CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="nl" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Long (orgaan) - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )nlwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":[",\t.",".\t,"],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""], "wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","januari","februari","maart","april","mei","juni","juli","augustus","september","oktober","november","december"],"wgRequestId":"db8617ed-d2e3-469f-a932-631340ca1271","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Long_(orgaan)","wgTitle":"Long (orgaan)","wgCurRevisionId":68387795,"wgRevisionId":68387795,"wgArticleId":7420,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Ademhaling","Luchtwegstelsel"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"nl","wgPageContentLanguage":"nl","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Long_(orgaan)","wgRelevantArticleId":7420,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":true,"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{ "pageLanguageCode":"nl","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"nl"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":true,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":20000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q7886","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready", "skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.Direct-link-to-Commons","ext.gadget.ProtectionTemplates","ext.gadget.InterProjectLinks","ext.gadget.hoofdbetekenis-titelwijziging","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.gadget.OpenStreetMapFrame","ext.gadget.subpages","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns" ,"ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=nl&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=nl&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=nl&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.5"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3e/Lungs_anatomy.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1003"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3e/Lungs_anatomy.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="669"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Lungs_anatomy.png/640px-Lungs_anatomy.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="535"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Long (orgaan) - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//nl.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_(orgaan)"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Bewerken" href="/w/index.php?title=Long_(orgaan)&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (nl)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//nl.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_(orgaan)"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.nl"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom-feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Speciaal:RecenteWijzigingen&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Long_orgaan rootpage-Long_orgaan skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Naar inhoud springen</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Hoofdmenu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Hoofdmenu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Hoofdmenu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">naar zijbalk verplaatsen</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">verbergen</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigatie </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Hoofdpagina" title="Naar de hoofdpagina gaan [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Hoofdpagina</span></a></li><li id="n-zoekartikel" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portaal:Navigatie"><span>Vind een artikel</span></a></li><li id="n-today" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/2_december"><span>Vandaag</span></a></li><li id="n-Etalage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Etalage"><span>Etalage</span></a></li><li id="n-categories" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Alles"><span>Categorieën</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speciaal:RecenteWijzigingen" title="Een lijst met recente wijzigingen in deze wiki. [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recente wijzigingen</span></a></li><li id="n-newpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speciaal:NieuwePaginas"><span>Nieuwe artikelen</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speciaal:Willekeurig" title="Een willekeurige pagina bekijken [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Willekeurige pagina</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-navigation2" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation2" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Informatie </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portaal:Gebruikersportaal" title="Informatie over het project: wat u kunt doen, waar u dingen kunt vinden"><span>Gebruikersportaal</span></a></li><li id="n-Snelcursus" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Snelcursus"><span>Snelcursus</span></a></li><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portaal:Hulp_en_beheer" title="Hulpinformatie over deze wiki"><span>Hulp en contact</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Hoofdpagina" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="de vrije encyclopedie" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-nl.svg" width="120" height="13" style="width: 7.5em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Speciaal:Zoeken" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Doorzoek Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Zoeken</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Doorzoek Wikipedia" aria-label="Doorzoek Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Doorzoek Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Speciaal:Zoeken"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Zoeken</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Persoonlijke hulpmiddelen"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Uiterlijk"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="De lettergrootte, breedte en kleur van de pagina wijzigen" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Uiterlijk" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Uiterlijk</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_nl.wikipedia.org&uselang=nl" class=""><span>Doneren</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Speciaal:GebruikerAanmaken&returnto=Long+%28orgaan%29" title="Registreer u vooral en meld u aan. Dit is echter niet verplicht." class=""><span>Account aanmaken</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Speciaal:Aanmelden&returnto=Long+%28orgaan%29" title="U wordt van harte uitgenodigd om aan te melden, maar dit is niet verplicht [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Aanmelden</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Meer opties" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Persoonlijke hulpmiddelen" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Persoonlijke hulpmiddelen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Gebruikersmenu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_nl.wikipedia.org&uselang=nl"><span>Doneren</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciaal:GebruikerAanmaken&returnto=Long+%28orgaan%29" title="Registreer u vooral en meld u aan. Dit is echter niet verplicht."><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Account aanmaken</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciaal:Aanmelden&returnto=Long+%28orgaan%29" title="U wordt van harte uitgenodigd om aan te melden, maar dit is niet verplicht [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Aanmelden</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pagina's voor uitgelogde redacteuren <a href="/wiki/Help:Inleiding" aria-label="Meer leren over bewerken"><span>meer lezen</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speciaal:MijnBijdragen" title="Bijdragen IP-adres [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Bijdragen</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speciaal:MijnOverleg" title="Overlegpagina van de anonieme gebruiker van dit IP-adres [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Overleg</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Inhoud" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Inhoud</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">naar zijbalk verplaatsen</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">verbergen</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Top</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Gaswisseling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gaswisseling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Gaswisseling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gaswisseling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mens" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mens"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Mens</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Mens-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Mens-subkopje inklappen</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Mens-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bouw" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bouw"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Bouw</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bouw-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adembeweging" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adembeweging"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Adembeweging</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adembeweging-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ademhalingscentrum" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ademhalingscentrum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Ademhalingscentrum</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ademhalingscentrum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-De_noodzaak_van_een_rustige_ademhaling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#De_noodzaak_van_een_rustige_ademhaling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>De noodzaak van een rustige ademhaling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-De_noodzaak_van_een_rustige_ademhaling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Luchtconditionering" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Luchtconditionering"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Luchtconditionering</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Luchtconditionering-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ziekten" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ziekten"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Ziekten</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ziekten-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Evolutie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evolutie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Evolutie</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Evolutie-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Evolutie-subkopje inklappen</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Evolutie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Huidademhaling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Huidademhaling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Huidademhaling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Huidademhaling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kieuwademhaling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kieuwademhaling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Kieuwademhaling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kieuwademhaling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Longademhaling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Longademhaling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Longademhaling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Longademhaling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Beperkingen_van_longen_in_enkelvoudige_bloedsomloop" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Beperkingen_van_longen_in_enkelvoudige_bloedsomloop"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Beperkingen van longen in enkelvoudige bloedsomloop</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Beperkingen_van_longen_in_enkelvoudige_bloedsomloop-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dubbele_bloedsomloop" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dubbele_bloedsomloop"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Dubbele bloedsomloop</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dubbele_bloedsomloop-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vissen_zonder_longen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vissen_zonder_longen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Vissen zonder longen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vissen_zonder_longen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Viervoeters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Viervoeters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Viervoeters</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Viervoeters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Motorische_sturing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Motorische_sturing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8</span> <span>Motorische sturing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Motorische_sturing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literatuur" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literatuur"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Literatuur</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literatuur-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Noten" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Noten"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Noten</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Noten-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zie_ook" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zie_ook"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Zie ook</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zie_ook-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Inhoud" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Inhoudsopgave omschakelen" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Inhoudsopgave omschakelen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Long (orgaan)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Ga naar een artikel in een andere taal. Beschikbaar in 170 talen" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-170" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">170 talen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%27ueb" title="S'ueb – Atjehs" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="S'ueb" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Atjehs" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long" title="Long – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Long" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunge" title="Lunge – Zwitserduits" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Lunge" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Zwitserduits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%B3%E1%88%9D%E1%89%A3" title="ሳምባ – Amhaars" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ሳምባ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amhaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polm%C3%B3n" title="Polmón – Aragonees" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Polmón" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A6%D8%A9" title="رئة – Arabisch" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="رئة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%AA%DC%90%DC%AC%DC%90" title="ܪܐܬܐ – Aramees" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܪܐܬܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%81%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%81%E0%A6%93" title="হাঁওফাঁও – Assamees" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="হাঁওফাঁও" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulm%C3%B3n" title="Pulmón – Asturisch" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Pulmón" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-atj