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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Senate_committee_counsel_and_political_campaigns_(1951–1960)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Senate_committee_counsel_and_political_campaigns_(1951–1960)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Senate committee counsel and political campaigns (1951–1960) </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Senate_committee_counsel_and_political_campaigns_(1951–1960)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Senate committee counsel and political campaigns (1951–1960) subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Senate_committee_counsel_and_political_campaigns_(1951–1960)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-JFK_Senate_campaign_and_Joseph_McCarthy_(1952–1955)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#JFK_Senate_campaign_and_Joseph_McCarthy_(1952–1955)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 JFK Senate campaign and Joseph McCarthy (1952–1955) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-JFK_Senate_campaign_and_Joseph_McCarthy_(1952–1955)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stevenson_aide_and_focus_on_organized_labor_(1956–1960)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stevenson_aide_and_focus_on_organized_labor_(1956–1960)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Stevenson aide and focus on organized labor (1956–1960) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stevenson_aide_and_focus_on_organized_labor_(1956–1960)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Senate_Rackets_Committee" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Senate_Rackets_Committee"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.1 Senate Rackets Committee </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Senate_Rackets_Committee-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-JFK_presidential_campaign_(1960)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#JFK_presidential_campaign_(1960)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 JFK presidential campaign (1960) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-JFK_presidential_campaign_(1960)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Attorney_General_of_the_United_States_(1961–1964)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Attorney_General_of_the_United_States_(1961–1964)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Attorney General of the United States (1961–1964) </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Attorney_General_of_the_United_States_(1961–1964)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Attorney General of the United States (1961–1964) subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Attorney_General_of_the_United_States_(1961–1964)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nomination_and_confirmation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nomination_and_confirmation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Nomination and confirmation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nomination_and_confirmation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organized_crime_and_the_Teamsters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organized_crime_and_the_Teamsters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Organized crime and the Teamsters </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Organized_crime_and_the_Teamsters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Juvenile_delinquency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Juvenile_delinquency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Juvenile delinquency </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Juvenile_delinquency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Civil_rights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Civil_rights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Civil rights </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Civil_rights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-U.S._Steel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#U.S._Steel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 U.S. Steel </div> </a> <ul id="toc-U.S._Steel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Berlin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Berlin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.6 Berlin </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Berlin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cuba" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuba"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.7 Cuba </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuba-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Japan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.8 Japan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.9 Assassination of John F. Kennedy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1964_vice_presidential_candidate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1964_vice_presidential_candidate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 1964 vice presidential candidate </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-1964_vice_presidential_candidate-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle 1964 vice presidential candidate subsection </button> <ul id="toc-1964_vice_presidential_candidate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_"Bobby_problem"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_"Bobby_problem""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 The "Bobby problem" </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_"Bobby_problem"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Democratic_National_Convention" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Democratic_National_Convention"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1.1 Democratic National Convention </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Democratic_National_Convention-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kennedy's_political_future" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kennedy's_political_future"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Kennedy's political future </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kennedy's_political_future-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-U.S._Senate_(1965–1968)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#U.S._Senate_(1965–1968)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 U.S. Senate (1965–1968) </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-U.S._Senate_(1965–1968)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle U.S. Senate (1965–1968) subsection </button> <ul id="toc-U.S._Senate_(1965–1968)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1964_election" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1964_election"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 1964 election </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1964_election-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tenure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tenure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Tenure </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tenure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vietnam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vietnam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2.1 Vietnam </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vietnam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1968_presidential_campaign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1968_presidential_campaign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 1968 presidential campaign </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1968_presidential_campaign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Assassination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Assassination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Assassination </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Assassination-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Assassination subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Assassination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Funeral" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Funeral"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Funeral </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Funeral-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Burial" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Burial"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Burial </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Burial-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Personal life </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Personal life subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Wife_and_children" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wife_and_children"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Wife and children </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wife_and_children-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Attitudes_and_approach" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Attitudes_and_approach"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 Attitudes and approach </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Attitudes_and_approach-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relationship_with_family_members" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relationship_with_family_members"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.3 Relationship with family members </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relationship_with_family_members-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religious_faith_and_Greek_philosophy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_faith_and_Greek_philosophy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.4 Religious faith and Greek philosophy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religious_faith_and_Greek_philosophy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Legacy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Honors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Honors </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Honors-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Honors subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Honors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Kennedy_and_Martin_Luther_King_Jr." class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kennedy_and_Martin_Luther_King_Jr."> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.1 Kennedy and Martin Luther King Jr. </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kennedy_and_Martin_Luther_King_Jr.-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Publications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Publications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Publications </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Publications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Depictions_in_media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Depictions_in_media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Depictions in media </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Depictions_in_media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16.1 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16.2 Works cited </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16.3 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Robert F. Kennedy</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 70 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-70" aria-hidden="true" > 70 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A" title="روبرت كينيدي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="روبرت كينيدي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Kennedi" title="Robert Kennedi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Robert Kennedi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%81._%DA%A9%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="رابرت اف. کندی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="رابرت اف. کندی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F_%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%AB._%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BF" title="রবার্ট এফ. কেনেডি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="রবার্ট এফ. কেনেডি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%A4%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%96%D1%81_%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8D%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%96" title="Роберт Фрэнсіс Кенэдзі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Роберт Фрэнсіс Кенэдзі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%8A%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Робърт Кенеди – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Робърт Кенеди" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy" title="Robert F. Kennedy – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Robert F. Kennedy" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Francis_Kennedy" title="Robert Francis Kennedy – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Robert Francis Kennedy" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Kennedy" title="Robert Kennedy – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Robert Kennedy" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy" title="Robert F. Kennedy – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Robert F. Kennedy" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy" title="Robert F. Kennedy – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Robert F. Kennedy" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy" title="Robert F. Kennedy – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Robert F. Kennedy" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy" title="Robert F. Kennedy – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Robert F. Kennedy" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A1%CF%8C%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%B5%CF%81%CF%84_%CE%9A%CE%AD%CE%BD%CE%B5%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B9" title="Ρόμπερτ Κένεντι – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ρόμπερτ Κένεντι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy" title="Robert F. Kennedy – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Robert F. Kennedy" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy" title="Robert F. Kennedy – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Robert F. Kennedy" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Kennedy" title="Robert Kennedy – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Robert Kennedy" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%81._%DA%A9%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="رابرت اف. کندی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="رابرت اف. کندی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy" title="Robert F. Kennedy – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Robert F. Kennedy" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Francis_Kennedy" title="Robert Francis Kennedy – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Robert Francis Kennedy" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Kennedy" title="Robert Kennedy – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Robert Kennedy" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy" title="Robert F. Kennedy – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Robert F. Kennedy" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy" title="Robert F. Kennedy – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Robert F. Kennedy" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A1%9C%EB%B2%84%ED%8A%B8_F._%EC%BC%80%EB%84%A4%EB%94%94" title="로버트 F. 케네디 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="로버트 F. 케네디" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8C%D5%B8%D5%A2%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%BF_%D5%94%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%A5%D5%A4%D5%AB" title="Ռոբերտ Քենեդի – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ռոբերտ Քենեդի" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%80" title="रॉबर्ट फ्रांसिस कैनेडी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="रॉबर्ट फ्रांसिस कैनेडी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy" title="Robert F. Kennedy – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Robert F. Kennedy" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Kennedy" title="Robert Kennedy – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Robert Kennedy" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy" title="Robert F. Kennedy – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Robert F. Kennedy" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy" title="Robert F. Kennedy – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Robert F. Kennedy" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Kennedy" title="Robert Kennedy – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Robert Kennedy" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%98_%D7%A7%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%99" title="רוברט קנדי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="רוברט קנדי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A2_%E1%83%99%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%93%E1%83%98" title="რობერტ კენედი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="რობერტ კენედი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Роберт Кеннеди – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Роберт Кеннеди" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Kennedy" title="Robert Kennedy – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Robert Kennedy" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robertus_Franciscus_Kennedy" title="Robertus Franciscus Kennedy – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Robertus Franciscus Kennedy" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roberts_Kenedijs" title="Roberts Kenedijs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Roberts Kenedijs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy" title="Robert F. Kennedy – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Robert F. Kennedy" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy" title="Robert F. Kennedy – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Robert F. Kennedy" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A2_%E1%83%99%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%93%E1%83%98" title="რობერტ კენედი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="რობერტ კენედი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%89" title="روبرت كينيدى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="روبرت كينيدى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%81._%DA%A9%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="رابرت اف. کندی – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="رابرت اف. کندی" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy" title="Robert F. Kennedy – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Robert F. Kennedy" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Роберт Кеннеди – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Роберт Кеннеди" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%98%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%96%E1%80%9B%E1%80%94%E1%80%B7%E1%80%BA%E1%80%85%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%80%E1%80%94%E1%80%B1%E1%80%92%E1%80%AE" title="ရောဘတ် ဖရန့်စစ် ကနေဒီ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ရောဘတ် ဖရန့်စစ် ကနေဒီ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy" title="Robert F. Kennedy – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Robert F. Kennedy" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AD%E3%83%90%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B1%E3%83%8D%E3%83%87%E3%82%A3" title="ロバート・ケネディ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ロバート・ケネディ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy" title="Robert F. Kennedy – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Robert F. Kennedy" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy" title="Robert F. Kennedy – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Robert F. Kennedy" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy" title="Robert F. Kennedy – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Robert F. Kennedy" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy" title="Robert F. Kennedy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Robert F. Kennedy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy" title="Robert F. Kennedy – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Robert F. Kennedy" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy" title="Robert F. Kennedy – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Robert F. Kennedy" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Kennedy" title="Robert Kennedy – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Robert Kennedy" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8,_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82" title="Кеннеди, Роберт – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кеннеди, Роберт" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy" title="Robert F. Kennedy – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Robert F. Kennedy" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Kennedy" title="Robert Kennedy – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Robert Kennedy" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy" title="Robert F. Kennedy – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Robert F. Kennedy" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%A4._%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Роберт Ф. Кенеди – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Роберт Ф. Кенеди" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy" title="Robert F. Kennedy – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Robert F. Kennedy" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy" title="Robert F. Kennedy – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Robert F. Kennedy" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy" title="Robert F. Kennedy – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Robert F. Kennedy" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%83%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF" title="இராபர்ட் எஃப் கென்னடி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இராபர்ட் எஃப் கென்னடி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%95_%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9F._%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5" title="โรเบิร์ต เอฟ. เคนเนดี – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="โรเบิร์ต เอฟ. เคนเนดี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy" title="Robert F. Kennedy – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Robert F. Kennedy" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%96" title="Роберт Кеннеді – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Роберт Кеннеді" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy" title="Robert F. Kennedy – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Robert F. 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navigation-not-searchable">"RFK", "Robert Kennedy", and "Bobby Kennedy" redirect here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/RFK_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="RFK (disambiguation)">RFK (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Kennedy_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Robert Kennedy (disambiguation)">Robert Kennedy (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Robert F. Kennedy</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Robert_F_Kennedy_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Robert_F_Kennedy_cropped.jpg/220px-Robert_F_Kennedy_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="273" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Robert_F_Kennedy_cropped.jpg/330px-Robert_F_Kennedy_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Robert_F_Kennedy_cropped.jpg/440px-Robert_F_Kennedy_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1243" data-file-height="1545" /></a><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Kennedy in 1965</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States Senator</a> from <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office January 3, 1965 – June 6, 1968</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Keating" title="Kenneth Keating">Kenneth Keating</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Goodell" title="Charles Goodell">Charles Goodell</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">64th <a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney_General" title="United States Attorney General">United States Attorney General</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office January 21, 1961 – September 3, 1964</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Deputy_United_States_Attorney_General" class="mw-redirect" title="Deputy United States Attorney General">Deputy</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byron_White" title="Byron White">Byron White</a></li> <li>Nicholas Katzenbach</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/William_P._Rogers" title="William P. Rogers">William P. Rogers</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Katzenbach" title="Nicholas Katzenbach">Nicholas Katzenbach</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Robert Francis Kennedy</div> (1925-11-20)November 20, 1925 <a href="/wiki/Brookline,_Massachusetts" title="Brookline, Massachusetts">Brookline, Massachusetts</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">June 6, 1968(1968-06-06) (aged 42) <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a>, California, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Manner of death</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Robert_F._Kennedy" title="Assassination of Robert F. Kennedy">Assassination</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Arlington_National_Cemetery" title="Arlington National Cemetery">Arlington National Cemetery</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ethel_Kennedy" title="Ethel Kennedy">Ethel Skakel</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1950)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">11, including <a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Kennedy_Townsend" title="Kathleen Kennedy Townsend">Kathleen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_P._Kennedy_II" title="Joseph P. Kennedy II">Joseph II</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy_Jr." title="Robert F. Kennedy Jr.">Robert Jr.</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_LeMoyne_Kennedy" title="Michael LeMoyne Kennedy">Michael</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kerry_Kennedy" title="Kerry Kennedy">Kerry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christopher_G._Kennedy" title="Christopher G. Kennedy">Chris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Max_Kennedy" title="Max Kennedy">Max</a>, <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Harriman_Kennedy" title="Douglas Harriman Kennedy">Douglas</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rory_Kennedy" title="Rory Kennedy">Rory</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parents</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_P._Kennedy_Sr." title="Joseph P. Kennedy Sr.">Joseph P. Kennedy Sr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_Kennedy" title="Rose Kennedy">Rose Fitzgerald</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Relatives</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_family" title="Kennedy family">Kennedy family</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">AB</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Virginia_School_of_Law" title="University of Virginia School of Law">University of Virginia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Laws" title="Bachelor of Laws">LLB</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Robert_Kennedy_Signature.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Robert F. Kennedy's signature"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Robert_Kennedy_Signature.svg/128px-Robert_Kennedy_Signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Robert_Kennedy_Signature.svg/192px-Robert_Kennedy_Signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Robert_Kennedy_Signature.svg/256px-Robert_Kennedy_Signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="378" data-file-height="129" /></a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Military service</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Allegiance</th><td class="infobox-data">United States</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Branch/service</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Naval_Reserve" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Naval Reserve">United States Naval Reserve</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Years of service</th><td class="infobox-data">1944–1946</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Seaman_apprentice" title="Seaman apprentice">Seaman apprentice</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Unit</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/USS_Joseph_P._Kennedy_Jr." title="USS Joseph P. Kennedy Jr.">USS Joseph P. Kennedy Jr.</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Battles/wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-left listen noprint listen-embedded listen-noimage listen-center"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:1968-04-04_RFK_on_MLK.ogg" title="File:1968-04-04 RFK on MLK.ogg">Robert F. Kennedy's voice</a></div> <div><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="215" style="width:215px;" data-durationhint="354" data-mwtitle="1968-04-04_RFK_on_MLK.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/10/1968-04-04_RFK_on_MLK.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/10/1968-04-04_RFK_on_MLK.ogg/1968-04-04_RFK_on_MLK.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3A1968-04-04_RFK_on_MLK.ogg&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></div> <div class="description">Kennedy on the <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.">assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.</a> Recorded April 4, 1968</div></div></div></div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Robert Francis Kennedy (November 20, 1925 – June 6, 1968), also known as RFK, was an American politician and lawyer. He served as the 64th <a href="/wiki/United_States_attorney_general" class="mw-redirect" title="United States attorney general">United States attorney general</a> from January 1961 to September 1964, and as a <a href="/wiki/U.S._senator" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. senator">U.S. senator</a> from New York from January 1965 until <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Robert_F._Kennedy" title="Assassination of Robert F. Kennedy">his assassination</a> in June 1968, when he was running for the Democratic presidential nomination. Like his brothers <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ted_Kennedy" title="Ted Kennedy">Ted Kennedy</a>, he was a prominent member of the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a> and is considered an icon of <a href="/wiki/Modern_American_liberalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern American liberalism">modern American liberalism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> Born into the prominent <a href="/wiki/Kennedy_family" title="Kennedy family">Kennedy family</a> in <a href="/wiki/Brookline,_Massachusetts" title="Brookline, Massachusetts">Brookline, Massachusetts</a>, Kennedy attended <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a>, and later received his law degree from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Virginia_School_of_Law" title="University of Virginia School of Law">University of Virginia</a>. He began his career as a correspondent for <a href="/wiki/The_Boston_Post" title="The Boston Post">The Boston Post</a> and as a lawyer at the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice" title="United States Department of Justice">Justice Department</a>, but later resigned to manage his brother John's successful campaign for the U.S. Senate <a href="/wiki/1952_United_States_Senate_election_in_Massachusetts" title="1952 United States Senate election in Massachusetts">in 1952</a>. The following year, Kennedy worked as an assistant counsel to the Senate committee chaired by Senator <a href="/wiki/Joseph_McCarthy" title="Joseph McCarthy">Joseph McCarthy</a>. He gained national attention as the chief counsel of the <a href="/wiki/Senate_Labor_Rackets_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Senate Labor Rackets Committee">Senate Labor Rackets Committee</a> from 1957 to 1959, where he publicly challenged <a href="/wiki/Teamsters" class="mw-redirect" title="Teamsters">Teamsters</a> President <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Hoffa" title="Jimmy Hoffa">Jimmy Hoffa</a> over the union's corrupt practices. Kennedy resigned from the committee to conduct his brother's successful campaign in the <a href="/wiki/1960_United_States_presidential_election" title="1960 United States presidential election">1960 presidential election</a>. He was appointed United States attorney general at the age of 35, one of the youngest cabinet members in American history.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> Kennedy served as John's closest advisor until the latter's <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Assassination of John F. Kennedy">assassination in 1963</a>.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> Kennedy's tenure is known for advocating for the <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">civil rights movement</a>, the fight against <a href="/wiki/Organized_crime" title="Organized crime">organized crime</a>, and involvement in U.S. foreign policy related to <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a>.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> He authored his account of the <a href="/wiki/Cuban_Missile_Crisis" title="Cuban Missile Crisis">Cuban Missile Crisis</a> in a book titled <a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Days_(book)" title="Thirteen Days (book)">Thirteen Days</a>. As attorney general, Kennedy authorized the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">Federal Bureau of Investigation</a> (FBI) to <a href="/wiki/Wiretap" class="mw-redirect" title="Wiretap">wiretap</a> <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Christian_Leadership_Conference" title="Southern Christian Leadership Conference">Southern Christian Leadership Conference</a> on a limited basis.<a href="#cite_note-Herst-5">[5]</a> After his brother's assassination, he remained in office during the presidency of <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a> for several months. He left to run for the U.S. Senate from <a href="/wiki/1964_United_States_Senate_election_in_New_York" title="1964 United States Senate election in New York">New York in 1964</a> and defeated <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> incumbent <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Keating" title="Kenneth Keating">Kenneth Keating</a>, overcoming criticism that he was a "<a href="/wiki/Parachute_candidate" title="Parachute candidate">carpetbagger</a>" from <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a>.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> In office, Kennedy opposed U.S. involvement in the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a> and raised awareness of poverty by sponsoring legislation designed to lure private business to blighted communities (i.e., <a href="/wiki/Bedford_Stuyvesant_Restoration_Corporation" title="Bedford Stuyvesant Restoration Corporation">Bedford Stuyvesant Restoration project</a>). He was an advocate for issues related to human rights and <a href="/wiki/Social_justice" title="Social justice">social justice</a> by traveling abroad to eastern Europe, Latin America, and <a href="/wiki/Day_of_Affirmation_Address" title="Day of Affirmation Address">South Africa</a>, and formed working relationships with Martin Luther King Jr., <a href="/wiki/Cesar_Chavez" title="Cesar Chavez">Cesar Chavez</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Walter_Reuther" title="Walter Reuther">Walter Reuther</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy_1968_presidential_campaign" title="Robert F. Kennedy 1968 presidential campaign">1968</a>, Kennedy became a leading candidate for the Democratic nomination for the presidency by appealing to poor, African American, <a href="/wiki/Hispanic_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="Hispanic Americans">Hispanic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Americans">Catholic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Youth_vote_in_the_United_States" title="Youth vote in the United States">young voters</a>.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> His main challenger in the race was Senator <a href="/wiki/Eugene_McCarthy" title="Eugene McCarthy">Eugene McCarthy</a>. Shortly after winning the <a href="/wiki/1968_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1968 Democratic Party presidential primaries">California primary</a> around midnight on June 5, 1968, Kennedy was shot by <a href="/wiki/Sirhan_Sirhan" title="Sirhan Sirhan">Sirhan Sirhan</a>, a 24-year-old Palestinian, in retaliation for his support of Israel following the 1967 <a href="/wiki/Six-Day_War" title="Six-Day War">Six-Day War</a>. Kennedy died 25 hours later. Sirhan was arrested, tried, and convicted, though Kennedy's assassination, <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_assassination_conspiracy_theories" title="John F. Kennedy assassination conspiracy theories">like his brother's</a>, continues to be the subject of widespread analysis and <a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy_assassination_conspiracy_theories" title="Robert F. Kennedy assassination conspiracy theories">numerous conspiracy theories</a>.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RFK_BrooklineMass.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/RFK_BrooklineMass.png/240px-RFK_BrooklineMass.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/RFK_BrooklineMass.png/360px-RFK_BrooklineMass.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/RFK_BrooklineMass.png/480px-RFK_BrooklineMass.png 2x" data-file-width="726" data-file-height="574" /></a><figcaption>Kennedy's birthplace in <a href="/wiki/Brookline,_Massachusetts" title="Brookline, Massachusetts">Brookline, Massachusetts</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kennedys1939Boston.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Kennedys1939Boston.jpg/240px-Kennedys1939Boston.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Kennedys1939Boston.jpg/360px-Kennedys1939Boston.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Kennedys1939Boston.jpg/480px-Kennedys1939Boston.jpg 2x" data-file-width="986" data-file-height="767" /></a><figcaption>Ambassador Joseph Kennedy Sr. visits his sons (Robert, second from right) in <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1939</figcaption></figure> Robert Francis Kennedy was born outside <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a> in <a href="/wiki/Brookline,_Massachusetts" title="Brookline, Massachusetts">Brookline, Massachusetts</a>, on November 20, 1925, to <a href="/wiki/Joseph_P._Kennedy_Sr." title="Joseph P. Kennedy Sr.">Joseph P. Kennedy Sr.</a>, a politician and businessman, and <a href="/wiki/Rose_Kennedy" title="Rose Kennedy">Rose Fitzgerald Kennedy</a>, a philanthropist and socialite. He was the seventh of their nine children.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> Robert described his position in the family hierarchy by saying, "When you come from that far down, you have to struggle to survive."<a href="#cite_note-Smith33-11">[11]</a> His parents were members of two prominent <a href="/wiki/History_of_Irish_Americans_in_Boston" title="History of Irish Americans in Boston">Irish-American</a> families that were active in the <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Democratic_Party" title="Massachusetts Democratic Party">Massachusetts Democratic Party</a>.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> All four of Kennedy's grandparents were children of Irish immigrants.<a href="#cite_note-JFKlibrary.org_misc-13">[13]</a> His eight siblings were <a href="/wiki/Joseph_P._Kennedy_Jr." title="Joseph P. Kennedy Jr.">Joseph Jr.</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rosemary_Kennedy" title="Rosemary Kennedy">Rosemary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Cavendish,_Marchioness_of_Hartington" title="Kathleen Cavendish, Marchioness of Hartington">Kathleen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eunice_Kennedy_Shriver" title="Eunice Kennedy Shriver">Eunice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Patricia_Kennedy_Lawford" title="Patricia Kennedy Lawford">Patricia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean_Kennedy_Smith" title="Jean Kennedy Smith">Jean</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ted_Kennedy" title="Ted Kennedy">Ted</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Thomas,_p._30-14">[14]</a> Starting from a solidly middle-class family in Boston, his father amassed a fortune and established <a href="/wiki/Trust_funds" class="mw-redirect" title="Trust funds">trust funds</a> for his nine children that guaranteed lifelong financial security.<a href="#cite_note-amex-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> Turning to politics, Joe Sr. became a leading figure in the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a> and had the money and connections to play a central role in the family's political ambitions.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> During Robert's childhood, his father dubbed him the "runt" of the family and wrote him off. He focused greater attention on his two eldest sons, Joseph Jr., and John.<a href="#cite_note-Thomas,_p._30-14">[14]</a> His parents involved their children in discussions of history and current affairs at the family dinner table.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> "I can hardly remember a mealtime," Kennedy reflected, "when the conversation was not dominated by what Franklin D. Roosevelt was doing or what was happening in the world. ...Since public affairs had dominated so much of our actions and discussions, public life seemed really an extension of family life."<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> Kennedy was raised at the <a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Compound" title="Kennedy Compound">Kennedy Compound</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hyannis_Port,_Massachusetts" title="Hyannis Port, Massachusetts">Hyannis Port, Massachusetts</a>; <a href="/wiki/La_Querida_(mansion)" title="La Querida (mansion)">La Querida</a> in <a href="/wiki/Palm_Beach,_Florida" title="Palm Beach, Florida">Palm Beach, Florida</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Bronxville,_New_York" title="Bronxville, New York">Bronxville, New York</a>; as well as <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, where his father served as the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Ambassador_to_the_Court_of_St_James%27s" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Ambassador to the Court of St James's">U.S. ambassador to the Court of St James's</a> from 1938 to 1940.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> When the Kennedy family returned to the United States just before the outbreak of World War II in Europe,<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> Robert was shipped off to an assortment of boarding schools in <a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a>: <a href="/wiki/St._Paul%27s_School_(New_Hampshire)" title="St. Paul's School (New Hampshire)">St. Paul's</a>, a Protestant school in <a href="/wiki/Concord,_New_Hampshire" title="Concord, New Hampshire">Concord, New Hampshire</a>;<a href="#cite_note-RFK:_A_Memoir_|_Jack_Newfield_|_August_27,_2003-23">[23]</a> <a href="/wiki/Portsmouth_Abbey_School" title="Portsmouth Abbey School">Portsmouth Priory</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Benedictine" class="mw-redirect" title="Benedictine">Benedictine</a> Catholic school in <a href="/wiki/Portsmouth,_Rhode_Island" title="Portsmouth, Rhode Island">Portsmouth, Rhode Island</a>;<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> then, in September 1942, to <a href="/wiki/Milton_Academy" title="Milton Academy">Milton Academy</a>, a preparatory school near Boston in <a href="/wiki/Milton,_Massachusetts" title="Milton, Massachusetts">Milton, Massachusetts</a>, for 11th and 12th grades.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> Kennedy graduated from Milton in May 1944.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> Kennedy later said that, during childhood, he was "going to different schools, always having to make new friends, and that I was very awkward ... [a]nd I was pretty quiet most of the time. And I didn't mind being alone."<a href="#cite_note-Schlesinger21-23-28">[28]</a> At Milton Academy, Kennedy met and became friends with <a href="/wiki/David_Hackett" title="David Hackett">David Hackett</a>. Hackett admired Kennedy's determination to bypass his shortcomings, and remembered him redoubling his efforts whenever something did not come easy to him, which included athletics, studies, success with girls, and popularity.<a href="#cite_note-Mills34-29">[29]</a> Hackett remembered the two of them as "misfits", a commonality that drew him to Kennedy, along with an unwillingness to conform to how others acted even if doing so meant not being accepted. He had an early sense of virtue; he disliked dirty jokes and bullying, once stepping in when an upperclassman tried bothering a younger student.<a href="#cite_note-Thomas37-40-30">[30]</a> The headmaster at Milton would later summarize that he was a "very intelligent boy, quiet and shy, but not outstanding, and he left no special mark on Milton".<a href="#cite_note-Smith33-11">[11]</a> As a teenager, Kennedy secured a <a href="/wiki/Clerk" title="Clerk">clerking</a> job at the same <a href="/wiki/East_Boston" title="East Boston">East Boston</a> bank where his father had once worked.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> Kennedy was bored by the drudgery, though he enjoyed taking the <a href="/wiki/MBTA_subway" title="MBTA subway">Boston subway</a> and encountering, for the first time, "common folk". He began to notice inequity in the wider world. On a trip to the family's home in Hyannis Port, Kennedy began questioning his father about the poverty he glimpsed from the train window. "Couldn't something be done about the poor people living in those bleak tenements?" he asked.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Naval_service_(1944–1946)">Naval service (1944–1946)</h2></div> Six weeks before his 18th birthday in 1943, Kennedy enlisted in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy_Reserve" title="United States Navy Reserve">United States Naval Reserve</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Seaman_apprentice" title="Seaman apprentice">seaman apprentice</a>.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> He was released from active duty in March 1944, when he left Milton Academy early to report to the <a href="/wiki/V-12_Navy_College_Training_Program" title="V-12 Navy College Training Program">V-12 Navy College Training Program</a> at <a href="/wiki/Harvard_College" title="Harvard College">Harvard College</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts" title="Cambridge, Massachusetts">Cambridge, Massachusetts</a> from March to November 1944. He was relocated to <a href="/wiki/Bates_College" title="Bates College">Bates College</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lewiston,_Maine" title="Lewiston, Maine">Lewiston, Maine</a> from November 1944 to June 1945,<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> where he received a specialized V-12-degree along with 15 others.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> During the college's <a href="/wiki/Bates_College_traditions" title="Bates College traditions">winter carnival</a>, Robert built a snow replica of a Navy boat.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-:22-39">[39]</a> He returned to Harvard in June 1945, completing his post-training requirements in January 1946.<a href="#cite_note-Walter_Isaacson-40">[40]</a> Kennedy's oldest brother Joseph Jr. died in August 1944,<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> when his bomber exploded during a volunteer mission known as <a href="/wiki/Operation_Aphrodite" title="Operation Aphrodite">Operation Aphrodite</a>. Robert was most affected by his father's reaction to his eldest son's passing. He appeared completely heartbroken, and his peer Fred Garfield commented that Kennedy developed depression and questioned his faith for a short time. After his brother's death, Robert gained more attention, moving higher up the family patriarchy.<a href="#cite_note-Thomas44-42">[42]</a> On December 15, 1945, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">U.S. Navy</a> commissioned the destroyer <a href="/wiki/USS_Joseph_P._Kennedy_Jr." title="USS Joseph P. Kennedy Jr.">USS Joseph P. Kennedy Jr.</a>, and shortly thereafter granted Kennedy's request to be released from naval-officer training to serve aboard Kennedy starting on February 1, 1946, as a seaman apprentice on the ship's <a href="/wiki/Shakedown_cruise" title="Shakedown cruise">shakedown cruise</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Sea" title="Caribbean Sea">Caribbean</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Walter_Isaacson-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> On May 30, 1946, he received his <a href="/wiki/Honorable_discharge" class="mw-redirect" title="Honorable discharge">honorable discharge</a> from the Navy.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> For his service in the Navy, Kennedy was eligible for the <a href="/wiki/American_Campaign_Medal" title="American Campaign Medal">American Campaign Medal</a> and the <a href="/wiki/World_War_II_Victory_Medal" title="World War II Victory Medal">World War II Victory Medal</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_study_and_journalism_(1946–1951)">Further study and journalism (1946–1951)</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="College_and_law_school">College and law school</h3></div> Throughout 1946, Kennedy became active in his brother John's campaign for the U.S. House seat vacated by <a href="/wiki/James_Michael_Curley" title="James Michael Curley">James Michael Curley</a>; he joined the campaign full-time after his naval discharge. Schlesinger wrote that the election served as an entry into politics for both Robert and John.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> In September, Kennedy entered Harvard as a junior after receiving credit for his time in the V-12 program.<a href="#cite_note-E.W._Smith_|_2010-46">[46]</a> He worked hard to make the <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Crimson_football" title="Harvard Crimson football">Harvard Crimson</a> football team as an <a href="/wiki/End_(American_football)" class="mw-redirect" title="End (American football)">end</a>; he was a starter and scored a <a href="/wiki/Touchdown" title="Touchdown">touchdown</a> in the first game of his senior year before breaking his leg in practice.<a href="#cite_note-E.W._Smith_|_2010-46">[46]</a> He earned his <a href="/wiki/Varsity_letter" title="Varsity letter">varsity letter</a> when his coach sent him in wearing a cast during the last minutes of a game against <a href="/wiki/Yale_Bulldogs_football" title="Yale Bulldogs football">Yale</a>.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> Kennedy graduated from Harvard in 1948 with a bachelor's degree in <a href="/wiki/Political_science" title="Political science">political science</a>.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> In September 1948, he enrolled at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Virginia_School_of_Law" title="University of Virginia School of Law">University of Virginia School of Law</a> in <a href="/wiki/Charlottesville,_Virginia" title="Charlottesville, Virginia">Charlottesville</a>.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> Kennedy adapted to this new environment, being elected president of the Student Legal Forum, where he successfully produced outside speakers including <a href="/wiki/James_M._Landis" title="James M. Landis">James M. Landis</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_O._Douglas" title="William O. Douglas">William O. Douglas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Krock" title="Arthur Krock">Arthur Krock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_McCarthy" title="Joseph McCarthy">Joseph McCarthy</a>, and his brother John F. Kennedy. Kennedy's paper on <a href="/wiki/Yalta" title="Yalta">Yalta</a>, written during his senior year, is deposited in the Law Library's Treasure Trove.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> He graduated from law school in June 1951, finishing 56th in a class of 125.<a href="#cite_note-Fast_Facts_about_Robert_F._Kennedy-51">[51]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Boston_Post">The Boston Post</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy%27s_1948_visit_to_Palestine" title="Robert F. Kennedy's 1948 visit to Palestine">Robert F. Kennedy's 1948 visit to Palestine</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RFK_1948_football.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/RFK_1948_football.jpg/250px-RFK_1948_football.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/RFK_1948_football.jpg/375px-RFK_1948_football.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/RFK_1948_football.jpg/500px-RFK_1948_football.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="692" /></a><figcaption>Kennedy (with sisters <a href="/wiki/Eunice_Kennedy_Shriver" title="Eunice Kennedy Shriver">Eunice</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jean_Kennedy_Smith" title="Jean Kennedy Smith">Jean</a>) holding a football at the <a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Compound" title="Kennedy Compound">family's Massachusetts home</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> November 1948</figcaption></figure> Upon graduating from Harvard, Kennedy sailed on the <a href="/wiki/RMS_Queen_Mary" title="RMS Queen Mary">RMS Queen Mary</a> with a college friend for a tour of Europe and the Middle East, accredited as a correspondent for <a href="/wiki/The_Boston_Post" title="The Boston Post">The Boston Post</a>, filing six stories.<a href="#cite_note-Ben-David_|_Robert_Kennedy's_1948_Reports_from_Palestine_|_2008-52">[52]</a> Four of these stories, submitted from <a href="/wiki/Palestine_(region)" title="Palestine (region)">Palestine</a> shortly before the end of the <a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine" title="Mandatory Palestine">British Mandate</a>, provided a first-hand view of the tensions in the land.<a href="#cite_note-Ben-David_|_Robert_Kennedy's_1948_Reports_from_Palestine_|_2008-52">[52]</a> He was critical of British policy on Palestine and praised the Jewish people he met there, calling them "hardy and tough". Kennedy predicted that "before too long", the United States and Great Britain would be looking for a Jewish state to preserve a "toehold" of democracy in the region.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> He held out some hope after seeing Arabs and Jews working side by side but, in the end, feared that the hatred between the groups was too strong and would lead to a war.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> In June 1948, Kennedy reported on the <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Blockade" title="Berlin Blockade">Berlin Blockade</a>.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> He wrote home about the experience: "It is a very moving and disturbing sight to see plane after plane take off amidst a torrent of rain particularly when I was aboard one."<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> In September 1951, a few months after Kennedy graduated from law school, The Boston Post sent him to <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a> to cover the convention that concluded the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_San_Francisco" title="Treaty of San Francisco">Treaty of Peace with Japan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Senate_committee_counsel_and_political_campaigns_(1951–1960)">Senate committee counsel and political campaigns (1951–1960)</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="JFK_Senate_campaign_and_Joseph_McCarthy_(1952–1955)">JFK Senate campaign and Joseph McCarthy (1952–1955)</h3></div> In 1951, Kennedy was admitted to the <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Bar_Association" title="Massachusetts Bar Association">Massachusetts Bar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-Fast_Facts_about_Robert_F._Kennedy-51">[51]</a> That November, he started work as a lawyer in the Internal Security Division of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice" title="United States Department of Justice">U.S. Department of Justice</a>, which prosecuted espionage and subversive-activity cases. In February 1952, he was transferred to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice_Criminal_Division" title="United States Department of Justice Criminal Division">Criminal Division</a> to help prepare fraud cases against former officials of the Truman administration before a Brooklyn grand jury.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> On June 6, 1952, he resigned to manage his brother John's <a href="/wiki/1952_United_States_Senate_election_in_Massachusetts" title="1952 United States Senate election in Massachusetts">U.S. Senate campaign in Massachusetts</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Whitman-61">[61]</a> JFK's victory was of great importance to the Kennedys, elevating him to national prominence and turning him into a serious potential presidential candidate. John's victory was also equally important to Robert, who felt he had succeeded in eliminating his father's negative perceptions of him.