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cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Manufacturing process subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Manufacturing_process-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Product_varieties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Product_varieties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Product varieties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Product_varieties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Quality_and_safety" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Quality_and_safety"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Quality and safety</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Quality_and_safety-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Physical_and_chemical_characteristics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Physical_and_chemical_characteristics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Physical and chemical characteristics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Physical_and_chemical_characteristics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Physical and chemical characteristics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Physical_and_chemical_characteristics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Chewiness" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chewiness"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Chewiness</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chewiness-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stickiness" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stickiness"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Stickiness</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stickiness-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bubble-blowing_capability" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bubble-blowing_capability"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Bubble-blowing capability</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bubble-blowing_capability-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flavor_release" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flavor_release"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Flavor release</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flavor_release-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cooling_sensation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cooling_sensation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Cooling sensation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cooling_sensation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health_effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health_effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Health effects</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Health_effects-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Health effects subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Health_effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Brain_function" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brain_function"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Brain function</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brain_function-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dental_health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dental_health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Dental health</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dental_health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Use_in_surgery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Use_in_surgery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Use in surgery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Use_in_surgery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Use_in_cardiovascular_disease" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Use_in_cardiovascular_disease"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Use in cardiovascular disease</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Use_in_cardiovascular_disease-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stomach" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stomach"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Stomach</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stomach-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Controversies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Controversies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Controversies</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Controversies-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Controversies subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Controversies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Classification_as_food" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classification_as_food"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Classification as food</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classification_as_food-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Possible_carcinogens" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Possible_carcinogens"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Possible carcinogens</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Possible_carcinogens-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Choking_and_excretion_of_swallowed_gum" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Choking_and_excretion_of_swallowed_gum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Choking and excretion of swallowed gum</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Choking_and_excretion_of_swallowed_gum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environmental_effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environmental_effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Environmental effects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environmental_effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Bans</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recycling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recycling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Recycling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recycling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Chewing gum</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 80 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-80" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">80 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%83" title="علك – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="علك" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BE%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%B8%D5%B6" title="Ծամոն – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Ծամոն" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicle" title="Chicle – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Chicle" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saqq%C4%B1z" title="Saqqız – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Saqqız" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%82_%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE" title="চ্যুইং গাম – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="চ্যুইং গাম" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chhi%C5%AB-leng-thn%CC%82g" title="Chhiū-leng-thn̂g – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chhiū-leng-thn̂g" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%BA%D0%B0%D2%93%D1%8B%D2%99" title="Һағыҙ – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Һағыҙ" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Жавальная гумка – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Жавальная гумка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D1%83%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Жуйка – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Жуйка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%AE" title="चिलगम – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="चिलगम" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8A%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Дъвка – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Дъвка" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiclet" title="Xiclet – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Xiclet" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDv%C3%BDka%C4%8Dka" title="Žvýkačka – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Žvýkačka" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyggegummi" title="Tyggegummi – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Tyggegummi" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaugummi" title="Kaugummi – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kaugummi" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A4rimiskumm" title="Närimiskumm – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Närimiskumm" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CF%83%CE%AF%CF%87%CE%BB%CE%B1" title="Τσίχλα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τσίχλα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goma_de_mascar" title="Goma de mascar – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Goma de mascar" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%C4%89gumo" title="Maĉgumo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Maĉgumo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gomagoxo" title="Gomagoxo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Gomagoxo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B3" title="آدامس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آدامس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chewing-gum" title="Chewing-gum – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Chewing-gum" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaugom" title="Kaugom – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Kaugom" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guma_coganta" title="Guma coganta – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Guma coganta" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goma_de_mascar" title="Goma de mascar – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Goma de mascar" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8C%BA%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8C%B2%F0%90%8C%B2%F0%90%8D%85%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%B5%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8C%B8%F0%90%8D%89" title="𐌺𐌹𐌲𐌲𐍅𐌰𐌵𐌹𐌸𐍉 – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐌺𐌹𐌲𐌲𐍅𐌰𐌵𐌹𐌸𐍉" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gothic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%BB%8C" title="껌 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="껌" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BE%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%B8%D5%B6" title="Ծամոն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ծամոն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDvaka%C4%87a_guma" title="Žvakaća guma – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Žvakaća guma" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kutchuq" title="Kutchuq – Inupiaq" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Kutchuq" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="Inupiaq" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Iñupiatun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyggig%C3%BAmm%C3%AD" title="Tyggigúmmí – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Tyggigúmmí" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gomma_da_masticare" title="Gomma da masticare – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Gomma da masticare" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A7" title="מסטיק – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מסטיק" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D9%90%D9%86%D9%9B%DA%AF%D9%8E%D9%85" title="چِنٛگَم – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="چِنٛگَم" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D2%93%D1%8B%D0%B7" title="Сағыз – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Сағыз" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bigijii" title="Bigijii – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Bigijii" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben%C3%AE%C5%9Ft" title="Benîşt – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Benîşt" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gummi_manducabile" title="Gummi manducabile – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Gummi manducabile" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ko%C5%A1%C4%BC%C4%81jam%C4%81_gumija" title="Košļājamā gumija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Košļājamā gumija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kn%C3%A4tsch" title="Knätsch – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Knätsch" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kramtomoji_guma" title="Kramtomoji guma – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kramtomoji guma" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A1g%C3%B3gumi" title="Rágógumi – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Rágógumi" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%82" title="ച്യൂയിങ് ഗം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ച്യൂയിങ് ഗം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gula-gula_getah" title="Gula-gula getah – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Gula-gula getah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A9u-n%C3%A8ng-t%C3%B2ng" title="Chéu-nèng-tòng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Chéu-nèng-tòng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%81%E1%80%BB%E1%80%B0%E1%80%B8%E1%80%A1%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%82%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="ချူးအင်းဂမ်း – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ချူးအင်းဂမ်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kauwgom" title="Kauwgom – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Kauwgom" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kauwgom" title="Kauwgom – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Kauwgom" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%81%E3%83%A5%E3%83%BC%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%82%AC%E3%83%A0" title="チューインガム – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="チューインガム" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyggegummi" title="Tyggegummi – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Tyggegummi" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goma_de_mastolhar" title="Goma de mastolhar – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Goma de mastolhar" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cicles" title="Cicles – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Cicles" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guma_do_%C5%BCucia" title="Guma do żucia – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Guma do żucia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiclete" title="Chiclete – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Chiclete" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gum%C4%83_de_mestecat" title="Gumă de mestecat – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Gumă de mestecat" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Жевательная резинка – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Жевательная резинка" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87am%C3%A7ak%C3%ABzi" title="Çamçakëzi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Çamçakëzi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cicompa" title="Cicompa – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Cicompa" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chewing_gum" title="Chewing gum – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Chewing gum" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDuva%C4%8Dka" title="Žuvačka – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Žuvačka" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDve%C4%8Dilni_gumi" title="Žvečilni