mw-list-item"><a href="https://atj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opan" title="Opan – Atikamekw" lang="atj" hreflang="atj" data-title="Opan" data-language-autonym="Atikamekw" data-language-local-name="Atikamekw" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Atikamekw</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%8C%D1%83%D1%8A%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BB" title="Гьуърул – Avarisch" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Гьуърул" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avarisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuyma" title="Chuyma – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Chuyma" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C4%9Fciy%C9%99r" title="Ağciyər – Azerbeidzjaans" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Ağciyər" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbeidzjaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%BA%E2%80%8C%D8%AC%DB%8C%DB%8C%D8%B1" title="آغ‌جییر – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="آغ‌جییر" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%AE%D0%BF%D0%BA%D3%99" title="Үпкә – Basjkiers" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Үпкә" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Basjkiers" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baga_(anatomiya)" title="Baga (anatomiya) – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Baga (anatomiya)" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%91%D0%B3%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Лёгкія – Belarussisch" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Лёгкія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarussisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%91%D0%B3%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Лёгкія – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Лёгкія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%8F%D0%BB_%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1" title="Бял дроб – Bulgaars" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Бял дроб" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B8" title="ফুসফুস – Bengaals" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ফুসফুস" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bengaals" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%82%E0%BE%B3%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%96%E0%BC%8D" title="གློ་བ། – Tibetaans" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="གློ་བ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skevent" title="Skevent – Bretons" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Skevent" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Bretons" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plu%C4%87a" title="Pluća – Bosnisch" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Pluća" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rak" title="Rak – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Rak" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Mandailing</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%83%D1%88%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Уушхан – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Уушхан" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulm%C3%B3" title="Pulmó – Catalaans" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Pulmó" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hi%C3%A9_(k%C3%A9-gu%C4%83ng)" title="Hié (ké-guăng) – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Hié (ké-guăng)" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baga_(anatomiya)" title="Baga (anatomiya) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Baga (anatomiya)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8F%97%E1%8F%9B%E1%8E%B5%E1%8F%97%E1%8F%8D%E1%8F%99%E1%8F%97" title="ᏗᏛᎵᏗᏍᏙᏗ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᏗᏛᎵᏗᏍᏙᏗ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C_(%D8%A6%DB%95%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%85)" title="سی (ئەندام) – Soranî" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="سی (ئەندام)" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Soranî" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pl%C3%ADce" title="Plíce – Tsjechisch" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Plíce" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Tsjechisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%B2%D0%BF%D0%BA%D0%B5" title="Ӳпке – Tsjoevasjisch" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Ӳпке" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Tsjoevasjisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ysgyfaint" title="Ysgyfaint – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ysgyfaint" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunge_(bredere_betydning)" title="Lunge (bredere betydning) – Deens" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Lunge (bredere betydning)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Deens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sapu%C9%A3u" title="Sapuɣu – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Sapuɣu" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagbanli</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunge" title="Lunge – Duits" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Lunge" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Duits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciger" title="Ciger – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Ciger" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%8A%DE%AA%DE%87%DE%B0%DE%95%DE%A7%DE%89%DE%AD" title="ފުއްޕާމޭ – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ފުއްޕާމޭ" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%BD%CE%B5%CF%8D%CE%BC%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Πνεύμονας – Grieks" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πνεύμονας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Grieks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm%C3%B2%E1%B9%85" title="Palmòṅ – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Palmòṅ" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="goed artikel"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lung" title="Lung – Engels" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Lung" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Engels" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulmo" title="Pulmo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Pulmo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulm%C3%B3n" title="Pulmón – Spaans" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Pulmón" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kopsud" title="Kopsud – Estisch" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kopsud" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="uitgelicht artikel"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birika" title="Birika – Baskisch" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Birika" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Baskisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%B4" title="شش – Perzisch" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="شش" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Perzisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keuhkot" title="Keuhkot – Fins" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Keuhkot" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Fins" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A4%C3%BC" title="Täü – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Täü" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yatevuso" title="Yatevuso – Fijisch" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Yatevuso" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poumon" title="Poumon – Frans" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Poumon" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Frans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long" title="Long – Fries" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Long" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Fries" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scamh%C3%B3g" title="Scamhóg – Iers" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Scamhóg" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Iers" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poumon" title="Poumon – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Poumon" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sgamhan" title="Sgamhan – Schots-Gaelisch" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Sgamhan" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Schots-Gaelisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulm%C3%B3n" title="Pulmón – Galicisch" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Pulmón" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galicisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%91e%27%C3%A3vev%C3%BAi" title="Ñe'ãvevúi – Guaraní" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Ñe'ãvevúi" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guaraní" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AB%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%AB%E0%AA%B8%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%82" title="ફેફસાં – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ફેફસાં" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huhu" title="Huhu – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Huhu" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hi" title="Hi – Hakka" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Hi" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%90%D7%94" title="ריאה – Hebreeuws" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ריאה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebreeuws" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8" title="फुप्फुस – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="फुप्फुस" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plu%C4%87a" title="Pluća – Kroatisch" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Pluća" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Kroatisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCd%C5%91" title="Tüdő – Hongaars" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Tüdő" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hongaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B9%D5%B8%D6%84%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Թոքեր – Armeens" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Թոքեր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulmones" title="Pulmones – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Pulmones" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paru-paru" title="Paru-paru – Indonesisch" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Paru-paru" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulmon" title="Pulmon – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Pulmon" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puvak" title="Puvak – Inupiaq" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Puvak" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="Inupiaq" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Iñupiatun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bara" title="Bara – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Bara" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%88" title="Пехкаш – Ingoesjetisch" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Пехкаш" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingoesjetisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulmono" title="Pulmono – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Pulmono" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunga" title="Lunga – IJslands" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Lunga" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="IJslands" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polmone" title="Polmone – Italiaans" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Polmone" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italiaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%82%BA" title="肺 – Japans" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="肺" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long" title="Long – Jamaicaans Creools" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Long" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaicaans Creools" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/fepri" title="fepri – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="fepri" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paru-paru" title="Paru-paru – Javaans" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Paru-paru" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A2%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="ფილტვები – Georgisch" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ფილტვები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turin" title="Turin – Kabylisch" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Turin" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabylisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%CA%8Bz%CA%8B%CA%8B" title="Hʋzʋʋ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Hʋzʋʋ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%A8%D0%BA%D0%BF%D0%B5" title="Өкпе – Kazachs" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Өкпе" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazachs" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B6%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%B6" title="ಶ್ವಾಸಕೋಶ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಶ್ವಾಸಕೋಶ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%97%88%ED%8C%8C" title="허파 – Koreaans" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="허파" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Koreaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%88%D9%97%D8%B4" title="شوٗش – Kasjmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="شوٗش" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kasjmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%A8%D0%BF%D0%BA%D3%A9" title="Өпкө – Kirgizisch" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Өпкө" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kirgizisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulmo" title="Pulmo – Latijn" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Pulmo" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latijn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long" title="Long – Luxemburgs" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Long" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxemburgs" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%8C%D1%83%D1%82%D1%80%D1%83" title="Гьутру – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Гьутру" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лакку</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Жигер – Lezgisch" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Жигер" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezgisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulmon" title="Pulmon – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Pulmon" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%B3nge" title="Lónge – Limburgs" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Lónge" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgs" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lip%C3%BAl%C3%BAl%C3%BA" title="Lipúlúlú – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Lipúlúlú" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%94" title="ປອດ – Laotiaans" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ປອດ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Laotiaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plau%C4%8Diai" title="Plaučiai – Litouws" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Plaučiai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Litouws" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plau%C5%A1as" title="Plaušas – Lets" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Plaušas" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Lets" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paru-paru" title="Paru-paru – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Paru-paru" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Тевлафне – Moksja" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Тевлафне" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksja" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Havokavoka" title="Havokavoka – Malagassisch" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Havokavoka" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagassisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Бели дробови – Macedonisch" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Бели дробови" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%82" title="ശ്വാസകോശം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ശ്വാസകോശം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B3%D0%B8" title="Уушги – Mongools" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Уушги" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongools" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8" title="फुफ्फुस – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="फुफ्फुस" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%8B" title="Шоды – West-Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Шоды" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="West-Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paru-paru" title="Paru-paru – Maleis" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Paru-paru" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Maleis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulmun" title="Pulmun – Maltees" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Pulmun" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%86%E1%80%AF%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA" title="အဆုတ် – Birmaans" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အဆုတ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Birmaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%B2" title="Тевеляв – Erzja" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Тевеляв" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzja" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DA%A9" title="پک – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="پک" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8B" title="फोक्सो – Nepalees" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="फोक्सो" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepalees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%99" title="लुङ – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="लुङ" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunge" title="Lunge – Noors - Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Lunge" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Noors - Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunge" title="Lunge – Noors - Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Lunge" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Noors - Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmon" title="Palmon – Occitaans" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Palmon" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AB%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%AB%E0%A9%9C%E0%A8%BE" title="ਫੇਫੜਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਫੇਫੜਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pag mw-list-item"><a href="https://pag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bala" title="Bala – Pangasinan" lang="pag" hreflang="pag" data-title="Bala" data-language-autonym="Pangasinan" data-language-local-name="Pangasinan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pangasinan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baga" title="Baga – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Baga" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulmon" title="Pulmon – Papiaments" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Pulmon" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiaments" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C5%82uco" title="Płuco – Pools" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Płuco" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Pools" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DA%BE%D9%BE%DA%BE%DA%91%DB%92" title="پھپھڑے – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="پھپھڑے" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DA%96%D9%8A" title="سږي – Pasjtoe" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="سږي" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pasjtoe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulm%C3%A3o" title="Pulmão – Portugees" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Pulmão" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surq%27an" title="Surq'an – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Surq'an" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pl%C4%83m%C3%A2n" title="Plămân – Roemeens" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Plămân" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Roemeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plimunu" title="Plimunu – Aroemeens" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Plimunu" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aroemeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%91%D0%B3%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Лёгкие – Russisch" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Лёгкие" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%83" title="फुफ्फुसः – Sanskriet" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="फुफ्फुसः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskriet" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8B%D2%A5%D0%B0" title="Тыҥа – Jakoets" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Тыҥа" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Jakoets" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prumone" title="Prumone – Sardijns" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Prumone" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardijns" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purmuna" title="Purmuna – Siciliaans" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Purmuna" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Siciliaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffs" title="Buffs – Schots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Buffs" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Schots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A6%DA%A6%DA%99" title="ڦڦڙ – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ڦڦڙ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geahpp%C3%A1t" title="Geahppát – Noord-Samisch" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Geahppát" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Noord-Samisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plu%C4%87a" title="Pluća – Servo-Kroatisch" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Pluća" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Servo-Kroatisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lung" title="Lung – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Lung" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C4%BE%C3%BAca" title="Pľúca – Slowaaks" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Pľúca" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slowaaks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plju%C4%8Da" title="Pljuča – Sloveens" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Pljuča" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Sloveens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mapapu" title="Mapapu – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Mapapu" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sambab" title="Sambab – Somalisch" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Sambab" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somalisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mushk%C3%ABria" title="Mushkëria – Albanees" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Mushkëria" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%9B%D0%B0" title="Плућа – Servisch" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Плућа" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Servisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayah" title="Bayah – Soendanees" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Bayah" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Soendanees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunga" title="Lunga – Zweeds" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Lunga" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Zweeds" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mapafu" title="Mapafu – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Mapafu" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/bala%27" title="bala' – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="bala'" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="நுரையீரல் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நுரையீரல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%8A%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%81" title="ఊపిరితిత్తులు – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఊపిరితిత్తులు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%83%D1%88" title="Шуш – Tadzjieks" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Шуш" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tadzjieks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%94" title="ปอด – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ปอด" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baga_(anatomiya)" title="Baga (anatomiya) – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Baga (anatomiya)" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akci%C4%9Fer" title="Akciğer – Turks" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Akciğer" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%AE%D0%BF%D0%BA%D3%99" title="Үпкә – Tataars" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Үпкә" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tataars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%86%D9%BE%D9%83%DB%95" title="ئۆپكە – Oeigoers" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ئۆپكە" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Oeigoers" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%96" title="Легені – Oekraïens" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Легені" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Oekraïens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DA%BE%DB%8C%D9%BE%DA%BE%DA%91%DB%92" title="پھیپھڑے – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="پھیپھڑے" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/O%CA%BBpka" title="Oʻpka – Oezbeeks" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Oʻpka" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Oezbeeks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polmon" title="Polmon – Venetiaans" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Polmon" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetiaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph%E1%BB%95i" title="Phổi – Vietnamees" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Phổi" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lueg" title="Lueg – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Lueg" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peumon" title="Peumon – Waals" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Peumon" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Waals" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baga_(anatomiya)" title="Baga (anatomiya) – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Baga (anatomiya)" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%82%BA" title="肺 – Wuyu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="肺" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%B3" title="Оошг – Kalmuks" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Оошг" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="Kalmuks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Хальмг</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imiphunga" title="Imiphunga – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="Imiphunga" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%9F%E1%83%95%E1%83%98" title="ფიჟვი – Mingreels" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ფიჟვი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingreels" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%92" title="לונג – Jiddisch" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="לונג" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Jiddisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bwt" title="Bwt – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Bwt" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%82%BA" title="肺 – Chinees" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="肺" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%82%BA" title="肺 – Klassiek Chinees" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="肺" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Klassiek Chinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%AC_(kh%C3%AC-koan)" title="Hì (khì-koan) – Minnanyu" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Hì (khì-koan)" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnanyu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%82%BA" title="肺 – Kantonees" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="肺" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Kantonees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q7886#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Taalkoppelingen bewerken" class="wbc-editpage">Koppelingen bewerken</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Naamruimten"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Long_(orgaan)" title="Inhoudspagina bekijken [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Artikel</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Overleg:Long_(orgaan)" rel="discussion" title="Overleg over deze pagina [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Overleg</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Taalvariant wijzigen" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Nederlands</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Weergaven"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Long_(orgaan)"><span>Lezen</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Long_(orgaan)&veaction=edit" title="Deze pagina bewerken [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Bewerken</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Long_(orgaan)&action=edit" title="Broncode van deze pagina bewerken [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Brontekst bewerken</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Long_(orgaan)&action=history" title="Eerdere versies van deze pagina [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Geschiedenis weergeven</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Paginahulpmiddelen"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Hulpmiddelen" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Hulpmiddelen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Hulpmiddelen</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">naar zijbalk verplaatsen</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">verbergen</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Meer opties" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Handelingen </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Long_(orgaan)"><span>Lezen</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Long_(orgaan)&veaction=edit" title="Deze pagina bewerken [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Bewerken</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Long_(orgaan)&action=edit" title="Broncode van deze pagina bewerken [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Brontekst bewerken</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Long_(orgaan)&action=history"><span>Geschiedenis weergeven</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Algemeen </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speciaal:VerwijzingenNaarHier/Long_(orgaan)" title="Lijst met alle pagina's die naar deze pagina verwijzen [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Links naar deze pagina</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speciaal:RecenteWijzigingenGelinkt/Long_(orgaan)" rel="nofollow" title="Recente wijzigingen in pagina's waar deze pagina naar verwijst [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Gerelateerde wijzigingen</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:UploadWizard?uselang=nl" title="Bestanden uploaden [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Bestand uploaden</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speciaal:SpecialePaginas" title="Lijst met alle speciale pagina's [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Speciale pagina's</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Long_(orgaan)&oldid=68387795" title="Permanente koppeling naar deze versie van deze pagina"><span>Permanente koppeling</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Long_(orgaan)&action=info" title="Meer informatie over deze pagina"><span>Paginagegevens</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciaal:Citeren&page=Long_%28orgaan%29&id=68387795&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Informatie over hoe u deze pagina kunt citeren"><span>Deze pagina citeren</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciaal:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fnl.