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href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=spontaneous&uselang=zh-hans"><span>资助维基百科</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%88%9B%E5%BB%BA%E8%B4%A6%E6%88%B7&returnto=%E9%90%B3%E5%A5%B3%E9%83%8E&returntoquery=variant%3Dzh-my" title="我们推荐您创建账号并登录，但这不是强制性的"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>创建账号</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E7%99%BB%E5%BD%95&returnto=%E9%90%B3%E5%A5%B3%E9%83%8E&returntoquery=variant%3Dzh-my" title="建议你登录，尽管并非必须。[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>登录</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" lang="zh-Hans-MY" dir="ltr"> <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 未登录编辑者的页面 <a href="/wiki/Help:%E6%96%B0%E6%89%8B%E5%85%A5%E9%97%A8" aria-label="了解有关编辑的更多信息"><span>了解详情</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%B4%A1%E7%8C%AE" title="来自此IP地址的编辑列表[y]" accesskey="y"><span>贡献</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%AE%A8%E8%AE%BA%E9%A1%B5" title="对于来自此IP地址编辑的讨论[n]" accesskey="n"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站点"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="目录" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目录</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-美國鐳企業" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#美國鐳企業"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>美国镭企业</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-美國鐳企業-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关美国镭企业子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-美國鐳企業-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-輻射暴露" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#輻射暴露"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>辐射暴露</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-輻射暴露-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-輻射疾病" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#輻射疾病"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>辐射疾病</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-輻射疾病-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-重要性" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#重要性"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>重要性</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-重要性-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关重要性子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-重要性-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-訴訟" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#訴訟"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>诉讼</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-訴訟-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-歷史影響" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#歷史影響"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>历史影响</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-歷史影響-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-科學上的影響" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#科學上的影響"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>科学上的影响</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-科學上的影響-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-文學與電影改編" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#文學與電影改編"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>文学与电影改编</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-文學與電影改編-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-參見" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#參見"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>参见</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-參見-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-參考資料" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#參考資料"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>参考资料</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-參考資料-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-外部連結" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#外部連結"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>外部链接</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-外部連結-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" lang="zh-Hans-MY" dir="ltr"> <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">开关目录</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading" lang="zh-Hans-MY" dir="ltr"><span class="mw-page-title-main">镭女郎</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" lang="zh-Hans-MY" dir="ltr"> <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。28种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-28" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">28种语言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85" title="فتيات الراديوم – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فتيات الراديوم" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radium_q%C4%B1zlar%C4%B1" title="Radium qızları – 阿塞拜疆语" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Radium qızları" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="阿塞拜疆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_noies_del_radi" title="Les noies del radi – 加泰罗尼亚语" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Les noies del radi" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰罗尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiov%C3%A9_d%C3%ADvky" title="Radiové dívky – 捷克语" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Radiové dívky" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radium_Girls" title="Radium Girls – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Radium Girls" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radium_Girls" title="Radium Girls – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Radium Girls" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_chicas_del_radio" title="Las chicas del radio – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Las chicas del radio" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioaren_neskak" title="Radioaren neskak – 巴斯克语" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Radioaren neskak" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%AE%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%85" title="دختران رادیوم – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دختران رادیوم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiumtyt%C3%B6t" title="Radiumtytöt – 芬兰语" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Radiumtytöt" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radium_Girls" title="Radium Girls – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Radium Girls" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/As_mozas_do_radio" title="As mozas do radio – 加利西亚语" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="As mozas do radio" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="加利西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%93%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9D" title="נערות הרדיום – 希伯来语" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="נערות הרדיום" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8C%D5%A1%D5%A4%D5%AB%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4%D5%AB_%D5%A1%D5%B2%D5%BB%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Ռադիումի աղջիկներ – 亚美尼亚语" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ռադիումի աղջիկներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="亚美尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gadis-gadis_radium" title="Gadis-gadis radium – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Gadis-gadis radium" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ragazze_del_radio" title="Ragazze del radio – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ragazze del