gumi – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Žvečilni gumi" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guma_do_%C5%BCu%C4%87o" title="Guma do żućo – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Guma do żućo" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%86%DB%8E%D8%B4%D8%AA" title="بنێشت – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="بنێشت" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDvaka" title="Žvaka – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Žvaka" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDvaka" title="Žvaka – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Žvaka" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purukumi" title="Purukumi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Purukumi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuggummi" title="Tuggummi – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Tuggummi" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%9A%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%97%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%8D" title="చూయింగ్ గమ్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="చూయింగ్ గమ్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%9D%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87" title="หมากฝรั่ง – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="หมากฝรั่ง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D2%9B%D0%B8%D1%87" title="Сақич – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Сақич" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sak%C4%B1z" title="Sakız – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Sakız" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Жувальна гумка – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Жувальна гумка" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D9%88%D8%A6%D9%86%DA%AF_%DA%AF%D9%85" title="چوئنگ گم – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="چوئنگ گم" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciunga" title="Ciunga – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Ciunga" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%E1%BA%B9o_cao_su" title="Kẹo cao su – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Kẹo cao su" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sjeklitte" title="Sjeklitte – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Sjeklitte" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasasamsam_nga_goma" title="Nasasamsam nga goma – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Nasasamsam nga goma" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%A3%E9%A6%99%E7%B3%96" title="口香糖 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="口香糖" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A6%99%E5%8F%A3%E8%86%A0" title="香口膠 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="香口膠" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%A3%E9%A6%99%E7%B3%96" title="口香糖 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="口香糖" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q130878#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Chewing_gum" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Chewing_gum" rel="discussion" 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navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Chewing_gum_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Chewing gum (disambiguation)">Chewing gum (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox hrecipe adr"><caption class="infobox-title fn"><span>Chewing gum</span></caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chewing_gum_stick.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Chewing_gum_stick.jpg/250px-Chewing_gum_stick.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Chewing_gum_stick.jpg/375px-Chewing_gum_stick.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Chewing_gum_stick.jpg/500px-Chewing_gum_stick.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="padding-bottom:0.25em;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;">An unwrapped stick of chewing gum</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.65em;">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Confectionery" title="Confectionery">Confectionery</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.65em;">Main ingredients</th><td class="infobox-data ingredient"><a href="/wiki/Gum_base" title="Gum base">Gum base</a>, sweeteners, <a href="/wiki/Plasticizers" class="mw-redirect" title="Plasticizers">plasticizers</a>, flavors, colors, <a href="/wiki/Polyols" class="mw-redirect" title="Polyols">polyols</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding-top:0.25em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Chewing_gum" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Chewing gum">Media: Chewing gum</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Chewing gum</b> is a soft, cohesive substance designed to be chewed without being swallowed. Modern chewing gum is composed of <a href="/wiki/Gum_base" title="Gum base">gum base</a>, sweeteners, softeners/<a href="/wiki/Plasticizer" title="Plasticizer">plasticizers</a>, flavors, colors, and, typically, a hard or powdered <a href="/wiki/Polyol" title="Polyol">polyol</a> coating.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its texture is reminiscent of rubber because of the physical-chemical properties of its polymer, plasticizer, and resin components, which contribute to its elastic-plastic, sticky, chewy characteristics.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fruit-Stipe-Gum-Sticks.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Fruit-Stipe-Gum-Sticks.jpg/220px-Fruit-Stipe-Gum-Sticks.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Fruit-Stipe-Gum-Sticks.jpg/330px-Fruit-Stipe-Gum-Sticks.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Fruit-Stipe-Gum-Sticks.jpg/440px-Fruit-Stipe-Gum-Sticks.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4440" data-file-height="2080" /></a><figcaption>Sticks of <a href="/wiki/Fruit_Stripe" title="Fruit Stripe">Fruit Stripe</a> chewing gum</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CHICLEROSPCIQUINTANAROO001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/CHICLEROSPCIQUINTANAROO001.jpg/220px-CHICLEROSPCIQUINTANAROO001.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/CHICLEROSPCIQUINTANAROO001.jpg/330px-CHICLEROSPCIQUINTANAROO001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/CHICLEROSPCIQUINTANAROO001.jpg/440px-CHICLEROSPCIQUINTANAROO001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>Traditional extraction of chicle from <i>chicozapote</i> tree (<a href="/wiki/Manilkara_zapota" title="Manilkara zapota">Achras zapota</a>) in <a href="/wiki/Quintana_Roo" title="Quintana Roo">Quintana Roo</a>, Mexico. This way of extracting by making zigzag incisions has been known since the ancient Mayan civilization, who called it <i>sicté</i>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The cultural tradition of chewing gum seems to have developed through a <a href="/wiki/Convergent_evolution" title="Convergent evolution">convergent evolution</a> process, as traces of this habit have arisen separately in many early civilizations. Each early precursor to chewing gum was derived from natural growths local to the region and was chewed purely out of the instinctual desire to masticate. Early chewers did not necessarily desire to derive nutritional benefits from their chewable substances but at times sought taste stimuli and teeth cleaning or breath-freshening capabilities.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chewing gum in many forms has existed since the <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> period. 5,000-year-old chewing gum made from <a href="/wiki/Birch_tar" class="mw-redirect" title="Birch tar">birch bark tar</a>, with tooth imprints, has been found in <a href="/wiki/Kierikki" title="Kierikki">Kierikki</a> in Finland. The tar from which the gums were made is believed to have antiseptic properties and other medicinal benefits.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is chemically similar to petroleum tar and is in this way different from most other early gum.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Mayans" class="mw-redirect" title="Mayans">Mayans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aztecs" title="Aztecs">Aztecs</a> were the first to exploit the positive properties of gum;<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> they used <a href="/wiki/Chicle" title="Chicle">chicle</a>, a natural <a href="/wiki/Natural_gum" title="Natural gum">tree gum</a>, as a base for making a gum-like substance<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and to stick objects together in everyday use. Forms of chewing gum were also chewed in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Ancient Greece</a>. The Ancient Greeks chewed <a href="/wiki/Mastic_(plant_resin)" title="Mastic (plant resin)">mastic gum</a>, made from the resin of the <a href="/wiki/Pistacia_lentiscus" title="Pistacia lentiscus">mastic tree</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mastic gum, like birch bark tar, has antiseptic properties and is believed to have been used to maintain oral health.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both chicle and mastic are tree resins. Many other cultures have chewed gum-like substances made from plants, grasses, and <a href="/wiki/Resin" title="Resin">resins</a>. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Variations of early chewing gum worldwide<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Ancient civilization </th> <th>Chewing gum precursor </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Ancient Greece</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mastic_(plant_resin)" title="Mastic (plant resin)">Mastic (plant resin)</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Maya" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Maya">Ancient Maya</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chicle" title="Chicle">Chicle</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ancient Horn of Africa and Yemen </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Khat" title="Khat">Khat</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Chinese </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ginseng" title="Ginseng">Ginseng</a> plant roots </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Inuit" title="Inuit">Inuit</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Blubber" title="Blubber">Blubber</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Native Americans</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sugar_pine" class="mw-redirect" title="Sugar pine">Sugar pine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spruce" title="Spruce">spruce</a> sap </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/South_American" class="mw-redirect" title="South American">South Americans</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Coca_leaves" class="mw-redirect" title="Coca leaves">Coca leaves</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>South Asia (India) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Betel_nuts" class="mw-redirect" title="Betel nuts">Betel nuts</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tropical West Africa </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kola_nuts" class="mw-redirect" title="Kola nuts">Kola nuts</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>United States (early settlers) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tobacco_leaves" class="mw-redirect" title="Tobacco leaves">Tobacco leaves</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Although chewing gum can be traced back to civilizations worldwide, the modernization and commercialization of this product mainly took place in the United States. The <a href="/wiki/American_Indians_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="American Indians in the United States">American Indians</a> chewed <a href="/wiki/Resin" title="Resin">resin</a> made from the <a href="/wiki/Sap" title="Sap">sap</a> of <a href="/wiki/Spruce" title="Spruce">spruce</a> trees.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a> settlers picked up this practice, and in 1848, <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_B._Curtis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John B. Curtis (page does not exist)">John B. Curtis</a> developed and sold the first commercial chewing gum called The State of Maine Pure Spruce Gum. In this way, the industrializing West, having forgotten about tree gums, rediscovered chewing gum through the <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">First Americans</a>. Around 1850 a gum made from <a href="/wiki/Paraffin_wax" title="Paraffin wax">paraffin wax</a>, a petroleum product, was developed and soon exceeded the spruce gum in popularity. To sweeten these early gums, the chewer would often make use of a plate of powdered sugar, which they would repeatedly dip the gum in to maintain sweetness.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> William F. Semple, a dentist from <a href="/wiki/Mount_Vernon,_Ohio" title="Mount Vernon, Ohio">Mount Vernon, Ohio</a>, filed an early patent on chewing gum, patent number 98,304, on 28 December 1869.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Semple's gum was intended to clean the teeth and strengthen the chewer's jaw. It was not a sweet treat; ingredients included chalk and powdered <a href="/wiki/Licorice" class="mw-redirect" title="Licorice">licorice</a> root. Charcoal was also suggested as a "suitable" ingredient in the patent.<sup id="cite_ref-OHC_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OHC-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Colgans_Taffy_Tolu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Colgans_Taffy_Tolu.jpg/220px-Colgans_Taffy_Tolu.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Colgans_Taffy_Tolu.jpg/330px-Colgans_Taffy_Tolu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/09/Colgans_Taffy_Tolu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="317" /></a><figcaption>An image of a Colgan's Taffy Tolu Chewing Gum chromolithograph advertisement, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1910</span></figcaption></figure><p>The first flavored chewing gum was created in the 1860s by <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Colgan_(pharmacist)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Colgan (pharmacist) (page does not exist)">John Colgan</a>, a Louisville, Kentucky, pharmacist. Colgan mixed with powdered sugar the aromatic flavoring <a href="/wiki/Tolu_balsam" title="Tolu balsam">tolu</a>, a powder obtained from an extract of the balsam tree (<i><a href="/wiki/Myroxylon" title="Myroxylon">Myroxylon</a></i>), creating small sticks of flavored chewing gum he named "Taffy Tolu".<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Colgan also led the way in the manufacturing and packaging of <a href="/wiki/Chicle" title="Chicle">chicle</a>-based chewing gum, derived from <i><a href="/wiki/Manilkara_chicle" title="Manilkara chicle">Manilkara chicle</a></i>, a tropical evergreen tree. He licensed a patent for automatically cutting chips of chewing gum from larger sticks: US 966,160 "Chewing Gum Chip Forming Machine" 2 August 1910<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a patent for automatically cutting wrappers for sticks of chewing gum: US 913,352 "Web-cutting attachment for wrapping-machines" 23 February 1909<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from Louisville, Kentucky, inventor James Henry Brady, an employee of the Colgan Gum Company. </p><p>Modern chewing gum was first developed in the 1860s when chicle was brought from Mexico by the former president, General <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Lopez_de_Santa_Anna" class="mw-redirect" title="Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna">Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna</a>, to New York, where he gave it to <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Adams_(chewing_gum_maker)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Adams (chewing gum maker)">Thomas Adams</a> for use as a rubber substitute. Chicle did not succeed as a replacement for rubber, but as a gum cut into strips and marketed as Adams New York Chewing Gum in 1871.