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FLong_%28orgaan%29"><span>Verkorte URL verkrijgen</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciaal:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fnl.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FLong_%28orgaan%29"><span>QR-code downloaden</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Afdrukken/exporteren </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciaal:Boek&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Long+%28orgaan%29"><span>Boek aanmaken</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciaal:DownloadAsPdf&page=Long_%28orgaan%29&action=show-download-screen"><span>Downloaden als PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Long_(orgaan)&printable=yes" title="Printvriendelijke versie van deze pagina [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Afdrukversie</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In andere projecten </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Lung" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q7886" title="Koppeling naar item in verbonden gegevensrepository [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata-item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Paginahulpmiddelen"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Uiterlijk"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Uiterlijk</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">naar zijbalk verplaatsen</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">verbergen</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-woordenboek" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span id="tpl_Woordenboek"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://nl.wiktionary.org/wiki/long#Nederlands" title="Zoek dit woord op in WikiWoordenboek"><img alt="Zoek dit woord op in WikiWoordenboek" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Wiktionary_small.svg/18px-Wiktionary_small.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Wiktionary_small.svg/27px-Wiktionary_small.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Wiktionary_small.svg/36px-Wiktionary_small.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="350" /></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Uit Wikipedia, de vrije encyclopedie</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="nl" dir="ltr"><table class="infobox" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1"> <tbody><tr> <th class="infobox-kop notheme" style="color:inherit; text-align:center; font-size:120%;" colspan="3">Longen </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;" colspan="3"><i><b>Pulmones</b></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; padding:0;" colspan="3"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Lungs_anatomy.png" class="mw-file-description" title="alt=1. luchtpijp (trachea) 2. rechter bronchus 3. linker bronchus 4. rechter long (pulmo dexter): bovenste (4a), middenste (4b) en onderste (4c) longlob 5. linker long (pulmo sinister): bovenste (5a) en onderste (5b) longlob 6. fissura obliqua 7. fissura horizontalis 8. arteria pulmonalis"><img alt="alt=1. luchtpijp (trachea) 2. rechter bronchus 3. linker bronchus 4. rechter long (pulmo dexter): bovenste (4a), middenste (4b) en onderste (4c) longlob 5. linker long (pulmo sinister): bovenste (5a) en onderste (5b) longlob 6. fissura obliqua 7. fissura horizontalis 8. arteria pulmonalis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Lungs_anatomy.png/266px-Lungs_anatomy.png" decoding="async" width="266" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Lungs_anatomy.png/399px-Lungs_anatomy.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Lungs_anatomy.png/532px-Lungs_anatomy.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="585" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;" colspan="3"><div style="font-size:90%">1. <a href="/wiki/Luchtpijp" title="Luchtpijp">luchtpijp</a> (trachea)<br /> <p>2. rechter <a href="/wiki/Luchtpijpvertakking" title="Luchtpijpvertakking">bronchus</a><br /> 3. linker bronchus<br /> 4. rechter long (pulmo dexter): bovenste (4a), middenste (4b) en onderste (4c) longlob<br /> 5. linker long (pulmo sinister): bovenste (5a) en onderste (5b) longlob<br /> 6. <a href="/wiki/Fissura_obliqua" title="Fissura obliqua">fissura obliqua</a><br /> 7. <a href="/wiki/Fissura_horizontalis_pulmonis_dextri" title="Fissura horizontalis pulmonis dextri">fissura horizontalis</a><br /> </p> 8. <a href="/wiki/Longslagader" title="Longslagader">arteria pulmonalis</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th class="infobox-kop notheme" style="color:inherit;" colspan="3">Gegevens </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Orgaansysteem" title="Orgaansysteem">Orgaanstelsel</a> </th> <td colspan="2"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ademhalingsstel_(mens)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ademhalingsstel (mens) (de pagina bestaat niet)">Ademhalingsstelsel</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th class="infobox-kop notheme" style="color:inherit;" colspan="3">Naslagwerken </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Gray%27s_Anatomy" title="Gray's Anatomy">Gray's Anatomy</a> </th> <td colspan="2">p.1093 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bartleby.com/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/pages-1093">tekst</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/anatomyofhumanbo1918gray/page/1093/mode/2up?view=theater">foto</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a> </th> <td colspan="2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D008168">D008168: Lung</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Terminologia_Anatomica" title="Terminologia Anatomica">TA2</a> </th> <td colspan="2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ta2viewer.openanatomy.org/?id=3265">3265</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="infobox-kop notheme center" style="color:inherit;" colspan="3"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody><tr> <td style="vertical-align:middle;"><b>Portaal</b>  <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Portal.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portaalicoon"><img alt="Portaalicoon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Portal.svg/22px-Portal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Portal.svg/33px-Portal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Portal.svg/44px-Portal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="36" data-file-height="32" /></a></span>   </td> <td class="ta-left"><b><a href="/wiki/Portaal:Biologie" title="Portaal:Biologie">Biologie</a> </b> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Alveoli-nl.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Alveoli-nl.svg/260px-Alveoli-nl.svg.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Alveoli-nl.svg/390px-Alveoli-nl.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Alveoli-nl.svg/520px-Alveoli-nl.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1832" data-file-height="1143" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gaswisseling" title="Gaswisseling">Gaswisseling</a> in de longblaasjes</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Longen</b> zijn gepaarde inwendige <a href="/wiki/Ademhalingsstelsel" title="Ademhalingsstelsel">ademhalingsorganen</a> van <a href="/wiki/Gewervelden" title="Gewervelden">gewervelde dieren</a>, met uitzondering van de meeste <a href="/wiki/Vissen_(dieren)" title="Vissen (dieren)">vissen</a> en sommige <a href="/wiki/Amfibie%C3%ABn" title="Amfibieën">amfibieën</a>. </p><p>In de longen vindt <a href="/wiki/Gaswisseling" title="Gaswisseling">gaswisseling</a> plaats tussen <a href="/wiki/Lucht" title="Lucht">lucht</a> en <a href="/wiki/Bloed" title="Bloed">bloed</a> ten behoeve van het <a href="/wiki/Stofwisseling" title="Stofwisseling">metabolisme</a> en zijn daarmee de eerste stap in de <a href="/wiki/Zuurstofcascade" title="Zuurstofcascade">zuurstofcascade</a> richting de <a href="/wiki/Mitochondrion" title="Mitochondrion">mitochondriën</a> in de <a href="/wiki/Cel_(biologie)" title="Cel (biologie)">lichaamscellen</a>. De longen van zoogdieren zijn geen holle ruimtes die gevuld worden met lucht, maar hebben een sponsachtige structuur zodat het oppervlak waar gasuitwisseling mogelijk is veel groter wordt. De longen van amfibieën zijn wel te vergelijken met een lege zak, die weinig efficiënt is. Ze ademen daarom door keelademhaling en door de huid. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gaswisseling">Gaswisseling</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Long_(orgaan)&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Gaswisseling" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Long_(orgaan)&action=edit&section=1" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Gaswisseling"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Door te ademen kan <a href="/wiki/Gaswisseling" title="Gaswisseling">gaswisseling</a> plaatsvinden: <a href="/wiki/Dizuurstof" title="Dizuurstof">zuurstof</a> <a href="/wiki/Diffusie" title="Diffusie">diffundeert</a> dan het bloed in en <a href="/wiki/Koolstofdioxide" title="Koolstofdioxide">koolstofdioxide</a> eruit. Er is zuurstof nodig voor de <a href="/wiki/Verbranding_(biologie)" class="mw-redirect" title="Verbranding (biologie)">verbranding</a> van voedsel, waarbij energie vrijkomt voor een groot aantal processen. Voorts wordt met de <a href="/wiki/Ademhalingsstelsel_(mens)" title="Ademhalingsstelsel (mens)">ademhaling</a> <a href="/wiki/Koolstofdioxide" title="Koolstofdioxide">koolzuur</a> verwijderd, dat wordt geproduceerd bij de verbranding van <a href="/wiki/Voedingsstof" title="Voedingsstof">voedingsstoffen</a>. De concentratie van koolzuur in het <a href="/wiki/Bloed" title="Bloed">bloed</a> wordt geregeld door het <a href="/wiki/Ademhalingscentrum" title="Ademhalingscentrum">ademcentrum</a> in de <a href="/wiki/Hersenen" title="Hersenen">hersenen</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mens">Mens</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Long_(orgaan)&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Mens" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Long_(orgaan)&action=edit&section=2" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Mens"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bouw">Bouw</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Long_(orgaan)&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Bouw" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Long_(orgaan)&action=edit&section=3" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Bouw"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bij de mens is de rechterlong iets groter dan de linker, doordat het grootste deel van het <a href="/wiki/Hart" title="Hart">hart</a> zich aan de linkerzijde bevindt. De rechterlong heeft drie longkwabben; de linker bijna altijd (op ±5% na) twee.<sup id="cite_ref-GA_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GA-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> De <i>lingula</i> (tongetje), de middelste kwab van de linkerlong, is <a href="/wiki/Rudimentair_(anatomie)" title="Rudimentair (anatomie)">rudimentair</a>.<br /> De ingeademde lucht stroomt door de <a href="/wiki/Luchtpijp" title="Luchtpijp">luchtpijp</a> of <i>trachea</i> die zich bij de <a href="/wiki/Carina_(luchtwegen)" title="Carina (luchtwegen)">carina</a> splitst in twee <a href="/wiki/Bronchi%C3%ABn" class="mw-redirect" title="Bronchiën">bronchiën</a>, die de lucht verder voeren in een systeem van steeds meer, en steeds fijner vertakte, pijpjes tot ze uiteindelijk terechtkomt in de zeer kleine longtrechtertjes. De wanden daarvan zijn uitgestulpt tot kleine zakjes, de alveolenzakjes, met elk een tiental blaasvormige uitstulpingen, de alveolen of longblaasjes. Deze worden omgeven door een netwerk van <a href="/wiki/Haarvat" title="Haarvat">zeer fijne bloedvaatjes</a>. De zuurstof in de blaasjes passeert, onder invloed van de <a href="/wiki/Concentratiegradi%C3%ABnt#Biologie" title="Concentratiegradiënt">concentratiegradiënt</a>, een uiterst dun vlies (membraan) gevormd uit een eencellige laag van <a href="/wiki/Endotheel" title="Endotheel">endotheelcellen</a>, en komt zo in deze haarvaten. In het <a href="/wiki/Bloed" title="Bloed">bloed</a> van de haarvaten wordt de zuurstof voor het grootste deel aan <a href="/wiki/Hemoglobine" title="Hemoglobine">hemoglobine</a> gebonden. Om de long ligt het longvlies, de <a href="/wiki/Pleura" title="Pleura">pleura</a>. De pleura bestaat uit twee bladen, de pleura visceralis die aan de long vastzit en de pleura parietalis die aan de binnenkant van de borstwand vastzit. Tussen deze twee vliezen zit wat vocht waardoor ze ten opzichte van elkaar kunnen verschuiven (vergelijk 2 glazen platen met water ertussen). De long is elastisch en wil van zichzelf inklappen, maar door de onderdruk tussen de longvliezen aan de binnenkant van de borstwand gebeurt dat niet. De long volgt normaliter de bewegingen van de borstwand. Als er lucht tussen de twee pleurabladen komt, bv. door een messteek in de borstkas, valt de onderdruk tussen de 2 pleurabladen weg en kan de long samenvallen: er ontstaat een klaplong, ofwel een <a href="/wiki/Pneumothorax" title="Pneumothorax">pneumothorax</a>. Ditzelfde gebeurt bij een ruptuur (breuk) van een of meer alveoli: er stroomt dan lucht vanuit de long de pleuraholte in. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Adembeweging">Adembeweging</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Long_(orgaan)&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Adembeweging" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Long_(orgaan)&action=edit&section=4" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Adembeweging"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Diafragma_ademhaling.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Diafragma_ademhaling.gif/260px-Diafragma_ademhaling.gif" decoding="async" width="260" height="408" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/16/Diafragma_ademhaling.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="382" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Middenrifademhaling" title="Middenrifademhaling">Middenrifademhaling</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Bij rustige ademhaling wordt de borstholte vergroot: de ribben worden naar voren en omhoog getrokken, en het <a href="/wiki/Middenrif" title="Middenrif">middenrif</a> wordt minder bol. Door die verruimende beweging wordt ongeveer een halve liter lucht naar binnen gezogen. Negatieve drukademhaling is ademhalen door een onderdruk te creëren. Bij grote inspanning, zoals bij het hardlopen, gaat de ademhaling sneller en dieper. De hoeveelheid lucht die dan met één diepe teug naar binnen komt, kan wel tot vier liter stijgen. Als de spieren dan weer verslappen, veert de borstkas weer terug in haar oorspronkelijke stand en krimpt de long in elkaar: de lucht wordt uitgeademd. Inademing is een actief proces, uitademing volgt (bij rustige ademhaling) door de terugverende kracht van de thorax en de long zelf. Niet àlle lucht kan worden uitgeademd: zelfs na een diepe uitademing blijft er altijd lucht in de longen achter, ongeveer 1,5 liter (het eind-expiratoir volume). Per minuut haalt een volwassen mens in rust ongeveer twaalf tot zestien keer adem. Per dag passeert zo'n 10.000 liter lucht de luchtwegen, op weg naar de longen. In een gemiddeld mensenleven vullen de longen zich zo'n 500 miljoen keer. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ademhalingscentrum">Ademhalingscentrum</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Long_(orgaan)&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Ademhalingscentrum" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Long_(orgaan)&action=edit&section=5" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Ademhalingscentrum"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ademhalen is meestal onbewust en ook 's nachts gaat het proces gewoon door, al zijn er aandoeningen als <a href="/wiki/Ondines_vloek" title="Ondines vloek">Ondines vloek</a> waarbij dit niet het geval is. Anders dan bij de hartslag, kan de ademhaling echter wel bewust een poos onderdrukt worden of gestimuleerd. In de hersenstam bevindt zich het <a href="/wiki/Ademhalingscentrum" title="Ademhalingscentrum">ademhalingscentrum</a>. Dit centrum reguleert op basis van de koolzuurconcentratie in het bloed de ademhaling en houdt zo het koolzuurgehalte in het bloed vrijwel constant. Daarmee wordt tegelijkertijd de zuurstofconcentratie in het bloed op peil gehouden. Als de ademhaling door ziekte bemoeilijkt is, ontstaat <i>dyspneu</i>, een benauwdheidsgevoel dat het gevolg is van een verhoogde koolzuurconcentratie en/of een verlaagde zuurstofconcentratie in het bloed, de longen kunnen de koolzuurconcentratie niet meer op het juiste peil houden. Er komt dan een extra aantal hulpspieren in actie. Om de werking van die spieren te vergemakkelijken, zitten benauwde mensen dikwijls rechtop in bed, steunend op de armen. </p><p>Buiten adem raken komt voor als het tempo van in- en uitademing niet is aangepast aan inspanning waarbij veel koolzuur wordt geproduceerd dat door de longen niet snel genoeg kan worden afgevoerd. In de meeste gevallen passen de ademhalingsorganen zich vanzelf aan, maar voor sommige activiteiten zoals zingen is een aparte ademhalingstechniek nodig. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="De_noodzaak_van_een_rustige_ademhaling">De noodzaak van een rustige ademhaling</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Long_(orgaan)&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Bewerk dit kopje: De noodzaak van een rustige ademhaling" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Long_(orgaan)&action=edit&section=6" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: De noodzaak van een rustige ademhaling"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>De Russische longarts <a href="/w/index.php?title=Konstantin_Buteyko&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Konstantin Buteyko (de pagina bestaat niet)">Konstantin Buteyko</a> onderstreepte het belang van een rustige ademhaling. In medische tekstboeken (Guyton) wordt 6 liter per minuut als normale waarde gehanteerd. <a href="/wiki/Christiaan_Bohr" class="mw-redirect" title="Christiaan Bohr">Christiaan Bohr</a> beschreef in 1904 het naar hem genoemde <a href="/wiki/Bohr-effect" title="Bohr-effect">Bohr-effect</a>: hoe meer koolzuur er in het bloed aanwezig is, hoe groter de zuurstofafgifte aan het celweefsel. Meer of dieper ademen heeft dus een contraproductief effect: omdat er meer koolzuur in de uitademing verloren gaat, zal er minder zuurstof door het lichaam worden opgenomen. Dit is chronische hyperventilatie en het kan talloze gezondheidsklachten opleveren.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Koolzuur heeft ook een gunstig effect op de vuurdrempel van zenuwen, die wordt verhoogd, zodat de zenuwen rustiger worden. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Luchtconditionering">Luchtconditionering</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Long_(orgaan)&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Luchtconditionering" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Long_(orgaan)&action=edit&section=7" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Luchtconditionering"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>De longen zijn goed beschermd. In de luchtwegen (<a href="/wiki/Neus" title="Neus">neus</a> en <a href="/wiki/Keelholte" class="mw-redirect" title="Keelholte">keelholte</a>, <a href="/wiki/Strottenhoofd" title="Strottenhoofd">strottenhoofd</a> en <a href="/wiki/Luchtpijp" title="Luchtpijp">luchtpijp</a>) wordt de ingeademde lucht gezuiverd van grotere stofdeeltjes, voorverwarmd en vochtig gemaakt. Koude winterlucht is dus al op temperatuur (30 graden Celsius) voor deze de longen bereikt. Voor het schoonhouden van de luchtwegen dient een uitgebreid slijmtransportsysteem van (<a href="/wiki/Trilhaar" title="Trilhaar">trilharen</a>) op het slijmvlies van de luchtpijp en de bronchiën. Deze transporteren neergeslagen deeltjes weer naar het strottenhoofd, waar slijm met stofdeeltjes onder normale omstandigheden ongemerkt worden ingeslikt. Als daarbij moet worden gehoest is er sprake van een abnormale situatie, mogelijk een symptoom van ziekte, meestal een meer of minder ernstige luchtweginfectie. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ziekten">Ziekten</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Long_(orgaan)&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Ziekten" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Long_(orgaan)&action=edit&section=8" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Ziekten"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Speciale <a href="/wiki/Cel_(biologie)" title="Cel (biologie)">cellen</a> produceren slijm. Dat slijm wordt dan opgehoest en verdwijnt daardoor uit de luchtwegen. Een chronische hoest duidt er soms op dat dit beveiligingssysteem te zwaar wordt belast. Dat geldt niet alleen bij een stevige verkoudheid. </p><p>In langdurig geprikkeld en beschadigd longweefsel kunnen verschillende ernstige ziekten zich ontwikkelen: <a href="/wiki/Longkanker" title="Longkanker">longkanker</a>, <a href="/wiki/COPD" title="COPD">COPD</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bronchitis" title="Bronchitis">chronische bronchitis</a> en <a href="/wiki/Longemfyseem" class="mw-redirect" title="Longemfyseem">longemfyseem</a>). </p><p>In het algemeen wordt door de wetenschap aangenomen dat het (herhaaldelijk) inhaleren van (verbrande) stofdeeltjes, slecht is voor de gezondheid. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Evolutie">Evolutie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Long_(orgaan)&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Evolutie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Long_(orgaan)&action=edit&section=9" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Evolutie"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Aanvankelijk werd gedacht dat de ontwikkeling long een <a href="/wiki/Adaptatie_(biologie)" title="Adaptatie (biologie)">aanpassing</a> was van <a href="/wiki/Amfibie%C3%ABn" title="Amfibieën">amfibische dieren</a> om op land te leven. <a href="/wiki/Longvissen" title="Longvissen">Longvissen</a> in gevangenschap verlaten het water echter nooit, zodat deze hypothese minder waarschijnlijk werd. </p><p>Na de ontdekking van de longvis <i><a href="/wiki/Ceratodus" title="Ceratodus">Ceratodus</a></i> stelde <a href="/wiki/Albert_G%C3%BCnther" title="Albert Günther">Albert Günther</a> dat <a href="/wiki/Hypoxie_(water)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypoxie (water)">zuurstoftekort in water</a> de <a href="/wiki/Selectiedruk" title="Selectiedruk">selectiedruk</a> zou zijn geweest voor de ontwikkeling van de long.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Barrell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joseph Barrell (de pagina bestaat niet)">Joseph Barrell</a> stelde in 1907 in navolging van <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Chrowder_Chamberlin" title="Thomas Chrowder Chamberlin">Thomas Chrowder Chamberlin</a> op basis van fossiele vondsten dat <a href="/wiki/Vissen_(dieren)" title="Vissen (dieren)">vissen</a> ontstaan waren in rivieren en van daaruit via ingesloten wateren naar zee waren getrokken en niet andersom. Na een <a href="/wiki/Klimaatverandering" title="Klimaatverandering">klimaatverandering</a> in het <a href="/wiki/Devoon" title="Devoon">Devoon</a> waarbij het droger werd, zou de al bestaande <a href="/wiki/Zwemblaas" title="Zwemblaas">zwemblaas</a> gebruikt worden om <a href="/wiki/Hypoxie_(medisch)" title="Hypoxie (medisch)">hypoxie</a> in stilstaande plassen te overleven tot het droge seizoen voorbij was.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dit leek aannemelijk, aangezien de <a href="/wiki/Oplosbaarheid" title="Oplosbaarheid">oplosbaarheid</a> van zuurstof afneemt in warmer water en omdat stilstaand water veelal minder zuurstof bevat dan <a href="/wiki/Zeewater" title="Zeewater">zeewater</a> dat door <a href="/wiki/Zeegang" title="Zeegang">zeegang</a> en <a href="/wiki/Zeestroom" title="Zeestroom">stromingen</a> in beweging blijft. Afgezien van enkele andere ideeën was dit lange tijd de meest geaccepteerde versie. </p><p>Door verdere fossiele vondsten kon tot een betere <a href="/wiki/Fylogenie" title="Fylogenie">fylogenie</a> gekomen worden van vroege vissen, waarbij bleek dat vroeg in de evolutie van de <a href="/wiki/Beenvisachtigen" title="Beenvisachtigen">beenvisachtigen</a> (Osteichthyes) twee groepen ontstonden, de <a href="/wiki/Kwastvinnigen" title="Kwastvinnigen">kwastvinnigen</a> (Sarcopterygii) en de <a href="/wiki/Straalvinnigen" title="Straalvinnigen">straalvinnigen</a> (Actinopterygii), waarvan bij beide groepen afstammelingen zijn die over longen beschikken. Daarmee is het waarschijnlijk dat longen al aanwezig waren bij de <a href="/wiki/Recentste_gemeenschappelijke_voorouder" title="Recentste gemeenschappelijke voorouder">recentste gemeenschappelijke voorouder</a> van de twee groepen en daarmee al minstens ruim 400 miljoen jaar geleden zijn ontstaan in het <a href="/wiki/Siluur" title="Siluur">Laat-Siluur</a>. De fossiele vondsten van deze periode zijn echter zeevissen. Daarnaast bleek dat de stilstaande wateren waarin <a href="/wiki/Luchtademende_vis" title="Luchtademende vis">luchtademende vissen</a> voorkomen niet hypoxisch zijn. Andere factoren lijken van belang te zijn geweest. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Huidademhaling">Huidademhaling</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Long_(orgaan)&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Huidademhaling" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Long_(orgaan)&action=edit&section=10" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Huidademhaling"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Een van die factoren lijkt de zuurstofvoorziening van het <a href="/wiki/Hart" title="Hart">hart</a>. De voorouder van de <a href="/wiki/Gewervelden" title="Gewervelden">gewervelden</a> was klein en had geen <a href="/wiki/Kaak_(anatomie)" title="Kaak (anatomie)">kaken</a> – zoals nu nog de <a href="/wiki/Kaakloze_vissen" title="Kaakloze vissen">kaakloze vissen</a> – en waren daarmee <a href="/wiki/Filtervoeder" title="Filtervoeder">filtervoeders</a>. De <a href="/wiki/Kieuw" title="Kieuw">kieuwen</a> met <i><a href="/wiki/Trilhaar" title="Trilhaar">cilia</a></i> werden vooral gebruikt als voedingsfilter, <a href="/wiki/Ademhaling_(dier)" title="Ademhaling (dier)">ademhaling</a> vond daarnaast plaats via <a href="/wiki/Huidademhaling" title="Huidademhaling">huidademhaling</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kieuwademhaling">Kieuwademhaling</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Long_(orgaan)&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Kieuwademhaling" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Long_(orgaan)&action=edit&section=11" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Kieuwademhaling"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tijdens de evolutie naar <a href="/wiki/Gnathostomata_(Vertebrata)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gnathostomata (Vertebrata)">kaakdieren</a> verloren de kieuwen hun functie voor voeding en werden het voornaamste orgaan voor de gaswisseling, ook doordat huidademhaling onvoldoende was om de in grootte toenemende vissen van zuurstof te voorzien. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Longademhaling">Longademhaling</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Long_(orgaan)&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Longademhaling" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Long_(orgaan)&action=edit&section=12" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Longademhaling"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tijdens de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ordovicische_radiatie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ordovicische radiatie (de pagina bestaat niet)">ordovicische</a> en <a href="/w/index.php?title=Silurische_radiatie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Silurische radiatie (de pagina bestaat niet)">silurische radiatie</a> evolueerden zowel de inactieve <a href="/wiki/Osteostraci" title="Osteostraci">Osteostraci</a> en <a href="/wiki/Heterostraci" title="Heterostraci">Heterostraci</a> als de zeer actieve <a href="/wiki/Beenvisachtigen" title="Beenvisachtigen">beenvisachtigen</a> (Osteichthyes). Voor hoge activiteit voor korte duur kan <a href="/wiki/Anaerobe_dissimilatie" title="Anaerobe dissimilatie">anaerobe dissimilatie</a> voldoende zijn, maar voor langere duur is <a href="/wiki/Aerobe_dissimilatie" title="Aerobe dissimilatie">aerobe dissimilatie</a> en daarmee zuurstof noodzakelijk. Bij actieve beenvisachtigen kan langdurig hoge activiteit geleid hebben tot <a href="/wiki/Hartspier" title="Hartspier">myocardiale</a> hypoxie, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Respiratoire_acidose&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Respiratoire acidose (de pagina bestaat niet)">respiratoire acidose</a> of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Circulatoire_collaps&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Circulatoire collaps (de pagina bestaat niet)">circulatoire collaps</a>. Daarmee lijkt dit eerder een stimulans te zijn geweest voor de ontwikkeling van longen en een <a href="/wiki/Coronaire_bloedsomloop" title="Coronaire bloedsomloop">coronaire bloedsomloop</a> dan zuurstoftekort in stilstaande wateren. Bij <i><a href="/wiki/Polypterus" title="Polypterus">Polypterus</a></i> neemt luchtademhaling via het <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stigma_(gewervelden)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stigma (gewervelden) (de pagina bestaat niet)">spiraculum</a></i> zelfs af bij zuurstoftekort in water, maar sterk toe bij hoge activiteit. Zelfs in zuurstofrijk water gaan <i><a href="/wiki/Amia" title="Amia">Amia</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Lepisosteus" title="Lepisosteus">Lepisosteus</a></i> en <i><a href="/wiki/Neoceratodus" title="Neoceratodus">Neoceratodus</a></i> over op luchtademhaling bij verhoogde activiteit. Bij deze soorten ontbreekt de coronaire bloedsomloop nog. </p><p>Bij <i>Lepisosteus</i> en <i>Amia</i> zijn zuurstofmetende <a href="/wiki/Chemoreceptor" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemoreceptor">chemoreceptoren</a> aangetroffen die de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Longademhaling&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Longademhaling (de pagina bestaat niet)">longademhaling</a> stimuleren en bij <i>Lepisosteus</i> ook <a href="/wiki/Bradycardie" title="Bradycardie">bradycardie</a>, een verlaging van de <a href="/wiki/Hartslag" title="Hartslag">hartslag</a>. Deze liggen <a href="/wiki/Afferent" title="Afferent">afferent</a> van de kieuwen en meten dus de hoeveelheid zuurstof in het bloed dat net het hart heeft gepasseerd. Dat impliceert dat de longen vooral het hart voorzien van zuurstof en niet zozeer de systemische bloedsomloop voor de organen, aangezien de receptoren anders na de kieuwen zouden hebben gelegen. </p><p>Voor deze vissen geldt dat luchtademhaling facultatief is, maar nog niet obligaat, strikt noodzakelijk. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Placodermi" title="Placodermi">Placodermi</a> worden veel genoemd als de eerste vissen met longen, maar dit is betwist.