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[o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>ننوتل</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="نورې خوښنې" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="شخصي اوزار" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">شخصي اوزار</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal" title="کارن غورنۍ" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=ps.wikipedia.org&uselang=ps"><span>بسپنه ورکول</span></a></li><li id="pt-contribute" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:Contribute"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span>ونډه اخيستل</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%86-%D8%AD%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%AC%D9%88%DA%93%D9%88%D9%84&returnto=%D8%B1%D9%86%DA%81%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%87%D9%86%D9%87" title="تاسې ته د يو گڼون د جوړولو او بيا غونډال کې ورننوتلو سپارښتنه کېږي؛ که څه هم چې دا يو اړين کار نه دی"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>گڼون جوړول</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:%D9%86%D9%86%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%84&returnto=%D8%B1%D9%86%DA%81%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%87%D9%86%D9%87" title="تاسې ته په غونډال کې د ننوتلو سپارښتنه کوو، که څه هم چې دا يو اړين کار نه دی. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>ننوتل</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> غونډال څخه وتليو سمونگرانو لپاره مخونه <a href="/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%9A%D9%88%D8%AF:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>نور مالومات</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7_%D8%AE%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%90_%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%90" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>خبرې اترې</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"><div 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ده.\n\u003C/p\u003E\n\n\u003C/span\u003E\u003C/td\u003E\n\u003C/tr\u003E\n\u003C/tbody\u003E\u003C/table\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E";}}());</script></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="وېب‌ځی"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="مالومات" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">مالومات</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">څنګپټې ته ورسئ</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">پټول</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">پیل</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-د_رنځپوهنې_تاريخ" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#د_رنځپوهنې_تاريخ"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">۱</span> <span>د رنځپوهنې تاريخ</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-د_رنځپوهنې_تاريخ-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-عامه_رنځپوهنه" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#عامه_رنځپوهنه"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">۲</span> <span>عامه رنځپوهنه</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-عامه_رنځپوهنه-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-رنځپوهنه_د_يوې_طبي_څانگپوهنې_په_توگه" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#رنځپوهنه_د_يوې_طبي_څانگپوهنې_په_توگه"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">۳</span> <span>رنځپوهنه د يوې طبي څانگپوهنې په توگه</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-رنځپوهنه_د_يوې_طبي_څانگپوهنې_په_توگه-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle رنځپوهنه د يوې طبي څانگپوهنې په توگه subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-رنځپوهنه_د_يوې_طبي_څانگپوهنې_په_توگه-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-اناتوميکه_رنځپوهنه" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#اناتوميکه_رنځپوهنه"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">۳.۱</span> <span>اناتوميکه رنځپوهنه</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-اناتوميکه_رنځپوهنه-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-کلينيکي_رنځپوهنه" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#کلينيکي_رنځپوهنه"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">۳.۲</span> <span>کلينيکي رنځپوهنه</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-کلينيکي_رنځپوهنه-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-فورېنسېک_رنځپوهنه" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#فورېنسېک_رنځپوهنه"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">۴</span> <span>فورېنسېک رنځپوهنه</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-فورېنسېک_رنځپوهنه-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-د_ژويو_رنځپوهنه" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#د_ژويو_رنځپوهنه"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">۵</span> <span>د ژويو رنځپوهنه</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-د_ژويو_رنځپوهنه-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-د_بوټو_رنځپوهنه" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#د_بوټو_رنځپوهنه"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">۶</span> <span>د بوټو رنځپوهنه</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-د_بوټو_رنځپوهنه-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ماليکولي_رنځپوهنه" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ماليکولي_رنځپوهنه"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">۷</span> <span>ماليکولي رنځپوهنه</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ماليکولي_رنځپوهنه-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-دا_هم_وگورۍ" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#دا_هم_وگورۍ"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">۸</span> <span>دا هم وگورۍ</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-دا_هم_وگورۍ-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-سرچينې" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#سرچينې"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">۹</span> <span>سرچينې</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-سرچينې-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-باندنۍ_تړنې" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#باندنۍ_تړنې"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">۱۰</span> <span>باندنۍ تړنې</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-باندنۍ_تړنې-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="مالومات" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="نيوليک" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">رنځپوهنه</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="ليکنه په بله ژبه کي وګورئ. دا