<sup id="cite_ref-Emsley,_J._2004_pp._189–197_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Emsley,_J._2004_pp._189–197-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Black_Jack_(gum)" title="Black Jack (gum)">Black Jack</a> (1884), which is flavored with licorice, <a href="/wiki/Chiclets" title="Chiclets">Chiclets</a> (1899), and Wrigley's Spearmint Gum were early popular gums that quickly dominated the market and are all still around today.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chewing gum gained worldwide popularity through American GIs in WWII, who were supplied chewing gum as a ration and traded it with locals. Synthetic gums were first introduced to the U.S. after chicle no longer satisfied the needs of making good chewing gum.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the 1960s, US manufacturers had switched to <a href="/wiki/Butadiene" title="Butadiene">butadiene</a>-based <a href="/wiki/Synthetic_rubber" title="Synthetic rubber">synthetic rubber</a>, as it was cheaper to manufacture. In the United States, chewing gum experienced a decline in popularity in the early 21st century, as it lost its association with <a href="/wiki/Counterculture" title="Counterculture">counterculture</a> and teenage rebelliousness.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others blamed smartphones reducing impulse purchases at the checkout.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Demand for chewing gum also declined during the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a>, as people were less concerned about <a href="/wiki/Bad_breath" title="Bad breath">bad breath</a> and impulse purchases also declined. U.S. sales of gum fell about 30 percent, and while demand was back up to the pre-pandemic level in 2023 in dollar terms, this was the result of <a href="/wiki/Inflation" title="Inflation">inflation</a> as the average price of a pack increased $1.01 from 2018 to $2.71 in 2023. Globally, sales were down 10 percent from 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ingredient_composition">Ingredient composition</h2></div> <p>Gum base composition is considered proprietary information known by select individuals within each gum-manufacturing company.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Information about the other components of chewing gum are more accessible to the public and they are listed in <b>Table 2</b>. </p><p><i><b>Table 2: Common ingredients in the formulation of modern chewing gum</b></i><sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:6_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Ingredient </th> <th>Percent (by weight) Composition </th> <th>Functionality </th> <th colspan="2">Common examples </th></tr> <tr> <td>Gum Base<sup id="cite_ref-:2_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>25–35% </td> <td>Although the formulation of gum bases is considered proprietary information for industry competitors, three main components make up all gum bases: resin, wax, and elastomer. Resin (ex. terpene) is the main chewable portion. Wax softens the gum. Elastomers add flexibility. The molecular composition of gum base is very similar to that of plastics and rubbers. </td> <td colspan="2">Natural or synthetic ingredients (See Table 3) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sweeteners </td> <td>Sugar alcohols: 40–50% <p>Artificial Sweeteners: 0.05–0.5% </p> </td> <td>Bulk Polyol Sweeteners are responsible for initial sweetness, whereas intensive sweeteners are intended for prolonging the sweetness effect. Intensive Sweeteners are often encapsulated to delay the release of flavor. </td> <td><u>Bulk polyol sweeteners</u><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><u>:</u> <p>sugar, dextrose, glucose or corn syrup, erythritol, isomalt, xylitol, maltitol, mannitol, sorbitol, lactitol </p> </td> <td><u>Intensive sweeteners</u><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><u>:</u> <p>aspartame, acesulfame-K, saccharine, sucralose, neohesperidine, dihydrichalcone </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Glycerine </td> <td>2–15% </td> <td>To maintain moistness </td> <td colspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Softener/Plasticizer </td> <td>1–2% </td> <td>To soften gum by increasing flexibility and reducing brittleness by altering the glass transition temperature. Quantities of this additive are altered to balance processability and packaging speed. </td> <td colspan="2">lecithin, hydrogenated vegetable oils, glycerol ester, lanolin, methyl ester, pentaerythritol ester, rice bran wax, stearic acid, sodium and potassium stearates </td></tr> <tr> <td>Flavors<sup id="cite_ref-:3_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>1.5–3.0% </td> <td>For taste and sensory appeal. Flavor components in gum exist in liquid, powder or <a href="/wiki/Micro-encapsulation" title="Micro-encapsulation">micro-encapsulated</a> forms.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Liquid flavor incorporations are either water-soluble, oil-soluble, or water-dispersible emulsions. The oil-soluble flavors remain in the gum longer, resulting in longer lasting flavor sensations, because the gum base is <a href="/wiki/Hydrophobic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrophobic">hydrophobic</a> and attracted to oil-based components. </td> <td colspan="2">Natural or synthetic <p>Peppermint and spearmint are the most popular flavors.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Food acids are implemented to provide a sour flavor (i.e. citric, tartaric, malic, lactic, adipic, and fumaric acids). </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Colors </td> <td>Variable </td> <td>For visual appeal </td> <td colspan="2">Natural or synthetic </td></tr> <tr> <td>Polyol coating<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Variable </td> <td>Pellet gum's characteristic hard outer shell is due to a polyol coating. Polyols can also be implemented as a water absorbent powder dusting to maintain the quality and extend the shelf life of the product. These humectants bind water by establishing many hydrogen bonds with water molecules. </td> <td colspan="2">Sorbitol <p>Maltitol/Isomalt </p><p>Mannitol </p><p>Starch </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gum_base">Gum base</h3></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Gum_base" title="Gum base">Gum base</a> is made of polymers, plasticizers, and resins. <a href="/wiki/Polymer" title="Polymer">Polymers</a>, including elastomers, are responsible for the stretchy and sticky nature of chewing gum. <a href="/wiki/Plasticizer" title="Plasticizer">Plasticizers</a> improve flexibility and reduce brittleness, contributing to the plastic and elastic nature of gum. The interactions of plasticizers within gum base are governed by solubility parameters, molecular weight, and chemical structure. <a href="/wiki/Resin" title="Resin">Resins</a> compose the hydrophobic portion of the gum base, responsible for its chewiness. Although the exact ingredients and proportions used in each brand's gum base are trade secrets within the gum industry, <b>Table 3</b> lists all of the natural and synthetic gum base components approved for use in the United States, demonstrating some examples of key gum base components.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i><b>Table 3: Gum base ingredients approved for use by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (2016)</b></i><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Natural ingredients </th> <th>Synthetic ingredients </th></tr> <tr> <td><u><a href="/wiki/Sapotaceae" title="Sapotaceae">Sapotaceae</a></u> <p><a href="/wiki/Chicle" title="Chicle">Chicle</a> </p><p>Chiquibul </p><p>Crown gum </p><p>Gutta hang kang </p><p><a href="/wiki/Manilkara_bidentata" title="Manilkara bidentata">Massaranduba balata</a> </p><p>Massaranduba chocolate </p><p><a href="/wiki/Manilkara_huberi" title="Manilkara huberi">Nispero</a> </p><p>Rosidinha </p><p>Venezuelan chicle </p> </td> <td rowspan="4">Butadiene-styrene rubber <p>Isobutylene-isoprene copolymer (<a href="/wiki/Butyl_rubber" title="Butyl rubber">butyl rubber</a>) </p><p>Paraffin (via the <a href="/wiki/Fischer%E2%80%93Tropsch_process" title="Fischer–Tropsch process">Fischer–Tropsch process</a>) </p><p><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_wax" class="mw-redirect" title="Petroleum wax">Petroleum wax</a> </p><p>Petroleum wax synthetic </p><p><a href="/wiki/Polyethylene" title="Polyethylene">Polyethylene</a> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Polyisobutene" title="Polyisobutene">Polyisobutylene</a> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Polyvinyl_acetate" title="Polyvinyl acetate">Polyvinyl acetate</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td><u><a href="/wiki/Apocynaceae" title="Apocynaceae">Apocynaceae</a></u> <p>Jelutong </p><p><a href="/wiki/Couma_macrocarpa" title="Couma macrocarpa">Leche caspi</a> (sorva) </p><p>Pendare </p><p>Perillo </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td><u><a href="/wiki/Moraceae" title="Moraceae">Moraceae</a></u> <p>Leche de vaca </p><p>Niger gutta </p><p>Tunu (tuno) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td><u><a href="/wiki/Euphorbiaceae" title="Euphorbiaceae">Euphorbiaceae</a></u> <p>Chilte </p><p><a href="/wiki/Natural_rubber" title="Natural rubber">Natural rubber</a> </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Manufacturing_process">Manufacturing process</h2></div> <p>First, <a href="/wiki/Gum_base" title="Gum base">gum base</a> is previously prepared through a melting and straining or filtering process. The formulation for gum base is proprietary information known to few individuals within each gum-producing company. Next, other ingredients such as nutritive and non-nutritive sweeteners and flavors are added to the gum base until the warm mixture thickens like dough. The gum base mixture is heated during this mixing process to increase the entropy of the polymers to achieve a more uniform dispersion of ingredients. Then, <a href="/wiki/Extrusion" title="Extrusion">extrusion</a> technology is implemented to smooth, form, and shape the gum. Next, the gum goes through a shaping process that is determined by gum type and consumer demand. For example, cut and wrap (chunk or cube) pieces are severed straight out of the extruder using a vertical cutter. Sheeting is a technique often used for stick, slab and tab gums. Next, gum is either conditioned by being sprinkled with a powdered polyol or coated via the application of subsequent layers of coating using temperature controlled coating basins before it is sent to packaging.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Product_varieties">Product varieties</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bubble_gum_at_the_Haribo_factory.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Bubble_gum_at_the_Haribo_factory.jpg/220px-Bubble_gum_at_the_Haribo_factory.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Bubble_gum_at_the_Haribo_factory.jpg/330px-Bubble_gum_at_the_Haribo_factory.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Bubble_gum_at_the_Haribo_factory.jpg/440px-Bubble_gum_at_the_Haribo_factory.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>Chewing gum balls</figcaption></figure> <p>Chewing gum can come in a variety of formats ranging from 1.4 to 6.9 grams per piece, and products can be differentiated by the consumers' intent to form bubbles or the sugar/sugarless dichotomy. </p><p>Chewing gum typically comes in three formats: tablets, coated pellets, and sticks/ slabs. <a href="/wiki/Bubble_gum" title="Bubble gum">Bubble gum</a> typically come in three formats as well: tablets, hollow balls, and cubes or chunks. Stick, slab, and tab gums typically come in packs of about five to 17 sticks or more, and their medium size allows for softer texture. Pellet gums, or <i>dragée</i> gums, are pillow shaped pieces that are almost always coated. Packaging of pellet gums can vary from boxes to bottles to blister packs. The coating of pellet gum allows for the opportunity for multiple flavor sensations, since coating is done in a layering process and different flavor attributes can be added to various layers. Cube or chunk gums, which are typically intended for bubble blowing, are called cut and wrap gums as they are typically severed from continuous strands of extruded gum and packaged directly.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 228px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 226px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Streifenkaugummi.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Stick"><img alt="Stick" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Streifenkaugummi.jpg/339px-Streifenkaugummi.jpg" decoding="async" width="226" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Streifenkaugummi.jpg/508px-Streifenkaugummi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Streifenkaugummi.jpg/677px-Streifenkaugummi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="545" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Stick</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 148.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 146.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kaugummis_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coated pellets"><img alt="Coated pellets" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Kaugummis_cropped.jpg/220px-Kaugummis_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="147" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Kaugummis_cropped.jpg/330px-Kaugummis_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Kaugummis_cropped.jpg/440px-Kaugummis_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="889" data-file-height="727" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Coated pellets</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kauwgum.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Uncoated"><img alt="Uncoated" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Kauwgum.jpg/240px-Kauwgum.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Kauwgum.jpg/360px-Kauwgum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Kauwgum.jpg/480px-Kauwgum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Uncoated</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Quality_and_safety">Quality and safety</h3></div> <p>Chewing gum is rather shelf stable because of its non-reactive nature and low moisture content. The water activity of chewing gum ranges from 0.40 to 0.65.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The moisture content of chewing gum ranges from three to six percent.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In fact, chewing gum retains its quality for so long that, in most countries, it is not required by law to be labeled with an expiration date.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If chewing gum remains in a stable environment, over time the gum may become brittle or lose some of its flavor, but it will never be unsafe to eat.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If chewing gum is exposed to moisture, over time water migration may occur, making the gum soggy. In lollipops with a gum center, water migration can lead to the end of the product's shelf life, as it causes the exterior hard candy shell to soften and the interior gum center to harden. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Physical_and_chemical_characteristics">Physical and chemical characteristics</h2></div> <p>The physical and chemical properties of chewing gum impact all aspects of this product, from manufacturing to sensory perception during mastication. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chewiness">Chewiness</h3></div> <p>The polymers that make up the main component of chewing gum base are hydrophobic.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This property is essential because it allows for retention of physical properties throughout the mastication process. Because the polymers of gum repel water, the water-based saliva system in a consumer's mouth will dissolve the sugars and flavorings in chewing gum, but not the gum base itself. This allows for gum to be chewed for a long time without breaking down in the mouth like conventional foods. Chewing gum can be classified as a product containing a liquid phase and a crystalline phase, providing gum with its characteristic balance of plastic and elastic properties.