, mostly rectangular piece of Massachusetts surrounded by Connecticut on three sides.<sup id="cite_ref-ehs_117-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ehs-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_York_border">New York border</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Massachusetts&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: New York border"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Massachusetts claimed all territory to the Pacific Ocean, based on its 1629 charter, but the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_New_York" title="Province of New York">Province of New York</a> claimed the west bank of the <a href="/wiki/Connecticut_River" title="Connecticut River">Connecticut River</a> (passing through Springfield, Massachusetts) as its eastern boundary, based on 1664 and 1674 grants to the Duke of York. The 1705 Westenhook Patent from the governor of New York allocated land west of the <a href="/wiki/Housatonic_River" title="Housatonic River">Housatonic River</a> to specific individuals, resulting in ownership conflicts.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1773, the western boundary of Massachusetts was settled with New York in its present location, and surveyed in 1787, following the line of <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_north" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnetic north">magnetic north</a> at the time. The starting point was a 1731 marker at the Connecticut–New York border, 20 miles inland from the <a href="/wiki/Hudson_River" title="Hudson River">Hudson River</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-usgs_110-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-usgs-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Massachusetts relinquished sovereignty over its western lands (east of the Great Lakes) to New York in the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Hartford_(1786)" title="Treaty of Hartford (1786)">Treaty of Hartford</a> in 1786, but retained the economic right to buy the <a href="/wiki/Boston_Ten_Townships" title="Boston Ten Townships">Boston Ten Townships</a> from Native Americans before any other party. These purchase rights were sold to private individuals in 1788. The Commonwealth also <a href="/wiki/State_cessions" title="State cessions">ceded</a> its claim to far western lands (Michigan and all other land to the Pacific Ocean) to Congress in 1785. </p><p>In 1853, a small triangle of land in the southwest corner of the Commonwealth, known as <a href="/wiki/Boston_Corner,_New_York" title="Boston Corner, New York">Boston Corner</a>, was ceded from <a href="/wiki/Mount_Washington,_Massachusetts" title="Mount Washington, Massachusetts">Mount Washington, Massachusetts</a>, to <a href="/wiki/Ancram,_New_York" title="Ancram, New York">Ancram, New York</a>. The mountainous terrain made it difficult for Massachusetts authorities to enforce the law there, making the neighborhood a haven for outlaws and <a href="/wiki/Prize-fighter" class="mw-redirect" title="Prize-fighter">prize-fighters</a>. Residents petitioned for the transfer to allow New York authorities to clean up the hamlet. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Maine">Maine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Massachusetts&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Maine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From 1658 to 1820 <a href="/wiki/History_of_Maine" title="History of Maine">Maine</a> was an integral part of Massachusetts. In 1820, Maine was separated from Massachusetts (with its consent) and admitted into the Union as an independent state, as part of the <a href="/wiki/Missouri_Compromise" title="Missouri Compromise">Missouri Compromise</a>. (See the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Maine" title="History of Maine">History of Maine</a> for information about its boundaries, including disputes with New Hampshire and Canadian provinces.) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Massachusetts&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Historical_outline_of_Massachusetts" class="mw-redirect" title="Historical outline of Massachusetts">Historical outline of Massachusetts</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_education_in_Massachusetts" title="History of education in Massachusetts">History of education in Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Massachusetts_Turnpike" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Massachusetts Turnpike">History of the Massachusetts Turnpike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_England" title="History of New England">History of New England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Archives" title="Massachusetts Archives">Massachusetts Archives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_tribes_in_Massachusetts" title="Native American tribes in Massachusetts">Native American tribes in Massachusetts</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Massachusetts&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-BT67-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BT67_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BT67_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Brown and Tager, pp. 6–7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mohican-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mohican_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mohican_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090912122346/http://mohican-nsn.gov/Departments/Library-Museum/Mohican_History/origin-and-early.htm">"Origin & Early Mohican History"</a>. Stockbridge-Munsee Community — Band of Mohican Indians. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mohican-nsn.gov/Departments/Library-Museum/Mohican_History/origin-and-early.htm">the original</a> on September 12, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 21,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Origin+%26+Early+Mohican+History&rft.pub=Stockbridge-Munsee+Community+%E2%80%94+Band+of+Mohican+Indians&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmohican-nsn.gov%2FDepartments%2FLibrary-Museum%2FMohican_History%2Forigin-and-early.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brown and Tager, p. 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hoxie-164-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hoxie-164_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoxie1996" class="citation book cs1">Hoxie, Frederick E. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=o-BNU7QuJkYC&pg=PA164"><i>Encyclopedia of North American Indians</i></a>. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 164. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-395-66921-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-395-66921-1"><bdi>978-0-395-66921-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/34669430">34669430</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 30,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+North+American+Indians&rft.place=Boston&rft.pages=164&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Harcourt&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F34669430&rft.isbn=978-0-395-66921-1&rft.aulast=Hoxie&rft.aufirst=Frederick+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Do-BNU7QuJkYC%26pg%3DPA164&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged April 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3201%2Fe0di1602.090276">10.3201/e0di1602.090276</a> Marr, JS and Cathey, JT, "New hypothesis for cause of an epidemic among Native Americans, New England, 1616–1619," <i>Emerging Infectious Diseases</i>, 2010 Feb.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Koplow, p. 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Goldfield, et al., pp. 29–30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nathaniel Philbrick, <i>Mayflower: A Story of Courage, Community, and War</i> (2007)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Goldfield, et al., p. 30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Goldfield, et al., p. 29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ourpluralhistory.stcc.edu/colonialperiod/williampynchon.html">"Springfield, MA - Our Plural History"</a>. <i>stcc.edu</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120326030918/http://ourpluralhistory.stcc.edu/colonialperiod/williampynchon.html">Archived</a> from the original on March 26, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 9,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=stcc.edu&rft.atitle=Springfield%2C+MA+-+Our+Plural+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fourpluralhistory.stcc.edu%2Fcolonialperiod%2Fwilliampynchon.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Springfield_City_Library-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Springfield_City_Library_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Springfield_City_Library_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120328010939/http://www.springfieldlibrary.org/Pynchon/pynchon.html">"Springfield City Library"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.springfieldlibrary.org/Pynchon/pynchon.html">the original</a> on March 28, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 4,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Springfield+City+Library&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springfieldlibrary.org%2FPynchon%2Fpynchon.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brown and Tager, p. 29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhaneuf2011" class="citation news cs1">Phaneuf, Wayne (May 21, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.masslive.com/history/index.ssf/2011/05/375_years_of_change_business_and_work_landscape_help_define_springfield.html">"375 years of changing business and work landscape help define Springfield"</a>. <i>The Republican</i>. Springfield, Massachusetts. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141231143502/http://www.masslive.com/history/index.ssf/2011/05/375_years_of_change_business_and_work_landscape_help_define_springfield.html">Archived</a> from the original on December 31, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 28,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Republican&rft.atitle=375+years+of+changing+business+and+work+landscape+help+define+Springfield&rft.date=2011-05-21&rft.aulast=Phaneuf&rft.aufirst=Wayne&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.masslive.com%2Fhistory%2Findex.ssf%2F2011%2F05%2F375_years_of_change_business_and_work_landscape_help_define_springfield.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.americancenturies.mass.edu/people_places/view.jsp?itemtype=2&id=245">"People, Places and Events"</a>. <i>www.americancenturies.mass.edu</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110927154428/http://www.americancenturies.mass.edu/people_places/view.jsp?itemtype=2&id=245">Archived</a> from the original on September 27, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 9,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.americancenturies.mass.edu&rft.atitle=People%2C+Places+and+Events&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.americancenturies.mass.edu%2Fpeople_places%2Fview.jsp%3Fitemtype%3D2%26id%3D245&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.colonialwarsct.org/1675.htm">"The Society of Colonial Wars in the State of Connecticut - 1675 King Philip's War"</a>. <i>colonialwarsct.