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class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">alih ke bar sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">sorokkan</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pandu arah </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-Laman-Utama" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Laman_Utama"><span>Laman Utama</span></a></li><li id="n-Tinjau" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Tinjau"><span>Tinjau</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Hal_semasa" title="Cari maklumat latar belakang mengenai peristiwa semasa"><span>Hal semasa</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Rawak" title="Muat laman rawak [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Rencana rawak</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Perhubungan </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-Tentang-Wikipedia" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Perihal"><span>Tentang Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-Gerbang-komuniti" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Gerbang_Komuniti"><span>Gerbang komuniti</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Perubahan_terkini" title="Senarai perubahan terkini dalam wiki [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Perubahan terkini</span></a></li><li id="n-Hubungi-kami" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Hubungi_kami"><span>Hubungi kami</span></a></li><li id="n-Menderma" class="mw-list-item"><a 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cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Cari Wikipedia" aria-label="Cari Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Cari di wiki ini [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Khas:Cari"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Cari</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Alat peribadi"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Penampilan"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Tukar penampilan saiz, lebar dan warna fon laman" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Penampilan" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Penampilan</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_ms.wikipedia.org&uselang=ms" class=""><span>Derma</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:Buka_akaun&returnto=Birokrasi" title="Anda digalakkan untuk membuka akaun dan melog masuk; walau bagaimanapun, ianya tidak wajib" class=""><span>Buka akaun</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:Log_masuk&returnto=Birokrasi" title="Anda digalakkan untuk melog masuk; walau bagaimanapun, ia tidak wajib. 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[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log masuk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Laman untuk penyunting log keluar <a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Pengenalan" aria-label="Ketahui lebih lanjut tentang menyunting"><span>Ketahui lebih lanjut</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumbangan_saya" title="Senarai suntingan yang dibuat daripada alamat IP ini [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Sumbangan</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Perbincangan_saya" title="Perbincangan mengenai penyuntingan daripada alamat IP anda [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Perbincangan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Tapak"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Kandungan" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Kandungan</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">alih ke bar sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">sorokkan</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Permulaan</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Asal_konsep" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asal_konsep"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Asal konsep</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asal_konsep-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lihat_juga" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lihat_juga"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Lihat juga</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lihat_juga-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rujukan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rujukan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Rujukan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rujukan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Kandungan" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Togol isi kandungan" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Togol isi kandungan</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Birokrasi</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Pergi ke rencana dalam bahasa lain. Tersedia dalam 75 bahasa" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-75" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">75 bahasa</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="بيروقراطية – Arab" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بيروقراطية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arab" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burocracia" title="Burocracia – Asturia" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Burocracia" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%BCrokratiya" title="Bürokratiya – Azerbaijan" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Bürokratiya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birokrasi" title="Birokrasi – Indonesia" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Birokrasi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0" title="আমলাতন্ত্র – Benggali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আমলাতন্ত্র" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Benggali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Бюракратыя – Belarus" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Бюракратыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarus" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Бюрокрация – Bulgaria" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Бюрокрация" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Бюрократи – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Бюрократи" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burocr%C3%A0cia" title="Burocràcia – Catalonia" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Burocràcia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byrokracie" title="Byrokracie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Byrokracie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biwrocratiaeth" title="Biwrocratiaeth – Wales" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Biwrocratiaeth" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Wales" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bureaukrati" title="Bureaukrati – Denmark" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Bureaukrati" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Denmark" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birokratiija" title="Birokratiija – Sami Utara" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Birokratiija" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Sami Utara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%BCrokratie" title="Bürokratie – Jerman" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Bürokratie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Jerman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%BCrokraatia" title="Bürokraatia – Estonia" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Bürokraatia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%86%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%BF%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Γραφειοκρατία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γραφειοκρατία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bureaucracy" title="Bureaucracy – Inggeris" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Bureaucracy" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Inggeris" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burocracia" title="Burocracia – Sepanyol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Burocracia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Sepanyol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burokratio" title="Burokratio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Burokratio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burokrazia" title="Burokrazia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Burokrazia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="دیوان‌سالاری – Parsi" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دیوان‌سالاری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Parsi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bureaucratie" title="Bureaucratie – Perancis" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bureaucratie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Perancis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burokrasy" title="Burokrasy – Frisian Barat" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Burokrasy" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Frisian Barat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burocracia" title="Burocracia – Galicia" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Burocracia" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galicia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B4%80%EB%A3%8C%EC%A0%9C" title="관료제 – Korea" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="관료제" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%AF%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Բյուրոկրատիա – Armenia" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բյուրոկրատիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%80" title="अफसरशाही – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अफसरशाही" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birokracija" title="Birokracija – Croatia" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Birokracija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skrifr%C3%A6%C3%B0i" title="Skrifræði – Iceland" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Skrifræði" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Iceland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burocrazia" title="Burocrazia – Itali" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Burocrazia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Itali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%99%D7%94" title="בירוקרטיה – Ibrani" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="בירוקרטיה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Ibrani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%99%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ბიუროკრატია – Georgia" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბიუროკრატია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Бюрократия – Kazakhstan" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Бюрократия" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakhstan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Бюрократия – Kirghiz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Бюрократия" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kirghiz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birokr%C4%81tija" title="Birokrātija – Latvia" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Birokrātija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biurokratija" title="Biurokratija – Lithuania" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Biurokratija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%BCrokr%C3%A1cia" title="Bürokrácia – Hungary" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Bürokrácia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungary" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Бирократија – Macedonia" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Бирократија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%89%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A5%E0%B4%AD%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%82" title="ഉദ്യോഗസ്ഥഭരണം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഉദ്യോഗസ്ഥഭരണം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%99%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ბიუროკრატია – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ბიუროკრატია" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bureaucratie" title="Bureaucratie – Belanda" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Bureaucratie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Belanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AE%98%E5%83%9A%E5%88%B6" title="官僚制 – Jepun" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="官僚制" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Jepun" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byr%C3%A5krati" title="Byråkrati – Bokmal Norway" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Byråkrati" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Bokmal Norway" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byr%C3%A5krati" title="Byråkrati – Nynorsk Norway" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Byråkrati" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Nynorsk Norway" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burocracia" title="Burocracia – Occitania" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Burocracia" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byurokratiya" title="Byurokratiya – Uzbekistan" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Byurokratiya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbekistan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biurokracja" title="Biurokracja – Poland" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Biurokracja" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Poland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burocracia" title="Burocracia – Portugis" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Burocracia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birocra%C8%9Bie_(sistem_administrativ)" title="Birocrație (sistem administrativ) – Romania" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Birocrație (sistem administrativ)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Бюрокрація – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Бюрокрація" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Бюрократия – Rusia" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Бюрократия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Rusia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Бюрократия – Sakha" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Бюрократия" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Sakha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burokracia" title="Burokracia – Albania" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Burokracia" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bur%C3%B2crati" title="Buròcrati – Sicili" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Buròcrati" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bureaucracy" title="Bureaucracy – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Bureaucracy" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byrokracia_(organiza%C4%8Dn%C3%A1_%C5%A1trukt%C3%BAra)" title="Byrokracia (organizačná štruktúra) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Byrokracia (organizačná štruktúra)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birokracija" title="Birokracija – Slovenia" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Birokracija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%86%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="بیرۆکراسی – Kurdi Tengah" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="بیرۆکراسی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Kurdi Tengah" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Бирократија – Serbia" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Бирократија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birokracija" title="Birokracija – SerboCroatia" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Birokracija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="SerboCroatia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birokrasi" title="Birokrasi – Sunda" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Birokrasi" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sunda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byrokratia" title="Byrokratia – Finland" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Byrokratia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byr%C3%A5krati" title="Byråkrati – Sweden" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Byråkrati" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Sweden" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="அதிகாரத்துவம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அதிகாரத்துவம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9B%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A2" title="อำมาตยาธิปไตย – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อำมาตยาธิปไตย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%E1%BB%99_m%C3%A1y_quan_li%C3%AAu" title="Bộ máy quan liêu – Vietnam" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Bộ máy quan liêu" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Бюрократия – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Бюрократия" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%BCrokrasi" title="Bürokrasi – Turki" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Bürokrasi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Бюрократія – Ukraine" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Бюрократія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukraine" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%81%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%AD%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%85%D8%AA" title="دفتری حکومت – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="دفتری حکومت" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AE%98%E5%83%9A%E5%88%B6" title="官僚制 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="官僚制" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AE%98%E5%83%9A%E5%88%B6" title="官僚制 – Cina Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="官僚制" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Cina Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A2" title="ביוראקראטיע – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="ביוראקראטיע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AE%98%E5%83%9A%E7%B5%84%E7%B9%94" title="官僚組織 – Kantonis" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="官僚組織" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Kantonis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AE%98%E5%83%9A%E5%88%B6" title="官僚制 – Cina" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="官僚制" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Cina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q72468#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Sunting pautan antara bahasa" class="wbc-editpage">Sunting pautan</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Ruang nama"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Birokrasi" title="Lihat laman kandungan [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Rencana</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Perbincangan:Birokrasi" rel="discussion" title="Perbincangan mengenai laman kandungan [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Perbincangan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tukar kelainan bahasa" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Bahasa Melayu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Rupa"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Birokrasi"><span>Baca</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Birokrasi&veaction=edit" title="Sunting laman ini [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Sunting</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Birokrasi&action=edit" title="Sunting kod sumber untuk laman ini [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Sunting sumber</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Birokrasi&action=history" title="Semakan terdahulu bagi laman ini [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Lihat sejarah</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Alatan laman"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Peralatan" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Peralatan</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Peralatan</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">alih ke bar sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">sorokkan</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Lagi pilihan" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Tindakan </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Birokrasi"><span>Baca</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Birokrasi&veaction=edit" title="Sunting laman ini [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Sunting</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Birokrasi&action=edit" title="Sunting kod sumber untuk laman ini [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Sunting sumber</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Birokrasi&action=history"><span>Lihat sejarah</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Umum </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Pautan_ke_sini/Birokrasi" title="Senarai semua laman wiki yang mengandungi pautan ke laman ini [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Pautan ke laman ini</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Perubahan_berkaitan/Birokrasi" rel="nofollow" title="Perubahan terkini bagi laman yang dipaut dari laman ini [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Perubahan berkaitan</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:UploadWizard?uselang=ms" title="Muat naik fail [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Muat naik fail</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Laman_khas" title="Senarai semua laman khas [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Laman khas</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Birokrasi&oldid=5100880" title="Pautan kekal ke semakan laman ini"><span>Pautan kekal</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Birokrasi&action=info" title="Maklumat lanjut mengenai laman ini"><span>Maklumat laman</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:Petik_laman_ini&page=Birokrasi&id=5100880&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Maklumat tentang cara memetik laman ini"><span>Petik laman ini</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fms.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FBirokrasi"><span>Dapatkan URL pendek</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fms.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FBirokrasi"><span>Muat turun kod QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Cetak/eksport </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:Buku&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Birokrasi"><span>Cipta buku</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:DownloadAsPdf&page=Birokrasi&action=show-download-screen"><span>Muat turun sebagai PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Birokrasi&printable=yes" title="Versi boleh cetak bagi laman ini [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Versi boleh cetak</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Dalam projek lain </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Bureaucracy" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q72468" title="Pautan ke item repositori data yang bersambung [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Butir Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Alatan laman"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Penampilan"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Penampilan</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">alih ke bar sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">sorokkan</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Daripada Wikipedia, ensiklopedia bebas.</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="ms" dir="ltr"><dl><dd><i>Halaman ini mengenai konsep sosiologi. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Birokrasi_(permainan_komputer_game)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Birokrasi (permainan komputer game) (laman tidak wujud)">Birokrasi</a> ialah nama permainan komputer.</i></dd></dl> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r6349617">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output 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.sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:720px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="padding-bottom:0.1em;">Sebahagian daripada <a href="/wiki/Kategori:Politik" title="Kategori:Politik">siri</a> tentang</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="padding-bottom:0;font-size:200%;font-weight:normal;"><b><a href="/wiki/Politik" title="Politik">Politik</a></b></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding:0.4em 0 0.4em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fail:A_coloured_voting_box_(no_bg).