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Er zijn bij <a href="/wiki/Luchtademende_vis" title="Luchtademende vis">luchtademende vissen</a> verschillende ademhalingsorganen geëvolueerd en daarbij met <a href="/w/index.php?title=Respiratoir_epitheel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Respiratoir epitheel (de pagina bestaat niet)">respiratoir epitheel</a> bedekt. Deze bevinden zich in de <a href="/wiki/Hoofd_(anatomie)" title="Hoofd (anatomie)">kop</a> en in het <a href="/wiki/Spijsverteringkanaal" class="mw-redirect" title="Spijsverteringkanaal">spijsverteringkanaal</a>. De longen zijn gevormd vanuit de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Faryngeale_ruimte&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Faryngeale ruimte (de pagina bestaat niet)">faryngeale ruimte</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Beperkingen_van_longen_in_enkelvoudige_bloedsomloop">Beperkingen van longen in enkelvoudige bloedsomloop</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Long_(orgaan)&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Beperkingen van longen in enkelvoudige bloedsomloop" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Long_(orgaan)&action=edit&section=13" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Beperkingen van longen in enkelvoudige bloedsomloop"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Door de <a href="/wiki/Efferent" title="Efferent">efferente</a> ligging van het hart ten opzichte van de longen en het ontbreken van een <a href="/wiki/Boezemtussenschot" title="Boezemtussenschot">boezemtussenschot</a> en een <a href="/wiki/Kamertussenschot" title="Kamertussenschot">kamertussenschot</a> verpompt dit zowel het zuurstofarme bloed van de spieren als het zuurstofrijke bloed van de longen, wat de zuurstoftoevoer voor de hartspier beperkt. Daarnaast kan in zuurstofarm water het zuurstofrijke deel van het bloed zelfs zuurstof verliezen bij passage van de kieuwen. Plaatsing van de longen na de kieuwen zou dit kunnen oplossen, maar dit komt nauwelijks voor, aangezien drie <a href="/wiki/Capillair" title="Capillair">capillaire</a> systemen in serie een te hoge bloeddruk zouden vereisen. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dubbele_bloedsomloop">Dubbele bloedsomloop</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Long_(orgaan)&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Dubbele bloedsomloop" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Long_(orgaan)&action=edit&section=14" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Dubbele bloedsomloop"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bij een volwassen <i><a href="/wiki/Lepidosiren_paradoxa" title="Lepidosiren paradoxa">Lepidosiren paradoxa</a></i> zijn de kieuwen <a href="/wiki/Rudimentair_(anatomie)" title="Rudimentair (anatomie)">gereduceerd</a>, vooral de kieuwplaatjes van de derde en vierde kieuwbogen. Dit voorkomt zuurstofverlies in de kieuwen in zuurstofarm water. Zuurstofarm en zuurstofrijk bloed wordt gescheiden door een boezemtussenschot, een gedeeltelijk kamertussenschot en een spiraalklep in de <i>conus arteriosus</i> zodat zuurstofarm bloed van de spieren via het rechterhart richting de vijfde en zesde kieuwboog gaat, die vooral dienen om koolstofdioxide kwijt te raken en niet om zuurstof op te nemen. Hierna volgen de longen waar zuurstof op wordt genomen, waarna het zuurstofrijke bloed via het linkerhart naar de spieren wordt gepompt. Hiermee is dit bijna een volledige <a href="/wiki/Dubbele_bloedsomloop" title="Dubbele bloedsomloop">dubbele bloedsomloop</a>. Het rechterhart moet het hier echter nog steeds doen met weinig zuurstof en deze dieren zijn dan ook weinig actief. De aanpassing is dan ook bij deze dieren waarschijnlijk een reactie op de zuurstofarme omgeving. Het zijn obligate luchtademhalers die verdrinken als ze onder water worden gehouden. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vissen_zonder_longen">Vissen zonder longen</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Long_(orgaan)&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Vissen zonder longen" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Long_(orgaan)&action=edit&section=15" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Vissen zonder longen"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Niet alle vissen hebben longen en bij een aantal zijn ze tot <a href="/wiki/Zwemblaas" title="Zwemblaas">zwemblazen</a> gevormd. Bij relatief inactieve vissen ontbreekt de noodzaak, maar er zijn andere factoren die hierbij een rol kunnen spelen. Zo is het voor vissen die voornamelijk in de <a href="/wiki/Diepzee" title="Diepzee">diepzee</a> leven weinig economisch om naar de oppervlakte te komen. Mogelijk dat daarom bij <a href="/wiki/Coelacanthiformes" title="Coelacanthiformes">Coelacanthiformes</a> en <a href="/wiki/Kraakbeengano%C3%AFden" title="Kraakbeenganoïden">kraakbeenganoïden</a> (Chondrostei) de longen zijn omgevormd tot zwemblazen. </p><p>Voor <a href="/wiki/Beenvissen" title="Beenvissen">beenvissen</a> (Teleostei) kan een verklaring zijn dat zij evolueerden op een moment dat <a href="/wiki/Pterosauri%C3%ABrs" title="Pterosauriërs">pterosauriërs</a> verschenen, waarmee zij voor het eerst te maken kregen met een dreiging uit de lucht. Luchtademende vissen als <i>Lepisosteus</i> hebben een <a href="/wiki/Duikreflex" title="Duikreflex">duikreflex</a> dat daarop wijst. Veel van deze vissen zijn ook <a href="/wiki/Nachtdier" title="Nachtdier">nachtdieren</a> of <a href="/wiki/Schemeractief_dier" title="Schemeractief dier">schemeractieve dieren</a>. Zij vertonen ook veel synchroon ademgedrag, waarbij ze gezamenlijk aan de oppervlakte verschijnen om te ademen, zoals de <a href="/wiki/Gevlekte_pantsermeerval" title="Gevlekte pantsermeerval">gevlekte pantsermeerval</a> en <i><a href="/wiki/Hoplosternum_littorale" title="Hoplosternum littorale">Hoplosternum littorale</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table style="border:0px; padding:5px; border-spacing:0px; border-collapse:separate; font-size:80%;"> <tbody><tr align="center"><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border: 0px solid var(--color-emphasized,#000); padding: 0.2em; color:#202122; background:lightblue;"><a href="/wiki/Zwemblaas" title="Zwemblaas">Zwemblaas</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border: 0px solid var(--color-emphasized,#000); padding: 0.2em; color:#202122; background:lightgreen;">Longen</td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border: 0px solid var(--color-emphasized,#000); padding: 0.2em; color:#202122; background:lightgreen;">Longen</td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border: 0px solid var(--color-emphasized,#000); padding: 0.2em; color:#202122; background:lightgreen;">Longen</td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border: 0px solid var(--color-emphasized,#000); padding: 0.2em; color:#202122; background:lightblue;"><a href="/wiki/Zwemblaas" title="Zwemblaas">Zwemblaas</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border: 0px solid var(--color-emphasized,#000); padding: 0.2em; color:#202122; background:lightgreen;">Longen</td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border: 0px solid var(--color-emphasized,#000); padding: 0.2em; color:#202122; background:lightgreen;">Longen</td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border: 0px solid var(--color-emphasized,#000); padding: 0.2em; color:#202122; background:lightblue;"><a href="/wiki/Zwemblaas" title="Zwemblaas">Zwemblaas</a></td></tr><tr align="center"></tr> <tr align="center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid var(--color-emphasized,#000); padding: 0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Manteldieren" title="Manteldieren">Manteldieren</a> (Tunicata)</td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border: 2px solid var(--color-emphasized,#000); padding: 0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Slijmprikken" title="Slijmprikken">Slijmprikken</a> (Myxinidae)</td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border: 2px solid var(--color-emphasized,#000); padding: 0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Prikachtigen" title="Prikachtigen">Prikachtigen</a> (Petromyzontiformes)</td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border: 2px solid var(--color-emphasized,#000); padding: 0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Kraakbeenvissen" title="Kraakbeenvissen">Kraakbeenvissen</a> (Chondrichthyes)</td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border: 2px solid var(--color-emphasized,#000); padding: 0.2em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Latimeria" title="Latimeria">Latimeria</a></i></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border: 2px solid var(--color-emphasized,#000); padding: 0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Longvissen" title="Longvissen">Longvissen</a> (Dipnoi)</td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border: 2px solid var(--color-emphasized,#000); padding: 0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Viervoeters_(biologie)" title="Viervoeters (biologie)">Viervoeters</a> (Tetrapoda)</td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border: 2px solid var(--color-emphasized,#000); padding: 0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Kwastsnoeken" title="Kwastsnoeken">Kwastsnoeken</a> (Polypteridae)</td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border: 2px solid var(--color-emphasized,#000); padding: 0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Kraakbeengano%C3%AFden" title="Kraakbeenganoïden">Kraakbeenganoïden</a> (Chondrostei)</td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border: 2px solid var(--color-emphasized,#000); padding: 0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Kaaimansnoeken" title="Kaaimansnoeken">Kaaimansnoeken</a> (Lepisosteidae)</td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border: 2px solid var(--color-emphasized,#000); padding: 0.2em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Amia" title="Amia">Amia</a></i></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border: 2px solid var(--color-emphasized,#000); padding: 0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Beenvissen" title="Beenvissen">Beenvissen</a> (Teleostei)</td></tr><tr align="center"></tr> <tr align="center"><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right: 1px solid;"><div style="width: 1em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2"><div style="width: 1em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right: 1px solid;"><div style="width: 1em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2"><div style="width: 1em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right: 1px solid;"><div style="width: 1em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2"><div style="width: 1em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right: 1px solid;"><div style="width: 1em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2"><div style="width: 1em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right: 1px solid;"><div style="width: 1em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2"><div style="width: 1em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right: 1px solid;"><div style="width: 1em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2"><div style="width: 1em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right: 1px solid;"><div style="width: 1em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2"><div style="width: 1em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right: 1px solid;"><div style="width: 1em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2"><div style="width: 1em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right: 1px solid;"><div style="width: 1em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2"><div style="width: 1em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right: 1px solid;"><div style="width: 1em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2"><div style="width: 1em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right: 1px solid;"><div style="width: 1em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid;"><div style="width: 1em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: 1px solid;"><div style="width: 2em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: 1px solid;"><div style="width: 2em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: 1px solid;"><div style="width: 2em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid; border-bottom: 1px solid;"><div style="width: 1em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td><div style="width: 1em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"></td></tr><tr align="center"><td><div style="width: 1em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td></tr> <tr align="center"><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right: 1px solid;"><div style="width: 1em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2"><div style="width: 1em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right: 1px solid;"><div style="width: 1em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2"><div style="width: 1em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right: 1px solid;"><div style="width: 1em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2"><div style="width: 1em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right: 1px solid;"><div style="width: 1em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2"><div style="width: 1em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right: 1px solid;"><div style="width: 1em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2"><div style="width: 1em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right: 1px solid;"><div style="width: 1em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2"><div style="width: 1em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right: 1px solid;"><div style="width: 1em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2"><div style="width: 1em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right: 1px solid;"><div style="width: 1em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2"><div style="width: 1em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right: 1px solid;"><div style="width: 1em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2"><div style="width: 1em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right: 1px solid;"><div style="width: 1em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid;"><div style="width: 1em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: 1px solid;"><div style="width: 2em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: 1px solid;"><div style="width: 2em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: 1px solid;"><div style="width: 2em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid; border-bottom: 1px solid;"><div style="width: 1em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td><div style="width: 1em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"></td></tr><tr align="center"><td><div style="width: 1em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td></tr> <tr align="center"><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right: 1px solid;"><div style="width: 1em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2"><div style="width: 1em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right: 1px solid;"><div style="width: 1em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2"><div style="width: 1em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right: 1px solid;"><div style="width: 1em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2"><div style="width: 1em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right: 1px solid;"><div style="width: 1em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2"><div style="width: 1em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right: 1px solid;"><div style="width: 1em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2"><div style="width: 1em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid;"><div style="width: 1em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid;"><div style="width: 1em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: 1px solid;"><div style="width: 2em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: 1px solid;"><div style="width: 2em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: 1px solid;"><div style="width: 2em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid; border-bottom: 1px solid;"><div style="width: 1em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2"><div style="width: 1em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right: 1px solid;"><div style="width: 1em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2"><div style="width: 1em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right: 1px solid;"><div style="width: 1em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid;"><div style="width: 1em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: 1px solid;"><div style="width: 2em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: 1px solid;"><div style="width: 2em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: 1px solid;"><div style="width: 2em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid; border-bottom: 