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> In December 1952, at his father's behest, Kennedy was appointed by family friend <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> Senator <a href="/wiki/Joseph_McCarthy" title="Joseph McCarthy">Joseph McCarthy</a> as one of 15 assistant counsel to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Homeland_Security_and_Governmental_Affairs_Permanent_Subcommittee_on_Investigations" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Senate Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations">U.S. Senate Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations</a>.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-savmappq-64">[64]</a> Kennedy disapproved of McCarthy's aggressive methods of garnering intelligence on suspected communists.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> He resigned in July 1953, but "retained a fondness for McCarthy".<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> The period of July 1953 to January 1954 saw him at "a professional and personal nadir", feeling that he was adrift while trying to prove himself to his family.<a href="#cite_note-Goduti16-67">[67]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_O%27Donnell" title="Kenneth O'Donnell">Kenneth O'Donnell</a> and <a href="/wiki/Larry_O%27Brien" title="Larry O'Brien">Larry O'Brien</a> (who worked on John's congressional campaigns) urged Kennedy to consider running for <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Attorney_General" title="Massachusetts Attorney General">Massachusetts Attorney General</a> in 1954, but he declined.<a href="#cite_note-Thomas,_p._69-68">[68]</a> After a period as an assistant to his father on the <a href="/wiki/Hoover_Commission" title="Hoover Commission">Hoover Commission</a>, Kennedy rejoined the Senate committee staff as chief counsel for the Democratic minority in February 1954.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> That month, McCarthy's chief counsel <a href="/wiki/Roy_Cohn" title="Roy Cohn">Roy Cohn</a> subpoenaed <a href="/wiki/Annie_Lee_Moss" title="Annie Lee Moss">Annie Lee Moss</a>, accusing her of membership in the Communist Party. Kennedy revealed that Cohn had called the wrong Annie Lee Moss and he requested the file on Moss from the FBI. FBI director <a href="/wiki/J._Edgar_Hoover" title="J. Edgar Hoover">J. Edgar Hoover</a> had been forewarned by Cohn and denied him access, calling Kennedy "an arrogant whippersnapper".<a href="#cite_note-Hilty86-70">[70]</a> When Democrats gained a Senate majority in January 1955, Kennedy became chief counsel and was a background figure in the televised <a href="/wiki/Army%E2%80%93McCarthy_hearings" title="Army–McCarthy hearings">Army–McCarthy hearings</a> of 1954 into McCarthy's conduct.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> The Moss incident turned Cohn into an enemy, which led to Kennedy assisting Democratic senators in ridiculing Cohn during the hearings. The animosity grew to the point where Cohn had to be restrained after asking Kennedy if he wanted to fight him.<a href="#cite_note-Hilty86-70">[70]</a> For his work on the McCarthy committee, Kennedy was included in a list of Ten Outstanding Young Men of 1954, created by the U.S. Junior Chamber of Commerce. His father had arranged the nomination, his first national award.<a href="#cite_note-Hilty90-72">[72]</a> In 1955, Kennedy was admitted to practice before the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Supreme Court">United States Supreme Court</a>.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stevenson_aide_and_focus_on_organized_labor_(1956–1960)">Stevenson aide and focus on organized labor (1956–1960)</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Robert_Kennedy,_Chief_Counsel_to_the_U.S._Senate%27s_McClellan_Committee,_giving_a_briefing_to_the_press_about_graft_in_Operating_Engineers_Union,_Washington,_D.C.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Robert_Kennedy%2C_Chief_Counsel_to_the_U.S._Senate%27s_McClellan_Committee%2C_giving_a_briefing_to_the_press_about_graft_in_Operating_Engineers_Union%2C_Washington%2C_D.C.png/250px-thumbnail.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Robert_Kennedy%2C_Chief_Counsel_to_the_U.S._Senate%27s_McClellan_Committee%2C_giving_a_briefing_to_the_press_about_graft_in_Operating_Engineers_Union%2C_Washington%2C_D.C.png/375px-thumbnail.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Robert_Kennedy%2C_Chief_Counsel_to_the_U.S._Senate%27s_McClellan_Committee%2C_giving_a_briefing_to_the_press_about_graft_in_Operating_Engineers_Union%2C_Washington%2C_D.C.png/500px-thumbnail.png 2x" data-file-width="5132" data-file-height="3422" /></a><figcaption>Kennedy, chief counsel to the <a href="/wiki/McClellan_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="McClellan Committee">Senate Rackets Committee</a>, giving a briefing to the press about graft in the <a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Operating_Engineers" title="International Union of Operating Engineers">Operating Engineers Union</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> January 1958</figcaption></figure> Kennedy was a Massachusetts <a href="/wiki/Delegate_(American_politics)" title="Delegate (American politics)">delegate</a> at the <a href="/wiki/1956_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1956 Democratic National Convention">1956 Democratic National Convention</a>,<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> having replaced <a href="/wiki/Tip_O%27Neil" class="mw-redirect" title="Tip O'Neil">Tip O'Neil</a> at the request of his brother John, joining in what was ultimately an unsuccessful effort to help JFK get the <a href="/wiki/1956_Democratic_Party_vice_presidential_candidate_selection" title="1956 Democratic Party vice presidential candidate selection">vice-presidential nomination</a>.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> Kennedy went on to work as an aide to <a href="/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_II" title="Adlai Stevenson II">Adlai Stevenson II</a> during the <a href="/wiki/1956_United_States_presidential_election" title="1956 United States presidential election">1956 presidential general election</a> which helped him learn how national campaigns worked, in preparation for a future run by his brother, John.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> Unimpressed with Stevenson, he acknowledged in an interview a decade later that he had voted for incumbent <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a>.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Senate_Rackets_Committee">Senate Rackets Committee</h4></div> From 1957 to 1959, he made a name for himself while serving as the chief counsel to the U.S. Senate's <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Select_Committee_on_Improper_Activities_in_Labor_and_Management" title="United States Senate Select Committee on Improper Activities in Labor and Management">Select Committee on Improper Activities in Labor and Management</a> (also known as the Senate Rackets Committee) under chairman <a href="/wiki/John_L._McClellan" title="John L. McClellan">John L. McClellan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-jfklibrary.org-79">[79]</a> Kennedy was given authority over testimony scheduling, areas of investigation, and witness questioning by McClellan, a move that was made by the chairman to limit attention to himself and allow outrage by organized labor to be directed toward Kennedy.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> In a famous scene, Kennedy and his brother John (also a member of the Senate Rackets Committee) squared off with <a href="/wiki/International_Brotherhood_of_Teamsters" title="International Brotherhood of Teamsters">Teamsters Union</a> president <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Hoffa" title="Jimmy Hoffa">Jimmy Hoffa</a> during the antagonistic argument that marked Hoffa's testimony.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> Kennedy's investigations convinced him that Hoffa had worked with mobsters, extorted money from employers, and raided Teamster pension funds.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> During the hearings, Kennedy received criticism from liberal critics and other commentators both for his outburst of impassioned anger and doubts about the innocence of those who invoked the <a href="/wiki/Fifth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Fifth Amendment</a>.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> Senators <a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater" title="Barry Goldwater">Barry Goldwater</a> and <a href="/wiki/Karl_Mundt" title="Karl Mundt">Karl Mundt</a> wrote to each other and complained about "the Kennedy boys" having hijacked the McClellan Committee by their focus on Hoffa and the Teamsters. They believed Kennedy covered for <a href="/wiki/Walter_Reuther" title="Walter Reuther">Walter Reuther</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_Automobile_Workers" class="mw-redirect" title="United Automobile Workers">United Automobile Workers</a> (UAW), a union which typically would back Democratic office seekers. Amidst the allegations, Kennedy wrote in his journal that the two senators had "no guts" as they never addressed him directly, only through the press.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> Although the Rackets investigations produced few criminal prosecutions, glossy magazines began running glowing spreads: Life ("Young Man with Tough Questions"<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a>) and the Saturday Evening Post ("The Amazing Kennedys") helped raise the Kennedy profile.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> "Two boyish young men from Boston," wrote a Look magazine reporter, "have become hot tourist attractions in Washington."<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> Kennedy left the committee in September 1959 in order to manage his brother's presidential campaign.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> The following year, Kennedy published <a href="/wiki/The_Enemy_Within_(Kennedy_book)" title="The Enemy Within (Kennedy book)">The Enemy Within</a>, a book which described the corrupt practices within the Teamsters and other unions that he had helped investigate.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="JFK_presidential_campaign_(1960)">JFK presidential campaign (1960)</h3></div> Kennedy went to work on the <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_1960_presidential_campaign" title="John F. Kennedy 1960 presidential campaign">presidential campaign</a> of his brother, John.<a href="#cite_note-Thomas88-90">[90]</a> In contrast to his role in his brother's previous campaign eight years prior, Kennedy gave stump speeches throughout the primary season, gaining confidence as time went on.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> His strategy "to win at any cost" led him to call on <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt_Jr." title="Franklin D. Roosevelt Jr.">Franklin D. Roosevelt Jr.</a> to attack Senator <a href="/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey" title="Hubert Humphrey">Hubert Humphrey</a> as a draft dodger; Roosevelt eventually did make the statement that Humphrey avoided service.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> Concerned that John Kennedy was going to receive the Democratic Party's nomination, some supporters of Lyndon Johnson, who was also running for the nomination, revealed to the press that John had <a href="/wiki/Addison%27s_disease" title="Addison's disease">Addison's disease</a>, saying that he required life-sustaining <a href="/wiki/Cortisone" title="Cortisone">cortisone</a> treatments. Though in fact a diagnosis had been made, Robert tried to protect his brother by denying the allegation, saying that John had never had "an ailment described classically as Addison's disease."<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> After securing the nomination, John Kennedy nonetheless <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_vice_presidential_candidate_selection,_1960" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Party vice presidential candidate selection, 1960">chose Johnson</a> as his vice-presidential nominee. Robert, who favored labor leader Walter Reuther,<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> tried unsuccessfully to convince Johnson to turn down the offer, leading him to view Robert with contempt afterward.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> Robert had already disliked Johnson prior to the presidential campaign, seeing him as a threat to his brother's ambitions.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> In October, just a few weeks before the election, Kennedy was involved in securing the release of civil rights leader <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a> from a jail in <a href="/wiki/Atlanta" title="Atlanta">Atlanta</a>.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> He spoke with Georgia Governor <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Vandiver" title="Ernest Vandiver">Ernest Vandiver</a> and later Judge Oscar Mitchell, after the judge had sentenced King for violating his probation when he protested at a whites-only snack bar.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Attorney_General_of_the_United_States_(1961–1964)">Attorney General of the United States (1961–1964)</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nomination_and_confirmation">Nomination and confirmation</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cox,_Hoover,_RFK.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Cox%2C_Hoover%2C_RFK.jpg/220px-Cox%2C_Hoover%2C_RFK.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Cox%2C_Hoover%2C_RFK.jpg/330px-Cox%2C_Hoover%2C_RFK.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Cox%2C_Hoover%2C_RFK.jpg/440px-Cox%2C_Hoover%2C_RFK.jpg 2x" data-file-width="448" data-file-height="452" /></a><figcaption>FBI Director <a href="/wiki/J._Edgar_Hoover" title="J. Edgar Hoover">J. Edgar Hoover</a> (left), Robert Kennedy (center) and Solicitor General <a href="/wiki/Archibald_Cox" title="Archibald Cox">Archibald Cox</a> (right) at the White House on May 7, 1963</figcaption></figure> After the 1960 presidential election, president-elect John F. Kennedy appointed his younger brother as <a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney_General" title="United States Attorney General">U.S. attorney general</a>.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> Despite concerns about <a href="/wiki/Nepotism" title="Nepotism">nepotism</a>, Joseph P. Kennedy Sr. pushed for Robert Kennedy to get the position,<a href="#cite_note-asstpresident-101">[101]</a> in part on the grounds that the president would need someone in his cabinet with whom he had an absolute trust.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> Both brothers harbored doubts about the proposed appointment, but first John decided it was a good idea and then Robert was persuaded to accept it.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> The choice was controversial, with publications including <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_New_Republic" title="The New Republic">The New Republic</a> calling him inexperienced and unqualified.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> He had no experience in any state or federal court,<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> causing the president to joke, "I can't see that it's wrong to give him a little legal experience before he goes out to practice law."<a href="#cite_note-All_He_Asked-106">[106]</a> Republican Senate Minority Leader, <a href="/wiki/Everett_Dirksen" title="Everett Dirksen">Everett Dirksen</a>, expressed doubts about Kennedy's level of legal experience but found Kennedy competent otherwise and supported the president's ability to choose his own cabinet members.<a href="#cite_note-nyht-conf-107">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-wapo-conf-108">[108]</a> On January 13, Kennedy testified before the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Judiciary_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Senate Judiciary Committee">Judiciary Committee</a> for two hours,<a href="#cite_note-nyt-conf-hearing-109">[109]</a> with questioning that was largely friendly.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-conf-hearing-3-110">[110]</a> Pressed by Senator <a href="/wiki/Roman_Hruska" title="Roman Hruska">Roman Hruska</a> about his lack of experience,<a href="#cite_note-nyt-conf-hearing-109">[109]</a> Kennedy responded: "In my estimation I think that I have had invaluable experience ... I would not have given up one year of experience that I have had over the period since I graduated from law school for experience practicing law in Boston."<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> At the conclusion of the hearing, Kennedy's nomination received unanimous approval from the committee.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-conf-hearing-109">[109]</a> For the position of <a href="/wiki/United_States_Deputy_Attorney_General" title="United States Deputy Attorney General">Deputy Attorney General</a>, Kennedy chose <a href="/wiki/Byron_White" title="Byron White">Byron White</a>, who helped select the rest of the department's staff.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> These included <a href="/wiki/Archibald_Cox" title="Archibald Cox">Archibald Cox</a> as <a href="/wiki/Solicitor_General_of_the_United_States" title="Solicitor General of the United States">Solicitor General</a>; among the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Assistant_Attorney_General" title="United States Assistant Attorney General">Assistant Attorney Generals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Katzenbach" title="Nicholas Katzenbach">Nicholas Katzenbach</a>, <a href="/wiki/Burke_Marshall" title="Burke Marshall">Burke Marshall</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ramsey_Clark" title="Ramsey Clark">Ramsey Clark</a>; and press aides <a href="/wiki/Edwin_O._Guthman" title="Edwin O. Guthman">Edwin O. Guthman</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Seigenthaler" title="John Seigenthaler">John Seigenthaler</a>.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> The scholars and historians <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Bickel" title="Alexander Bickel">Alexander Bickel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jeff_Shesol" title="Jeff Shesol">Jeff Shesol</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Evan_Thomas" title="Evan Thomas">Evan Thomas</a> have all noted that with these picks, Kennedy showed he was not averse to surrounding himself with very able people who had more qualifications and experience than he did.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> Robert Kennedy’s influence in the administration extended well beyond law enforcement. Though different in temperament and outlook, the president came to rely heavily on his brother’s judgment and effectiveness as political adviser, foreign affairs counselor, and most trusted confidant.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> Kennedy exercised widespread authority over every cabinet department, leading the <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a> to dub him "Bobby—Washington's No. 2-man."<a href="#cite_note-James_W._Hilty_2000_408-116">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> The president once remarked about his brother, "If I want something done and done immediately I rely on the Attorney General. He is very much the doer in this administration, and has an organizational gift I have rarely if ever seen surpassed."<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Organized_crime_and_the_Teamsters">Organized crime and the Teamsters</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_F._Kennedy_signs_bills_1961.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/John_F._Kennedy_signs_bills_1961.JPG/220px-John_F._Kennedy_signs_bills_1961.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/John_F._Kennedy_signs_bills_1961.JPG/330px-John_F._Kennedy_signs_bills_1961.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/John_F._Kennedy_signs_bills_1961.JPG/440px-John_F._Kennedy_signs_bills_1961.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1106" data-file-height="1326" /></a><figcaption>President John F. Kennedy signing anti-crime bills in September 1961. Attorney General Robert Kennedy is in the background.</figcaption></figure> As attorney general, Kennedy pursued a relentless crusade against <a href="/wiki/Organized_crime" title="Organized crime">organized crime</a> and the <a href="/wiki/American_Mafia" title="American Mafia">Mafia</a>, sometimes disagreeing on strategy with <a href="/wiki/Director_of_the_Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation">FBI Director</a> <a href="/wiki/J._Edgar_Hoover" title="J. Edgar Hoover">J. Edgar Hoover</a>. Through speeches and writing, Kennedy alerted the country to the existence of a "private government of organized crime with an annual income of billions, resting on a base of human suffering and moral corrosion". He established the first coordinated program involving all 26 federal law enforcement agencies to investigate organized crime.<a href="#cite_note-jfklibrary.org-79">[79]</a> The Justice Department targeted prominent Mafia leaders like <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Marcello" title="Carlos Marcello">Carlos Marcello</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joey_Aiuppa" title="Joey Aiuppa">Joey Aiuppa</a>; Marcello was deported to <a href="/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala">Guatemala</a>, while Aiuppa was convicted of violating of the <a href="/wiki/Migratory_Bird_Treaty_Act_of_1918" title="Migratory Bird Treaty Act of 1918">Migratory Bird Treaty Act of 1918</a>.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> In 1961, Kennedy worked to secure the passage of anti-racketeering legislation (Wire Act, Travel Act, and Interstate Transportation of Paraphernalia Act) to prohibit interstate gambling. The <a href="/wiki/Federal_Wire_Act" title="Federal Wire Act">Federal Wire Act</a> specifically targeted the use of <a href="/wiki/Wired_communication" title="Wired communication">wire communications</a> and sought to disrupt the Mafia's <a href="/wiki/Gambling" title="Gambling">gambling</a> operations.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> Convictions against organized crime figures rose by 800 percent during his term.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> Kennedy worked to shift Hoover's focus away from communism, which Hoover saw as a more serious threat, to organized crime.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/James_Neff" title="James Neff">James Neff</a>, Kennedy's success in this endeavor was due to his brother's position, giving the attorney general leverage over Hoover.<a href="#cite_note-npr2015-125">[125]</a> Biographer <a href="/wiki/Richard_Hack" title="Richard Hack">Richard Hack</a> concluded that Hoover's dislike for Kennedy came from his being unable to control him.<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> He was relentless in his pursuit of Teamsters Union president Jimmy Hoffa, due to Hoffa's known corruption in financial and electoral matters, both personally and organizationally,<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> creating a so-called "Get Hoffa" squad of <a href="/wiki/Prosecutor" title="Prosecutor">prosecutors</a> and investigators.<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> The enmity between the two men was intense, with accusations of a personal vendetta—what Hoffa called a "blood feud"—exchanged between them.<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> On July 7, 1961, after Hoffa was reelected to the Teamsters presidency, RFK told reporters the government's case against Hoffa had not been changed by what he called "a small group of teamsters" supporting him.<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> The following year, it was leaked that Hoffa had claimed to a Teamster local that Kennedy had been "bodily" removed from his office, the statement being confirmed by a Teamster press agent and Hoffa saying Kennedy had only been ejected.<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> On March 4, 1964, Hoffa was convicted in <a href="/wiki/Chattanooga,_Tennessee" title="Chattanooga, Tennessee">Chattanooga, Tennessee</a>, of attempted bribery of a <a href="/wiki/Grand_jury" title="Grand jury">grand juror</a> during his 1962 conspiracy trial in <a href="/wiki/Nashville" class="mw-redirect" title="Nashville">Nashville</a> and sentenced to eight years in prison and a $10,000 fine.<a href="#cite_note-prison-134">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hoffa-135">[135]</a> After learning of Hoffa's conviction by telephone, Kennedy issued congratulatory messages to the three prosecutors.<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> While on bail during his appeal, Hoffa was convicted in a second trial held in <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>, on July 26, 1964, on one count of <a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_(crime)" class="mw-redirect" title="Conspiracy (crime)">conspiracy</a> and three counts of <a href="/wiki/Mail_fraud" class="mw-redirect" title="Mail fraud">mail</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wire_fraud" class="mw-redirect" title="Wire fraud">wire fraud</a> for improper use of the Teamsters' <a href="/wiki/Pension_fund" title="Pension fund">pension fund</a>, and sentenced to five years in prison.<a href="#cite_note-prison-134">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> Hoffa spent the next three years unsuccessfully appealing his 1964 convictions, and began serving his aggregate prison sentence of 13 years (eight years for bribery, five years for fraud)<a href="#cite_note-commuted-138">[138]</a> on March 7, 1967, at the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Penitentiary,_Lewisburg" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Penitentiary, Lewisburg">Lewisburg Federal Penitentiary</a> in Pennsylvania.<a href="#cite_note-prison2-139">[139]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Juvenile_delinquency">Juvenile delinquency</h3></div> In his first press conference as attorney general in 1961, Kennedy spoke of an "alarming increase" in <a href="/wiki/Juvenile_delinquency" title="Juvenile delinquency">juvenile delinquency</a>. In May 1961, Kennedy was named chairman of the <a href="/wiki/President%27s_Committee_on_Juvenile_Delinquency_and_Youth_Crime" class="mw-redirect" title="President's Committee on Juvenile Delinquency and Youth Crime">President's Committee on Juvenile Delinquency and Youth Crime</a> (PCJD), with lifelong friend <a href="/wiki/David_Hackett" title="David Hackett">David Hackett</a> as director. After visits to blighted communities, Kennedy and Hackett concluded that delinquency was the result of racial discrimination and lack of opportunities. The committee held that government must not impose solutions but empower the poor to develop their own. The PCJD provided comprehensive services (education, employment, and job training) that encouraged self-sufficiency.<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> In September 1961, the Juvenile Delinquency and Youth Offenses Control Act was signed into law.<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Civil_rights">Civil rights</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Robert_Kennedy_CORE_rally_speech2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Robert_Kennedy_CORE_rally_speech2.jpg/220px-Robert_Kennedy_CORE_rally_speech2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="335" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Robert_Kennedy_CORE_rally_speech2.jpg/330px-Robert_Kennedy_CORE_rally_speech2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Robert_Kennedy_CORE_rally_speech2.jpg/440px-Robert_Kennedy_CORE_rally_speech2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3239" data-file-height="4936" /></a><figcaption>Kennedy speaking to civil rights demonstrators in front of the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Justice" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of Justice">Department of Justice</a> on June 14, 1963</figcaption></figure> Kennedy expressed the administration's commitment to civil rights during a May 6, 1961, <a href="/wiki/Law_Day_Address" title="Law Day Address">speech</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Georgia_School_of_Law" title="University of Georgia School of Law">University of Georgia School of Law</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">Our position is quite clear. We are upholding the law. The federal government would not be running the schools in Prince Edward County any more than it is running the University of Georgia or the schools in my home state of Massachusetts. In this case, in all cases, I say to you today that if the orders of the court are circumvented, the Department of Justice will act. We will not stand by or be aloof—we will move. I happen to believe that <a href="/wiki/Brown_v._Board_of_Education" title="Brown v. Board of Education">the 1954 decision</a> was right. But my belief does not matter. It is now the law. Some of you may believe the decision was wrong. That does not matter. It is the law.<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a></blockquote> FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover viewed civil rights leader Martin Luther King Jr. as an upstart troublemaker,<a href="#cite_note-american_public_radio-143">[143]</a> calling him an "enemy of the state".<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> In February 1962, Hoover presented Kennedy with allegations that some of King's close confidants and advisers were <a href="/wiki/Communists" class="mw-redirect" title="Communists">communists</a>. Concerned about the allegations, the FBI deployed agents to monitor King in the following months.<a href="#cite_note-ippppafab-145">[145]</a> Kennedy warned King to discontinue the suspected associations. In response, King agreed to ask suspected communist <a href="/wiki/Jack_O%27Dell" title="Jack O'Dell">Jack O'Dell</a> to resign from the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Christian_Leadership_Conference" title="Southern Christian Leadership Conference">Southern Christian Leadership Conference</a> (SCLC), but he refused to heed to the request to ask <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Levison" title="Stanley Levison">Stanley Levison</a>, whom he regarded as a trusted advisor, to resign. In October 1963,<a href="#cite_note-rking-146">[146]</a> Kennedy issued a written directive authorizing the FBI to <a href="/wiki/Wiretap" class="mw-redirect" title="Wiretap">wiretap</a> King and other leaders of the SCLC, King's civil rights organization. Although Kennedy only gave written approval for limited wiretapping of King's phones "on a trial basis, for a month or so",<a href="#cite_note-Herst-5">[5]</a> Hoover extended the clearance so that his men were "unshackled" to look for evidence in any areas of King's life they deemed worthy.<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> The wiretapping continued through June 1966 and was revealed in 1968, days before Kennedy's death.<a href="#cite_note-the_atlantic-148">[148]</a> Relations between the Kennedys and civil-rights activists could be tense, partly due to the administration's decision that a number of complaints King filed with the Justice Department between 1961 and 1963 be handled "through negotiation between the city commission and Negro citizens".<a href="#cite_note-rking-146">[146]</a> Kennedy played a large role in the response to the <a href="/wiki/Freedom_Riders" title="Freedom Riders">Freedom Riders</a> protests. He acted after the <a href="/wiki/Anniston_bus_bombing" class="mw-redirect" title="Anniston bus bombing">Anniston bus bombing</a> to protect the Riders in continuing their journey, sending <a href="/wiki/John_Seigenthaler" title="John Seigenthaler">John Seigenthaler</a>, his administrative assistant, to Alabama to try to calm the situation.<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> Kennedy called the <a href="/wiki/The_Greyhound_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="The Greyhound Corporation">Greyhound Company</a> and demanded that it obtain a coach operator who was willing to drive a special bus for the continuance of the Freedom Ride from Birmingham to Montgomery, on the circuitous journey to Jackson, Mississippi.<a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> Later, during the attack and burning by a white mob of the <a href="/wiki/First_Baptist_Church_(Montgomery,_Alabama)" title="First Baptist Church (Montgomery, Alabama)">First Baptist Church</a> in Montgomery, which King and 1,500 sympathizers attended, the attorney general telephoned King to ask for his assurance that they would not leave the building until the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Marshals_Service" title="United States Marshals Service">U.S. Marshals</a> and <a href="/wiki/National_Guard_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="National Guard of the United States">National Guard</a> he sent had secured the area. King proceeded to berate Kennedy for "allowing the situation to continue". King later publicly thanked him for dispatching the forces to break up the attack that might otherwise have ended his life.<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> Kennedy then negotiated the safe passage of the Freedom Riders from the First Baptist Church to Jackson, where they were arrested.<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a> He offered to bail the Freedom Riders out of jail, but they refused, which upset him.<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> On May 29, 1961, Kennedy petitioned the <a href="/wiki/Interstate_Commerce_Commission" title="Interstate Commerce Commission">Interstate Commerce Commission</a> (ICC) to issue regulations banning segregation, and the ICC subsequently decreed that by November 1, bus carriers and terminals serving interstate travel had to be integrated.<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Photograph_of_White_House_Meeting_with_Civil_Rights_Leaders._June_22,_1963_-_NARA_-_194190_(no_border).tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Photograph_of_White_House_Meeting_with_Civil_Rights_Leaders._June_22%2C_1963_-_NARA_-_194190_%28no_border%29.tif/lossy-page1-240px-Photograph_of_White_House_Meeting_with_Civil_Rights_Leaders._June_22%2C_1963_-_NARA_-_194190_%28no_border%29.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Photograph_of_White_House_Meeting_with_Civil_Rights_Leaders._June_22%2C_1963_-_NARA_-_194190_%28no_border%29.tif/lossy-page1-360px-Photograph_of_White_House_Meeting_with_Civil_Rights_Leaders._June_22%2C_1963_-_NARA_-_194190_%28no_border%29.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Photograph_of_White_House_Meeting_with_Civil_Rights_Leaders._June_22%2C_1963_-_NARA_-_194190_%28no_border%29.tif/lossy-page1-480px-Photograph_of_White_House_Meeting_with_Civil_Rights_Leaders._June_22%2C_1963_-_NARA_-_194190_%28no_border%29.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2975" data-file-height="2357" /></a><figcaption>Kennedy and Vice President <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a> meet with civil rights leaders at the White House on June 22, 1963</figcaption></figure> Kennedy's attempts to end the Freedom Rides early were tied to an upcoming summit with <a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Nikita Khrushchev</a> in Vienna and <a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">Charles de Gaulle</a> in Paris. He believed the continued international publicity of race riots would tarnish the president heading into international negotiations.<a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a> This attempt to curtail the Freedom Rides alienated many civil rights leaders who, at the time, perceived him as intolerant and narrow-minded.<a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a> Historian <a href="/wiki/David_Halberstam" title="David Halberstam">David Halberstam</a> wrote that the race question was for a long time a minor ethnic political issue in Massachusetts where the Kennedy brothers came from, and had they been from another part of the country, "they might have been more immediately sensitive to the complexities and depth of black feelings".<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a> In an attempt to better understand and improve race relations, Kennedy held <a href="/wiki/Baldwin%E2%80%93Kennedy_meeting" title="Baldwin–Kennedy meeting">a private meeting</a> on May 24, 1963, in New York City with a black delegation coordinated by prominent author <a href="/wiki/James_Baldwin" title="James Baldwin">James Baldwin</a>. The meeting became antagonistic, and the group reached no consensus. The black delegation generally felt that Kennedy did not understand the full extent of racism in the United States, and only alienated the group more when he tried to compare his family's experience with <a href="/wiki/Anti-Irish_sentiment" title="Anti-Irish sentiment">discrimination as Irish Catholics</a> to the racial injustice faced by African Americans.<a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a> In September 1962, Kennedy sent a force of U.S. Marshals, <a href="/wiki/U.S._Border_Patrol" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Border Patrol">U.S. Border Patrol</a> agents, and deputized <a href="/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Prisons" title="Federal Bureau of Prisons">federal prison guards</a> to the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Mississippi" title="University of Mississippi">University of Mississippi</a>, to enforce a federal court order allowing the admittance of the institution's first African American student, <a href="/wiki/James_Meredith" title="James Meredith">James Meredith</a>.<a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a> The attorney general had hoped that legal means, along with the escort of federal officers, would be enough to force Governor <a href="/wiki/Ross_Barnett" title="Ross Barnett">Ross Barnett</a> to allow Meredith's admission. He also was very concerned there might be a "mini-civil war" between federal troops and armed protesters.<a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a> President Kennedy reluctantly sent federal troops after the situation on campus turned violent.<a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a> The ensuing <a href="/wiki/Ole_Miss_riot_of_1962" title="Ole Miss riot of 1962">Ole Miss riot of 1962</a> resulted in 300 injuries and two deaths,<a href="#cite_note-npr-163">[163]</a> but Kennedy remained adamant that black students had the right to the benefits of all levels of the educational system. Kennedy saw voting as the key to racial justice and collaborated with Presidents Kennedy and Johnson to create the landmark <a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964" title="Civil Rights Act of 1964">Civil Rights Act of 1964</a>, which helped bring an end to <a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws" title="Jim Crow laws">Jim Crow laws</a>.<a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a> Throughout the spring of 1964, Kennedy worked alongside Senator <a href="/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey" title="Hubert Humphrey">Hubert Humphrey</a> and Senate Minority Leader <a href="/wiki/Everett_Dirksen" title="Everett Dirksen">Everett Dirksen</a> in search of language that could work for the Republican <a href="/wiki/Caucus" title="Caucus">caucus</a> and overwhelm the Southern Democrats' <a href="/wiki/Filibuster" title="Filibuster">filibuster</a>. In May, a deal was secured that could obtain a two-thirds majority in the Senate—enough to end debate. Kennedy did not see the civil rights bill as simply directed at the South and warned of the danger of racial tensions above the Mason–Dixon line. "In the North", he said, "I think you have had <a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation_in_the_United_States#In_the_North" title="Racial segregation in the United States">de facto segregation</a>, which in some areas is bad or even more extreme than in the South", adding that people in "those communities, including my own state of Massachusetts, concentrated on what was happening in Birmingham, Alabama or Jackson, Mississippi, and didn't look at what was needed to be done in our home, our own town, or our own city." The ultimate solution "is a truly major effort at the local level to deal with the racial problem—Negroes and whites working together, within the structure of the law, obedience to the law, and respect for the law."<a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a> Between December 1961 and December 1963, Kennedy also expanded the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice_Civil_Rights_Division" title="United States Department of Justice Civil Rights Division">United States Department of Justice Civil Rights Division</a> by 60 percent.<a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="U.S._Steel">U.S. Steel</h3></div> At the president's direction, Kennedy used the power of federal agencies to influence <a href="/wiki/U.S._Steel" title="U.S. Steel">U.S. Steel</a> not to institute a price increase, and announced a grand jury probe to investigate possible collusion and <a href="/wiki/Price_fixing" title="Price fixing">price fixing</a> by U.S. Steel in collaboration with other major steel manufacturers.<a href="#cite_note-time_steel-167">[167]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a> wrote that the administration had set prices of steel "by naked power, by threats, by agents of the state security police". Yale law professor <a href="/wiki/Charles_Reich" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Reich">Charles Reich</a> wrote in <a href="/wiki/The_New_Republic" title="The New Republic">The New Republic</a> that the Justice Department had violated <a href="/wiki/Civil_liberties" title="Civil liberties">civil liberties</a> by calling a federal grand jury to indict U.S. Steel so quickly, then disbanding it after the price increase did not occur.<a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Berlin">Berlin</h3></div> As one of the president's closest White House advisers, Kennedy played a crucial role in the events surrounding the <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Crisis_of_1961" title="Berlin Crisis of 1961">Berlin Crisis of 1961</a>.<a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a> Operating mainly through a private, <a href="/wiki/Backchannel" title="Backchannel">backchannel</a> connection to Soviet <a href="/wiki/GRU_(Soviet_Union)" title="GRU (Soviet Union)">GRU</a> officer <a href="/wiki/Georgi_Bolshakov" title="Georgi Bolshakov">Georgi Bolshakov</a>, he relayed important diplomatic communications between the U.S. and Soviet governments.<a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a> Most significantly, this connection helped the U.S. set up the <a href="/wiki/Vienna_Summit" class="mw-redirect" title="Vienna Summit">Vienna Summit</a> in June 1961, and later to defuse the tank standoff with the Soviets at Berlin's <a href="/wiki/Checkpoint_Charlie" title="Checkpoint Charlie">Checkpoint Charlie</a> in October.<a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a><a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a> Kennedy's visit with his wife to West Berlin in February 1962 demonstrated U.S. support for the city and helped repair the strained relationship between the administration and its special envoy in Berlin, <a href="/wiki/Lucius_D._Clay" title="Lucius D. Clay">Lucius D. Clay</a>.<a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuba">Cuba</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:President_with_Attorney_General._President_Kennedy,_Attorney_General_Kennedy._White_House,_Oval_Office_Doorway._-_NARA_-_194221.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/President_with_Attorney_General._President_Kennedy%2C_Attorney_General_Kennedy._White_House%2C_Oval_Office_Doorway._-_NARA_-_194221.jpg/190px-President_with_Attorney_General._President_Kennedy%2C_Attorney_General_Kennedy._White_House%2C_Oval_Office_Doorway._-_NARA_-_194221.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="242" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/President_with_Attorney_General._President_Kennedy%2C_Attorney_General_Kennedy._White_House%2C_Oval_Office_Doorway._-_NARA_-_194221.jpg/285px-President_with_Attorney_General._President_Kennedy%2C_Attorney_General_Kennedy._White_House%2C_Oval_Office_Doorway._-_NARA_-_194221.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/President_with_Attorney_General._President_Kennedy%2C_Attorney_General_Kennedy._White_House%2C_Oval_Office_Doorway._-_NARA_-_194221.jpg/380px-President_with_Attorney_General._President_Kennedy%2C_Attorney_General_Kennedy._White_House%2C_Oval_Office_Doorway._-_NARA_-_194221.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2358" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Robert with his brother John, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1963</figcaption></figure> As his brother's confidant, Kennedy oversaw the <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">CIA</a>'s anti-<a href="/wiki/Fidel_Castro" title="Fidel Castro">Castro</a> activities after the failed <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Pigs_Invasion" title="Bay of Pigs Invasion">Bay of Pigs Invasion</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a>, which included <a href="/wiki/Covert_operation" title="Covert operation">covert operations</a> that <a href="/wiki/Terrorism" title="Terrorism">targeted Cuban civilians</a>.<a href="#cite_note-rabe-174">[174]</a> He also helped develop the strategy during the <a href="/wiki/Cuban_Missile_Crisis" title="Cuban Missile Crisis">Cuban Missile Crisis</a> to blockade Cuba instead of initiating a military strike that might have led to <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_holocaust" title="Nuclear holocaust">nuclear war</a>.<a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a> Allegations that the Kennedys knew of plans by the CIA to kill <a href="/wiki/Fidel_Castro" title="Fidel Castro">Fidel Castro</a>, or approved of such plans, have been debated by historians over the years.<a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a> The "<a href="/wiki/Family_Jewels_(Central_Intelligence_Agency)" title="Family Jewels (Central Intelligence Agency)">Family Jewels</a>" documents, declassified by the CIA in 2007, suggest that before the Bay of Pigs Invasion, the attorney general personally authorized one such assassination attempt.<a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a><a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a> But there is evidence to the contrary, such as that Kennedy was informed of an earlier plot involving the CIA's use of Mafia bosses <a href="/wiki/Sam_Giancana" title="Sam Giancana">Sam Giancana</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Roselli" title="John Roselli">John Roselli</a> only during a briefing on May 7, 1962, and in fact directed the CIA to halt any existing efforts directed at Castro's assassination.<a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a><a href="#cite_note-180">[180]</a> Biographer Thomas concludes that "the Kennedys may have discussed the idea of assassination as a weapon of last resort. But they did not know the particulars of the <a href="/wiki/William_King_Harvey" title="William King Harvey">Harvey</a>-Rosselli operation – or want to."<a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a> Concurrently, Kennedy served as the president's personal representative in <a href="/wiki/Operation_Mongoose" title="Operation Mongoose">Operation Mongoose</a>, the post–Bay of Pigs covert operations program the president established in November 1961.<a href="#cite_note-182">[182]</a> Mongoose was meant to incite revolution in Cuba that would result in Castro's downfall.<a href="#cite_note-183">[183]</a><a href="#cite_note-184">[184]</a> During the Cuban Missile Crisis in October 1962, Kennedy proved himself to be a gifted politician with an ability to obtain compromises, tempering aggressive positions of key figures in the hawk camp. The trust the president placed in him on matters of negotiation was such that his role in the crisis is today seen as having been of vital importance in securing a <a href="/wiki/Blockade" title="Blockade">blockade</a>, which averted a full military engagement between the United States and the Soviet Union.<a href="#cite_note-Hayes_2019-185">[185]</a> On October 27, Kennedy secretly met with Soviet Ambassador <a href="/wiki/Anatoly_Dobrynin" title="Anatoly Dobrynin">Anatoly Dobrynin</a>. They reached a basic understanding: the Soviet Union would withdraw their missiles from Cuba, subject to <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> verification, in exchange for a U.S. pledge not to invade Cuba.<a href="#cite_note-186">[186]</a><a href="#cite_note-187">[187]</a> Kennedy also informally proposed that the <a href="/wiki/PGM-19_Jupiter" title="PGM-19 Jupiter">Jupiter MRBMs</a> in Turkey would be removed<a href="#cite_note-20210730HershbergAnatomyofaControversy-188">[188]</a> "within a short time after this crisis was over".<a href="#cite_note-189">[189]</a> On the last night of the crisis, President Kennedy was so grateful for his brother's work in averting nuclear war that he summed it up by saying, "Thank God for Bobby."<a href="#cite_note-190">[190]</a> Kennedy authored his account of the crisis in a book titled <a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Days_(book)" title="Thirteen Days (book)">Thirteen Days</a> (posthumously published in 1969).<a href="#cite_note-191">[191]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Japan">Japan</h3></div> At a summit meeting with Japanese prime minister <a href="/wiki/Hayato_Ikeda" title="Hayato Ikeda">Hayato Ikeda</a> in Washington D.C. in 1961, President Kennedy promised to make a reciprocal visit to Japan in 1962,<a href="#cite_note-Kapur50-192">[192]</a> but the decision to resume atmospheric nuclear testing forced him to postpone such a visit, and he sent Robert in his stead.<a href="#cite_note-Kapur50-192">[192]</a> Kennedy arrived in Tokyo in February 1962 at a very sensitive time in <a href="/wiki/U.S.-Japan_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S.-Japan relations">U.S.-Japan relations</a>, shortly after the massive <a href="/wiki/Anpo_protests" title="Anpo protests">Anpo protests</a> against the <a href="/wiki/U.S.-Japan_Security_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S.-Japan Security Treaty">U.S.-Japan Security Treaty</a> had highlighted anti-American grievances. Kennedy won over a highly skeptical Japanese public and press with his cheerful, open demeanor, sincerity, and youthful energy.<a href="#cite_note-Kapur50-192">[192]</a> Most famously, Kennedy scored a public relations coup during a nationally televised speech at <a href="/wiki/Waseda_University" title="Waseda University">Waseda University</a> in Tokyo. When radical Marxist student activists from <a href="/wiki/Zengakuren" title="Zengakuren">Zengakuren</a> attempted to shout him down, he calmly invited one of them on stage and engaged the student in an impromptu debate.<a href="#cite_note-Kapur50-192">[192]</a> Kennedy's calmness under fire and willingness to take the student's questions seriously won many admirers in Japan and praise from the Japanese media, both for himself and on his brother's behalf.<a href="#cite_note-Kapur50-192">[192]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy">Assassination of John F. Kennedy</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JFK%27s_family_leaves_Capitol_after_his_funeral,_1963.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/JFK%27s_family_leaves_Capitol_after_his_funeral%2C_1963.jpg/220px-JFK%27s_family_leaves_Capitol_after_his_funeral%2C_1963.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/JFK%27s_family_leaves_Capitol_after_his_funeral%2C_1963.jpg/330px-JFK%27s_family_leaves_Capitol_after_his_funeral%2C_1963.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/JFK%27s_family_leaves_Capitol_after_his_funeral%2C_1963.jpg/440px-JFK%27s_family_leaves_Capitol_after_his_funeral%2C_1963.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2954" data-file-height="2336" /></a><figcaption>Robert Kennedy at the <a href="/wiki/State_funeral_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="State funeral of John F. Kennedy">funeral</a> of his brother, President John F. Kennedy, on November 25, 1963</figcaption></figure> When President Kennedy <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Assassination of John F. Kennedy">was assassinated</a> in <a href="/wiki/Dallas" title="Dallas">Dallas</a> on November 22, 1963, Robert Kennedy was at home with aides from the Justice Department. J. Edgar Hoover called and told him his brother had been shot.<a href="#cite_note-Palmero1-6-193">[193]</a> Hoover then hung up before he could ask any questions. Kennedy later said he thought Hoover had enjoyed telling him the news.<a href="#cite_note-194">[194]</a><a href="#cite_note-Palmero1-6-193">[193]</a> Shortly after the call from Hoover, Kennedy phoned <a href="/wiki/McGeorge_Bundy" title="McGeorge Bundy">McGeorge Bundy</a> at the White House, instructing him to change the locks on the president's files. He ordered the Secret Service to dismantle the hidden taping system in the Oval Office and cabinet room. He scheduled a meeting with CIA director <a href="/wiki/John_McCone" class="mw-redirect" title="John McCone">John McCone</a> and asked if the CIA had any involvement in his brother's death. McCone denied it, with Kennedy later telling investigator Walter Sheridan that he asked the director "in a way that he couldn't lie to me, and they [the CIA] hadn't".<a href="#cite_note-195">[195]</a> An hour after the president was shot, Robert Kennedy received a phone call from the newly ascended President Johnson before Johnson boarded <a href="/wiki/Air_Force_One" title="Air Force One">Air Force One</a>. RFK remembered their conversation starting with Johnson demonstrating sympathy before the president stated his belief that he should be sworn in immediately; RFK opposed the idea since he felt "it would be nice" for President Kennedy's body to return to Washington with the deceased president still being the incumbent.<a href="#cite_note-196">[196]</a> Eventually, the two concluded that the best course of action would be for Johnson to take the <a href="/wiki/Oath" title="Oath">oath</a> of office before returning to Washington.<a href="#cite_note-197">[197]</a> In his 1971 book We Band of Brothers, aide <a href="/wiki/Edwin_O._Guthman" title="Edwin O. Guthman">Edwin O. Guthman</a> recounted Kennedy admitting to him an hour after receiving word of his brother's death that he thought he would be the one "they would get" as opposed to his brother.<a href="#cite_note-198">[198]</a> In the days following the assassination, he wrote letters to his two eldest children, Kathleen and Joseph, saying that as the oldest Kennedy family members of their generation, they had a special responsibility to remember what their uncle had started and to love and serve their country.<a href="#cite_note-199">[199]</a><a href="#cite_note-200">[200]</a> He was originally opposed to Jacqueline Kennedy's decision to have a closed casket, as he wanted the funeral to keep with tradition, but he changed his mind after seeing the cosmetic, waxen remains.<a href="#cite_note-201">[201]</a> The ten-month investigation by the <a href="/wiki/Warren_Commission" title="Warren Commission">Warren Commission</a> concluded that the president had been assassinated by <a href="/wiki/Lee_Harvey_Oswald" title="Lee Harvey Oswald">Lee Harvey Oswald</a> and that Oswald had acted alone.<a href="#cite_note-202">[202]</a> On September 27, 1964, Kennedy issued a statement through his New York campaign office: "As I said in Poland last summer, I am convinced Oswald was solely responsible for what happened and that he did not have any outside help or assistance. He was a malcontent who could not get along here or in the Soviet Union."<a href="#cite_note-Pittsburgh_Post-Gazette;_September_28,_1964-203">[203]</a><a href="#cite_note-204">[204]</a> He added, "I have not read the report, nor do I intend to. But I have been briefed on it and I am completely satisfied that the Commission investigated every lead and examined every piece of evidence. The Commission's inquiry was thorough and conscientious."<a href="#cite_note-Pittsburgh_Post-Gazette;_September_28,_1964-203">[203]</a> After a meeting with Kennedy in 1966, historian <a href="/wiki/Arthur_M._Schlesinger_Jr." title="Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.">Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.</a> wrote: "It is evident that he believes that [the Warren Commission's report] was a poor job and will not endorse it, but that he is unwilling to criticize it and thereby reopen the whole tragic business."<a href="#cite_note-205">[205]</a> According to Soviet archives, <a href="/wiki/William_Walton_(painter)" title="William Walton (painter)">William Walton</a> was sent to the Soviet Union by Robert Kennedy in the days after the assassination of his brother. He was to go there for the purposes of <a href="/wiki/Cultural_diplomacy" title="Cultural diplomacy">cultural diplomacy</a> but was also told to meet with Russian diplomat <a href="/wiki/Georgi_Bolshakov" title="Georgi Bolshakov">Georgi Bolshakov</a> and deliver a message. Walton told Bolshakov that Robert and Jackie Kennedy believed there was a conspiracy involved in the killing of President Kennedy and informed him that Robert Kennedy shared the views of his brother in his approach to peace with the Soviet Union.<a href="#cite_note-206">[206]</a> The assassination was judged as having a profound impact on Kennedy. Michael Beran assesses the assassination as having moved Kennedy away from reliance on the political system and to become more questioning.<a href="#cite_note-207">[207]</a> Larry Tye views Kennedy following the death of his brother as "more fatalistic, having seen how fast he could lose what he cherished the most."<a href="#cite_note-208">[208]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1964_vice_presidential_candidate">1964 vice presidential candidate</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/1964_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1964 Democratic Party presidential primaries">1964 Democratic Party presidential primaries</a> and <a href="/wiki/1964_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1964 Democratic National Convention">1964 Democratic National Convention</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Robert_F._Kennedy_and_President_Lyndon_B._Johnson_-_415-10-wh64.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Robert_F._Kennedy_and_President_Lyndon_B._Johnson_-_415-10-wh64.jpg/300px-Robert_F._Kennedy_and_President_Lyndon_B._Johnson_-_415-10-wh64.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Robert_F._Kennedy_and_President_Lyndon_B._Johnson_-_415-10-wh64.jpg/450px-Robert_F._Kennedy_and_President_Lyndon_B._Johnson_-_415-10-wh64.