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Kotak undi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/A_coloured_voting_box_%28no_bg%29.svg/80px-A_coloured_voting_box_%28no_bg%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/A_coloured_voting_box_%28no_bg%29.svg/120px-A_coloured_voting_box_%28no_bg%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/A_coloured_voting_box_%28no_bg%29.svg/160px-A_coloured_voting_box_%28no_bg%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;">Topik utama</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indeks_rencana_politik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Indeks rencana politik (laman tidak wujud)">Indeks rencana politik</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Garis_kasar_sains_politik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Garis kasar sains politik (laman tidak wujud)">Garis kasar sains politik</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politik_mengikut_negara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Politik mengikut negara (laman tidak wujud)">Politik mengikut negara</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politik_subbahagian_negara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Politik subbahagian negara (laman tidak wujud)">Politik mengikut subbahagian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekonomi_politik" title="Ekonomi politik">Ekonomi politik</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sejarah_politik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sejarah politik (laman tidak wujud)">Sejarah politik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falsafah_politik" title="Falsafah politik">Falsafah politik</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Sistem_politik" title="Sistem politik">Sistem politik</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anarki&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anarki (laman tidak wujud)">Anarki</a></li></ul> <dl><dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Negara_kota" title="Negara kota">Negara kota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demokrasi" title="Demokrasi">Demokrasi</a></li></ul> <dl><dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kediktatoran" title="Kediktatoran">Kediktatoran</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sistem_direktori&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sistem direktori (laman tidak wujud)">Direktori</a></li></ul> <dl><dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federasi" title="Federasi">Federasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feudalisme" title="Feudalisme">Feudalisme</a></li></ul> <dl><dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meritokrasi" title="Meritokrasi">Meritokrasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarki" class="mw-redirect" title="Monarki">Monarki</a></li></ul> <dl><dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sistem_parlimen" class="mw-redirect" title="Sistem parlimen">Parlimen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sistem_presiden&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sistem presiden (laman tidak wujud)">Presiden</a></li></ul> <dl><dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republik" title="Republik">Republik</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sistem_separa_parlimen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sistem separa parlimen (laman tidak wujud)">Separa parlimen</a></li></ul> <dl><dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sistem_separa_presiden" class="mw-redirect" title="Sistem separa presiden">Separa presiden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teokrasi" title="Teokrasi">Teokrasi</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;">Disiplin akademik</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="plainlist"> <div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><div style="padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em; line-height:1.15em;"><a href="/wiki/Sains_politik" title="Sains politik">Sains politik</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/w/index.php?title=Senarai_ahli_sains_politik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Senarai ahli sains politik (laman tidak wujud)">ahli sains politik</a>)</span></div></li> <li><div style="padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em; line-height:1.15em;"><a href="/wiki/Hubungan_antarabangsa" title="Hubungan antarabangsa">Hubungan antarabangsa</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/w/index.php?title=Teori_hubungan_antarabangsa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Teori hubungan antarabangsa (laman tidak wujud)">teori</a>)</span></div></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politik_perbandingan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Politik perbandingan (laman tidak wujud)">Politik perbandingan</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Pentadbiran_awam" title="Pentadbiran awam">Pentadbiran awam</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Birokrasi</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Birokrasi_tahap_jalanan" title="Birokrasi tahap jalanan">tahap jalanan</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adhokrasi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adhokrasi (laman tidak wujud)">Adhokrasi</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dasar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dasar (laman tidak wujud)">Dasar</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dasar_awam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dasar awam (laman tidak wujud)">Dasar awam</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/w/index.php?title=Doktrin_dasar_awam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Doktrin dasar awam (laman tidak wujud)">doktrin</a>)</span></li></ul> <dl><dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dasar_dalam_negeri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dasar dalam negeri (laman tidak wujud)">Dasar dalam negeri</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Dasar_luar_negeri" title="Dasar luar negeri">luar