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stickiness">Stickiness</h3></div> <p>While <a href="/wiki/Hydrophobic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrophobic">hydrophobic</a> polymers beneficially repel water and contribute to chewiness, they also detrimentally attract oil. The stickiness of gum results from this hydrophobic nature, as gum can form bonds and stick when it makes contact with oily surfaces<sup id="cite_ref-:2_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> such as sidewalks, skin, hair, or the sole of one's shoe. To make matters worse, unsticking the gum is a challenge because the long polymers of the gum base stretch, rather than break. The sticky characteristic of gum may be problematic during processing if the gum sticks to any machinery or packaging materials during processing, impeding the flow of product. Aside from ensuring that the machinery is free from lipid-based residues, this issue can be combatted by the conditioning and coating of gum toward the end of the process. By adding either a powder or a coating to the exterior of the gum product, the hydrophobic gum base binds to the added substance instead of various surfaces with which it may come in contact. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bubble-blowing_capability">Bubble-blowing capability</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Blowing_bubble_gum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Blowing_bubble_gum.jpg/220px-Blowing_bubble_gum.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Blowing_bubble_gum.jpg/330px-Blowing_bubble_gum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Blowing_bubble_gum.jpg/440px-Blowing_bubble_gum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Bubblegum bubble</figcaption></figure> <p>Bubblegum bubbles are formed when the tension and elasticity of gum polymers acts against the constant and equally dispersed pressure of air being directed into the gum bolus. Bubble gum bubbles are circular because pressure from the focused air being directed into the bolus acts equally on all of the interior surfaces of the gum cud, uniformly pushing outward on all surfaces as the polymers extend. As the bubble expands, the polymers of the gum base stretch and the surface of the bubble begins to thin. When the force of the air being blown into the bubble exceeds the force that the polymers can withstand, the polymers overextend and the bubble pops. Due to the elastic attributes of chewing gum, the deflated bubble recoils and the wad of gum is ready to continue being chewed.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gum bases with higher molecular weights are typically used in gums intended to meet bubble-forming expectations. Higher molecular weight gum bases include longer polymers that are able to stretch further, and thus are able to form larger bubbles that retain their shape for a longer time.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flavor_release">Flavor release</h3></div> <p>Flavor delivery is extended throughout the mastication process by timed release of different flavor components due to the physical-chemical properties of many of chewing gum's ingredients. During the first three to four minutes of the chew, bulking agents such as sugar or sorbitol and maltitol have the highest <a href="/wiki/Solubility" title="Solubility">solubility</a> and, therefore, are chewed out first. As these components dissolve in the consumers' saliva and slide down the esophagus, they are no longer retained in the gum base or perceived by the chewer. During the next phase of the chew in the four to six-minute range, intense sweeteners and some acids are dissolved and chewed out. These components last slightly longer than the bulking agents because they have a slightly lower solubility. Next, encapsulated flavors are released during either 10–15 minutes into the chew or after 30–45 minutes. Encapsulated flavors remain incorporated in the gum base longer because the molecules that they are encapsulated in are more easily held within the gum matrix. Finally, during the last phase of the chew, softeners such as corn syrup and glycerin and other textural modifiers are dissolved, resulting in a firming up of the gum and the end of the chew.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Studies have shown that gum flavor is perceived better in the presence of sweetener.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Companies have started to create chemical systems in gum so that the sweetener and flavor release together in a controlled manner during chewing.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cooling_sensation">Cooling sensation</h3></div> <p>A cooling sensation is achieved through the chemical phenomenon of the negative <a href="/wiki/Enthalpy_of_solution" class="mw-redirect" title="Enthalpy of solution">enthalpy of dissolution</a> that occurs with bulk sweeteners, such as the sugar alcohols. The enthalpy of dissolution refers to the overall amount of heat that is absorbed or released in the dissolving process. Because the bulk sweeteners absorb heat as they dissolve and have a negative enthalpy, they yield a cooling sensation as they are dissolved in a consumer's saliva.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:6_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Health_effects">Health effects</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Brain_function">Brain function</h3></div> <p>A review about the cognitive advantages of chewing gum by Onyper et al. (2011) found strong evidence of improvement for the following cognitive domains: <a href="/wiki/Working_memory" title="Working memory">working memory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Episodic_memory" title="Episodic memory">episodic memory</a> and speed of <a href="/wiki/Perception" title="Perception">perception</a>. However the improvements were only evident when chewing took place prior to cognitive testing. The precise mechanism by which gum chewing improves cognitive functioning is however not well understood. The researchers did also note that chewing-induced arousal could be masked by the distracting nature of chewing itself, which they named "dual-process theory", which in turn could explain some of the contradictory findings by previous studies. They also noticed the similarity between mild physical exercise such as pedaling a stationary bike and chewing gum. It has been demonstrated that mild physical exercise leads to little cognitive impairment during the physical task accompanied by enhanced cognitive functioning afterwards. Furthermore, the researchers noted that no improvement could be found for verbal fluency, which is in accordance with previous studies. This finding suggests that the effect of chewing gum is domain specific. The cognitive improvements after a period of chewing gum have been demonstrated to last for 15–20 minutes and decline afterwards.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Qualify_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Qualify evidence"><span title="Cited sources need context/evaluation">qualify evidence</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dental_health">Dental health</h3></div> <p>Sugar-free gum sweetened with <a href="/wiki/Xylitol" title="Xylitol">xylitol</a> has been shown to reduce cavities and <a href="/wiki/Dental_plaque" title="Dental plaque">plaque</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-polyol_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-polyol-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sweetener <a href="/wiki/Sorbitol" title="Sorbitol">sorbitol</a> has the same benefit, but is only about one-third as effective as xylitol.<sup id="cite_ref-polyol_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-polyol-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other sugar substitutes, such as <a href="/wiki/Maltitol" title="Maltitol">maltitol</a>, aspartame and acesulfame K, have also been found to not cause <a href="/wiki/Tooth_decay" title="Tooth decay">tooth decay</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Emsley,_J._2004_pp._189–197_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Emsley,_J._2004_pp._189–197-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Xylitol is specific in its inhibition of <i><a href="/wiki/Streptococcus_mutans" title="Streptococcus mutans">Streptococcus mutans</a></i>, bacteria that are significant contributors to tooth decay.<sup id="cite_ref-Milgrom_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Milgrom-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Xylitol inhibits <i>Streptococcus mutans</i> in the presence of other sugars, with the exception of <a href="/wiki/Fructose" title="Fructose">fructose</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Xylitol is a safe sweetener that benefits teeth and saliva production because, unlike most sugars, it is not fermented to acid.<sup id="cite_ref-Emsley,_J._2004_pp._189–197_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Emsley,_J._2004_pp._189–197-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Daily doses of xylitol below 3.44 grams are ineffective and doses above 10.32 grams show no additional benefit.<sup id="cite_ref-Milgrom_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Milgrom-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other active ingredients in chewing gum include <a href="/wiki/Fluoride" title="Fluoride">fluoride</a>, which strengthens tooth enamel, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=P-chlorbenzyl-4-methylbenzylpiperazine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="P-chlorbenzyl-4-methylbenzylpiperazine (page does not exist)">p-chlorbenzyl-4-methylbenzylpiperazine</a>, which prevents <a href="/wiki/Travel_sickness" class="mw-redirect" title="Travel sickness">travel sickness</a>. Chewing gum also increases saliva production.<sup id="cite_ref-Emsley,_J._2004_pp._189–197_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Emsley,_J._2004_pp._189–197-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Food and sucrose have a demineralizing effect upon <a href="/wiki/Tooth_enamel" title="Tooth enamel">enamel</a> that has been reduced by adding <a href="/wiki/Calcium_lactate" title="Calcium lactate">calcium lactate</a> to food.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Calcium lactate added to toothpaste has reduced <a href="/wiki/Calculus_(dental)" title="Calculus (dental)">calculus</a> formation.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One study has shown that calcium lactate enhances enamel <a href="/wiki/Remineralisation_of_teeth" title="Remineralisation of teeth">remineralization</a> when added to xylitol-containing gum,<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but another study showed no additional remineralization benefit from calcium lactate or other calcium compounds in chewing-gum.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other studies<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> indicated that the caries preventive effect of chewing sugar-free gum is related to the chewing process itself rather than being an effect of gum sweeteners or additives, such as <a href="/wiki/Polyols" class="mw-redirect" title="Polyols">polyols</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carbamide" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbamide">carbamide</a>. A study investigating the in situ effect of casein phosphopeptide–amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP–ACP) found that its incorporation into a sugar-free gum increases the remineralization / protection of eroded enamel surface significantly.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gum chewing is regarded as a helpful way to cure <a href="/wiki/Halitosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Halitosis">halitosis</a> (bad breath). Chewing gum not only helps to add freshness to breath but can aid in removing food particles and bacteria associated with bad breath from teeth. It does this by stimulating saliva, which essentially washes out the mouth. Chewing sugar-free gum for 20 minutes after a meal helps prevent tooth decay, according to the American Dental Association, because the act of chewing the sugar-free gum produces saliva to wash away bacteria, which protects teeth.<sup id="cite_ref-benefits_of_chewing_gum_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-benefits_of_chewing_gum-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chewing gum can also help with the lack of saliva or xerostomia since it naturally stimulates saliva production.<sup id="cite_ref-Emsley,_J._2004_pp._189–197_18-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Emsley,_J._2004_pp._189–197-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Saliva can also promote enamel remineralization as long as it does not become too acidic.<sup id="cite_ref-Emsley,_J._2004_pp._189–197_18-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Emsley,_J._2004_pp._189–197-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Masumoto et al. looked at the effects of chewing gum after meals following an orthodontic procedure, to see if chewing exercises caused subjects pain or discomfort, or helped maintain a large <a href="/wiki/Occlusion_(dentistry)" title="Occlusion (dentistry)">occlusal contact area</a>. 35 adult volunteers chewed gum for 10 to 15 minutes before or after three meals each day for 4 weeks. 90% of those questioned said that the gum felt "quite hard", and half reported no discomfort.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Qualify_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Qualify evidence"><span title="Cited sources need context/evaluation">qualify evidence</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Use_in_surgery">Use in surgery</h3></div> <p>Several <a href="/wiki/Randomized_controlled_studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Randomized controlled studies">randomized controlled studies</a> have investigated the use of chewing gum in reducing the duration of post-operative <a href="/wiki/Ileus" title="Ileus">ileus</a> following abdominal and specifically gastrointestinal surgery. A systematic review of these suggests gum chewing, as a form of "<a href="/wiki/Sham_feeding" title="Sham feeding">sham feeding</a>", is a useful treatment therapy in open abdominal or pelvic surgery, although the benefit is less clear when laparoscopic surgical techniques are used.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chewing gum after a colon surgery helps the patient recover sooner. If the patient chews gum for fifteen minutes for at least four times per day, it will reduce their recovery time by a day and a half.<sup id="cite_ref-Chewing_Gum_Speeds_Surgery_Recovery_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chewing_Gum_Speeds_Surgery_Recovery-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The average patient took 0.66 fewer days to pass gas and 1.10 fewer days to have a bowel movement.<sup id="cite_ref-Chewing_Gum_Associated_With_Enhanced_Bowel_Recovery_After_Colon_Surgery_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chewing_Gum_Associated_With_Enhanced_Bowel_Recovery_After_Colon_Surgery-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Saliva flow and production is stimulated when gum is chewed. Gum also gets digestive juices flowing and is considered "sham feeding".<sup id="cite_ref-Chewing_Gum_Associated_With_Enhanced_Bowel_Recovery_After_Colon_Surgery_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chewing_Gum_Associated_With_Enhanced_Bowel_Recovery_After_Colon_Surgery-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sham feeding is the role of the central nervous system in the regulation of gastric secretion. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Use_in_cardiovascular_disease">Use in cardiovascular disease</h3></div> <p>Chewing gum has been shown to be effective in relieving the symptom of thirst in patients living with heart failure.