ليکنه په ۹۳ ژبو کې شتون لري." > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-93" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">۹۳ ژبې</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patologie" title="Patologie – افریکانسي" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Patologie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="افریکانسي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patoloch%C3%ADa" title="Patolochía – اراگونېسي" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Patolochía" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="اراگونېسي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B6" title="علم الأمراض – عربي" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="علم الأمراض" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="عربي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AB%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%89" title="باثولوجى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="باثولوجى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patolox%C3%ADa" title="Patoloxía – استورياني" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Patoloxía" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="استورياني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patologiya" title="Patologiya – اذربایجاني" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Patologiya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="اذربایجاني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Паталогія – بېلاروسي" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Паталогія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="بېلاروسي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%91%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Паталёгія – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Паталёгія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Патология – بلغاري" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Патология" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="بلغاري" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9E%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="রোগবিজ্ঞান – بنگالي" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="রোগবিজ্ঞান" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="بنگالي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patologiezh" title="Patologiezh – برېتون" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Patologiezh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="برېتون" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patologija" title="Patologija – بوسني" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Patologija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="بوسني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patologia" title="Patologia – کټلاني" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Patologia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="کټلاني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%86%D9%84%DB%86%D8%AC%DB%8C" title="پاتۆلۆجی – منځنۍ کوردي" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="پاتۆلۆجی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="منځنۍ کوردي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patologie" title="Patologie – چېکي" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Patologie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="چېکي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patholeg" title="Patholeg – ويلشي" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Patholeg" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="ويلشي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patologi" title="Patologi – ډنمارکي" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Patologi" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="ډنمارکي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pathologie" title="Pathologie – الماني" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Pathologie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="الماني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pathology" title="Pathology – انګليسي" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Pathology" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="انګليسي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patologio" title="Patologio – اسپرانتو" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Patologio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="اسپرانتو" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patolog%C3%ADa" title="Patología – هسپانوي" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Patología" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="هسپانوي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patoloogia" title="Patoloogia – حبشي" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Patoloogia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="حبشي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patologia" title="Patologia – باسکي" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Patologia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="باسکي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A8%E2%80%8C%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="آسیب‌شناسی – فارسي" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آسیب‌شناسی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="فارسي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patologia" title="Patologia – فینلنډي" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Patologia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="فینلنډي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pathologie" title="Pathologie – فرانسوي" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Pathologie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="فرانسوي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paiteola%C3%ADocht" title="Paiteolaíocht – ائيرلېنډي" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Paiteolaíocht" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="ائيرلېنډي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patolox%C3%ADa" title="Patoloxía – ګلېشيايي" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Patoloxía" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="ګلېشيايي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%92%D7%99%D7%94" title="פתולוגיה – عبراني" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פתולוגיה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="عبراني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="विकृतिविज्ञान – هندي" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="विकृतिविज्ञान" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="هندي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patologija" title="Patologija – کروايشيايي" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Patologija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="کروايشيايي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patol%C3%B3gia" title="Patológia – هنګري" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Patológia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="هنګري" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%AD%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Ախտաբանություն – آرمينيايي" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ախտաբանություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="آرمينيايي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pathologia" title="Pathologia – انټرلنګوا" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Pathologia" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="انټرلنګوا" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patologi" title="Patologi – انډونېزي" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Patologi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="انډونېزي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patologio" title="Patologio – اڊو" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Patologio" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="اڊو" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meinafr%C3%A6%C3%B0i" title="Meinafræði – ايسلنډي" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Meinafræði" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="ايسلنډي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patologia" title="Patologia – ایټالوي" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Patologia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="ایټالوي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%97%85%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="病理学 – جاپاني" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="病理学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="جاپاني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patologi" title="Patologi – جاوايي" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Patologi" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="جاوايي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90%E1%83%97%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="პათოლოგია – جورجيائي" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პათოლოგია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="جورجيائي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Патология – قازق" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Патология" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="قازق" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%9C%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9E%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8" title="ರೋಗವಿಜ್ಞಾನ – کناډا" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ರೋಗವಿಜ್ಞಾನ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="کناډا" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B3%91%EB%A6%AC%ED%95%99" title="병리학 – کوریایی" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="병리학" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="کوریایی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patoloj%C3%AE" title="Patolojî – کردي" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Patolojî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="کردي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Патология – کرغيزي" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Патология" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="کرغيزي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pathologia" title="Pathologia – لاتیني" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Pathologia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="لاتیني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pathologie" title="Pathologie – لمبرگیانی" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Pathologie" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="لمبرگیانی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patologija" title="Patologija – ليتواني" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Patologija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="ليتواني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patolo%C4%A3ija" title="Patoloģija – لېټواني" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Patoloģija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="لېټواني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Патологија – مقدوني" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Патологија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="مقدوني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A6%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82" title="രോഗനിദാനശാസ്ത്രം – مالايالم" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="രോഗനിദാനശാസ്ത്രം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="مالايالم" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="विकृतिविज्ञान – مراټهي" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="विकृतिविज्ञान" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="مراټهي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patologi" title="Patologi – ملایا" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Patologi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="ملایا" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%82%E1%80%AB%E1%80%97%E1%80%B1%E1%80%92" title="ရောဂါဗေဒ – برمایی" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ရောဂါဗေဒ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="برمایی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="रोगविज्ञान – نېپالي" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="रोगविज्ञान" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="نېپالي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF" title="प्याथलजि – نيواري" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="प्याथलजि" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="نيواري" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pathologie" title="Pathologie – هالېنډي" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Pathologie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="هالېنډي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patologi" title="Patologi – ناروېئي (نائنورسک)" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Patologi" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="ناروېئي (نائنورسک)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patologi" title="Patologi – ناروېئي (بوکمال)" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Patologi" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="ناروېئي (بوکمال)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="रोगशास्त्र – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="रोगशास्त्र" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>पालि</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patologia" title="Patologia – پولنډي" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Patologia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="پولنډي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patologia" title="Patologia – پورتګالي" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Patologia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="پورتګالي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patologie" title="Patologie – رومانیایی" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Patologie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="رومانیایی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Патология – روسي" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Патология" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="روسي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patulugg%C3%ACa" title="Patuluggìa – سیلیسي" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Patuluggìa" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="سیلیسي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pathology" title="Pathology – سکاټس" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Pathology" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="سکاټس" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patologija" title="Patologija – سرب-کروشيايي" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Patologija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="سرب-کروشيايي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B0%E0%B7%92_%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80" title="ව්‍යාධි විද්‍යාව – سينهالي" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ව්‍යාධි විද්‍යාව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="سينهالي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pathology" title="Pathology – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Pathology" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patol%C3%B3gia" title="Patológia – سلوواکي" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Patológia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="سلوواکي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patologija" title="Patologija – سلوواني" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Patologija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="سلوواني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruambadenda" title="Ruambadenda – شونا" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Ruambadenda" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="شونا" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patologjia" title="Patologjia – الباني" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Patologjia" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="الباني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Патологија – سربيائي" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Патологија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="سربيائي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patologi" title="Patologi – سوډاني" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Patologi" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="سوډاني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patologi" title="Patologi – سویډنی" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Patologi" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="سویډنی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="நோயியல் – تامل" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நோயியல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="تامل" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%97_%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A3%E0%B0%AF_%E0%B0%B6%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81" title="రోగ నిర్ణయ శాస్త్రము – تېليګو" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="రోగ నిర్ణయ శాస్త్రము" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="تېليګو" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B1%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D3%A3" title="Осебшиносӣ – تاجکي" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Осебшиносӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="تاجکي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2" title="พยาธิวิทยา – تايلېنډي" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="พยาธิวิทยา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="تايلېنډي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patolohiya" title="Patolohiya – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Patolohiya" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patoloji" title="Patoloji – ترکي" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Patoloji" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="ترکي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Патология – تاتار" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Патология" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="تاتار" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Патологія – اوکرايني" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Патологія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="اوکرايني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B6%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="امراضیات – اردو" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="امراضیات" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="اردو" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%E1%BB%87nh_l%C3%BD_h%E1%BB%8Dc" title="Bệnh lý học – وېتنامي" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Bệnh lý học" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="وېتنامي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patolohiya" title="Patolohiya – وارۍ" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Patolohiya" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="وارۍ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%97%85%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="病理学 – وو چینایی" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="病理学" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="وو چینایی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90%E1%83%97%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="პათოლოგია – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="პათოლოგია" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%97%85%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="病理学 – چیني" lang="zh" 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">د ويکيپېډيا، وړیا پوهنغونډ له خوا</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-rtl mw-parser-output" lang="ps" dir="rtl"><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%86%D9%87:Renal_Cell_Carcinoma.