1px solid;"><div style="width: 1em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td><div style="width: 1em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"></td></tr><tr align="center"><td colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid;"><div style="width: 1em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td><div style="width: 1em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td></tr> <tr align="center"><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right: 1px solid;"><div style="width: 1em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2"><div style="width: 1em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right: 1px solid;"><div style="width: 1em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2"><div style="width: 1em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right: 1px solid;"><div style="width: 1em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2"><div style="width: 1em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right: 1px solid;"><div style="width: 1em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2"><div style="width: 1em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid;"><div style="width: 1em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid;"><div style="width: 1em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: 1px solid;"><div style="width: 2em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: 1px solid;"><div style="width: 2em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: 1px solid;"><div style="width: 2em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: 1px solid;"><div style="width: 2em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: 1px solid;"><div style="width: 2em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: 1px solid;"><div style="width: 2em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: 1px solid;"><div style="width: 2em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid; border-bottom: 1px solid;"><div style="width: 1em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2"><div style="width: 1em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right: 1px solid;"><div style="width: 1em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid;"><div style="width: 1em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: 1px solid;"><div style="width: 2em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: 1px solid;"><div style="width: 2em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: 1px solid;"><div style="width: 2em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid; border-bottom: 1px solid;"><div style="width: 1em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td><div style="width: 1em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"></td></tr><tr align="center"><td colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid;"><div style="width: 1em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td><div style="width: 1em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td></tr> <tr align="center"><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right: 1px solid;"><div style="width: 1em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2"><div style="width: 1em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right: 1px solid;"><div style="width: 1em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2"><div style="width: 1em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right: 1px solid;"><div style="width: 1em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2"><div style="width: 1em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right: 1px solid;"><div style="width: 1em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2"><div style="width: 1em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border: 2px solid var(--color-emphasized,#000); padding: 0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Kwastvinnigen" title="Kwastvinnigen">Kwastvinnigen</a> (Sarcopterygii)</td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border: 2px solid var(--color-emphasized,#000); padding: 0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Straalvinnigen" title="Straalvinnigen">Straalvinnigen</a> (Actinopterygii)</td></tr><tr align="center"></tr> <tr align="center"><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right: 1px solid;"><div style="width: 1em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2"><div style="width: 1em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right: 1px solid;"><div style="width: 1em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2"><div style="width: 1em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right: 1px solid;"><div style="width: 1em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2"><div style="width: 1em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right: 1px solid;"><div style="width: 1em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2"><div style="width: 1em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right: 1px solid;"><div style="width: 1em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid;"><div style="width: 1em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: 1px solid;"><div style="width: 2em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: 1px solid;"><div style="width: 2em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: 1px solid;"><div style="width: 2em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid; border-bottom: 1px solid;"><div style="width: 1em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td><div style="width: 1em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td></tr><tr align="center"><td><div style="width: 1em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td></tr> <tr align="center"><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right: 1px solid;"><div style="width: 1em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2"><div style="width: 1em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right: 1px solid;"><div style="width: 1em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2"><div style="width: 1em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right: 1px solid;"><div style="width: 1em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2"><div style="width: 1em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right: 1px solid;"><div style="width: 1em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2"><div style="width: 1em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border: 2px solid var(--color-emphasized,#000); padding: 0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Beenvisachtigen" title="Beenvisachtigen">Beenvisachtigen</a> (Osteichthyes)</td></tr><tr align="center"></tr> <tr align="center"><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right: 1px solid;"><div style="width: 1em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2"><div style="width: 1em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid;"><div style="width: 1em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid;"><div style="width: 1em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: 1px solid;"><div style="width: 2em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: 1px solid;"><div style="width: 2em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: 1px solid;"><div style="width: 2em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid; border-bottom: 1px solid;"><div style="width: 1em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td><div style="width: 1em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right: 1px solid;"><div style="width: 1em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid;"><div style="width: 1em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: 1px solid;"><div style="width: 2em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: 1px solid;"><div style="width: 2em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: 1px solid;"><div style="width: 2em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: 1px solid;"><div style="width: 2em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: 1px solid;"><div style="width: 2em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: 1px solid;"><div style="width: 2em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: 1px solid;"><div style="width: 2em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: 1px solid;"><div style="width: 2em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: 1px solid;"><div style="width: 2em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: 1px solid;"><div style="width: 2em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: 1px solid;"><div style="width: 2em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid; border-bottom: 1px solid;"><div style="width: 1em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td><div style="width: 1em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"></td></tr><tr align="center"><td colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid;"><div style="width: 1em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td><div style="width: 1em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td><div style="width: 1em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td></tr> <tr align="center"><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right: 1px solid;"><div style="width: 1em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2"><div style="width: 1em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid;"><div style="width: 1em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid;"><div style="width: 1em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: 1px solid;"><div style="width: 2em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: 1px solid;"><div style="width: 2em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: 1px solid;"><div style="width: 2em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: 1px solid;"><div style="width: 2em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: 1px solid;"><div style="width: 2em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid; border-bottom: 1px solid;"><div style="width: 1em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td><div style="width: 1em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"></td></tr><tr align="center"><td colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid;"><div style="width: 1em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td><div style="width: 1em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td></tr> <tr align="center"><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right: 1px solid;"><div style="width: 1em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2"><div style="width: 1em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border: 2px solid var(--color-emphasized,#000); padding: 0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Gewervelden" title="Gewervelden">Gewervelden</a> (Vertebrata)</td></tr><tr align="center"></tr> <tr align="center"><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right: 1px solid;"><div style="width: 1em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid;"><div style="width: 1em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: 1px solid;"><div style="width: 2em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: 1px solid;"><div style="width: 2em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: 1px solid;"><div style="width: 2em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: 1px solid;"><div style="width: 2em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: 1px solid;"><div style="width: 2em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: 1px solid;"><div style="width: 2em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: 1px solid;"><div style="width: 2em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid; border-bottom: 1px solid;"><div style="width: 1em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td><div style="width: 1em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"></td></tr><tr align="center"><td><div style="width: 1em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Viervoeters">Viervoeters</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Long_(orgaan)&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Viervoeters" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Long_(orgaan)&action=edit&section=16" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Viervoeters"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Waarschijnlijk ontstonden <a href="/wiki/Viervoeters_(biologie)" title="Viervoeters (biologie)">viervoeters</a> uit de <a href="/wiki/Clade" title="Clade">clade</a> <a href="/wiki/Rhipidistia" title="Rhipidistia">Rhipidistia</a> waar ook <a href="/wiki/Longvissen" title="Longvissen">longvissen</a> deel van uitmaken. Deze kwastvinnigen waren mogelijk de eersten die beschikten over <i><a href="/wiki/Choana" title="Choana">choanae</a></i>, een soort <a href="/w/index.php?title=Neusgat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Neusgat (de pagina bestaat niet)">neusgaten</a>. Bij de meeste viervoeters gingen de kieuwen verloren en namen de longen deze functie volledig over. De bloedsomloop werd in meer of mindere mate gescheiden, wat resulteerde in een zuurstofarm rechterdeel van het hart. Dit werd op verschillende manieren opgelost. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Motorische_sturing">Motorische sturing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Long_(orgaan)&veaction=edit&section=17" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Motorische sturing" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Long_(orgaan)&action=edit&section=17" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Motorische sturing"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>De <a href="/w/index.php?title=Motorische_sturing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Motorische sturing (de pagina bestaat niet)">motorische sturing</a> van de ademhalingsspieren wordt aangestuurd via een <a href="/w/index.php?title=Centrale_patroongenerator&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Centrale patroongenerator (de pagina bestaat niet)">centrale patroongenerator</a> (CPG). Deze reageert in tegenstelling tot de centrale patroongenerator van <a href="/wiki/Kieuw" title="Kieuw">kieuwen</a> op de concentratie <a href="/wiki/Koolstofdioxide" title="Koolstofdioxide">CO<sub>2</sub></a> en de <a href="/wiki/PH" title="PH">pH</a>. Bij ammocoetes, de <a href="/wiki/Larve" title="Larve">larven</a> van de <a href="/wiki/Basale_clade" title="Basale clade">basale</a> <a href="/wiki/Prikachtigen" title="Prikachtigen">prikachtigen</a>, is deze centrale patroongenerator al aanwezig zonder dat deze dieren over longen beschikken.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literatuur">Literatuur</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Long_(orgaan)&veaction=edit&section=18" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Literatuur" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Long_(orgaan)&action=edit&section=18" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Literatuur"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span style="font-variant:small-caps;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Colleen_G._Farmer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Colleen G. Farmer (de pagina bestaat niet)">Farmer, C.G.</a></span> (1999): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://farmer.biology.utah.edu/manuscripts/1999%20AnnuRevPhysiol61.pdf">'Evolution of the vertebrate cardio-pulmonary system'</a> in <i>Annual Review of Physiology</i>, Volume 61, p. 573-592</li> <li><span style="font-variant:small-caps;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jeffrey_B._Graham&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jeffrey B. Graham (de pagina bestaat niet)">Graham, J.B.</a></span> (1997): <i>Air-breathing Fishes. Evolution, Diversity, and Adaptation</i>, Academic Press</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Noten">Noten</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Long_(orgaan)&veaction=edit&section=19" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Noten" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Long_(orgaan)&action=edit&section=19" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Noten"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"><div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-GA-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-GA_1-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Gray%27s_Anatomy" title="Gray's Anatomy">Gray's Anatomy of the Human Body</a><i>, 20e ed. 1918</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Da Costa 1871, Weimann 1968</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-variant:small-caps;"><a href="/wiki/Albert_G%C3%BCnther" title="Albert Günther">Günther A.