negeri</a></li></ul> <dl><dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=Masyarakat_sivik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Masyarakat sivik (laman tidak wujud)">Masyarakat sivik</a></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kepentingan_awam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kepentingan awam (laman tidak wujud)">Kepentingan awam</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;">Organ pemerintahan</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pembahagian_kuasa" title="Pembahagian kuasa">Pembahagian kuasa</a></li></ul> <dl><dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Badan_perundangan" title="Badan perundangan">Perundangan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badan_eksekutif" title="Badan eksekutif">Eksekutif</a></li></ul> <dl><dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Badan_kehakiman" class="mw-redirect" title="Badan kehakiman">Kehakiman</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suruhanjaya_pilihan_raya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Suruhanjaya pilihan raya (laman tidak wujud)">Suruhanjaya pilihan raya</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;">Topik berkaitan</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kedaulatan" title="Kedaulatan">Kedaulatan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Teori-teori_tingkah_laku_politik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Teori-teori tingkah laku politik (laman tidak wujud)">Teori-teori tingkah laku politik</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Psikologi_politik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Psikologi politik (laman tidak wujud)">Psikologi politik</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kajihayat_dan_orientasi_politik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kajihayat dan orientasi politik (laman tidak wujud)">Kajihayat dan orientasi politik</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pertubuhan_politik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pertubuhan politik (laman tidak wujud)">Pertubuhan politik</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Campur_tangan_luar_pengundian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Campur tangan luar pengundian (laman tidak wujud)">Campur tangan luar pengundian</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;">Subsiri</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sistem_pengundian" class="mw-redirect" title="Sistem pengundian">Sistem pilihan raya</a></li></ul> <dl><dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pilihan_raya" title="Pilihan raya">Pilihan raya</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pengundian" title="Pengundian">pengundian</a>)</li></ul> <dl><dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fahaman_persekutuan" title="Fahaman persekutuan">Fahaman persekutuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pemerintahan" title="Pemerintahan">Bentuk kerajaan</a></li></ul> <dl><dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ideologi" title="Ideologi">Ideologi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kempen_politik" title="Kempen politik">Kempen politik</a></li></ul> <dl><dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parti_politik" title="Parti politik">Parti politik</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="padding-top: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;"> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Politik" title="Portal:Politik">Portal politik</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r5375175">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-lihat"><a href="/wiki/Templat:Politics" title="Templat:Politics"><abbr title="Lihat templat ini">l</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-bincang"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perbincangan_templat:Politics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perbincangan templat:Politics (laman tidak wujud)"><abbr title="Bincang templat ini">b</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-sunting"><a class="external text" href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Templat:Politics&action=edit"><abbr title="Sunting templat ini">s</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Birokrasi </b> ialah sebuah konsep <a href="/wiki/Sosiologi" title="Sosiologi">sosiologi</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Sains_politik" title="Sains politik">sains politik</a> yang merujuk kepada cara bagaimanapun sesebuah <a href="/wiki/Pentadbiran" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentadbiran">pentadbiran</a> melaksanakan dan menguatkuasakan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Peraturan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peraturan (laman tidak wujud)">peraturan-peraturan</a> yang sah secara sosial atau badan pelaksana ini.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pengurusan ini disifatkan dengan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tatacara_Kendalian_Piawai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tatacara Kendalian Piawai (laman tidak wujud)">tatacara piawai</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembahagian_tanggungjawab&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pembahagian tanggungjawab (laman tidak wujud)">pembahagian tanggungjawab</a> yang formal, <a href="/wiki/Hierarki" title="Hierarki">hierarki</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Hubungan_sosial" title="Hubungan sosial">hubungan</a> tidak peribadi. </p><p>Contoh birokrasi-birokrasi harian termasuk <a href="/wiki/Kerajaan" class="mw-redirect" title="Kerajaan">kerajaan</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Angkatan_bersenjata&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Angkatan bersenjata (laman tidak wujud)">angkatan bersenjata</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perbadanan" class="mw-redirect" title="Perbadanan">perbadanan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hospital" title="Hospital">hospital</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mahkamah" title="Mahkamah">mahkamah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kementerian" title="Kementerian">kementerian</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Sekolah" title="Sekolah">sekolah</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Asal_konsep">Asal