radio" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A9%E3%82%B8%E3%82%A6%E3%83%A0%E3%83%BB%E3%82%AC%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%82%BA" title="ラジウム・ガールズ – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ラジウム・ガールズ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%9D%BC%EB%93%90_%EA%B1%B8%EC%8A%A4" title="라듐 걸스 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="라듐 걸스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radium_Girls" title="Radium Girls – 拉丁语" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Radium Girls" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="拉丁语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="优良条目"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radowe_dziewczyny" title="Radowe dziewczyny – 波兰语" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Radowe dziewczyny" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garotas_do_Radium" title="Garotas do Radium – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Garotas do Radium" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%83%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Радиевые девушки – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Радиевые девушки" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radium_girls" title="Radium girls – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Radium girls" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" 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aria-label="页面工具"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="外观"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">外观</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">维基百科，自由的百科全书</div> </div> <div id="contentSub" lang="zh-Hans-MY" dir="ltr"><div id="mw-content-subtitle" lang="zh-Hans-MY" dir="ltr"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="zh-Hans-MY" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:USRadiumGirls-Argonne1,ca1922-23-150dpi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/USRadiumGirls-Argonne1%2Cca1922-23-150dpi.jpg/350px-USRadiumGirls-Argonne1%2Cca1922-23-150dpi.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="276" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/USRadiumGirls-Argonne1%2Cca1922-23-150dpi.jpg/525px-USRadiumGirls-Argonne1%2Cca1922-23-150dpi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/USRadiumGirls-Argonne1%2Cca1922-23-150dpi.jpg/700px-USRadiumGirls-Argonne1%2Cca1922-23-150dpi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1285" data-file-height="1013" /></a><figcaption>工厂中正在将手表表面涂镭的工人</figcaption></figure> <p><b>镭女郎</b>（英语：<span lang="en">Radium Girls</span>）是指1917年左右，受雇于<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E9%90%B3%E4%BC%81%E6%A5%AD" title="美国镭企业">美国镭企业</a>、替手表的表面涂上可以发亮颜料（也就是<a href="/wiki/%E9%90%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="镭">镭</a>）、最后导致<a href="/wiki/%E6%80%A5%E6%80%A7%E8%BE%90%E5%B0%84%E7%BB%BC%E5%90%88%E7%97%87" title="急性辐射综合症">辐射中毒</a>的工厂女工。由于这些女工都被告知这项颜料是无害的，因此，她们会用舌尖舔拭笔尖，让画笔可以更精制地替表面上色，有些人甚至会用将发光的颜料涂在指甲或是牙齿上。这导致这些镭女郎都吸收致命分量的<a href="/wiki/%E9%90%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="镭">镭</a>。 </p><p>之后，有五位镭女郎对她们的雇主提起了诉讼，要求美国镭企业对她们造成的<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%B7%E6%A5%AD%E5%82%B7%E5%AE%B3" title="职业伤害">职业伤害</a>作出赔偿。 </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="美國鐳企業"><span id=".E7.BE.8E.E5.9C.8B.E9.90.B3.E4.BC.81.E6.A5.AD"></span>美国镭企业</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%90%B3%E5%A5%B3%E9%83%8E&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节：美国镭企业"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r85088369">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-size:small}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:2em;margin-bottom:0.8em;margin-top:0.8em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img::after{content:"\202f \202f \202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small::after{content:"\202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small{display:none}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E9%90%B3%E4%BC%81%E6%A5%AD" title="美国镭企业">美国镭企业</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Undark_(Radium_Girls)_advertisement,_1921,_retouched.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Undark_%28Radium_Girls%29_advertisement%2C_1921%2C_retouched.png/250px-Undark_%28Radium_Girls%29_advertisement%2C_1921%2C_retouched.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="365" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Undark_%28Radium_Girls%29_advertisement%2C_1921%2C_retouched.png/376px-Undark_%28Radium_Girls%29_advertisement%2C_1921%2C_retouched.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Undark_%28Radium_Girls%29_advertisement%2C_1921%2C_retouched.png/500px-Undark_%28Radium_Girls%29_advertisement%2C_1921%2C_retouched.png 2x" data-file-width="1231" data-file-height="1795" /></a><figcaption>1921年Undark涂料的广告</figcaption></figure> <p>从1917年到1926年间，美国镭企业（<span lang="en">United States Radium Corporation</span>，最初叫做镭发光材料有限公司），主要从事从<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%A9%E9%89%80%E9%88%BE%E7%A4%A6" title="钒钾铀矿">钒钾铀矿</a>中进行提取和纯化的事业，并以“Undark”为品牌名称，生产发光颜料。身为一个<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E9%98%B2%E5%B7%A5%E6%A5%AD" title="国防工业">国防工业</a>，美国镭企业是美国陆军辐射发光手表的主要供应商。它们在<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E5%88%A9%E8%AF%BA%E4%BC%8A%E5%B7%9E" title="伊利诺伊州">伊利诺伊州</a>渥太华的工厂雇用了百名以上的工人（多半是女性），将手表的表面涂上亮光漆，并误导说颜料是安全的。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="輻射暴露"><span id=".E8.BC.BB.E5.B0.84.E6.9A.B4.E9.9C.B2"></span>辐射暴露</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%90%B3%E5%A5%B3%E9%83%8E&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节：辐射暴露"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>美国镭企业雇用了约70名的女工，进行包含镭的处理等多项工作。然而，由于雇主与企业的科学家深知镭的负面影响，小心翼翼地避免自己暴露在辐射环境之下；工厂内的化学家，亦使用铅防、面罩、钳子等工具减少直接接触。<sup id="cite_ref-interesting_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-interesting-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>在美加地区，估计有4000名工人被雇用来替表面上镭。他们需要混合黏着剂、水、以及镭粉，并用<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="驼毛刷" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Camel-hair brush"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A9%BC%E6%AF%9B%E5%88%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="驼毛刷（页面不存在）">驼毛刷</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camel-hair_brush" class="extiw" title="en:Camel-hair brush"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Camel-hair brush</span></a></span>）</span></span>将颜料涂在表面上。而以当时的工资来计算，一天需要涂250个表面，平均一个表面只有1.5美分的收入（在2015年，相当于$0.277美元）。这些画笔，在几笔画之后会开始变形，所以当时美国镭企业的主管鼓励员工用嘴唇、舌头舔一下画笔，以保持笔尖的细致度。而为了好玩，也有些镭女郎会在指甲、牙齿、或是脸上涂上这些致命的颜料。<sup id="cite_ref-NYT_1998-10-06_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT_1998-10-06-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>有非常多的工人因此生病，不过也无法确定而因暴露在辐射环境之下死去的人数。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="輻射疾病"><span id=".E8.BC.BB.E5.B0.84.E7.96.BE.E7.97.85"></span>辐射疾病</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%90%B3%E5%A5%B3%E9%83%8E&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节：辐射疾病"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>1922年1月，镭女郎之一莫莉·玛吉亚（Mollie Maggia）感到<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%99%E7%97%9B" title="牙痛">牙痛</a>，她去看牙医，牙医表示她可能需要拔掉臼齿。几周后她又因牙痛而回到牙医诊所，牙医看到当时拔牙的伤口没有一丝愈合，还在渗出鲜血和脓液。而且还有几只临近的牙齿自然脱落。5月份，牙医发现莫莉下巴处有一个快速增长的<a href="/wiki/%E8%86%BF%E8%85%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="脓肿">脓肿</a>，他认为需要做手术切除。当他打开牙龈时，骨头看上去灰白灰白的，不太对劲，于是他用手指轻轻地碰了一下——让他震惊和恐惧的是，整个骨头像是<a href="/wiki/%E5%A3%81%E7%88%90" title="壁炉">壁炉</a>中的灰烬一样在指尖下粉碎。 </p><p>牙医没有清除<a href="/wiki/%E8%85%AB%E7%98%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="肿瘤">肿瘤</a>，而是把莫莉那粉碎了的左颚清除干净。