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110725190145/http://www.colonialwarsct.org/1675.htm">Archived</a> from the original on July 25, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 9,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=colonialwarsct.org&rft.atitle=The+Society+of+Colonial+Wars+in+the+State+of+Connecticut+-+1675+King+Philip%27s+War&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.colonialwarsct.org%2F1675.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Philip Gould. "Reinventing Benjamin Church: Virtue, Citizenship and the History of King Philip's War in Early National America." <i>Journal of the Early Republic</i>, No. 16, Winter 1996. p. 656. According to a combined estimate of loss of life in Schultz and Tougias' <i>King Philip's War, The History and Legacy of America's Forgotten Conflict</i> (based on sources from the Department of Defense, the Bureau of Census, and the work of Colonial historian <a href="/wiki/Francis_Jennings" title="Francis Jennings">Francis Jennings</a>), 800 out of 52,000 English colonists (1.5%) and 3,000 out of 20,000 Native Americans (15%) lost their lives due to the war.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schultz-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Schultz_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchultzMichael_J._Touglas2000" class="citation book cs1">Schultz, Eric B.; Michael J. Touglas (2000). <i>King Philip's War: The History and Legacy of America's Forgotten Conflict</i>. W.W. Norton and Co. p. 5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88150-483-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-88150-483-1"><bdi>0-88150-483-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=King+Philip%27s+War%3A+The+History+and+Legacy+of+America%27s+Forgotten+Conflict&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=W.W.+Norton+and+Co.&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-88150-483-1&rft.aulast=Schultz&rft.aufirst=Eric+B.&rft.au=Michael+J.+Touglas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Susan M. Ouellette, "Divine providence and collective endeavor: Sheep production in early Massachusetts." <i>New England Quarterly</i> (1996): 355-380 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/366780">in JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161005124819/http://www.jstor.org/stable/366780">Archived</a> October 5, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarth2014">Barth 2014</a>, p. 499</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClarke1937" class="citation journal cs1">Clarke, Hermann F. (1937). "John Hull: Mintmaster". <i>The New England Quarterly</i>. <b>10</b> (4): 669, 673. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F359931">10.2307/359931</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/359931">359931</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+England+Quarterly&rft.atitle=John+Hull%3A+Mintmaster&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=669%2C+673&rft.date=1937&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F359931&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F359931%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Clarke&rft.aufirst=Hermann+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarth2014">Barth 2014</a>, p. 500</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarth2014">Barth 2014</a>, p. 514</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarth2014">Barth 2014</a>, p. 520</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alan Taylor, <i>American Colonies: the Settling of North America</i> (2001) p 277</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">René Chartrand, French Fortresses in North America 1535–1763: Quebec, Montreal, Louisbourg and New Orleans (Fortress 27); Osprey Publishing, March 20, 2005. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84176-714-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84176-714-7">978-1-84176-714-7</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120402130438/http://www.animactionsunlimited.com/history_of_the_berkshires.htm">"The History of the Berkshires"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.animactionsunlimited.com/history_of_the_berkshires.htm">the original</a> on April 2, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 9,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+History+of+the+Berkshires&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.animactionsunlimited.com%2Fhistory_of_the_berkshires.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Charles E. Clark, "Boston and the Nurturing of Newspapers: Dimensions of the Cradle, 1690–1741." <i>New England Quarterly</i> (1991) pp: 243-271 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/366123">in JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161005124816/http://www.jstor.org/stable/366123">Archived</a> October 5, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Annie Russell Marble, <i>From'Prentice to Patron: The Life Story of Isaiah Thomas</i> (1935).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bettye Hobbs Pruitt, "Self-sufficiency and the agricultural economy of eighteenth-century Massachusetts." <i>William and Mary Quarterly</i> (1984): 334-364 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1922729">in JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181002064534/https://www.jstor.org/stable/1922729">Archived</a> October 2, 2018, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">James G. Lydon, "North Shore Trade in the Early Eighteenth Century," <i><a href="/wiki/American_Neptune" class="mw-redirect" title="American Neptune">American Neptune</a></i> (1968) 28#4 pp 261-274</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bernard Bailyn, <i>The New England merchants in the seventeenth century</i> (1955).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Samuel Eliot Morison, <i>The Maritime History Of Massachusetts, 1783-1860</i> (1924)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-A_Brief_History_of_Our_Nation's_Paper_Money-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-A_Brief_History_of_Our_Nation's_Paper_Money_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-A_Brief_History_of_Our_Nation's_Paper_Money_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlamme" class="citation web cs1">Flamme, Karen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100227093922/http://www.frbsf.org/publications/federalreserve/annual/1995/history.html">"1995 Annual Report: A Brief History of Our Nation's Paper Money"</a>. Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.frbsf.org/publications/federalreserve/annual/1995/history.html">the original</a> on February 27, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Ebel, "The Cape Ann, Massachusetts earthquake of 1755: A 250th anniversary perspective." <i>Seismological Research Letters</i> 77.1 (2006): 74-86.</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged February 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Goldfield66-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Goldfield66_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Goldfield, et al., p. 66.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Goldfield, et al., pp. 86–88.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Goldfield, et al., pp. 88–90.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Goldfield, et al., pp. 95–96.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Goldfield, et al., pp. 96–97.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sec.state.ma.us/cis/cishol/holidx.htm">"Massachusetts Legal Holidays"</a>. 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Homans, "John Adams and the Constitution of Massachusetts," <i>Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society</i> (1981) 125#4 pp. 286–291 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/986331">in JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210522001850/https://www.jstor.org/stable/986331">Archived</a> May 22, 2021, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert A. Gross, "A Yankee Rebellion? The Regulators, New England, and the New Nation," <i>New England Quarterly</i> (2009) 82#1 pp. 112-135 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20474709">in JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180916235824/https://www.jstor.org/stable/20474709">Archived</a> September 16, 2018, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert A. Feer, " Shays's Rebellion and the Constitution: A Study in Causation," <i>New England Quarterly,</i> (1969) 42#3 pp. 388-410 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/363616">in JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161010223152/https://www.jstor.org/stable/363616">Archived</a> October 10, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biography.com/people/johnny-appleseed-38103#death-and-legend">"Johnny Appleseed"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161114055035/http://www.biography.com/people/johnny-appleseed-38103#death-and-legend">Archived</a> from the original on November 14, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 15,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Johnny+Appleseed&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biography.com%2Fpeople%2Fjohnny-appleseed-38103%23death-and-legend&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Joseph Conforti, "Mary Lyon, the Founding of Mount Holyoke College, and the Cultural Revival of Jonathan Edwards," <i>Religion and American Culture: A Journal of Interpretation</i> (1993) 3#1 pp. 69-89 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1123959">in JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230215135704/https://www.jstor.org/stable/1123959">Archived</a> February 15, 2023, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brown and Tager, p. 129, 211.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brown and Tager, p. 202.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brown and Tager, pp. 133–136, 179.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/John_Steele_Gordon" title="John Steele Gordon">Gordon, John Steele</a> (2004). <i>An Empire of Wealth: The Epic History of American Economic Power</i>, p. 35. 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Middleton</a>, "They're Still There: High Speed Rail's 1835 Underpinning," <i>American Heritage of Invention and Technology,</i> April 2001, 16#4 pp 52–55</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David Moment, "The Business of Whaling in America in the 1850s," <i>Business History Review,</i> Fall 1957, 31#3 pp 261–291</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eric Hilt, "Investment and Diversification in the American Whaling Industry." <i>Journal of Economic History</i> 2007 67(2): 292–314.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_R._Mulkern1990" class="citation book cs1">John R. 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University Press of New England. pp. 74–89. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781555530716" title="Special:BookSources/9781555530716"><bdi>9781555530716</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Know-Nothing+Party+in+Massachusetts%3A+The+Rise+and+Fall+of+a+People%27s+Movement&rft.pages=74-89&rft.pub=University+Press+of+New+England&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=9781555530716&rft.au=John+R.+Mulkern&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKyISxp0yfG0C%26pg%3DPA86&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stephen Taylor, "Progressive Nativism: The Know-Nothing Party in Massachusetts" <i>Historical Journal of Massachusetts</i> (2000) 28#2 pp 167-84</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Taylor, "Progressive Nativism: The Know-Nothing Party in Massachusetts" pp 171-72</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMulkern1990" class="citation book cs1">Mulkern (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KyISxp0yfG0C&pg=PA101"><i>The Know-Nothing Party in Massachusetts: The Rise and Fall of a People's Movement</i></a>. pp. 101–11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781555530716" title="Special:BookSources/9781555530716"><bdi>9781555530716</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Know-Nothing+Party+in+Massachusetts%3A+The+Rise+and+Fall+of+a+People%27s+Movement&rft.pages=101-11&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=9781555530716&rft.au=Mulkern&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKyISxp0yfG0C%26pg%3DPA101&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John R. Mulkern, "Scandal Behind the Convent Walls: The Know-Nothing Nunnery Committee of 1855." <i>Historical Journal of Massachusetts</i> 11 (1983): 22-34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mary J. Oates, "'Lowell': An Account of Convent Life in Lowell, Massachusetts, 1852-1890." <i>New England Quarterly</i> (1988) pp: 101-118 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/365222">in JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180717130350/https://www.jstor.org/stable/365222">Archived</a> July 17, 2018, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> reveals the actual behavior of the Catholic nuns.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert Howard Lord, et al. <i>History of the Archdiocese of Boston in the Various Stages of Development, 1604 to 1943</i> (1944) pp. 686-99 for more details</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Goldfield, et al., p. 251.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brown, Richard D. and Tager, Jack (2000). <i>Massachusetts: A Concise History</i>, p. 183. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Massachusetts_Press" title="University of Massachusetts Press">University of Massachusetts Press</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55849-249-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-55849-249-6">1-55849-249-6</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brown (2000), pp. 185–86.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Goldfield254-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Goldfield254_74-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Goldfield254_74-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Goldfield, et al., p. 254.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brown and Tager, p. 185.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brown and Tager, p. 183.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brown and Tager, pp. 187–193.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nps.gov/boaf/historyculture/shaw.htm">"Robert Gould Shaw and the 54th Regiment"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160504094805/https://www.nps.gov/boaf/learn/historyculture/shaw.htm">Archived</a> from the original on May 4, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 19,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Robert+Gould+Shaw+and+the+54th+Regiment&rft.pub=National+Park+Service&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Fboaf%2Fhistoryculture%2Fshaw.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nga.gov/education/schoolarts/gaudens.htm">"Augustus Saint-Gaudens"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Gallery_of_Art" title="National Gallery of Art">National Gallery of Art</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101110214258/http://www.nga.gov/education/schoolarts/gaudens.htm">Archived</a> from the original on November 10, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 19,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Augustus+Saint-Gaudens&rft.pub=National+Gallery+of+Art&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nga.gov%2Feducation%2Fschoolarts%2Fgaudens.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fuchs, Lawrence H. "Immigration through the Port of Boston". In Stolarik, M. Mark, ed. (1988). <i>Forgotten Doors: The Other Ports of Entry to the United States</i>, pp. 20–21. Balch Institute Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-944190-00-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-944190-00-6">0-944190-00-6</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hofsummary-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hofsummary_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDodd1959" class="citation web cs1">Dodd, Hellen Naismith (January 6, 1959). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071119053704/http://www.hoophall.com/history/naismith-resume.html">"James Naismith's Resume"</a>. <i>Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hoophall.com/history/naismith-resume.html">the original</a> on November 19, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 30,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Naismith+Memorial+Basketball+Hall+of+Fame&rft.atitle=James+Naismith%27s+Resume&rft.date=1959-01-06&rft.aulast=Dodd&rft.aufirst=Hellen+Naismith&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhoophall.com%2Fhistory%2Fnaismith-resume.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-todayifoundout.cm-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-todayifoundout.cm_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaven_Hiskey2012" class="citation web cs1">Daven Hiskey (February 9, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.todayifoundout.com/index.php/2012/02/february-9th-william-g-morgan-invents-a-game-called-mintonette-that-is-better-known-today-as-volleyball/">"February 9th: William G. Morgan Invents a Game Called Mintonette that is Better Known Today as Volleyball"</a>. Todayifoundout.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180919192136/http://www.todayifoundout.com/index.php/2012/02/february-9th-william-g-morgan-invents-a-game-called-mintonette-that-is-better-known-today-as-volleyball">Archived</a> from the original on September 19, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 29,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=February+9th%3A+William+G.+Morgan+Invents+a+Game+Called+Mintonette+that+is+Better+Known+Today+as+Volleyball&rft.pub=Todayifoundout.com&rft.date=2012-02-09&rft.au=Daven+Hiskey&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.todayifoundout.com%2Findex.php%2F2012%2F02%2Ffebruary-9th-william-g-morgan-invents-a-game-called-mintonette-that-is-better-known-today-as-volleyball%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110721095833/http://www.capecodtoday.com/blogs/index.php/2011/02/09/1961-masive-snowstorm-inundates-cape?blog=161">"1961: Massive snowstorm inundates Cape; 1895: Volleyball invented in Bay State; 1914: Fierce storm dooms one of last six-masted schooners"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.capecodtoday.com/blogs/index.php/2011/02/09/1961-masive-snowstorm-inundates-cape?blog=161">the original</a> on July 21, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 9,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1961%3A+Massive+snowstorm+inundates+Cape%3B+1895%3A+Volleyball+invented+in+Bay+State%3B+1914%3A+Fierce+storm+dooms+one+of+last+six-masted+schooners&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.capecodtoday.com%2Fblogs%2Findex.php%2F2011%2F02%2F09%2F1961-masive-snowstorm-inundates-cape%3Fblog%3D161&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarrisLyon2010" class="citation news cs1">Harris, Patricia; Lyon, David (January 31, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boston.com/travel/explorene/massachusetts/articles/2010/01/31/museum_will_have_you_wanting_the_car_keys/">"Museum will have you wanting the car keys"</a>. <i>The Boston Globe</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100928052744/http://www.boston.com/travel/explorene/massachusetts/articles/2010/01/31/museum_will_have_you_wanting_the_car_keys/">Archived</a> from the original on September 28, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 9,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Boston+Globe&rft.atitle=Museum+will+have+you+wanting+the+car+keys&rft.date=2010-01-31&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=Patricia&rft.au=Lyon%2C+David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.boston.com%2Ftravel%2Fexplorene%2Fmassachusetts%2Farticles%2F2010%2F01%2F31%2Fmuseum_will_have_you_wanting_the_car_keys%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jeffrey Karl Ochsner, "Architecture for the Boston and Albany Railroad: 1881–1894," <i>Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians,</i> June 1988, 47#2, pp 109–131</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartinWetzler1892" class="citation book cs1">Martin, Thomas Commerford; Wetzler, Joseph (1892). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6TdAAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA13">"Chapter III. Early Motors and Experiments in America"</a>. <i>The Electric Motor: And Its Applications</i>. New York: W.J. Johnston Company, Ltd. p. 13. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230215135702/https://books.google.com/books?id=6TdAAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA13">Archived</a> from the original on February 15, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 4,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+III.+Early+Motors+and+Experiments+in+America&rft.btitle=The+Electric+Motor%3A+And+Its+Applications&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=W.J.+Johnston+Company%2C+Ltd&rft.date=1892&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=Thomas+Commerford&rft.au=Wetzler%2C+Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6TdAAQAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Scott R. Johnson, "The Trolley Car as a Social Factor: Springfield, Massachusetts," <i>History Journal of Western Massachusetts,</i> 1972, 1#2 pp 5–17</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard M. Abrams, <i> Conservatism in a progressive era : Massachusetts politics, 1900-1912</i> (1964) pp. viii-ix <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/conservatisminpr0000abra">online</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brown and Tager, p. 246.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brown and Tager, p. 276.