konsep</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Birokrasi&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Sunting bahagian: Asal konsep" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Birokrasi&action=edit&section=1" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Asal konsep"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Perkataan "birokrasi" menyerap <i>bureaucracy</i> yang meminjam sama ada bahasa Perancis atau bahasa Belanda dari <i>bureaucratie</i> menggabungkan perkataan <i>bureau</i> (diserap menjadi perkataan "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Biro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Biro (laman tidak wujud)">biro</a>") yakni "<a href="/wiki/Pejabat" title="Pejabat">pejabat</a>" atau "<a href="/wiki/Meja" title="Meja">meja tulis</a>" dan istilah Yunani <span title="Yunani-language text"><span lang="el">κράτος</span></span><span class="lang-comment" style="font-style: normal; display: none; color: #33aa33; margin-left: 0.3em;">code: el is deprecated </span> <i>kratos</i> "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuasa_politik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kuasa politik (laman tidak wujud)">kuasa politik</a>"<sup id="cite_ref-merriam-webster1_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-merriam-webster1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> pada dasarnya bermaksud "kuasa pejabat" atau "pemerintahan pejabat/golongan pegawai"; ia pertama kali diungkapkan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jacques_Claude_Marie_Vincent_de_Gournay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jacques Claude Marie Vincent de Gournay (laman tidak wujud)">Jacques Claude Marie Vincent de Gournay</a>, seorang ahli ekonomi Perancis pada pertengahan abad ke-18 tidak lama sebelum <a href="/wiki/Revolusi_Perancis" title="Revolusi Perancis">Revolusi Perancis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dalam sepucuk surat pada 1 Julai 1764, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_Melchior,_baron_von_Grimm&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Friedrich Melchior, baron von Grimm (laman tidak wujud)">Baron de Grimm</a> dari <a href="/wiki/Perancis" title="Perancis">Perancis</a> mengisytiharkan: "Kita terlalu memikirkan idea pengawalan, dan Pengetua-pengetua Permintaan (<i>Masters of Requests</i>) kita enggan memahami bahawa terdapat banyak perkara di dalam sebuah negara yang kerajaannya harus tidak melibatkan diri." <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_Claude_Marie_Vincent_de_Gournay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jean Claude Marie Vincent de Gournay (laman tidak wujud)">Jean Claude Marie Vincent de Gournay</a> kekadang mengatakan: "Kita mempunyai sejenis <a href="/wiki/Penyakit" title="Penyakit">penyakit</a> di Perancis yang mengucar-ngacirkan kita; penyakit ini dipanggil <i>biromania</i>". Kekadang, beliau menciptakan bentuk kerajaan yang keempat atau kelima di bawah nama "birokrasi". </p><p>Dalam lagi sepucuk surat pada 15 Julai 1765, Baron Grimm menulis juga: "Maksud yang tersirat dalam <a href="/wiki/Undang-undang" title="Undang-undang">undang-undang</a> di Perancis ialah birokrasi yang selalu disungut oleh mendiang Monsieur de Gournay; di sini, <a href="/wiki/Pejabat" title="Pejabat">pejabat</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kerani&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kerani (laman tidak wujud)">kerani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Setiausaha" title="Setiausaha">setiausaha</a>, pemeriksa, dan <i>intendan</i> tidak dilantik untuk memanfaatkan kepentingan awam, tetapi sebaliknya kepentingan awam diasaskan supaya pejabat-pejabat itu dapat mewujud." (Baron de Grimm dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Diderot&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diderot (laman tidak wujud)">Diderot</a>, <i>Correspondance littéraire, philosophique et critique, 1753-69</i>, edisi 1813, Jilid 4, m.s. 146 & 508 - dipetik oleh Martin Albrow, <i>Birokrasi</i>. London: Percetakan Pall Mall, 1970, m.s. 16). </p><p>Petikan ini merujuk kepada perbalahan tradisional terhadap birokrasi, iaitu peputarbelitan antara cara dan hasil sehingga cara menjadi hasil pada dirinya, dan kebaikan birokrasi dilupakan; sebagai natijah, ini merupakan penggantian kepentingan <i>bahagian</i> dengan kepentingan <i>am</i>. Cadangan di sini ialah bahawa jika birokasi dibiarkan sahaja dan tidak dikawal, ia semakin akan mementingkan diri dan menjadi korup, berbanding memberikan perkhidmatan kepada <a href="/wiki/Masyarakat" title="Masyarakat">masyarakat</a>. </p><p>Bagaimanapun, birokrasi telah lama wujud sebelum perkataan-perkataan dan teori-teori ini direka untuk memberikan pemerihalan yang terperinci. Umpamanya, <a href="/wiki/Dinasti_Song" title="Dinasti Song">Dinasti Song</a> <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> (<a href="/wiki/960" title="960">960</a>) membina sebuah birokrasi terpusat yang dianggotai oleh pegawai-pegawai awam daripada golongan <a href="/wiki/Cendekiawan" title="Cendekiawan">cendekiawan</a>. Sistem pemerintahan ini menyebabkan penumpuan kuasa yang lebih berkesan di tangan maharaja dan birokrasi istana berbanding yang dapat dicapai oleh dinasti-dinasti terdahulu. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lihat_juga">Lihat juga</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Birokrasi&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Sunting bahagian: Lihat juga" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Birokrasi&action=edit&section=2" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Lihat juga"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paradoks_Abilene&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paradoks Abilene (laman tidak wujud)">Paradoks Abilene</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hukum_Parkinson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hukum Parkinson (laman tidak wujud)">Hukum Parkinson</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prinsip_Peter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prinsip Peter (laman tidak wujud)">Prinsip Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pita_merah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pita merah (laman tidak wujud)">Pita merah</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rujukan">Rujukan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Birokrasi&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Sunting bahagian: Rujukan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Birokrasi&action=edit&section=3" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Rujukan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r6173370">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2" style=""> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Compare: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r5110723">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/bureaucracy">"Bureaucracy - Definition and More from the Free Merriam-Webster Dictionary"</a>. Merriam-webster.