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Robert_F._Kennedy_and_President_Lyndon_B._Johnson_-_415-10-wh64.jpg/600px-Robert_F._Kennedy_and_President_Lyndon_B._Johnson_-_415-10-wh64.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3864" data-file-height="2560" /></a><figcaption>Kennedy meeting with President Lyndon Johnson at the White House on October 14, 1964</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_"Bobby_problem"">The "Bobby problem"</h3></div> In the wake of the assassination of his brother and Lyndon Johnson's ascension to the presidency, with the office of <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">vice president</a> now vacant, Kennedy was viewed favorably as a potential candidate for the position in the <a href="/wiki/1964_United_States_presidential_election" title="1964 United States presidential election">1964</a> presidential election.<a href="#cite_note-209">[209]</a> Johnson faced pressure from some within the Democratic Party to name Kennedy as his running mate, which Johnson staffers referred to internally as the "Bobby problem."<a href="#cite_note-:0-210">[210]</a> It was an open secret that they disliked each other,<a href="#cite_note-211">[211]</a> and Johnson had no intention of remaining in the shadow of another Kennedy.<a href="#cite_note-Columbia_University_Press-212">[212]</a> At the time, Johnson privately said of Kennedy, "I don't need that little runt to win", while Kennedy privately said of Johnson that he was "mean, bitter, vicious—an animal in many ways."<a href="#cite_note-A.J._Langguth_2000_pp._297-213">[213]</a><a href="#cite_note-214">[214]</a> An April 1964 <a href="/wiki/Gallup,_Inc." title="Gallup, Inc.">Gallup</a> poll reported Kennedy as the vice-presidential choice of 47 percent of Democratic voters. Coming in a distant second and third were Adlai Stevenson with 18 percent and <a href="/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey" title="Hubert Humphrey">Hubert Humphrey</a> with 10 percent.<a href="#cite_note-215">[215]</a> Although Johnson confided to aides on several occasions that he might be forced to accept Kennedy in order to secure a victory over a moderate Republican ticket such as <a href="/wiki/Nelson_Rockefeller" title="Nelson Rockefeller">Nelson Rockefeller</a> and <a href="/wiki/George_W._Romney" title="George W. Romney">George Romney</a>,<a href="#cite_note-216">[216]</a> Kennedy supporters attempted to force the issue by running a <a href="/wiki/Draft_(politics)" title="Draft (politics)">draft movement</a> during the <a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire_primary" class="mw-redirect" title="New Hampshire primary">New Hampshire primary</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-210">[210]</a> This movement gained momentum after Governor <a href="/wiki/John_W._King" title="John W. King">John W. King</a>'s endorsement and infuriated Johnson. Kennedy received 25,094 <a href="/wiki/Write_in" class="mw-redirect" title="Write in">write in</a> votes for vice president in New Hampshire, far surpassing Senator Hubert Humphrey, the eventual vice-presidential nominee.<a href="#cite_note-217">[217]</a> The potential need for a Johnson–Kennedy ticket was ultimately eliminated by the Republican nomination of conservative <a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater" title="Barry Goldwater">Barry Goldwater</a>. With Goldwater as his opponent, Johnson's choice of vice president was all but irrelevant; opinion polls had revealed that, while Kennedy was an overwhelming first choice among Democrats, any choice made less than a 2% difference in a general election that already promised to be a landslide.<a href="#cite_note-218">[218]</a> During a post-presidency interview with historian <a href="/wiki/Doris_Kearns_Goodwin" title="Doris Kearns Goodwin">Doris Kearns Goodwin</a>, Johnson claimed that Kennedy "acted like he was the custodian of the Kennedy dream" despite Johnson being seen as this after JFK was assassinated; arguing that he had "waited" his turn and Kennedy should have done the same. Johnson recalled a "tidal wave of letters and memos about how great a vice president Bobby would be," but felt he could not "let it happen" as he viewed the possibility of Kennedy on the ticket as ensuring that he would never know if he could be elected "on my own."<a href="#cite_note-Sabato269-219">[219]</a> In July 1964, Johnson issued an official statement ruling out all of his current cabinet members as potential running mates, judging them to be "so valuable ... in their current posts." In response to this statement, angry letters poured in directed towards both Johnson and his wife, <a href="/wiki/Lady_Bird_Johnson" title="Lady Bird Johnson">Lady Bird</a>, expressing disappointment at Kennedy being dropped from the field of potential running mates.<a href="#cite_note-Sabato269-219">[219]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Democratic_National_Convention">Democratic National Convention</h4></div> As the <a href="/wiki/1964_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1964 Democratic National Convention">Democratic National Convention</a> approached, Johnson feared that delegates, still swept with lingering emotion over the assassination of JFK, might draft his brother onto the ticket as the vice-presidential nominee. Johnson ordered the FBI to monitor Kennedy's contacts and actions at the convention, and made sure that Kennedy did not speak until after Hubert Humphrey was confirmed as his running mate.<a href="#cite_note-Columbia_University_Press-212">[212]</a> On the last day of the convention, Kennedy introduced a short film, A Thousand Days, in honor of his brother's memory. After Kennedy appeared on the convention floor, delegates erupted in 22 minutes of uninterrupted applause, causing him to nearly break into tears. Speaking about his brother's vision for the country, Kennedy quoted from <a href="/wiki/Romeo_and_Juliet" title="Romeo and Juliet">Romeo and Juliet</a>: "When he shall die, take him and cut him out into the stars, and he shall make the face of heaven so fine that all the world will be in love with night and pay no worship to the garish sun."<a href="#cite_note-220">[220]</a><a href="#cite_note-221">[221]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Robert_Kennedy_at_the_1964_Democratic_National_Convention_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Robert_Kennedy_at_the_1964_Democratic_National_Convention_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Robert_Kennedy_at_the_1964_Democratic_National_Convention_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="332" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Robert_Kennedy_at_the_1964_Democratic_National_Convention_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Robert_Kennedy_at_the_1964_Democratic_National_Convention_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Robert_Kennedy_at_the_1964_Democratic_National_Convention_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Robert_Kennedy_at_the_1964_Democratic_National_Convention_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="649" data-file-height="978" /></a><figcaption>Kennedy at the <a href="/wiki/1964_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1964 Democratic National Convention">1964 Democratic National Convention</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kennedy's_political_future">Kennedy's political future</h3></div> In June 1964, Kennedy offered to succeed <a href="/wiki/Henry_Cabot_Lodge_Jr." title="Henry Cabot Lodge Jr.">Henry Cabot Lodge Jr.</a> as <a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_the_United_States_to_South_Vietnam" title="List of ambassadors of the United States to South Vietnam">U.S. ambassador to South Vietnam</a>.<a href="#cite_note-222">[222]</a> President Johnson rejected the idea.<a href="#cite_note-Thomas,_p._293-223">[223]</a> Kennedy considered leaving politics altogether after his brother, Ted Kennedy, suffered a broken back in the crash of a small plane near <a href="/wiki/Southampton,_Massachusetts" title="Southampton, Massachusetts">Southampton, Massachusetts</a>, on June 19.<a href="#cite_note-Schlesinger_1978,_p._666-224">[224]</a><a href="#cite_note-225">[225]</a> Positive reception during a six-day trip to Germany and Poland convinced him to remain in politics.<a href="#cite_note-Schlesinger_1978,_p._666-224">[224]</a><a href="#cite_note-Thomas,_p._293-223">[223]</a> In search of a way out of the dilemma, Kennedy asked speechwriter <a href="/wiki/Milton_Gwirtzman" title="Milton Gwirtzman">Milton Gwirtzman</a> to write a memo comparing two offices: 1) governor of Massachusetts and 2) U.S. senator from New York, and "which would be a better place from which to make a run for the presidency in future years?"<a href="#cite_note-226">[226]</a> Biographer Shesol wrote that the <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Massachusetts" title="Governor of Massachusetts">Massachusetts governorship</a> offered one important advantage: isolation from Lyndon Johnson. However, the state was hobbled by debt and an unruly legislature. Gwirtzman informed Kennedy that "you are going to receive invitations to attend dedications and speak around the country and abroad and to undertake other activities in connection with President Kennedy" and that "it would seem easier to do this as a U.S. senator based in Washington, D.C. than as a governor based in Boston."<a href="#cite_note-W._W._Norton-227">[227]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="U.S._Senate_(1965–1968)">U.S. Senate (1965–1968)</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1964_election">1964 election</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/1964_United_States_Senate_election_in_New_York" title="1964 United States Senate election in New York">1964 United States Senate election in New York</a></div> On August 25, 1964, two days before the end of that year's Democratic National Convention,<a href="#cite_note-228">[228]</a> Kennedy announced his candidacy for the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">U.S. Senate</a> representing <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a>.<a href="#cite_note-229">[229]</a> He resigned as attorney general on September 2.<a href="#cite_note-230">[230]</a> Kennedy could not run for the U.S. Senate from his native <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a> because his younger brother <a href="/wiki/Ted_Kennedy" title="Ted Kennedy">Ted</a> was running for <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_election_in_Massachusetts,_1964" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Senate election in Massachusetts, 1964">reelection in 1964</a>.<a href="#cite_note-231">[231]</a><a href="#cite_note-232">[232]</a> Despite their notoriously difficult relationship, President Johnson gave considerable support to Kennedy's campaign.<a href="#cite_note-233">[233]</a> The New York Times editorialized, "there is nothing illegal about the possible nomination of Robert F. Kennedy of Massachusetts as Senator from New York, but there is plenty of cynical about it, ... merely choosing the state as a convenient launching‐pad for the political ambitions of himself."<a href="#cite_note-Another_Senator_Kennedy-234">[234]</a><a href="#cite_note-235">[235]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LBJ_and_RFK_campaign_1964.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/LBJ_and_RFK_campaign_1964.jpg/220px-LBJ_and_RFK_campaign_1964.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/LBJ_and_RFK_campaign_1964.jpg/330px-LBJ_and_RFK_campaign_1964.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/LBJ_and_RFK_campaign_1964.jpg/440px-LBJ_and_RFK_campaign_1964.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4879" data-file-height="3253" /></a><figcaption>Kennedy (left) campaigning with President Lyndon Johnson, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> October 1964</figcaption></figure> His opponent was <a href="/wiki/United_States_Republican_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Republican Party">Republican</a> incumbent <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Keating" title="Kenneth Keating">Kenneth Keating</a>, who attempted to portray Kennedy as an arrogant "<a href="/wiki/Parachute_candidate" title="Parachute candidate">carpetbagger</a>" since he did not reside in the state and was not registered to vote there.<a href="#cite_note-236">[236]</a><a href="#cite_note-237">[237]</a><a href="#cite_note-238">[238]</a> Kennedy was a legal resident of Massachusetts,<a href="#cite_note-239">[239]</a> and, under New York law, was not eligible to vote in the election.<a href="#cite_note-240">[240]</a> His wife <a href="/wiki/Ethel_Kennedy" title="Ethel Kennedy">Ethel</a> made light of the criticism by suggesting this slogan: "There is only so much you can do for Massachusetts."<a href="#cite_note-241">[241]</a> RFK charged Keating with having "not done much of anything constructive" despite his presence in Congress during a September 8 press conference.<a href="#cite_note-242">[242]</a> During the campaign, Kennedy was frequently met by large crowds where he encountered multitudes of hecklers carrying signs that read: "BOBBY GO HOME!" and "GO BACK TO MASSACHUSETTS!".<a href="#cite_note-243">[243]</a><a href="#cite_note-244">[244]</a> In the end, New York voters ignored the carpetbagging issue and Kennedy won the November election with a comfortable 700,000 vote margin, helped in part by Johnson's huge 2½ million vote victory margin in the state.<a href="#cite_note-245">[245]</a> With his victory, Robert and Ted Kennedy became the first brothers since <a href="/wiki/Dwight_Foster_(politician,_born_1757)" title="Dwight Foster (politician, born 1757)">Dwight</a> and <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Foster" title="Theodore Foster">Theodore Foster</a> to serve simultaneously in the U.S. Senate.<a href="#cite_note-246">[246]</a> Frequent appearances during this campaign period would help Kennedy refine his style, and he would give more than 300 speeches throughout his time in the Senate.<a href="#cite_note-247">[247]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tenure">Tenure</h3></div> Kennedy drew attention in Congress early on as the brother of President Kennedy, which set him apart from other senators. He drew more than 50 senators as spectators when he delivered a speech in the Senate on nuclear proliferation in June 1965.<a href="#cite_note-248">[248]</a> But he also saw a decline in his power, going from the president's most influential advisor to one of a hundred senators, and his impatience with collaborative lawmaking showed.<a href="#cite_note-Canellos-249">[249]</a> Though fellow senator <a href="/wiki/Fred_R._Harris" title="Fred R. Harris">Fred R. Harris</a> expected not to like Kennedy, the two became allies; Harris even called them "each other's best friends in the Senate".<a href="#cite_note-250">[250]</a> Kennedy's younger brother Ted was his senior there. Robert saw his brother as a guide on managing within the Senate, and the arrangement worked to deepen their relationship.<a href="#cite_note-Canellos-249">[249]</a> Harris noted that Kennedy was intense about matters and issues that concerned him.<a href="#cite_note-Schlesinger,_682,_683-251">[251]</a> Kennedy gained a reputation in the Senate for being well prepared for debate, but his tendency to speak to other senators in a more "blunt" fashion caused him to be "unpopular ... with many of his colleagues".<a href="#cite_note-Schlesinger,_682,_683-251">[251]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:President_Lyndon_B._Johnson_Signing_of_the_Immigration_Act_of_1965_(02)_-_restoration1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/President_Lyndon_B._Johnson_Signing_of_the_Immigration_Act_of_1965_%2802%29_-_restoration1.jpg/220px-President_Lyndon_B._Johnson_Signing_of_the_Immigration_Act_of_1965_%2802%29_-_restoration1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/President_Lyndon_B._Johnson_Signing_of_the_Immigration_Act_of_1965_%2802%29_-_restoration1.jpg/330px-President_Lyndon_B._Johnson_Signing_of_the_Immigration_Act_of_1965_%2802%29_-_restoration1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/President_Lyndon_B._Johnson_Signing_of_the_Immigration_Act_of_1965_%2802%29_-_restoration1.jpg/440px-President_Lyndon_B._Johnson_Signing_of_the_Immigration_Act_of_1965_%2802%29_-_restoration1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5607" data-file-height="3772" /></a><figcaption>President Lyndon B. Johnson signs the <a href="/wiki/Immigration_and_Nationality_Act_of_1965" title="Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965">Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965</a> as Ted and Robert Kennedy and others look on</figcaption></figure> While serving in the Senate, Kennedy advocated <a href="/wiki/Gun_control" title="Gun control">gun control</a>. In May 1965, he co-sponsored S.1592, proposed by President Johnson and sponsored by Senator <a href="/wiki/Thomas_J._Dodd" title="Thomas J. Dodd">Thomas J. Dodd</a>, that would put federal restrictions on mail-order gun sales.<a href="#cite_note-cq-252">[252]</a> Speaking in support of the bill, Kennedy said, "For too long we dealt with these deadly weapons as if they were harmless toys. Yet their very presence, the ease of their acquisition and the familiarity of their appearance have led to thousands of deaths each year. With the passage of this bill we will begin to meet our responsibilities. It would save hundreds of thousands of lives in this country and spare thousands of families ... grief and heartache."<a href="#cite_note-cq-252">[252]</a><a href="#cite_note-253">[253]</a> In remarks during a May 1968 campaign stop in <a href="/wiki/Roseburg,_Oregon" title="Roseburg, Oregon">Roseburg, Oregon</a>, Kennedy defended the bill as keeping firearms away from "people who have no business with guns or rifles". The bill forbade "mail order sale of guns to the very young, those with criminal records and the insane", according to <a href="/wiki/The_Oregonian" title="The Oregonian">The Oregonian</a>'s report.<a href="#cite_note-254">[254]</a><a href="#cite_note-255">[255]</a> S.1592 and subsequent bills, and the assassinations of Martin Luther King Jr. and Robert F. Kennedy himself, paved the way for the eventual passage of the <a href="/wiki/Gun_Control_Act_of_1968" title="Gun Control Act of 1968">Gun Control Act of 1968</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Wilson2007-256">[256]</a> As a senator, he was popular among African Americans and other minorities, including Native Americans and immigrant groups. He spoke forcefully in favor of what he called the "disaffected",<a href="#cite_note-257">[257]</a> the impoverished,<a href="#cite_note-258">[258]</a> and "the excluded",<a href="#cite_note-259">[259]</a> thereby aligning himself with leaders of the civil rights struggle and social justice campaigners. Kennedy and his staff had employed a cautionary "amendments–only" strategy for his first year in the Senate. He added an amendment to the <a href="/wiki/Appalachian_Regional_Development_Act" title="Appalachian Regional Development Act">Appalachian Regional Development Act</a> to add 13 low-income New York counties situated along the Pennsylvania border. His work the first year included proposing funding for drug treatment and reform in the financing of <a href="/wiki/Social_security" class="mw-redirect" title="Social security">social security</a>.<a href="#cite_note-260">[260]</a> He succeeded in amending the <a href="/wiki/Voting_Rights_Act_of_1965" title="Voting Rights Act of 1965">Voting Rights Act of 1965</a> to protect U.S. educated non-English speakers (mainly Puerto Ricans in New York City) from unfair imposition of English-language literacy tests and added an evaluation requirement to the new federal program to help educationally disadvantaged children.<a href="#cite_note-261">[261]</a> In 1966 and 1967 they took more direct legislative action, but were met with increasing resistance from the Johnson administration.<a href="#cite_note-262">[262]</a> Despite perceptions that the two were hostile in their respective offices to each other, <a href="/wiki/U.S._News" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. News">U.S. News</a> reported Kennedy's support of the Johnson administration's "<a href="/wiki/Great_Society" title="Great Society">Great Society</a>" program through his voting record. Kennedy supported both major and minor parts of the program, and each year over 60% of his roll call votes were consistently in favor of Johnson's policies.<a href="#cite_note-263">[263]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pel%C3%A9_e_Robert_Kennedy,_sem_data.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Pel%C3%A9_e_Robert_Kennedy%2C_sem_data.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Pel%C3%A9_e_Robert_Kennedy%2C_sem_data.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Pel%C3%A9_e_Robert_Kennedy%2C_sem_data.tif/lossy-page1-330px-Pel%C3%A9_e_Robert_Kennedy%2C_sem_data.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Pel%C3%A9_e_Robert_Kennedy%2C_sem_data.tif/lossy-page1-440px-Pel%C3%A9_e_Robert_Kennedy%2C_sem_data.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4604" data-file-height="5581" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pel%C3%A9" title="Pelé">Pelé</a> and Kennedy shaking hands after a game at <a href="/wiki/Maracan%C3%A3_Stadium" title="Maracanã Stadium">Maracanã Stadium</a> in <a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Rio de Janeiro">Rio de Janeiro</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> November 1965</figcaption></figure> On February 8, 1966, Kennedy urged the United States to pledge that it would not be the first country to use nuclear weapons against countries that did not have them noting that China had made the pledge and the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> indicated it was also willing to do so.<a href="#cite_note-264">[264]</a> Kennedy increased emphasis on human rights as a central focus of U.S. foreign policy.<a href="#cite_note-265">[265]</a> He criticized <a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_the_Dominican_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="United States invasion of the Dominican Republic">U.S. intervention in the Dominican Republic</a> in 1965 and concluded that Johnson had abandoned the reform aims of President Kennedy's <a href="/wiki/Alliance_for_Progress" title="Alliance for Progress">Alliance for Progress</a>. He warned after a trip to <a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin America</a> in late 1965, "if we allow communism to carry the banner of reform, then the ignored and the dispossessed, the insulted and injured, will turn to it as the only way out of their misery."<a href="#cite_note-266">[266]</a><a href="#cite_note-267">[267]</a> In June 1966, he visited <a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Africa_in_the_apartheid_era" class="mw-redirect" title="History of South Africa in the apartheid era">apartheid-era South Africa</a> accompanied by his wife, Ethel, and a few aides. The tour was greeted with international praise at a time when few politicians dared to entangle themselves in the politics of South Africa. Kennedy spoke out against the oppression of the native population and was welcomed by the black population as though he were a visiting head of state.<a href="#cite_note-268">[268]</a><a href="#cite_note-269">[269]</a> In an interview with <a href="/wiki/Look_(American_magazine)" title="Look (American magazine)">Look</a> magazine he said: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">At the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Natal" title="University of Natal">University of Natal</a> in <a href="/wiki/Durban" title="Durban">Durban</a>, I was told the church to which most of the white population belongs teaches apartheid as a moral necessity. A questioner declared that few churches allow black Africans to pray with the white because the Bible says that is the way it should be, because God created Negroes to serve. "But suppose God is black", I replied. "What if we go to Heaven and we, all our lives, have treated the Negro as an inferior, and God is there, and we look up and He is not white? What then is our response?" There was no answer. Only silence.<a href="#cite_note-270">[270]</a></blockquote> At the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cape_Town" title="University of Cape Town">University of Cape Town</a> he delivered the annual <a href="/wiki/Day_of_Affirmation_Address" title="Day of Affirmation Address">Day of Affirmation Address</a>. A quote from this address appears on his memorial at <a href="/wiki/Arlington_National_Cemetery" title="Arlington National Cemetery">Arlington National Cemetery</a>: "Each time a man stands up for an ideal, or acts to improve the lot of others, or strikes out against injustice, he sends forth a tiny ripple of hope."<a href="#cite_note-271">[271]</a> South Africa was considered in the United States to be an anti-communist ally, a position he critiqued, asking "What does it mean to be against communism if one’s own system denies the value of the individual and gives all the power to the government—just as the Communists do?".<a href="#cite_note-272">[272]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Robert_Kennedy_and_CBCC%27s_Donald_F._Benjamin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Robert_Kennedy_and_CBCC%27s_Donald_F._Benjamin.jpg/220px-Robert_Kennedy_and_CBCC%27s_Donald_F._Benjamin.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="281" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Robert_Kennedy_and_CBCC%27s_Donald_F._Benjamin.jpg/330px-Robert_Kennedy_and_CBCC%27s_Donald_F._Benjamin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Robert_Kennedy_and_CBCC%27s_Donald_F._Benjamin.jpg/440px-Robert_Kennedy_and_CBCC%27s_Donald_F._Benjamin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="699" data-file-height="893" /></a><figcaption>Kennedy (right) speaks with children while touring <a href="/wiki/Bedford%E2%80%93Stuyvesant,_Brooklyn" title="Bedford–Stuyvesant, Brooklyn">Bedford–Stuyvesant</a> in <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn" title="Brooklyn">Brooklyn</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> February 1966</figcaption></figure> During his years as a senator, he helped to start <a href="/wiki/Bedford_Stuyvesant_Restoration_Corporation" title="Bedford Stuyvesant Restoration Corporation">a successful redevelopment project</a> in poverty-stricken <a href="/wiki/Bedford%E2%80%93Stuyvesant,_Brooklyn" title="Bedford–Stuyvesant, Brooklyn">Bedford–Stuyvesant, Brooklyn</a>.<a href="#cite_note-273">[273]</a> Schlesinger wrote that Kennedy had hoped Bedford-Stuyvesant would become an example of self-imposed growth for other impoverished neighborhoods. Kennedy had difficulty securing support from President Johnson, whose administration was charged by Kennedy as having opposed a "special impact" program meant to bring about the federal progress that he had supported. <a href="/wiki/Robert_B._Semple_Jr." title="Robert B. Semple Jr.">Robert B. Semple Jr.</a> repeated similar sentiments in September 1967, writing the Johnson administration was preparing "a concerted attack" on Robert F. Kennedy's proposal that Semple claimed would "build more and better low-cost housing in the slums through private enterprise". Kennedy confided to journalist <a href="/wiki/Jack_Newfield" title="Jack Newfield">Jack Newfield</a> that while he tried collaborating with the administration through courting its members and compromising with the bill, "They didn't even try to work something out together. To them it's all just politics."<a href="#cite_note-274">[274]</a> In spite of a public awareness campaign, the Bedford–Stuyvesant Corporation only received modest support from private businesses. Investments from <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a> (which already considered the move independently), <a href="/wiki/Xerox" title="Xerox">Xerox</a>, and <a href="/wiki/U.S._Gypsum" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Gypsum">U.S. Gypsum</a> notwithstanding, most corporate executives believed there was little profit in poorer communities and were concerned about hostile working environments.<a href="#cite_note-275">[275]</a> Most of the residents of Bedford–Stuyvesant were initially skeptical of the project's intentions.<a href="#cite_note-276">[276]</a> In the long run, however, the project did become a prototype for <a href="/wiki/Community_development_corporations" class="mw-redirect" title="Community development corporations">community development corporations</a> that sprang up across the country. By 1974, there were 34 federally funded and 75 privately funded corporations.<a href="#cite_note-277">[277]</a> He <a href="/wiki/Joseph_S._Clark%27s_and_Robert_F._Kennedy%27s_tour_of_the_Mississippi_Delta" title="Joseph S. Clark's and Robert F. Kennedy's tour of the Mississippi Delta">visited</a> the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Delta" title="Mississippi Delta">Mississippi Delta</a> in April 1967 and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Kentucky_Coalfield" title="Eastern Kentucky Coalfield">eastern Kentucky</a> in February 1968 as a member of the Senate committee reviewing the effectiveness of "<a href="/wiki/War_on_Poverty" class="mw-redirect" title="War on Poverty">War on Poverty</a>" programs, particularly that of the <a href="/wiki/Economic_Opportunity_Act_of_1964" title="Economic Opportunity Act of 1964">Economic Opportunity Act of 1964</a>.<a href="#cite_note-278">[278]</a><a href="#cite_note-279">[279]</a> <a href="/wiki/Marian_Wright_Edelman" title="Marian Wright Edelman">Marian Wright Edelman</a> described Kennedy as "deeply moved and outraged" by the sight of the starving children living in the economically abysmal climate of Mississippi, changing her impression of him from "tough, arrogant, and politically driven".<a href="#cite_note-280">[280]</a> Edelman noted further that the senator requested she call on Martin Luther King Jr. to bring the impoverished to Washington, D.C., to make them more visible, leading to the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Poor_People%27s_Campaign" title="Poor People's Campaign">Poor People's Campaign</a>.<a href="#cite_note-281">[281]</a><a href="#cite_note-Edelman-282">[282]</a> He also toured <a href="/wiki/Native_American_reservations" class="mw-redirect" title="Native American reservations">Native American reservations</a> and was so outraged by the deplorable conditions he found that he created a Senate subcommittee on Indian Education and served as its chairman.<a href="#cite_note-283">[283]</a> In a forceful speech to a congress of native leaders in North Dakota, Kennedy said that their treatment by the federal government was a "national disgrace".<a href="#cite_note-284">[284]</a> Kennedy sought to remedy the problems of poverty and <a href="/wiki/Urban_decay" title="Urban decay">urban decay</a> through legislation (i.e., a 1966 amendment to the Economic Opportunity Act)<a href="#cite_note-285">[285]</a> to encourage private industry through <a href="/wiki/Tax_breaks" class="mw-redirect" title="Tax breaks">tax breaks</a> to locate in poverty-stricken areas, thus creating jobs for the unemployed, and stressed the importance of work over <a href="/wiki/Welfare_spending" title="Welfare spending">welfare</a>.<a href="#cite_note-286">[286]</a><a href="#cite_note-287">[287]</a> According to Kennedy, government welfare and housing programs ignored the unemployment and social disorganization that caused people to seek public assistance in the first place, and often become bogged down in bureaucracy and lack flexibility.<a href="#cite_note-288">[288]</a> Kennedy worked on the <a href="/wiki/Senate_Labor_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Senate Labor Committee">Senate Labor Committee</a> at the time of the <a href="/wiki/Workers%27_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Workers' rights">workers' rights</a> activism of <a href="/wiki/Cesar_Chavez" title="Cesar Chavez">Cesar Chavez</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dolores_Huerta" title="Dolores Huerta">Dolores Huerta</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/National_Farm_Workers_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="National Farm Workers Association">National Farm Workers Association</a> (NFWA).<a href="#cite_note-289">[289]</a> At the request of labor leader Walter Reuther, who had previously marched with and provided money to Chavez, Kennedy flew out to <a href="/wiki/Delano,_California" title="Delano, California">Delano, California</a>, to investigate the situation.<a href="#cite_note-290">[290]</a> Although little attention was paid to the first two committee hearings in March 1966 for legislation to include farm workers by an amendment of the <a href="/wiki/National_Labor_Relations_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="National Labor Relations Act">National Labor Relations Act</a>, Kennedy's attendance at the third hearing brought media coverage.<a href="#cite_note-291">[291]</a> Biographer Thomas wrote that Kennedy was moved after seeing the conditions of the workers, who he deemed were being taken advantage of.<a href="#cite_note-292">[292]</a> Chavez stressed to Kennedy that migrant workers needed to be recognized as human beings. Kennedy later engaged in an exchange with <a href="/wiki/Kern_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Kern County">Kern County</a> sheriff Leroy Galyen who admitted to arresting strikers who looked "ready to violate the law". Kennedy shot back, "May I suggest that during the luncheon period of time that the sheriff and the district attorney read the Constitution of the United States?"<a href="#cite_note-293">[293]</a><a href="#cite_note-294">[294]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Vietnam">Vietnam</h4></div> The JFK administration backed U.S. involvement in <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a> and other parts of the world in the frame of the Cold War, but Kennedy was not known to be involved in discussions on the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a> as his brother's attorney general.<a href="#cite_note-295">[295]</a><a href="#cite_note-296">[296]</a> Entering the Senate, Kennedy initially kept private his disagreements with President Johnson on the war. While Kennedy vigorously supported his brother's earlier efforts, he never publicly advocated commitment of ground troops. Though bothered by the beginning of the bombing of <a href="/wiki/North_Vietnam" title="North Vietnam">North Vietnam</a> in February 1965, Kennedy did not wish to appear antagonistic toward the president's agenda.<a href="#cite_note-Mills359-297">[297]</a> But by April, Kennedy was advocating a halt to the bombing to Johnson, who acknowledged that Kennedy played a part in influencing his choice to temporarily cease bombing the following month.<a href="#cite_note-298">[298]</a> Kennedy cautioned Johnson against sending combat troops as early as 1965, but Johnson chose instead to follow the recommendation of the rest of his predecessor's still intact staff of advisers. In July, after Johnson made a large commitment of American ground forces to Vietnam, Kennedy made multiple calls for a settlement through negotiation. In a letter to Kennedy the following month, <a href="/wiki/John_Paul_Vann" title="John Paul Vann">John Paul Vann</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_colonel" title="Lieutenant colonel">lieutenant colonel</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">U.S. Army</a>, wrote that Kennedy "indicat[ed] comprehension of the problems we face".<a href="#cite_note-299">[299]</a> In December 1965, Kennedy advised his friend, the Defense Secretary <a href="/wiki/Robert_McNamara" title="Robert McNamara">Robert McNamara</a>, that he should counsel Johnson to declare a ceasefire in Vietnam, a bombing pause over North Vietnam, and to take up an offer by Algeria to serve as a "honest broker" in peace talks.<a href="#cite_note-300">[300]</a> The left-wing Algerian government had friendly relations with North Vietnam and the National Liberation Front and had indicated in 1965–1966 that it was willing to serve as a conduit for peace talks, but most of Johnson's advisers were leery of the Algerian offer.<a href="#cite_note-301">[301]</a> On January 31, 1966, Kennedy said in a speech on the Senate floor: "If we regard bombing as the answer in Vietnam, we are headed straight for disaster."<a href="#cite_note-A.J._Langguth_2000_pp._422-302">[302]</a> In February 1966, Kennedy released a peace plan that called for preserving South Vietnam while at the same time allowing the National Liberation Front, better known as the <a href="/wiki/Viet_Cong" title="Viet Cong">Viet Cong</a>, to join a coalition government in <a href="/wiki/Saigon" class="mw-redirect" title="Saigon">Saigon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-A.J._Langguth_2000_pp._422-302">[302]</a> When asked by reporters if he was speaking on behalf of Johnson, Kennedy replied: "I don't think anyone has ever suggested that I was speaking for the White House."<a href="#cite_note-A.J._Langguth_2000_pp._422-302">[302]</a> Kennedy's peace plan made front-page news with The New York Times calling it a break with the president while the Chicago Tribunal labelled him in an editorial "Ho Chi Kennedy".<a href="#cite_note-A.J._Langguth_2000_pp._423-303">[303]</a> Vice President Humphrey on a visit to New Zealand said that Kennedy's "peace recipe" included "a dose of arsenic" while the National Security Adviser McGeorge Bundy quoted to the press Kennedy's remarks from 1963 saying he was against including Communists in coalition governments (though Kennedy's subject was Germany, not Vietnam).<a href="#cite_note-A.J._Langguth_2000_pp._423-303">[303]</a> Kennedy was displeased when he heard anti-war protesters chanting his name, saying "I'm not <a href="/wiki/Wayne_Morse" title="Wayne Morse">Wayne Morse</a>."<a href="#cite_note-A.J._Langguth_2000_pp._423-303">[303]</a> To put aside reports of a rift with Johnson, Kennedy flew with Johnson on Air Force One on a trip to New York on February 23, 1966, and barely clapped his hands in approval when Johnson denied waging a war of conquest in Vietnam.<a href="#cite_note-A.J._Langguth_2000_pp._423-303">[303]</a> In an interview with the Today program, Kennedy conceded that his views on Vietnam were "a little confusing."<a href="#cite_note-A.J._Langguth_2000_pp._423-303">[303]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Senator_Robert_F._Kennedy_and_President_Lyndon_B._Johnson_-_NARA_-_192487.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Senator_Robert_F._Kennedy_and_President_Lyndon_B._Johnson_-_NARA_-_192487.jpg/220px-Senator_Robert_F._Kennedy_and_President_Lyndon_B._Johnson_-_NARA_-_192487.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Senator_Robert_F._Kennedy_and_President_Lyndon_B._Johnson_-_NARA_-_192487.jpg/330px-Senator_Robert_F._Kennedy_and_President_Lyndon_B._Johnson_-_NARA_-_192487.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Senator_Robert_F._Kennedy_and_President_Lyndon_B._Johnson_-_NARA_-_192487.jpg/440px-Senator_Robert_F._Kennedy_and_President_Lyndon_B._Johnson_-_NARA_-_192487.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1966" /></a><figcaption>Senator Kennedy and President Johnson in the <a href="/wiki/Oval_Office" title="Oval Office">Oval Office</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> June 1966</figcaption></figure> In April 1966, Kennedy had a private meeting with <a href="/wiki/Philip_Heymann" title="Philip Heymann">Philip Heymann</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">State Department's</a> Bureau of Security and Consular Affairs to discuss efforts to secure the release of American prisoners of war in Vietnam. Kennedy wanted to press the Johnson administration to do more, but Heymann insisted that the administration believed the "consequences of sitting down with the Viet Cong" mattered more than the prisoners they were holding captive.<a href="#cite_note-304">[304]</a> On June 29, Kennedy released a statement disavowing President Johnson's choice to bomb <a href="/wiki/Haiphong" title="Haiphong">Haiphong</a>, but he avoided criticizing either the war or the president's overall foreign policy, believing that it might harm Democratic candidates in the 1966 <a href="/wiki/1966_United_States_elections" title="1966 United States elections">midterm elections</a>.<a href="#cite_note-305">[305]</a> In August, the <a href="/wiki/International_Herald_Tribune" title="International Herald Tribune">International Herald Tribune</a> described Kennedy's popularity as outpacing President Johnson's, crediting Kennedy's attempts to end the Vietnam conflict which the public increasingly desired.<a href="#cite_note-NYTAugust2016-306">[306]</a> In early 1967, Kennedy traveled to Europe, where he had discussions about Vietnam with leaders and diplomats. A story leaked to the State Department that Kennedy was talking about seeking peace while President Johnson was pursuing the war. Johnson became convinced that Kennedy was undermining his authority. He voiced this during a meeting with Kennedy, who reiterated the interest of the European leaders to pause the bombing while going forward with negotiations; Johnson declined to do so.<a href="#cite_note-307">[307]</a> On March 2, Kennedy outlined a three-point plan to end the war which included suspending the U.S. bombing of North Vietnam, and the eventual withdrawal of American and North Vietnamese soldiers from South Vietnam; this plan was rejected by <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">Secretary of State</a> <a href="/wiki/Dean_Rusk" title="Dean Rusk">Dean Rusk</a>, who believed North Vietnam would never agree to it.<a href="#cite_note-308">[308]</a> On November 26, during an appearance on <a href="/wiki/Face_the_Nation" title="Face the Nation">Face the Nation</a>, Kennedy asserted that the Johnson administration had deviated from his brother's policies in Vietnam, his first time contrasting the two administrations' policies on the war. He added that the view that Americans were fighting to end communism in Vietnam was "immoral".<a href="#cite_note-309">[309]</a><a href="#cite_note-310">[310]</a> On February 8, 1968, Kennedy delivered an address in Chicago, where he critiqued Saigon "government corruption" and expressed his disagreement with the Johnson administration's stance that the war would determine the future of Asia.<a href="#cite_note-311">[311]</a> On March 14, Kennedy met with defense secretary <a href="/wiki/Clark_Clifford" title="Clark Clifford">Clark Clifford</a> at the <a href="/wiki/The_Pentagon" title="The Pentagon">Pentagon</a> regarding the war. Clifford's notes indicate that Kennedy was offering not to enter the ongoing Democratic presidential primaries if President Johnson would admit publicly to having been wrong in his Vietnam policy and appoint "a group of persons to conduct a study in depth of the issues and come up with a recommended course of action";<a href="#cite_note-312">[312]</a> Johnson rejected the proposal.<a href="#cite_note-313">[313]</a> On April 1, after President Johnson halted bombing of North Vietnam, Kennedy said the decision was a "step toward peace" and, though offering to collaborate with Johnson for national unity, opted to continue his presidential bid.<a href="#cite_note-314">[314]</a> On May 1, while campaigning in Indiana, Kennedy said continued delays in beginning peace talks with North Vietnam meant both more lives lost and the postponing of the "domestic progress" hoped for by the U.S.<a href="#cite_note-315">[315]</a> Later that month, Kennedy called the war "the gravest kind of error" during a speech in Oregon.<a href="#cite_note-316">[316]</a> In an interview on June 4, hours before he was shot, Kennedy continued to advocate for a change in policy towards the war.<a href="#cite_note-317">[317]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1968_presidential_campaign">1968 presidential campaign</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy_1968_presidential_campaign" title="Robert F. Kennedy 1968 presidential campaign">Robert F. Kennedy 1968 presidential campaign</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/1968_United_States_presidential_election" title="1968 United States presidential election">1968 United States presidential election</a> and <a href="/wiki/1968_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1968 Democratic Party presidential primaries">1968 Democratic Party presidential primaries</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RWRMay1968RFKspeaksm.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/RWRMay1968RFKspeaksm.jpg/170px-RWRMay1968RFKspeaksm.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/RWRMay1968RFKspeaksm.jpg/255px-RWRMay1968RFKspeaksm.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/RWRMay1968RFKspeaksm.jpg/340px-RWRMay1968RFKspeaksm.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Tired but still intense in the days leading up to his defeat in the Oregon primary, Robert Kennedy speaks from the platform of a campaign train, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> May 1968</figcaption></figure> In 1968, Johnson prepared to run for reelection. In January, faced with what was widely considered an unrealistic race against an incumbent president, Kennedy said he would not seek the presidency.<a href="#cite_note-The_Last_Good_Campaign-318">[318]</a> After the <a href="/wiki/Tet_Offensive" title="Tet Offensive">Tet Offensive</a> in Vietnam in early February, he received a letter from writer <a href="/wiki/Pete_Hamill" title="Pete Hamill">Pete Hamill</a> that said poor people kept pictures of President Kennedy on their walls and that Kennedy had an "obligation of staying true to whatever it was that put those pictures on those walls".<a href="#cite_note-319">[319]</a> There were other factors that influenced Kennedy's decision to seek the presidency. On February 29, the <a href="/wiki/Kerner_Commission" title="Kerner Commission">Kerner Commission</a> issued a report on the <a href="/wiki/Long,_hot_summer_of_1967" title="Long, hot summer of 1967">racial unrest</a> that had affected American cities during the previous summer. The report blamed "white racism" for the violence, but its findings were largely dismissed by the Johnson administration.<a href="#cite_note-320">[320]</a> Kennedy indicated that Johnson's apparent disinterest in the commission's conclusions meant that "he's not going to do anything about the cities."<a href="#cite_note-321">[321]</a> Kennedy traveled to Delano, California, to meet with civil rights activist <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Ch%C3%A1vez" class="mw-redirect" title="César Chávez">César Chávez</a>, who was on a 25-day <a href="/wiki/Hunger_strike" title="Hunger strike">hunger strike</a> showing his commitment to <a href="/wiki/Nonviolence" title="Nonviolence">nonviolence</a>.<a href="#cite_note-322">[322]</a> It was on this visit to California that Kennedy decided he would challenge Johnson for the presidency, telling his former Justice Department aides, <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Guthman" class="mw-redirect" title="Edwin Guthman">Edwin Guthman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peter_Edelman" title="Peter Edelman">Peter Edelman</a>, that his first step was to get lesser-known U.S. Senator <a href="/wiki/Eugene_McCarthy" title="Eugene McCarthy">Eugene McCarthy</a> to drop out of the presidential race.<a href="#cite_note-Thurston,_2008-323">[323]</a> His younger brother Ted Kennedy was the leading voice against a bid for the presidency. He felt that his brother ought to wait until <a href="/wiki/1972_United_States_presidential_election" title="1972 United States presidential election">1972</a>, after Johnson's tenure was finished. If RFK ran in 1968 and lost in the primaries to a sitting president, Ted felt that it would destroy his brother's chances later.<a href="#cite_note-324">[324]</a> Johnson won a narrow victory in the New Hampshire primary on March 12, against McCarthy 49–42%,<a href="#cite_note-Thurston,_2008-323">[323]</a> but this close second-place result dramatically boosted McCarthy's standing in the race.<a href="#cite_note-325">[325]</a> After much speculation, and reports leaking out about his plans,<a href="#cite_note-decides-326">[326]</a> and seeing in McCarthy's success that Johnson's hold on the job was not as strong as originally thought, Kennedy declared his candidacy on March 16, in the Caucus Room of the <a href="/wiki/Russell_Senate_Office_Building" title="Russell Senate Office Building">Russell Senate Office Building</a>, the same room where his brother John had declared his own candidacy eight years earlier.<a href="#cite_note-caucus-327">[327]</a> He said, "I do not run for the presidency merely to oppose any man, but to propose new policies. I run because I am convinced that this country is on a perilous course and because I have such strong feelings about what must be done, and I feel that I'm obliged to do all I can."<a href="#cite_note-announcement-328">[328]</a> McCarthy supporters angrily denounced Kennedy as an <a href="/wiki/Opportunist" class="mw-redirect" title="Opportunist">opportunist</a>.<a href="#cite_note-329">[329]</a> Kennedy's announcement split the <a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_United_States_involvement_in_the_Vietnam_War" title="Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War">anti-war movement</a> in two.<a href="#cite_note-Rutgers_University-330">[330]</a> On March 31, Johnson stunned the nation by dropping out of the race.<a href="#cite_note-331">[331]</a> Vice President <a href="/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey" title="Hubert Humphrey">Hubert Humphrey</a> entered the race on April 27 with the financial backing and critical endorsement of the party "establishment",<a href="#cite_note-Schlesinger_2002_1978,_p._xvi-332">[332]</a> which gave him a better chance at gaining convention delegates from non-primary <a href="/wiki/Caucus" title="Caucus">party caucuses</a> and state conventions.<a href="#cite_note-333">[333]</a> With state registration deadlines long past, Humphrey joined the race too late to enter any primaries but had the support of the president.<a href="#cite_note-334">[334]</a><a href="#cite_note-Rutgers_University-330">[330]</a> Kennedy, like his brother before him, planned to win the nomination through popular support in the primaries.<a href="#cite_note-335">[335]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SWPC-RFK-C004-003.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/SWPC-RFK-C004-003.jpg/220px-SWPC-RFK-C004-003.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/SWPC-RFK-C004-003.jpg/330px-SWPC-RFK-C004-003.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/SWPC-RFK-C004-003.jpg/440px-SWPC-RFK-C004-003.jpg 2x" data-file-width="982" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>Kennedy campaigning in Los Angeles (photo courtesy of John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum, Boston)</figcaption></figure> Kennedy ran on a platform of <a href="/wiki/Racial_equality" title="Racial equality">racial equality</a>, <a href="/wiki/Economic_justice" title="Economic justice">economic justice</a>, non-aggression in foreign policy, <a href="/wiki/Decentralization" title="Decentralization">decentralization</a> of power, and social improvement.<a href="#cite_note-336">[336]</a><a href="#cite_note-337">[337]</a><a href="#cite_note-338">[338]</a><a href="#cite_note-339">[339]</a> A crucial element of his campaign was youth engagement. "You are the people," Kennedy said, "who have the least ties to the present and the greatest stake in the future."<a href="#cite_note-340">[340]</a> During a <a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy%27s_remarks_at_the_University_of_Kansas" title="Robert F. Kennedy's remarks at the University of Kansas">speech</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Kansas" title="University of Kansas">University of Kansas</a> on March 18, Kennedy notably outlined why he thought the <a href="/wiki/Gross_national_product" class="mw-redirect" title="Gross national product">gross national product</a> (GNP) was an insufficient measure of success, emphasizing the negative values it accounted for and the positive ones it ignored.<a href="#cite_note-341">[341]</a> According to Schlesinger, Kennedy's presidential campaign generated "wild enthusiasm" as well as deep anger.<a href="#cite_note-Schlesinger_2002_1978,_p._xvi-332">[332]</a> He visited numerous small towns and made himself available to the masses by participating in long <a href="/wiki/Motorcade" title="Motorcade">motorcades</a> and street-corner <a href="/wiki/Stump_speech" title="Stump speech">stump speeches</a>, often in inner cities.<a href="#cite_note-342">[342]</a> Kennedy's candidacy faced opposition from <a href="/wiki/Southern_Democrats" title="Southern Democrats">Southern Democrats</a>, leaders of organized labor, and the business community.<a href="#cite_note-343">[343]</a><a href="#cite_note-344">[344]</a> At one of his university speeches (<a href="/wiki/Indiana_University_School_of_Medicine" title="Indiana University School of Medicine">Indiana University Medical School</a>), he was asked, "Where are we going to get the money to pay for all these new programs you're proposing?" He replied to the medical students, about to enter lucrative careers, "From you."<a href="#cite_note-345">[345]</a> On April 4, Kennedy learned of the <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.">assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.</a> and gave a heartfelt <a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy%27s_speech_on_the_assassination_of_Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Robert F. Kennedy's speech on the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.">impromptu speech</a> in <a href="/wiki/Indianapolis,_Indiana" class="mw-redirect" title="Indianapolis, Indiana">Indianapolis's</a> inner city, calling for a reconciliation between the races.<a href="#cite_note-346">[346]</a> The address was the first time Kennedy spoke publicly about his brother's killing.<a href="#cite_note-347">[347]</a> <a href="/wiki/King_assassination_riots" title="King assassination riots">Riots broke out in 60 cities in the wake of King's death</a>, but not in Indianapolis, a fact many attribute to the effect of this speech.<a href="#cite_note-348">[348]</a> Kennedy addressed the <a href="/wiki/City_Club_of_Cleveland" title="City Club of Cleveland">City Club of Cleveland</a> the following day; delivering the famous "<a href="/wiki/On_the_Mindless_Menace_of_Violence" title="On the Mindless Menace of Violence">On the Mindless Menace of Violence</a>" speech.<a href="#cite_note-349">[349]</a> He attended King's funeral, accompanied by Jacqueline and Ted Kennedy. He was described as being the "only white politician to hear only cheers and applause".<a href="#cite_note-350">[350]</a> Kennedy won the Indiana primary on May 7 with 42 percent of the vote,<a href="#cite_note-351">[351]</a> and the Nebraska primary on May 14 with 52 percent of the vote.<a href="#cite_note-352">[352]</a> On May 28, Kennedy lost the Oregon primary,<a href="#cite_note-353">[353]</a> marking the first time a Kennedy lost an election, and it was assumed that McCarthy was the preferred choice among the young voters.<a href="#cite_note-354">[354]</a> If he could defeat McCarthy in the California primary, the leadership of the campaign thought, he would knock McCarthy out of the race and set up a one-on-one against Vice President Humphrey at the <a href="/wiki/1968_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1968 Democratic National Convention">Democratic National Convention</a> in August.<a href="#cite_note-355">[355]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Assassination">Assassination</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Robert_F._Kennedy" title="Assassination of Robert F. Kennedy">Assassination of Robert F. Kennedy</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SWPC-RFK-C020-010_(HQ).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/SWPC-RFK-C020-010_%28HQ%29.jpg/220px-SWPC-RFK-C020-010_%28HQ%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/SWPC-RFK-C020-010_%28HQ%29.jpg/330px-SWPC-RFK-C020-010_%28HQ%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/SWPC-RFK-C020-010_%28HQ%29.jpg/440px-SWPC-RFK-C020-010_%28HQ%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2911" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Kennedy delivers remarks to a crowd at the <a href="/wiki/Ambassador_Hotel_(Los_Angeles)" title="Ambassador Hotel (Los Angeles)">Ambassador Hotel</a> in Los Angeles moments before his <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Robert_F._Kennedy" title="Assassination of Robert F. Kennedy">assassination</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> June 5, 1968</figcaption></figure> Kennedy scored major victories when he won both the California and South Dakota primaries on June 4.<a href="#cite_note-356">[356]</a> He was now in second place with 393 total delegates, against Humphrey's 561 delegates.<a href="#cite_note-357">[357]</a> Kennedy addressed his supporters shortly after midnight on June 5, in a <a href="/wiki/Ballroom" title="Ballroom">ballroom</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Ambassador_Hotel_(Los_Angeles)" title="Ambassador Hotel (Los Angeles)">Ambassador Hotel</a> in Los Angeles.<a href="#cite_note-NYTjune61968-358">[358]</a> At approximately 12:10 a.m., concluding his speech, Kennedy said: "So my thanks to all of you and on to <a href="/wiki/1968_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1968 Democratic National Convention">Chicago</a> and let's win there."<a href="#cite_note-359">[359]</a> Leaving the ballroom, he went through the hotel kitchen after being told it was a shortcut to a press room.<a href="#cite_note-360">[360]</a> He did this despite being advised by his bodyguard—former FBI agent Bill Barry—to avoid the kitchen. In a crowded kitchen passageway, Kennedy turned to his left and shook hands with hotel <a href="/wiki/Busboy" class="mw-redirect" title="Busboy">busboy</a> Juan Romero just as <a href="/wiki/Sirhan_Sirhan" title="Sirhan Sirhan">Sirhan Sirhan</a>, a 24-year-old Palestinian,<a href="#cite_note-NYTsirhan-361">[361]</a> opened fire with a <a href="/wiki/.22_Short" class="mw-redirect" title=".22 Short">.22-caliber</a> <a href="/wiki/Revolver" title="Revolver">revolver</a>. Kennedy was hit three times, and five other people were wounded.<a href="#cite_note-cnnMartinez-362">[362]</a> <a href="/wiki/George_Plimpton" title="George Plimpton">George Plimpton</a>, former decathlete <a href="/wiki/Rafer_Johnson" title="Rafer Johnson">Rafer Johnson</a>, and former professional football player <a href="/wiki/Rosey_Grier" title="Rosey Grier">Rosey Grier</a> are credited with wrestling Sirhan to the ground after he shot the senator.<a href="#cite_note-timealife-363">[363]</a> As Kennedy lay mortally wounded, Romero cradled his head and placed a <a href="/wiki/Rosary" title="Rosary">rosary</a> in his hand. Kennedy asked Romero, "Is everybody OK?", and Romero responded, "Yes, everybody's OK." Kennedy then turned away from Romero and said, "Everything's going to be OK."