他当时并不知道，镭已经刺穿了骨细胞并剥夺了钙质，它像是一把小机关枪一样，把骨头内的胶原蛋白切碎，只剩下一堆骨头碎片。那个夏天，莫莉剩下的下巴也都没了，接着是她的内耳。 </p><p>到了1922年9月，即第一次牙痛的8个月后，可怜的莫莉·玛吉亚逝世了。肿瘤切入了她的颈静脉，并用鲜血浸润了她的喉咙，使她在床上窒息死亡。<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>不久之后，很多在女工开始<a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%AB%E8%A1%80" title="贫血">贫血</a>，下颚开始松脱<a href="/wiki/%E5%A3%9E%E6%AD%BB" title="坏死">坏死</a>，现在被称作<a href="/wiki/%E9%95%AD%E6%AF%92%E9%A2%8C%E7%82%8E" title="镭毒颌炎">镭毒颌炎</a>。当时认为，医疗人员使用的X光机可能让这些身体欠佳的工人受到额外的辐射线，让他们的健康恶化。但事后发现，这项检查只是美国镭企业试图混淆视听的诡计<sup id="cite_ref-interesting_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-interesting-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。而美国镭企业和其他的手表公司也拒绝承认这些工人的疾病是肇因于暴露在辐射之下。而很多医生、牙医以及研究人员也依照企业的要求，不愿公布病人检查的资料。在公司的极力主张之下，这些工人的死亡，被医疗人员引导到其他原因：如当时恶名昭彰的<a href="/wiki/%E6%80%A7%E5%82%B3%E6%9F%93%E7%97%85" title="性传染病">性传染病</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%A2%85%E6%AF%92" title="梅毒">梅毒</a>，也时常被用来诽谤妇女的名声。<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="重要性"><span id=".E9.87.8D.E8.A6.81.E6.80.A7"></span>重要性</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%90%B3%E5%A5%B3%E9%83%8E&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节：重要性"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="訴訟"><span id=".E8.A8.B4.E8.A8.9F"></span>诉讼</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%90%B3%E5%A5%B3%E9%83%8E&action=edit&section=5" title="编辑章节：诉讼"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div>当时，有位叫做格蕾丝·福莱尔（Grace Fryer）的女工想要提起诉讼，不过她花了两年的时间才寻获一名肯为她打官司的律师。而在找到律师之后，法庭也拖拉了好几个月。直到1928年1月第一次开庭，两位女性都久病卧床不起，甚至无法举起手臂宣读誓言。之后，有四名女工也加入了诉讼，包括：奎因达·麦当劳（Quinta MacDonald）、阿尔比娜·拉里斯（Albina Larice）、埃德娜·胡斯曼（Edna Hussman）和凯特琳·肖布（Katherine Schaub），她们也被称为“镭女郎”。因为这个案件引起的诉讼和媒体轰动创下了司法<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%A4%E6%B1%BA%E5%85%88%E4%BE%8B" title="判决先例">判决先例</a>，也促使了劳动<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%B7%E6%A5%AD%E5%AE%89%E5%85%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="职业安全">职业安全</a>标准等规范的建立等等。 </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="歷史影響"><span id=".E6.AD.B7.E5.8F.B2.E5.BD.B1.E9.9F.BF"></span>历史影响</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%90%B3%E5%A5%B3%E9%83%8E&action=edit&section=6" title="编辑章节：历史影响"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>镭女孩的故事对于<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="保健物理學" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="health physics"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BF%9D%E5%81%A5%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="保健物理学（页面不存在）">保健物理学</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/health_physics" class="extiw" title="en:health physics"><span lang="en" dir="auto">health physics</span></a></span>）</span></span>及劳工权益领域来说，都有相当的重要性。个体劳动者起诉企业，要求虐待劳工之损害赔偿的权利，也被认为是镭女孩事件的结果。而在该事件之后，工业安全的标准大幅增进了十几前的品质。<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r83946278">.mw-parser-output .template-facttext{background-color:var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0);color:inherit;margin:-.3em 0;padding:.3em 0}</style><sup class="noprint Template-Fact"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%88%97%E6%98%8E%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90" title="Wikipedia:列明来源"><span style="white-space: nowrap;" title="来源请求。">[来源请求]</span></a></sup> </p><p>这项诉讼在1928年的秋天结案，在陪审团进行商议之前。结果是每位镭女孩可以获得$10,000美金的赔偿金（相当于2015年的$138,000美金），以及每年$600美金（相当于2015年的$8300美金)的年金，直到她们死亡，同时，所有的医疗和法律诉讼支出都是由美国镭公司支付。<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>这场争讼以及引起的公众关注，是往后建立<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%B7%E6%A5%AD%E5%82%B7%E5%AE%B3" title="职业伤害">职业伤害</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%9E%E5%B7%A5%E6%B3%95" title="劳工法">劳工法</a>的因素之一。<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>要帮表面上镭涂料的工人都是在有进行安全预防措施的指示，并配备了防护装备。而镭表面一直到1960年后其还有在继续使用。<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Second_River_radium_site_WOrange_jeh.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Second_River_radium_site_WOrange_jeh.jpg/220px-Second_River_radium_site_WOrange_jeh.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Second_River_radium_site_WOrange_jeh.jpg/330px-Second_River_radium_site_WOrange_jeh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Second_River_radium_site_WOrange_jeh.jpg/440px-Second_River_radium_site_WOrange_jeh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4224" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>工厂的旧址</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="科學上的影響"><span id=".E7.A7.91.E5.AD.B8.E4.B8.8A.E7.9A.84.E5.BD.B1.E9.9F.BF"></span>科学上的影响</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%90%B3%E5%A5%B3%E9%83%8E&action=edit&section=7" title="编辑章节：科学上的影响"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="文學與電影改編"><span id=".E6.96.87.E5.AD.B8.E8.88.87.E9.9B.BB.E5.BD.B1.E6.94.B9.E7.B7.A8"></span>文学与电影改编</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%90%B3%E5%A5%B3%E9%83%8E&action=edit&section=8" title="编辑章节：文学与电影改编"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="參見"><span id=".E5.8F.83.E8.A6.8B"></span>参见</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%90%B3%E5%A5%B3%E9%83%8E&action=edit&section=9" title="编辑章节：参见"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%8C%E4%B8%9A%E7%97%85" title="职业病">职业伤害</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%9E%E5%B7%A5%E6%B3%95" title="劳工法">劳工法</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BE%E5%B0%84%E6%80%A7%E6%B1%A1%E6%9F%93" title="放射性污染">放射性污染</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="參考資料"><span id=".E5.8F.83.E8.80.83.E8.B3.87.E6.96.99"></span>参考资料</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%90%B3%E5%A5%B3%E9%83%8E&action=edit&section=10" title="编辑章节：参考资料"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-interesting-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-interesting_1-0"><sup><b>1.0</b></sup></a> <a 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Damn Interesting. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2020-10-09</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.damninteresting.com/undark-and-the-radium-girls/">原始内容</a>存档于2009-07-24） <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到美国英语网页">（美国英语）</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%90%B3%E5%A5%B3%E9%83%8E&rft.atitle=Undark+and+the+Radium+Girls&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Damn+Interesting&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.damninteresting.com%2Fundark-and-the-radium-girls%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT_1998-10-06-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NYT_1998-10-06_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Grady, Denise. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210211220037/http://www.nytimes.com/1998/10/06/science/a-glow-in-the-dark-and-a-lesson-in-scientific-peril.html?pagewanted=all">A Glow in the Dark, and a Lesson in Scientific Peril</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. 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Washington, DC: American Public Health Association. 1999. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-87553-245-4" title="Special:网络书源/0-87553-245-4"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 0-87553-245-4</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/43420772"><span title="OCLC">OCLC 43420772</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%90%B3%E5%A5%B3%E9%83%8E&rft.au=Mullner%2C+Ross+M.&rft.btitle=Deadly+glow+%3A+the+radium+dial+worker+tragedy&rft.date=1999&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-87553-245-4&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pub=American+Public+Health+Association&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F43420772&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F43420772&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Kovarik, Bill. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050105021031/http://www.rst2.edu/ties/radon/ramfordu/pdffiles/The%20Radium%20Girls.pdf">The Radium Girls</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. (originally published as chapter eight of <i>Mass Media and Environmental Conflict</i>). RUNet.edu. 2002 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2015-07-16</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rst2.edu/ties/radon/ramfordu/pdffiles/The%20Radium%20Girls.pdf">原始内容</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>存档于2005年1月5日）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%90%B3%E5%A5%B3%E9%83%8E&rft.atitle=The+Radium+Girls&rft.aufirst=Bill&rft.aulast=Kovarik&rft.date=2002&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%28originally+published+as+chapter+eight+of+%27%27Mass+Media+and+Environmental+Conflict%27%27%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rst2.edu%2Fties%2Fradon%2Framfordu%2Fpdffiles%2FThe%2520Radium%2520Girls.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180410173330/https://data.bls.gov/cgi-bin/cpicalc.pl">CPI Inflation Calculator</a>. data.bls.gov. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2020-10-09</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bls.gov/cgi-bin/cpicalc.pl">原始内容</a>存档于2018-04-10）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%90%B3%E5%A5%B3%E9%83%8E&rft.atitle=CPI+Inflation+Calculator&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=data.bls.gov&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.bls.gov%2Fcgi-bin%2Fcpicalc.pl&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090721113733/http://www.radford.edu/~wkovarik/envhist/radium.html">Mass Media & Environmental Conflict - Radium Girls</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2009-08-01</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.radford.edu/~wkovarik/envhist/radium.html">原始内容</a>存档于2009-07-21）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%90%B3%E5%A5%B3%E9%83%8E&rft.btitle=Mass+Media+%26+Environmental+Conflict+-+Radium+Girls&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.radford.edu%2F~wkovarik%2Fenvhist%2Fradium.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201215041808/https://books.google.es/books?id=J90PQpnE5l4C&pg=PA1192&hl=zh-CN">The Elements</a>. PediaPress. : 1192 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2020-10-09</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.es/books?id=J90PQpnE5l4C&pg=PA1192&hl=zh-CN">原始内容</a>存档于2020-12-15） <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">（英语）</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%90%B3%E5%A5%B3%E9%83%8E&rft.btitle=The+Elements&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=1192&rft.pub=PediaPress&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.es%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJ90PQpnE5l4C%26pg%3DPA1192%26hl%3Dzh-CN&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="外部連結"><span id=".E5.A4.96.E9.83.A8.E9.80.A3.E7.B5.90"></span>外部链接</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%90%B3%E5%A5%B3%E9%83%8E&action=edit&section=11" title="编辑章节：外部链接"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050329084342/http://www.umdnj.edu/librweb/speccoll/USRadiumCorp.html">University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey</a> - 'University Libraries Special Collections: U.S. Radium Corporation, East Orange, NJ', Records, Catalog 1917-1940 (Revised, June, 2003)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.damninteresting.com/?p=660">Undark and the Radium Girls</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20080917101512/http://www.damninteresting.com/?p=660">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）, Alan Bellows, December 28, 2006, <i>Damn Interesting</i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20070927203422/http://www.unco.edu/colopoets/poets/swanson_eleanor/radium.html">Radium Girls</a>, Eleanor Swanson. <small>copy of <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unco.edu/colopoets/poets/swanson_eleanor/radium.html">original</a></small></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,731868,00.html">Poison Paintbrush</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20130721201424/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,731868,00.html">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）, <i><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3_(%E9%9B%9C%E8%AA%8C)" class="mw-redirect" title="时代 (杂志)">Time</a></i>, June 4, 1928. "That the world may see streaks of light through the long hours of darkness, Orange, N. J., women hired themselves to the U. S. Radium Corporation."</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,740056,00.html">Radium Women</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20130827213009/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,740056,00.html">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）, <i><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3_(%E9%9B%9C%E8%AA%8C)" class="mw-redirect" title="时代 (杂志)">Time</a></i>, August 11, 1930. "Five young New Jersey women who were poisoned while painting luminous watch dials for U. S. Radium Corp., two years ago heard doctors pronounce their doom: one year to live."</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.npr.org/2014/12/28/373510029/saved-by-a-bad-taste-the-last-radium-girl-dies-at-107">Mae Keane, The Last 'Radium Girl,' Dies At 107</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150114061708/http://www.npr.org/2014/12/28/373510029/saved-by-a-bad-taste-the-last-radium-girl-dies-at-107">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）, <a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A8%E5%9B%BD%E5%85%AC%E5%85%B1%E5%B9%BF%E6%92%AD%E7%94%B5%E5%8F%B0" title="全国公共广播电台">NPR</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84265675">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf;position:relative}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em;width:auto;padding-left:0.2em;position:absolute;left:1em}.mw-parser-output .navbox .mw-collapsible-toggle{margin-left:0.5em;position:absolute;right:1em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="公共卫生" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84244141">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Template:%E5%85%AC%E5%85%B1%E5%8D%AB%E7%94%9F" title="Template:公共卫生"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E5%85%AC%E5%85%B1%E5%8D%AB%E7%94%9F" title="Template talk:公共卫生"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E5%85%AC%E5%85%B1%E5%8D%AB%E7%94%9F" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:公共卫生"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="公共卫生" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E5%85%B1%E5%8D%AB%E7%94%9F" title="公共卫生">公共卫生</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">通科</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E6%80%A7%E5%8D%B1%E5%AE%B3" title="生物性危害">生物性危害</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="首席医疗官" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Chief medical officer"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A6%96%E5%B8%AD%E5%8C%BB%E7%96%97%E5%AE%98&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="首席医疗官（页面不存在）">首席医疗官</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_medical_officer" class="extiw" title="en:Chief medical officer"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Chief medical officer</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="醫療縮寫" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="List