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Dicapai pada <span class="nowrap">26 Mei</span> 2013</span>. <q>Definition of bureaucracy [:] [...] 1a: a body of nonelected government officials <br /> b: an administrative policy-making group</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bureaucracy+-+Definition+and+More+from+the+Free+Merriam-Webster+Dictionary&rft.pub=Merriam-webster.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fbureaucracy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ABirokrasi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-merriam-webster1-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-merriam-webster1_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/bureaucracy">"Bureaucracy"</a>. <i>Merriam-Webster Dictionary</i> (definition)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Dicapai pada <span class="nowrap">26 Mac</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Merriam-Webster+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Bureaucracy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fbureaucracy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ABirokrasi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFRiggs1979" class="citation cs2">Riggs, Fred W (1979), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0003/000366/036645fo.pdf">"Introduction : Évolution sémantique du terme 'bureaucratie<span class="cs1-kern-right">'</span>"</a> [Introduction: semantic evolution of the 'bureaucracy' term] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <i>Revue Internationale des Sciences Sociales</i> (dalam bahasa Perancis), Paris, XXX I (4)</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revue+Internationale+des+Sciences+Sociales&rft.atitle=Introduction+%3A+%C3%89volution+s%C3%A9mantique+du+terme+%27bureaucratie%27&rft.volume=XXX+I&rft.issue=4&rft.date=1979&rft.aulast=Riggs&rft.aufirst=Fred+W&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Funesdoc.unesco.org%2Fimages%2F0003%2F000366%2F036645fo.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ABirokrasi" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> </ol></div> <dl><dt>Sumber utama</dt></dl> <ul><li>Mengenai Karl Marx: Hal Draper, Karl Marx's Theory of Revolution, Volume 1: State and Bureaucracy (Hal Draper, Teori Revolusi Karl Marx, Jilid 1: Negara dan Birokrasi). New York: Percetakan Monthly Review, 1979.</li> <li>Mengenai Weber: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFWatson1980" class="citation book cs1">Watson, Tony J. (1980). <i>Sociology, Work and Industry (Sosiologi, Pekerjaan, dan Industri)</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/0415321654" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-415-32165-4</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sociology%2C+Work+and+Industry+%28Sosiologi%2C+Pekerjaan%2C+dan+Industri%29&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1980&rft.aulast=Watson&rft.aufirst=Tony+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ABirokrasi" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error error citation-comment">Cite has empty unknown parameter: <code class="cs1-code">|coauthors=</code> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#param_unknown_empty" class="extiw" title="en:Help:CS1 errors">bantuan</a>)</span></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Diambil daripada "<a dir="ltr" href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Birokrasi&oldid=5100880">https://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Birokrasi&oldid=5100880</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Kategori" title="Khas:Kategori">Kategori</a>: <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kategori:CS1:_Nilai_isi_padu_panjang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kategori:CS1: Nilai isi padu panjang (laman tidak wujud)">CS1: Nilai isi padu panjang</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemerintahan" title="Kategori:Pemerintahan">Pemerintahan</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kategori:Teori_organisasi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kategori:Teori organisasi (laman tidak wujud)">Teori organisasi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Sains_politik" title="Kategori:Sains politik">Sains politik</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Kategori-kategori tersembunyi: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Sumber_CS1_bahasa_Perancis_(fr)" title="Kategori:Sumber CS1 bahasa Perancis (fr)">Sumber CS1 bahasa Perancis (fr)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Rencana_yang_mengandungi_teks_bahasa_Yunani" title="Kategori:Rencana yang mengandungi teks bahasa Yunani">Rencana yang mengandungi teks bahasa Yunani</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Lang_and_lang-xx_using_deprecated_ISO_639_codes" title="Kategori:Lang and lang-xx using deprecated ISO 639 codes">Lang and lang-xx using deprecated ISO 639 codes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:CS1_errors:_empty_unknown_parameters" title="Kategori:CS1 errors: empty unknown parameters">CS1 errors: empty unknown parameters</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Laman_menggunakan_pautan_ajaib_ISBN" title="Kategori:Laman menggunakan pautan ajaib ISBN">Laman menggunakan pautan ajaib ISBN</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Laman ini kali terakhir disunting pada 07:58, 20 Mei 2021.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Teks disediakan di bawah <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.ms">Lesen Creative Commons Pengiktirafan/Perkongsian Serupa</a>; terma tambahan mungkin digunapakai. 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