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uml.edu/com/cita/05paperforrantmuckensturm.pdf">Archived copy</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131018103402/http://www.uml.edu/com/cita/05paperforrantmuckensturm.pdf">Archived</a> October 18, 2013, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brown and Tager, pp. 275–283.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brown284-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Brown284_93-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brown and Tager, p. 284.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210130232957/https://www.mass.gov/files/department-of-public-utilities-history_0.pdf">"Archived copy"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mass.gov/files/department-of-public-utilities-history_0.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on January 30, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 11,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mass.gov%2Ffiles%2Fdepartment-of-public-utilities-history_0.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://digitalcommons.bowdoin.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1003&context=alumni-magazines">https://digitalcommons.bowdoin.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1003&context=alumni-magazines</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201027041715/https://digitalcommons.bowdoin.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1003&context=alumni-magazines">Archived</a> October 27, 2020, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> pg 129</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/actsresolvespass1929mass">"Acts and resolves passed by the General Court"</a>. Boston : Secretary of the Commonwealth. August 12, 1663 – via Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Acts+and+resolves+passed+by+the+General+Court&rft.pub=Boston+%3A+Secretary+of+the+Commonwealth&rft.date=1663-08-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Factsresolvespass1929mass&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archives.lib.state.ma.us/bitstream/handle/2452/288135/ocm39986872-1932-HB-1417.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y">Archived copy</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210421151221/https://archives.lib.state.ma.us/bitstream/handle/2452/288135/ocm39986872-1932-HB-1417.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y">Archived</a> April 21, 2021, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archives.lib.state.ma.us/handle/2452/63613">"1932 Chap. 0290. An Act In Amendment And Revision Of The Sale Of Securities Act"</a>. August 12, 1932. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210421151211/https://archives.lib.state.ma.us/handle/2452/63613">Archived</a> from the original on April 21, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 5,</span> 2021</span> – via archives.lib.state.ma.us.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=1932+Chap.+0290.+An+Act+In+Amendment+And+Revision+Of+The+Sale+Of+Securities+Act.&rft.date=1932-08-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchives.lib.state.ma.us%2Fhandle%2F2452%2F63613&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">431 Days: Joseph P. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 5,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.sechistorical.org&rft.atitle=Securities+and+Exchange+Commission+Historical+Society&rft.aulast=Society&rft.aufirst=SEC+Historical&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sechistorical.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/general-article/kennedys-bio-edward-kennedy/">"Biography: Edward Moore Kennedy"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/American_Experience" title="American Experience">American Experience</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101012132525/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/general-article/kennedys-bio-edward-kennedy/">Archived</a> from the original on October 12, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 28,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=American+Experience&rft.atitle=Biography%3A+Edward+Moore+Kennedy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwgbh%2Famericanexperience%2Ffeatures%2Fgeneral-article%2Fkennedys-bio-edward-kennedy%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sptimes.com/News/111199/JFK/family-tree.shtml">"The Kennedys: A Family Tree"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/St._Petersburg_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Petersburg Times">St. Petersburg Times</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180213000352/http://www.sptimes.com/News/111199/JFK/family-tree.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on February 13, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 28,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=St.+Petersburg+Times&rft.atitle=The+Kennedys%3A+A+Family+Tree&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sptimes.com%2FNews%2F111199%2FJFK%2Ffamily-tree.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/presidents/site30.htm">"Kennedy Compound"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100615080253/http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/Presidents/site30.htm">Archived</a> from the original on June 15, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 26,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=courant.com&rft.atitle=Recreational+Marijuana+Passes+In+Massachusetts&rft.date=2016-11-09&rft.aulast=BLAIR&rft.aufirst=RUSSELL&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.courant.com%2Fpolitics%2Felections%2Fhc-legal-marijuana-referendums-20161108-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ballotpedia.org/Massachusetts_Marijuana_Legalization,_Question_4_(2016)">"Massachusetts Marijuana Legalization, Question 4 (2016)"</a>. <i>Ballotpedia</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201201203651/https://ballotpedia.org/Massachusetts_Marijuana_Legalization,_Question_4_(2016)">Archived</a> from the original on December 1, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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August 6, 2006. Retrieved May 31, 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BigDig2-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BigDig2_109-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BigDig2_109-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091213200252/http://www.massdot.state.ma.us/Highway/bigdig/projectbkg.aspx">"The Big Dig"</a>. Massachusetts Department of Transportation. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.massdot.state.ma.us/Highway/bigdig/projectbkg.aspx">the original</a> on December 13, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Commonwealth of Massachusetts</a>, 37 U.S. 657 (1838)<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://supreme.justia.com/us/37/657/case.html">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080118024053/http://supreme.justia.com/us/37/657/case.html">Archived</a> January 18, 2008, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-battleship_cove-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-battleship_cove_114-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-battleship_cove_114-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aviewfrombattleshipcove.blogspot.com/2007/02/question-of-boundaries-part-iii-fall.html">A Question of Boundaries, Part III</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070510005836/http://aviewfrombattleshipcove.blogspot.com/2007/02/question-of-boundaries-part-iii-fall.html">Archived</a> May 10, 2007, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (<i>A View from Battleship Cove</i> blog)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-umass-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-umass_115-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-umass_115-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130921185345/http://www.bio.umass.edu/biology/conn.river/pynchon.html">"William Pynchon"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bio.umass.edu/biology/conn.river/pynchon.html">the original</a> on September 21, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=William+Pynchon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bio.umass.edu%2Fbiology%2Fconn.river%2Fpynchon.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jog-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jog_116-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jog_116-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.southwickma.org/Public_Documents/SouthwickMA_WebDocs/southwick_jog.pdf">The Southwick Jog</a> by Reverend Edward R. Dodge <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090929023040/http://www.southwickma.org/Public_Documents/F000102F9/S00476B50-00476B5B.0/The%20Southwick%20Jog.pdf">Archived</a> September 29, 2009, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ehs-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ehs_117-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ehs_117-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ehs_117-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ehs_117-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://home.att.net/~mkm-of-enfct/EHS/EHShistory.html">Enfield History</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090116131813/http://home.att.net/~mkm-of-enfct/EHS/EHShistory.html">Archived</a> January 16, 2009, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – Enfield Historical society</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mentalfloss.com/article/32031/true-story-southwick-jog">"The True Story of the Southwick Jog"</a>. <i>www.mentalfloss.com</i>. December 26, 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210126193128/https://www.mentalfloss.com/article/32031/true-story-southwick-jog">Archived</a> from the original on January 26, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 6,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.mentalfloss.com&rft.atitle=The+True+Story+of+the+Southwick+Jog&rft.date=2012-12-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mentalfloss.com%2Farticle%2F32031%2Ftrue-story-southwick-jog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://exhibitions.nysm.nysed.gov//albany/na/westen.html">"Westenhook Patent"</a>. <i>exhibitions.nysm.nysed.gov</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210123141541/https://exhibitions.nysm.nysed.gov/albany/na/westen.html">Archived</a> from the original on January 23, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 26,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=exhibitions.nysm.nysed.gov&rft.atitle=Westenhook+Patent&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fexhibitions.nysm.nysed.gov%2F%2Falbany%2Fna%2Fwesten.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Massachusetts&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Surveys">Surveys</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Massachusetts&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Surveys"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Brown, Richard D. and Jack Tager. <i>Massachusetts: A Concise History</i> (2002), a recent scholarly history</li> <li>Clark, Will L. ed., <i>Western Massachusetts: A History, 1636–1925</i> (1926), history of towns and institutions</li> <li>Cumbler, John T. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/read/103568277/reasonable-use-the-people-the-environment-and-the">online <i>Reasonable Use: The People, the Environment, and the State, New England, 1790–1930</i></a> (2001), environmental history</li> <li>Formisano, Ronald P., and Constance K. Burns, eds. <i>Boston, 1700–1980: The Evolution of Urban Politics</i> (1984)</li> <li>Flagg, Charles Allcott, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0Atgy_Y0lRwC"><i>A Guide to Massachusetts local history</i></a>, Salem : Salem Press Company, 1907.</li> <li>Green, James R., William F. Hartford, and Tom Juravich. <i>Commonwealth of Toil: Chapters in the History of Massachusetts Workers and Their Unions</i> (1996)</li> <li>Hall, Donald. ed. <i>The Encyclopedia of New England</i> (2005)</li> <li>Hart, Albert Bushnell ed.<i>Commonwealth History of Massachusetts, Colony, Province and State</i> (1927–30), a five volume in-depth history, covering political, economic, and social matters <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%27%27Commonwealth%20History%20of%20Massachusetts%2C%20Colony%2C%20Province%20and%20State%27%27">online</a></li> <li>Langtry, Albert P. ed., <i>Metropolitan Boston: A Modern History</i> 4 vols. (1929).</li> <li>Wilkie, Richard W. and Jack Tager. <i>Historical Atlas of Massachusetts</i> (1991)</li> <li>Winsor, Justin ed., <i>The Memorial History of Boston, Including Suffolk County, Massachusetts, 1630–1880</i> 4 vols.</li> <li>WPA. <i>Massachusetts: A Guide to Its Places and People.</i> (1937), guide to every city and town</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Specialized_scholarly_studies">Specialized scholarly studies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Massachusetts&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Specialized scholarly studies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="To_1780">To 1780</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Massachusetts&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: To 1780"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Adams, James Truslow. <i>The Founding of New England</i> (1921) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/foundingofneweng010190mbp">online</a></li> <li>Adams, James Truslow. <i>Revolutionary New England, 1691–1776</i> (1923) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/read/61938787/revolutionary-new-england-1691-1776">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201017090328/https://www.questia.com/read/61938787/revolutionary-new-england-1691-1776">Archived</a> October 17, 2020, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Anderson, Fred. <i>A People's Army: Massachusetts Soldiers and Society in the Seven Years' War</i> (UNC Press Books, 2012).</li> <li>Andrews, Charles M. <i>The Fathers of New England: A Chronicle of the Puritan Commonwealths</i> (1919), short survey by leading scholar <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fathersofnewengl00andr">online</a></li> <li>Apostolov, Steven. "Native Americans, Puritans and ‘Brahmins’: genesis, practice and evolution of archaic and pre-modern football in Massachusetts." <i>Sport in Society</i> 20.9 (2017): 1259-1270.</li> <li>Axtell, James, ed. <i>The American People in Colonial New England</i> (1973), new social history <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/read/23195934/the-american-people-in-colonial-new-england">online</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Bailyn" title="Bernard Bailyn">Bailyn, Bernard</a>. <i>The Ordeal of Thomas Hutchinson</i> (1975) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/BailynBernardTheOrdealOfThomasHutchinson">online</a></li> <li>Bailyn, Bernard. <i>The New England Merchants in the Seventeenth Century</i> (1955) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newenglandmercha0000unse">online</a></li> <li>Blanck, Emily. <i>Tyrannicide: Forging an American Law of Slavery in Revolutionary South Carolina and Massachusetts</i> (U of Georgia Press, 2014).</li> <li>Bremer, Francis J. <i>John Winthrop: America's Forgotten Founding Father</i> (2003) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/read/104232630/john-winthrop-america-s-forgotten-founding-father">online</a></li> <li>Bremer, Francis J. "John Winthrop and the Shaping of New England History." <i>Massachusetts Historical Review</i> 18 (2016): 1–17.</li> <li>Brown, Robert E. <i>Middle Class Democracy in Massachusetts, 1691–1789</i> (1955) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/middleclassdemoc00browrich">online</a></li> <li>Cronon, William. <i>Changes in the Land: Indians, Colonists and the Ecology of New England</i> (1983), environmental history <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/changesinlandind00cron_1">online</a></li> <li>Dale, Elizabeth. <i>Debating–and Creating–Authority: The Failure of a Constitutional Ideal in Massachusetts Bay, 1629-1649</i> (Routledge, 2018).</li> <li>Fischer, David Hackett. <i>Paul Revere's Ride</i> (1994), explains 1775 in depth <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780195088472">online</a></li> <li>Fischer, David Hackett. <i>Albion's seed: Four British folkways in America</i> (Oxford University Press, 1989), detailed coverage of Puritan values and life style.</li> <li>Hart, Albert Bushnell ed. <i>Commonwealth History of Massachusetts, Colony, Province and State</i> Volumes 1 and 2 (1927), to 1776</li> <li>Hosmer, James Kendall ed. <i>Winthrop's Journal, "History of New England,"</i> 1630–1649</li> <li>Karlsen, Carol F. <i>The Devil in the Shape of a Woman: Witchcraft in Colonial New England</i> (1998), new social history</li> <li>Labaree, Benjamin Woods. <i>Colonial Massachusetts: A History</i> (1979), scholarly overview <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/colonialmassachu0000laba">online</a></li> <li>Labaree, Benjamin W. <i>The Boston Tea Party</i> (1964) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bostonteaparty1700laba">online</a></li> <li>Lockridge, Kenneth A. <i>A New England Town: The First Hundred Years: Dedham, Massachusetts, 1636–1736</i> (1970), new social history <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newenglandtown00lock">online</a></li> <li>Miller, John C. <i>Sam Adams: Pioneer in Propaganda</i> (1936)</li> <li>Nagl, Dominik. <i>No Part of the Mother Country, but Distinct Dominions - Law, State Formation and Governance in England, Massachusetts and South Carolina, 1630-1769</i> (LIT, 2013).<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://de.scribd.com/doc/204061491/Dominik-Nagl-No-Part-of-the-Mother-Country-but-Distinct-Dominions-Rechtstransfer-Staatsbildung-und-Governance-in-England-Massachusetts-und-South-C">online</a></li> <li>Riordan, Liam. "A Loyalist Who Loved His Country too Much: Thomas Hutchinson, Historian of Colonial Massachusetts." <i>New England Quarterly</i> 90.3 (2017): 344–384.</li> <li>Rutman, Darrett B. <i>Winthrop's Boston: Portrait of a Puritan Town, 1630–1649</i> (1965)</li> <li>Taylor, Robert J. <i>Western Massachusetts in the Revolution</i> (1954)</li> <li>Tyler, John W. "Thomas Hutchinson: America's “Enlightenment” Historian." <i>Massachusetts Historical Review</i> 18 (2016): 64-87.</li> <li>Vaughan, Alden T. <i>New England Frontier: Puritans and Indians 1620–1675</i> (1995)</li> <li>Warden, G. B. <i>Boston 1689–1776</i> (1970) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/boston1689177600ward">online</a></li> <li>Waters Jr, John J. <i>The Otis Family in Provincial and Revolutionary Massachusetts</i> (UNC Press Books, 2015).</li> <li>Weeden, William. <i>Economic and Social History of New England, 1620–1789</i> (1890) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/economicsocialhi01weed">online</a></li> <li>Whiting, Gloria McCahon. "Emancipation without the courts or constitution: the case of Revolutionary Massachusetts." <i>Slavery & Abolition</i> (2019): 1-21. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.academia.edu/download/63311852/Article_Emancipation_without_the_courts_or_constitution20200514-27211-4wyao6.pdf">online</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged June 2024">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></li> <li>Zobel, Hiller B. <i>The Boston Massacre</i> (1978)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1780–1900"><span id="1780.E2.80.931900"></span>1780–1900</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Massachusetts&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: 1780–1900"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Adams, James Truslow. <i>New England in the Republic, 1776–1850</i> (1926) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newenglandinrepu00adam">online</a></li> <li>Banner, James. <i>To the Hartford Convention: The Federalists and the Origins of Party Politics in Massachusetts, 1789–1815</i> (1970) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/tohartfordconven0000bann">online</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarth2014" class="citation journal cs1">Barth, Jonathan Edward (2014). "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'A Peculiar Stampe of Our Owne': The Massachusetts Mint and the Battle over Sovereignty, 1652-1691". <i>The New England Quarterly</i>. <b>87</b> (3): 490–525. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1162%2FTNEQ_a_00396">10.1162/TNEQ_a_00396</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2286%2FR.I.26592">2286/R.I.26592</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43285101">43285101</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:57571000">57571000</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+England+Quarterly&rft.atitle=%27A+Peculiar+Stampe+of+Our+Owne%27%3A+The+Massachusetts+Mint+and+the+Battle+over+Sovereignty%2C+1652-1691&rft.volume=87&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=490-525&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2286%2FR.I.26592&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A57571000%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F43285101%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1162%2FTNEQ_a_00396&rft.aulast=Barth&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Baum, Dale. <i>The Civil War Party System: The Case of Massachusetts, 1848–1876</i> (1984), new political history</li> <li>Berenson, Barbara F. "The Campaign for Women's Suffrage in Massachusetts, 1869-95." <i>Historical Journal of Massachusetts</i> 47.2 (2019): 26+.</li> <li>Blodgett, Geoffrey <i>The Gentle Reformers: Massachusetts Democrats in the Cleveland Era</i> (1966) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_0674347501">online</a></li> <li>Breitborde, Mary-Lou, and Kelly Kolodny. "The People's Schools for Teachers of the People: The Development of Massachusetts' State Teachers Colleges." <i>Historical Journal of Massachusetts</i>, vol. 43, no. 2, 2015, p. 2+. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://go.gale.com/ps/anonymous?id=GALE%7CA514177494&sid=googleScholar&v=2.1&it=r&linkaccess=abs&issn=02768313&p=AONE&sw=w">abstract</a></li> <li>Brooks, Van Wyck. <i>The Flowering of New England, 1815–1865</i> (1936), famous writers <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/floweringofnewen030030mbp">online</a></li> <li>Clark, Christopher. <i>The Roots of Rural Capitalism: Western Massachusetts, 1780–1860</i> (1990) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rootsofruralcapi00chri">online</a></li> <li>Deutsch, Sarah. <i>Women and the City: Gender, Space, and Power in Boston, 1870–1940</i> (2000)</li> <li>Dublin, Thomas. <i>Women at Work: The Transformation of Work and Community in Lowell, Massachusetts, 1826–1860</i> (1993)</li> <li>Faler, Paul Gustaf. <i>Mechanics and Manufacturers in the Early Industrial Revolution: Lynn, Massachusetts, 1780–1860</i> (1981)</li> <li>Formisano, Ronald P. <i>The Transformation of Political Culture: Massachusetts Parties, 1790s–1840s</i> (1983), new political history <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/transformationof0000form">online</a></li> <li>Forrant, Robert. "The Rise and Demise of the Connecticut River Valley's Industrial Economy." <i>Historical Journal of Massachusetts</i> 46.1 (2018).</li> <li>Goodman, Paul. <i>The Democratic-Republicans of Massachusetts</i> (1964)</li> <li>Green, James R., William F. Hartford, and Tom Juravich. <i>Commonwealth of Toil: Chapters in the History of Massachusetts Workers and Their Unions</i> (1996)</li> <li>Gutman, Herbert. <i>The New England Working Class and the New Labor History</i> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Handlin" title="Oscar Handlin">Handlin, Oscar</a> and Mary Flug Handlin. <i>Commonwealth: A Study of the Role of Government in the American Economy: Massachusetts, 1774–1861</i> (1947), influential study <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/read/96662356/commonwealth-a-study-of-the-role-of-government-in">online</a></li> <li>Handlin, Oscar. <i>Boston's Immigrants: A Study in Acculturation</i> (1941), social history to 1865 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bostonsimmigrant00hand_0">online</a></li> <li>Lahav, Alexandra D., and R. Kent Newmyer. "The Law Wars in Massachusetts, 1830-1860: How a Band of Upstart Radical Lawyers Defeated the Forces of Law and Order, and Struck a Blow for Freedom and Equality Under Law." <i>American Journal of Legal History</i> 58.3 (2018): 326–359.</li> <li>Lu, Qian. <i>From Partisan Banking to Open Access: The Emergence of Free Banking in Early Nineteenth Century Massachusetts</i> (Springer, 2017).</li> <li>Minardi, Margot. <i>Making Slavery History: Abolitionism and the Politics of Memory in Massachusetts</i> (Oxford UP, 2012).</li> <li>Morison, Samuel Eliot. <i>The Maritime History of Massachusetts, 1783–1860</i> (1921)</li> <li>Nelson, William. <i>Americanization of the Common Law: The Impact of Legal Change on Massachusetts Society, 1760–1830</i> (1994)</li> <li>Peters Jr., Ronald M. <i>The Massachusetts Constitution of 1780: A Social Compact</i> (1978)</li> <li>Porter, Susan L. <i>Women of the Commonwealth: Work, Family, and Social Change in Nineteenth-Century Massachusetts</i> (1996)</li> <li>Prude, Jonathan. <i>The Coming of Industrial Order: A Study of Town and Factory Life In Rural Massachusetts, 1813–1860</i> (1983)</li> <li>Rosenkrantz, Barbara. <i>Public Health and the State: Changing Views in Massachusetts, 1842–1936</i> (1972),</li> <li>Stone, Orra. <i>History of Massachusetts Industries: Their Inception, Growth and Success</i> (4 vol 1930).</li> <li>Story, Ronald. <i>The Forging of an Aristocracy: Harvard and the Boston Upper Class, 1800–1870</i> (1980).</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Szatmary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="David Szatmary (page does not exist)">David Szatmary</a>. <i>Shays' Rebellion: The Making of an Agrarian Insurrection</i> (1980);</li> <li>Tager, Jack, and John W. Ifkovic, eds. <i>Massachusetts in the Gilded Age: Selected Essays</i> (1985), essays on ethnic groups</li> <li>Vinovskis, Maris A. <i>Fertility in Massachusetts from the Revolution to the Civil War</i> (Academic Press, 2013).</li> <li>Wall & Gray. 1871 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080404033909/http://www.salemdeeds.com/atlases_results.asp?ImageType=index&atlastype=MassWorld&atlastown=&atlas=MASSACHUSETTS+1871&atlas_desc=MASSACHUSETTS+1871"><i>Atlas of Massachusetts</i>.</a> 1871 (Atlas of Massachusetts, with counties and municipalities.)</li> <li>Ware, Edith E. <i>Political Opinion in Massachusetts during the Civil War and Reconstruction,</i> (1916). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/politicalopinion01ware">full text online</a></li> <li>Wilson, Harold Fisher. <i>The Hill Country of Northern New England: Its Social and Economic History, 1790–1930</i>(1967)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1900–present"><span id="1900.E2.80.93present"></span>1900–present</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Massachusetts&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: 1900–present"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Abrams, Richard M. <i>Conservatism in a Progressive Era: Massachusetts Politics, 1900–1912</i> (1964)</li> <li>Anderson, Alexis. "Custom and Practice Unmasked: the Legal History of Massachusetts' Experience with the Unauthorized Practice of Law." <i>Massachusetts Law Review</i> 94.4 (2013): 124–141. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lawdigitalcommons.bc.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1493&context=lsfp">online</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20121205055423/http://chla.library.cornell.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=chla;idno=2931364">Black, John D. <i>The rural economy of New England: a regional study</i> (1950)</a></li> <li>Blewett, Mary H. <i>The Last Generation: Work and Life in the Textile Mills of Lowell, Massachusetts, 1910–1960 </i> (1990)</li> <li>Bull, Webster. <i>Something in the Ether: A Bicentennial History of Massachusetts General Hospital, 1811-2011</i> (2011)</li> <li>Brewer, Daniel Chauncey. <i>Conquest of New England by the Immigrant</i> (1926) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.59577">online</a></li> <li>Connolly, Michael C. "Splitting the Vote in Massachusetts: Father Charles E. Coughlin, the Union Party, and Political Divisions in the 1936 Presidential and Senate Elections." <i>Historical Journal of Massachusetts</i> 43.2 (2015): 90+.</li> <li>Conforti, Joseph A. <i>Imagining New England: Explorations of Regional Identity from the Pilgrims to the Mid-Twentieth Century</i> (2001)]</li> <li>Deutsch, Sarah. <i>Women and the City: Gender, Space, and Power in Boston, 1870–1940</i> (2000)</li> <li>Freeland, Richard M. <i>Academia's Golden Age: Universities in Massachusetts, 1945–1970</i> (1992)</li> <li>Garvine, Hariold. "The New Deal in Massachusetts," in John Braeman et al. eds. <i>The New Deal: Volume Two – the State and Local Levels</i> (1975) pp 3–44</li> <li>Green, James R., William F. Hartford, and Tom Juravich. <i>Commonwealth of Toil: Chapters in the History of Massachusetts Workers and Their Unions</i> (1996)</li> <li>Gutman, Herbert. <i>The New England Working Class and the New Labor History</i> (1987)</li> <li>Huthmacher, J. Joseph. <i>Massachusetts People and Politics, 1919–1933</i> (1958) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/massachusettspeo0000huth">online</a></li> <li>Kane, Paula M. <i>Separatism and Subculture: Boston Catholicism, 1900–1920</i> (1994)</li> <li>Lazerson, Marvin, <i>Origins of the Urban School: Public Education in Massachusetts, 1870–1915</i> (1971)</li> <li>Litt, Edgar. <i>The Political Cultures of Massachusetts</i> (1965). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/politicalculture00litt">online</a></li> <li>Lockard, Duane. <i>New England State Politics</i> (1959), pp 119–71 covers 1945–58</li> <li>McLaughlin, Capt Daniel W. "Massachusetts Aviation." <i>Air & Space Power Journal</i> 33.3 (2019): 99+.</li> <li>Nutter, Kathleen Banks. "Women Reformers and the Limitations of Labor Politics in Massachusetts, 1874-1912." <i>Historical Journal of Massachusetts</i> 42.1 (2014): 80+.</li> <li>Peirce, Neal R. <i>The New England States: People, Politics, and Power in the Six New England States</i> (1976) pp 62–140; updated in Neal R. Peirce and Jerry Hagstrom, <i>The Book of America: Inside the Fifty States Today</i> (1983) pp 153–75; in-depth coverage of the 1958–82 era</li> <li>Stack Jr., John F. <i>International Conflict in an American City: Boston's Irish, Italians, and Jews, 1935–1944</i> (1979).</li> <li>Trout, Charles. <i>Boston, The Great Depression and the New Deal</i> (1977)</li> <li>White, William Allen. <i>A Puritan in Babylon: The Story of Calvin Coolidge</i> (1938)</li> <li>Whitehill, Walter Muir. <i>Boston in the Age of John Fitzgerald Kennedy</i> (1966)</li> <li>WPA. <i>Massachusetts: A Guide to Its Places and People.</i> (1937), guide to every city and town</li> <li>Zimmerman, Joseph F. <i>The New England Town Meeting: Democracy in Action</i> (1999)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Massachusetts&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Primary sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.digitalbookindex.com/_search/search010hstregionalnewenglanda.asp">Online sources</a>, via digitalbookindex.com</li> <li>Bradford William. <i>History of Plymouth Plantation</i> Edited by Worthington C. Ford. 2 vols. Boston, 1912. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.angelfire.com/ny4/djw/williambradford.html#writings">online excerpts</a></li> <li>Dwight, Timothy. <i>Travels Through New England and New York</i> (circa 1800) 4 vol. (1969) Online at: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/cgi-bin/digbib.cgi?PPN244525439">vol 1</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dz-srv1.sub.uni-goettingen.de/sub/digbib/loader?did=D6116">vol 2</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged April 2017">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dz-srv1.sub.uni-goettingen.de/sub/digbib/loader?did=D6784">vol 3</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged April 2017">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dz-srv1.sub.uni-goettingen.de/sub/digbib/loader?did=D6003">vol 4</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged September 2017">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://newenglandtowns.org/massachusetts/">1837 descriptions of Massachusetts cities, towns, mountains, lakes, and rivers, from <i>Hayward's New England Gazetteer.</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hti.