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stomach">Stomach</h3></div> <p>Chewing gum is used as a novel approach for the treatment of <a href="/wiki/Gastroesophageal_reflux_disease" title="Gastroesophageal reflux disease">gastroesophageal reflux disease</a> (GERD). One hypothesis is that chewing gum stimulates the production of more bicarbonate-containing <a href="/wiki/Saliva" title="Saliva">saliva</a> and increases the rate of swallowing. After the saliva is swallowed, it neutralizes acid in the <a href="/wiki/Esophagus" title="Esophagus">esophagus</a>. In effect, chewing gum exaggerates one of the normal processes that neutralize acid in the esophagus.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, chewing gum is sometimes considered to contribute to the development of <a href="/wiki/Stomach_ulcers" class="mw-redirect" title="Stomach ulcers">stomach ulcers</a>. It stimulates the stomach to secrete acid and the <a href="/wiki/Pancreas" title="Pancreas">pancreas</a> to produce digestive enzymes that aren't required.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some cases, when consuming large quantities of gum containing sorbitol, gas and/or diarrhea may occur.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Controversies">Controversies</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Classification_as_food">Classification as food</h3></div> <p>Controversy arises as to health concerns surrounding the questionable classification of gum as food, particularly in regard to some alternative uses for gum base ingredients. According to the <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">U.S. Food and Drug Administration</a> (FDA), chewing gum is considered a food, as the term "food" means "a raw, cooked, or processed edible substance, ice, beverage, or ingredient used or intended for use or for sale in whole or in part for human consumption, or chewing gum".<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chewing gum is defined as a food of <a href="/wiki/Minimal_nutritional_value" title="Minimal nutritional value">minimal nutritional value</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, many of the ingredients in gum base have uses in inedible products, which raises concern in some consumers. Polyethylene, one of the most popular components of gum base, belongs to a common group of plastics and is used in products from plastic bags to hula hoops. <a href="/wiki/Polyvinyl_acetate" title="Polyvinyl acetate">Polyvinyl acetate</a> is a sticky polymer found in white glue. <a href="/wiki/Butyl_rubber" title="Butyl rubber">Butyl rubber</a> is typically used in caulking and the lining of car tires, in addition to its role in gum base. <a href="/wiki/Paraffin_wax" title="Paraffin wax">Paraffin wax</a> is a byproduct of refined petroleum.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Possible_carcinogens">Possible carcinogens</h3></div> <p>Concern has arisen about the possible <a href="/wiki/Carcinogenicity" class="mw-redirect" title="Carcinogenicity">carcinogenicity</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Vinyl_acetate" title="Vinyl acetate">vinyl acetate</a> (acetic acid ethenyl ester) used by some manufacturers in their <a href="/wiki/Gum_base" title="Gum base">gum bases</a>. Currently, the ingredient can be hidden in the catch-all term "gum base". The Canadian government at one point classified the ingredient as a "potentially high hazard substance."<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, on 31 January 2010, the Government of Canada's final assessment concluded that exposure to vinyl acetate is not considered to be harmful to human health.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This decision under the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Environmental_Protection_Act,_1999" title="Canadian Environmental Protection Act, 1999">Canadian Environmental Protection Act</a> (CEPA) was based on new information received during the public comment period, as well as more recent information from the risk assessment conducted by the European Union. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Choking_and_excretion_of_swallowed_gum">Choking and excretion of swallowed gum</h3></div> <p>Various myths hold that swallowed gum will remain in a human's stomach for up to seven years, as it is not <a href="/wiki/Period_of_digestion" class="mw-redirect" title="Period of digestion">digestible</a>. According to several medical opinions, there seems to be little truth behind the tale. In most cases, swallowed gum will pass through the system as quickly as any other food.<sup id="cite_ref-sciam.com_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sciam.com-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There have been cases where swallowing gum has resulted in complications in young children requiring medical attention. A 1998 paper describes a four-year-old boy being referred with a two-year history of constipation. The boy was found to have "always swallowed his gum after chewing five to seven pieces each day", being given the gum as a reward for good behavior, and the build-up resulted in a solid mass which could not leave the body.<sup id="cite_ref-pediatrics_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pediatrics-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 1½-year-old girl required medical attention when she swallowed her gum and four coins, which got stuck together in her esophagus.<sup id="cite_ref-sciam.com_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sciam.com-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pediatrics_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pediatrics-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/Bezoar" title="Bezoar">bezoar</a> is formed in the stomach when food or other foreign objects stick to gum and build up, causing intestinal blockage.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As long as the mass of gum is small enough to pass out of the <a href="/wiki/Stomach" title="Stomach">stomach</a>, it will likely pass out of the body easily,<sup id="cite_ref-sciam-2_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sciam-2-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but it is recommended that gum not be swallowed or given to young children who do not understand not to swallow it.<sup id="cite_ref-pediatrics_66-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pediatrics-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Adults have choked to death on chewing gum in rare cases. A 2012 report describes a 42-year-old woman who fell on the stairs while chewing gum. Due to the impact, the gum fell into the <a href="/wiki/Pharynx" title="Pharynx">pharynx</a> and was inhaled into the <a href="/wiki/Larynx" title="Larynx">larynx</a>, causing complete blockage and resulting in the woman's death by <a href="/wiki/Asphyxia" title="Asphyxia">asphyxiation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Environmental_effects">Environmental effects</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chewing_gum_on_a_sidewalk_in_Reykjav%C3%ADk.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Chewing_gum_on_a_sidewalk_in_Reykjav%C3%ADk.JPG/170px-Chewing_gum_on_a_sidewalk_in_Reykjav%C3%ADk.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Chewing_gum_on_a_sidewalk_in_Reykjav%C3%ADk.JPG/255px-Chewing_gum_on_a_sidewalk_in_Reykjav%C3%ADk.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Chewing_gum_on_a_sidewalk_in_Reykjav%C3%ADk.JPG/340px-Chewing_gum_on_a_sidewalk_in_Reykjav%C3%ADk.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2472" data-file-height="3296" /></a><figcaption>Chewing gum on a sidewalk in <a href="/wiki/Reykjav%C3%ADk" title="Reykjavík">Reykjavík</a></figcaption></figure><p>Chewing gum is not water-soluble and unlike other confectionery is not fully consumed. There has been much effort at public education and investment aimed at encouraging responsible disposal. Despite this it is commonly found stuck underneath benches, tables, handrails and escalators. It is extremely difficult and expensive to remove once "walked in" and dried. Gum bonds strongly to asphalt and rubber shoe soles because they are all made from polymeric <a href="/wiki/Hydrocarbons" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrocarbons">hydrocarbons</a>. It also bonds strongly with concrete paving. Removal is generally achieved by steam jet and scraper but the process is slow and labour-intensive. </p><p>Most external urban areas with high pedestrian traffic show high incidence of casual chewing gum discard. In 2000 a study on <a href="/wiki/Oxford_Street" title="Oxford Street">Oxford Street</a>, one of London's busiest shopping streets, showed that a quarter of a million black or white blobs of chewing gum were stuck to its pavement.<sup id="cite_ref-Emsley,_J._2004_pp._189–197_18-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Emsley,_J._2004_pp._189–197-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gum removal from city streets, or even famous landmarks, can be a costly effort; in Rome, 15,000 pieces of chewed gum are discarded on a daily basis and the removal of each piece costs the city one euro.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, likely as a consequence of Singapore's ban, Singapore's pavements are, perhaps uniquely amongst modern cities, free of gum. </p><p>Various teams of researchers have developed gum that is less adhesive and degrades within days or weeks.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One example, <a href="/wiki/Rev7_Gum" title="Rev7 Gum">Rev7 Gum</a>, was briefly for sale from 2010 to 2012. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bans">Bans</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Chewing_gum_ban_in_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="Chewing gum ban in Singapore">Chewing gum ban in Singapore</a></div><p>Many schools do not allow chewing gum because students often dispose of it inappropriately (leaving it under desks and chairs, behind vending machines, etc.). The chewing may also pose a distraction to class, and the gum might carry diseases or bacteria from other students.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Singapore government outlawed chewing gum in 1992 citing the danger of discarded gum being wedged in the sliding doors of underground trains and general cleanliness. However, in 2004 the government allowed sugarless gum to be sold in pharmacies if a doctor or dentist prescribed it due to the <a href="/wiki/Singapore%E2%80%93United_States_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="Singapore–United States Free Trade Agreement">Singapore–United States Free Trade Agreement</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Recycling">Recycling</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gumdrop_collector,_Caldicot.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Gumdrop_collector%2C_Caldicot.jpg/170px-Gumdrop_collector%2C_Caldicot.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Gumdrop_collector%2C_Caldicot.jpg/255px-Gumdrop_collector%2C_Caldicot.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Gumdrop_collector%2C_Caldicot.jpg/340px-Gumdrop_collector%2C_Caldicot.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1733" data-file-height="2515" /></a><figcaption>Gumdrop chewing gum collecting bin</figcaption></figure> <p>In 2018, the BBC published a news article on British designer Anna Bullus, who created a method of collecting and recycling chewing gum into plastic, noting that litter from chewing gum is the second most common form of litter, second only to cigarette litter. She uses a Worcester recycling plant to make old chewing gum into plastic. She then uses that plastic at a plastic moulding specialist, Amber Valley, in Leicester to make plastic objects. Known objects made are collection containers for more chewing gum, shoe soles, rubber boots, and plastic cups.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her company advertises itself as the "first company in the world to recycle and process chewing gum into a range of new compounds that can be used in the rubber and <a href="/wiki/Plastics_industry" title="Plastics industry">plastics industry</a>". The company is called Gum-tec, and the collection containers are dubbed "gumdrops". Advertised products on the website are pencils, coffee mugs, guitar picks, a "bicycle spoke", rulers, sports cones, frisbees, boomerangs, door stops, "meal mates", lunch-boxes, and combs.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bubble_gum" title="Bubble gum">Bubble gum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chewing_gum_brands" title="List of chewing gum brands">List of chewing gum brands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bubblegum_Alley" title="Bubblegum Alley">Bubblegum Alley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gum_Wall" title="Gum Wall">Gum Wall</a> in <a href="/wiki/Seattle" title="Seattle">Seattle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gum_base" title="Gum base">Gum base</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:1-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gumassociation.org/index.cfm/science-technology/ingredients-technology/">"Ingredients technology – ICGA"</a>. <i>www.gumassociation.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.gumassociation.org&rft.atitle=Ingredients+technology+%E2%80%93+ICGA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gumassociation.org%2Findex.cfm%2Fscience-technology%2Fingredients-technology%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChewing+gum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEstruch2008" class="citation book cs1">Estruch, RA (2008). "Gum base". In Fritz, D (ed.). <i>Formulation and Production of Chewing and Bubble Gum</i> (2 ed.). Essex: Kennedy's Publications Ltd. pp. 93–118.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gum+base&rft.btitle=Formulation+and+Production+of+Chewing+and+Bubble+Gum&rft.place=Essex&rft.pages=93-118&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Kennedy%27s+Publications+Ltd.&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Estruch&rft.aufirst=RA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChewing+gum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFenimore2008" class="citation book cs1">Fenimore, EL (2008). "The History of Chewing Gum, 1849–2004". 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Essex: Kennedy's Publications Ltd. pp. 157–93.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=High-intensity+sweeteners+in+sugar-free+chewing+gum&rft.btitle=Formulation+and+Production+of+Chewing+and+Bubble+Gum&rft.place=Essex&rft.pages=157-93&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Kennedy%27s+Publications+Ltd.&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Ponakla&rft.aufirst=SV&rft.au=Corliss%2C+G&rft.au=Prakash%2C+I&rft.au=Bishay%2C+I&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChewing+gum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Roos2008" class="citation book cs1">de Roos, KB (2008). "Flavourings for chewing gum". 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Academic Press. p. 461. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780128112694" title="Special:BookSources/9780128112694"><bdi>9780128112694</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Natural+and+Artificial+Flavoring+Agents+and+Food+Dyes&rft.pages=461&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9780128112694&rft.aulast=Grumezescu&rft.aufirst=Alexandru+Mihai&rft.au=Holban%2C+Alina+Maria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbHixDgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA461&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChewing+gum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLadretLe_BotNesvadbaOstermann2008" class="citation book cs1">Ladret, M; Le Bot, Y; Nesvadba, S; Ostermann, E; Ribadeau-Dumas, G (2008). 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"Fatal asphyxia by complete laryngeal obstruction due to chewing-gum aspiration in an adult woman". <i>Romanian Journal of Legal Medicine</i>. <b>20</b>: 33–36. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4323%2Frjlm.2012.33">10.4323/rjlm.2012.33</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Romanian+Journal+of+Legal+Medicine&rft.atitle=Fatal+asphyxia+by+complete+laryngeal+obstruction+due+to+chewing-gum+aspiration+in+an+adult+woman&rft.volume=20&rft.pages=33-36&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4323%2Frjlm.2012.33&rft.aulast=Barbera&rft.aufirst=Nunziata&rft.au=Arcifa%2C+Veronica&rft.au=Valenti%2C+Vincenzo&rft.au=Spadaro%2C+Giorgio&rft.au=Tomasello%2C+Sergio&rft.au=Romano%2C+Guido&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChewing+gum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nydailynews.com/life-style/eats/rome-declares-war-chewing-gum-gum-removal-costs-city-euro-eternal-city-sanitation-article-1.993824">"Rome declares war on chewing gum"</a>. <i>Daily News</i>. 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Daily+News&rft.atitle=Rome+declares+war+on+chewing+gum&rft.date=2011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nydailynews.com%2Flife-style%2Feats%2Frome-declares-war-chewing-gum-gum-removal-costs-city-euro-eternal-city-sanitation-article-1.993824&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChewing+gum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.confectionerynews.com/Article/2013/01/04/Rev7-branded-degradable-gum-exits-US-as-maker-seeks-licensees">"Rev7 branded degradable gum exits US as maker seeks licensees"</a>. <i>confectionerynews.com</i>. 4 January 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=confectionerynews.com&rft.atitle=Rev7+branded+degradable+gum+exits+US+as+maker+seeks+licensees&rft.date=2013-01-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.confectionerynews.com%2FArticle%2F2013%2F01%2F04%2FRev7-branded-degradable-gum-exits-US-as-maker-seeks-licensees&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChewing+gum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatel" class="citation news cs1">Patel, Prachi. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.technologyreview.com/s/408793/nonstick-chewing-gum/">"Nonstick Chewing Gum"</a>. <i>MIT Technology Review</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=MIT+Technology+Review&rft.atitle=Nonstick+Chewing+Gum&rft.aulast=Patel&rft.aufirst=Prachi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.technologyreview.com%2Fs%2F408793%2Fnonstick-chewing-gum%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChewing+gum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bangalore/B-schools-ban-chewing-gum-on-campus/articleshow/4703966.cms">"B-schools ban chewing gum on campus"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_India" title="The Times of India">The Times of India</a></i>. 26 June 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131114003134/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-06-26/bangalore/28209209_1_gum-cell-phones-draconian-ban">Archived</a> from the original on 14 November 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 August</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=B-schools+ban+chewing+gum+on+campus&rft.date=2009-06-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fcity%2Fbangalore%2FB-schools-ban-chewing-gum-on-campus%2Farticleshow%2F4703966.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChewing+gum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElle_Metz2015" class="citation news cs1">Elle Metz (28 March 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-32090420">"Why Singapore banned chewing gum"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Why+Singapore+banned+chewing+gum&rft.date=2015-03-28&rft.au=Elle+Metz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fmagazine-32090420&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChewing+gum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShaw2018" class="citation news cs1">Shaw, Dougal (6 March 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/stories-43198104">"The chewing gum you don't mind stuck to your shoe"</a>. <i>BBC News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=The+chewing+gum+you+don%27t+mind+stuck+to+your+shoe&rft.date=2018-03-06&rft.aulast=Shaw&rft.aufirst=Dougal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fstories-43198104&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChewing+gum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gumdropltd.com/">"Gumdrop Ltd"</a>. <i>gumdropltd.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=gumdropltd.com&rft.atitle=Gumdrop+Ltd.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgumdropltd.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChewing+gum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output 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href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_International_Encyclop%C3%A6dia/Chewing-Gum">"Chewing-Gum" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/New_International_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="New International Encyclopedia">New International Encyclopedia</a></i>. 1905.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chewing-Gum&rft.btitle=New+International+Encyclopedia&rft.date=1905&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChewing+gum" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Candy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Candy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Candy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Candy" title="Candy">Candy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By category</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_confectionery" class="mw-redirect" title="Sugar confectionery">Sugar confectionery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_candy" title="Sugar candy">Sugar candy</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chewing gum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chocolate" title="Chocolate">Chocolate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penny_candy" class="mw-redirect" title="Penny candy">Penny candy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_candies" title="List of candies">List of candies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_top-selling_candy_brands" title="List of top-selling candy brands">List of top-selling candy brands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_breath_mints" title="List of breath mints">List of breath mints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_confectionery_brands" title="List of confectionery brands">List of confectionery brands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chocolatiers" title="List of chocolatiers">List of chocolatiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chocolate_bar_brands" title="List of chocolate bar brands">List of chocolate bar brands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chocolate_manufacturers" class="mw-redirect" title="List of chocolate manufacturers">List of chocolate manufacturers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chocolate" title="Chocolate">Chocolate</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Types_of_chocolate" title="Types of chocolate">Types of chocolate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compound_chocolate" class="mw-redirect" title="Compound chocolate">Compound chocolate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Couverture_chocolate" class="mw-redirect" title="Couverture chocolate">Couverture chocolate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_chocolate" title="White chocolate">White chocolate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chocolate_bar" title="Chocolate bar">Chocolate bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chocolate_truffle" title="Chocolate truffle">Chocolate truffle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mint_chocolate" title="Mint chocolate">Mint chocolate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fudge" title="Fudge">Fudge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_chocolate" title="Belgian chocolate">Belgian chocolate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_chocolate" title="French chocolate">French chocolate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_chocolate" title="Swiss chocolate">Swiss chocolate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chocolaterie" title="Chocolaterie">Chocolaterie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chewing gum</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bubble_gum" title="Bubble gum">Bubble gum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Functional_chewing_gum" title="Functional chewing gum">Functional chewing gum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chewing_gum_brands" title="List of chewing gum brands">List of chewing gum brands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gum_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Gum industry">Gum industry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sugar_candy" title="Sugar candy">Sugar candy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hard_candy" title="Hard candy">Hard candy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caramels" class="mw-redirect" title="Caramels">Caramels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toffee" title="Toffee">Toffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taffy_(candy)" title="Taffy (candy)">Taffy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marzipan" title="Marzipan">Marzipan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drag%C3%A9e" title="Dragée">Dragée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praline_(nut_confection)" title="Praline (nut confection)">Praline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshmallows" class="mw-redirect" title="Marshmallows">Marshmallows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nougat" title="Nougat">Nougat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mint_(candy)" title="Mint (candy)">Mints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Licorice" class="mw-redirect" title="Licorice">Licorice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jelly_bean" title="Jelly bean">Jelly bean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Medicinal candy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cough_sweets" class="mw-redirect" title="Cough sweets">Cough sweets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicotine_gum" title="Nicotine gum">Nicotine gum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horehound_drops" class="mw-redirect" title="Horehound drops">Horehound drops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lollipop" title="Lollipop">Lollipops</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sweets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cakes" title="List of cakes">Cakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cookies" title="List of cookies">Cookies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_desserts" title="List of desserts">Desserts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_doughnut_varieties" title="List of doughnut varieties">Doughnuts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pastries" title="List of pastries">Pastries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pies,_tarts_and_flans" title="List of pies, tarts and flans">Pies, tarts and flans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Candy" title="Category:Candy">Category: Candy</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Non-timber_forest_products" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Non-timber_forest_products" title="Template:Non-timber forest products"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Non-timber_forest_products" title="Template talk:Non-timber forest products"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Non-timber_forest_products" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Non-timber forest products"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Non-timber_forest_products" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Non-timber_forest_product" title="Non-timber forest product">Non-timber forest products</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Animal_product" title="Animal product">Animal products</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fur" title="Fur">Furs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honey" title="Honey">Honey</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pine_honey" title="Pine honey">pine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_(hunting)" title="Game (hunting)">Wild game</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berry" title="Berry">Berries</a> / <a href="/wiki/Fruit_tree" title="Fruit tree">tree fruit</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banana" title="Banana">Banana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bilberry" title="Bilberry">Bilberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garcinia_binucao" title="Garcinia binucao">Binukaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackberry" title="Blackberry">Blackberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blueberry" title="Blueberry">Blueberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breadfruit" title="Breadfruit">Breadfruit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocoa_bean" title="Cocoa bean">Cocoa bean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coconut" title="Coconut">Coconut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durian" title="Durian">Durian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garcinia_gummi-gutta" title="Garcinia gummi-gutta">Gambooge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huckleberry" title="Huckleberry">Huckleberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackfruit" title="Jackfruit">Jackfruit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juniper_berry" title="Juniper berry">Juniper berry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccinium_vitis-idaea" title="Vaccinium vitis-idaea">Lingonberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raspberry" title="Raspberry">Raspberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strawberry" title="Strawberry">Strawberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamarind" title="Tamarind">Tamarind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fragaria_vesca" title="Fragaria vesca">Woodland strawberry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_leaf_vegetables" title="List of leaf vegetables">Edible plants</a> / <a href="/wiki/Root" title="Root">roots</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Betel" title="Betel">Betel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiddlehead" title="Fiddlehead">Fiddlehead ferns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heart_of_palm" title="Heart of palm">Heart of palm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhuca_longifolia#Mahuwa_flowers" title="Madhuca longifolia">Mahuwa flowers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metroxylon_sagu" title="Metroxylon sagu">Sago palm</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cycas_circinalis" title="Cycas circinalis">queen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sassafras" title="Sassafras">Sassafras</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fil%C3%A9_powder" title="Filé powder">filé powder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Root_beer" title="Root beer">root beer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serenoa" title="Serenoa">Saw palmetto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ginseng#Wild_ginseng" title="Ginseng">Wild ginseng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_onion" title="Wild onion">Wild onions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allium_ursinum" title="Allium ursinum">Bear garlic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_canadense" title="Allium canadense">Canada onion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_vineale" title="Allium vineale">Crow garlic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_bisceptrum" title="Allium bisceptrum">Twincrest onion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_validum" title="Allium validum">Pacific mountain onion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_tricoccum" title="Allium tricoccum">Ramps</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Edible_mushroom" title="Edible