of medical abbreviations"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%86%AB%E7%99%82%E7%B8%AE%E5%AF%AB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="医疗缩写（页面不存在）">医疗缩写</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_medical_abbreviations" class="extiw" title="en:List of medical abbreviations"><span lang="en" dir="auto">List of medical abbreviations</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E4%BD%93%E8%A7%A3%E5%89%96%E5%AD%A6" title="人体解剖学">人体解剖学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%80%A7%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2" title="性教育">性教育</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%8A%E8%BD%A8%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%AD%A6" title="越轨社会学">越轨社会学</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="环境健康" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Environmental health"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%8E%AF%E5%A2%83%E5%81%A5%E5%BA%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="环境健康（页面不存在）">环境健康</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_health" class="extiw" title="en:Environmental health"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Environmental health</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%84%AA%E5%A2%83%E5%AD%B8" title="优境学">优境学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A8%E6%B0%91%E5%81%A5%E5%BA%B7%E4%BF%9D%E9%9A%AA" title="全民健康保险">全民健康保险</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%B7%E6%9C%9F%E7%85%A7%E8%AD%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="长期照护">长期照护</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="生理学">生理学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A3%8E%E9%99%A9%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86" title="风险管理">风险管理</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8D%E7%96%AB%E5%AD%A6" title="免疫学">医用微生物及免疫学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%BB%E5%AD%A6%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%AD%A6" title="医学社会学">医学社会学</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="健康影響評估" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Health impact assessment"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%81%A5%E5%BA%B7%E5%BD%B1%E9%9F%BF%E8%A9%95%E4%BC%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="健康影响评估（页面不存在）">健康影响评估</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_impact_assessment" class="extiw" title="en:Health impact assessment"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Health impact assessment</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%81%A5%E5%BA%B7%E7%B4%A0%E9%A4%8A" title="健康素养">健康素养</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%9B%E7%94%9F%E6%94%BF%E7%AD%96" title="卫生政策">卫生政策</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%81%A5%E5%BA%B7" title="心理健康">心理健康</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A8%E7%90%83%E5%8C%96%E8%88%87%E7%96%BE%E7%97%85" title="全球化与疾病">全球化与疾病</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E6%AE%96%E5%81%A5%E5%BA%B7" title="生殖健康">生殖健康</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="社会心理学">社会心理学</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="健康与疾病社会学" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Sociology of health and illness"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%81%A5%E5%BA%B7%E4%B8%8E%E7%96%BE%E7%97%85%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="健康与疾病社会学（页面不存在）">健康与疾病社会学</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociology_of_health_and_illness" class="extiw" title="en:Sociology of health and illness"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Sociology of health and illness</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="環境衛生" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Environmental health"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%92%B0%E5%A2%83%E8%A1%9B%E7%94%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="环境卫生（页面不存在）">环境卫生</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_health" class="extiw" title="en:Environmental health"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Environmental health</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E9%A0%90%E9%98%B2%E9%86%AB%E5%AD%B8" title="预防医学">预防医学</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%A1%E5%88%92%E7%94%9F%E8%82%B2" title="计划生育">计划生育</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%81%A5%E5%BA%B7%E4%BF%83%E8%BF%9B" title="健康促进">健康促进</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A3%8E%E9%99%A9%E8%AF%84%E4%BC%B0" title="风险评估">风险评估</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%AB%E7%94%9F%E5%AD%A6" title="卫生学">卫生学</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A3%9F%E5%93%81%E5%AE%89%E5%85%A8" title="食品安全">食品安全</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B4%97%E6%89%8B" title="洗手">洗手</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="感染预防与控制" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Infection prevention and control"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%84%9F%E6%9F%93%E9%A2%84%E9%98%B2%E4%B8%8E%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="感染预防与控制（页面不存在）">感染预防与控制</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infection_prevention_and_control" class="extiw" title="en:Infection prevention and control"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Infection prevention and control</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A3%E8%85%94%E8%A1%9B%E7%94%9F" title="口腔卫生">口腔卫生</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="毒理學測試" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Toxicology testing"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%AF%92%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8%E6%B8%AC%E8%A9%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="毒理学测试（页面不存在）">毒理学测试</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxicology_testing" class="extiw" title="en:Toxicology testing"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Toxicology testing</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%B7%E6%A5%AD%E5%AE%89%E5%85%A8%E5%81%A5%E5%BA%B7" title="职业安全健康">职业安全健康</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%8C%E4%B8%9A%E7%97%85" title="职业病">职业病</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%9B%A0%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E5%AD%A6" title="人因工程学">人因工程学</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="职业卫生" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Occupational hygiene"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%B7%E6%A5%AD%E8%A1%9B%E7%94%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="职业卫生">职业卫生</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupational_hygiene" class="extiw" title="en:Occupational hygiene"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Occupational hygiene</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%8C%E4%B8%9A%E5%8C%BB%E5%AD%A6" title="职业医学">职业医学</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="职业健康护理" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Occupational health nursing"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%81%8C%E4%B8%9A%E5%81%A5%E5%BA%B7%E6%8A%A4%E7%90%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="职业健康护理（页面不存在）">职业健康护理</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupational_health_nursing" class="extiw" title="en:Occupational health nursing"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Occupational health