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class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Patologi</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Pergi ke artikel dalam bahasa lain. Terdapat 93 bahasa" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-93" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">93 basa</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patologie" title="Patologie – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Patologie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patoloch%C3%ADa" title="Patolochía – Aragon" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Patolochía" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B6" title="علم الأمراض – Arab" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="علم الأمراض" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arab" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AB%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%89" title="باثولوجى – Arab Mesir" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="باثولوجى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Arab Mesir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patolox%C3%ADa" title="Patoloxía – Asturia" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Patoloxía" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patologiya" title="Patologiya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Patologiya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Паталогія – Belarusia" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Паталогія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%91%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Паталёгія – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Паталёгія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Патология – Bulgaria" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Патология" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9E%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="রোগবিজ্ঞান – Bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="রোগবিজ্ঞান" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patologiezh" title="Patologiezh – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Patologiezh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patologija" title="Patologija – Bosnia" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Patologija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patologia" title="Patologia – Katalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Patologia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Katalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%86%D9%84%DB%86%D8%AC%DB%8C" title="پاتۆلۆجی – Kurdi Sorani" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="پاتۆلۆجی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Kurdi Sorani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patologie" title="Patologie – Cheska" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Patologie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Cheska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patholeg" title="Patholeg – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Patholeg" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patologi" title="Patologi – Dansk" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Patologi" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Dansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pathologie" title="Pathologie – Jérman" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Pathologie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Jérman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pathology" title="Pathology – Inggris" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Pathology" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Inggris" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patologio" title="Patologio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Patologio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patolog%C3%ADa" title="Patología – Spanyol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Patología" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanyol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patoloogia" title="Patoloogia – Esti" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Patoloogia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Esti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patologia" title="Patologia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Patologia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A8%E2%80%8C%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="آسیب‌شناسی – Persia" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آسیب‌شناسی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patologia" title="Patologia – Suomi" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Patologia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Suomi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pathologie" title="Pathologie – Prancis" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Pathologie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Prancis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paiteola%C3%ADocht" title="Paiteolaíocht – Irlandia" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Paiteolaíocht" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irlandia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patolox%C3%ADa" title="Patoloxía – Galisia" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Patoloxía" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galisia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%92%D7%99%D7%94" title="פתולוגיה – Ibrani" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פתולוגיה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Ibrani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="विकृतिविज्ञान – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="विकृतिविज्ञान" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patologija" title="Patologija – Kroasia" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Patologija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Kroasia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patol%C3%B3gia" title="Patológia – Hungaria" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Patológia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%AD%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Ախտաբանություն – Armenia" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ախտաբանություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pathologia" title="Pathologia – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Pathologia" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patologi" title="Patologi – Indonesia" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Patologi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patologio" title="Patologio – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Patologio" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meinafr%C3%A6%C3%B0i" title="Meinafræði – Islandia" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Meinafræði" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Islandia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patologia" title="Patologia – Italia" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Patologia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%97%85%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="病理学 – Jepang" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="病理学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Jepang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patologi" title="Patologi – Jawa" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Patologi" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Jawa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90%E1%83%97%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="პათოლოგია – Georgia" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პათოლოგია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Патология – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Патология" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%9C%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9E%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8" title="ರೋಗವಿಜ್ಞಾನ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ರೋಗವಿಜ್ಞಾನ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B3%91%EB%A6%AC%ED%95%99" title="병리학 – Korea" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="병리학" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patoloj%C3%AE" title="Patolojî – Kurdi" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Patolojî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Патология – Kirgiz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Патология" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kirgiz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pathologia" title="Pathologia – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Pathologia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pathologie" title="Pathologie – Limburgia" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Pathologie" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patologija" title="Patologija – Lituavi" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Patologija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lituavi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patolo%C4%A3ija" title="Patoloģija – Latvi" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Patoloģija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Патологија – Makedonia" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Патологија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Makedonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A6%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82" title="രോഗനിദാനശാസ്ത്രം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="രോഗനിദാനശാസ്ത്രം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="विकृतिविज्ञान – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="विकृतिविज्ञान" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patologi" title="Patologi – Melayu" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Patologi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Melayu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%82%E1%80%AB%E1%80%97%E1%80%B1%E1%80%92" title="ရောဂါဗေဒ – Burma" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ရောဂါဗေဒ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burma" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="रोगविज्ञान – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="रोगविज्ञान" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF" title="प्याथलजि – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="प्याथलजि" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pathologie" title="Pathologie – Belanda" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Pathologie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Belanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patologi" title="Patologi – Nynorsk Norwegia" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Patologi" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Nynorsk Norwegia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patologi" title="Patologi – Bokmål Norwegia" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Patologi" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Bokmål Norwegia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="रोगशास्त्र – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="रोगशास्त्र" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>पालि</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patologia" title="Patologia – Polski" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Patologia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%86%DA%81%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%87%D9%86%D9%87" title="رنځپوهنه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="رنځپوهنه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patologia" title="Patologia – Portugis" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Patologia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patologie" title="Patologie – Rumania" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Patologie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Rumania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Патология – Rusia" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Патология" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Rusia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patulugg%C3%ACa" title="Patuluggìa – Sisilia" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Patuluggìa" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sisilia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pathology" title="Pathology – Skotlandia" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Pathology" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Skotlandia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patologija" title="Patologija – Serbo-Kroasia" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Patologija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Kroasia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B0%E0%B7%92_%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80" title="ව්‍යාධි විද්‍යාව – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ව්‍යාධි විද්‍යාව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pathology" title="Pathology – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Pathology" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patol%C3%B3gia" title="Patológia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Patológia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patologija" title="Patologija – Sloven" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Patologija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Sloven" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruambadenda" title="Ruambadenda – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Ruambadenda" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patologjia" title="Patologjia – Albania" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Patologjia" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Патологија – Serbia" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Патологија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patologi" title="Patologi – Swedia" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Patologi" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="நோயியல் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நோயியல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%97_%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A3%E0%B0%AF_%E0%B0%B6%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81" title="రోగ నిర్ణయ శాస్త్రము – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="రోగ నిర్ణయ శాస్త్రము" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B1%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D3%A3" title="Осебшиносӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Осебшиносӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2" title="พยาธิวิทยา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="พยาธิวิทยา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patolohiya" title="Patolohiya – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Patolohiya" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patoloji" title="Patoloji – Turki" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Patoloji" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Патология – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Патология" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Патологія – Ukraina" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Патологія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukraina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B6%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="امراضیات – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="امراضیات" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%E1%BB%87nh_l%C3%BD_h%E1%BB%8Dc" title="Bệnh lý học – Vietnam" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Bệnh lý học" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patolohiya" title="Patolohiya – Warai" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Patolohiya" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Warai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%97%85%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="病理学 – Wu Tionghoa" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="病理学" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu Tionghoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90%E1%83%97%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="პათოლოგია – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="პათოლოგია" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%97%85%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="病理学 – Tiongkok" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="病理学" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Tiongkok" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C4%93%E2%81%BF-l%C3%AD-ha%CC%8Dk" title="Pēⁿ-lí-ha̍k – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Pēⁿ-lí-ha̍k" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%97%85%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="病理學 – Kanton" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="病理學" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Kanton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span 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class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Peralatan halaman"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Pidangan"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Pidangan</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">pindah ke bilah sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button 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class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/ZEN_browser_for_Virtual_Microscopy_%289318136341%29.jpg/423px-ZEN_browser_for_Virtual_Microscopy_%289318136341%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/ZEN_browser_for_Virtual_Microscopy_%289318136341%29.jpg/564px-ZEN_browser_for_Virtual_Microscopy_%289318136341%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4235" data-file-height="3123" /></a><figcaption><center> Patologi </center></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Patologi</b> (tina <a href="/wiki/Basa_Yunani" title="Basa Yunani">basa Yunani</a> <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pathos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pathos (kaca can aya)">pathos</a></i>, ngarasa, nyeri, <i>menderita</i>; jeung <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Logos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Logos (kaca can aya)">logos</a></i>, élmu ngeunaan; tingali ogé <a href="/w/index.php?title=-ologi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="-ologi (kaca can aya)">-ologi</a>) nyaéta studi ngeunaan prosés nu midasar <a href="/w/index.php?title=Panyakit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Panyakit (kaca can aya)">panyakit</a> jeung wangun séjén tinu <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gering&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gering (kaca can aya)">gering</a>, kahenteunormalan anu ngabahayakeun, atawa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Disfungsi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Disfungsi (kaca can aya)">disfungsi</a>. Dina <a href="/wiki/Biologi" title="Biologi">biologi</a> ogé aya cabang <a href="/w/index.php?title=Obat-obatan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Obat-obatan (kaca can aya)">obat-obatan</a>, anu husus ngalakukeun studi jeung diagnosa parobahan struktural jeung fungsional <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9l_(biologi)" title="Sél (biologi)">sél</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jaringan_(biologi)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jaringan (biologi) (kaca can aya)">jaringan</a> jeung <a href="/w/index.php?title=Organ_(biologi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Organ (biologi (kaca can aya)">organ)</a> nu midasar panyakit. Patologi minangka cabang élmu pangaweruh saterusna ngawangun dasar pamikiran élmu pangaweruh di satukangeun prakték médis. </p> <table align="center" style="border: 1px solid #79b; background: #FFFFDD; width: 80%; margin: 0 auto 1em auto; padding: .2em; text-align: justify;"> <tbody><tr><td width="1%"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Gambar:Panneau_travaux.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Panneau_travaux.png/40px-Panneau_travaux.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Panneau_travaux.png/60px-Panneau_travaux.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Panneau_travaux.png/80px-Panneau_travaux.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="88" /></a></span></td> <td align="center"><b>Artikel ieu keur dikeureuyeuh, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Pitulung_narjamahkeun" class="mw-disambig" title="Wikipedia:Pitulung narjamahkeun">ditarjamahkeun</a> tina <a href="/wiki/Basa_Inggris" title="Basa Inggris">basa Inggris</a>.</b><br /> <small>Bantuanna didagoan pikeun <a class="external text" href="https://su.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Patologi&action=edit">narjamahkeun</a>.</small></td> </tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Scope_of_pathology">Scope of pathology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patologi&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Édit bab: Scope of pathology" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>édit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patologi&action=edit&section=1" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Scope of pathology"><span>édit sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The primary goal of pathology is the study of the four main aspects of a diséase: </p> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Etiology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Etiology (kaca can aya)">Etiology</a>: what causes the diséase</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pathogenesis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pathogenesis (kaca can aya)">Pathogenesis</a>: the mechanism by which a certain etiological factor causes diséase</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Morphology_(biology)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Morphology (biology) (kaca can aya)">Morphologic changes</a>: the structural changes induced in the cells, tissues and organs</li> <li>Clinical significance: the functional consequences of the morphologic changes</li></ul> <table width="100%" cellspacing="0" style="padding: 0px; border: 1px dotted steelblue; clear: both; background: white; margin: 5px 0px; font-size: small; font-size: 92%;"> <tbody><tr> <td width="1%" style="background: #fff; padding: 2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Gambar:Nulis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/su/thumb/f/f4/Nulis.jpg/30px-Nulis.jpg" decoding="async" width="30" height="43" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/su/thumb/f/f4/Nulis.jpg/45px-Nulis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/su/thumb/f/f4/Nulis.jpg/60px-Nulis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="244" data-file-height="350" /></a></span> </td> <td width="99%" class="plainlinks" style="font-style: italic; padding: 5px;">Artikel <i>ieu mangrupa <a href="/wiki/Taratas" class="mw-redirect" title="Taratas">taratas</a>, perlu disampurnakeun. Upami sadérék uninga langkung paos perkawis ieu, dihaturan kanggo <a class="external text" href="https://su.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Patologi&action=edit">ngalengkepan</a>.</i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><br /> </p><p><br /> </p>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Dicomot ti "<a dir="ltr" href="https://su.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Patologi&oldid=548867">https://su.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Patologi&oldid=548867</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Husus:Kategori" title="Husus:Kategori">Kategori</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Artikel_perlu_ditarjamahkeun_tina_basa_Inggris" title="Kategori:Artikel perlu ditarjamahkeun tina basa Inggris">Artikel perlu ditarjamahkeun tina basa Inggris</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Kategori nyumput: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Taratas" title="Kategori:Taratas">Taratas</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Kaca ieu panungtungan diédit 4 Januari 2019, jam 21.50.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Téks sadia dina <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Lisénsi Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike</a>; katangtuan tambahan kamungkinan lumaku. 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