<a href="#cite_note-nw29-30-364">[364]</a><a href="#cite_note-365">[365]</a> After several minutes, medical attendants arrived and lifted the senator onto a stretcher, prompting him to whisper, "Don't lift me", which were his last words.<a href="#cite_note-366">[366]</a><a href="#cite_note-367">[367]</a> He lost consciousness shortly thereafter.<a href="#cite_note-w273-368">[368]</a> He was rushed first to Los Angeles' Central Receiving Hospital, less than 2 miles (3.2 km) east of the Ambassador Hotel, and then to the adjoining (one city block distant) <a href="/wiki/Good_Samaritan_Hospital_(Los_Angeles)" title="Good Samaritan Hospital (Los Angeles)">Good Samaritan Hospital</a>. Despite extensive neurosurgery to remove the bullet and bone fragments from his brain, Kennedy was pronounced dead at 1:44 a.m. (PDT) on June 6, nearly 26 hours after the shooting.<a href="#cite_note-369">[369]</a><a href="#cite_note-370">[370]</a> Kennedy's death, like the <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_assassination_conspiracy_theories" title="John F. Kennedy assassination conspiracy theories">1963 assassination of his brother John</a>, has been the subject of <a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy_assassination_conspiracy_theories" title="Robert F. Kennedy assassination conspiracy theories">conspiracy theories</a>.<a href="#cite_note-371">[371]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Funeral">Funeral</h3></div> Kennedy's body was returned to Manhattan, where it <a href="/wiki/Lying_in_repose" title="Lying in repose">lay in repose</a> at <a href="/wiki/St._Patrick%27s_Cathedral,_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Patrick's Cathedral, New York">Saint Patrick's Cathedral</a> from approximately 10:00 p.m. until 10:00 a.m. on June 8.<a href="#cite_note-372">[372]</a><a href="#cite_note-373">[373]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Requiem" title="Requiem">high requiem Mass</a> was held at the cathedral at 10:00 a.m. on June 8. The service was attended by members of the extended Kennedy family, President Johnson and his wife <a href="/wiki/Lady_Bird_Johnson" title="Lady Bird Johnson">Lady Bird Johnson</a>, and members of the Johnson <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Lyndon_B._Johnson#Administration" title="Presidency of Lyndon B. Johnson">cabinet</a>.<a href="#cite_note-374">[374]</a> Ted, the only surviving Kennedy brother, said the following: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">My brother need not be idealized, or enlarged in death beyond what he was in life; to be remembered simply as a good and decent man, who saw wrong and tried to right it, saw suffering and tried to heal it, saw war and tried to stop it. Those of us who loved him and who take him to his rest today, pray that what he was to us and what he wished for others will some day come to pass for all the world. As he said many times, in many parts of this nation, to those he touched and who sought to touch him: "Some men see things as they are and say why. I dream things that never were and say why not."<a href="#cite_note-RFKeulogy-375">[375]</a></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Robert_F._Kennedy_grave_in_Arlington_National_Cemetery.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Robert_F._Kennedy_grave_in_Arlington_National_Cemetery.jpg/170px-Robert_F._Kennedy_grave_in_Arlington_National_Cemetery.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Robert_F._Kennedy_grave_in_Arlington_National_Cemetery.jpg/255px-Robert_F._Kennedy_grave_in_Arlington_National_Cemetery.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Robert_F._Kennedy_grave_in_Arlington_National_Cemetery.jpg/340px-Robert_F._Kennedy_grave_in_Arlington_National_Cemetery.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="4272" /></a><figcaption>Kennedy's gravesite in <a href="/wiki/Arlington_National_Cemetery" title="Arlington National Cemetery">Arlington National Cemetery</a></figcaption></figure> The requiem Mass concluded with the hymn "<a href="/wiki/The_Battle_Hymn_of_the_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="The Battle Hymn of the Republic">The Battle Hymn of the Republic</a>", sung by <a href="/wiki/Andy_Williams" title="Andy Williams">Andy Williams</a>.<a href="#cite_note-1968_Year_In_Review_UPI.com-376">[376]</a> Immediately following the Mass, Kennedy's body was transported by a special private train to Washington, D.C. Kennedy's <a href="/wiki/Funeral_train" title="Funeral train">funeral train</a> was pulled by two <a href="/wiki/Penn_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="Penn Central">Penn Central</a> <a href="/wiki/GG1" class="mw-redirect" title="GG1">GG1</a> electric locomotives.<a href="#cite_note-377">[377]</a> Thousands of mourners lined the tracks and stations along the route, paying their respects as the train passed. The train departed <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Station_(New_York_City)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pennsylvania Station (New York City)">New York Penn Station</a> at 12:30 pm.<a href="#cite_note-Rites-378">[378]</a> When it arrived in <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth,_New_Jersey" title="Elizabeth, New Jersey">Elizabeth, New Jersey</a>, an eastbound train on a parallel track to the funeral train hit and killed two spectators and seriously injured four,<a href="#cite_note-379">[379]</a> after they were unable to get off the track in time, even though the eastbound train's engineer had slowed to 30 mph for the normally 55 mph curve, blown his horn continuously, and rung his bell through the curve.<a href="#cite_note-ModernRailways-380">[380]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wicker-381">[381]</a><a href="#cite_note-382">[382]</a> The normally four-hour trip took more than eight hours because of the thick crowds lining the tracks on the 225-mile (362 km) journey.<a href="#cite_note-ReedThousands-383">[383]</a> The train was scheduled to arrive at about 4:30 pm,<a href="#cite_note-WhiteFitt-384">[384]</a><a href="#cite_note-Madden-385">[385]</a> but sticking <a href="/wiki/Railway_brake" title="Railway brake">brakes</a> on the casket-bearing car contributed to delays,<a href="#cite_note-ModernRailways-380">[380]</a> and the train finally arrived at Washington, D.C.'s <a href="/wiki/Washington_Union_Station" title="Washington Union Station">Union Station</a> at 9:10 p.m. on June 8.<a href="#cite_note-ReedThousands-383">[383]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Burial">Burial</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Grave_of_Robert_F._Kennedy" title="Grave of Robert F. Kennedy">Grave of Robert F. Kennedy</a></div> Kennedy was buried close to his brother John at <a href="/wiki/Arlington_National_Cemetery" title="Arlington National Cemetery">Arlington National Cemetery</a> in <a href="/wiki/Arlington,_Virginia" class="mw-redirect" title="Arlington, Virginia">Arlington, Virginia</a>, just across the <a href="/wiki/Potomac_River" title="Potomac River">Potomac River</a> from Washington, D.C.<a href="#cite_note-1968_Year_In_Review_UPI.com-376">[376]</a> Although he had always maintained that he wished to be buried in Massachusetts, his family believed Robert should be interred in Arlington next to his brother.<a href="#cite_note-386">[386]</a> The procession left Union Station and passed the <a href="/wiki/Dirksen_Senate_Office_Building" title="Dirksen Senate Office Building">New Senate Office Building</a>, where he had his offices, and then proceeded to the <a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Memorial" title="Lincoln Memorial">Lincoln Memorial</a>, where it paused. The <a href="/wiki/Marine_Corps_Band" class="mw-redirect" title="Marine Corps Band">Marine Corps Band</a> played "<a href="/wiki/The_Battle_Hymn_of_the_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="The Battle Hymn of the Republic">The Battle Hymn of the Republic</a>".<a href="#cite_note-Wicker-381">[381]</a> The funeral motorcade arrived at the cemetery at 10:24 p.m. As the vehicles entered the cemetery, people lining the roadway spontaneously lit candles to guide the motorcade to the burial site.<a href="#cite_note-Wicker-381">[381]</a> The 15-minute ceremony began at 10:30 p.m. <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_(Catholicism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardinal (Catholicism)">Cardinal</a> <a href="/wiki/Patrick_O%27Boyle_(American_bishop)" class="mw-redirect" title="Patrick O'Boyle (American bishop)">Patrick O'Boyle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Washington" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Washington">Roman Catholic Archbishop of Washington</a>, officiated at the graveside service in lieu of Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Richard_Cushing" title="Richard Cushing">Richard Cushing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Boston" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Boston">Archbishop of Boston</a>, who fell ill during the trip.<a href="#cite_note-ReedThousands-383">[383]</a> Also officiating was Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Terence_Cooke" title="Terence Cooke">Terence Cooke</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_New_York" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of New York">Archbishop of New York</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Wicker-381">[381]</a> On behalf of the United States, <a href="/wiki/John_Glenn" title="John Glenn">John Glenn</a> presented the folded flag to Ted Kennedy, who passed it to Robert's eldest son Joe, who passed it to Ethel Kennedy. The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy_Band" title="United States Navy Band">Navy Band</a> played "<a href="/wiki/Eternal_Father,_Strong_to_Save" title="Eternal Father, Strong to Save">The Navy Hymn</a>".<a href="#cite_note-Wicker-381">[381]</a> Officials at Arlington National Cemetery said that Kennedy's burial was the only night burial to have taken place at the cemetery.<a href="#cite_note-Night_burial-387">[387]</a> (The re-interment of <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Bouvier_Kennedy" title="Patrick Bouvier Kennedy">Patrick Bouvier Kennedy</a>, who died two days after his birth in August 1963, and a stillborn daughter, Arabella, both children of President Kennedy and his wife, Jacqueline, also occurred at night.) After the president was interred in Arlington Cemetery, the two infants were buried next to him on December 5, 1963, in a private ceremony without publicity.<a href="#cite_note-Wicker-381">[381]</a> His brother, Senator Edward M. Kennedy, was also buried at night, in 2009.<a href="#cite_note-388">[388]</a> On June 9, President Johnson assigned security staff to all <a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election" title="United States presidential election">U.S. presidential candidates</a> and declared an official <a href="/wiki/National_day_of_mourning" title="National day of mourning">national day of mourning</a>.<a href="#cite_note-389">[389]</a> After the assassination, the mandate of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secret_Service" title="United States Secret Service">U.S. Secret Service</a> was altered by Congress to include the protection of U.S. presidential candidates.<a href="#cite_note-390">[390]</a><a href="#cite_note-391">[391]</a> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:2008px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><a href="/wiki/File:Robert_Kennedy_Memorial.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Robert F. Kennedy Memorial, built in 1971, across from his gravesite at Arlington National Cemetery"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Robert_Kennedy_Memorial.jpg/2000px-Robert_Kennedy_Memorial.jpg" decoding="async" width="2000" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Robert_Kennedy_Memorial.jpg/3000px-Robert_Kennedy_Memorial.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Robert_Kennedy_Memorial.jpg/4000px-Robert_Kennedy_Memorial.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5341" data-file-height="800" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Robert_Kennedy_Memorial.jpg" title="File:Robert Kennedy Memorial.jpg"> </a></div>The Robert F. Kennedy Memorial, built in 1971, across from his gravesite at Arlington National Cemetery</div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wife_and_children">Wife and children</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kennedy_bros.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Kennedy_bros.jpg/220px-Kennedy_bros.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="338" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6a/Kennedy_bros.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="312" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>The Kennedy brothers from left to right: John, Robert, and Ted, in <a href="/wiki/Cape_Cod" title="Cape Cod">Cape Cod</a>, <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> July 1960</figcaption></figure> On June 17, 1950, Kennedy married <a href="/wiki/Ethel_Kennedy" title="Ethel Kennedy">Ethel Skakel</a> at St. Mary's Catholic Church in <a href="/wiki/Greenwich,_Connecticut" title="Greenwich, Connecticut">Greenwich, Connecticut</a>.<a href="#cite_note-392">[392]</a> They first met during a skiing trip to <a href="/wiki/Mont_Tremblant_Resort" title="Mont Tremblant Resort">Mont Tremblant Resort</a> in <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a>, Canada in December 1945.<a href="#cite_note-Ethel_Skakel_Kennedy-393">[393]</a> The couple had 11 children: <a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Kennedy_Townsend" title="Kathleen Kennedy Townsend">Kathleen</a> in 1951, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_P._Kennedy_II" title="Joseph P. Kennedy II">Joseph</a> in 1952, <a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy_Jr." title="Robert F. Kennedy Jr.">Robert Jr.</a> in 1954, David in 1955, Mary Courtney in 1956, <a href="/wiki/Michael_LeMoyne_Kennedy" title="Michael LeMoyne Kennedy">Michael</a> in 1958, <a href="/wiki/Kerry_Kennedy" title="Kerry Kennedy">Mary Kerry</a> in 1959, <a href="/wiki/Christopher_G._Kennedy" title="Christopher G. Kennedy">Christopher</a> in 1963, <a href="/wiki/Max_Kennedy" title="Max Kennedy">Maxwell</a> in 1965, <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Harriman_Kennedy" title="Douglas Harriman Kennedy">Douglas</a> in 1967, and <a href="/wiki/Rory_Kennedy" title="Rory Kennedy">Rory</a> in 1968.<a href="#cite_note-394">[394]</a> After law school, Kennedy and his wife Ethel lived in a townhouse in <a href="/wiki/Georgetown_(Washington,_D.C.)" title="Georgetown (Washington, D.C.)">Georgetown</a>.<a href="#cite_note-395">[395]</a><a href="#cite_note-Thomas,_p._69-68">[68]</a> In 1952, they moved into a rooming house in <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>.<a href="#cite_note-396">[396]</a> In 1956, the Kennedys purchased <a href="/wiki/Hickory_Hill_(McLean,_Virginia)" title="Hickory Hill (McLean, Virginia)">Hickory Hill</a>, an estate in <a href="/wiki/McLean,_Virginia" title="McLean, Virginia">McLean, Virginia</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Ethel_Skakel_Kennedy-393">[393]</a> from Robert's brother John.<a href="#cite_note-397">[397]</a> Robert and Ethel held many gatherings at Hickory Hill and were known for their impressive and eclectic guest lists.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-398">[398]</a> The couple also owned a home in <a href="/wiki/Hyannis_Port,_Massachusetts" title="Hyannis Port, Massachusetts">Hyannis Port, Massachusetts</a> on <a href="/wiki/Cape_Cod" title="Cape Cod">Cape Cod</a>.<a href="#cite_note-399">[399]</a> Until 1964, Kennedy maintained a voting address in the <a href="/wiki/Beacon_Hill,_Boston" title="Beacon Hill, Boston">Beacon Hill</a> section of Boston, across from the <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_State_House" title="Massachusetts State House">Massachusetts State House</a>.<a href="#cite_note-400">[400]</a><a href="#cite_note-401">[401]</a><a href="#cite_note-402">[402]</a> When he began preparations to run for the U.S. Senate from New York, Kennedy rented a Colonial home in <a href="/wiki/Glen_Cove,_New_York" title="Glen Cove, New York">Glen Cove</a>, <a href="/wiki/Long_Island" title="Long Island">Long Island</a>.<a href="#cite_note-403">[403]</a><a href="#cite_note-404">[404]</a> In 1965, he purchased an apartment at United Nations Plaza in <a href="/wiki/Manhattan" title="Manhattan">Manhattan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-405">[405]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Attitudes_and_approach">Attitudes and approach</h3></div> Kennedy's opponents on Capitol Hill maintained that his collegiate magnanimity was sometimes hindered by a tenacious and somewhat impatient manner. His professional life was dominated by the same attitudes that governed his family life: a certainty that good humor and leisure must be balanced by service and accomplishment. Schlesinger comments that Kennedy could be both the most ruthlessly diligent and yet generously adaptable of politicians, at once both temperamental and forgiving. In this he was very much his father's son, lacking truly lasting emotional independence, and yet possessing a great desire to contribute. He lacked the innate self-confidence of his contemporaries yet found a greater self-assurance in the experience of married life; an experience he said had given him a base of self-belief from which to continue his efforts in the public arena.<a href="#cite_note-Schlesinger-406">[406]</a> Kennedy confessed to possessing a bad temper that required self-control: "My biggest problem as counsel is to keep my temper. I think we all feel that when a witness comes before the United States Senate, he has an obligation to speak frankly and tell the truth. To see people sit in front of us and lie and evade makes me boil inside. But you can't lose your temper; if you do, the witness has gotten the best of you."<a href="#cite_note-407">[407]</a> Attorney Michael O'Donnell wrote, "[Kennedy] offered that most intoxicating of political aphrodisiacs: authenticity. He was blunt to a fault, and his favorite campaign activity was arguing with college students. To many, his idealistic opportunism was irresistible." <blockquote>In his earlier life, Kennedy had developed a reputation as the family's attack dog. He was a hostile cross-examiner on Joseph McCarthy's Senate committee; a fixer and leg-breaker as JFK's campaign manager; an unforgiving and merciless cutthroat—his father's son right down to Joseph Kennedy's purported observation that "he hates like me." Yet Bobby Kennedy somehow became a liberal icon, an antiwar visionary who tried to outflank Lyndon Johnson's Great Society from the left.<a href="#cite_note-o'donnell-408">[408]</a><a href="#cite_note-409">[409]</a></blockquote> On Kennedy's ideological development, his brother John once remarked, "He might once have been intolerant of liberals as such because his early experience was with that high-minded, high-speaking kind who never got anything done. That all changed the moment he met a liberal like <a href="/wiki/Walter_Reuther" title="Walter Reuther">Walter Reuther</a>."<a href="#cite_note-410">[410]</a> <a href="/wiki/Evan_Thomas" title="Evan Thomas">Evan Thomas</a> noted that although Kennedy embraced the <a href="/wiki/Counterculture_of_the_1960s" title="Counterculture of the 1960s">counterculture</a> movement to some extent, he remained true to his Catholic outlook and censorious moralism.<a href="#cite_note-411">[411]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relationship_with_family_members">Relationship with family members</h3></div> Kennedy's mother Rose found his gentle personality endearing, but this made him "invisible to his father."<a href="#cite_note-Mills34-29">[29]</a> She influenced him heavily and, like her, Robert became a devout <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a>, practicing his faith more seriously than his siblings over his lifetime.<a href="#cite_note-412">[412]</a> Joe Sr. was satisfied with Kennedy as an adult, believing him to have become "hard as nails", more like him than any of the other children, while his mother believed he exemplified all she had wanted in a child.<a href="#cite_note-Mills19-413">[413]</a> In October 1951, Kennedy embarked on a seven-week Asian trip with his brother John (then a U.S. congressman from <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts%27s_11th_congressional_district" title="Massachusetts's 11th congressional district">Massachusetts' 11th district</a>) and their sister Patricia to Israel, India, Pakistan, Vietnam, and Japan.<a href="#cite_note-414">[414]</a> Because of their age gap, the two brothers had previously seen little of each other—this 25,000-mile (40,000 km) trip came at their father's behest<a href="#cite_note-Thomas58-415">[415]</a> and was the first extended time they had spent together, serving to deepen their relationship. On this trip, the brothers met <a href="/wiki/Liaquat_Ali_Khan" title="Liaquat Ali Khan">Liaquat Ali Khan</a> just before his assassination, and India's prime minister, <a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a>.<a href="#cite_note-416">[416]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religious_faith_and_Greek_philosophy">Religious faith and Greek philosophy</h3></div> Throughout his life, Kennedy made reference to his faith, how it informed every area of his life, and how it gave him the strength to reenter politics after his brother's assassination.<a href="#cite_note-npr1-417">[417]</a> Historian Evan Thomas calls Kennedy a "romantic Catholic who believed that it was possible to create the Kingdom of Heaven on earth."<a href="#cite_note-418">[418]</a> Journalist <a href="/wiki/Murray_Kempton" title="Murray Kempton">Murray Kempton</a> wrote about Kennedy: "His was not an unresponsive and staid faith, but the faith of a Catholic Radical, perhaps the first successful Catholic Radical in American political history."<a href="#cite_note-419">[419]</a> Kennedy was deeply shaken by <a href="/wiki/Anti-Catholicism" title="Anti-Catholicism">anti-Catholicism</a> he encountered during his brother's <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_1960_presidential_campaign" title="John F. Kennedy 1960 presidential campaign">presidential campaign</a> in 1960, especially that of Protestant intellectuals and journalists. That year, Kennedy said, "Anti-Catholicism is the anti-semitism of the intellectuals."<a href="#cite_note-420">[420]</a> At his household, Kennedy and his family prayed before meals and bed, and had every bedroom of his children outfitted with a <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Bible" title="Catholic Bible">Bible</a>, a statue of <a href="/wiki/St._Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Mary">St. Mary</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Crucifix" title="Crucifix">crucifix</a> and <a href="/wiki/Holy_water" title="Holy water">holy water</a>. In their visit to the <a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican</a> in 1962, <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XXIII" title="Pope John XXIII">Pope John XXIII</a> gave Robert and Ethel medals of his Pontificate and rosaries for themselves and each of their seven children.<a href="#cite_note-npr1-417">[417]</a><a href="#cite_note-421">[421]</a> Kennedy also pressured the Catholic hierarchy to move toward <a href="/wiki/Progressivism" title="Progressivism">progressivism</a>. In 1966, he visited <a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_VI" title="Pope Paul VI">Pope Paul VI</a> and urged him to address the misery and poverty of <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>'s black population. In 1967, he asked Paul to adapt more liberal rhetoric and extend the Church's appeal to Hispanics and other nationalities.<a href="#cite_note-422">[422]</a> In the last years of his life, Kennedy also found solace in the playwrights and poets of Ancient Greece, especially <a href="/wiki/Aeschylus" title="Aeschylus">Aeschylus</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Schlesinger-406">[406]</a> suggested to him by Jacqueline after JFK's death.<a href="#cite_note-423">[423]</a> In his Indianapolis speech on April 4, 1968, following the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr., Kennedy quoted these lines from Aeschylus: <blockquote>Even in our sleep, pain which cannot forget falls drop by drop upon the heart, until, in our own despair, against our will, comes wisdom through the awful grace of God.<a href="#cite_note-424">[424]</a><a href="#cite_note-425">[425]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:275px; ; color: #202122;background-color: #c6dbf7;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> Kennedy's approach to national problems did not fit neatly into the idealogical categories of his time. ...His was a muscular liberalism, committed to an activist federal government but deeply suspicious of concentrated power and certain that fundamental change would best be achieved at the community level, insistent on responsibilities as well as rights, and convinced that the dynamism of capitalism could be the impetus for broadening national growth. </blockquote> <div style="padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0.5em"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">— <a href="/wiki/Edwin_O._Guthman" title="Edwin O. Guthman">Edwin O. Guthman</a> and C. Richard Allen, 1993<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuthmanAllen1993ix-426">[426]</a></cite></div> </div> Biographer Evan Thomas wrote in 2000 that at times Kennedy misused his powers by "modern standards", but concluded, "on the whole, even counting his warts, he was a great attorney general."<a href="#cite_note-427">[427]</a> <a href="/wiki/Walter_Isaacson" title="Walter Isaacson">Walter Isaacson</a> commented that Kennedy "turned out arguably to be the best attorney general in history", praising him for his championing of civil rights and other initiatives of the administration.<a href="#cite_note-428">[428]</a> As Kennedy stepped down from being attorney general in September 1964, The New York Times, notably having criticized his appointment three years prior, praised Kennedy for raising the standards of the position.<a href="#cite_note-429">[429]</a> Some of his successor attorneys general have been unfavorably compared to him, for not displaying the same level of poise in the profession.<a href="#cite_note-430">[430]</a><a href="#cite_note-431">[431]</a> Attorney General <a href="/wiki/Eric_Holder" title="Eric Holder">Eric Holder</a> cited Kennedy as the inspiration for his belief that the Justice Department could be "a force for that which is right."<a href="#cite_note-432">[432]</a> Kennedy has also been praised for his oratorical abilities<a href="#cite_note-433">[433]</a> and his skill at creating unity.<a href="#cite_note-434">[434]</a> Joseph A. Palermo of <a href="/wiki/The_Huffington_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="The Huffington Post">The Huffington Post</a> observed that Kennedy's words "could cut through social boundaries and partisan divides in a way that seems nearly impossible today."<a href="#cite_note-435">[435]</a> <a href="/wiki/Dolores_Huerta" title="Dolores Huerta">Dolores Huerta</a><a href="#cite_note-436">[436]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Philip_W._Johnston" title="Philip W. Johnston">Philip W. Johnston</a><a href="#cite_note-437">[437]</a> expressed the view that Kennedy, both in his speeches and actions, was unique in his willingness to take political risks. That blunt sincerity was said by associates to be authentic; Frank N. Magill wrote that Kennedy's oratorical skills lent their support to minorities and other disenfranchised groups who began seeing him as an ally.<a href="#cite_note-438">[438]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rkennedy05.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Rkennedy05.jpg/220px-Rkennedy05.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Rkennedy05.jpg/330px-Rkennedy05.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Rkennedy05.jpg/440px-Rkennedy05.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2569" data-file-height="2564" /></a><figcaption>Kennedy campaigning in 1968 (photo by <a href="/wiki/Evan_Freed" title="Evan Freed">Evan Freed</a>)</figcaption></figure> Kennedy's assassination was a blow to the optimism for a brighter future that his campaign had brought for many Americans who lived through the turbulent 1960s.<a href="#cite_note-Schlesinger_2002_1978,_p._xvi-332">[332]</a><a href="#cite_note-newfield-439">[439]</a><a href="#cite_note-440">[440]</a><a href="#cite_note-441">[441]</a> Juan Romero, the busboy who shook hands with Kennedy right before he was shot, later said, "It made me realize that no matter how much hope you have it can be taken away in a second."<a href="#cite_note-442">[442]</a> Kennedy's death has been deemed a significant factor in the Democratic Party's loss of the 1968 presidential election.<a href="#cite_note-newfield2-443">[443]</a><a href="#cite_note-444">[444]</a> Since his passing, Kennedy has become generally well-respected by liberals<a href="#cite_note-445">[445]</a> and conservatives, which is far from the polarized views of him during his lifetime.<a href="#cite_note-446">[446]</a> <a href="/wiki/Joe_Scarborough" title="Joe Scarborough">Joe Scarborough</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Ashcroft" title="John Ashcroft">John Ashcroft</a>,<a href="#cite_note-447">[447]</a> <a href="/wiki/Tom_Bradley_(American_politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tom Bradley (American politician)">Tom Bradley</a>,<a href="#cite_note-448">[448]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mark_Dayton" title="Mark Dayton">Mark Dayton</a>,<a href="#cite_note-449">[449]</a><a href="#cite_note-450">[450]</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Kitzhaber" title="John Kitzhaber">John Kitzhaber</a>,<a href="#cite_note-451">[451]</a> <a href="/wiki/Max_Cleland" title="Max Cleland">Max Cleland</a>,<a href="#cite_note-452">[452]</a> <a href="/wiki/Tim_Cook" title="Tim Cook">Tim Cook</a>,<a href="#cite_note-453">[453]</a><a href="#cite_note-454">[454]</a> <a href="/wiki/Phil_Bredesen" title="Phil Bredesen">Phil Bredesen</a>,<a href="#cite_note-455">[455]</a> <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a>,<a href="#cite_note-456">[456]</a> <a href="/wiki/J._K._Rowling" title="J. K. Rowling">J. K. Rowling</a>,<a href="#cite_note-457">[457]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jim_McGreevey" title="Jim McGreevey">Jim McGreevey</a>,<a href="#cite_note-458">[458]</a> <a href="/wiki/Gavin_Newsom" title="Gavin Newsom">Gavin Newsom</a>,<a href="#cite_note-459">[459]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ray_Mabus" title="Ray Mabus">Ray Mabus</a><a href="#cite_note-460">[460]</a> have acknowledged Kennedy's influence on them. Josh Zeitz of <a href="/wiki/Politico" title="Politico">Politico</a> observed, "Bobby Kennedy has since become an American folk hero—the tough, crusading liberal gunned down in the prime of life."<a href="#cite_note-461">[461]</a> Kennedy's (and to a lesser extent his older brother's) ideas about using government authority to assist less fortunate peoples became central to <a href="/wiki/American_liberalism" class="mw-redirect" title="American liberalism">American liberalism</a> as a tenet of the "Kennedy legacy."<a href="#cite_note-462">[462]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Honors">Honors</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BushDedicatingRFKJusticeDepartmentBuilding.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/BushDedicatingRFKJusticeDepartmentBuilding.jpg/220px-BushDedicatingRFKJusticeDepartmentBuilding.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/BushDedicatingRFKJusticeDepartmentBuilding.jpg/330px-BushDedicatingRFKJusticeDepartmentBuilding.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/BushDedicatingRFKJusticeDepartmentBuilding.jpg/440px-BushDedicatingRFKJusticeDepartmentBuilding.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>President <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> dedicates the <a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy_Department_of_Justice_Building" title="Robert F. Kennedy Department of Justice Building">Justice Department building</a> in Robert Kennedy's honor as his widow <a href="/wiki/Ethel_Kennedy" title="Ethel Kennedy">Ethel Kennedy</a> looks on, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> November 2001</figcaption></figure> In the months and years after Kennedy's death, numerous roads, public schools, and other facilities across the United States have been named in his memory. Examples include: <ul><li>District of Columbia Stadium in Washington, D.C. was renamed <a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy_Memorial_Stadium" title="Robert F. Kennedy Memorial Stadium">Robert F. Kennedy Memorial Stadium</a> in 1969.<a href="#cite_note-463">[463]</a><a href="#cite_note-464">[464]</a></li> <li>On November 20, 2001, President <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> and Attorney General <a href="/wiki/John_Ashcroft" title="John Ashcroft">John Ashcroft</a> dedicated the headquarters of the U.S. Department of Justice as the <a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy_Department_of_Justice_Building" title="Robert F. Kennedy Department of Justice Building">Robert F. Kennedy Department of Justice Building</a>.<a href="#cite_note-465">[465]</a></li> <li>On June 4, 2008, the <a href="/wiki/Triborough_Bridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Triborough Bridge">Triborough Bridge</a> in New York City was renamed the <a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy_Bridge" title="Robert F. Kennedy Bridge">Robert F. Kennedy Memorial Bridge</a>.<a href="#cite_note-466">[466]</a><a href="#cite_note-467">[467]</a></li></ul> The <a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy_Center_for_Justice_and_Human_Rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert F. Kennedy Center for Justice and Human Rights">Robert F. Kennedy Center for Justice and Human Rights</a> was founded in 1968, with an <a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy_Human_Rights_Award" title="Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights Award">international award</a> program to recognize human rights activists.<a href="#cite_note-468">[468]</a> In a further effort to remember Kennedy and continue his work helping the disadvantaged, a small group of private citizens launched the Robert F. Kennedy Children's Action Corps in 1969. The private, nonprofit, Massachusetts-based organization helps more than 800 abused and neglected children each year.<a href="#cite_note-469">[469]</a> In 1978, the U.S. Congress awarded Kennedy the <a href="/wiki/Congressional_Gold_Medal" title="Congressional Gold Medal">Congressional Gold Medal</a> for distinguished service.<a href="#cite_note-470">[470]</a> In 1998, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Mint" title="United States Mint">United States Mint</a> released the <a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy_silver_dollar" title="Robert F. Kennedy silver dollar">Robert F. Kennedy silver dollar</a>, a special dollar coin that featured Kennedy's image on the obverse and the emblems of the U.S. Department of Justice and the U.S. Senate on the reverse.<a href="#cite_note-471">[471]</a> In January 2025, President <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> awarded Kennedy the <a href="/wiki/Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom" title="Presidential Medal of Freedom">Presidential Medal of Freedom</a>, the highest civilian award of the United States.<a href="#cite_note-472">[472]</a> Personal items and documents from his office in the Justice Department Building are displayed in a permanent exhibit dedicated to him at the <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Presidential_Library_and_Museum" title="John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum">John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum</a> in Boston.<a href="#cite_note-473">[473]</a> Papers from his years as attorney general, senator, peace and civil rights activist and presidential candidate, as well as personal correspondence, are also housed in the library.<a href="#cite_note-474">[474]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kennedy_and_Martin_Luther_King_Jr.">Kennedy and Martin Luther King Jr.</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:275px; ; color: #202122;background-color: #c6dbf7;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote center-aligned" style=""> "I have bad news for you, for all of our fellow citizens, and people who love peace all over the world, and that is that Martin Luther King was shot and killed tonight." "Martin Luther King dedicated his life to love and justice for his fellow human beings, and he died because of that effort. In this difficult day, in this difficult time for the United States, it is perhaps well to ask what kind of a nation we are and what direction we want to move in." — Robert Kennedy<a href="#cite_note-475">[475]</a> </blockquote> </div> Several public institutions jointly honor Kennedy and Martin Luther King Jr.: <ul><li>In 1969, the former Woodrow Wilson Junior College, a two-year institution and a constituent campus of the <a href="/wiki/City_Colleges_of_Chicago" title="City Colleges of Chicago">City Colleges of Chicago</a>, was renamed <a href="/wiki/Kennedy%E2%80%93King_College" title="Kennedy–King College">Kennedy–King College</a>.<a href="#cite_note-476">[476]</a></li> <li>In 1994, the <a href="/wiki/Landmark_for_Peace_Memorial" title="Landmark for Peace Memorial">Landmark for Peace Memorial</a> sculpture was erected in Indianapolis.<a href="#cite_note-477">[477]</a><a href="#cite_note-478">[478]</a></li></ul> In 2019, Kennedy's "Speech on the Death of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr." (April 4, 1968) was selected by the <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a> for preservation in the <a href="/wiki/National_Recording_Registry" title="National Recording Registry">National Recording Registry</a> for being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant."<a href="#cite_note-479">[479]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Publications">Publications</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Enemy_Within_(Kennedy_book)" title="The Enemy Within (Kennedy book)">The Enemy Within: The McClellan Committee's Crusade Against Jimmy Hoffa and Corrupt Labor Unions</a> (1960)</li> <li>Just Friends and Brave Enemies (1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Pursuit_of_Justice" title="The Pursuit of Justice">The Pursuit of Justice</a> (1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/To_Seek_a_Newer_World" title="To Seek a Newer World">To Seek a Newer World</a>, essays (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Days_(book)" title="Thirteen Days (book)">Thirteen Days: A Memoir of the Cuban Missile Crisis</a>, published posthumously (1969)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Depictions_in_media">Depictions in media</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy_in_media" title="Robert F. Kennedy in media">Robert F. Kennedy in media</a></div> Kennedy has been the subject of several documentaries and has appeared in various works of popular culture. Kennedy's role in the <a href="/wiki/Cuban_Missile_Crisis" title="Cuban Missile Crisis">Cuban Missile Crisis</a> has been dramatized by <a href="/wiki/Martin_Sheen" title="Martin Sheen">Martin Sheen</a> in the TV play <a href="/wiki/The_Missiles_of_October" title="The Missiles of October">The Missiles of October</a> (1974) and by <a href="/wiki/Steven_Culp" title="Steven Culp">Steven Culp</a> in <a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Days_(film)" title="Thirteen Days (film)">Thirteen Days</a> (2000).<a href="#cite_note-480">[480]</a> The film <a href="/wiki/Bobby_(2006_film)" title="Bobby (2006 film)">Bobby</a> (2006) is the story of multiple people's lives leading up to RFK's assassination. The film employs stock footage from his presidential campaign, and he is briefly portrayed by Dave Fraunces.<a href="#cite_note-481">[481]</a> <a href="/wiki/Barry_Pepper" title="Barry Pepper">Barry Pepper</a> won an Emmy for his portrayal of Kennedy in <a href="/wiki/The_Kennedys_(TV_miniseries)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Kennedys (TV miniseries)">The Kennedys</a> (2011), an eight-part miniseries.<a href="#cite_note-482">[482]</a><a href="#cite_note-483">[483]</a> He is played by <a href="/wiki/Peter_Sarsgaard" title="Peter Sarsgaard">Peter Sarsgaard</a> in the film about Jacqueline Kennedy, <a href="/wiki/Jackie_(2016_film)" title="Jackie (2016 film)">Jackie</a> (2016).<a href="#cite_note-484">[484]</a><a href="#cite_note-485">[485]</a> He is played by <a href="/wiki/Jack_Huston" title="Jack Huston">Jack Huston</a> in <a href="/wiki/Martin_Scorsese" title="Martin Scorsese">Martin Scorsese</a>'s film <a href="/wiki/The_Irishman" title="The Irishman">The Irishman</a> (2019).<a href="#cite_note-486">[486]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" 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id="References">References</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFTye2017" class="citation book cs1">Tye, Larry (2017). Bobby Kennedy: The Making of a Liberal Icon. New York: Random House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8129-8350-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8129-8350-0"><bdi>978-0-8129-8350-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/935987185">935987185</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bobby+Kennedy%3A+The+Making+of+a+Liberal+Icon&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F935987185&rft.isbn=978-0-8129-8350-0&rft.aulast=Tye&rft.aufirst=Larry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jfklibrary.org/visit-museum/exhibits/permanent-exhibits/robert-kennedys-attorney-general-office">"Robert Kennedy's Attorney General Office"</a>. <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Presidential_Library_and_Museum" title="John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum">John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum</a>. Retrieved February 17, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Robert+Kennedy%27s+Attorney+General+Office&rft.pub=John+F.+Kennedy+Presidential+Library+and+Museum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jfklibrary.org%2Fvisit-museum%2Fexhibits%2Fpermanent-exhibits%2Frobert-kennedys-attorney-general-office&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20161221100028/http://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2015/06/05/bobby-kennedy-is-he-the-assistant-president">"Bobby Kennedy: Is He The Assistant President?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Report" title="U.S. News & World Report">U.S. News & World Report</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2015/06/05/bobby-kennedy-is-he-the-assistant-president">the original</a> on December 21, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=U.S.+News+%26+World+Report&rft.atitle=Bobby+Kennedy%3A+Is+He+The+Assistant+President%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.usnews.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2F2015%2F06%2F05%2Fbobby-kennedy-is-he-the-assistant-president&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20190322231743/https://www.wbur.org/news/2012/10/11/robert-kennedy-papers">"Declassified Papers Provide New Window into RFK's Role As JFK's Closest Adviser"</a>. <a href="/wiki/WBUR-FM" title="WBUR-FM">WBUR-FM</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wbur.org/news/2012/10/11/robert-kennedy-papers">the original</a> on March 22, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Declassified+Papers+Provide+New+Window+into+RFK%27s+Role+As+JFK%27s+Closest+Adviser&rft.pub=WBUR-FM&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wbur.org%2Fnews%2F2012%2F10%2F11%2Frobert-kennedy-papers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Herst-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Herst_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Herst_5-1">b</a> Herst, Burton (2007). Bobby and J. Edgar, p. 372. </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNelson1998" class="citation book cs1">Nelson, Michael (1998). The Presidency A to Z. Congressional Quarterly. p. 284.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Presidency+A+to+Z&rft.pages=284&rft.pub=Congressional+Quarterly&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Nelson&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nydailynews.com/news/politics/bobby-claims-victory-keating-article-1.1991856">"From the archives: Bobby claims victory over Keating"</a>. New York Daily News. Retrieved April 8, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Daily+News&rft.atitle=From+the+archives%3A+Bobby+claims+victory+over+Keating&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nydailynews.com%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Fbobby-claims-victory-keating-article-1.1991856&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKahlenberg2018" class="citation news cs1">Kahlenberg, Richard (March 16, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tcf.org/content/report/inclusive-populism-robert-f-kennedy/?session=1">"The Inclusive Populism of Robert F. Kennedy"</a>. The Century Foundation. Retrieved September 19, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Inclusive+Populism+of+Robert+F.+Kennedy&rft.date=2018-03-16&rft.aulast=Kahlenberg&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftcf.org%2Fcontent%2Freport%2Finclusive-populism-robert-f-kennedy%2F%3Fsession%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArango2018" class="citation news cs1">Arango, Tim (June 5, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2018/06/05/us/robert-kennedy-california.html">"A Campaign, a Murder, a Legacy: Robert F. Kennedy's California Story"</a>. The New York Times. Retrieved September 19, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=A+Campaign%2C+a+Murder%2C+a+Legacy%3A+Robert+F.+Kennedy%27s+California+Story&rft.date=2018-06-05&rft.aulast=Arango&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2018%2F06%2F05%2Fus%2Frobert-kennedy-california.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> Schlesinger (2002) [1978] p. 3. </li> <li id="cite_note-Smith33-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Smith33_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smith33_11-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2010" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Jeffery K. (2010). Bad Blood: Lyndon B. Johnson, Robert F. Kennedy, and the Tumultuous 1960s. AuthorHouse. p. 33. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1452084435" title="Special:BookSources/978-1452084435"><bdi>978-1452084435</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bad+Blood%3A+Lyndon+B.+Johnson%2C+Robert+F.+Kennedy%2C+and+the+Tumultuous+1960s&rft.pages=33&rft.pub=AuthorHouse&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1452084435&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Jeffery+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonovan1961" class="citation book cs1">Donovan, Robert J. (1961). PT-109, John F. Kennedy in World War II. McGraw-Hill. p. 26. <q>His forebears had immigrated from Ireland and acquired political power in the Democratic Party in Massachusetts.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=PT-109%2C+John+F.+Kennedy+in+World+War+II&rft.pages=26&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft.date=1961&rft.aulast=Donovan&rft.aufirst=Robert+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-JFKlibrary.org_misc-13"><a href="#cite_ref-JFKlibrary.org_misc_13-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090831043852/http://www.jfklibrary.org/Historical%2BResources/Archives/Reference%2BDesk/John%2BF.%2BKennedy%2BMiscellaneous%2BInformation.htm">"John F. Kennedy Miscellaneous Information"</a>. John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jfklibrary.org/Historical+Resources/Archives/Reference+Desk/John+F.+Kennedy+Miscellaneous+Information.htm">the original</a> on August 31, 2009. Retrieved February 22, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=John+F.+Kennedy+Miscellaneous+Information&rft.pub=John+F.+Kennedy+Presidential+Library+and+Museum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jfklibrary.org%2FHistorical%2BResources%2FArchives%2FReference%2BDesk%2FJohn%2BF.%2BKennedy%2BMiscellaneous%2BInformation.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Thomas,_p._30-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Thomas,_p._30_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thomas,_p._30_14-1">b</a> Thomas, p. 30. </li> <li id="cite_note-amex-15"><a href="#cite_ref-amex_15-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/kennedy-wealth/">The Kennedy Wealth</a>. <a href="/wiki/American_Experience" title="American Experience">American Experience</a>. Boston, Massachusetts: <a href="/wiki/WGBH-TV" title="WGBH-TV">WGBH-TV</a>. 2009. </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/John-F-Kennedy">"John F. Kennedy"</a>. Encyclopedia Britannica. July 4, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=John+F.+Kennedy&rft.date=2023-07-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FJohn-F-Kennedy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> Nasaw, David (2012). The Patriarch: The Remarkable Life and Turbulent Times of Joseph P. Kennedy, Penguin Press, pp. 584, 602–3, 671. </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jfklibrary.org/learn/about-jfk/the-kennedy-family/robert-f-kennedy">"Robert F. Kennedy"</a>. John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Robert+F.+Kennedy&rft.pub=John+F.+Kennedy+Presidential+Library+and+Museum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jfklibrary.org%2Flearn%2Fabout-jfk%2Fthe-kennedy-family%2Frobert-f-kennedy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> Schlesinger (1965), p. 79. </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.history.com/topics/1960s/robert-f-kennedy">"Robert Kennedy"</a>. History Channel. August 28, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Robert+Kennedy&rft.pub=History+Channel&rft.date=2018-08-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.com%2Ftopics%2F1960s%2Frobert-f-kennedy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShesol1998" class="citation book cs1">Shesol, Jeff (1998). Mutual Contempt: Lyndon Johnson, Robert Kennedy, and the Feud that Defined a Decade. W. W. Norton. p. 4.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mutual+Contempt%3A+Lyndon+Johnson%2C+Robert+Kennedy%2C+and+the+Feud+that+Defined+a+Decade&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Shesol&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPalermo2008" class="citation book cs1">Palermo, Joseph A. (2008). Robert F. Kennedy and the Death of American Idealism. p. 12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Robert+F.+Kennedy+and+the+Death+of+American+Idealism&rft.pages=12&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Palermo&rft.aufirst=Joseph+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988">"In late September 1939, Ambassador Kennedy remained in England, but he sent Robert and the rest his family back to the United States" </li> <li id="cite_note-RFK:_A_Memoir_|_Jack_Newfield_|_August_27,_2003-23"><a href="#cite_ref-RFK:_A_Memoir_|_Jack_Newfield_|_August_27,_2003_23-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewfield2009" class="citation book cs1">Newfield, Jack (June 17, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160821124759/https://books.google.com/books?id=m9m6b9i8SQQC&pg=PA44&lpg=PA44&dq=robert%2Bkennedy%2Bst.%2Bpaul%27s%2Bschool%2Bepiscopalian&source=bl&ots=ZqIPrW-plq&sig=cmankTNYKL_fffdnxClm-uYSssU&hl=en&sa=X&ei=KTVqUbr8CY21ywGEhICADQ&ved=0CCwQ6AEwADgU">RFK</a>. PublicAffairs. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780786749171" title="Special:BookSources/9780786749171"><bdi>9780786749171</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=m9m6b9i8SQQC&q=robert+kennedy+st.+paul's+school+episcopalian&pg=PA44">the original</a> on August 21, 2016. Retrieved August 25, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=RFK&rft.pub=PublicAffairs&rft.date=2009-06-17&rft.isbn=9780786749171&rft.aulast=Newfield&rft.aufirst=Jack&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dm9m6b9i8SQQC%26q%3Drobert%2Bkennedy%2Bst.%2Bpaul%27s%2Bschool%2Bepiscopalian%26pg%3DPA44&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> Schlesinger (2002) [1978] pp. 30, 41. </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> Thomas, pp. 29–30. </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> Thomas, p. 37. </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> Tye, p. xix. </li> <li id="cite_note-Schlesinger21-23-28"><a href="#cite_ref-Schlesinger21-23_28-0">^</a> Schlesinger, pp. 21–23. </li> <li id="cite_note-Mills34-29">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mills34_29-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mills34_29-1">b</a> Mills, pp. 34–35. </li> <li id="cite_note-Thomas37-40-30"><a href="#cite_ref-Thomas37-40_30-0">^</a> Thomas, pp. 37–40. </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOppenheimer1995" class="citation book cs1">Oppenheimer, Jerry (1995). The Other Mrs. Kennedy: An Intimate and Reevaling Look at the Hidden Life of Ethel Skakel Kennedy. St. Martin's Press. p. 137.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Other+Mrs.+Kennedy%3A+An+Intimate+and+Reevaling+Look+at+the+Hidden+Life+of+Ethel+Skakel+Kennedy&rft.pages=137&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Oppenheimer&rft.aufirst=Jerry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> Schlesinger (2002) [1978] p. 42. </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> Thomas, p. 39, 55. </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> Joseph P. Kennedy Papers (August 1943). John F. 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Ladd Library, Bates College, Lewiston, Maine: Simon & Schuster; Reprint edition. p. 35.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Robert+F.+Kennedy%3A+His+Life&rft.place=Ladd+Library%2C+Bates+College%2C+Lewiston%2C+Maine&rft.pages=35&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster%3B+Reprint+edition&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bates.edu/news/2017/11/29/whats-in-a-lewiston-name-kennedy/">"What's in a Lewiston Name: Kennedy"</a>. November 29, 2017. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RKzUqXc3BHgC&q=bobby+kennedy+Portsmouth+Priory+School&pg=PA285">the original</a> on August 21, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Profiles+in+Leadership%3A+Historians+on+the+Elusive+Quality+of+Greatness&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2011-10-17&rft.isbn=9780393340761&rft.au=Walter+Isaacson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRKzUqXc3BHgC%26q%3Dbobby%2Bkennedy%2BPortsmouth%2BPriory%2BSchool%26pg%3DPA285&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> New York Times, August 15 and 17, 1944 (announcement of Kennedy's death) and October 25, 1945 (detailed account of the mission) </li> <li id="cite_note-Thomas44-42"><a href="#cite_ref-Thomas44_42-0">^</a> Thomas, p. 44. </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFU.S._National_Park_Service" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/U.S._National_Park_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. National Park Service">U.S. National Park Service</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nps.gov/nr/travel/maritime/jpk.htm">"USS Joseph P. Kennedy, Jr"</a>. nps.gov.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=USS+Joseph+P.+Kennedy%2C+Jr.&rft.pub=nps.gov&rft.au=U.S.+National+Park+Service&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Fnr%2Ftravel%2Fmaritime%2Fjpk.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> Schlesinger (2002) [1978] p. 61. </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> Schlesinger, pp. 63–64. </li> <li id="cite_note-E.W._Smith_|_2010-46">^ <a href="#cite_ref-E.W._Smith_|_2010_46-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-E.W._Smith_|_2010_46-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2010" class="citation book cs1">Smith, E. W. Jr (December 6, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160821133948/https://books.google.com/books?id=LyBN758OMhMC&pg=PA25&lpg=PA25&dq=bobby%2Bkennedy%2B1946%2Benrolled%2Bharvard&source=bl&ots=xPpf0zYLKz&sig=4pudbHwIf2rNPiMgdKEo8rbs1HM&hl=en&sa=X&ei=KFZqUdH5I4i2yAHdroGwDw&ved=0CGIQ6AEwBg">Athletes Once: 100 Famous People Who Were Once Notable Athletes</a>. Fireship Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781611790689" title="Special:BookSources/9781611790689"><bdi>9781611790689</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LyBN758OMhMC&q=bobby+kennedy+1946+enrolled+harvard&pg=PA25">the original</a> on August 21, 2016. Retrieved August 25, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Athletes+Once%3A+100+Famous+People+Who+Were+Once+Notable+Athletes&rft.pub=Fireship+Press&rft.date=2010-12-06&rft.isbn=9781611790689&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=E.+W.+Jr&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLyBN758OMhMC%26q%3Dbobby%2Bkennedy%2B1946%2Benrolled%2Bharvard%26pg%3DPA25&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBernstein2001" class="citation book cs1">Bernstein, Mark F. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=n3i4KOu7MiEC&q=Robert+Kennedy+yale+game+cast&pg=PA208">the original</a> on August 21, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Football%3A+The+Ivy+League+Origins+of+an+American+Obsession&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2001-08-22&rft.isbn=0812236270&rft.aulast=Bernstein&rft.aufirst=Mark+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dn3i4KOu7MiEC%26q%3DRobert%2BKennedy%2Byale%2Bgame%2Bcast%26pg%3DPA208&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFU.S._Department_of_Justice2022" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/U.S._Department_of_Justice" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Department of Justice">U.S. Department of Justice</a> (November 24, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.justice.gov/ag/aghistpage.php?id=63">"Robert Francis Kennedy Sixty-Fourth Attorney General 1961–1964"</a>. justice.gov.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Robert+Francis+Kennedy+Sixty-Fourth+Attorney+General+1961%E2%80%931964&rft.pub=justice.gov&rft.date=2022-11-24&rft.au=U.S.