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/ps/thumb/7/7d/Renal_Cell_Carcinoma.jpg/200px-Renal_Cell_Carcinoma.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/ps/thumb/7/7d/Renal_Cell_Carcinoma.jpg/300px-Renal_Cell_Carcinoma.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/ps/7/7d/Renal_Cell_Carcinoma.jpg 2x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="240" /></a><figcaption>د پښتورگو سلولي <a href="/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86" title="سرطان">سرطان</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%86%D9%87:Enterobacter_cloacae_01.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Enterobacter_cloacae_01.png/200px-Enterobacter_cloacae_01.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Enterobacter_cloacae_01.png/300px-Enterobacter_cloacae_01.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Enterobacter_cloacae_01.png/400px-Enterobacter_cloacae_01.png 2x" data-file-width="623" data-file-height="580" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%A8%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%BC%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%87%D9%86%D9%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="باکټرياپوهنه (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">باکټرياپوهنه</a>: د <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%A2%DA%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="آگار (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">آگار</a> پلېټ او د پاکټريا کالوني.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%86%D9%87:Infiltrating_ductal_carcinoma_of_the_breast.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Infiltrating_ductal_carcinoma_of_the_breast.jpg/200px-Infiltrating_ductal_carcinoma_of_the_breast.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Infiltrating_ductal_carcinoma_of_the_breast.jpg/300px-Infiltrating_ductal_carcinoma_of_the_breast.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Infiltrating_ductal_carcinoma_of_the_breast.jpg/400px-Infiltrating_ductal_carcinoma_of_the_breast.jpg 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="305" /></a><figcaption>دا د ماسټېکټومي يوه نمونه ده چې د تي ډکټل کارسېنوما يا سرطان انځوروي.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>رنځپوهنه</b> <i>(په انگرېزي: <b>Pathology</b> له <a href="/wiki/%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A_%DA%98%D8%A8%D9%87" title="يوناني ژبه">يوناني</a> <strong class="error"><span class="scribunto-error mw-scribunto-error-eda3b6fa">Lua error in Module:Unicode_data at line 297: attempt to index local 'data_module' (a boolean value).</span></strong>, </i>pathos<i>, "ناروغي، رنځ"; او <strong class="error"><span class="scribunto-error mw-scribunto-error-eda3b6fa">Lua error in Module:Unicode_data at line 297: attempt to index local 'data_module' (a boolean value).</span></strong>, </i><a href="/w/index.php?title=-logy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="-logy (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">-logia</a><i> پوهې نه)</i> د طبي پوهې يو تشخيصي ډگر دی چې د بدن په بېلابېلو غړو کې د ووبونو (انساجو)، د بدني ماياتو او په ټول بدن کې د راټوکېدلي رنځ پېژندنه او آزمېښت په کې ترسره کېږي. </p><p>همدا اصطلاح د رنځونو د پروسو هغه اړونده ساينسي زده کړه هم په ځان کې رانغاړي چې د عامه رنځپوهنې په نامه هم يادېږي. طبي رنځپوهنه په دوه عمده څانگو وېشل شوې چې يوه يې <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%85%D9%8A%DA%A9%D9%87_%D8%B1%D9%86%DA%81%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%87%D9%86%D9%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="اناتوميکه رنځپوهنه (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">اناتوميکه رنځپوهنه</a> او بله يې <a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%A9%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%DA%A9%D9%8A_%D8%B1%D9%86%DA%81%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%87%D9%86%D9%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="کلينيکي رنځپوهنه (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">کلينيکي رنځپوهنه</a> نومېږي. وېترينري رنځپوهنه بيا د څارويو د رنځونو په اړه ځانگړې زده کړه ده او همدا راز فايټورنځپوهنه بيا د بوټو د رنځونو او ناروغيو د زده کړې ډگر دی. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="د_رنځپوهنې_تاريخ"><span id=".D8.AF_.D8.B1.D9.86.DA.81.D9.BE.D9.88.D9.87.D9.86.DB.90_.D8.AA.D8.A7.D8.B1.D9.8A.D8.AE"></span>د رنځپوهنې تاريخ</h2></div> <div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">بشپړه ليکنه يې دلته ولولئ: <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AF_%D8%B1%D9%86%DA%81%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%87%D9%86%DB%90_%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="د رنځپوهنې تاريخ (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">د رنځپوهنې تاريخ</a></div> <p>د رنځپوهنې تاريخ په منځنۍ ختيځ کې د طب د پراختيا او پرمختگ سره سم د اسلام زرين پېر کې پېلېږي او په لوېديځه اروپا کې د دغې پوهنې تاريخ د اېټاليا د رېنېسانس يا د ويښتابه پېر کې پېل شوی. </p><p>د عيسوي پېر نه درې پېړۍ وړاندې په لومړي ځل د لرغوني يونان د لومړنيو طبيبانو، لکه د خالسېدون هېروفيلوس او د خيوس اېراسيستراتوس، لخوا د انسان د بدن سيستماتيکې څيرنې ثبت شوې تاريخي پېښې گڼل کېږي.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۱<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> خو لومړنی طبيب چې د مړينې نه وروسته يې د پوهې او زده کړې لپاره انساني بدن وڅيره او د مطالعې لاندې يې ونيوه، هغه د اسلام د زرين پېر يو نامتو عرب طبيب ابن ظهر(1091–1161) وو. خو د طبابت د نوي عصر لومړنی رنځپوه <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D9%81_%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%B1%DA%A9%D9%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="رودولف ويرکو (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">رودولف ويرکو</a> (1821–1902) وو او همدا طبيب د مايکروسکوپي رنځپوهنې پلار گڼل کېږي. د لومړنيو رنځپوهانو مسلک اکثراً د جراحۍ دنده وه. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="عامه_رنځپوهنه"><span id=".D8.B9.D8.A7.D9.85.D9.87_.D8.B1.D9.86.DA.81.D9.BE.D9.88.D9.87.D9.86.D9.87"></span>عامه رنځپوهنه</h2></div> <div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">بشپړه ليکنه يې دلته ولولئ: <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%87_%D8%B1%D9%86%DA%81%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%87%D9%86%D9%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="عامه رنځپوهنه (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">عامه رنځپوهنه</a></div> <p>عامه رنځپوهنه چې د پلټونکې رنځپوهنې په نوم يادېږي، تجربوي رنځپوهنه يا تيوريکي رنځپوهنه, د ساينس يو پراخ او پېچلی ډگر جوړوي چې په سلولې کچې او ووبونو کې د ټپونو او رنځونو د مېکانيزم د پېژندنې رابرسېروي. د دې تر څنگ د پوهې دغه څانگه د سلولي کچې او ووبونو له کچې نه تر لوړې کچې پورې د ټپونو او رنځونو پر وړاندې د بدن طبيعي غبرگون او بياجوړېدنې باندې هم ژوره رڼا اچوي. د دغې زده کړې د بحث په اهمو برخو کې د ټپونو او رنځونو پر وړاندې د ژونکو بيارغونه، د ورانۍ د مېکانيزم پر وړاندې سلولي سازېدنه، نېکروسېز، تسپود، ټپ رغېدنه او نيوپلازم شامل دي. دا نومېدلې برخې د رنځپوهنې بنسټ جوړوي او د دغې پوهې کارېدنه د انساني او حيواني رنځونو په پېژندلو کې اهمه ونډه ترسره کوي. </p><p>د "عامه رنځپوهنه" نوم د دواړو، د کلينيکي رنځپوهنې او د ژوؤ، اړونده عملياتي کړنو د څرگندولو لپاره کارېږي. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="رنځپوهنه_د_يوې_طبي_څانگپوهنې_په_توگه"><span id=".D8.B1.D9.86.DA.81.D9.BE.D9.88.D9.87.D9.86.D9.87_.D8.AF_.D9.8A.D9.88.DB.90_.D8.B7.D8.A8.D9.8A_.DA.85.D8.A7.D9.86.DA.AF.D9.BE.D9.88.D9.87.D9.86.DB.90_.D9.BE.D9.87_.D8.AA.D9.88.DA.AF.D9.87"></span>رنځپوهنه د يوې طبي څانگپوهنې په توگه</h2></div> <div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">بشپړه ليکنه يې دلته ولولئ: <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%B1%D9%86%DA%81%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%87%D9%86%D9%87_%D8%AF_%D8%B7%D8%A8%D9%8A_%DA%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%87%D9%86%DB%90_%D9%BE%D9%87_%D8%AA%D9%88%DA%AF%D9%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="رنځپوهنه د طبي څانگپوهنې په توگه (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">رنځپوهنه د طبي څانگپوهنې په توگه</a></div> <p>رنځپوهان هغه ډاکټران يا طبيبان دي چې په ورځيني ژوند کې د <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%BE%D8%B3%D9%8A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="بايوپسي (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">بايوپسيگانو</a> او د بدن د مايعاتو د کتنې وروسته د ناروغانو د ناروغيو په پېژندلو او څرگندولو بوخت دي. د سرطان د اکثره ناروغيو پېژندنۍ د همدغو رنځپوهانو لخوا تثبيت کېږي. رنځپوهان کولای شي چې د يوه جسد د مړينې د اسبابو د پلټنو لپاره آټوپسي ترسره کړي. رنځپوهنه د طبي زده کړو يو اهم مضمون دی او په همدې خاطر ډېر رنځپوهان په طبي پوهنتونونو او پوهنځيو کې زده کړې هم ورکوي. د طبي لابراتوارونو د سمبالگرانو په توگه، رنځپوهان د لابراتوارونو د مالوماتي غونډال په رغښت او پرمختگ کې اهمه ونډه ترسره کوي. که څه هم چې د طبي رنځپوهنې عملي کېدنه د دوديزې پلټونکې رنځپوهنې نه اغېزمن شوی، خو د نوي عصر رنځپوهان اصلي څېړنې نه ترسره کوي. </p><p>رنځپوهنه د طبابت يوه بې سارې څانگه ده. د دې څانگې کارپوهان د عامو طبيبانو په څېر د ناروغ سره مستقيمې کتنې او تماس نه لري، دوی اکثراً د نورو ډاکټرانو سره د سلاکارانو په څېر کار کوي. د دې لپاره چې يو کانديد د رنځپوهنې منښتليک ترلاسه کړي، پکار ده چې يو کانديد رنځپوهنې د طبي مشق او تمرين اړين پړاوونه بشپړ کړي او تر بشپړېدو وروسته د منل شوې ټولنې د معيار او پروگرام لخوا و آزمويل شي او بيا يې د رنځپوهنې په منښتليک تصديق وشي. په امريکا کې دا ډول منښتليک <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%8A%DA%A9%D8%A7_%D8%AF_%D8%B1%D9%86%DA%81%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%87%D9%86%DB%90_%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="د امريکا د رنځپوهنې اداره (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">د امريکا د رنځپوهنې ادارې</a> لخوا تصديق کېږي. په رنځپوهنه کې څېرمه وړې څانگپوهنې هم شته چې د هر هېواد د بېلابېلو معيارونو له مخې سره توپير لري، خو د رنځپوهنې په اکثره څېرمه وړو څانگو کې اناتوميکه رنځپوهنه او کلينيکي رنځپوهنه شامل دي. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="اناتوميکه_رنځپوهنه"><span id=".D8.A7.D9.86.D8.A7.D8.AA.D9.88.D9.85.D9.8A.DA.A9.D9.87_.D8.B1.D9.86.DA.81.D9.BE.D9.88.D9.87.D9.86.D9.87"></span>اناتوميکه رنځپوهنه</h3></div> <div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">بشپړه ليکنه يې دلته ولولئ: <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%85%D9%8A%DA%A9%D9%87_%D8%B1%D9%86%DA%81%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%87%D9%86%D9%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="اناتوميکه رنځپوهنه (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">اناتوميکه رنځپوهنه</a></div> <p>اناتوميکه رنځپوهنه د طبي زده کړو يوه ځانگړې څانگه ده چې د دغې زده کړې د څانگوالو لخوا د ټول بدن، د غړو، او ووبونو د بشپړ، مايکروسکوپي، کيميايي، اميونولوژيکي او ماليکيولي کتنو وروسته د يوه رنځ پېژندنه او تشيخيص ترسره کېږي. </p><p>اناتوميکه رنځپوهنه پخپله په څېرمه څانگو وېشل شوې. د دغې ځانگړې څانگې اهمې وړې څانگې جراحي رنځپوهنه، سايټوپاتولوژي يا د ژونکو رنځپوهنه او فورېنسېک يا د عدلي طب رنځپوهنه ده. د پاتولوژي يا رنځپوهنې د دندې د منښتليک د ترلاسه کولو لپاره، پکار ده چې لومړی د طب د پوهنځي نه بريليک ترلاسه کړل شي چې بيا په قانوني ډول دغې طبي څانگې کې عملاً کار ترسره شي. (په امريکا کې د امريکا د رنځپوهنې اداره کې) د ستاژ دورې يو منل شوی پروگرام او د طبي منښتليک ترلاسه کول هغه شرطونه دي چې ترلاسه کولو وروسته يې په يوه منل شوي روغتون کې د رنځپوهنې په څانگه کې څوک دنده ترلاسه کولی شي. </p><p>اناتوميکه رنځپوهنه د رنځپوهنې يوه څانگه ده، بله څانگه يې کلينيکي رنځپوهنه نومېږي چې په آزمېښتون کې د بدن د معاياتو او يا هم ووبونو د شننو وروسته د ناروغيو پېژندنه پرې ترسره کېږي. رنځپوهان اکثراً دواړه څانگې، اناتوميکه رنځپوهنه او کلينيکي رنځپوهنه او يا هم د دغو دواړو څانگو څخه په گډه رامېنځ ته شوې برخه، ټولگړې رنځپوهنه عملي تدبيقوي. د نوو تخنيکونو رامېنځ ته کېدل نوو کارپوهانو ته اړمن دی او ناروغان او د هغوی ورپېژندونکي درملگران چې د يو گډ تشخيصي راپور د برابرولو اړتيا لري، د اناتوميکې رنځپوهنې او کلينيکي رنځپوهنې تر مېنځ توپير تت کړی دی. همداراز په وېترېنري رنځپوهنه کې هم بېلابېلې څانگې شته. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="کلينيکي_رنځپوهنه"><span id=".DA.A9.D9.84.D9.8A.D9.86.D9.8A.DA.A9.D9.8A_.D8.B1.D9.86.DA.81.D9.BE.D9.88.D9.87.D9.86.D9.87"></span>کلينيکي رنځپوهنه</h3></div> <div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">بشپړه ليکنه يې دلته ولولئ: <a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%A9%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%DA%A9%D9%8A_%D8%B1%D9%86%DA%81%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%87%D9%86%D9%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="کلينيکي رنځپوهنه (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">کلينيکي رنځپوهنه</a></div> <p>کلينيکي رنځپوهنه چې په برتانيه کې د بايومېډيکل ساينس نومېږي، د رنځپوهنې يوه څانگه ده چې د کيميا، مايکروبيولوژي، هېماتولوژي او ماليکيولي رنځپوهنې په کارولو سره د بدن د مايعاتو لکه وينه، متيازې او يا هم نورو ووبونو لابراتواري شننې ترسره کوي او په همدې توگه د يوې ناروغۍ پېژندنه کوي. کلينيکي رنځپوهان د طبي تخنيکگرانو سره او د روغتون د اداري چارگرو او ورپېژندونکو درملگرانو تر څنگ په گډه د دې په موخه کار کوي چې د آزمېښتون آزمېښتونه سم او کره کړي. </p><p>کلينيکي رنځپوهنه د رنځپوهنې يوه لويه برخه جوړوي. اکثراً رنځپوهان د کلينيکي او اناتوميکې رنځپوهنې په يو ځای کارولو سره د ناروغيو تشخيص ترسره کوي. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="فورېنسېک_رنځپوهنه"><span id=".D9.81.D9.88.D8.B1.DB.90.D9.86.D8.B3.DB.90.DA.A9_.D8.B1.D9.86.DA.81.D9.BE.D9.88.D9.87.D9.86.D9.87"></span>فورېنسېک رنځپوهنه</h2></div> <div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">بشپړه ليکنه يې دلته ولولئ: <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%B9%D8%AF%D9%84%D9%8A_%D8%B7%D8%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="عدلي طب (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">عدلي طب</a></div> <p>Forensic pathology is a branch of pathology concerned with determining the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cause_of_death&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cause of death (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">cause of death</a> by examination of a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cadaver&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cadaver (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">cadaver</a>. The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Autopsy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Autopsy (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">autopsy</a> is performed by the pathologist at the request of a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Coroner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Coroner (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">coroner</a> usually during the investigation of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Criminal_law&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Criminal law (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">criminal law</a> cases and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_law_(common_law)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Civil law (common law) (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">civil law</a> cases in some <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jurisdictions&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jurisdictions (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">jurisdictions</a>. Forensic pathologists are also frequently asked to confirm the identity of a cadaver. </p><p>Forensic pathology is that branch of medicine,which deals with the study of cause of death by examination of a dead body at the request of a coroner during legal cases. </p><p>The word <a href="/w/index.php?title=Forensics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Forensics (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">forensics</a> is derived from the Latin <i>forēnsis</i> meaning <i>forum</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="د_ژويو_رنځپوهنه"><span id=".D8.AF_.DA.98.D9.88.D9.8A.D9.88_.D8.B1.D9.86.DA.81.D9.BE.D9.88.D9.87.D9.86.D9.87"></span>د ژويو رنځپوهنه</h2></div> <div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">بشپړه ليکنه يې دلته ولولئ/ليکنې: <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%88%DB%90%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%90%D9%86%D8%B1%D9%8A_%D8%B1%D9%86%DA%81%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%87%D9%86%D9%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="وېترېنري رنځپوهنه (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">وېترېنري رنځپوهنه</a> او <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%88%DB%90%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%90%D9%86%D8%B1%D9%8A_%D8%B1%D9%86%DA%81%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="وېترېنري رنځپوه (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">وېترېنري رنځپوه</a></div> <p>Veterinary pathologists are <a href="/w/index.php?title=Veterinarians&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Veterinarians (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">doctors of veterinary medicine</a> who specialise in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Medical_diagnosis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Medical diagnosis (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">diagnosis</a> of diseases through the examination of animal tissue and body fluids. Like for medical pathology, veterinary pathology is divided in two branches, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Anatomical_pathology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anatomical pathology (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">anatomical pathology</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Clinical_pathology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Clinical pathology (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">clinical pathology</a>. Veterinary pathologists are critical participants in the drug development process. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="د_بوټو_رنځپوهنه"><span id=".D8.AF_.D8.A8.D9.88.D9.BC.D9.88_.D8.B1.D9.86.DA.81.D9.BE.D9.88.D9.87.D9.86.D9.87"></span>د بوټو رنځپوهنه</h2></div> <div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">بشپړه ليکنه يې دلته ولولئ: <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%BC%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%86%DA%81%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%87%D9%86%D9%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="فايټورنځپوهنه (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">فايټورنځپوهنه</a></div> <p>Plant pathology (also phytopathology) is the scientific study of plant diseases caused by pathogens (infectious diseases) and environmental conditions (physiological factors). Organisms that cause infectious disease include fungi, oomycetes, bacteria, viruses, viroids, virus-like organisms, phytoplasmas, protozoa, nematodes and parasitic plants. Not included are insects, mites, vertebrate or other pests that affect plant health by consumption of plant tissues. Plant pathology also involves the study of pathogen identification, disease etiology, disease cycles, economic impact, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Plant_disease_epidemiology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Plant disease epidemiology (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">plant disease epidemiology</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Plant_disease_resistance&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Plant