mushroom">Mushrooms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russula_vesca" title="Russula vesca">Bare-toothed russula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imleria_badia" title="Imleria badia">Bay bolete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leccinum_scabrum" title="Leccinum scabrum">Birch bolete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boletus_edulis" title="Boletus edulis">Cep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantharellus" title="Cantharellus">Chanterelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armillaria_mellea" title="Armillaria mellea">Honey mushroom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingzhi_(mushroom)" title="Lingzhi (mushroom)">Lingzhi</a> (reishi)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matsutake" title="Matsutake">Matsutake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agaricus_campestris" title="Agaricus campestris">Meadow mushroom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morchella" title="Morchella">Morel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pleurotus_ostreatus" title="Pleurotus ostreatus">Oyster mushroom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macrolepiota_procera" title="Macrolepiota procera">Parasol mushroom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leccinum_aurantiacum" title="Leccinum aurantiacum">Red cap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lactarius_deliciosus" title="Lactarius deliciosus">Saffron milk cap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suillus_luteus" title="Suillus luteus">Slippery jack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truffle" title="Truffle">Truffle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricholoma_equestre" title="Tricholoma equestre">Yellow knight</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nut_(fruit)" title="Nut (fruit)">Nuts</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Spice" title="Spice">spices</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allspice" title="Allspice">Allspice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Areca_nut" title="Areca nut">Areca nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_leaf" title="Bay leaf">Bay leaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_pepper" title="Black pepper">Black pepper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil_nut" title="Brazil nut">Brazil nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinnamon" title="Cinnamon">Cinnamon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clove" title="Clove">Clove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazelnut" title="Hazelnut">Hazelnut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scaphium_affine" title="Scaphium affine">Malva nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutmeg" title="Nutmeg">Nutmeg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pine_nut" title="Pine nut">Pine nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanilla" title="Vanilla">Vanilla</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vegetable_oil" title="Vegetable oil">Oil</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Wax" title="Wax">waxes</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allanblackia_oil" title="Allanblackia oil">Allanblackia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babassu_oil" title="Babassu oil">Babassu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platonia" title="Platonia">Bacuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candlenut_oil" title="Candlenut oil">Candlenut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theobroma_grandiflorum" title="Theobroma grandiflorum">Capuacu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnauba_wax" title="Carnauba wax">Carnauba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydnocarpus_wightiana_seed_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydnocarpus wightiana seed oil">Chaulmoogra <span style="font-size:85%;">(<i>Hydnocarpus wightiana</i>)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocoa_butter" title="Cocoa butter">Cocoa butter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucalyptol" title="Eucalyptol">Eucalyptol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucalyptus_oil" title="Eucalyptus oil">Eucalyptus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illipe" title="Illipe">Illipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_wax" title="Japan wax">Japan wax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokum_butter" title="Kokum butter">Kokum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pycnanthus_angolensis" title="Pycnanthus angolensis">Kombo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentadesma_butyracea" title="Pentadesma butyracea">Kpangnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kusum_oil" title="Kusum oil">Kusum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trichilia_emetica" title="Trichilia emetica">Mafura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhuca_longifolia#Oil" title="Madhuca longifolia">Mahua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mango_oil" title="Mango oil">Mango butter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrocaryum_murumuru" title="Astrocaryum murumuru">Murumuru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagkesar_seed_oil" title="Nagkesar seed oil">Nagkesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palm_oil" title="Palm oil">Palm</a> (<a href="/wiki/Palm_kernel_oil" title="Palm kernel oil">kernel</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phulwara_oil" title="Phulwara oil">Phulwara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pilu_oil" title="Pilu oil">Pilu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pongamia_oil" title="Pongamia oil">Pongamia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shorea_robusta_seed_oil" title="Shorea robusta seed oil">Sal-seed <span style="font-size:85%;">(<i>Shorea robusta</i>)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandalwood_oil" title="Sandalwood oil">Sandalwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shea_butter" title="Shea butter">Shea butter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamanu_oil" title="Tamanu oil">Tamanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_seed_oil" title="Tea seed oil">Tea-seed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_tree_oil" title="Tea tree oil">Tea-tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrocaryum_aculeatum" title="Astrocaryum aculeatum">Tucuma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ucuhuba_seed_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Ucuhuba seed oil">Ucuuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vateria_indica_oil" title="Vateria indica oil"><i>Vateria indica</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Resin" title="Resin">Resins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benzoin_(resin)" title="Benzoin (resin)">Benzoin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birch_tar" class="mw-redirect" title="Birch tar">Birch tar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camphor" title="Camphor">Camphor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creosote#Wood-tar_creosote" title="Creosote">Creosote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankincense" title="Frankincense">Frankincense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamboge" title="Gamboge">Gamboge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kauri_gum" title="Kauri gum">Kauri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lacquer" title="Lacquer">Lacquer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mastic_(plant_resin)" title="Mastic (plant resin)">Mastic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myrrh" title="Myrrh">Myrrh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pine_tar" title="Pine tar">Pine tar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitch_(resin)" title="Pitch (resin)">Pitch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosin" title="Rosin">Rosin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turpentine" title="Turpentine">Turpentine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varnish" title="Varnish">Varnish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sap" title="Sap">Sap</a> / <a href="/wiki/Natural_gum" title="Natural gum">gum</a> / etc.</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Birch_syrup" title="Birch syrup">Birch syrup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicle" title="Chicle">Chicle</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">chewing gum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coconut_sugar" title="Coconut sugar">Coconut sugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Date_sugar" title="Date sugar">Date sugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fruit_syrup" title="Fruit syrup">Fruit syrup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gum_arabic" title="Gum arabic">Gum arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gutta-percha" title="Gutta-percha">Gutta-percha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kino_(botany)" title="Kino (botany)">Kino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latex" title="Latex">Latex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maple_sugar" title="Maple sugar">Maple sugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maple_syrup" title="Maple syrup">Maple syrup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palm_sugar" title="Palm sugar">Palm sugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palm_wine" title="Palm wine">Palm wine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akpeteshie" title="Akpeteshie">akpeteshie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogogoro" class="mw-redirect" title="Ogogoro">ogogoro</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_rubber" title="Natural rubber">Rubber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spruce_gum" title="Spruce gum">Spruce gum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amadou" title="Amadou">Amadou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bamboo" title="Bamboo">Bamboo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bamboo_shoot" title="Bamboo shoot">edible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bamboo_musical_instruments" title="Bamboo musical instruments">musical instruments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bamboo_textile" title="Bamboo textile">textiles</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birch_bark" title="Birch bark">Birch bark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birch_beer" title="Birch beer">Birch beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cork_(material)" title="Cork (material)">Cork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fern" title="Fern">Ferns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forage" title="Forage">Forage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncaria" title="Uncaria">Gambier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moss#Commercial" title="Moss">Moss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_dye" title="Natural dye">Natural dyes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henna" title="Henna">henna</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peat" title="Peat">Peat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quinine" title="Quinine">Quinine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rattan" title="Rattan">Rattan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shellac" title="Shellac">Shellac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanbark" title="Tanbark">Tanbark</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tannin" title="Tannin">tannin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diospyros_melanoxylon" title="Diospyros melanoxylon">Tendu leaves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thatching" title="Thatching">Thatching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetable_ivory" title="Vegetable ivory">Vegetable ivory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willow#Medicinal" title="Willow">Willow bark</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dehesa" title="Dehesa"><i>Dehesa</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Iberian agroforestry)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_farming" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest farming">Forest farming</a> / <a href="/wiki/Forest_gardening" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest gardening">gardening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honey_hunting" title="Honey hunting">Honey hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_produce_(India)" title="Forest produce (India)">Indian forest produce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mushroom_hunting" title="Mushroom hunting">Mushroom hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_stores" title="Naval stores">Naval stores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resin_extraction" title="Resin extraction">Resin extraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubber_tapping" title="Rubber tapping">Rubber tapping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildcrafting" title="Wildcrafting">Wildcrafting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Non-timber_forest_products" title="Category:Non-timber forest products">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Non-timber_forest_products" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Non-timber forest products">Commons</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Routes_of_administration,_dosage_forms" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Routes_of_administration,_dosage_forms" title="Template:Routes of administration, dosage forms"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Routes_of_administration,_dosage_forms" title="Template talk:Routes of administration, dosage forms"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Routes_of_administration,_dosage_forms" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Routes of administration, dosage forms"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Routes_of_administration,_dosage_forms" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Route_of_administration" title="Route of administration">Routes of administration</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dosage_form" title="Dosage form">dosage forms</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oral_administration" title="Oral administration">Oral</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Human_gastrointestinal_tract" class="mw-redirect" title="Human gastrointestinal tract">Digestive tract</a> (<a href="/wiki/Enteral_administration" title="Enteral administration">enteral</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Solid" title="Solid">Solids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tablet_(pharmacy)" title="Tablet (pharmacy)">Tablet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capsule_(pharmacy)" title="Capsule (pharmacy)">Capsule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pastille" title="Pastille">Pastille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_release_technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Time release technology">Time release technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osmotic-controlled_release_oral_delivery_system" title="Osmotic-controlled release oral delivery system">Osmotic delivery system</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FlattenedRoundPills.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/FlattenedRoundPills.jpg/60px-FlattenedRoundPills.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/FlattenedRoundPills.jpg/90px-FlattenedRoundPills.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/FlattenedRoundPills.jpg/120px-FlattenedRoundPills.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hexaaquatitanium(III)-solution.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Hexaaquatitanium%28III%29-solution.jpg/60px-Hexaaquatitanium%28III%29-solution.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Hexaaquatitanium%28III%29-solution.jpg/90px-Hexaaquatitanium%28III%29-solution.