+Department+of+Justice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.justice.gov%2Fag%2Faghistpage.php%3Fid%3D63&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmerican_Experience" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/American_Experience" title="American Experience">American Experience</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160821135116/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/timeline/kennedys/2/">"Timeline: Generations of the Kennedy Family"</a>. pbs.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/timeline/kennedys/2/">the original</a> on August 21, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Timeline%3A+Generations+of+the+Kennedy+Family&rft.pub=pbs.org&rft.au=American+Experience&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwgbh%2Famericanexperience%2Ffeatures%2Ftimeline%2Fkennedys%2F2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> Schlesinger, pp. 82–84. </li> <li id="cite_note-Fast_Facts_about_Robert_F._Kennedy-51">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fast_Facts_about_Robert_F._Kennedy_51-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fast_Facts_about_Robert_F._Kennedy_51-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jfklibrary.org/learn/about-jfk/the-kennedy-family/robert-f-kennedy/fast-facts-robert-f-kennedy">"Fast Facts about Robert F. Kennedy"</a>. John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fast+Facts+about+Robert+F.+Kennedy&rft.pub=John+F.+Kennedy+Presidential+Library+and+Museum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jfklibrary.org%2Flearn%2Fabout-jfk%2Fthe-kennedy-family%2Frobert-f-kennedy%2Ffast-facts-robert-f-kennedy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ben-David_|_Robert_Kennedy's_1948_Reports_from_Palestine_|_2008-52">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ben-David_|_Robert_Kennedy's_1948_Reports_from_Palestine_|_2008_52-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ben-David_|_Robert_Kennedy's_1948_Reports_from_Palestine_|_2008_52-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jcpa.org/article/robert-kennedys-1948-reports-from-palestine/">"Robert Kennedy's 1948 Reports from Palestine"</a>. Jerusalem Center For Public Affairs. Retrieved August 25, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Robert+Kennedy%27s+1948+Reports+from+Palestine&rft.pub=Jerusalem+Center+For+Public+Affairs&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjcpa.org%2Farticle%2Frobert-kennedys-1948-reports-from-palestine%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichard_Allen2018" class="citation book cs1">Richard Allen, Edwin Guthman (2018). RFK – His Words for our Times. HarperCollins. pp. 35–36. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780062834140" title="Special:BookSources/9780062834140"><bdi>9780062834140</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=RFK+%E2%80%93+His+Words+for+our+Times&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E35-%3C%2Fspan%3E36&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9780062834140&rft.aulast=Richard+Allen&rft.aufirst=Edwin+Guthman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> Schlesinger (2002) [1978] pp. 73–77. </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,871679-6,00.html">"DEMOCRATS: Little Brother Is Watching"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a>. October 10, 1960.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=DEMOCRATS%3A+Little+Brother+Is+Watching&rft.date=1960-10-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent.time.com%2Ftime%2Fsubscriber%2Farticle%2F0%2C33009%2C871679-6%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> Schlesinger (2002) [1978] p. 80. </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> Schlesinger (2002) [1978] p. 90. </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=K000114">"KENNEDY, Robert Francis – Biographical Information"</a>. United States Congress.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+States+Congress&rft.atitle=KENNEDY%2C+Robert+Francis+%E2%80%93+Biographical+Information&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbioguide.congress.gov%2Fscripts%2Fbiodisplay.pl%3Findex%3DK000114&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTye2016" class="citation book cs1">Tye, Larry (2016). Bobby Kennedy: The Making of a Liberal Icon. Random House. p. 22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0812993349" title="Special:BookSources/978-0812993349"><bdi>978-0812993349</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bobby+Kennedy%3A+The+Making+of+a+Liberal+Icon&rft.pages=22&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0812993349&rft.aulast=Tye&rft.aufirst=Larry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> Schlesinger (2002) [1978] pp. 94. </li> <li id="cite_note-Whitman-61"><a href="#cite_ref-Whitman_61-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160821221444/http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/bday/1120.html">"Robert Francis Kennedy: Attorney General, Senator and Heir of the New Frontier"</a>. The New York Times. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/bday/1120.html">the original</a> on August 21, 2016. Retrieved August 21, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Robert+Francis+Kennedy%3A+Attorney+General%2C+Senator+and+Heir+of+the+New+Frontier&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Flearning%2Fgeneral%2Fonthisday%2Fbday%2F1120.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> Thomas, p. 58. </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> Schlesinger (1978) p. 101 </li> <li id="cite_note-savmappq-64"><a href="#cite_ref-savmappq_64-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTye2016" class="citation book cs1">Tye, Larry (2016). Bobby Kennedy: The Making of a Liberal Legend. New York: Random House. p. 68. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780812993349" title="Special:BookSources/9780812993349"><bdi>9780812993349</bdi></a>. <q>It is unclear where the rumor began about McCarthy being godfather to Bobby's firstborn, Kathleen. Authors and journalists echoed it enough that they stopped footnoting it, but they continued citing it as the clearest sign of how close Kennedy was to McCarthy. Even Kathleen's mother, Ethel, asked recently whether it was true, said, 'He was. I think he was.' Kathleen, who would enter politics herself and knew firsthand the stigma of being associated with Joe McCarthy, has 'no idea' where the rumor came from but double-checked her christening certificate to confirm that it was false. 'It's bizarro' she says, adding that her actual godfather was Daniel Walsh, a professor at Manhattanville College of the Sacred Heart, Ethel's alma mater, and a counselor to the Catholic poet and mystic Thomas Merton.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bobby+Kennedy%3A+The+Making+of+a+Liberal+Legend&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=68&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9780812993349&rft.aulast=Tye&rft.aufirst=Larry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nydailynews.com/news/national/robert-f-kennedy-climbed-mountain-steepest-article-1.2441643">"Robert F. Kennedy climbed the mountain where it was steepest"</a>. New York Daily News. November 20, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Daily+News&rft.atitle=Robert+F.+Kennedy+climbed+the+mountain+where+it+was+steepest&rft.date=2015-11-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nydailynews.com%2Fnews%2Fnational%2Frobert-f-kennedy-climbed-mountain-steepest-article-1.2441643&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> Schlesinger (1978) p. 106 </li> <li id="cite_note-Goduti16-67"><a href="#cite_ref-Goduti16_67-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoduti2012" class="citation book cs1">Goduti, Philip A. Jr. (2012). Robert F. Kennedy and the Shaping of Civil Rights, 1960–1964. McFarland. pp. 16–17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Robert+F.+Kennedy+and+the+Shaping+of+Civil+Rights%2C+1960%E2%80%931964&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E16-%3C%2Fspan%3E17&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Goduti&rft.aufirst=Philip+A.+Jr.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Thomas,_p._69-68">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Thomas,_p._69_68-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thomas,_p._69_68-1">b</a> Thomas, p. 69. </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> Schlesinger (1978) p. 109. </li> <li id="cite_note-Hilty86-70">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hilty86_70-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hilty86_70-1">b</a> Hilty, pp. 86–87. </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> Schlesinger (1978) pp. 113, 115. </li> <li id="cite_note-Hilty90-72"><a href="#cite_ref-Hilty90_72-0">^</a> Hilty, pp. 90–91. </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=78VFAQAAMAAJ&q=%22admitted+to+practice+before+the+United+States+Supreme+Court%2C+1955%22">Official Congressional Directory</a>. Washington, DC: United States Congress, US Government Printing Office. 1968. p. 107.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Official+Congressional+Directory&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pages=107&rft.pub=United+States+Congress%2C+US+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1968&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D78VFAQAAMAAJ%26q%3D%2522admitted%2Bto%2Bpractice%2Bbefore%2Bthe%2BUnited%2BStates%2BSupreme%2BCourt%252C%2B1955%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> Schlesinger (2002) [1978] p. 130. </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> Thomas, p. 404. </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> Hilty, pp. 97–98. </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> Schlesinger (1978), pp. 146, 1002n. </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> Thomas, p. 76. </li> <li id="cite_note-jfklibrary.org-79">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jfklibrary.org_79-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-jfklibrary.org_79-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jfklibrary.org/visit-museum/exhibits/permanent-exhibits/robert-kennedys-attorney-general-office">"Robert Kennedy's Attorney General Office"</a>. John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Robert+Kennedy%27s+Attorney+General+Office&rft.pub=John+F.+Kennedy+Presidential+Library+and+Museum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jfklibrary.org%2Fvisit-museum%2Fexhibits%2Fpermanent-exhibits%2Frobert-kennedys-attorney-general-office&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> Phillips, Cabell. "The McClellan-Kennedy Investigating Team". The New York Times. March 17, 1957. </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> Schlesinger (1978) pp. 137–191 </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/rfk-enemies/">"RFK's Enemies"</a>. PBS American Experience.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PBS+American+Experience&rft.atitle=RFK%27s+Enemies&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwgbh%2Famericanexperience%2Ffeatures%2Frfk-enemies%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> Shesol, Jeff. Mutual Contempt: Lyndon Johnson, Robert Kennedy, and the Feud That Defined a Decade. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1998. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-31855-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-393-31855-9">0-393-31855-9</a>; Richardson, Darcy G. A Nation Divided: The 1968 Presidential Campaign. Bloomington, Ind.: iUniverse, 2001. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-595-23699-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-595-23699-5">0-595-23699-5</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas2002" class="citation book cs1">Thomas, Evan (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/robertkennedy00thom">Robert Kennedy: His Life</a>. Simon & Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0743203296" title="Special:BookSources/978-0743203296"><bdi>978-0743203296</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Robert+Kennedy%3A+His+Life&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0743203296&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Evan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frobertkennedy00thom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ID8EAAAAMBAJ&dq=%22young+man+with+tough+questions%22&pg=PA81">"Close-Up: Young Man With Tough Questions"</a>. Life. July 1, 1957.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Life&rft.atitle=Close-Up%3A+Young+Man+With+Tough+Questions&rft.date=1957-07-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DID8EAAAAMBAJ%26dq%3D%2522young%2Bman%2Bwith%2Btough%2Bquestions%2522%26pg%3DPA81&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> Thomas, p. 87. </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/films/rfk/#transcript">"RFK"</a>. PBS American Experience.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PBS+American+Experience&rft.atitle=RFK&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwgbh%2Famericanexperience%2Ffilms%2Frfk%2F%23transcript&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> "Kennedy Quits as Inquiry Aide". The New York Times. September 11, 1959. </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> Thomas, p. 89. </li> <li id="cite_note-Thomas88-90"><a href="#cite_ref-Thomas88_90-0">^</a> Thomas, pp. 88–89. </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> Hilty, p. 146. </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Brien2006" class="citation book cs1">O'Brien, Michael (2006). John F. Kennedy: A Biography. St. Martin's Griffin. pp. 453–454. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0312357450" title="Special:BookSources/978-0312357450"><bdi>978-0312357450</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=John+F.+Kennedy%3A+A+Biography&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E453-%3C%2Fspan%3E454&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Griffin&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0312357450&rft.aulast=O%27Brien&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> Sabato, p. 53. </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCosgrave2014" class="citation web cs1">Cosgrave, Ben (May 24, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://time.com/3491219/behind-the-picture-jfk-and-rfk-los-angeles-july-1960/">"Head to Head: JFK and RFK, Los Angeles, July 1960"</a>. Time Magazine. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141114201919/http://time.com/3491219/behind-the-picture-jfk-and-rfk-los-angeles-july-1960/">Archived</a> from the original on November 14, 2014. Retrieved March 19, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Time+Magazine&rft.atitle=Head+to+Head%3A+JFK+and+RFK%2C+Los+Angeles%2C+July+1960&rft.date=2014-05-24&rft.aulast=Cosgrave&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftime.com%2F3491219%2Fbehind-the-picture-jfk-and-rfk-los-angeles-july-1960%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOshinsky1997" class="citation news cs1">Oshinsky, David M. (October 26, 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160822202643/https://www.nytimes.com/books/97/10/26/reviews/971026.26oshinkt.html">"Fear and Loathing in the White House"</a>. The New York Times. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/books/97/10/26/reviews/971026.26oshinkt.html">the original</a> on August 22, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Fear+and+Loathing+in+the+White+House&rft.date=1997-10-26&rft.aulast=Oshinsky&rft.aufirst=David+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Fbooks%2F97%2F10%2F26%2Freviews%2F971026.26oshinkt.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> Schlesinger (2002) [1978] pp. 206–211. </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> Thomas, p. 96. </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> Thomas, pp. 102–103. </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKing2005" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">King, Martin Luther Jr.</a> (2005). The Papers of Martin Luther King Jr. Vol. V: Threshold of a New Decade, January 1959 – December 1960. University of California Press. pp. 38–39. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0520242395" title="Special:BookSources/978-0520242395"><bdi>978-0520242395</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Papers+of+Martin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E38-%3C%2Fspan%3E39&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0520242395&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=Martin+Luther+Jr.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.justice.gov/ag/bio/kennedy-robert-francis">"Attorney General: Robert Francis Kennedy"</a>. U.S. Department of Justice. October 23, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=U.S.+Department+of+Justice&rft.atitle=Attorney+General%3A+Robert+Francis+Kennedy&rft.date=2014-10-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.justice.gov%2Fag%2Fbio%2Fkennedy-robert-francis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-asstpresident-101"><a href="#cite_ref-asstpresident_101-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2015/06/05/bobby-kennedy-is-he-the-assistant-president">"Bobby Kennedy: Is He the 'Assistant President'?"</a>. U.S. News & World Report. February 19, 1962. Retrieved August 31, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Bobby+Kennedy%3A+Is+He+the+%27Assistant+President%27%3F&rft.date=1962-02-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usnews.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2F2015%2F06%2F05%2Fbobby-kennedy-is-he-the-assistant-president&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> Schlesinger (1978), pp. 229–231. </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> Schlesinger (1978), pp. 230–232. </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchlesinger2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_M._Schlesinger_Jr." title="Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.">Schlesinger, Arthur M. Jr.</a> (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5L-EeG9djO4C&pg=PA233">Robert Kennedy and His Times</a>. New York City: Houghton Mifflin Company. p. 233. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-618-21928-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-618-21928-5"><bdi>978-0-618-21928-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Robert+Kennedy+and+His+Times&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pages=233&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Company&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-618-21928-5&rft.aulast=Schlesinger&rft.aufirst=Arthur+M.+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5L-EeG9djO4C%26pg%3DPA233&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchlesinger2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_M._Schlesinger_Jr." title="Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.">Schlesinger, Arthur M. Jr.</a> (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5L-EeG9djO4C&pg=PA233">Robert Kennedy and His Times</a>. New York City: Houghton Mifflin Company. p. 235. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-618-21928-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-618-21928-5"><bdi>978-0-618-21928-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Robert+Kennedy+and+His+Times&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pages=235&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Company&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-618-21928-5&rft.aulast=Schlesinger&rft.aufirst=Arthur+M.+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5L-EeG9djO4C%26pg%3DPA233&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-All_He_Asked-106"><a href="#cite_ref-All_He_Asked_106-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110204202425/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,872026,00.html">"New Administration: All He Asked"</a>. Time. February 3, 1961. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,872026,00.html">the original</a> on February 4, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=New+Administration%3A+All+He+Asked&rft.date=1961-02-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C872026%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nyht-conf-107"><a href="#cite_ref-nyht-conf_107-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvans1961" class="citation news cs1">Evans, Rowland Jr. (January 22, 1961). "Cabinet Is Confirmed In 3½ Hours by Senate". New York Herald Tribune. pp. 1, 17 – via ProQuest Historical Newspapers.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Herald+Tribune&rft.atitle=Cabinet+Is+Confirmed+In+3%C2%BD+Hours+by+Senate&rft.pages=1%2C+17&rft.date=1961-01-22&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=Rowland+Jr.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-wapo-conf-108"><a href="#cite_ref-wapo-conf_108-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarder1961" class="citation news cs1">Marder, Murrey (January 22, 1961). "Single Vote Against Bob Kennedy Mars Quick Confirmation". The Washington Post. pp. A1, A6 – via ProQuest Historical Newspapers.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Single+Vote+Against+Bob+Kennedy+Mars+Quick+Confirmation&rft.pages=A1%2C+A6&rft.date=1961-01-22&rft.aulast=Marder&rft.aufirst=Murrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nyt-conf-hearing-109">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nyt-conf-hearing_109-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyt-conf-hearing_109-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyt-conf-hearing_109-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis1961" class="citation news cs1">Lewis, Anthony (January 14, 1961). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1961/01/14/issue.html">"Robert Kennedy Wins Approval Of Senate Panel"</a>. The New York Times. pp. 1, 8.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Robert+Kennedy+Wins+Approval+Of+Senate+Panel&rft.pages=1%2C+8&rft.date=1961-01-14&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesmachine.nytimes.com%2Ftimesmachine%2F1961%2F01%2F14%2Fissue.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"> Also "Excerpts From the Testimony of Robert Kennedy Before Senate Panel", p. 8. </li> <li id="cite_note-nyt-conf-hearing-3-110"><a href="#cite_ref-nyt-conf-hearing-3_110-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReston1961" class="citation news cs1">Reston, James (January 14, 1961). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1961/01/14/97649366.html">"Harmony on Capitol Hill"</a>. The New York Times. p. 8.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Harmony+on+Capitol+Hill&rft.pages=8&rft.date=1961-01-14&rft.aulast=Reston&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesmachine.nytimes.com%2Ftimesmachine%2F1961%2F01%2F14%2F97649366.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> Shesol (1997), p. 68. </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> Schlesinger (1978), p. 237. </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> Schlesinger (1965), p. 696. </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> Caro (2012), pp. 236–237, 656n. </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jfklibrary.org/visit-museum/exhibits/permanent-exhibits/robert-kennedys-attorney-general-office">"Robert Kennedy's Attorney General Office"</a>. John F. Kennedy Presidential Library & Museum. Retrieved February 17, 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=John+F.+Kennedy+Presidential+Library+%26+Museum&rft.atitle=Robert+Kennedy%27s+Attorney+General+Office&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jfklibrary.org%2Fvisit-museum%2Fexhibits%2Fpermanent-exhibits%2Frobert-kennedys-attorney-general-office&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-James_W._Hilty_2000_408-116"><a href="#cite_ref-James_W._Hilty_2000_408_116-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHilty2000" class="citation book cs1">Hilty, James W. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_QpECR5E7_0C&pg=PA408">Robert Kennedy: Brother Protector</a>. Temple University Press. p. 408. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781566397667" title="Special:BookSources/9781566397667"><bdi>9781566397667</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Robert+Kennedy%3A+Brother+Protector&rft.pages=408&rft.pub=Temple+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9781566397667&rft.aulast=Hilty&rft.aufirst=James+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_QpECR5E7_0C%26pg%3DPA408&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> Caro (2012), p. 228. </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuncan_Watts2010" class="citation book cs1">Duncan Watts (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160822203751/https://books.google.com/books?id=ul7V4hkVPKQC&pg=PA166">Dictionary of American Government and Politics</a>. 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Kennedy. pp. 146–148.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Presidency+of+John+F.+Kennedy&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E146-%3C%2Fspan%3E148&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Giglio&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchwartz2010" class="citation journal cs1">Schwartz, David (September 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalscholarship.unlv.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1120&context=lib_articles">"Not Undertaking the Almost-Impossible Task: The 1961 Wire Act's Development, Initial Applications, and Ultimate Purpose"</a>. Gaming Law Review and Economics. 14 (7): 533–540. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1089%2Fglre.2010.14708">10.1089/glre.2010.14708</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Gaming+Law+Review+and+Economics&rft.atitle=Not+Undertaking+the+Almost-Impossible+Task%3A+The+1961+Wire+Act%27s+Development%2C+Initial+Applications%2C+and+Ultimate+Purpose&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E533-%3C%2Fspan%3E540&rft.date=2010-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1089%2Fglre.2010.14708&rft.aulast=Schwartz&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigitalscholarship.unlv.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1120%26context%3Dlib_articles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRothchild2016" class="citation book cs1">Rothchild, John A. 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Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 453. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781783479924" title="Special:BookSources/9781783479924"><bdi>9781783479924</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Research+Handbook+on+Electronic+Commerce+Law&rft.pages=453&rft.pub=Edward+Elgar+Publishing&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9781783479924&rft.aulast=Rothchild&rft.aufirst=John+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dr_MCDQAAQBAJ%26dq%3DRobert%2BKennedy%2BWire%2BAct%2C%2BTravel%2BAct%2C%2Band%2BInterstate%2BTransportation%2Bof%2BParaphernalia%2BAct%26pg%3DPA453&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.justice.gov/sites/default/files/ag/legacy/2011/01/20/05-17-1961.pdf">"Statement of the Honorable Robert F. 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Kennedy"</a>. The Guardian. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/law/2010/dec/10/patricia-scotland-robert-kennedy">the original</a> on August 22, 2016. Retrieved August 22, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=My+legal+hero%3A+Robert+F.+Kennedy&rft.date=2010-12-10&rft.aulast=Scotland&rft.aufirst=Patricia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Flaw%2F2010%2Fdec%2F10%2Fpatricia-scotland-robert-kennedy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> Hilty, p. 203. </li> <li id="cite_note-npr2015-125"><a href="#cite_ref-npr2015_125-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160822205623/http://www.npr.org/2015/07/06/420595057/vendetta-recalls-the-ruthless-rivalry-between-bobby-kennedy-jimmy-hoffa">"'Vendetta' Recalls The Ruthless Rivalry Between Bobby Kennedy, Jimmy Hoffa"</a>. NPR. July 6, 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/2015/07/06/420595057/vendetta-recalls-the-ruthless-rivalry-between-bobby-kennedy-jimmy-hoffa">the original</a> on August 22, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NPR&rft.atitle=%27Vendetta%27+Recalls+The+Ruthless+Rivalry+Between+Bobby+Kennedy%2C+Jimmy+Hoffa&rft.date=2015-07-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2015%2F07%2F06%2F420595057%2Fvendetta-recalls-the-ruthless-rivalry-between-bobby-kennedy-jimmy-hoffa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna4638275">"The secrets of J. Edgar Hoover"</a>. NBC News. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://iml.jou.ufl.edu/projects/Fall05/slewis/Ch2.html">the original</a> on August 22, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Disappearance+of+Jimmy+Hoffa&rft.pub=jou.ufl.edu&rft.au=University+of+Florida&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fiml.jou.ufl.edu%2Fprojects%2FFall05%2Fslewis%2FCh2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150822194431/https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/a-political-blood-feud/2015/07/16/eb3ea120-2030-11e5-84d5-eb37ee8eaa61_story.html">"Inside the long-running conflcit between Bobby Kennedy and Jimmy Hoffa"</a>. The Washington Post. July 17, 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/a-political-blood-feud/2015/07/16/eb3ea120-2030-11e5-84d5-eb37ee8eaa61_story.html">the original</a> on August 22, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Inside+the+long-running+conflcit+between+Bobby+Kennedy+and+Jimmy+Hoffa&rft.date=2015-07-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fopinions%2Fa-political-blood-feud%2F2015%2F07%2F16%2Feb3ea120-2030-11e5-84d5-eb37ee8eaa61_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmitz" class="citation web cs1">Schmitz, Jacqueline A. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130515231606/http://pabook.libraries.psu.edu/palitmap/bios/Hoffa__Jimmy.html">"Hoffa, James Riddle"</a>. libraries.psu.edu. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pabook.libraries.psu.edu/palitmap/bios/Hoffa__Jimmy.html">the original</a> on May 15, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hoffa%2C+James+Riddle&rft.pub=libraries.psu.edu&rft.aulast=Schmitz&rft.aufirst=Jacqueline+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpabook.libraries.psu.edu%2Fpalitmap%2Fbios%2FHoffa__Jimmy.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1964/09/04/archives/kennedys-role-as-attorney-general.html">"Kennedy's Role as Attorney General"</a>. The New York Times. September 4, 1964.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Kennedy%27s+Role+as+Attorney+General&rft.date=1964-09-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1964%2F09%2F04%2Farchives%2Fkennedys-role-as-attorney-general.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"> "He is charged with conducting a personal vendetta against the [Teamsters'] president, James R. Hoffa." </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1961/07/08/page/5/article/robt-kennedy-stands-firm-against-hoffa">"Robt. Kennedy Stands Firm Against Hoffa"</a>. Chicago Tribune. July 8, 1961.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Tribune&rft.atitle=Robt.+Kennedy+Stands+Firm+Against+Hoffa&rft.date=1961-07-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchives.chicagotribune.com%2F1961%2F07%2F08%2Fpage%2F5%2Farticle%2Frobt-kennedy-stands-firm-against-hoffa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeff2016" class="citation book cs1">Neff, James (2016). Vendetta: Bobby Kennedy Versus Jimmy Hoffa. p. 229.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vendetta%3A+Bobby+Kennedy+Versus+Jimmy+Hoffa&rft.pages=229&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Neff&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1962/09/08/page/4/article/threw-robert-kennedy-from-office-hoffa">"Threw Robert Kennedy from Office: Hoffa"</a>. Chicago Tribune. September 8, 1962.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Tribune&rft.atitle=Threw+Robert+Kennedy+from+Office%3A+Hoffa&rft.date=1962-09-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchives.chicagotribune.com%2F1962%2F09%2F08%2Fpage%2F4%2Farticle%2Fthrew-robert-kennedy-from-office-hoffa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-prison-134">^ <a href="#cite_ref-prison_134-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-prison_134-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://casetext.com/case/united-states-v-hoffa-15">"United States v. Hoffa, 367 F.2d 698; Casetext"</a>. casetext.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=casetext.com&rft.atitle=United+States+v.+Hoffa%2C+367+F.2d+698%3B+Casetext&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcasetext.com%2Fcase%2Funited-states-v-hoffa-15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hoffa-135"><a href="#cite_ref-Hoffa_135-0">^</a> <ul><li>Brill, Steven. The Teamsters. Paperback ed. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1979. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-671-82905-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-671-82905-X">0-671-82905-X</a>.</li> <li>Sloane, Arthur A. Hoffa. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1991. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-262-19309-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-262-19309-4">0-262-19309-4</a></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1964/03/05/page/1/article/jury-finds-hoffa-guilty">"3 Teamster Boss Pals Face Term; Dorfman Freed"</a>. Chicago Tribune. March 5, 1964.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Tribune&rft.atitle=3+Teamster+Boss+Pals+Face+Term%3B+Dorfman+Freed&rft.date=1964-03-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchives.chicagotribune.com%2F1964%2F03%2F05%2Fpage%2F1%2Farticle%2Fjury-finds-hoffa-guilty&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> Hoffa was convicted of <a href="/wiki/Embezzlement" title="Embezzlement">embezzling</a> money from a Teamster-run <a href="/wiki/Pension_fund" title="Pension fund">pension fund</a> and using it to invest in a Florida retirement community. In return, Hoffa had a 45 percent interest in the project, and he and several others received <a href="/wiki/Bribery" title="Bribery">kickbacks</a> in the form of "finder's fees" from developers for securing the money. See: Brill, Steven. The Teamsters. Paperback ed. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1979. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-671-82905-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-671-82905-X">0-671-82905-X</a>; Sloane, Arthur A. Hoffa. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press, 1991. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-262-19309-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-262-19309-4">0-262-19309-4</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-commuted-138"><a href="#cite_ref-commuted_138-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1971/12/24/archives/nixon-commutes-hoffa-sentence-curbs-union-role-teamster-served.html">"Nixon Commutes Hoffa Sentence, Curbs Union Role"</a>. The New York Times. 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Retrieved May 3, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Robert+F.+Kennedy&rft.pub=JFK+Library&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jfklibrary.org%2Flearn%2Fabout-jfk%2Fthe-kennedy-family%2Frobert-f-kennedy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBohrer2017" class="citation book cs1">Bohrer, John R. (2017). The Revolution of Robert Kennedy: From Power to Protest After JFK. Bloomsbury. pp. 55–56.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Revolution+of+Robert+Kennedy%3A+From+Power+to+Protest+After+JFK&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E55-%3C%2Fspan%3E56&rft.pub=Bloomsbury&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Bohrer&rft.aufirst=John+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBelknap1995" class="citation book cs1">Belknap, Michal R. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IIXxGKEqg_oC">Federal Law and Southern Order: Racial Violence and Constitutional Conflict in the Post-Brown South</a>. Studies in the legal history of the South (illustrated, reprinted ed.). University of Georgia Press. p. 72. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780820317359" title="Special:BookSources/9780820317359"><bdi>9780820317359</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Federal+Law+and+Southern+Order%3A+Racial+Violence+and+Constitutional+Conflict+in+the+Post-Brown+South&rft.series=Studies+in+the+legal+history+of+the+South&rft.pages=72&rft.edition=illustrated%2C+reprinted&rft.pub=University+of+Georgia+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=9780820317359&rft.aulast=Belknap&rft.aufirst=Michal+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIIXxGKEqg_oC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-time_steel-167"><a href="#cite_ref-time_steel_167-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/printout/0,8816,873526,00.html">"Smiting the Foe"</a>. Time. April 20, 1962. Retrieved June 6, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Smiting+the+Foe&rft.date=1962-04-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent.time.com%2Ftime%2Fsubscriber%2Fprintout%2F0%2C8816%2C873526%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> Schlesinger (2002) [1978], pp. 402–407 </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKendall_Stiles" class="citation web cs1">Kendall Stiles. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://instruct.westvalley.edu/kelly/PoliSci4_on_campus/Online%20Readings/stiles_cuban_missile.htm">"The Cuban Missile Crisis: Rationality – Case Histories in International Politics"</a> (5th ed.). West Valley College.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Cuban+Missile+Crisis%3A+Rationality+%E2%80%93+Case+Histories+in+International+Politics&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=West+Valley+College&rft.au=Kendall+Stiles&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Finstruct.westvalley.edu%2Fkelly%2FPoliSci4_on_campus%2FOnline%2520Readings%2Fstiles_cuban_missile.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKempe2011" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Kempe" title="Frederick Kempe">Kempe, Frederick</a> (June 14, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160822204203/http://blogs.reuters.com/berlin1961/2011/06/14/kennedys-showdown-at-checkpoint-charlie/">"Berlin 1961 Kennedy, Khrushchev and the most dangerous place on Earth Kennedy's showdown at Checkpoint Charlie"</a>. Reuters. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blogs.reuters.com/berlin1961/2011/06/14/kennedys-showdown-at-checkpoint-charlie/">the original</a> on August 22, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Berlin+1961+Kennedy%2C+Khrushchev+and+the+most+dangerous+place+on+Earth+Kennedy%27s+showdown+at+Checkpoint+Charlie&rft.date=2011-06-14&rft.aulast=Kempe&rft.aufirst=Frederick&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblogs.reuters.com%2Fberlin1961%2F2011%2F06%2F14%2Fkennedys-showdown-at-checkpoint-charlie%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKempe2011" class="citation book cs1">Kempe, Frederick (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/berlin1961kenned0000kemp/page/478">Berlin 1961</a>. Penguin Group (USA). pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/berlin1961kenned0000kemp/page/478">478–479</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-399-15729-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-399-15729-5"><bdi>978-0-399-15729-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Berlin+1961&rft.pages=478-479&rft.pub=Penguin+Group+%28USA%29&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-399-15729-5&rft.aulast=Kempe&rft.aufirst=Frederick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fberlin1961kenned0000kemp%2Fpage%2F478&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> Schlesinger (1978), p. 500. </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Andreas_Daum" title="Andreas Daum">Andreas Daum</a>, Kennedy in Berlin. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2008, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-85824-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-85824-3">978-0-521-85824-3</a>, pp. 57–61. </li> <li id="cite_note-rabe-174"><a href="#cite_ref-rabe_174-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRabe2000" class="citation journal cs1">Rabe, Stephen G. (2000). "After the Missiles of October: John F. Kennedy and Cuba, November 1962 to November 1963". Presidential Studies Quarterly. 30 (4): 724. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.0360-4918.2000.00140.x">10.1111/j.0360-4918.2000.00140.x</a>. <q>But Schlesinger, who deplored Robert Kennedy's role in Operation Mongoose, conceded that when it came to Cuba, the attorney general was 'ever the activist,' constantly exclaiming that the administration 'must do something about Castro' (p. 543) (...) The Kennedy administration also showed no interest in Castro's repeated request that the United States cease its campaign of sabotage and terrorism against Cuba.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Presidential+Studies+Quarterly&rft.atitle=After+the+Missiles+of+October%3A+John+F.+Kennedy+and+Cuba%2C+November+1962+to+November+1963&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=724&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.0360-4918.2000.00140.x&rft.aulast=Rabe&rft.aufirst=Stephen+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jfklibrary.org/learn/about-jfk/the-kennedy-family/robert-f-kennedy">"Robert F. Kennedy"</a>. JFK Library.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Robert+F.+Kennedy&rft.pub=JFK+Library&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jfklibrary.org%2Flearn%2Fabout-jfk%2Fthe-kennedy-family%2Frobert-f-kennedy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/rfk-operation-mongoose/">"Operation Mongoose"</a>. <a href="/wiki/American_Experience" title="American Experience">American Experience</a>. <a href="/wiki/PBS" title="PBS">PBS</a>. <q>A congressional investigation of the CIA later uncovered eight separate plots of varying ridiculousness between 1960 and 1965. But did either John or Robert Kennedy actually order him killed? History will probably never know. The Kennedys knew the meaning of the term 'plausible deniability' all too well, and had been taught the old Boston Irish political rule, 'never write it down'.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=American+Experience&rft.atitle=Operation+Mongoose&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwgbh%2Famericanexperience%2Ffeatures%2Frfk-operation-mongoose%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB222/family_jewels_wh2.pdf">January 4, 1975, memorandum of conversation</a> between President <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford</a> and <a href="/wiki/Henry_Kissinger" title="Henry Kissinger">Henry Kissinger</a>, made available by the <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Archive" title="National Security Archive">National Security Archive</a>, June 2007 </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070625220052/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=%2Fnews%2F2007%2F06%2F23%2Fwcia123.xml">"CIA's 'family jewels' on show"</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a>, June 23, 2007 </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> Schlesinger 2002 (reprint), pp. 493–494. </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> Thomas, pp. 171–172. </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> Thomas, p. 159. </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thenation.com/article/old-man-and-cia-kennedy-plot-kill-castro/">"The Old Man and the CIA: A Kennedy Plot to Kill Castro?"</a>. The Nation. March 8, 2001.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Nation&rft.atitle=The+Old+Man+and+the+CIA%3A+A+Kennedy+Plot+to+Kill+Castro%3F&rft.date=2001-03-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenation.com%2Farticle%2Fold-man-and-cia-kennedy-plot-kill-castro%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160823123217/https://history.state.gov/milestones/1961-1968/bay-of-pigs">"The Bay of Pigs Invasion and its Aftermath, April 1961 – October 1962"</a>. history.state.gov. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.state.gov/milestones/1961-1968/bay-of-pigs">the original</a> on August 23, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Bay+of+Pigs+Invasion+and+its+Aftermath%2C+April+1961+%E2%80%93+October+1962&rft.pub=history.state.gov&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.state.gov%2Fmilestones%2F1961-1968%2Fbay-of-pigs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeiner1997" class="citation news cs1">Weiner, Tim (November 19, 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160823123351/http://www.nytimes.com/1997/11/19/us/declassified-papers-show-anti-castro-ideas-proposed-to-kennedy.html">"Declassified Papers Show Anti-Castro Ideas Proposed to Kennedy"</a>. The New York Times. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1997/11/19/us/declassified-papers-show-anti-castro-ideas-proposed-to-kennedy.html">the original</a> on August 23, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Declassified+Papers+Show+Anti-Castro+Ideas+Proposed+to+Kennedy&rft.date=1997-11-19&rft.aulast=Weiner&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1997%2F11%2F19%2Fus%2Fdeclassified-papers-show-anti-castro-ideas-proposed-to-kennedy.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hayes_2019-185"><a href="#cite_ref-Hayes_2019_185-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHayes2019" class="citation journal cs1">Hayes, Matthew A. (May 7, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10075581/">"Robert Kennedy and the Cuban Missile Crisis: A Reassertion of Robert Kennedy's Role as the President's 'Indispensable Partner' in the Successful Resolution of the Crisis"</a>. History. 104 (361). Wiley: 473–503. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1468-229x.12815">10.1111/1468-229x.12815</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0018-2648">0018-2648</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:164907501">164907501</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History&rft.atitle=Robert+Kennedy+and+the+Cuban+Missile+Crisis%3A+A+Reassertion+of+Robert+Kennedy%27s+Role+as+the+President%27s+%27Indispensable+Partner%27+in+the+Successful+Resolution+of+the+Crisis&rft.volume=104&rft.issue=361&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E473-%3C%2Fspan%3E503&rft.date=2019-05-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A164907501%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0018-2648&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2F1468-229x.12815&rft.aulast=Hayes&rft.aufirst=Matthew+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdiscovery.ucl.ac.uk%2Fid%2Feprint%2F10075581%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://microsites.jfklibrary.org/cmc/oct27/">"The World on the Brink: John F. Kennedy and the Cuban Missile Crisis"</a>. John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+World+on+the+Brink%3A+John+F.+Kennedy+and+the+Cuban+Missile+Crisis&rft.pub=John+F.+Kennedy+Presidential+Library+and+Museum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmicrosites.jfklibrary.org%2Fcmc%2Foct27%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> Thomas, p. 224–231. </li> <li id="cite_note-20210730HershbergAnatomyofaControversy-188"><a href="#cite_ref-20210730HershbergAnatomyofaControversy_188-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHershberg1995" class="citation journal cs1">Hershberg, Jim (Spring 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/nsa/cuba_mis_cri/moment.htm">"Anatomy of a Controversy: Anatoly F. Dobrynin's Meeting With Robert F. Kennedy, Saturday, 27 October 1962"</a>. Cold War International History Project Bulletin (5). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20210730071109/https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/nsa/cuba_mis_cri/moment.htm">Archived</a> from the original on July 30, 2021 – via The National Security Archive at George Washington University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cold+War+International+History+Project+Bulletin&rft.atitle=Anatomy+of+a+Controversy%3A+Anatoly+F.+Dobrynin%27s+Meeting+With+Robert+F.+Kennedy%2C+Saturday%2C+27+October+1962&rft.ssn=spring&rft.issue=5&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Hershberg&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnsarchive2.gwu.edu%2Fnsa%2Fcuba_mis_cri%2Fmoment.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlover2000" class="citation book cs1">Glover, Jonathan (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xtqFJVhmuowC">Humanity: a moral history of the twentieth century</a>. Yale University Press. p. 464. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-08700-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-08700-0"><bdi>978-0-300-08700-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200727165249/https://books.google.com/books?id=xtqFJVhmuowC">Archived</a> from the original on July 27, 2020. Retrieved July 2, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Humanity%3A+a+moral+history+of+the+twentieth+century&rft.pages=464&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-300-08700-0&rft.aulast=Glover&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxtqFJVhmuowC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1316/is_10_32/ai_66495286">"Clarity Through Complexity"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071223120100/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1316/is_10_32/ai_66495286">Archived</a> December 23, 2007, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, October 2000, FindArticles, Retrieved June 10, 2007 </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a> Thomas, p. 232. </li> <li id="cite_note-Kapur50-192">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kapur50_192-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kapur50_192-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kapur50_192-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kapur50_192-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kapur50_192-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKapur2018" class="citation book cs1">Kapur, Nick (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Re5hDwAAQBAJ">Japan at the Crossroads: Conflict and Compromise after Anpo</a>. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 50. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0674984424" title="Special:BookSources/978-0674984424"><bdi>978-0674984424</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Japan+at+the+Crossroads%3A+Conflict+and+Compromise+after+Anpo&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pages=50&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0674984424&rft.aulast=Kapur&rft.aufirst=Nick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRe5hDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Palmero1-6-193">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Palmero1-6_193-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Palmero1-6_193-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPalmero2002" class="citation book cs1">Palmero, Joseph A. (2002). In His Own Right: The Political Odyssey of Senator Robert F. Kennedy. Columbia University Press. pp. 1–6.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+His+Own+Right%3A+The+Political+Odyssey+of+Senator+Robert+F.+Kennedy&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E6&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Palmero&rft.aufirst=Joseph+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://abcnews.go.com/WNT/story?id=131457&page=1">"Robert Kennedy Struggled With JFK's Assassination"</a>. ABC News. January 7, 2006. Retrieved January 17, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Robert+Kennedy+Struggled+With+JFK%27s+Assassination&rft.date=2006-01-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fabcnews.go.com%2FWNT%2Fstory%3Fid%3D131457%26page%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a> Thomas, pp. 276–277. </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a> Sabato, p. 16. </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevy2003" class="citation book cs1">Levy, Debbie (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lyndonbjohnson00levy/page/72">Lyndon B. Johnson</a>. Lerner. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lyndonbjohnson00levy/page/72">72.</a> <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0822500971" title="Special:BookSources/978-0822500971"><bdi>978-0822500971</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lyndon+B.+Johnson&rft.pages=72.&rft.pub=Lerner&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0822500971&rft.aulast=Levy&rft.aufirst=Debbie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flyndonbjohnson00levy%2Fpage%2F72&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2013/11/24/his-brother-keeper-robert-kennedy-saw-conspiracy-jfk-assassination/TmZ0nfKsB34p69LWUBgsEJ/story.html">"Robert F. Kennedy saw conspiracy in JFK's assassination"</a>. The Boston Globe. November 24, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Boston+Globe&rft.atitle=Robert+F.+Kennedy+saw+conspiracy+in+JFK%27s+assassination&rft.date=2013-11-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bostonglobe.com%2Fmetro%2F2013%2F11%2F24%2Fhis-brother-keeper-robert-kennedy-saw-conspiracy-jfk-assassination%2FTmZ0nfKsB34p69LWUBgsEJ%2Fstory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKennedy1998" class="citation book cs1">Kennedy, Robert F. (1998). <a href="/wiki/Max_Kennedy" title="Max Kennedy">Kennedy, Maxwell Taylor</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/makegentlelifeof00kenn/page/137">Make Gentle the Life of This World: The Vision of Robert F. Kennedy</a>. Orlando, Florida: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/makegentlelifeof00kenn/page/137">137–139</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-15-100356-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-15-100356-3"><bdi>978-0-15-100356-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Make+Gentle+the+Life+of+This+World%3A+The+Vision+of+Robert+F.+Kennedy&rft.place=Orlando%2C+Florida&rft.pages=137-139&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Harcourt&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-15-100356-3&rft.aulast=Kennedy&rft.aufirst=Robert+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmakegentlelifeof00kenn%2Fpage%2F137&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonnelly1999" class="citation magazine cs1">Donnelly, Sally B. (July 26, 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/ALLPOLITICS/time/1999/07/26/kennedy.townsend.html">"Kathleen Kennedy Townsend: Just like her father?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a>. Retrieved April 6, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Kathleen+Kennedy+Townsend%3A+Just+like+her+father%3F&rft.date=1999-07-26&rft.aulast=Donnelly&rft.aufirst=Sally+B.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2FALLPOLITICS%2Ftime%2F1999%2F07%2F26%2Fkennedy.townsend.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHilty2000" class="citation book cs1">Hilty, James (2000). Robert Kennedy: Brother Protector. Temple University Press. p. 484. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1566397667" title="Special:BookSources/978-1566397667"><bdi>978-1566397667</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Robert+Kennedy%3A+Brother+Protector&rft.pages=484&rft.pub=Temple+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1566397667&rft.aulast=Hilty&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a> Thomas, p. 284. </li> <li id="cite_note-Pittsburgh_Post-Gazette;_September_28,_1964-203">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pittsburgh_Post-Gazette;_September_28,_1964_203-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pittsburgh_Post-Gazette;_September_28,_1964_203-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=m9haAAAAIBAJ&pg=3479%2C4668179">"JFK Report Is Approved By Robert"</a>. Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Pittsburgh. AP. September 28, 1964. p. 1. Retrieved July 19, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pittsburgh+Post-Gazette&rft.atitle=JFK+Report+Is+Approved+By+Robert&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1964-09-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3Dm9haAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D3479%252C4668179&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a> Thomas, p. 298. </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a> Caro (2012), pp. 574–575. </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNaftaliFursenko1997" class="citation book cs1">Naftali, Timothy; Fursenko, Aleksandr (1997). One Hell of a Gamble: Khrushchev, Castro, and Kennedy, 1958-1964. W.W. Norton and Company. pp. 344–6.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=One+Hell+of+a+Gamble%3A+Khrushchev%2C+Castro%2C+and+Kennedy%2C+1958-1964&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E344-%3C%2Fspan%3E6&rft.pub=W.W.+Norton+and+Company&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Naftali&rft.aufirst=Timothy&rft.au=Fursenko%2C+Aleksandr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllen1998" class="citation news cs1">Allen, Jamie (June 5, 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/books/news/9806/05/last.patrician/index.html">"Beran's 'Last Patrician' reconsiders Bobby Kennedy's politics"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Beran%27s+%27Last+Patrician%27+reconsiders+Bobby+Kennedy%27s+politics&rft.date=1998-06-05&rft.aulast=Allen&rft.aufirst=Jamie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2Fbooks%2Fnews%2F9806%2F05%2Flast.patrician%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a> Tye, p. 314. </li> <li id="cite_note-209"><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPalermo2001" class="citation book cs1">Palermo, Joseph A. 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Sharpe. p. 111.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Liberalism%27s+Last+Hurrah%3A+The+Presidential+Campaign+of+1964&rft.pages=111&rft.pub=M.E.+Sharpe&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Donaldson&rft.aufirst=Gary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-217"><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonaldson2003" class="citation book cs1">Donaldson, Gary (2003). Liberalism's Last Hurrah: The Presidential Campaign of 1964. M.E. Sharpe. p. 186.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Liberalism%27s+Last+Hurrah%3A+The+Presidential+Campaign+of+1964&rft.pages=186&rft.pub=M.E.+Sharpe&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Donaldson&rft.aufirst=Gary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-218"><a href="#cite_ref-218">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonaldson2003" class="citation book cs1">Donaldson, Gary (2003). Liberalism's Last Hurrah: The Presidential Campaign of 1964. M.E. Sharpe. pp. 187–193.