nursing</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%97%85%E4%BA%BA%E5%AE%89%E5%85%A8" title="病人安全">病人安全</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E5%85%A8%E6%80%A7%E8%A1%8C%E7%82%BA" title="安全性行为">安全性行为</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%AB%E7%94%9F%E8%AE%BE%E6%96%BD" title="卫生设施">卫生设施</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%AA%E5%8F%A3%E8%B7%AF%E5%BE%84" title="粪口路径">粪口路径</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9C%B2%E5%A4%A9%E6%8E%92%E4%BE%BF" title="露天排便">露天排便</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8B%E6%B0%B4%E9%81%93" title="下水道">下水道</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A0%86%E5%A1%AB" title="堆填">垃圾掩埋场</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E6%9D%A5%E6%B0%B4" title="自来水">自来水</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A3%8E%E9%99%A9%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86" title="风险管理">风险沟通</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%92%E7%83%9F" title="戒烟">戒烟</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%96%AB%E8%8B%97%E6%8E%A5%E7%A8%AE" title="疫苗接种">疫苗接种</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%97%85%E5%AA%92%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6" title="病媒控制">病媒控制</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="人口健康" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Population health"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E5%81%A5%E5%BA%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="人口健康（页面不存在）">人口健康</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_health" class="extiw" title="en:Population health"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Population health</span></a></span>）</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E7%B5%B1%E8%A8%88%E5%AD%B8" title="生物统计学">生物统计学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%84%BF%E7%AB%A5%E6%AD%BB%E4%BA%A1%E7%8E%87" title="儿童死亡率">儿童死亡率</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E5%8D%80%E8%A1%9B%E7%94%9F" title="社区卫生">社区卫生</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%81%E8%A1%8C%E7%97%85%E5%AD%A6" title="流行病学">流行病学</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="全球健康" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Global health"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%A8%E7%90%83%E5%81%A5%E5%BA%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="全球健康（页面不存在）">全球健康</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_health" class="extiw" title="en:Global health"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Global health</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%86%AB%E7%99%82%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1" title="医疗系统">医疗系统</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A9%B4%E5%84%BF%E6%AD%BB%E4%BA%A1%E7%8E%87" title="婴儿死亡率">婴儿死亡率</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="开源健康软件列表" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="List of open-source health software"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BC%80%E6%BA%90%E5%81%A5%E5%BA%B7%E8%BD%AF%E4%BB%B6%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="开源健康软件列表（页面不存在）">开源健康软件</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_open-source_health_software" class="extiw" title="en:List of open-source health software"><span lang="en" dir="auto">List of open-source health software</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%81%A5%E5%BA%B7%E7%9A%84%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%86%B3%E5%AE%9A%E5%9B%A0%E7%B4%A0" title="健康的社会决定因素">健康的社会决定因素</a> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="健康平等" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Health equity"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%81%A5%E5%BA%B7%E5%B9%B3%E7%AD%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="健康平等（页面不存在）">健康平等</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_equity" class="extiw" title="en:Health equity"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Health equity</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="种族与健康" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Race and health"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A7%8D%E6%97%8F%E4%B8%8E%E5%81%A5%E5%BA%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="种族与健康（页面不存在）">种族与健康</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_and_health" class="extiw" title="en:Race and health"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Race and health</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" title="计算机科学">计算机科学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%81%A5%E5%BA%B7" title="健康">健康不平等</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E8%80%81%E5%8C%96" class="mw-redirect" title="人口老化">人口老化</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%91%E5%AD%90%E5%8C%96" title="少子化">少子化</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%84%AA%E7%94%9F%E5%AD%B8" title="优生学">优生学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E6%AE%BA%E9%A0%90%E9%98%B2" title="自杀预防">自杀预防</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="社会医学" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Social medicine"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%8C%BB%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="社会医学（页面不存在）">社会医学</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_medicine" class="extiw" title="en:Social medicine"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Social medicine</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">生物&<br />流行病统计</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%81%87%E8%AA%AA%E6%AA%A2%E5%AE%9A" title="假说检定">统计学假说</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B9%E5%B7%AE%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90" title="方差分析">方差分析(ANOVA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%B4%E6%AD%B8%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90" title="回归分析">回归分析</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ROC%E6%9B%B2%E7%BA%BF" title="ROC曲线">ROC曲线</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B8%E5%BE%92%E9%A0%93t%E6%AA%A2%E5%AE%9A" title="司徒顿t检定">学生<i>t</i>检验</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z%E6%A3%80%E9%AA%8C" title="Z检验">Z检验</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%97%85%E4%BE%8B%E5%B0%8D%E7%85%A7%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6" title="病例对照研究">病例对照研究</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9A%8F%E6%9C%BA%E5%AF%B9%E7%85%A7%E8%AF%95%E9%AA%8C" title="随机对照试验">随机对照试验</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%B4%E5%BA%8A%E6%B5%81%E8%A1%8C%E7%97%85%E5%AD%A6" title="临床流行病学">临床流行病学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B8%E5%B0%8D%E9%A2%A8%E9%9A%AA" title="相对风险">相对风险</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="統計軟體列表" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="List of statistical software"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B5%B1%E8%A8%88%E8%BB%9F%E9%AB%94%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="统计软件列表（页面不存在）">统计软件</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_statistical_software" class="extiw" title="en:List of statistical software"><span lang="en" dir="auto">List of statistical software</span></a></span>）</span></span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%B1%E8%A8%88%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1" title="统计分析系统">SAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPSS" title="SPSS">SPSS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stata" title="Stata">Stata</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">传染病流行病<br />的疾病防治</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%B6%E5%8E%9F%E8%80%85" title="带原者">带原者</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%80%A7%E5%82%B3%E6%9F%93%E7%97%85" title="性传染病">性传染病</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%96%AB%E8%8B%97" title="疫苗">疫苗管制</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%96%AB%E8%8B%97%E6%8E%A5%E7%A8%AE" title="疫苗接种">疫苗接种</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%98%9F%E7%96%AB" title="瘟疫">瘟疫</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%AE%9A%E5%82%B3%E6%9F%93%E7%97%85" title="法定传染病">法定传染病</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%81%E8%A1%8C%E7%97%85" title="流行病">流行病</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%81%E8%A1%8C%E7%97%85%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="流行病列表">列表</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%82%B3%E6%9F%93%E7%97%85" title="传染病">疫情监测</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AA%A2%E7%96%AB" title="检疫">检疫</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%81%A5%E5%BA%B7%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%AD%A6" title="健康经济学">医疗经济学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E6%8C%81%E7%A4%BE%E4%BA%A4%E8%B7%9D%E9%9B%A2" title="保持社交距离">保持社交距离</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="熱帶病" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Tropical disease"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%86%B1%E5%B8%B6%E7%97%85&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="热带病（页面不存在）">热带病</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_disease" class="extiw" title="en:Tropical disease"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Tropical disease</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E9%A3%9F%E5%93%81%E5%8D%AB%E7%94%9F" title="食品卫生">食品卫生</a><br />及安全管理</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li>食品 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A3%9F%E5%93%81%E6%B7%BB%E5%8A%A0%E5%8A%91" class="mw-redirect" title="食品添加剂">添加剂</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A3%9F%E5%93%81%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8" title="食品化学">化学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A3%9F%E5%93%81%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" title="食品工程">工程</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="食品微生物学" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Food microbiology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A3%9F%E5%93%81%E5%BE%AE%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="食品微生物学（页面不存在）">微生物学</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_microbiology" class="extiw" title="en:Food microbiology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Food microbiology</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A3%9F%E5%93%81%E5%AE%89%E5%85%A8" title="食品安全">安全</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E9%BB%91%E5%BF%83%E9%A3%9F%E5%93%81" title="Category:黑心食品">食品安全丑闻</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A3%9F%E5%93%81%E5%8A%A0%E5%B7%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="食品加工">食品加工</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B0%E7%81%A3%E5%84%AA%E8%89%AF%E8%BE%B2%E7%94%A2%E5%93%81%E8%AD%89%E6%98%8E%E6%A8%99%E7%AB%A0" title="台湾优良农产品证明标章">CAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%89%AF%E5%A5%BD%E7%94%9F%E4%BA%A7%E8%A7%84%E8%8C%83" title="良好生产规范">良好生产规范</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B1%E5%AE%B3%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90%E9%87%8D%E8%A6%81%E7%AE%A1%E5%88%B6%E9%BB%9E" title="危害分析重要管制点">HACCP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_22000" title="ISO 22000">ISO 22000</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%89%AF%E5%A5%BD%E5%86%9C%E4%B8%9A%E8%A7%84%E8%8C%83" title="良好农业规范">良好农业规范</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halal" class="mw-redirect" title="Halal">Halal</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E7%9C%9F" title="清真">清真认证</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A3%9F%E5%93%81%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF" title="食品技术">食品技术</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BD%89%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="转基因">基因改造</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E6%94%B9%E9%80%A0%E9%A3%9F%E5%93%81" title="基因改造食品">基因改造食品</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">健康行为科学</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%89%B5%E6%96%B0%E6%93%B4%E6%95%A3%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96" title="创新扩散理论">创新扩散理论</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="健康信念模式" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Health belief model"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%81%A5%E5%BA%B7%E4%BF%A1%E5%BF%B5%E6%A8%A1%E5%BC%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="健康信念模式（页面不存在）">健康信念模式</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_belief_model" class="extiw" title="en:Health belief model"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Health belief model</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="理性行為模式" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Rational emotive behavior therapy"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%90%86%E6%80%A7%E8%A1%8C%E7%82%BA%E6%A8%A1%E5%BC%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="理性行为模式（页面不存在）">理性行为模式</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rational_emotive_behavior_therapy" class="extiw" title="en:Rational emotive behavior therapy"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Rational emotive behavior therapy</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%88%E7%95%AB%E8%A1%8C%E7%82%BA%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96" title="计划行为理论">计划行为理论</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="階段變化模式" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Transtheoretical model"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9A%8E%E6%AE%B5%E8%AE%8A%E5%8C%96%E6%A8%A1%E5%BC%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="阶段变化模式（页面不存在）">阶段变化模式</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transtheoretical_model" class="extiw" title="en:Transtheoretical model"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Transtheoretical model</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96" class="mw-redirect" title="社会认知理论">社会认知理论</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E6%94%AF%E6%8C%81%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96" class="mw-redirect" title="社会支持理论">社会支持理论</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%81%A5%E5%BA%B7%E4%BC%A0%E6%92%AD" title="健康传播">健康传播</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="precede porceed模式" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="PRECEDE-PROCEED"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Precede_porceed%E6%A8%A1%E5%BC%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Precede porceed模式（页面不存在）">precede porceed模式</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PRECEDE-PROCEED" class="extiw" title="en:PRECEDE-PROCEED"><span lang="en" dir="auto">PRECEDE-PROCEED</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="社區健康營造" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Community health"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A4%BE%E5%8D%80%E5%81%A5%E5%BA%B7%E7%87%9F%E9%80%A0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="社区健康营造（页面不存在）">社区健康营造</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_health" class="extiw" title="en:Community health"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Community health</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="生態模式" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Ecosystem model"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%9F%E6%85%8B%E6%A8%A1%E5%BC%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="生态模式（页面不存在）">生态模式</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecosystem_model" class="extiw" title="en:Ecosystem