</a></span> (1871): 'The new Ganoid fish (<i>Ceratodus</i>) recently discovered in Queensland' in <i>Nature</i>, p. 406–408</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-variant:small-caps;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Barrell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joseph Barrell (de pagina bestaat niet)">Barrell J.</a></span> (1916): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1091077/pdf/pnas01965-0061.pdf">'Influence of Silurian-Devonian climates on the rise of airbreathing vertebrates'</a> in <i>Geological Society of America Bulletin</i>, Volume 27, p. 387–436. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220120110606/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1091077/pdf/pnas01965-0061.pdf">Gearchiveerd</a> op 20 januari 2022.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-variant:small-caps;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daniel_Goujet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daniel Goujet (de pagina bestaat niet)">Goujet, D.</a></span> (2011): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/241120353_Lungs_in_Placoderms_a_persistent_palaeobiological_myth_related_to_environmental_preconceived_interpretations/link/5a2178f84585155dd41a85c7/download">'“Lungs” in Placoderms, a persistent palaeobiological myth related to environmental preconceived interpretations'</a> in <i>Comptes Rendus Palevol</i>, Volume 10, Issue 5, p. 323-329</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">K Sloman, R Sloman, G de Boeck, GR Scott, FI Iftikar, CM Wood, VMF Almeida-Val, AL Val. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190831161702/https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/360c/e4c46cf7bed05a8e4d81ab5814192aabb29f.pdf%3F_ga%3D2.28104820.913508216.1567267855-978414880.1560092224">The role of size in synchronous air breathing of Hoplosternum littorale</a>, 3 juni 2009. in <a href="/wiki/Physiological_and_Biochemical_Zoology" title="Physiological and Biochemical Zoology">Physiological and Biochemical Zoology</a>, 86, 6, blz 625-634</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-variant:small-caps;"><a href="/wiki/Mary_Hoffman" title="Mary Hoffman">Hoffman, M.</a></span>; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Barbara_Elizabeth_Taylor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Barbara Elizabeth Taylor (de pagina bestaat niet)">Taylor, B.E.</a></span>; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_Brennan_Harris&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michael Brennan Harris (de pagina bestaat niet)">Harris, M.B.</a></span> (2016): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5138057/pdf/nihms733116.pdf">'Evolution of lung breathing from a lungless primitive vertebrate'</a> in <i>Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology</i>, Volume 224, p. 11–16. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220120202036/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5138057/pdf/nihms733116.pdf">Gearchiveerd</a> op 20 januari 2022.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Zie_ook">Zie ook</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Long_(orgaan)&veaction=edit&section=20" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Zie ook" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Long_(orgaan)&action=edit&section=20" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Zie ook"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ademhalingsstelsel_(mens)" title="Ademhalingsstelsel (mens)">Menselijk ademhalingsstelsel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirometrie" title="Spirometrie">Spirometrie</a></li></ul> <div class="interProject commons mw-list-item" style="display:none;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Lungs#mw-subcategories" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Lungs">Mediabestanden</a></div> <div class="interProjectTemplate interProject-groot toccolours" style="display:flex; gap:1em; align-items:center; clear:both; margin:1em 0 -0.5em 0;"> <div style="min-width:max-content;"><span class="noviewer noresize" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/25px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/38px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/50px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div>Zie de categorie <i><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Lungs#mw-subcategories" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Lungs">Lungs</a></b></i> van <a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Wikimedia Commons">Wikimedia Commons</a> voor mediabestanden over dit onderwerp.</div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r67837862">.mw-parser-output .navigatie{position:relative;clear:both;overflow:auto;margin:1em auto -0.5em;padding:2px;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);text-align:center;font-size:87%}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-bewerken{margin-left:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-bewerken .mw-ui-icon::before{background-size:0.9em}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-afb-links,.mw-parser-output .navigatie-afb-rechts{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-afb-rechts{right:2px}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-afb-groot{float:right;padding-left:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-titel{background-color:#ddeef8;padding:2px 5.5em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-inhoud{padding:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-inhoud p:first-child{margin:0}.mw-parser-output .navigatie div[style*="background-color"],.mw-parser-output .navigatie div[style*="background"]{color:inherit}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navigatie-titel{background-color:var(--background-color-interactive,#eaecf0)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navigatie-titel{background-color:var(--background-color-interactive,#eaecf0)!important}}</style> <div class="navigatie" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="Ademhalingsstelsel"> <div class="navigatie-afb-links noviewer"><div class="navigatie-bewerken show-autoconfirmed nomobile"><span class="nowrap skin-invert-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Sjabloon:Navigatie_luchtwegstelsel" title="Sjabloon:Navigatie luchtwegstelsel"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/OOjs_UI_icon_article-ltr.svg/16px-OOjs_UI_icon_article-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/OOjs_UI_icon_article-ltr.svg/24px-OOjs_UI_icon_article-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/OOjs_UI_icon_article-ltr.svg/32px-OOjs_UI_icon_article-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span> · <span class="ui-state-disabled" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Overleg sjabloon (de pagina bestaat niet)"><img alt="Overleg sjabloon (de pagina bestaat niet)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/OOjs_UI_icon_speechBubbles-ltr.svg/16px-OOjs_UI_icon_speechBubbles-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/OOjs_UI_icon_speechBubbles-ltr.svg/24px-OOjs_UI_icon_speechBubbles-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/OOjs_UI_icon_speechBubbles-ltr.svg/32px-OOjs_UI_icon_speechBubbles-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></span></span> · <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="//nl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sjabloon:Navigatie_luchtwegstelsel&action=edit" title="Sjabloon bewerken"><img alt="Sjabloon bewerken" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/16px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/24px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/32px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></div></div> <div id="Ademhalingsstelsel" class="navigatie-titel"><a href="/wiki/Ademhalingsstelsel" title="Ademhalingsstelsel">Ademhalingsstelsel</a></div> <div class="navigatie-inhoud"> <p><a href="/wiki/Strotklepje" title="Strotklepje">Strotklepje</a> (<i>epiglottis</i>) · <a href="/wiki/Strottenhoofd" title="Strottenhoofd">Strottenhoofd</a> (<i>larynx</i>) · <a href="/wiki/Luchtpijp" title="Luchtpijp">Luchtpijp</a> (<i>trachea</i>) · <a href="/wiki/Luchtpijpvertakking" title="Luchtpijpvertakking">Luchtpijpvertakkingen</a> (<i>bronchi</i>) · <a href="/wiki/Bronchiolus" title="Bronchiolus">Bronchioli</a> · <a href="/wiki/Longblaasje" title="Longblaasje">Longblaasjes</a> (<i>alveolen</i>) · <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Longen</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Ademhaling_(mens)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ademhaling (mens)">Ademhaling</a> · <a href="/wiki/Stemband" title="Stemband">Stembanden</a> </p> </div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67837862"> <div class="navigatie" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="Organen_van_het_menselijk_lichaam"> <div class="navigatie-afb-links noviewer"><div class="navigatie-bewerken show-autoconfirmed nomobile"><span class="nowrap skin-invert-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Sjabloon:Navigatie_organen" title="Sjabloon:Navigatie organen"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/OOjs_UI_icon_article-ltr.svg/16px-OOjs_UI_icon_article-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/OOjs_UI_icon_article-ltr.svg/24px-OOjs_UI_icon_article-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/OOjs_UI_icon_article-ltr.svg/32px-OOjs_UI_icon_article-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span> · <span class="ui-state-disabled" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Overleg sjabloon (de pagina bestaat niet)"><img alt="Overleg sjabloon (de pagina bestaat niet)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/OOjs_UI_icon_speechBubbles-ltr.svg/16px-OOjs_UI_icon_speechBubbles-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/OOjs_UI_icon_speechBubbles-ltr.svg/24px-OOjs_UI_icon_speechBubbles-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/OOjs_UI_icon_speechBubbles-ltr.svg/32px-OOjs_UI_icon_speechBubbles-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></span></span> · <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="//nl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sjabloon:Navigatie_organen&action=edit" title="Sjabloon bewerken"><img alt="Sjabloon bewerken" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/16px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/24px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/32px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></div></div> <div id="Organen_van_het_menselijk_lichaam" class="navigatie-titel"><a href="/wiki/Orgaan" title="Orgaan">Organen</a> <a href="/wiki/Menselijke_anatomie" title="Menselijke anatomie">van het menselijk lichaam</a></div> <div class="navigatie-inhoud"> <p><a href="/wiki/Alvleesklier" title="Alvleesklier">alvleesklier</a> · <a href="/wiki/Baarmoeder" title="Baarmoeder">baarmoeder</a> · <a href="/wiki/Bijnier" title="Bijnier">bijnieren</a> · <a href="/wiki/Bijschildklier" title="Bijschildklier">bijschildklier</a> · <a href="/wiki/Maag-darmstelsel" title="Maag-darmstelsel">darmen</a> · <a href="/wiki/Eierstok" title="Eierstok">eierstokken</a> · <a href="/wiki/Galblaas" title="Galblaas">galblaas</a> · <a href="/wiki/Hart_(hoofdbetekenis)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hart (hoofdbetekenis)">hart</a> · <a href="/wiki/Menselijke_hersenen" title="Menselijke hersenen">hersenen</a> · <a href="/wiki/Huid" title="Huid">huid</a> · <a href="/wiki/Hypofyse" title="Hypofyse">hypofyse</a> · <a class="mw-selflink selflink">longen</a> · <a href="/wiki/Lever" title="Lever">lever</a> · <a href="/wiki/Maag" title="Maag">maag</a> · <a href="/wiki/Milt" title="Milt">milt</a> · <a href="/wiki/Nier_(biologie)" title="Nier (biologie)">nier</a> · <a href="/wiki/Prostaat" title="Prostaat">prostaatklier</a> · <a href="/wiki/Schildklier" title="Schildklier">schildklier</a> · <a href="/wiki/Teelbal" title="Teelbal">teelballen</a> · <a href="/wiki/Twaalfvingerige_darm" title="Twaalfvingerige darm">twaalfvingerige darm</a> · <a href="/wiki/Urineblaas" title="Urineblaas">urineblaas</a> · <a href="/wiki/Wormvormig_aanhangsel" title="Wormvormig aanhangsel">wormvormig aanhangsel</a> · <a href="/wiki/Thymus_(orgaan)" title="Thymus (orgaan)">zwezerik</a> </p> </div></div> <div class="interProject wiktionary mw-list-item" style="display:none;"><a href="https://nl.wiktionary.org/wiki/long#Nederlands" class="extiw" title="wikt:long">WikiWoordenboek</a></div><div class="interProjectTemplate"></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Overgenomen van "<a dir="ltr" href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Long_(orgaan)&oldid=68387795">https://nl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Long_(orgaan)&oldid=68387795</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Alles" title="Categorie:Alles">Categorieën</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Ademhaling" title="Categorie:Ademhaling">Ademhaling</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Luchtwegstelsel" title="Categorie:Luchtwegstelsel">Luchtwegstelsel</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Deze pagina is voor het laatst bewerkt op 16 nov 2024 om 06:19.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">De tekst is beschikbaar onder de licentie <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.nl">Creative Commons Naamsvermelding/Gelijk delen</a>, er kunnen aanvullende voorwaarden van toepassing zijn. Zie de <a class="external text" href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use/nl">gebruiksvoorwaarden</a> voor meer informatie.<br /> Wikipedia® is een geregistreerd handelsmerk van de <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wikimediafoundation.org">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, een organisatie zonder winstoogmerk.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacybeleid</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia">Over Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Algemeen_voorbehoud">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Gedragscode</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Ontwikkelaars</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/nl.wikipedia.org">Statistieken</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookieverklaring</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//nl.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Long_(orgaan)&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobiele weergave</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-79d9bc49cc-l54kn","wgBackendResponseTime":132,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.289","walltime":"0.434","ppvisitednodes":{"value":21799,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":150739,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":84163,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":11,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":2,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":0,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":7241,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 295.542 1 -total"," 44.68% 132.035 1 Sjabloon:Infobox_anatomie"," 43.65% 129.015 1 Sjabloon:Infobox_generiek"," 35.03% 103.539 1 Sjabloon:Wikidata_afbeelding"," 29.76% 87.956 13 Sjabloon:Stamboom"," 25.82% 76.316 13 Sjabloon:Stamboom/stap2"," 6.04% 17.863 1 Sjabloon:Navigatie_luchtwegstelsel"," 5.73% 16.923 2 Sjabloon:Navigatie"," 5.64% 16.670 1 Sjabloon:Commonscat"," 5.60% 16.557 1 Sjabloon:References"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.004","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":638385,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-ext.eqiad.canary-84594ff769-8g6tf","timestamp":"20241127124912","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Long (orgaan)","url":"https:\/\/nl.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_(orgaan)","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q7886","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q7886","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Bijdragers aan Wikimedia-projecten"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2003-01-16T20:07:01Z","dateModified":"2024-11-16T05:19:45Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/3\/3e\/Lungs_anatomy.png","headline":"orgaan"}</script> </body> </html>