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Liberalism%27s+Last+Hurrah%3A+The+Presidential+Campaign+of+1964&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E187-%3C%2Fspan%3E193&rft.pub=M.E.+Sharpe&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Donaldson&rft.aufirst=Gary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sabato269-219">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sabato269_219-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sabato269_219-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSabato2014" class="citation book cs1">Sabato, Larry J. (2014). The Kennedy Half-Century: The Presidency, Assassination, and Lasting Legacy of John F. Kennedy. Bloomsbury USA. pp. 269–271. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1620402825" title="Special:BookSources/978-1620402825"><bdi>978-1620402825</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Kennedy+Half-Century%3A+The+Presidency%2C+Assassination%2C+and+Lasting+Legacy+of+John+F.+Kennedy&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E269-%3C%2Fspan%3E271&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+USA&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1620402825&rft.aulast=Sabato&rft.aufirst=Larry+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-220"><a href="#cite_ref-220">^</a> A. J. Langguth Our Vietnam (2000) pp. 311–312 </li> <li id="cite_note-221"><a href="#cite_ref-221">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonaldson2003" class="citation book cs1">Donaldson, Gary (2003). Liberalism's Last Hurrah: The Presidential Campaign of 1964. M.E. Sharpe. p. 230.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Liberalism%27s+Last+Hurrah%3A+The+Presidential+Campaign+of+1964&rft.pages=230&rft.pub=M.E.+Sharpe&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Donaldson&rft.aufirst=Gary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-222"><a href="#cite_ref-222">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchneider2001" class="citation book cs1">Schneider, Steven K. (2001). Robert F. Kennedy. iUniverse. p. 72. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0595137015" title="Special:BookSources/978-0595137015"><bdi>978-0595137015</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Robert+F.+Kennedy&rft.pages=72&rft.pub=iUniverse&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0595137015&rft.aulast=Schneider&rft.aufirst=Steven+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Thomas,_p._293-223">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Thomas,_p._293_223-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thomas,_p._293_223-1">b</a> Thomas, p. 293. </li> <li id="cite_note-Schlesinger_1978,_p._666-224">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schlesinger_1978,_p._666_224-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schlesinger_1978,_p._666_224-1">b</a> Schlesinger (1978), p. 666. </li> <li id="cite_note-225"><a href="#cite_ref-225">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1964/06/20/archives/senator-kennedy-hurt-in-air-crash-bayh-injured-too-both-are-in-fair.html">"Senator Kennedy Hurt in Air Crash; Bayh Injured, Too; Both Are In Fair Condition In Massachusetts Hospital—Pilot of Plane Killed"</a>. The New York Times. June 20, 1964. Retrieved December 10, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Senator+Kennedy+Hurt+in+Air+Crash%3B+Bayh+Injured%2C+Too%3B+Both+Are+In+Fair+Condition+In+Massachusetts+Hospital%E2%80%94Pilot+of+Plane+Killed&rft.date=1964-06-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1964%2F06%2F20%2Farchives%2Fsenator-kennedy-hurt-in-air-crash-bayh-injured-too-both-are-in-fair.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-226"><a href="#cite_ref-226">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShesol1998" class="citation book cs1">Shesol, Jeff (1998). Mutual Contempt: Lyndon Johnson, Robert Kennedy, and the Feud that Defined a Decade. W. W. Norton. p. 179.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mutual+Contempt%3A+Lyndon+Johnson%2C+Robert+Kennedy%2C+and+the+Feud+that+Defined+a+Decade&rft.pages=179&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Shesol&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-W._W._Norton-227"><a href="#cite_ref-W._W._Norton_227-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShesol1998" class="citation book cs1">Shesol, Jeff (1998). Mutual Contempt: Lyndon Johnson, Robert Kennedy, and the Feud that Defined a Decade. W. W. Norton. p. 180.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mutual+Contempt%3A+Lyndon+Johnson%2C+Robert+Kennedy%2C+and+the+Feud+that+Defined+a+Decade&rft.pages=180&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Shesol&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-228"><a href="#cite_ref-228">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/52579320/the-news-and-observer/">"Robert F. Kennedy Formally Announces"</a>. The News and Observer. August 26, 1964. p. 2. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20200601135000/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/52579320/the-news-and-observer/">Archived</a> from the original on June 1, 2020 – via <a href="/wiki/Newspapers.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Newspapers.com">Newspapers.com</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+News+and+Observer&rft.atitle=Robert+F.+Kennedy+Formally+Announces&rft.pages=2&rft.date=1964-08-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fclip%2F52579320%2Fthe-news-and-observer%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-229"><a href="#cite_ref-229">^</a> Dallek (1998), Flawed Giant: Lyndon Johnson and His Times, 1961–1973, p. 58. </li> <li id="cite_note-230"><a href="#cite_ref-230">^</a> Thomas, p. 297. </li> <li id="cite_note-231"><a href="#cite_ref-231">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1964/08/12/archives/but-does-new-york-need-him.html">"But Does New York Need Him?"</a>. The New York Times. August 12, 1964.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=But+Does+New+York+Need+Him%3F&rft.date=1964-08-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1964%2F08%2F12%2Farchives%2Fbut-does-new-york-need-him.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"> "if his brother were not already representing Massachusetts in the U.S. Senate, Mr. Kennedy undoubtedly would have <a href="/wiki/1964_United_States_Senate_election_in_Massachusetts" title="1964 United States Senate election in Massachusetts">run in that state</a>. But to run now would mean that he would have to elbow out another Kennedy. Thus, Mr. Kennedy apparently needs New York. But does New York really need Bobby Kennedy?" </li> <li id="cite_note-232"><a href="#cite_ref-232">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRudin1999" class="citation news cs1">Rudin, Ken (June 11, 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/politics/campaigns/junkie/archive/junkie061199.htm">"A Warm New York Welcome"</a>. Washington Post. <q>His goal thwarted, Bobby then decided to run for the Senate. He couldn't run from his home state of Massachusetts – not when the incumbent up in '64 was his brother Ted.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=A+Warm+New+York+Welcome&rft.date=1999-06-11&rft.aulast=Rudin&rft.aufirst=Ken&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-srv%2Fpolitics%2Fcampaigns%2Fjunkie%2Farchive%2Fjunkie061199.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-233"><a href="#cite_ref-233">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShesol1998" class="citation book cs1">Shesol, Jeff (1998). Mutual Contempt: Lyndon Johnson, Robert Kennedy, and the Feud that Defined a Decade. W. W. Norton. p. 213.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mutual+Contempt%3A+Lyndon+Johnson%2C+Robert+Kennedy%2C+and+the+Feud+that+Defined+a+Decade&rft.pages=213&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Shesol&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Another_Senator_Kennedy-234"><a href="#cite_ref-Another_Senator_Kennedy_234-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1964/05/16/archives/another-senator-kennedy.html">"Another Senator Kennedy?"</a>. The New York Times. May 16, 1964. Retrieved April 8, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Another+Senator+Kennedy%3F&rft.date=1964-05-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1964%2F05%2F16%2Farchives%2Fanother-senator-kennedy.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-235"><a href="#cite_ref-235">^</a> Tye, p. 320 </li> <li id="cite_note-236"><a href="#cite_ref-236">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160823134420/http://www.nydailynews.com/news/politics/bobby-claims-victory-keating-article-1.1991856">"From the archives: Bobby claims victory over Keating"</a>. New York Daily News. November 4, 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nydailynews.com/news/politics/bobby-claims-victory-keating-article-1.1991856">the original</a> on August 23, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Daily+News&rft.atitle=From+the+archives%3A+Bobby+claims+victory+over+Keating&rft.date=2014-11-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nydailynews.com%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Fbobby-claims-victory-keating-article-1.1991856&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-237"><a href="#cite_ref-237">^</a> Schlesinger, p. 668. </li> <li id="cite_note-238"><a href="#cite_ref-238">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcNearney2018" class="citation web cs1">McNearney, Allison (September 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.history.com/news/robert-f-kennedy-1964-senator-columbia-university-speech">"Watch RFK's Speech from his 1964 Senate Campaign"</a>. History.com. Retrieved April 16, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=History.com&rft.atitle=Watch+RFK%27s+Speech+from+his+1964+Senate+Campaign&rft.date=2018-09&rft.aulast=McNearney&rft.aufirst=Allison&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.com%2Fnews%2Frobert-f-kennedy-1964-senator-columbia-university-speech&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-239"><a href="#cite_ref-239">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CDIR-1964-01-01/pdf/CDIR-1964-01-01.pdf">Official Congressional Directory – 88th Congress</a> (PDF). 1964. p. 489.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Official+Congressional+Directory+%E2%80%93+88th+Congress&rft.pages=489&rft.date=1964&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.govinfo.gov%2Fcontent%2Fpkg%2FCDIR-1964-01-01%2Fpdf%2FCDIR-1964-01-01.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-240"><a href="#cite_ref-240">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBohrer2017" class="citation book cs1">Bohrer, John R. (2017). The Revolution of Robert Kennedy: From Power to Protest After JFK. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 114.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Revolution+of+Robert+Kennedy%3A+From+Power+to+Protest+After+JFK&rft.pages=114&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Bohrer&rft.aufirst=John+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-241"><a href="#cite_ref-241">^</a> Schlesinger (1978), p. 668. </li> <li id="cite_note-242"><a href="#cite_ref-242">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1964/09/09/page/46/article/kennedy-rips-into-record-of-sen-keating">"Kennedy Rips into Record of Sen. Keating"</a>. Chicago Tribune. September 9, 1964.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Tribune&rft.atitle=Kennedy+Rips+into+Record+of+Sen.+Keating&rft.date=1964-09-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchives.chicagotribune.com%2F1964%2F09%2F09%2Fpage%2F46%2Farticle%2Fkennedy-rips-into-record-of-sen-keating&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-243"><a href="#cite_ref-243">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1964/09/02/archives/kennedy-swamps-stratton-to-win-state-nomination-democrats-name.html">"Kennedy Swamps Stratton to Win State Nomination; Democrats Name Attorney General, 968 to 153, at a Noisy Convention Here; Nominee Answers Foes; He Says New York's First Senator Was an Able Man from Massachusetts"</a>. The New York Times. September 2, 1964.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Kennedy+Swamps+Stratton+to+Win+State+Nomination%3B+Democrats+Name+Attorney+General%2C+968+to+153%2C+at+a+Noisy+Convention+Here%3B+Nominee+Answers+Foes%3B+He+Says+New+York%27s+First+Senator+Was+an+Able+Man+from+Massachusetts&rft.date=1964-09-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1964%2F09%2F02%2Farchives%2Fkennedy-swamps-stratton-to-win-state-nomination-democrats-name.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-244"><a href="#cite_ref-244">^</a> Kennedy, Rory. Ethel. <a href="/wiki/HBO" title="HBO">HBO</a> Documentary Films. October 18, 2012. </li> <li id="cite_note-245"><a href="#cite_ref-245">^</a> Shesol (1997), p. 229. </li> <li id="cite_note-246"><a href="#cite_ref-246">^</a> Schlesinger (1978), p. 676. </li> <li id="cite_note-247"><a href="#cite_ref-247">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKennedy2018" class="citation book cs1">Kennedy, Robert F. (2018). Allen, Richard; Guthman, Edwin (eds.). RFK: His Words for Our Times. New York: William Morrow. p. 133. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780062834140" title="Special:BookSources/9780062834140"><bdi>9780062834140</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1031929341">1031929341</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=RFK%3A+His+Words+for+Our+Times&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=133&rft.pub=William+Morrow&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1031929341&rft.isbn=9780062834140&rft.aulast=Kennedy&rft.aufirst=Robert+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-248"><a href="#cite_ref-248">^</a> Palermo, pp. 8–9. </li> <li id="cite_note-Canellos-249">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Canellos_249-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Canellos_249-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEnglishCanellos2009" class="citation book cs1">English, Bella; Canellos, Peter S. 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Kennedy once spoke about gun control in Roseburg, Oregon"</a>. Boston.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Video%3A+Robert+F.+Kennedy+once+spoke+about+gun+control+in+Roseburg%2C+Oregon&rft.date=2015-10-06&rft.aulast=Levenson&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.boston.com%2Fnews%2Fnation%2F2015%2F10%2F06%2Fvideo-robert-kennedy-once-spoke-about-gun-control-roseburg-oregon%2FFc4YYHtz8CbfhSyeHU65nI%2Fstory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wilson2007-256"><a href="#cite_ref-Wilson2007_256-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson,_Harry_L.2007" class="citation book cs1">Wilson, Harry L. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://billmoyers.com/content/what-inspired-robert-f-kennedys-fight-against-hunger/">the original</a> on August 23, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=What+Inspired+Robert+F.+Kennedy%27s+Fight+Against+Hunger&rft.date=2012-06-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbillmoyers.com%2Fcontent%2Fwhat-inspired-robert-f-kennedys-fight-against-hunger%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-281"><a href="#cite_ref-281">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://philanthropy.com/article/War-on-Poverty-Spurs-Lifelong/153157">"War on Poverty Spurs Lifelong Advocacy for Children"</a>. Philanthropy.com. 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Retrieved April 8, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Robert+F.+Kennedy&rft.pub=John+F.+Kennedy+Presidential+Library+and+Museum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jfklibrary.org%2Flearn%2Fabout-jfk%2Fthe-kennedy-family%2Frobert-f-kennedy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-287"><a href="#cite_ref-287">^</a> Thomas, p. 340. </li> <li id="cite_note-288"><a href="#cite_ref-288">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholarlycommons.law.wlu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2957&context=wlulr">"The Nonprofit Corporation and Community Development in Bedford- Stuyvesant"</a>. Washington and Lee Law Review. 42 (4): 1264–1271. 1985.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+and+Lee+Law+Review&rft.atitle=The+Nonprofit+Corporation+and+Community+Development+in+Bedford-+Stuyvesant&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1264-%3C%2Fspan%3E1271&rft.date=1985&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholarlycommons.law.wlu.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D2957%26context%3Dwlulr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-289"><a href="#cite_ref-289">^</a> Mills, pp. 339–340. </li> <li id="cite_note-290"><a href="#cite_ref-290">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDreier2012" class="citation book cs1">Dreier, Peter (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/100greatestameri0000drei/page/339">The 100 greatest Americans of the 20th century: a social justice hall of fame</a>. New York: Nation Books. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/100greatestameri0000drei/page/339">339</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781568586816" title="Special:BookSources/9781568586816"><bdi>9781568586816</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/701015405">701015405</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+100+greatest+Americans+of+the+20th+century%3A+a+social+justice+hall+of+fame&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=339&rft.pub=Nation+Books&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F701015405&rft.isbn=9781568586816&rft.aulast=Dreier&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2F100greatestameri0000drei%2Fpage%2F339&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-291"><a href="#cite_ref-291">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPawel2014" class="citation book cs1">Pawel, Miriam (2014). The Crusades of Cesar Chavez: A Biography. Bloomsbury Press. pp. 122–123. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1608197101" title="Special:BookSources/978-1608197101"><bdi>978-1608197101</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Crusades+of+Cesar+Chavez%3A+A+Biography&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E122-%3C%2Fspan%3E123&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1608197101&rft.aulast=Pawel&rft.aufirst=Miriam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-292"><a href="#cite_ref-292">^</a> Thomas, p. 320. </li> <li id="cite_note-293"><a href="#cite_ref-293">^</a> Pawel, p. 123. </li> <li id="cite_note-294"><a href="#cite_ref-294">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/rfk-cesar-chavez/">"RFK and Cesar Chavez"</a>. PBS American Experience.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PBS+American+Experience&rft.atitle=RFK+and+Cesar+Chavez&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwgbh%2Famericanexperience%2Ffeatures%2Frfk-cesar-chavez%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-295"><a href="#cite_ref-295">^</a> Schlesinger (2002) [1978], p. 727. </li> <li id="cite_note-296"><a href="#cite_ref-296">^</a> Hilty, p. 460. </li> <li id="cite_note-Mills359-297"><a href="#cite_ref-Mills359_297-0">^</a> Mills, p. 359. </li> <li id="cite_note-298"><a href="#cite_ref-298">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Mutual Contempt: Lyndon Johnson, Robert Kennedy, and the Feud that Defined a Decade. W. W. Norton & Company. 1998. p. 265. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0393318555" title="Special:BookSources/978-0393318555"><bdi>978-0393318555</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mutual+Contempt%3A+Lyndon+Johnson%2C+Robert+Kennedy%2C+and+the+Feud+that+Defined+a+Decade&rft.pages=265&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0393318555&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-299"><a href="#cite_ref-299">^</a> Palmero, p. 13. </li> <li id="cite_note-300"><a href="#cite_ref-300">^</a> A. J. Langguth Our Vietnam (2000) p. 409 </li> <li id="cite_note-301"><a href="#cite_ref-301">^</a> A. J. 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Langguth Our Vietnam (2000) p. 423 </li> <li id="cite_note-304"><a href="#cite_ref-304">^</a> Palmero, pp. 33–34. </li> <li id="cite_note-305"><a href="#cite_ref-305">^</a> Palmero, pp. 36–37. </li> <li id="cite_note-NYTAugust2016-306"><a href="#cite_ref-NYTAugust2016_306-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iht-retrospective.blogs.nytimes.com/2016/08/22/1966-surging-popularity-for-kennedy/">"1966: Surging Popularity for Kennedy"</a>. August 22, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=1966%3A+Surging+Popularity+for+Kennedy&rft.date=2016-08-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fiht-retrospective.blogs.nytimes.com%2F2016%2F08%2F22%2F1966-surging-popularity-for-kennedy%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-307"><a href="#cite_ref-307">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160823205944/http://www.politico.com/story/2009/10/no-vietnam-secrets-between-rfk-lbj-028465">"No Vietnam secrets between RFK, LBJ"</a>. Politico. October 20, 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.politico.com/story/2009/10/no-vietnam-secrets-between-rfk-lbj-028465">the original</a> on August 23, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=No+Vietnam+secrets+between+RFK%2C+LBJ&rft.date=2009-10-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.politico.com%2Fstory%2F2009%2F10%2Fno-vietnam-secrets-between-rfk-lbj-028465&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-308"><a href="#cite_ref-308">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160823210124/http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/kennedy-proposes-plan-to-end-the-war">"Kennedy proposes plan to end the war"</a>. March 2, 1967. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/kennedy-proposes-plan-to-end-the-war">the original</a> on August 23, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Kennedy+proposes+plan+to+end+the+war&rft.date=1967-03-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.com%2Fthis-day-in-history%2Fkennedy-proposes-plan-to-end-the-war&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-309"><a href="#cite_ref-309">^</a> Shesol, p. 386. </li> <li id="cite_note-310"><a href="#cite_ref-310">^</a> Clarke, p. 32. </li> <li id="cite_note-311"><a href="#cite_ref-311">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.upi.com/Archives/1968/02/08/Kennedy-urges-compromise-in-Vietnam/3841557748231/">"Kennedy urges compromise in Vietnam"</a>. UPI. February 8, 1968.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Kennedy+urges+compromise+in+Vietnam&rft.date=1968-02-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.upi.com%2FArchives%2F1968%2F02%2F08%2FKennedy-urges-compromise-in-Vietnam%2F3841557748231%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-312"><a href="#cite_ref-312">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSabato2014" class="citation book cs1">Sabato, Larry J. (2014). The Kennedy Half-Century: The Presidency, Assassination, and Lasting Legacy. Bloomsbury USA. pp. 291–292. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1620402825" title="Special:BookSources/978-1620402825"><bdi>978-1620402825</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Kennedy+Half-Century%3A+The+Presidency%2C+Assassination%2C+and+Lasting+Legacy&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E291-%3C%2Fspan%3E292&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+USA&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1620402825&rft.aulast=Sabato&rft.aufirst=Larry+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-313"><a href="#cite_ref-313">^</a> Hilty, p. 614. </li> <li id="cite_note-314"><a href="#cite_ref-314">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZullo1968" class="citation news cs1">Zullo, Joseph (April 1, 1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1968/04/02/page/2/article/bobby-calls-lbjs-move-a-step-to-peace">"Bobby Calls LBJ's Move A Step To Peace"</a>. 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Chicago Tribune.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Tribune&rft.atitle=Kennedy+Loses+Ohio+Senator%27s+Backing&rft.date=1968-05-02&rft.aulast=Freeburg&rft.aufirst=Russell&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchives.chicagotribune.com%2F1968%2F05%2F02%2Fpage%2F12%2Farticle%2Fkennedy-loses-ohio-senators-backing&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-316"><a href="#cite_ref-316">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosen2014" class="citation news cs1">Rosen, Rebecca J. (February 20, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2014/02/newly-digitized-footage-reveals-an-rfk-speech-one-week-before-his-assassination/283971/">"Newly Digitized Footage Reveals an RFK Speech One Week Before His Assassination"</a>. 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Henry Holt. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lastcampaignrobe00clar/page/36">36</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0805077926" title="Special:BookSources/978-0805077926"><bdi>978-0805077926</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Last+Campaign%3A+Robert+F.+Kennedy+and+82+Days+That+Inspired+America&rft.pages=36&rft.pub=Henry+Holt&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0805077926&rft.aulast=Clarke&rft.aufirst=Thurston&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flastcampaignrobe00clar%2Fpage%2F36&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-324"><a href="#cite_ref-324">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBzdek2009" class="citation book cs1">Bzdek, Vincent (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/kennedylegacyjac00bzde_0/page/130">The Kennedy Legacy: Jack, Bobby and Ted and a Family Dream Fulfilled</a>. 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Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ethel+Skakel+Kennedy&rft.pub=John+F.+Kennedy+Presidential+Library+and+Museum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jfklibrary.org%2Flearn%2Fabout-jfk%2Fthe-kennedy-family%2Fethel-skakel-kennedy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-394"><a href="#cite_ref-394">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLord2018" class="citation news cs1">Lord, Debbie (June 4, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ajc.com/news/national/robert-kennedy-assassination-what-happened-rfk-children-after-was-killed/Nu7ndfLSIy7FHbE5tCCgTN/">"Robert Kennedy assassination: What happened to RFK's children after he was killed?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Atlanta_Journal-Constitution" title="The Atlanta Journal-Constitution">The Atlanta Journal-Constitution</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Atlanta+Journal-Constitution&rft.atitle=Robert+Kennedy+assassination%3A+What+happened+to+RFK%27s+children+after+he+was+killed%3F&rft.date=2018-06-04&rft.aulast=Lord&rft.aufirst=Debbie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ajc.com%2Fnews%2Fnational%2Frobert-kennedy-assassination-what-happened-rfk-children-after-was-killed%2FNu7ndfLSIy7FHbE5tCCgTN%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-395"><a href="#cite_ref-395">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOppenheimer1995" class="citation book cs1">Oppenheimer, Jerry (1995). The Other Mrs. Kennedy: An Intimate and Reevaling Look at the Hidden Life of Ethel Skakel Kennedy. St. Martin's Press. pp. 208–209.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Other+Mrs.+Kennedy%3A+An+Intimate+and+Reevaling+Look+at+the+Hidden+Life+of+Ethel+Skakel+Kennedy&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E208-%3C%2Fspan%3E209&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Oppenheimer&rft.aufirst=Jerry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-396"><a href="#cite_ref-396">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOppenheimer1995" class="citation book cs1">Oppenheimer, Jerry (1995). The Other Mrs. Kennedy: An Intimate and Reevaling Look at the Hidden Life of Ethel Skakel Kennedy. St. Martin's Press. p. 194.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Other+Mrs.+Kennedy%3A+An+Intimate+and+Reevaling+Look+at+the+Hidden+Life+of+Ethel+Skakel+Kennedy&rft.pages=194&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Oppenheimer&rft.aufirst=Jerry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-397"><a href="#cite_ref-397">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/rfk-hickory-hill-robert-and-ethel-kennedys-virginia-home/">"Hickory Hill: RFK's Virginia Home"</a>. PBS. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230502145106/https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/rfk-hickory-hill-robert-and-ethel-kennedys-virginia-home/">Archived</a> from the original on May 2, 2023. Retrieved July 26, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hickory+Hill%3A+RFK%27s+Virginia+Home&rft.pub=PBS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwgbh%2Famericanexperience%2Ffeatures%2Frfk-hickory-hill-robert-and-ethel-kennedys-virginia-home%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated1-398"><a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_398-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeonard2003" class="citation news cs1">Leonard, Mary (October 21, 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.boston.com/news/nation/articles/2003/10/21/shock_over_plan_to_sell_rfk_home/">"'Shock' over plan to sell RFK home"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Boston_Globe" title="The Boston Globe">The Boston Globe</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Boston+Globe&rft.atitle=%27Shock%27+over+plan+to+sell+RFK+home&rft.date=2003-10-21&rft.aulast=Leonard&rft.aufirst=Mary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.boston.com%2Fnews%2Fnation%2Farticles%2F2003%2F10%2F21%2Fshock_over_plan_to_sell_rfk_home%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-399"><a href="#cite_ref-399">^</a> Tye, p. 102. </li> <li id="cite_note-400"><a href="#cite_ref-400">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHilty2000" class="citation book cs1">Hilty, James (2000). Robert Kennedy: Brother Protector. Temple University Press. p. 47. <q>both established legal residence in a three-room apartment at 122 Bowdoin Street (Boston). Robert retained this apartment until 1964</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Robert+Kennedy%3A+Brother+Protector&rft.pages=47&rft.pub=Temple+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Hilty&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-401"><a href="#cite_ref-401">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSweeney" class="citation web cs1">Sweeney, Emily. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bostonglobe.com/2022/04/19/metro/john-f-kennedy-his-brother-bobby-shared-same-address-1950-census/">"John F. Kennedy and his brother Bobby shared the same address on Beacon Hill in the 1950 Census"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Boston_Globe" title="The Boston Globe">The Boston Globe</a>. Retrieved May 24, 2024. <q>John F. Kennedy and his brother Bobby living at an address near the State House on Beacon Hill.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Boston+Globe&rft.atitle=John+F.+Kennedy+and+his+brother+Bobby+shared+the+same+address+on+Beacon+Hill+in+the+1950+Census&rft.aulast=Sweeney&rft.aufirst=Emily&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bostonglobe.com%2F2022%2F04%2F19%2Fmetro%2Fjohn-f-kennedy-his-brother-bobby-shared-same-address-1950-census%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-402"><a href="#cite_ref-402">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zDhWAAAAIBAJ&dq=1964+kennedy+has+had+his+home+in+Virginia+and+his+voting+residence+in+Massachusetts&pg=PA13&article_id=2473,3757341">"Bobby Gets Into Race for Senate"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Spokesman-Review" title="The Spokesman-Review">The Spokesman-Review</a>. August 26, 1964. Retrieved May 24, 2024. <q>Kennedy has had his home in Virginia and his voting residence in Massachusetts.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Bobby+Gets+Into+Race+for+Senate&rft.date=1964-08-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzDhWAAAAIBAJ%26dq%3D1964%2Bkennedy%2Bhas%2Bhad%2Bhis%2Bhome%2Bin%2BVirginia%2Band%2Bhis%2Bvoting%2Bresidence%2Bin%2BMassachusetts%26pg%3DPA13%26article_id%3D2473%2C3757341&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-403"><a href="#cite_ref-403">^</a> Tye, p. 326. </li> <li id="cite_note-404"><a href="#cite_ref-404">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1964/08/25/archives/kennedy-takes-lease-on-house-in-glen-cove-li-he-will-announce.html">"Kennedy Takes Lease on House in Glen Cove, L.I.; He Will Announce Candidacy for Senate Today—Fight Is Pledged by Stratton"</a>. The New York Times. August 25, 1964. Retrieved May 24, 2024. <q>Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy has taken a lease on a white frame Colonial house in Glen Cove, L. I.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Kennedy+Takes+Lease+on+House+in+Glen+Cove%2C+L.I.%3B+He+Will+Announce+Candidacy+for+Senate+Today%E2%80%94Fight+Is+Pledged+by+Stratton&rft.date=1964-08-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1964%2F08%2F25%2Farchives%2Fkennedy-takes-lease-on-house-in-glen-cove-li-he-will-announce.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-405"><a href="#cite_ref-405">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1965/06/18/archives/kennedy-buying-east-river-suite-gives-up-glen-cove-house-keeps.html">"KENNEDY BUYING EAST RIVER SUITE; Gives Up Glen Cove House -- Keeps Virginia Farm"</a>. The New York Times. June 18, 1965.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=KENNEDY+BUYING+EAST+RIVER+SUITE%3B+Gives+Up+Glen+Cove+House+--+Keeps+Virginia+Farm&rft.date=1965-06-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1965%2F06%2F18%2Farchives%2Fkennedy-buying-east-river-suite-gives-up-glen-cove-house-keeps.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schlesinger-406">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schlesinger_406-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schlesinger_406-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchlesinger_Jr.1978" class="citation book cs1">Schlesinger Jr., Arthur M. (1978). Robert Kennedy and His Times.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Robert+Kennedy+and+His+Times&rft.date=1978&rft.aulast=Schlesinger+Jr.&rft.aufirst=Arthur+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-407"><a href="#cite_ref-407">^</a> Schlesinger, p. 150. </li> <li id="cite_note-o'donnell-408"><a href="#cite_ref-o'donnell_408-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Donnell,_Michael2017" class="citation news cs1">O'Donnell, Michael (June 9, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/how-the-thug-became-a-dove-1497042993">"How the Thug Became a Dove"</a>. Wall Street Journal. p. C7.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=How+the+Thug+Became+a+Dove&rft.pages=C7&rft.date=2017-06-09&rft.au=O%27Donnell%2C+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2Fhow-the-thug-became-a-dove-1497042993&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988">(subscription required) </li> <li id="cite_note-409"><a href="#cite_ref-409">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Donnell,_Michael2017" class="citation web cs1">O'Donnell, Michael (June 10, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.michael-odonnell.com/how-the-thug-became-a-dove/">"How the Thug Became a Dove"</a>. michael-odonnell.com. Retrieved October 19, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+the+Thug+Became+a+Dove&rft.pub=michael-odonnell.com&rft.date=2017-06-10&rft.au=O%27Donnell%2C+Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.michael-odonnell.com%2Fhow-the-thug-became-a-dove%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-410"><a href="#cite_ref-410">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchlesinger2012" class="citation book cs1">Schlesinger, Arthur (2012). Robert Kennedy and His Times, Volute 2. Mariner Books. p. 191. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1328567567" title="Special:BookSources/978-1328567567"><bdi>978-1328567567</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Robert+Kennedy+and+His+Times%2C+Volute+2&rft.pages=191&rft.pub=Mariner+Books&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1328567567&rft.aulast=Schlesinger&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-411"><a href="#cite_ref-411">^</a> Thomas, p. 348. </li> <li id="cite_note-412"><a href="#cite_ref-412">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPalermo2002" class="citation book cs1">Palermo, Joseph A. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/inhisownrightpol00pale">In His Own Right: The Political Odyssey of Senator Robert F. Kennedy</a>. Columbia University Press. p. 2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0231120692" title="Special:BookSources/978-0231120692"><bdi>978-0231120692</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+His+Own+Right%3A+The+Political+Odyssey+of+Senator+Robert+F.+Kennedy&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0231120692&rft.aulast=Palermo&rft.aufirst=Joseph+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Finhisownrightpol00pale&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mills19-413"><a href="#cite_ref-Mills19_413-0">^</a> Mills, pp. 18–19. </li> <li id="cite_note-414"><a href="#cite_ref-414">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller2012" class="citation book cs1">Miller, Wilbur R. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160821140129/https://books.google.com/books?id=tYME6Z35nyAC&pg=PA947&lpg=PA947&dq=robert%2Bkennedy%2Bseven-week%2BAsian%2Btrip&source=bl&ots=EY8xEGqu-I&sig=5m3nuiVFsaN7rL-pUc7OOv0U4YM&hl=en&sa=X&ei=DH5qUfGwG6W3ywH4r4GgCQ&ved=0CE4Q6AEwBTgK">The Social History of Crime and Punishment in America: An Encyclopedia</a>. <a href="/wiki/SAGE_Publications" class="mw-redirect" title="SAGE Publications">SAGE Publications</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781412988766" title="Special:BookSources/9781412988766"><bdi>9781412988766</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tYME6Z35nyAC&q=robert+kennedy+seven-week+Asian+trip&pg=PA947">the original</a> on August 21, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Social+History+of+Crime+and+Punishment+in+America%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=SAGE+Publications&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9781412988766&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Wilbur+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtYME6Z35nyAC%26q%3Drobert%2Bkennedy%2Bseven-week%2BAsian%2Btrip%26pg%3DPA947&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Thomas58-415"><a href="#cite_ref-Thomas58_415-0">^</a> Thomas, pp. 58–59. </li> <li id="cite_note-416"><a href="#cite_ref-416">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTye2016" class="citation book cs1">Tye, Larry (2016). Bobby Kennedy: The Making of a Liberal Icon. Random House. p. 97. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0812993349" title="Special:BookSources/978-0812993349"><bdi>978-0812993349</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bobby+Kennedy%3A+The+Making+of+a+Liberal+Icon&rft.pages=97&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0812993349&rft.aulast=Tye&rft.aufirst=Larry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-npr1-417">^ <a href="#cite_ref-npr1_417-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-npr1_417-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncronline.org/books/2022/10/faith-was-integral-bobby-kennedys-life-and-politics">"Faith was integral to Bobby Kennedy's life and politics"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Faith+was+integral+to+Bobby+Kennedy%27s+life+and+politics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncronline.org%2Fbooks%2F2022%2F10%2Ffaith-was-integral-bobby-kennedys-life-and-politics&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-418"><a href="#cite_ref-418">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Evan_Thomas" title="Evan Thomas">Thomas, Evan</a> (2000). Robert Kennedy: His Life. Simon & Schuster. p. 23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0684834804" title="Special:BookSources/0684834804"><bdi>0684834804</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Robert+Kennedy%3A+His+Life&rft.pages=23&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0684834804&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Evan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-419"><a href="#cite_ref-419">^</a> Schlesinger, p. 191 Cf. Murray Kempton, The Progressive, September 1960. </li> <li id="cite_note-420"><a href="#cite_ref-420">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Evan_Thomas" title="Evan Thomas">Thomas, Evan</a> (2000). Robert Kennedy: His Life. Simon & Schuster. p. 395. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0684834804" title="Special:BookSources/0684834804"><bdi>0684834804</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Robert+Kennedy%3A+His+Life&rft.pages=395&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0684834804&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Evan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-421"><a href="#cite_ref-421">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.realtime1960s.com/post/robert-and-ethel-kennedy-received-by-pope-john-xxiii">Robert and Ethel Kennedy Received by Pope John XXIII</a>. February 21, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Robert+and+Ethel+Kennedy+Received+by+Pope+John+XXIII&rft.date=2022-02-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.realtime1960s.com%2Fpost%2Frobert-and-ethel-kennedy-received-by-pope-john-xxiii&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-422"><a href="#cite_ref-422">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Evan_Thomas" title="Evan Thomas">Thomas, Evan</a> (2000). Robert Kennedy: His Life. Simon & Schuster. pp. 451–452. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0684834804" title="Special:BookSources/0684834804"><bdi>0684834804</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Robert+Kennedy%3A+His+Life&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E451-%3C%2Fspan%3E452&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0684834804&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Evan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-423"><a href="#cite_ref-423">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas2013" class="citation book cs1">Thomas, Evan (2013). Robert Kennedy: His Life. Simon & Schuster. p. 22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Robert+Kennedy%3A+His+Life&rft.pages=22&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Evan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-424"><a href="#cite_ref-424">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jfklibrary.org/learn/about-jfk/the-kennedy-family/robert-f-kennedy/robert-f-kennedy-speeches/statement-on-assassination-of-martin-luther-king-jr-indianapolis-indiana-april-4-1968">"Statement on Assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr., Indianapolis, Indiana, April 4, 1968"</a>. John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum. Retrieved July 16, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Statement+on+Assassination+of+Martin+Luther+King%2C+Jr.%2C+Indianapolis%2C+Indiana%2C+April+4%2C+1968&rft.pub=John+F.+Kennedy+Presidential+Library+and+Museum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jfklibrary.org%2Flearn%2Fabout-jfk%2Fthe-kennedy-family%2Frobert-f-kennedy%2Frobert-f-kennedy-speeches%2Fstatement-on-assassination-of-martin-luther-king-jr-indianapolis-indiana-april-4-1968&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-425"><a href="#cite_ref-425">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dwkcommentaries.com/2014/02/10/aeschylus-on-suffering-and-wisdom/">"Aeschylus on Suffering and Wisdom"</a>. dwkcommentaries. February 10, 2014. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sfgate.com/politics/article/Bush-honors-RFK-Kennedy-daughter-blasts-2853939.php">the original</a> on August 24, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Boston+Globe&rft.atitle=Bush+honors+RFK+%2F+Kennedy+daughter+blasts+president%2C+Ashcroft&rft.date=2001-11-21&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Glen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sfgate.com%2Fpolitics%2Farticle%2FBush-honors-RFK-Kennedy-daughter-blasts-2853939.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-428"><a href="#cite_ref-428">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIsaacson2011" class="citation book cs1">Isaacson, Walter (2011). Profiles in Leadership: Historians on the Elusive Quality of Greatness. W. W. 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Los Angeles Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160824132058/http://articles.latimes.com/2001/nov/22/opinion/oe-cole22">Archived</a> from the original on August 24, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Ashcroft+Is+No+Bobby+Kennedy&rft.aulast=Cole&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-2001-nov-22-oe-cole22-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-431"><a href="#cite_ref-431">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHelfman2014" class="citation news cs1">Helfman, Tara (September 28, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.commentarymagazine.com/american-society/mr-holder-youre-no-bobby-kennedy/">"Mr. Holder, You're No Bobby Kennedy"</a>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irishcentral.com/opinion/others/Todays-US-political-landscape-could-use-the-healing-magic-of-Bobby-Kennedy.html">the original</a> on August 24, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Irish+Central&rft.atitle=Bobby+Kennedy%2C+a+healer+between+the+races+needed+more+than+ever+in+US&rft.date=2016-06-06&rft.aulast=Tye&rft.aufirst=Larry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishcentral.com%2Fopinion%2Fothers%2FTodays-US-political-landscape-could-use-the-healing-magic-of-Bobby-Kennedy.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-435"><a href="#cite_ref-435">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160824134143/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/joseph-a-palermo/robert-f-kennedy-would-be_b_8607490.html">"Robert F. 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New York: St. Martin's. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-16130-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-312-16130-1"><bdi>0-312-16130-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Robert+Kennedy%3A+The+Final+Years&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-312-16130-1&rft.aulast=Dooley&rft.aufirst=Brian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuthmanAllen1993" class="citation book cs1">Guthman, Edwin O.; Allen, C. Richard, eds. (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/es00robe">RFK: Collected Speeches</a>. New York City: Viking. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-670-84873-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-670-84873-5"><bdi>0-670-84873-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=RFK%3A+Collected+Speeches&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pub=Viking&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-670-84873-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fes00robe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Hilty, James M. Robert Kennedy: Brother Protector (1997), vol. 1 to 1963. Temple U. Press., 1997.</li> <li>Martin, Zachary J. The Mindless Menace of Violence: Robert F. Kennedy's Vision and the Fierce Urgency of Now. Lanham, Md.: Hamilton Books, 2009.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMills1998" class="citation book cs1">Mills, Judie (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/robertkennedy00mill">Robert Kennedy</a>. Millbrook Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1562942502" title="Special:BookSources/978-1562942502"><bdi>978-1562942502</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Robert+Kennedy&rft.pub=Millbrook+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-1562942502&rft.aulast=Mills&rft.aufirst=Judie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frobertkennedy00mill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLangguth2000" class="citation book cs1">Langguth, A. J. (2000). Our Vietnam: The War 1954-1975. 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Vendetta: Bobby Kennedy Versus Jimmy Hoffa. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Vendetta-Bobby-Kennedy-Versus-Jimmy/dp/0316067423/">Excerpt</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewfield2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jack_Newfield" title="Jack Newfield">Newfield, Jack</a> (2003). RFK: A Memoir. Nation Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=RFK%3A+A+Memoir&rft.pub=Nation+Books&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Newfield&rft.aufirst=Jack&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPalermo2001" class="citation book cs1">Palermo, Joseph A. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/inhisownrightpol00pale">In His Own Right: The Political Odyssey of Senator Robert F. Kennedy</a>. Columbia U. Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780231120685" title="Special:BookSources/9780231120685"><bdi>9780231120685</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+His+Own+Right%3A+The+Political+Odyssey+of+Senator+Robert+F.+Kennedy&rft.pub=Columbia+U.+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9780231120685&rft.aulast=Palermo&rft.aufirst=Joseph+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Finhisownrightpol00pale&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchlesinger1965" class="citation book cs1">Schlesinger, Arthur M. Jr. (1965). A Thousand Days: John F. Kennedy in the White House. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Thousand+Days%3A+John+F.+Kennedy+in+the+White+House&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin&rft.date=1965&rft.aulast=Schlesinger&rft.aufirst=Arthur+M.+Jr.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchlesinger1978" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_M._Schlesinger_Jr." title="Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.">Schlesinger, Arthur M. Jr.</a> (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/robertkenn00schl">Robert Kennedy and His Times</a>. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-395-24897-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-395-24897-3"><bdi>978-0-395-24897-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Robert+Kennedy+and+His+Times&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-0-395-24897-3&rft.aulast=Schlesinger&rft.aufirst=Arthur+M.+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frobertkenn00schl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"> <a href="/wiki/National_Book_Award" title="National Book Award">National Book Award</a>.</li> <li>Schlesinger, Arthur M. Jr. (2002) [1978], Robert Kennedy and His Times, Mariner Books-Houghton Mifflin Co., <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-618-21928-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-618-21928-5">978-0-618-21928-5</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShesol1997" class="citation book cs1">Shesol, Jeff (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mutualcontemptly00shes">Mutual Contempt: Lyndon Johnson, Robert Kennedy, and the Feud that Defined a Decade</a>. W.W. Norton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780393040784" title="Special:BookSources/9780393040784"><bdi>9780393040784</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mutual+Contempt%3A+Lyndon+Johnson%2C+Robert+Kennedy%2C+and+the+Feud+that+Defined+a+Decade&rft.pub=W.W.+Norton&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9780393040784&rft.aulast=Shesol&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmutualcontemptly00shes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Sullivan, Patricia (2021). Justice Rising: Robert Kennedy's America in Black and White. Harvard University Press.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas2002" class="citation book cs1">Thomas, Evan (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/robertkennedy00thom">Robert Kennedy: His Life</a>. Simon & Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0743203296" title="Special:BookSources/978-0743203296"><bdi>978-0743203296</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Robert+Kennedy%3A+His+Life&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0743203296&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Evan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frobertkennedy00thom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/robertkennedy00thom">online free</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTye2016" class="citation book cs1">Tye, Larry (2016). Bobby Kennedy: The Making of a Liberal Icon. Random House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0812993349" title="Special:BookSources/978-0812993349"><bdi>978-0812993349</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bobby+Kennedy%3A+The+Making+of+a+Liberal+Icon&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0812993349&rft.aulast=Tye&rft.aufirst=Larry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAltschuler1980" class="citation journal cs1">Altschuler, Bruce E. (Summer 1980). "Kennedy Decides to Run: 1968". Presidential Studies Quarterly. 10 (3: Why Great Men are, or Are Not, Elected President): 348–352. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0360-4918">0360-4918</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27547591">27547591</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Presidential+Studies+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Kennedy+Decides+to+Run%3A+1968&rft.ssn=summer&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=3%3A+Why+Great+Men+are%2C+or+Are+Not%2C+Elected+President&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E348-%3C%2Fspan%3E352&rft.date=1980&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F27547591%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0360-4918&rft.aulast=Altschuler&rft.aufirst=Bruce+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown1972" class="citation book cs1">Brown, Stuart Gerry (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/presidencyontria00brow">The Presidency on Trial: Robert Kennedy's 1968 Campaign and Afterwards</a>. Honolulu: U. Press of Hawaiʻi. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8248-0202-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8248-0202-0"><bdi>0-8248-0202-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Presidency+on+Trial%3A+Robert+Kennedy%27s+1968+Campaign+and+Afterwards&rft.place=Honolulu&rft.pub=U.+Press+of+Hawai%CA%BBi&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=0-8248-0202-0&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Stuart+Gerry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpresidencyontria00brow&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurnerWest,_Thomas_R.1984" class="citation book cs1">Burner, David; West, Thomas R. (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/torchispassedken00burn">The Torch Is Passed: The Kennedy Brothers and American Liberalism</a>. New York: Atheneum. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-689-11438-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-689-11438-9"><bdi>0-689-11438-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Torch+Is+Passed%3A+The+Kennedy+Brothers+and+American+Liberalism&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Atheneum&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=0-689-11438-9&rft.aulast=Burner&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=West%2C+Thomas+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftorchispassedken00burn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldfarb1995" class="citation book cs1">Goldfarb, Ronald (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/perfectvillainsi00gold">Perfect Villains, Imperfect Heroes: Robert F. Kennedy's War against Organized Crime</a>. New York: Random House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-679-43565-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-679-43565-4"><bdi>0-679-43565-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Perfect+Villains%2C+Imperfect+Heroes%3A+Robert+F.+Kennedy%27s+War+against+Organized+Crime&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-679-43565-4&rft.aulast=Goldfarb&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fperfectvillainsi00gold&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Grubin, David, director and producer, RFK. Video. (DVD, VHS). 2hr. WGBH Educ. Found. and David Grubin Productions, 2004. Distrib. by PBS Video.</li> <li>Haas, Lawrence J. The Kennedys in the World: How Jack, Bobby, and Ted Remade America's Empire (2021) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Kennedys-World-Remade-Americas-Empire/dp/1640123849/">excerpt</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHersh2007" class="citation book cs1">Hersh, Burton (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bobbyjedgarhisto00hers">Bobby and J. Edgar: The Historic Face-Off Between the Kennedys and J. Edgar Hoover That Transformed America</a>. Basic Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0786719822" title="Special:BookSources/978-0786719822"><bdi>978-0786719822</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bobby+and+J.+Edgar%3A+The+Historic+Face-Off+Between+the+Kennedys+and+J.+Edgar+Hoover+That+Transformed+America&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0786719822&rft.aulast=Hersh&rft.aufirst=Burton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbobbyjedgarhisto00hers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMelanson1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Philip_H._Melanson" title="Philip H. Melanson">Melanson, Philip H.</a> (June 1, 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=t9Ex5XwDE4IC">The Robert F. Kennedy Assassination: New Revelations on the Conspiracy and Cover-Up, 1968-1991</a>. New York: Shapolsky Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1561713240" title="Special:BookSources/978-1561713240"><bdi>978-1561713240</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Robert+F.+Kennedy+Assassination%3A+New+Revelations+on+the+Conspiracy+and+Cover-Up%2C+1968-1991&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Shapolsky+Publishers&rft.date=1991-06-01&rft.isbn=978-1561713240&rft.aulast=Melanson&rft.aufirst=Philip+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dt9Ex5XwDE4IC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurphy1990" class="citation journal cs1">Murphy, John M. (1990). "'A Time of Shame and Sorrow': Robert F. Kennedy and the American Jeremiad". Quarterly Journal of Speech. 76 (4): 401–414. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00335639009383933">10.1080/00335639009383933</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0033-5630">0033-5630</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Quarterly+Journal+of+Speech&rft.atitle=%27A+Time+of+Shame+and+Sorrow%27%3A+Robert+F.+Kennedy+and+the+American+Jeremiad&rft.volume=76&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E401-%3C%2Fspan%3E414&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00335639009383933&rft.issn=0033-5630&rft.aulast=Murphy&rft.aufirst=John+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"> RFK's speech after the death of Martin Luther King in 1968.</li> <li>Navasky, Victor S. (1971). Kennedy Justice. Atheneum Book Club. ISBN 978–11116–487–63</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNiven2003" class="citation book cs1">Niven, David (2003). The Politics of Injustice: The Kennedys, the Freedom Rides, and the Electoral Consequences of a Moral Compromise. U. of Tennessee Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Politics+of+Injustice%3A+The+Kennedys%2C+the+Freedom+Rides%2C+and+the+Electoral+Consequences+of+a+Moral+Compromise&rft.pub=U.+of+Tennessee+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Niven&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmitt2010" class="citation book cs1">Schmitt, Edward R. (2010). President of the Other America: Robert Kennedy and the Politics of Poverty. University of Massachusetts Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=President+of+the+Other+America%3A+Robert+Kennedy+and+the+Politics+of+Poverty&rft.pub=University+of+Massachusetts+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Schmitt&rft.aufirst=Edward+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55849-730-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-55849-730-7">1-55849-730-7</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Robert F. Kennedy at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy" class="extiw" title="c:Robert F. Kennedy">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy" class="extiw" title="q:Robert F. Kennedy">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Robert_Francis_Kennedy" class="extiw" title="s:Author:Robert Francis Kennedy">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vault.fbi.gov/Robert%20F.%20Kennedy%20">FBI Records: The Vault – Robert F. Kennedy</a> at fbi.gov</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.justice.gov/ag/bio/kennedy-robert-francis">Biography</a> at United States Department of Justice</li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_States_CongressK000114" class="citation web cs1">United States Congress. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=K000114">"Robert F. Kennedy (id: K000114)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Biographical_Directory_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="Biographical Directory of the United States Congress">Biographical Directory of the United States Congress</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Biographical+Directory+of+the+United+States+Congress&rft.atitle=Robert+F.+Kennedy+%28id%3A+K000114%29&rft.au=United+States+Congress&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbioguide.congress.gov%2Fscripts%2Fbiodisplay.pl%3Findex%3DK000114&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://alsos.wlu.edu/qsearch.aspx?browse=people/Kennedy,+Robert">Annotated Bibliography for Robert F. Kennedy from the Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100804025956/http://alsos.wlu.edu/qsearch.aspx?browse=people%2FKennedy%2C+Robert">Archived</a> August 4, 2010, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/rfk/index.html">American Experience: RFK</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170209104855/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/rfk/index.html">Archived</a> February 9, 2017, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>), <a href="/wiki/Public_Broadcasting_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Broadcasting Service">PBS</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/rfkonmlkdeath.html">Text, Audio, and Video of Robert Kennedy's Remarks on the Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061003184041/http://www.jfklibrary.org/Historical%2BResources/Archives/Reference%2BDesk/Speeches/EMK/Tribute%2Bto%2BSenator%2BRobert%2BF.%2BKennedy.htm">Edward Kennedy eulogy to Robert Kennedy (text and audio)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/04/22/AR2009042203088_pf.html">My Father's Stand on Cuba Travel</a> by Kathleen Kennedy Townsend, The Washington Post, April 23, 2009</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://radiotapes.com/specialpostings.html">Radio airchecks/recordings</a> of the shooting and death of Senator Kennedy including Mutual Radio's Andrew West's shooting coverage, continued live coverage from CBS Radio, announcements of RFK's death, CBS Radio's complete coverage of funeral mass St. Patrick's Cathedral, and CBS Radio coverage of the train arrival of RFK's body in Washington DC.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fuzzymemories.tv/index.php?m=KTTV%20Channel%2011%20-%20Robert%20F.%20Kennedy%20Assassination%20Coverage">KTTV assassination coverage</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924020307/http://www.fuzzymemories.tv/index.php?m=KTTV%20Channel%2011%20-%20Robert%20F.%20Kennedy%20Assassination%20Coverage">Archived</a> September 24, 2015, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>) at <a href="/wiki/The_Museum_of_Classic_Chicago_Television" title="The Museum of Classic Chicago Television">The Museum of Classic Chicago Television</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vault.fbi.gov/Robert%20F%20Kennedy%20%28Assassination%29%20">FBI file on the RFK assassination</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lib.umassd.edu/archives/swain/rfk-assassination-archives">"The Robert F. Kennedy Assassination Archives"</a>—A collection within the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Massachusetts_Dartmouth#Claire_T._Carney_Library" title="University of Massachusetts Dartmouth">University of Massachusetts Dartmouth</a> Archives and Special Collections established in 1984</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/person/?2428">Appearances</a> on <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Robert_F._Kennedy636" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Robert_F._Kennedy" title="Template:Robert F. Kennedy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Robert_F._Kennedy" title="Template talk:Robert F. Kennedy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Robert_F._Kennedy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Robert F. Kennedy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Robert_F._Kennedy636" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Robert F. Kennedy</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>November 20, 1925 – June 6, 1968 <div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney_General" title="United States Attorney General">64th United States Attorney General, 1961–1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_New_York" title="List of United States senators from New York">United States senator from New York, 1965–1968</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy%27s_1948_visit_to_Palestine" title="Robert F. Kennedy's 1948 visit to Palestine">1948 Palestine visit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Select_Committee_on_Improper_Activities_in_Labor_and_Management" title="United States Senate Select Committee on Improper Activities in Labor and Management">Senate Committee investigation of Labor and Management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Missile_Crisis" title="Cuban Missile Crisis">Cuban Missile Crisis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/EXCOMM" title="EXCOMM">ExComm</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Civil_rights">Civil rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Riders" title="Freedom Riders">Freedom Riders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voter_Education_Project" title="Voter Education Project">Voter Education Project</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baldwin%E2%80%93Kennedy_meeting" title="Baldwin–Kennedy meeting">Baldwin–Kennedy meeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1964 Democratic National Convention">1964 Democratic National Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bedford_Stuyvesant_Restoration_Corporation" title="Bedford Stuyvesant Restoration Corporation">Bedford Stuyvesant Restoration Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_S._Clark%27s_and_Robert_F._Kennedy%27s_tour_of_the_Mississippi_Delta" title="Joseph S. Clark's and Robert F. Kennedy's tour of the Mississippi Delta">Mississippi Delta tour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Compound" title="Kennedy Compound">Kennedy Compound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hickory_Hill_(McLean,_Virginia)" title="Hickory Hill (McLean, Virginia)">Hickory Hill home</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Robert_F_Kennedy_crop.jpg/90px-Robert_F_Kennedy_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Robert_F_Kennedy_crop.jpg/135px-Robert_F_Kennedy_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Robert_F_Kennedy_crop.jpg/180px-Robert_F_Kennedy_crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="375" data-file-height="470" /><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Electoral</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1964_United_States_Senate_election_in_New_York" title="1964 United States Senate election in New York">1964 U.S. Senate election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy_1968_presidential_campaign" title="Robert F. Kennedy 1968 presidential campaign">1968 presidential campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1968_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1968 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boiler_Room_Girls" title="Boiler Room Girls">Boiler Room Girls</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Speeches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Law_Day_Address" title="Law Day Address">Law Day Address</a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Day_of_Affirmation_Address" title="Day of Affirmation Address">Day of Affirmation Address</a> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_in_Vietnam_and_at_Home" title="Conflict in Vietnam and at Home">Conflict in Vietnam and at Home</a> (1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy%27s_remarks_at_the_University_of_Kansas" title="Robert F. Kennedy's remarks at the University of Kansas">University of Kansas</a> (1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy%27s_speech_at_Ball_State_University" title="Robert F. Kennedy's speech at Ball State University">Ball State</a> (1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy%27s_speech_on_the_assassination_of_Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Robert F. Kennedy's speech on the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.">On the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.</a> (1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_the_Mindless_Menace_of_Violence" title="On the Mindless Menace of Violence">"On the Mindless Menace of Violence"</a> (1968)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Books</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Enemy_Within_(Kennedy_book)" title="The Enemy Within (Kennedy book)">The Enemy Within</a> (1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Pursuit_of_Justice" title="The Pursuit of Justice">The Pursuit of Justice</a> (1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/To_Seek_a_Newer_World" title="To Seek a Newer World">To Seek a Newer World</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Days_(book)" title="Thirteen Days (book)">Thirteen Days: A Memoir of the Cuban Missile Crisis</a> (1969)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Robert_F._Kennedy" title="Assassination of Robert F. Kennedy">Assassination</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sirhan_Sirhan" title="Sirhan Sirhan">Sirhan Sirhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambassador_Hotel_(Los_Angeles)" title="Ambassador Hotel (Los Angeles)">Ambassador Hotel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy_assassination_conspiracy_theories" title="Robert F. Kennedy assassination conspiracy theories">Conspiracy theories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grave_of_Robert_F._Kennedy" title="Grave of Robert F. Kennedy">Gravesite</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legacy and memorials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy_Department_of_Justice_Building" title="Robert F. Kennedy Department of Justice Building">Robert F. Kennedy Department of Justice Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy_silver_dollar" title="Robert F. Kennedy silver dollar">Robert F. Kennedy silver dollar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy_Human_Rights" title="Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights">Robert F. Kennedy Center for Justice and Human Rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy_Human_Rights_Award" title="Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights Award">Human Rights Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy_Journalism_Award" title="Robert F. Kennedy Journalism Award">Journalism Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy_Center_for_Justice_and_Human_Rights#Book_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert F. Kennedy Center for Justice and Human Rights">Book Award</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy_Memorial_Stadium" title="Robert F. Kennedy Memorial Stadium">Robert F. Kennedy Memorial Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy_Memorial_(Brooklyn)" title="Robert F. Kennedy Memorial (Brooklyn)">Brooklyn Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landmark_for_Peace_Memorial" title="Landmark for Peace Memorial">Landmark for Peace Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arch_of_Dignity,_Equality,_and_Justice" title="Arch of Dignity, Equality, and Justice">Arch of Dignity, Equality, and Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy%E2%80%93King_College" title="Kennedy–King College">Kennedy–King College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy_Community_Schools" title="Robert F. Kennedy Community Schools">Robert F. Kennedy Community Schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy_Bridge" title="Robert F. Kennedy Bridge">Robert F. Kennedy Bridge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Popular culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy_in_media" title="Robert F. Kennedy in media">Robert F. Kennedy in media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crisis:_Behind_a_Presidential_Commitment" title="Crisis: Behind a Presidential Commitment">Crisis: Behind a Presidential Commitment</a> (1963 documentary)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Kennedy_Remembered" title="Robert Kennedy Remembered">Robert Kennedy Remembered</a> (1968 documentary)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham,_Martin_and_John" title="Abraham, Martin and John">"Abraham, Martin and John"</a> (1968 song)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Missiles_of_October" title="The Missiles of October">The Missiles of October</a> (1974 docudrama)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_(1983_miniseries)" title="Kennedy (1983 miniseries)">Kennedy</a> (1983 miniseries)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_Feud_(1983_film)" title="Blood Feud (1983 film)">Blood Feud</a> (1983 film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Jack" title="Prince Jack">Prince Jack</a> (1985 film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Kennedy_and_His_Times" title="Robert Kennedy and His Times">Robert Kennedy and His Times</a> (1985 miniseries)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoover_vs._The_Kennedys" title="Hoover vs. The Kennedys">Hoover vs. The Kennedys</a> (1987 miniseries)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Days_(film)" title="Thirteen Days (film)">Thirteen Days</a> (2000 film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/RFK_(film)" title="RFK (film)">RFK</a> (2002 film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bobby_(2006_film)" title="Bobby (2006 film)">Bobby</a> (2006 film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/RFK_Must_Die" title="RFK Must Die">RFK Must Die</a> (2007 documentary)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Kennedys_(miniseries)" title="The Kennedys (miniseries)">The Kennedys</a> (2011 miniseries)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethel_(film)" title="Ethel (film)">Ethel</a> (2012 documentary)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killing_Kennedy_(film)" title="Killing Kennedy (film)">Killing Kennedy</a> (2013 film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackie_(2016_film)" title="Jackie (2016 film)">Jackie</a> (2016 film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bobby_Kennedy_for_President" title="Bobby Kennedy for President">Bobby Kennedy for President</a> (2018 miniseries)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_family" title="Kennedy family">Family,</a> <a href="/wiki/Kennedy_family#Genealogy" title="Kennedy family">family tree</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethel_Kennedy" title="Ethel Kennedy">Ethel Skakel</a> (wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Kennedy_Townsend" title="Kathleen Kennedy Townsend">Kathleen Kennedy</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_P._Kennedy_II" title="Joseph P. Kennedy II">Joseph Patrick Kennedy</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy_Jr." title="Robert F. Kennedy Jr.">Robert F. Kennedy Jr.</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_LeMoyne_Kennedy" title="Michael LeMoyne Kennedy">Michael LeMoyne Kennedy</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerry_Kennedy" title="Kerry Kennedy">Kerry Kennedy</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_G._Kennedy" title="Christopher G. Kennedy">Christopher G. Kennedy</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Kennedy" title="Max Kennedy">Max Kennedy</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Harriman_Kennedy" title="Douglas Harriman Kennedy">Douglas Harriman Kennedy</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rory_Kennedy" title="Rory Kennedy">Rory Kennedy</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maeve_Kennedy_McKean" title="Maeve Kennedy McKean">Maeve Kennedy McKean</a> (granddaughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Kennedy_III" title="Joe Kennedy III">Joseph P. Kennedy III</a> (grandson)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Kennedy_Jr." title="Max Kennedy Jr.">Max Kennedy Jr.</a> (grandson)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_P._Kennedy_Sr." title="Joseph P. Kennedy Sr.">Joseph P. Kennedy Sr.</a> (father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_Kennedy" title="Rose Kennedy">Rose Kennedy</a> (mother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_P._Kennedy_Jr." title="Joseph P. Kennedy Jr.">Joseph P. Kennedy Jr.</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a> (brother</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Presidency of John F. Kennedy">presidency</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosemary_Kennedy" title="Rosemary Kennedy">Rosemary Kennedy</a> (sister)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Cavendish,_Marchioness_of_Hartington" title="Kathleen Cavendish, Marchioness of Hartington">Kathleen Kennedy Cavendish</a> (sister)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eunice_Kennedy_Shriver" title="Eunice Kennedy Shriver">Eunice Kennedy Shriver</a> (sister)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Kennedy_Lawford" title="Patricia Kennedy Lawford">Patricia Kennedy Lawford</a> (sister)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Kennedy_Smith" title="Jean Kennedy Smith">Jean Kennedy Smith</a> (sister)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Kennedy" title="Ted Kennedy">Ted Kennedy</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._J._Kennedy" title="P. J. Kennedy">Patrick J. Kennedy</a> (grandfather)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Augusta_Kennedy" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary Augusta Kennedy">Mary Augusta Kennedy</a> (grandmother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Fitzgerald" title="John F. Fitzgerald">John F. Fitzgerald</a> (grandfather)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Robert_F._Kennedy" title="Category:Robert F. Kennedy">Category</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Links_to_related_articles92" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Links_to_related_articles92" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Links to related articles</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #DDCEF2;">Legal offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/William_P._Rogers" title="William P. Rogers">William P. Rogers</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney_General" title="United States Attorney General">United States Attorney General</a> 1961–1964 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Katzenbach" title="Nicholas Katzenbach">Nicholas Katzenbach</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFBF00;">Party political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Frank_Hogan" title="Frank Hogan">Frank Hogan</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> nominee for <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senator" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Senator">U.S. Senator</a> from <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a> (<a href="/wiki/Classes_of_United_States_Senators" class="mw-redirect" title="Classes of United States Senators">Class 1</a>) <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_election_in_New_York,_1964" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Senate election in New York, 1964">1964</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Ottinger" title="Richard Ottinger">Richard Ottinger</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Frank_Hogan" title="Frank Hogan">Frank Hogan</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_New_York" title="Liberal Party of New York">Liberal</a> nominee for <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senator" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Senator">U.S. Senator</a> from <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a> (<a href="/wiki/Classes_of_United_States_Senators" class="mw-redirect" title="Classes of United States Senators">Class 1</a>) <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_election_in_New_York,_1964" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Senate election in New York, 1964">1964</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Goodell" title="Charles Goodell">Charles Goodell</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #cccccc"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">U.S. Senate</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Keating" title="Kenneth Keating">Kenneth Keating</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_New_York" title="List of United States senators from New York">U.S. Senator (Class 1) from New York</a> 1965–1968 Served alongside: <a href="/wiki/Jacob_K._Javits" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacob K. Javits">Jacob K. Javits</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Goodell" title="Charles Goodell">Charles Goodell</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_States_attorneys_general66" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_attorneys_general" title="Template:United States attorneys general"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_States_attorneys_general" title="Template talk:United States attorneys general"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_States_attorneys_general" title="Special:EditPage/Template:United States attorneys general"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_States_attorneys_general66" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney_General" title="United States Attorney General">United States attorneys general</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Randolph" title="Edmund Randolph">Randolph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Bradford_(Attorney_General)" title="William Bradford (Attorney General)">Bradford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Lee_(Attorney_General)" title="Charles Lee (Attorney General)">Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levi_Lincoln_Sr." title="Levi Lincoln Sr.">Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Breckinridge_(U.S._Attorney_General)" title="John Breckinridge (U.S. Attorney General)">Breckinridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesar_Augustus_Rodney" title="Caesar Augustus Rodney">Rodney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Pinkney" title="William Pinkney">Pinkney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Rush" title="Richard Rush">Rush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Wirt_(Attorney_General)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Wirt (Attorney General)">Wirt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_M._Berrien" title="John M. Berrien">Berrien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_B._Taney" title="Roger B. Taney">Taney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin_Butler_(lawyer)" title="Benjamin Franklin Butler (lawyer)">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felix_Grundy" title="Felix Grundy">Grundy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_D._Gilpin" title="Henry D. Gilpin">Gilpin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_J._Crittenden" title="John J. Crittenden">Crittenden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_S._Legar%C3%A9" title="Hugh S. Legaré">Legaré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Nelson_(lawyer)" title="John Nelson (lawyer)">Nelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Y._Mason" title="John Y. Mason">Mason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathan_Clifford" title="Nathan Clifford">Clifford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Toucey" title="Isaac Toucey">Toucey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverdy_Johnson" title="Reverdy Johnson">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_J._Crittenden" title="John J. Crittenden">Crittenden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caleb_Cushing" title="Caleb Cushing">Cushing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremiah_S._Black" title="Jeremiah S. Black">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_M._Stanton" class="mw-redirect" title="Edwin M. Stanton">Stanton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Bates" title="Edward Bates">Bates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Speed" title="James Speed">Speed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Stanbery" title="Henry Stanbery">Stanbery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_M._Evarts" title="William M. Evarts">Evarts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebenezer_R._Hoar" title="Ebenezer R. Hoar">Hoar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amos_T._Akerman" title="Amos T. Akerman">Akerman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Henry_Williams" title="George Henry Williams">Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwards_Pierrepont" title="Edwards Pierrepont">Pierrepont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphonso_Taft" title="Alphonso Taft">Taft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Devens" title="Charles Devens">Devens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wayne_MacVeagh" title="Wayne MacVeagh">MacVeagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_H._Brewster" title="Benjamin H. Brewster">Brewster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustus_H._Garland" title="Augustus H. Garland">A. Garland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_H._H._Miller" title="William H. H. Miller">Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Olney" title="Richard Olney">Olney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judson_Harmon" title="Judson Harmon">Harmon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_McKenna" title="Joseph McKenna">McKenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Griggs" title="John W. Griggs">Griggs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philander_C._Knox" title="Philander C. Knox">Knox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Moody" title="William Henry Moody">Moody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Joseph_Bonaparte" title="Charles Joseph Bonaparte">Bonaparte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Wickersham" title="George W. Wickersham">Wickersham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Clark_McReynolds" title="James Clark McReynolds">McReynolds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Watt_Gregory" title="Thomas Watt Gregory">Gregory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._Mitchell_Palmer" title="A. Mitchell Palmer">Palmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_M._Daugherty" title="Harry M. Daugherty">Daugherty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harlan_F._Stone" title="Harlan F. Stone">Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_G._Sargent" title="John G. Sargent">Sargent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_D._Mitchell" title="William D. Mitchell">W. D. Mitchell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homer_Stille_Cummings" title="Homer Stille Cummings">Cummings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Murphy" title="Frank Murphy">Murphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_H._Jackson" title="Robert H. Jackson">Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Biddle" title="Francis Biddle">Biddle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_C._Clark" title="Tom C. Clark">T. C. Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Howard_McGrath" title="J. Howard McGrath">McGrath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_P._McGranery" title="James P. McGranery">McGranery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Brownell_Jr." title="Herbert Brownell Jr.">Brownell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_P._Rogers" title="William P. Rogers">Rogers</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Katzenbach" title="Nicholas Katzenbach">Katzenbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramsey_Clark" title="Ramsey Clark">R. Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_N._Mitchell" title="John N. Mitchell">J. N. Mitchell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Kleindienst" title="Richard Kleindienst">Kleindienst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elliot_Richardson" title="Elliot Richardson">Richardson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_B._Saxbe" title="William B. Saxbe">Saxbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_H._Levi" title="Edward H. Levi">Levi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Griffin_Bell" title="Griffin Bell">Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Civiletti" title="Benjamin Civiletti">Civiletti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_French_Smith" title="William French Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Meese" title="Edwin Meese">Meese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Thornburgh" title="Dick Thornburgh">Thornburgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Barr" title="William Barr">Barr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janet_Reno" title="Janet Reno">Reno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ashcroft" title="John Ashcroft">Ashcroft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alberto_Gonzales" title="Alberto Gonzales">Gonzales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Mukasey" title="Michael Mukasey">Mukasey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Holder" title="Eric Holder">Holder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loretta_Lynch" title="Loretta Lynch">Lynch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeff_Sessions" title="Jeff Sessions">Sessions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Barr" title="William Barr">Barr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merrick_Garland" title="Merrick Garland">M. Garland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pam_Bondi" title="Pam Bondi">Bondi</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_Justice.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Seal of the United States Department of Justice"><img alt="Seal of the United States Department of Justice" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_Justice.svg/80px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_Justice.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_Justice.svg/120px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_Justice.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_Justice.svg/160px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_Justice.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="720" /></a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_States_senators_from_New_York99" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_senators_from_New_York" title="Template:United States senators from New York"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_States_senators_from_New_York" title="Template talk:United States senators from New York"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_States_senators_from_New_York" title="Special:EditPage/Template:United States senators from New York"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_States_senators_from_New_York99" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_New_York" title="List of United States senators from New York">United States senators from New York</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Class 1</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Schuyler" title="Philip Schuyler">Schuyler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaron_Burr" title="Aaron Burr">Burr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Schuyler" title="Philip Schuyler">Schuyler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sloss_Hobart" title="John Sloss Hobart">Hobart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_North" title="William North">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Watson_(New_York_politician)" title="James Watson (New York politician)">Watson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gouverneur_Morris" title="Gouverneur Morris">Morris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodorus_Bailey_(politician)" title="Theodorus Bailey (politician)">Bailey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Armstrong_Jr." title="John Armstrong Jr.">Armstrong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_L._Mitchill" title="Samuel L. Mitchill">Mitchill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obadiah_German" title="Obadiah German">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathan_Sanford" title="Nathan Sanford">Sanford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Van Buren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_E._Dudley" title="Charles E. Dudley">Dudley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_P._Tallmadge" title="Nathaniel P. Tallmadge">Tallmadge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_S._Dickinson" title="Daniel S. Dickinson">Dickinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamilton_Fish" title="Hamilton Fish">Fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preston_King_(politician)" title="Preston King (politician)">P. King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_D._Morgan" title="Edwin D. Morgan">Morgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reuben_Fenton" title="Reuben Fenton">Fenton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Kernan" title="Francis Kernan">Kernan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_C._Platt" title="Thomas C. Platt">Platt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warner_Miller" title="Warner Miller">Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Hiscock" title="Frank Hiscock">Hiscock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Murphy_Jr." title="Edward Murphy Jr.">Murphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chauncey_Depew" title="Chauncey Depew">Depew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_A._O%27Gorman" title="James A. O'Gorman">O'Gorman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_M._Calder" title="William M. Calder">Calder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_S._Copeland" title="Royal S. Copeland">Copeland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_M._Mead" title="James M. Mead">Mead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irving_Ives" title="Irving Ives">Ives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Keating" title="Kenneth Keating">Keating</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Goodell" title="Charles Goodell">Goodell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_L._Buckley" title="James L. Buckley">Buckley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Patrick_Moynihan" title="Daniel Patrick Moynihan">Moynihan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">H. Clinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirsten_Gillibrand" title="Kirsten Gillibrand">Gillibrand</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="United States Senate"><img alt="United States Senate" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/80px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/120px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/160px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1030" data-file-height="1030" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Class 3</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rufus_King" title="Rufus King">R. King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Laurance" title="John Laurance">Laurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Armstrong_Jr." title="John Armstrong Jr.">Armstrong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DeWitt_Clinton" title="DeWitt Clinton">D. Clinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Armstrong_Jr." title="John Armstrong Jr.">Armstrong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Smith_(New_York_politician,_born_1752)" title="John Smith (New York politician, born 1752)">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rufus_King" title="Rufus King">R. King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathan_Sanford" title="Nathan Sanford">Sanford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_L._Marcy" title="William L. Marcy">Marcy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silas_Wright" title="Silas Wright">Wright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_A._Foster" title="Henry A. Foster">Foster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams_Dix" title="John Adams Dix">Dix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_H._Seward" title="William H. Seward">Seward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ira_Harris" title="Ira Harris">Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roscoe_Conkling" title="Roscoe Conkling">Conkling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elbridge_G._Lapham" title="Elbridge G. Lapham">Lapham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_M._Evarts" title="William M. Evarts">Evarts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_B._Hill" title="David B. Hill">Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_C._Platt" title="Thomas C. Platt">Platt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elihu_Root" title="Elihu Root">Root</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_W._Wadsworth_Jr." title="James W. Wadsworth Jr.">Wadsworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Wagner" title="Robert F. Wagner">Wagner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Foster_Dulles" title="John Foster Dulles">Dulles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_H._Lehman" title="Herbert H. Lehman">Lehman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Javits" title="Jacob Javits">Javits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_D%27Amato" title="Al D'Amato">D'Amato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuck_Schumer" title="Chuck Schumer">Schumer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Kennedy_family97" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Kennedy_family" title="Template:Kennedy family"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Kennedy_family" title="Template talk:Kennedy family"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Kennedy_family" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Kennedy family"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Kennedy_family97" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_family" title="Kennedy family">Kennedy family</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">I.</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="P._J._Kennedy_(1858–1929)106" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em"><a href="/wiki/P._J._Kennedy" title="P. J. Kennedy">P. J. Kennedy</a> (1858–1929)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Joseph P. Kennedy Sr. (m.) <a href="/wiki/Rose_Kennedy" title="Rose Kennedy">Rose Fitzgerald</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_John_F._Kennedy.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Coat_of_Arms_of_John_F._Kennedy.svg/75px-Coat_of_Arms_of_John_F._Kennedy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Coat_of_Arms_of_John_F._Kennedy.svg/113px-Coat_of_Arms_of_John_F._Kennedy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Coat_of_Arms_of_John_F._Kennedy.svg/150px-Coat_of_Arms_of_John_F._Kennedy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="395" data-file-height="588" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">II.</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Joseph_P._Kennedy_Sr._(1888–1969)114" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_P._Kennedy_Sr." title="Joseph P. Kennedy Sr.">Joseph P. Kennedy Sr.</a> (1888–1969)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_P._Kennedy_Jr." title="Joseph P. Kennedy Jr.">Joseph P. Kennedy Jr.</a></li> <li>John F. Kennedy (m.) <a href="/wiki/Jacqueline_Kennedy_Onassis" title="Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis">Jacqueline Bouvier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosemary_Kennedy" title="Rosemary Kennedy">Rosemary Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Cavendish,_Marchioness_of_Hartington" title="Kathleen Cavendish, Marchioness of Hartington">Kathleen Kennedy</a> (m.) <a href="/wiki/William_Cavendish,_Marquess_of_Hartington" title="William Cavendish, Marquess of Hartington">William Cavendish, Marquess of Hartington</a></li> <li>Eunice Kennedy (m.) <a href="/wiki/Sargent_Shriver" title="Sargent Shriver">Sargent Shriver</a></li> <li>Patricia Kennedy (m./div.) <a href="/wiki/Peter_Lawford" title="Peter Lawford">Peter Lawford</a></li> <li>Robert F. Kennedy (m.) <a href="/wiki/Ethel_Kennedy" title="Ethel Kennedy">Ethel Skakel</a></li> <li>Jean Kennedy (m.) <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Edward_Smith" title="Stephen Edward Smith">Stephen Edward Smith</a></li> <li>Edward M. "Ted" Kennedy (m./div. 1st) <a href="/wiki/Joan_Bennett_Kennedy" title="Joan Bennett Kennedy">Joan Bennett</a>; (m. 2nd) <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Reggie_Kennedy" title="Victoria Reggie Kennedy">Victoria Reggie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">III.</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em"><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a> (1917–1963)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caroline_Kennedy" title="Caroline Kennedy">Caroline Kennedy</a> (m.) <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Schlossberg" title="Edwin Schlossberg">Edwin Schlossberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Jr." title="John F. Kennedy Jr.">John F. Kennedy Jr.</a> (m.) <a href="/wiki/Carolyn_Bessette-Kennedy" title="Carolyn Bessette-Kennedy">Carolyn Bessette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Bouvier_Kennedy" title="Patrick Bouvier Kennedy">Patrick Bouvier Kennedy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Eunice_Kennedy_Shriver" title="Eunice Kennedy Shriver">Eunice Kennedy Shriver</a> (1921–2009)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bobby_Shriver" title="Bobby Shriver">Bobby Shriver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Shriver" title="Maria Shriver">Maria Shriver</a> (m./div.) <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Schwarzenegger" title="Arnold Schwarzenegger">Arnold Schwarzenegger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Shriver" title="Timothy Shriver">Timothy Shriver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Kennedy_Shriver" title="Mark Kennedy Shriver">Mark Shriver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Shriver" title="Anthony Shriver">Anthony Shriver</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Kennedy_Lawford" title="Patricia Kennedy Lawford">Patricia Kennedy Lawford</a> (1924–2006)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Lawford" title="Christopher Lawford">Christopher Lawford</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Robert F. Kennedy</a> (1925–1968)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Kennedy_Townsend" title="Kathleen Kennedy Townsend">Kathleen Kennedy Townsend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_P._Kennedy_II" title="Joseph P. Kennedy II">Joseph P. Kennedy II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy_Jr." title="Robert F. Kennedy Jr.">Robert F. Kennedy Jr.</a> (m./sep.) <a href="/wiki/Mary_Richardson_Kennedy" title="Mary Richardson Kennedy">Mary Richardson</a> (m. 3rd) <a href="/wiki/Cheryl_Hines" title="Cheryl Hines">Cheryl Hines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_LeMoyne_Kennedy" title="Michael LeMoyne Kennedy">Michael LeMoyne Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerry_Kennedy" title="Kerry Kennedy">Kerry Kennedy</a> (m./div.) <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Cuomo" title="Andrew Cuomo">Andrew Cuomo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_G._Kennedy" title="Christopher G. Kennedy">Christopher G. Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Kennedy" title="Max Kennedy">Max Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Harriman_Kennedy" title="Douglas Harriman Kennedy">Douglas Harriman Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rory_Kennedy" title="Rory Kennedy">Rory Kennedy</a> (m.) <a href="/wiki/Mark_Bailey_(writer)" title="Mark Bailey (writer)">Mark Bailey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Jean_Kennedy_Smith" title="Jean Kennedy Smith">Jean Kennedy Smith</a> (1928–2020)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Kennedy_Smith" title="William Kennedy Smith">William Kennedy Smith</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Ted_Kennedy" title="Ted Kennedy">Ted Kennedy</a> (1932–2009)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kara_Kennedy" title="Kara Kennedy">Kara Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_M._Kennedy_Jr." title="Edward M. Kennedy Jr.">Edward M. Kennedy Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_J._Kennedy" title="Patrick J. Kennedy">Patrick J. Kennedy</a> (m.) <a href="/wiki/Amy_Kennedy" title="Amy Kennedy">Amy Savell</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">IV.</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rose_Schlossberg" title="Rose Schlossberg">Rose Kennedy Schlossberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatiana_Schlossberg" title="Tatiana Schlossberg">Tatiana Celia Kennedy Schlossberg </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Schlossberg" title="Jack Schlossberg">John Bouvier Kennedy Schlossberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katherine_Schwarzenegger" title="Katherine Schwarzenegger">Katherine Schwarzenegger</a> (m.) <a href="/wiki/Chris_Pratt" title="Chris Pratt">Chris Pratt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Schwarzenegger" title="Patrick Schwarzenegger">Patrick Schwarzenegger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Kennedy_III" title="Joe Kennedy III">Joseph P. Kennedy III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maeve_Kennedy_McKean" title="Maeve Kennedy McKean">Maeve Kennedy McKean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Kennedy_Jr." title="Max Kennedy Jr.">Max Kennedy Jr.</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hickory_Hill_(McLean,_Virginia)" title="Hickory Hill (McLean, Virginia)">Hickory Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Compound" title="Kennedy Compound">Kennedy Compound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_curse" title="Kennedy curse">Kennedy curse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merchandise_Mart" title="Merchandise Mart">Merchandise Mart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Kennedys_(museum)" title="The Kennedys (museum)">The Kennedys (museum)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Kennedys_(miniseries)" title="The Kennedys (miniseries)">The Kennedys (miniseries)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Kennedys:_After_Camelot" title="The Kennedys: After Camelot">The Kennedys: After Camelot</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Category</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Category:Kennedy_family" title="Category:Kennedy family">Kennedy family</a></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>m. = married; div. = divorced; sep. = separated.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Robert_F._Kennedy_Jr.221" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Robert_F._Kennedy_Jr." title="Template:Robert F. Kennedy Jr."><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Robert_F._Kennedy_Jr." title="Template talk:Robert F. Kennedy Jr."><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Robert_F._Kennedy_Jr." title="Special:EditPage/Template:Robert F. Kennedy Jr."><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Robert_F._Kennedy_Jr.221" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy_Jr." title="Robert F. Kennedy Jr.">Robert F. Kennedy Jr.</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>26th <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Health_and_Human_Services" title="United States Secretary of Health and Human Services">United States Secretary of Health and Human Services</a> (2025–present)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Founded</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Waterkeeper_Alliance" title="Waterkeeper Alliance">Waterkeeper Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_Health_Defense" title="Children's Health Defense">Children's Health Defense</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Robert_F._Kennedy%2C_Jr._by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg/90px-Robert_F._Kennedy%2C_Jr._by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Robert_F._Kennedy%2C_Jr._by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg/135px-Robert_F._Kennedy%2C_Jr._by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Robert_F._Kennedy%2C_Jr._by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg/180px-Robert_F._Kennedy%2C_Jr._by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2045" data-file-height="2780" /><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Writings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Riverkeepers" title="The Riverkeepers">The Riverkeepers</a> (1997 book)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimes_Against_Nature_(2004_book)" title="Crimes Against Nature (2004 book)">Crimes Against Nature</a> (2004 book)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Deadly_Immunity" title="Deadly Immunity">Deadly Immunity</a>" (2005 article)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Real_Anthony_Fauci" title="The Real Anthony Fauci">The Real Anthony Fauci</a> (2021 book)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Letter_to_Liberals" title="A Letter to Liberals">A Letter to Liberals</a> (2022 book)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Documentary work</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Canyon_Adventure:_River_at_Risk" title="Grand Canyon Adventure: River at Risk">Grand Canyon Adventure: River at Risk</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_Racism:_The_New_Apartheid" title="Medical Racism: The New Apartheid">Medical Racism: The New Apartheid</a> (2021)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Radio</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ring_of_Fire_(radio_program)" title="Ring of Fire (radio program)">Ring of Fire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Electoral</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy_Jr._2024_presidential_campaign" title="Robert F. Kennedy Jr. 2024 presidential campaign">2024 presidential campaign</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hickory_Hill_(McLean,_Virginia)" title="Hickory Hill (McLean, Virginia)">Hickory Hill</a> (boyhood home)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Compound" title="Kennedy Compound">Kennedy Compound</a> (boyhood home)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Last_Mountain" title="The Last Mountain">The Last Mountain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_family" title="Kennedy family">Kennedy family</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kennedy_family#Genealogy" title="Kennedy family">family tree</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Richardson_Kennedy" title="Mary Richardson Kennedy">Mary Richardson Kennedy</a> (second wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheryl_Hines" title="Cheryl Hines">Cheryl Hines</a> (third wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethel_Kennedy" title="Ethel Kennedy">Ethel Kennedy</a> (mother)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Robert F. Kennedy</a> (father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Kennedy_Townsend" title="Kathleen Kennedy Townsend">Kathleen Kennedy</a> (sister)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_P._Kennedy_II" title="Joseph P. Kennedy II">Joseph Patrick Kennedy</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_LeMoyne_Kennedy" title="Michael LeMoyne Kennedy">Michael LeMoyne Kennedy</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerry_Kennedy" title="Kerry Kennedy">Kerry Kennedy</a> (sister)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_G._Kennedy" title="Christopher G. Kennedy">Christopher G. Kennedy</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Kennedy" title="Max Kennedy">Max Kennedy</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Harriman_Kennedy" title="Douglas Harriman Kennedy">Douglas Harriman Kennedy</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rory_Kennedy" title="Rory Kennedy">Rory Kennedy</a> (sister)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_P._Kennedy_Sr." title="Joseph P. Kennedy Sr.">Joseph P. Kennedy Sr.