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=moa;idno=ADH0309">McPhetres, S. A. <i>A political manual for the campaign of 1868, for use in the New England states, containing the population and latest election returns of every town</i> (1868)</a></li> <li>Taylor, Robert J. ed. <i>Massachusetts, Colony to Commonwealth: Documents on the Formation of the Constitution, 1775–1780</i> (1961)</li> <li>Wood, William (ed by Alden T. Vaughan). <i>New England's Prospect</i> (1634), the earliest long description of natural history</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Massachusetts&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 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title="Elections in Massachusetts">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Massachusetts" title="Geography of Massachusetts">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Massachusetts" title="Geology of Massachusetts">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Massachusetts" title="Government of Massachusetts">Government</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Images_of_Massachusetts" title="Category:Images of Massachusetts">Images</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Massachusetts" title="Law of Massachusetts">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lighthouses_in_Massachusetts" title="List of lighthouses in Massachusetts">Lighthouses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Massachusetts" title="Music of Massachusetts">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Massachusetts" title="List of people from Massachusetts">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Massachusetts_state_symbols" title="List of Massachusetts state symbols">State symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_in_Massachusetts" class="mw-redirect" title="Transportation in Massachusetts">Transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Massachusetts" title="List of villages in Massachusetts">Villages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Tourist_attractions_in_Massachusetts" title="Category:Tourist attractions in Massachusetts">Tourist attractions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_windmills_in_Massachusetts" title="List of windmills in Massachusetts">Windmills</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Massachusetts" title="Abortion in Massachusetts">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Massachusetts_culture" title="Category:Massachusetts culture">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Massachusetts" title="Climate change in Massachusetts">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Massachusetts" title="Crime in Massachusetts">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Massachusetts" title="Demographics of Massachusetts">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Massachusetts" class="mw-redirect" title="Economy of Massachusetts">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Massachusetts" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in Massachusetts">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_education_in_Massachusetts" title="History of education in Massachusetts">History of education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_laws_in_Massachusetts" title="Gun laws in Massachusetts">Gun laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_Massachusetts" class="mw-redirect" title="Homelessness in Massachusetts">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Massachusetts" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Massachusetts">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Massachusetts" title="Politics of Massachusetts">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_in_Massachusetts" title="Sports in Massachusetts">Sports</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_the_United_States#Massachusetts" title="List of regions of the United States">Regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Ann" title="Cape Ann">Cape Ann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Massachusetts" title="Central Massachusetts">Central Massachusetts</a> (<a href="/wiki/Blackstone_Valley" title="Blackstone Valley">Blackstone Valley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Montachusett-North_County" title="Montachusett-North County">Montachusett-North County</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_County_(Massachusetts)" title="South County (Massachusetts)">South County</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Boston" title="Greater Boston">Greater Boston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Lowell" title="Greater Lowell">Greater Lowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merrimack_Valley" title="Merrimack Valley">Merrimack Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MetroWest" title="MetroWest">MetroWest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Shore_(Massachusetts)" title="North Shore (Massachusetts)">North Shore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeastern_Massachusetts" title="Southeastern Massachusetts">Southeastern Massachusetts</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cape_Cod" title="Cape Cod">Cape Cod</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Coast_(Massachusetts)" title="South Coast (Massachusetts)">South Coast</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Shore_(Massachusetts)" title="South Shore (Massachusetts)">South Shore</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Massachusetts" title="Western Massachusetts">Western Massachusetts</a> (<a href="/wiki/The_Berkshires" class="mw-redirect" title="The Berkshires">The Berkshires</a>, <a href="/wiki/Housatonic_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Housatonic Valley">Housatonic Valley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pioneer_Valley" title="Pioneer Valley">Pioneer Valley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quabbin-Swift_River_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Quabbin-Swift River Valley">Quabbin-Swift River Valley</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_counties_in_Massachusetts" title="List of counties in Massachusetts">Counties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barnstable_County,_Massachusetts" title="Barnstable County, Massachusetts">Barnstable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berkshire_County,_Massachusetts" title="Berkshire County, Massachusetts">Berkshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bristol_County,_Massachusetts" title="Bristol County, Massachusetts">Bristol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dukes_County,_Massachusetts" title="Dukes County, Massachusetts">Dukes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essex_County,_Massachusetts" title="Essex County, Massachusetts">Essex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_County,_Massachusetts" title="Franklin County, Massachusetts">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hampden_County,_Massachusetts" title="Hampden County, Massachusetts">Hampden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hampshire_County,_Massachusetts" title="Hampshire County, Massachusetts">Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middlesex_County,_Massachusetts" title="Middlesex County, Massachusetts">Middlesex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nantucket" title="Nantucket">Nantucket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norfolk_County,_Massachusetts" title="Norfolk County, Massachusetts">Norfolk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plymouth_County,_Massachusetts" title="Plymouth County, Massachusetts">Plymouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffolk_County,_Massachusetts" title="Suffolk County, Massachusetts">Suffolk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worcester_County,_Massachusetts" title="Worcester County, Massachusetts">Worcester</a></li> <li>Note: Nine former counties were in the <a href="/wiki/District_of_Maine" title="District of Maine">District of Maine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_in_Massachusetts" title="List of municipalities in Massachusetts">Cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agawam,_Massachusetts" title="Agawam, Massachusetts">Agawam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amherst,_Massachusetts" title="Amherst, Massachusetts">Amherst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amesbury,_Massachusetts" title="Amesbury, Massachusetts">Amesbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attleboro,_Massachusetts" title="Attleboro, Massachusetts">Attleboro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barnstable,_Massachusetts" title="Barnstable, Massachusetts">Barnstable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beverly,_Massachusetts" title="Beverly, Massachusetts">Beverly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braintree,_Massachusetts" title="Braintree, Massachusetts">Braintree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridgewater,_Massachusetts" title="Bridgewater, Massachusetts">Bridgewater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brockton,_Massachusetts" title="Brockton, Massachusetts">Brockton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts" title="Cambridge, Massachusetts">Cambridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chelsea,_Massachusetts" title="Chelsea, Massachusetts">Chelsea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicopee,_Massachusetts" title="Chicopee, Massachusetts">Chicopee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Longmeadow,_Massachusetts" title="East Longmeadow, Massachusetts">East Longmeadow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easthampton,_Massachusetts" title="Easthampton, Massachusetts">Easthampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Everett,_Massachusetts" title="Everett, Massachusetts">Everett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_River,_Massachusetts" title="Fall River, Massachusetts">Fall River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fitchburg,_Massachusetts" title="Fitchburg, Massachusetts">Fitchburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Framingham,_Massachusetts" title="Framingham, Massachusetts">Framingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin,_Massachusetts" title="Franklin, Massachusetts">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardner,_Massachusetts" title="Gardner, Massachusetts">Gardner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gloucester,_Massachusetts" title="Gloucester, Massachusetts">Gloucester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenfield,_Massachusetts" title="Greenfield, Massachusetts">Greenfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haverhill,_Massachusetts" title="Haverhill, Massachusetts">Haverhill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holyoke,_Massachusetts" title="Holyoke, Massachusetts">Holyoke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence,_Massachusetts" title="Lawrence, Massachusetts">Lawrence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leominster,_Massachusetts" title="Leominster, Massachusetts">Leominster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lowell,_Massachusetts" title="Lowell, Massachusetts">Lowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynn,_Massachusetts" title="Lynn, Massachusetts">Lynn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malden,_Massachusetts" title="Malden, Massachusetts">Malden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marlborough,_Massachusetts" title="Marlborough, Massachusetts">Marlborough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medford,_Massachusetts" title="Medford, Massachusetts">Medford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melrose,_Massachusetts" title="Melrose, Massachusetts">Melrose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methuen,_Massachusetts" title="Methuen, Massachusetts">Methuen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Bedford,_Massachusetts" title="New