model"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Ecosystem model</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">组织，<br />教育，<br />和历史</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">组织</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%8D%AB%E7%94%9F%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87" title="世界卫生组织">世界卫生组织</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%BB%81%E6%89%80%E7%B5%84%E7%B9%94" title="世界厕所组织">世界厕所组织</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="加勒比公共卫生局" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Caribbean Public Health Agency"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8A%A0%E5%8B%92%E6%AF%94%E5%85%AC%E5%85%B1%E5%8D%AB%E7%94%9F%E5%B1%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="加勒比公共卫生局（页面不存在）">加勒比公共卫生局</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caribbean_Public_Health_Agency" class="extiw" title="en:Caribbean Public Health Agency"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Caribbean Public Health Agency</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li>中华人民共和国 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E7%96%BE%E7%97%85%E9%A2%84%E9%98%B2%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6%E5%B1%80" title="国家疾病预防控制局">国家疾病预防控制局</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E7%96%BE%E7%97%85%E9%A2%84%E9%98%B2%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83" title="中国疾病预防控制中心">中国疾病预防控制中心（CCDC）</a></li></ul></li> <li>欧洲 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%90%E6%B4%B2%E7%96%BE%E7%97%85%E9%A0%90%E9%98%B2%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83" title="欧洲疾病预防控制中心">欧洲疾病预防控制中心（ECDC）</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="欧洲议会环境，公共卫生和食品安全委员会" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="European Parliament Committee on the Environment, Public Health and Food Safety"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%AC%A7%E6%B4%B2%E8%AE%AE%E4%BC%9A%E7%8E%AF%E5%A2%83%EF%BC%8C%E5%85%AC%E5%85%B1%E5%8D%AB%E7%94%9F%E5%92%8C%E9%A3%9F%E5%93%81%E5%AE%89%E5%85%A8%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="欧洲议会环境，公共卫生和食品安全委员会（页面不存在）">欧洲议会环境，公共卫生和食品安全委员会</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Parliament_Committee_on_the_Environment,_Public_Health_and_Food_Safety" class="extiw" title="en:European Parliament Committee on the Environment, Public Health and Food Safety"><span lang="en" dir="auto">European Parliament Committee on the Environment, Public Health and Food Safety</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul></li> <li>美国 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E7%96%BE%E7%97%85%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6%E4%B8%8E%E9%A2%84%E9%98%B2%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83" title="美国疾病控制与预防中心">美国疾病控制与预防中心（CDC）</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E5%85%AC%E5%85%B1%E8%A1%9B%E7%94%9F%E5%B1%80" title="美国公共卫生局">美国公共卫生局</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="公共卫生教育委员会" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Council on Education for Public Health"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%AC%E5%85%B1%E5%8D%AB%E7%94%9F%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="公共卫生教育委员会（页面不存在）">公共卫生教育委员会</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_on_Education_for_Public_Health" class="extiw" title="en:Council on Education for Public Health"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Council on Education for Public Health</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul></li> <li>印度<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="卫生和家庭福利部" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Ministry of Health and Family Welfare"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%AB%E7%94%9F%E5%92%8C%E5%AE%B6%E5%BA%AD%E7%A6%8F%E5%88%A9%E9%83%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="卫生和家庭福利部（页面不存在）">卫生和家庭福利部</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Health_and_Family_Welfare" class="extiw" title="en:Ministry of Health and Family Welfare"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Ministry of Health and Family Welfare</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">教育</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%81%A5%E5%BA%B7%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2" title="健康教育">健康教育</a> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="公共卫生理学学士" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Bachelor of Science in Public Health"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%AC%E5%85%B1%E5%8D%AB%E7%94%9F%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6%E5%AD%A6%E5%A3%AB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="公共卫生理学学士（页面不存在）">公共卫生理学学士</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Science_in_Public_Health" class="extiw" title="en:Bachelor of Science in Public Health"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Bachelor of Science in Public Health</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E5%85%B1%E5%8D%AB%E7%94%9F%E5%8D%9A%E5%A3%AB" title="公共卫生博士">公共卫生博士</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">历史</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%9D%8E%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9" title="约瑟夫·李斯特">约瑟夫·李斯特</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%91%AA%E6%A0%BC%E9%BA%97%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E5%B1%B1%E9%A1%8D" title="玛格丽特·山额">山额夫人</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E6%96%AF%E8%AF%BA_(%E5%8C%BB%E5%AD%A6%E5%AE%B6)" title="约翰·斯诺 (医学家)">约翰·斯诺</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="薩拉·約瑟芬·貝克" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Sara Josephine Baker"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%96%A9%E6%8B%89%C2%B7%E7%B4%84%E7%91%9F%E8%8A%AC%C2%B7%E8%B2%9D%E5%85%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="萨拉·约瑟芬·贝克（页面不存在）">萨拉·约瑟芬·贝克</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sara_Josephine_Baker" class="extiw" title="en:Sara Josephine Baker"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Sara Josephine Baker</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%91%AA%E8%8E%89%C2%B7%E9%A6%AC%E9%BE%8D" title="玛莉·马龙">伤寒玛莉</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">镭女郎</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="疾病的細菌理論" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Germ theory of disease"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%96%BE%E7%97%85%E7%9A%84%E7%B4%B0%E8%8F%8C%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="疾病的细菌理论（页面不存在）">疾病的细菌理论</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germ_theory_of_disease" class="extiw" title="en:Germ theory of disease"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Germ theory of disease</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="社會衛生運動" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Social hygiene movement"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E8%A1%9B%E7%94%9F%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="社会卫生运动（页面不存在）">社会卫生运动</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_hygiene_movement" class="extiw" title="en:Social hygiene movement"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Social hygiene movement</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="分类"><img alt="分类" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%85%AC%E5%85%B1%E5%8D%AB%E7%94%9F" title="Category:公共卫生">分类</a></b></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="共享资源页面"><img alt="共享资源页面" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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