</a> (grandfather)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_Kennedy" title="Rose Kennedy">Rose Kennedy</a> (grandmother)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="John_F._Kennedy1003" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:John_F._Kennedy" title="Template:John F. Kennedy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:John_F._Kennedy" title="Template talk:John F. Kennedy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:John_F._Kennedy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:John F. Kennedy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="John_F._Kennedy1003" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">35th</a> <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> (1961–1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Massachusetts" title="List of United States senators from Massachusetts">U.S. Senator from Massachusetts</a> (1953–1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Massachusetts" title="List of United States representatives from Massachusetts">U.S. Representative</a> for <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts%27s_11th_congressional_district" title="Massachusetts's 11th congressional district">MA–11</a> (1947–1953)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Presidency of John F. Kennedy">Presidency</a> (<a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_John_F._Kennedy_presidency" title="Timeline of the John F. Kennedy presidency">timeline</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_transition_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Presidential transition of John F. Kennedy">Transition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inauguration_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Inauguration of John F. Kennedy">Inauguration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy#Administration,_Cabinet,_and_judicial_appointments_1961–63" title="John F. Kennedy">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_John_F._Kennedy" title="List of federal judges appointed by John F. Kennedy">Judicial appointments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Supreme_Court_candidates" title="John F. Kennedy Supreme Court candidates">Supreme Court</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:John_Fitzgerald_Kennedy/Executive_orders" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Author:John Fitzgerald Kennedy/Executive orders">Executive Orders</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:John_Fitzgerald_Kennedy/Presidential_Proclamations" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Author:John Fitzgerald Kennedy/Presidential Proclamations">Presidential Proclamations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_pardoned_or_granted_clemency_by_the_President_of_the_United_States#John_F._Kennedy" class="mw-redirect" title="List of people pardoned or granted clemency by the President of the United States">Presidential pardons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS-100-X" class="mw-redirect" title="SS-100-X">Presidential limousine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S/Y_Manitou" class="mw-redirect" title="S/Y Manitou">Presidential yacht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resolute_desk" title="Resolute desk">Resolute desk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Situation_Room" title="Situation Room">Situation Room</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_John_F._Kennedy_administration" title="Foreign policy of the John F. Kennedy administration">Foreign policy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_for_Progress" title="Alliance for Progress">Alliance for Progress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arms_Control_and_Disarmament_Agency" title="Arms Control and Disarmament Agency">Arms Control and Disarmament Agency</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Partial_Nuclear_Test_Ban_Treaty" title="Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty">Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flexible_response" title="Flexible response">Flexible response</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Doctrine" title="Kennedy Doctrine">Kennedy Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_Corps" title="Peace Corps">Peace Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_Expansion_Act" title="Trade Expansion Act">Trade Expansion Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migration_and_Refugee_Assistance_Act" title="Migration and Refugee Assistance Act">Migration and Refugee Assistance Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Agency_for_International_Development" title="United States Agency for International Development">USAID</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War#The_Kennedy_years,_1961–63" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a></li> <li>Cuba: <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Pigs_Invasion" title="Bay of Pigs Invasion">Bay of Pigs Invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuban Project">Cuban Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Missile_Crisis" title="Cuban Missile Crisis">Cuban Missile Crisis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/EXCOMM" title="EXCOMM">ExComm</a></li></ul></li> <li>Soviet Union: <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Crisis_of_1961" title="Berlin Crisis of 1961">Berlin Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moscow%E2%80%93Washington_hotline" title="Moscow–Washington hotline">Moscow–Washington hotline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vienna_summit" title="Vienna summit">Vienna summit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/New_Frontier" title="New Frontier">New Frontier</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communications_Satellite_Act_of_1962" title="Communications Satellite Act of 1962">Communications Satellite Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_Mental_Health_Act" title="Community Mental Health Act">Community Mental Health Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equal_Pay_Act_of_1963" title="Equal Pay Act of 1963">Equal Pay Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_11110" title="Executive Order 11110">Executive Order 11110</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_10925" title="Executive Order 10925">Federal affirmative action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_11063" title="Executive Order 11063">Federal housing segregation ban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_march" title="Kennedy march">Fifty-mile hikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_for_Peace" title="Food for Peace">Food for Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supplemental_Nutrition_Assistance_Program#Pilot_Food_Stamp_Program_(1961–1964)" title="Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program">Pilot Food Stamp Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom" title="Presidential Medal of Freedom">Presidential Medal of Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_policy_of_the_United_States#Kennedy_administration" title="Space policy of the United States">Space policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_Commission_on_the_Status_of_Women" title="Presidential Commission on the Status of Women">Status of Women (Presidential Commission)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stand_in_the_Schoolhouse_Door" title="Stand in the Schoolhouse Door">University of Alabama integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voter_Education_Project" title="Voter Education Project">Voter Education Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All-Channel_Receiver_Act" title="All-Channel Receiver Act">All-Channel Receiver Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_Pollution_Act_of_1961" title="Oil Pollution Act of 1961">Oil Pollution Act of 1961</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revenue_Act_of_1962" title="Revenue Act of 1962">Revenue Act of 1962</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consolidated_Farm_and_Rural_Development_Act_of_1961" title="Consolidated Farm and Rural Development Act of 1961">Consolidated Farm and Rural Development Act of 1961</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wetlands_Loan_Act" title="Wetlands Loan Act">Wetlands Loan Act</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Presidential speeches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inauguration_of_John_F._Kennedy#The_inaugural_address" title="Inauguration of John F. Kennedy">Inaugural address</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_University_speech" title="American University speech">American University speech</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/We_choose_to_go_to_the_Moon" title="We choose to go to the Moon">We choose to go to the Moon</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Report_to_the_American_People_on_Civil_Rights" title="Report to the American People on Civil Rights">Report to the American People on Civil Rights</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Ich_bin_ein_Berliner" title="Ich bin ein Berliner">Ich bin ein Berliner</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/A_rising_tide_lifts_all_boats" title="A rising tide lifts all boats">A rising tide lifts all boats</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remarks_at_Amherst_College_on_the_Arts" title="Remarks at Amherst College on the Arts">Remarks at Amherst College on the Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_the_Union" title="State of the Union">State of the Union Address</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_30,_1961_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="January 30, 1961 State of the Union Address">1961</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1962_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1962 State of the Union Address">1962</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1963_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1963 State of the Union Address">1963</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Electoral_history_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Electoral history of John F. Kennedy">Elections</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>U.S. House of Representatives elections: <a href="/wiki/1946_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1946 United States House of Representatives elections">1946</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1948 United States House of Representatives elections">1948</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1950_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1950 United States House of Representatives elections">1950</a></li> <li>U.S. Senate elections in Massachusetts: <a href="/wiki/1952_United_States_Senate_election_in_Massachusetts" title="1952 United States Senate election in Massachusetts">1952</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1958_United_States_Senate_election_in_Massachusetts" title="1958 United States Senate election in Massachusetts">1958</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1960 Democratic Party presidential primaries">1960 presidential primaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_1960_presidential_campaign" title="John F. Kennedy 1960 presidential campaign">1960 presidential campaign</a></li> <li>Democratic National Conventions: <a href="/wiki/1956_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1956 Democratic National Convention">1956</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1960 Democratic National Convention">1960</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_United_States_presidential_election" title="1960 United States presidential election">U.S. presidential election 1960</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1960_United_States_presidential_debates" title="1960 United States presidential debates">debates</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Personal life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Fitzgerald_Kennedy_National_Historic_Site" title="John Fitzgerald Kennedy National Historic Site">Birthplace and childhood home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Compound" title="Kennedy Compound">Kennedy Compound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hickory_Hill_(McLean,_Virginia)" title="Hickory Hill (McLean, Virginia)">Hickory Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Querida_(mansion)" title="La Querida (mansion)">La Querida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wexford_(Marshall,_Virginia)" title="Wexford (Marshall, Virginia)">Wexford</a></li> <li>Navy service: <a href="/wiki/Patrol_torpedo_boat_PT-109" title="Patrol torpedo boat PT-109">PT-109</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biuku_Gasa_and_Eroni_Kumana" title="Biuku Gasa and Eroni Kumana">Biuku Gasa and Eroni Kumana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Reginald_Evans" title="Arthur Reginald Evans">Arthur Evans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrol_torpedo_boat_PT-59" title="Patrol torpedo boat PT-59">PT-59</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castle_Hot_Springs_(Arizona)" title="Castle Hot Springs (Arizona)">Castle Hot Springs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammersmith_Farm" title="Hammersmith Farm">Hammersmith Farm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coretta_Scott_King#John_F._Kennedy_phone_call" title="Coretta Scott King">Coretta Scott King phone call</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Happy_Birthday,_Mr._President" title="Happy Birthday, Mr. President">Happy Birthday, Mr. President</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_document_hoax" title="John F. Kennedy document hoax">John F. Kennedy document hoax</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Books</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Why_England_Slept" title="Why England Slept">Why England Slept (1940)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Profiles_in_Courage" title="Profiles in Courage">Profiles in Courage (1956)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Nation_of_Immigrants" title="A Nation of Immigrants">A Nation of Immigrants (1958)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Death</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Assassination of John F. Kennedy">Assassination</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_John_F._Kennedy_assassination" title="Timeline of the John F. Kennedy assassination">timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_coverage_of_the_assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Media coverage of the assassination of John F. Kennedy">media coverage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactions_to_the_assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Reactions to the assassination of John F. Kennedy">reactions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy_in_popular_culture" title="Assassination of John F. Kennedy in popular culture">in popular culture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_funeral_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="State funeral of John F. Kennedy">State funeral</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Jack_(horse)" title="Black Jack (horse)">Riderless horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dignitaries_at_the_state_funeral_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="List of dignitaries at the state funeral of John F. Kennedy">attending dignitaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Eternal_Flame" title="John F. Kennedy Eternal Flame">Gravesite and Eternal Flame</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Bibliography of John F. Kennedy">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Presidential_Library_and_Museum" title="John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum">John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Profile_in_Courage_Award" title="Profile in Courage Award">Profile in Courage Award</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-fourth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twenty-fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Twenty-fourth Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964" title="Civil Rights Act of 1964">Civil Rights Act of 1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_11" title="Apollo 11">Apollo 11 Moon landing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equal_Employment_Opportunity_Commission" title="Equal Employment Opportunity Commission">Equal Employment Opportunity Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center" title="Kennedy Space Center">Kennedy Space Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Round" title="Kennedy Round">Kennedy Round</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Housing_and_Urban_Development" title="United States Department of Housing and Urban Development">U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AmeriCorps_VISTA" title="AmeriCorps VISTA">VISTA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Cultural depictions of John F. Kennedy">Cultural depictions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Films_about_John_F._Kennedy" title="Category:Films about John F. Kennedy">films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_half_dollar" title="Kennedy half dollar">Kennedy half dollar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidents_of_the_United_States_on_U.S._postage_stamps#John_F._Kennedy" title="Presidents of the United States on U.S. postage stamps">U.S. postage stamps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_cents_John_Kennedy" title="Five cents John Kennedy">U.S. five cent stamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln%E2%80%93Kennedy_coincidences_urban_legend" title="Lincoln–Kennedy coincidences urban legend">Lincoln–Kennedy coincidences</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Sail" title="Operation Sail">Operation Sail</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_things_named_after_John_F._Kennedy" title="List of things named after John F. Kennedy">Memorials, namesakes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harvard_Kennedy_School" title="Harvard Kennedy School">Harvard Kennedy School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Center_for_the_Performing_Arts" title="John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts">Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Federal_Building" title="John F. Kennedy Federal Building">John F. Kennedy Federal Building (Boston)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_International_Airport" title="John F. Kennedy International Airport">John F. Kennedy International Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_John_F._Kennedy_(Boston)" title="Statue of John F. Kennedy (Boston)">Boston statue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Memorial_(Brooklyn)" title="John F. Kennedy Memorial (Brooklyn)">Brooklyn bust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Fitzgerald_Kennedy_Memorial" title="John Fitzgerald Kennedy Memorial">Dallas memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Memorial_(Hyannis,_Massachusetts)" title="John F. Kennedy Memorial (Hyannis, Massachusetts)">Hyannis memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Memorial,_London" title="John F. Kennedy Memorial, London">London bust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bust_of_John_F._Kennedy_(Nashua,_New_Hampshire)" title="Bust of John F. Kennedy (Nashua, New Hampshire)">Nashua bust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Fitzgerald_Kennedy_Memorial_(Portland,_Oregon)" title="John Fitzgerald Kennedy Memorial (Portland, Oregon)">Portland memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runnymede#John_F._Kennedy_Memorial" title="Runnymede">Runnymede memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Arboretum" title="John F. Kennedy Arboretum">John F. Kennedy Arboretum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Memorial_Bridge" title="John F. Kennedy Memorial Bridge">John F. Kennedy Memorial Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Special_Warfare_Center_and_School" title="John F. Kennedy Special Warfare Center and School">John F. Kennedy Special Warfare Center and School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_University" title="John F. Kennedy University">John F. Kennedy University (defunct)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Stadium" title="John F. Kennedy Stadium">John F. Kennedy Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Expressway" title="Kennedy Expressway">Kennedy Expressway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Kennedy" title="Mount Kennedy">Mount Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MV_John_F._Kennedy" title="MV John F. Kennedy">MV John F. Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_John_F._Kennedy_(CV-67)" title="USS John F. Kennedy (CV-67)">USS John F. Kennedy (CV-67)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_John_F._Kennedy_(CVN-79)" title="USS John F. Kennedy (CVN-79)">USS John F. Kennedy (CVN-79)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yad_Kennedy" title="Yad Kennedy">Yad Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love_Park" title="Love Park">Love Park</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_family" title="Kennedy family">Family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacqueline_Kennedy_Onassis" title="Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis">Jacqueline Bouvier</a> (wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caroline_Kennedy" title="Caroline Kennedy">Caroline Kennedy</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Jr." title="John F. Kennedy Jr.">John F. Kennedy Jr.</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Bouvier_Kennedy" title="Patrick Bouvier Kennedy">Patrick Bouvier Kennedy</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_Schlossberg" title="Rose Schlossberg">Rose Schlossberg</a> (granddaughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatiana_Schlossberg" title="Tatiana Schlossberg">Tatiana Schlossberg</a> (granddaughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Schlossberg" title="Jack Schlossberg">Jack Schlossberg</a> (grandson)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_P._Kennedy_Sr." title="Joseph P. Kennedy Sr.">Joseph P. Kennedy Sr.</a> (father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_Kennedy" title="Rose Kennedy">Rose Fitzgerald</a> (mother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_P._Kennedy_Jr." title="Joseph P. Kennedy Jr.">Joseph P. Kennedy Jr.</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosemary_Kennedy" title="Rosemary Kennedy">Rosemary Kennedy</a> (sister)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Cavendish,_Marchioness_of_Hartington" title="Kathleen Cavendish, Marchioness of Hartington">Kathleen Cavendish, Marchioness of Hartington</a> (sister)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eunice_Kennedy_Shriver" title="Eunice Kennedy Shriver">Eunice Kennedy Shriver</a> (sister)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Kennedy_Lawford" title="Patricia Kennedy Lawford">Patricia Kennedy Lawford</a> (sister)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Robert F. Kennedy</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Kennedy_Smith" title="Jean Kennedy Smith">Jean Kennedy Smith</a> (sister)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Kennedy" title="Ted Kennedy">Ted Kennedy</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._J._Kennedy" title="P. J. Kennedy">P. J. Kennedy</a> (grandfather)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Fitzgerald" title="John F. Fitzgerald">John F. Fitzgerald</a> (grandfather)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pushinka" title="Pushinka">Pushinka</a> (dog)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billie_and_Debbie" title="Billie and Debbie">Billie and Debbie</a> (hamsters)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardar_(horse)" title="Sardar (horse)">Sardar</a> (horse)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">← Dwight D. Eisenhower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson →</a></li></ul> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:John_F._Kennedy" title="Category:John F. Kennedy">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ted_Kennedy432" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ted_Kennedy" title="Template:Ted Kennedy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ted_Kennedy" title="Template talk:Ted Kennedy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ted_Kennedy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ted Kennedy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ted_Kennedy432" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ted_Kennedy" title="Ted Kennedy">Ted Kennedy</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>February 22, 1932 – August 25, 2009 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Massachusetts" title="List of United States senators from Massachusetts">United States Senator from Massachusetts, 1962–2009</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Electoral_history_of_Ted_Kennedy" title="Electoral history of Ted Kennedy">Electoral history</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li>U.S. Senate elections in Massachusetts: <a href="/wiki/1962_United_States_Senate_special_election_in_Massachusetts" title="1962 United States Senate special election in Massachusetts">1962 (special)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_United_States_Senate_election_in_Massachusetts" title="1964 United States Senate election in Massachusetts">1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1970_United_States_Senate_election_in_Massachusetts" title="1970 United States Senate election in Massachusetts">1970</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_United_States_Senate_election_in_Massachusetts" title="1976 United States Senate election in Massachusetts">1976</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1982_United_States_Senate_election_in_Massachusetts" title="1982 United States Senate election in Massachusetts">1982</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_United_States_Senate_election_in_Massachusetts" title="1988 United States Senate election in Massachusetts">1988</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994_United_States_Senate_election_in_Massachusetts" title="1994 United States Senate election in Massachusetts">1994</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_United_States_Senate_election_in_Massachusetts" title="2000 United States Senate election in Massachusetts">2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_United_States_Senate_election_in_Massachusetts" title="2006 United States Senate election in Massachusetts">2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_United_States_presidential_election" title="1980 United States presidential election">1980 United States presidential election</a> (<a href="/wiki/1980_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1980 Democratic Party presidential primaries">Democratic primaries</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Kennedy_1980_presidential_campaign" title="Ted Kennedy 1980 presidential campaign">Ted Kennedy 1980 presidential campaign</a></li> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Ted_Kennedy%2C_official_photo_portrait_crop.jpg/100px-Ted_Kennedy%2C_official_photo_portrait_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Ted_Kennedy%2C_official_photo_portrait_crop.jpg/150px-Ted_Kennedy%2C_official_photo_portrait_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Ted_Kennedy%2C_official_photo_portrait_crop.jpg/200px-Ted_Kennedy%2C_official_photo_portrait_crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1158" data-file-height="1500" /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Books</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/My_Senator_and_Me" title="My Senator and Me">My Senator and Me: A Dog's-Eye View of Washington, D.C.</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/True_Compass" title="True Compass">True Compass</a> (2009)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Speeches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Dream_Shall_Never_Die" title="The Dream Shall Never Die">The Dream Shall Never Die</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_family" title="Kennedy family">Family</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kennedy_family#Family_tree" title="Kennedy family">family tree</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joan_Bennett_Kennedy" title="Joan Bennett Kennedy">Joan Bennett Kennedy</a> (first wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Reggie_Kennedy" title="Victoria Reggie Kennedy">Victoria Reggie Kennedy</a> (second wife, widow)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kara_Kennedy" title="Kara Kennedy">Kara Kennedy</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_M._Kennedy_Jr." title="Edward M. Kennedy Jr.">Edward M. Kennedy Jr.</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_J._Kennedy" title="Patrick J. Kennedy">Patrick J. Kennedy II</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_P._Kennedy_Sr." title="Joseph P. Kennedy Sr.">Joseph P. Kennedy Sr.</a> (father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_Kennedy" title="Rose Kennedy">Rose Kennedy</a> (mother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_P._Kennedy_Jr." title="Joseph P. Kennedy Jr.">Joseph P. Kennedy Jr.</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a> (brother</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Presidency of John F. Kennedy">presidency</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosemary_Kennedy" title="Rosemary Kennedy">Rosemary Kennedy</a> (sister)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Cavendish,_Marchioness_of_Hartington" title="Kathleen Cavendish, Marchioness of Hartington">Kathleen Kennedy</a> (sister)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eunice_Kennedy_Shriver" title="Eunice Kennedy Shriver">Eunice Kennedy Shriver</a> (sister)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Kennedy_Lawford" title="Patricia Kennedy Lawford">Patricia Kennedy Lawford</a> (sister)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Robert F. Kennedy</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Kennedy_Smith" title="Jean Kennedy Smith">Jean Kennedy Smith</a> (sister)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._J._Kennedy" title="P. J. Kennedy">Patrick J. Kennedy I</a> (grandfather)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Fitzgerald" title="John F. Fitzgerald">John F. Fitzgerald</a> (grandfather)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_awards_and_honors_received_by_Ted_Kennedy" title="List of awards and honors received by Ted Kennedy">Awards and honors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Ted_Kennedy" title="Political positions of Ted Kennedy">Political positions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Compound" title="Kennedy Compound">Kennedy Compound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_M._Kennedy_Institute_for_the_United_States_Senate" title="Edward M. Kennedy Institute for the United States Senate">Edward M. Kennedy Institute for the United States Senate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_M._Kennedy_Serve_America_Act" title="Edward M. Kennedy Serve America Act">Edward M. Kennedy Serve America Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chappaquiddick_incident" title="Chappaquiddick incident">Chappaquiddick incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Jo_Kopechne" title="Mary Jo Kopechne">Mary Jo Kopechne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friends_of_Ireland_(U.S._Congress)" title="Friends of Ireland (U.S. Congress)">Friends of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chappaquiddick_(film)" title="Chappaquiddick (film)">Chappaquiddick (2018 film)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Ted_Kennedy" title="Category:Ted Kennedy">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cabinet_of_President_John_F._Kennedy_(1961–1963)122" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Kennedy_cabinet" title="Template:Kennedy cabinet"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Kennedy_cabinet" title="Template talk:Kennedy cabinet"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Kennedy_cabinet" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Kennedy cabinet"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cabinet_of_President_John_F._Kennedy_(1961–1963)122" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_States" title="Cabinet of the United States">Cabinet</a> of <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President</a> <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a> (1961–1963)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Cabinet702" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Cabinet</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a> (1961–1963)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="11" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/John_F._Kennedy%2C_White_House_photo_portrait%2C_looking_up.jpg/100px-John_F._Kennedy%2C_White_House_photo_portrait%2C_looking_up.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/John_F._Kennedy%2C_White_House_photo_portrait%2C_looking_up.jpg/150px-John_F._Kennedy%2C_White_House_photo_portrait%2C_looking_up.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/John_F._Kennedy%2C_White_House_photo_portrait%2C_looking_up.jpg/200px-John_F._Kennedy%2C_White_House_photo_portrait%2C_looking_up.jpg 2x" data-file-width="748" data-file-height="970" /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">Secretary of State</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dean_Rusk" title="Dean Rusk">Dean Rusk</a> (1961–1963)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Secretary of the Treasury">Secretary of the Treasury</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/C._Douglas_Dillon" title="C. Douglas Dillon">C. Douglas Dillon</a> (1961–1963)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Defense" title="United States Secretary of Defense">Secretary of Defense</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_McNamara" title="Robert McNamara">Robert McNamara</a> (1961–1963)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney_General" title="United States Attorney General">Attorney General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Robert F. Kennedy</a> (1961–1963)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Postmaster_General" title="United States Postmaster General">Postmaster General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/J._Edward_Day" title="J. Edward Day">J. Edward Day</a> (1961–1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_A._Gronouski" title="John A. Gronouski">John A. Gronouski</a> (1963)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Interior" title="United States Secretary of the Interior">Secretary of the Interior</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stewart_Udall" title="Stewart Udall">Stewart Udall</a> (1961–1963)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Agriculture" title="United States Secretary of Agriculture">Secretary of Agriculture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orville_Freeman" title="Orville Freeman">Orville Freeman</a> (1961–1963)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Commerce" title="United States Secretary of Commerce">Secretary of Commerce</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luther_H._Hodges" title="Luther H. Hodges">Luther H. Hodges</a> (1961–1963)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Labor" title="United States Secretary of Labor">Secretary of Labor</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Goldberg" title="Arthur Goldberg">Arthur Goldberg</a> (1961–1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._Willard_Wirtz" title="W. Willard Wirtz">W. Willard Wirtz</a> (1962–1963)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Health_and_Human_Services" title="United States Secretary of Health and Human Services">Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Ribicoff" title="Abraham Ribicoff">Abraham Ribicoff</a> (1961–1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_J._Celebrezze" title="Anthony J. Celebrezze">Anthony J. Celebrezze </a> (1962–1963)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Cabinet-level112" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Cabinet-level</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_the_United_States_to_the_United_Nations" title="List of ambassadors of the United States to the United Nations">Ambassador to the United Nations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_II" title="Adlai Stevenson II">Adlai Stevenson II</a> (1961–1963)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cabinet_of_President_Lyndon_B._Johnson_(1963–1969)125" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:LB_Johnson_cabinet" title="Template:LB Johnson cabinet"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:LB_Johnson_cabinet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:LB Johnson cabinet (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:LB_Johnson_cabinet" title="Special:EditPage/Template:LB Johnson cabinet"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cabinet_of_President_Lyndon_B._Johnson_(1963–1969)125" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_States" title="Cabinet of the United States">Cabinet</a> of <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a> (1963–1969)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Cabinet878" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Cabinet</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>None (1963–1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey" title="Hubert Humphrey">Hubert Humphrey</a> (1965–1969)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="13" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Lbj2.jpg/100px-Lbj2.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Lbj2.jpg/150px-Lbj2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Lbj2.jpg/200px-Lbj2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3696" data-file-height="5552" /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">Secretary of State</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dean_Rusk" title="Dean Rusk">Dean Rusk</a> (1963–1969)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Secretary of the Treasury">Secretary of the Treasury</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/C._Douglas_Dillon" title="C. Douglas Dillon">C. Douglas Dillon</a> (1963–1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_H._Fowler" title="Henry H. Fowler">Henry H. Fowler</a> (1965–1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_W._Barr" title="Joseph W. Barr">Joseph W. Barr</a> (1968–1969)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Defense" title="United States Secretary of Defense">Secretary of Defense</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_McNamara" title="Robert McNamara">Robert McNamara</a> (1963–1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clark_Clifford" title="Clark Clifford">Clark Clifford</a> (1968–1969)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney_General" title="United States Attorney General">Attorney General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Robert F. Kennedy</a> (1963–1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Katzenbach" title="Nicholas Katzenbach">Nicholas Katzenbach</a> (1964–1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramsey_Clark" title="Ramsey Clark">Ramsey Clark</a> (1966–1969)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Postmaster_General" title="United States Postmaster General">Postmaster General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_A._Gronouski" title="John A. Gronouski">John A. Gronouski</a> (1963–1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_O%27Brien" title="Larry O'Brien">Larry O'Brien</a> (1965–1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._Marvin_Watson" title="W. Marvin Watson">W. Marvin Watson</a> (1968–1969)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Interior" title="United States Secretary of the Interior">Secretary of the Interior</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stewart_Udall" title="Stewart Udall">Stewart Udall</a> (1963–1969)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Agriculture" title="United States Secretary of Agriculture">Secretary of Agriculture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orville_Freeman" title="Orville Freeman">Orville Freeman</a> (1963–1969)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Commerce" title="United States Secretary of Commerce">Secretary of Commerce</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luther_H._Hodges" title="Luther H. Hodges">Luther H. Hodges</a> (1963–1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_T._Connor" title="John T. Connor">John T. Connor</a> (1965–1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Trowbridge" title="Alexander Trowbridge">Alexander Trowbridge</a> (1967–1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._R._Smith" title="C. R. Smith">C. R. Smith</a> (1968–1969)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Labor" title="United States Secretary of Labor">Secretary of Labor</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/W._Willard_Wirtz" title="W. Willard Wirtz">W. Willard Wirtz</a> (1963–1969)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Health_and_Human_Services" title="United States Secretary of Health and Human Services">Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_J._Celebrezze" title="Anthony J. Celebrezze">Anthony J. Celebrezze</a> (1963–1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Gardner" title="John W. Gardner">John W. Gardner</a> (1965–1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilbur_J._Cohen" title="Wilbur J. Cohen">Wilbur J. Cohen</a> (1968–1969)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Housing_and_Urban_Development" title="United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development">Secretary of Housing and Urban Development</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_C._Weaver" title="Robert C. Weaver">Robert C. Weaver</a> (1966–1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Coldwell_Wood" title="Robert Coldwell Wood">Robert Coldwell Wood</a> (1969)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Transportation" title="United States Secretary of Transportation">Secretary of Transportation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alan_S._Boyd" title="Alan S. Boyd">Alan S. Boyd</a> (1967–1969)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Cabinet-level112" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Cabinet-level</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_the_United_States_to_the_United_Nations" title="List of ambassadors of the United States to the United Nations">Ambassador to the United Nations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_II" title="Adlai Stevenson II">Adlai Stevenson II</a> (1963–1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Goldberg" title="Arthur Goldberg">Arthur Goldberg</a> (1965–1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Ball_(diplomat)" title="George Ball (diplomat)">George Ball</a> (1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Russell_Wiggins" title="James Russell Wiggins">James Russell Wiggins</a> (1968–1969)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="(←_1960)_1964_United_States_presidential_election_(→_1968)478" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:1964_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template:1964 United States presidential election"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:1964_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template talk:1964 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1964_United_States_presidential_election" title="Special:EditPage/Template:1964 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="(←_1960)_1964_United_States_presidential_election_(→_1968)478" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">(<a href="/wiki/1960_United_States_presidential_election" title="1960 United States presidential election">← 1960</a>) <a href="/wiki/1964_United_States_presidential_election" title="1964 United States presidential election">1964 United States presidential election</a> (<a href="/wiki/1968_United_States_presidential_election" title="1968 United States presidential election">→ 1968</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #3333FF;"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1964_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1964 Democratic National Convention">Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1964 Democratic Party presidential primaries">Primaries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Incumbent nominee: <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson_1964_presidential_campaign" title="Lyndon B. Johnson 1964 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daisy_(advertisement)" title="Daisy (advertisement)">Daisy</a></li></ul></li> <li>Incumbent VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey" title="Hubert Humphrey">Hubert Humphrey</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Other candidates: <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Brewster" title="Daniel Brewster">Daniel Brewster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Brown" title="Pat Brown">Pat Brown</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Robert F. Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_S._Porter" title="Albert S. Porter">Albert S. Porter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jennings_Randolph" title="Jennings Randolph">Jennings Randolph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Reynolds_Jr." title="John W. Reynolds Jr.">John W. Reynolds Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Wallace" title="George Wallace">George Wallace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_E._Welsh" title="Matthew E. Welsh">Matthew E. Welsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Yorty" title="Sam Yorty">Sam Yorty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #E81B23;"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1964_Republican_National_Convention" title="1964 Republican National Convention">Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1964 Republican Party presidential primaries">Primaries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater" title="Barry Goldwater">Barry Goldwater</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater_1964_presidential_campaign" title="Barry Goldwater 1964 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/William_E._Miller" title="William E. Miller">William E. Miller</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Other candidates: <a href="/wiki/Hiram_Fong" title="Hiram Fong">Hiram Fong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Judd_(politician)" title="Walter Judd (politician)">Walter Judd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Cabot_Lodge_Jr." title="Henry Cabot Lodge Jr.">Henry Cabot Lodge Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Rhodes" title="Jim Rhodes">Jim Rhodes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_Rockefeller" title="Nelson Rockefeller">Nelson Rockefeller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Scranton" title="William Scranton">William Scranton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Chase_Smith" title="Margaret Chase Smith">Margaret Chase Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Stassen" title="Harold Stassen">Harold Stassen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Third-party_and_independent_candidates361" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Third_party_(U.S._politics)" title="Third party (U.S. politics)">Third-party</a> and <a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">independent</a> candidates</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #F8F9FA;">American Vegetarian Party</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Symon_Gould" title="Symon Gould">Symon Gould</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #F5BCA9;"><a href="/wiki/National_States%27_Rights_Party" title="National States' Rights Party">National States' Rights Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/John_Kasper" title="John Kasper">John Kasper</a></li> <li>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/J._B._Stoner" title="J. B. Stoner">J. B. Stoner</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #FF00FF;"><a href="/wiki/Prohibition_Party" title="Prohibition Party">Prohibition Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/E._Harold_Munn" title="E. Harold Munn">E. Harold Munn</a></li> <li>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Mark_R._Shaw" class="mw-redirect" title="Mark R. Shaw">Mark R. Shaw </a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #DD051D;"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Labor_Party_of_America" title="Socialist Labor Party of America">Socialist Labor Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Eric_Hass" title="Eric Hass">Eric Hass </a></li> <li>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Henning_A._Blomen" title="Henning A. Blomen">Henning A. Blomen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #AA0000;"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Workers_Party_(United_States)" title="Socialist Workers Party (United States)">Socialist Workers Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Clifton_DeBerry" title="Clifton DeBerry">Clifton DeBerry</a></li> <li>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Ed_Shaw_(activist)" title="Ed Shaw (activist)">Ed Shaw</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #DDDDBB;"><a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">Independents</a> and other candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Lincoln_Rockwell" title="George Lincoln Rockwell">George Lincoln Rockwell</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Other 1964 elections: <a href="/wiki/1964_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1964 United States House of Representatives elections">House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_United_States_Senate_elections" title="1964 United States Senate elections">Senate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_United_States_gubernatorial_elections" title="1964 United States gubernatorial elections">Gubernatorial</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="(←_1964)_1968_United_States_presidential_election_(1972_→)525" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:1968_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template:1968 United States presidential election"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:1968_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template talk:1968 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1968_United_States_presidential_election" title="Special:EditPage/Template:1968 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="(←_1964)_1968_United_States_presidential_election_(1972_→)525" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">(<a href="/wiki/1964_United_States_presidential_election" title="1964 United States presidential election">← 1964</a>) <a href="/wiki/1968_United_States_presidential_election" title="1968 United States presidential election">1968 United States presidential election</a> (<a href="/wiki/1972_United_States_presidential_election" title="1972 United States presidential election">1972 →</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: right;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #E81B23;"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1968_Republican_National_Convention" title="1968 Republican National Convention">Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1968 Republican Party presidential primaries">Primaries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon_1968_presidential_campaign" title="Richard Nixon 1968 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Spiro_Agnew" title="Spiro Agnew">Spiro Agnew</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Other candidates: <a href="/wiki/Frank_Carlson" title="Frank Carlson">Frank Carlson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clifford_P._Case" title="Clifford P. Case">Clifford P. Case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiram_Fong" title="Hiram Fong">Hiram Fong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lindsay" title="John Lindsay">John Lindsay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Rhodes" title="Jim Rhodes">Jim Rhodes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_Rockefeller" title="Nelson Rockefeller">Nelson Rockefeller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winthrop_Rockefeller" title="Winthrop Rockefeller">Winthrop Rockefeller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Romney" title="George W. Romney">George W. Romney</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Romney_1968_presidential_campaign" title="George Romney 1968 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Stassen" title="Harold Stassen">Harold Stassen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_A._Volpe" title="John A. Volpe">John A. Volpe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: right;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #3333FF;"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1968_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1968 Democratic National Convention">Convention</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1968_Democratic_National_Convention_protests" title="1968 Democratic National Convention protests">protests</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1968 Democratic Party presidential primaries">Primaries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey" title="Hubert Humphrey">Hubert Humphrey</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey_1968_presidential_campaign" title="Hubert Humphrey 1968 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Muskie" title="Edmund Muskie">Edmund Muskie</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Other candidates: <a href="/wiki/Roger_D._Branigin" title="Roger D. Branigin">Roger D. Branigin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_G._Crommelin" title="John G. Crommelin">John G. Crommelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_C._Fisher" title="Paul C. Fisher">Paul C. Fisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Withdrawal_of_Lyndon_B._Johnson_from_the_1968_United_States_presidential_election" title="Withdrawal of Lyndon B. Johnson from the 1968 United States presidential election">withdrawal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Robert F. Kennedy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy_1968_presidential_campaign" title="Robert F. Kennedy 1968 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_C._Lynch" title="Thomas C. Lynch">Thomas C. Lynch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_McCarthy" title="Eugene McCarthy">Eugene McCarthy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_McCarthy_1968_presidential_campaign" title="Eugene McCarthy 1968 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_McGovern" title="George McGovern">George McGovern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_K._Moore" title="Dan K. Moore">Dan K. Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channing_E._Phillips" title="Channing E. Phillips">Channing E. Phillips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Smathers" title="George Smathers">George Smathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_M._Young" title="Stephen M. Young">Stephen M. Young</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: right;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #800080;"><a href="/wiki/American_Independent_Party" title="American Independent Party">American Independent Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Candidates10" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/George_Wallace" title="George Wallace">George Wallace</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Wallace_1968_presidential_campaign" title="George Wallace 1968 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Curtis_LeMay" title="Curtis LeMay">Curtis LeMay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Other_third_party_and_independent_candidates451" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other <a href="/wiki/Third_party_(U.S._politics)" title="Third party (U.S. politics)">third party</a> and <a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">independent</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_third_party_and_independent_presidential_candidates,_1968" class="mw-redirect" title="United States third party and independent presidential candidates, 1968">candidates</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #D50000;"><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_USA" title="Communist Party USA">Communist Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Charlene_Mitchell" title="Charlene Mitchell">Charlene Mitchell</a></li> <li>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Michael_Zagarell" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael Zagarell">Michael Zagarell</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #00FF00;"><a href="/wiki/Peace_and_Freedom_Party" title="Peace and Freedom Party">Peace and Freedom Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Eldridge_Cleaver" title="Eldridge Cleaver">Eldridge Cleaver</a></li> <li>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Fitzgerald_Dowd" title="Douglas Fitzgerald Dowd">Douglas Fitzgerald Dowd</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #FF00FF;"><a href="/wiki/Prohibition_Party" title="Prohibition Party">Prohibition Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/E._Harold_Munn" title="E. Harold Munn">E. Harold Munn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #DD051D;"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Labor_Party_of_America" title="Socialist Labor Party of America">Socialist Labor Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Henning_A._Blomen" title="Henning A. Blomen">Henning A. Blomen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #AA0000;"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Workers_Party_(United_States)" title="Socialist Workers Party (United States)">Socialist Workers Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Fred_Halstead" title="Fred Halstead">Fred Halstead</a></li> <li>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Paul_Boutelle" title="Paul Boutelle">Paul Boutelle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #DDDDBB;"><a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">Independents</a> and other candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Gregory" title="Dick Gregory">Dick Gregory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Paulsen" title="Pat Paulsen">Pat Paulsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pigasus_(politics)" title="Pigasus (politics)">Pigasus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Other 1968 elections: <a href="/wiki/1968_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1968 United States House of Representatives elections">House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_United_States_Senate_elections" title="1968 United States Senate elections">Senate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_United_States_gubernatorial_elections" title="1968 United States gubernatorial elections">Gubernatorial</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style 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href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25310#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000108686869">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/9882357">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/52277/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJm99MK3KXJMJRX8CM7T73">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118721836">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80035888">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12133536b">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12133536b">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00523187">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/RAVV073423">Italy</a><ul><li>"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/DDSV211044">2</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35266365">Australia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn19992000436&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX986552">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aleph.bibnat.ro:8991/F/?func=direct&local_base=NLR10&doc_number=000338120">Romania</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/371114">Portugal</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p068661894">Netherlands</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90360488">Norway</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000067341&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000199604&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000195063">Chile</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC199614704">Korea</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/khwz07w35kqqc8l">Sweden</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810692793405606">Poland</a></li><li><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/376233">Vatican</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007263621505171">Israel</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058523743206706">Catalonia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14364597">Belgium</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA02048551?l=en">CiNii</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/1a14d4d3-f10d-48c2-b259-45de2ab26871">MusicBrainz</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=K000114">US Congress</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/889342">Trove</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/118721836.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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