Bedford, Massachusetts">New Bedford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newburyport,_Massachusetts" title="Newburyport, Massachusetts">Newburyport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newton,_Massachusetts" title="Newton, Massachusetts">Newton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Adams,_Massachusetts" title="North Adams, Massachusetts">North Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northampton,_Massachusetts" title="Northampton, Massachusetts">Northampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmer,_Massachusetts" title="Palmer, Massachusetts">Palmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peabody,_Massachusetts" title="Peabody, Massachusetts">Peabody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pittsfield,_Massachusetts" title="Pittsfield, Massachusetts">Pittsfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quincy,_Massachusetts" title="Quincy, Massachusetts">Quincy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randolph,_Massachusetts" title="Randolph, Massachusetts">Randolph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revere,_Massachusetts" title="Revere, Massachusetts">Revere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salem,_Massachusetts" title="Salem, Massachusetts">Salem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somerville,_Massachusetts" title="Somerville, Massachusetts">Somerville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southbridge,_Massachusetts" title="Southbridge, Massachusetts">Southbridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Springfield,_Massachusetts" title="Springfield, Massachusetts">Springfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taunton,_Massachusetts" title="Taunton, Massachusetts">Taunton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waltham,_Massachusetts" title="Waltham, Massachusetts">Waltham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watertown,_Massachusetts" title="Watertown, Massachusetts">Watertown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westfield,_Massachusetts" title="Westfield, Massachusetts">Westfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Springfield,_Massachusetts" title="West Springfield, Massachusetts">West Springfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weymouth,_Massachusetts" title="Weymouth, Massachusetts">Weymouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winthrop,_Massachusetts" title="Winthrop, Massachusetts">Winthrop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woburn,_Massachusetts" title="Woburn, Massachusetts">Woburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worcester,_Massachusetts" title="Worcester, Massachusetts">Worcester</a></li> <li>Note: Municipalities not listed have a town meeting form of government (see <a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_in_Massachusetts" title="List of municipalities in Massachusetts">all municipalities</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Massachusetts.svg/32px-Flag_of_Massachusetts.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Massachusetts.svg/48px-Flag_of_Massachusetts.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Massachusetts.svg/64px-Flag_of_Massachusetts.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="900" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Massachusetts" title="Portal:Massachusetts">Massachusetts portal</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_the_United_States_by_polity" style="text-align:left;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:U.S._political_divisions_histories" title="Template:U.S. political divisions histories"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:U.S._political_divisions_histories" title="Template talk:U.S. political divisions histories"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:U.S._political_divisions_histories" title="Special:EditPage/Template:U.S. political divisions histories"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_the_United_States_by_polity" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States" title="History of the United States">History of the United States</a> by polity</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right; vertical-align:top;">States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Alabama" title="History of Alabama">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Alaska" title="History of Alaska">Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Arizona" title="History of Arizona">Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Arkansas" title="History of Arkansas">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_California" title="History of California">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Colorado" title="History of Colorado">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Connecticut" title="History of Connecticut">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Delaware" title="History of Delaware">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Florida" title="History of Florida">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="History of Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hawaii" title="History of Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Idaho" title="History of Idaho">Idaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Illinois" title="History of Illinois">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Indiana" title="History of Indiana">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iowa" title="History of Iowa">Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kansas" title="History of Kansas">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kentucky" title="History of Kentucky">Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Louisiana" title="History of Louisiana">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Maine" title="History of Maine">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Maryland" title="History of Maryland">Maryland</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Michigan" title="History of Michigan">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Minnesota" title="History of Minnesota">Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mississippi" title="History of Mississippi">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Missouri" title="History of Missouri">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Montana" title="History of Montana">Montana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nebraska" title="History of Nebraska">Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nevada" title="History of Nevada">Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Hampshire" title="History of New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Jersey" title="History of New Jersey">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Mexico" title="History of New Mexico">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_York_(state)" title="History of New York (state)">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_North_Carolina" title="History of North Carolina">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_North_Dakota" title="History of North Dakota">North Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ohio" title="History of Ohio">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Oklahoma" title="History of Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Oregon" title="History of Oregon">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Pennsylvania" title="History of Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Rhode_Island" title="History of Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Carolina" title="History of South Carolina">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Dakota" title="History of South Dakota">South Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Tennessee" title="History of Tennessee">Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Texas" title="History of Texas">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Utah" title="History of Utah">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Vermont" title="History of Vermont">Vermont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Virginia" title="History of Virginia">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Washington_(state)" title="History of Washington (state)">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_West_Virginia" title="History of West Virginia">West Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Wisconsin" title="History of Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Wyoming" title="History of Wyoming">Wyoming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right; vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Federal_district" title="Federal district">Federal district</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Washington,_D.C." title="History of Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right; vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States" title="Territories of the United States">Territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_American_Samoa" title="History of American Samoa">American Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Guam" title="History of Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Puerto_Rico" title="History of Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands" title="History of the United States Virgin Islands">U.S. Virgin Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right; vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Minor_Outlying_Islands" title="United States Minor Outlying Islands">Outlying islands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Baker_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Baker Island">Baker Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Howland_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Howland Island">Howland Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jarvis_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Jarvis Island">Jarvis Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Johnston_Atoll" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Johnston Atoll">Johnston Atoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kingman_Reef" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Kingman Reef">Kingman Reef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Midway_Atoll" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Midway Atoll">Midway Atoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Navassa_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Navassa Island">Navassa Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Palmyra_Atoll" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Palmyra Atoll">Palmyra Atoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Wake_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Wake Island">Wake Island</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3137724#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85081923">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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