disease resistance (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">plant disease resistance</a>, how plant diseases affect humans and animals, pathosystem genetics, and management of plant diseases. </p><p>The <i>"Disease triangle"</i> is a central concept of plant pathology<sup id="cite_ref-Arios_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arios-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۲<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. It is based on the principle that infectious diseases develop, or do not develop, based on three-way interactions between the host, the pathogen and environmental conditions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="ماليکولي_رنځپوهنه"><span id=".D9.85.D8.A7.D9.84.D9.8A.DA.A9.D9.88.D9.84.D9.8A_.D8.B1.D9.86.DA.81.D9.BE.D9.88.D9.87.D9.86.D9.87"></span>ماليکولي رنځپوهنه</h2></div> <p>Molecular pathology is an emerging discipline within pathology which is focused in the study and diagnosis of disease through the examination of molecules within organs, tissues or bodily fluids. Molecular pathology shares some aspects of practice with both anatomic pathology and clinical pathology, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Molecular_biology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Molecular biology (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">molecular biology</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Biochemistry&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Biochemistry (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">biochemistry</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Proteomics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Proteomics (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">proteomics</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Genetics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Genetics (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">genetics</a>, and is sometimes considered a "crossover" discipline. It is multi-disciplinary in nature and focuses mainly on the sub-microscopic aspects of disease. </p><p>It is a scientific discipline that encompasses the development of molecular and genetic approaches to the diagnosis and classification of human tumours, the design and validation of predictive biomarkers for treatment response and disease progression, the susceptibility of individuals of different genetic constitution to develop cancer and the environmental and lifestyle factors implicated in carcinogenesis<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.molecularpathology.org.uk/">[۱]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080622143122/http://www.molecularpathology.org.uk/">Archived</a> 2008-06-22 at the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wayback_Machine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wayback Machine (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">Wayback Machine</a>.. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="دا_هم_وگورۍ"><span id=".D8.AF.D8.A7_.D9.87.D9.85_.D9.88.DA.AF.D9.88.D8.B1.DB.8D"></span>دا هم وگورۍ</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%8A_%D8%B1%D9%86%DA%81%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%87%D9%86%D9%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="جراحي رنځپوهنه (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">جراحي رنځپوهنه</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%87%DB%90%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%BC%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%86%DA%81%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%87%D9%86%D9%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="هېماټورنځپوهنه (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">هېماټورنځپوهنه</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%B7%D8%A8%D9%8A_%D8%A2%D8%B2%D9%85%DB%90%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="طبي آزمېنتون (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">طبي آزمېنتون</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AF_%D8%B1%D9%86%DA%81%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88_%D9%84%DA%93%D9%84%D9%8A%DA%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="د رنځپوهانو لړليک (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">د رنځپوهانو لړليک</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="سرچينې"><span id=".D8.B3.D8.B1.DA.86.D9.8A.D9.86.DB.90"></span>سرچينې</h2></div> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1285450">The discovery of the body: human dissection and it...[Yale J Biol Med. 1992 May-Jun] - PubMed Result</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Arios-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Arios_2-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">George N. Agrios (1997) Plant Pathology fourth edition, Academic Press. New York.</span> </li> </ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="باندنۍ_تړنې"><span id=".D8.A8.D8.A7.D9.86.D8.AF.D9.86.DB.8D_.D8.AA.DA.93.D9.86.DB.90"></span>باندنۍ تړنې</h2></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cap.org/">College of American Pathologists</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.flickr.com/groups/labmed/">Flickr group: Pathology and Lab Medicine</a>: numerous photos illustrating the work of pathologists.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.humpath.com/">humpath.com</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080611073624/http://www.humpath.com/">Archived</a> 2008-06-11 at the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wayback_Machine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wayback Machine (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">Wayback Machine</a>. (Atlas in Human Pathology)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pathsoc.org.uk/">Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rcpath.org/">Royal College of Pathologists (UK)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rcpa.edu.au">Royal College of Pathologists of Australasia (Australia & Oceania)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uscap.org/">United States and Canadian Academy of Pathology</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://library.med.utah.edu/WebPath/webpath.html">WebPath: The Internet Pathology Laboratory for Medical Education</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pathtalk.org">Pathtalk.org - A community blog about pathology-related topics.</a></li></ul> <p><span id="navbox_example"></span> <a 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