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Hexaaquatitanium%28III%29-solution.jpg/120px-Hexaaquatitanium%28III%29-solution.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1619" data-file-height="1816" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Liquid" title="Liquid">Liquids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decoction" title="Decoction">Decoction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elixir" title="Elixir">Elixir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electuary" title="Electuary">Electuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emulsion" title="Emulsion">Emulsion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effervescent_tablet" title="Effervescent tablet">Effervescent powder or tablet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbal_tea" title="Herbal tea">Herbal tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogel" title="Hydrogel">Hydrogel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_encapsulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Molecular encapsulation">Molecular encapsulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powder" title="Powder">Powder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Softgel" title="Softgel">Softgel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solution_(chemistry)" title="Solution (chemistry)">Solution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suspension_(chemistry)" title="Suspension (chemistry)">Suspension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrup" title="Syrup">Syrup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tincture" title="Tincture">Tincture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Oral_mucosa" title="Oral mucosa">Oral mucosa</a> (<a href="/wiki/Buccal_administration" title="Buccal administration">buccal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sublabial_administration" title="Sublabial administration">sublabial</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sublingual_administration" title="Sublingual administration">sublingual</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Solid" title="Solid">Solids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orally_disintegrating_tablet" title="Orally disintegrating tablet">Orally disintegrating tablet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thin_film_drug_delivery" class="mw-redirect" title="Thin film drug delivery">Film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lollipop#Medicinal_use" title="Lollipop">Lollipop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drop_(liquid)" title="Drop (liquid)">Sublingual drops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Throat_lozenge" title="Throat lozenge">Lozenges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effervescent" class="mw-redirect" title="Effervescent">Effervescent</a> tablet</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chewing gum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Liquid" title="Liquid">Liquids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mouthwash" title="Mouthwash">Mouthwash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toothpaste" title="Toothpaste">Toothpaste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topical" class="mw-redirect" title="Topical">Ointment</a></li> <li>Spray</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Respiratory_tract" title="Respiratory tract">Respiratory tract</a> (<a href="/wiki/Inhalation" title="Inhalation">inhalation</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Solid" title="Solid">Solids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dry-powder_inhaler" title="Dry-powder inhaler">Dry-powder inhaler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking" title="Smoking">Smoking</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Inhaler.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Inhaler.jpg/60px-Inhaler.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Inhaler.jpg/90px-Inhaler.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Inhaler.jpg/120px-Inhaler.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1704" data-file-height="1715" /></a></span><br /><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><br /><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Liquid" title="Liquid">Liquids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anesthetic_vaporizer" class="mw-redirect" title="Anesthetic vaporizer">Anesthetic vaporizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heated_humidified_high-flow_therapy" title="Heated humidified high-flow therapy">Heated humidified high-flow therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_medical_inhalants" title="List of medical inhalants">Medical inhalants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metered-dose_inhaler" title="Metered-dose inhaler">Metered-dose inhaler</a> (MDI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebulizer" title="Nebulizer">Nebulizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaporizer_(inhalation_device)" title="Vaporizer (inhalation device)">Vaporizer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Gas" title="Gas">Gas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oxygen_mask" title="Oxygen mask">Oxygen mask</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nasal_cannula" title="Nasal cannula">Nasal cannula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxygen_concentrator" title="Oxygen concentrator">Oxygen concentrator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anaesthetic_machine" title="Anaesthetic machine">Anaesthetic machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_medical_inhalants" title="List of medical inhalants">Medical inhalants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relative_analgesia_machine" title="Relative analgesia machine">Relative analgesia machine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ophthalmic_drug_administration" title="Ophthalmic drug administration">Ophthalmic</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Ear" title="Ear">otic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nasal_administration" title="Nasal administration">nasal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Action_photo_of_nasal_spray_on_a_black_background.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Action_photo_of_nasal_spray_on_a_black_background.jpg/30px-Action_photo_of_nasal_spray_on_a_black_background.jpg" decoding="async" width="30" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Action_photo_of_nasal_spray_on_a_black_background.jpg/45px-Action_photo_of_nasal_spray_on_a_black_background.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Action_photo_of_nasal_spray_on_a_black_background.jpg/60px-Action_photo_of_nasal_spray_on_a_black_background.jpg 2x" data-file-width="680" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nasal_spray" title="Nasal spray">Nasal spray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ear_drop" title="Ear drop">Ear drops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eye_drop" title="Eye drop">Eye drops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topical" class="mw-redirect" title="Topical">Ointment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogel" title="Hydrogel">Hydrogel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insufflation_(medicine)" title="Insufflation (medicine)">Insufflation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioadhesive" title="Bioadhesive">Mucoadhesive microdisc</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Genitourinary_system" title="Genitourinary system">Urogenital</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Topical" class="mw-redirect" title="Topical">Ointment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pessary" title="Pessary">Pessary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaginal_ring" title="Vaginal ring">Vaginal ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douche" title="Douche">Douche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intrauterine_device" title="Intrauterine device">Intrauterine device</a> (IUD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extra-amniotic_administration" title="Extra-amniotic administration">Extra-amniotic infusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urinary_bladder" class="mw-redirect" title="Urinary bladder">Intravesical infusion</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rectal_(medicine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rectal (medicine)">Rectal</a> (<a href="/wiki/Enteral_administration" title="Enteral administration">enteral</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Glycerin_suppositories.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Glycerin_suppositories.jpg/30px-Glycerin_suppositories.jpg" decoding="async" width="30" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Glycerin_suppositories.jpg/45px-Glycerin_suppositories.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Glycerin_suppositories.jpg/60px-Glycerin_suppositories.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2126" data-file-height="1623" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Topical" class="mw-redirect" title="Topical">Ointment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suppository" title="Suppository">Suppository</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enema" title="Enema">Enema</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solution_(chemistry)" title="Solution (chemistry)">Solution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogel" title="Hydrogel">Hydrogel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murphy_drip" title="Murphy drip">Murphy drip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutrient_enema" title="Nutrient enema">Nutrient enema</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dermis" title="Dermis">Dermal</a> (<a href="/wiki/Topical_medication" title="Topical medication">topical</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SPF15SunBlock.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/SPF15SunBlock.JPG/40px-SPF15SunBlock.JPG" decoding="async" width="40" height="55" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/SPF15SunBlock.JPG/60px-SPF15SunBlock.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/SPF15SunBlock.JPG/80px-SPF15SunBlock.JPG 2x" data-file-width="246" data-file-height="338" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <li><a href="/wiki/Topical" class="mw-redirect" title="Topical">Ointment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topical_cream" class="mw-redirect" title="Topical cream">Topical cream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topical_gel" class="mw-redirect" title="Topical gel">Topical gel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liniment" title="Liniment">Liniment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paste_(rheology)" title="Paste (rheology)">Paste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thin_film_drug_delivery" class="mw-redirect" title="Thin film drug delivery">Film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimethyl_sulfoxide" title="Dimethyl sulfoxide">DMSO</a> solution</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iontophoresis" title="Iontophoresis">Iontophoresis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogel" title="Hydrogel">Hydrogel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liposome" title="Liposome">Liposomes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfersome" title="Transfersome">Transfersome vesicles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cream_(pharmaceutical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cream (pharmaceutical)">Cream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotion" title="Lotion">Lotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lip_balm" title="Lip balm">Lip balm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shampoo" title="Shampoo">Medicated shampoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dermal_patch" title="Dermal patch">Dermal patch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transdermal_patch" title="Transdermal patch">Transdermal patch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transdermal_spray" title="Transdermal spray">Transdermal spray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jet_injector" title="Jet injector">Jet injector</a></li></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parenteral" class="mw-redirect" title="Parenteral">Parenterals</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Injection_(medicine)" title="Injection (medicine)">Injections</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Infusion_pump" title="Infusion pump">infusions</a></li></ul></div><br /><small><i>(into tissue/blood)</i></small></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Human_skin" title="Human skin">Skin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Transdermal" title="Transdermal">transdermal</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Intradermal_injection" title="Intradermal injection">Intradermal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subcutaneous_injection" class="mw-redirect" title="Subcutaneous injection">Subcutaneous</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Injector_pen" title="Injector pen">Injector pen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transdermal_implant" title="Transdermal implant">Transdermal implant</a></li> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Injection_Syringe_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Injection_Syringe_01.jpg/60px-Injection_Syringe_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Injection_Syringe_01.jpg/90px-Injection_Syringe_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Injection_Syringe_01.jpg/120px-Injection_Syringe_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1002" data-file-height="1386" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Human_anatomy#Major_organ_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Human anatomy">Organs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intracavernous_injection" title="Intracavernous injection">Intracavernous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intravitreal_administration" title="Intravitreal administration">Intravitreal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intra-articular_injection" class="mw-redirect" title="Intra-articular injection">Intra-articular</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Central_nervous_system" title="Central nervous system">Central nervous system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intracerebral_injection&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Intracerebral injection (page does not exist)">Intracerebral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intrathecal_administration" title="Intrathecal administration">Intrathecal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidural_administration" title="Epidural administration">Epidural</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Circulatory_system" title="Circulatory system">Circulatory</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Human_musculoskeletal_system" title="Human musculoskeletal system">musculoskeletal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intravenous" class="mw-redirect" title="Intravenous">Intravenous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intracardiac_injection" title="Intracardiac injection">Intracardiac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intramuscular_injection" title="Intramuscular injection">Intramuscular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intraosseous_infusion" title="Intraosseous infusion">Intraosseous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intraperitoneal_injection" title="Intraperitoneal injection">Intraperitoneal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanocell" title="Nanocell">Nanocell injection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patient-controlled_analgesia" title="Patient-controlled analgesia">Patient-controlled analgesia</a> pump</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PIC_line" class="mw-redirect" title="PIC line">PIC line</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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