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<li id="toc-U.S._transition_to_LED_bulbs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#U.S._transition_to_LED_bulbs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>U.S. transition to LED bulbs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-U.S._transition_to_LED_bulbs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Types</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Types-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Types subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Incandescent" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Incandescent"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Incandescent</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Incandescent-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Halogen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Halogen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Halogen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Halogen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fluorescent" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fluorescent"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Fluorescent</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fluorescent-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-LED" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#LED"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>LED</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-LED-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Carbon_arc" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Carbon_arc"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Carbon arc</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Carbon_arc-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Discharge" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Discharge"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Discharge</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Discharge-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Characteristics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Characteristics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Characteristics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Characteristics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Characteristics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Characteristics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Form_factor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Form_factor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Form factor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Form_factor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comparison_parameters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comparison_parameters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Comparison parameters</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comparison_parameters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Life_expectancy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Life_expectancy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Life expectancy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Life_expectancy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Uses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultural_symbolism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_symbolism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Cultural symbolism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultural_symbolism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Electric light</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 59 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-59" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">59 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AD_%D9%83%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A" title="مصباح كهربائي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مصباح كهربائي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%88%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF" title="বৈদ্যুতিক বাতি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বৈদ্যুতিক বাতি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%C4%81n-h%C3%B3e" title="Tiān-hóe – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Tiān-hóe" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilaw" title="Ilaw – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Ilaw" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Електрическо осветление – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Електрическо осветление" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llum_el%C3%A8ctrica" title="Llum elèctrica – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Llum elèctrica" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lampe_(elektrisk)" title="Lampe (elektrisk) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Lampe (elektrisk)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektrisches_Licht" title="Elektrisches Licht – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Elektrisches Licht" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektervalgustus" title="Elektervalgustus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Elektervalgustus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%97%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%BA%CF%84%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%82_%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%BC%CF%80%CF%84%CE%AE%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Ηλεκτρικός λαμπτήρας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ηλεκτρικός λαμπτήρας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luz_el%C3%A9ctrica" title="Luz eléctrica – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Luz eléctrica" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektra_lumo" title="Elektra lumo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Elektra lumo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanpara_elektriko" title="Lanpara elektriko – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Lanpara elektriko" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%BE" title="لامپ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="لامپ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lampe_%C3%A9lectrique" title="Lampe électrique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Lampe électrique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%84%EA%B4%91_(%EC%A0%84%EC%9E%90_%EB%B6%80%ED%92%88)" title="전광 (전자 부품) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="전광 (전자 부품)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B7%D5%AC%D5%A5%D5%AF%D5%BF%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%AC%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Էլեկտրական լուսավորություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Էլեկտրական լուսավորություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektri%C4%8Dna_rasvjeta" title="Električna rasvjeta – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Električna rasvjeta" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pencahayaan_listrik" title="Pencahayaan listrik – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pencahayaan listrik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lampadina" title="Lampadina – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lampadina" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%94_%D7%97%D7%A9%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%AA" title="נורה חשמלית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="נורה חשמלית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%AC%D9%84%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D9%94%D8%AA%D8%A0" title="بجلی بٔتؠ – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="بجلی بٔتؠ" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanp_k%C3%A9_enkand%C3%A9sans_klasik" title="Lanp ké enkandésans klasik – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Lanp ké enkandésans klasik" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Чырак – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Чырак" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumen_electricum" title="Lumen electricum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Lumen electricum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektros_lemput%C4%97" title="Elektros lemputė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Elektros lemputė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Електрична светилка – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Електрична светилка" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takamoa_elekitrika" title="Takamoa elekitrika – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Takamoa elekitrika" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D" title="വൈദ്യുതവിളക്ക് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="വൈദ്യുതവിളക്ക്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE" title="विजेचा दिवा – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="विजेचा दिवा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%87" title="لمبه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="لمبه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%DA%A9%D9%86%D8%A7" title="سوکنا – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="سوکنا" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cahaya_elektrik" title="Cahaya elektrik – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Cahaya elektrik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Di%C3%AAng-d%C4%95ng" title="Diêng-dĕng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Diêng-dĕng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%81%E1%80%BB%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="မီးချောင်း – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="မီးချောင်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektrisch_licht" title="Elektrisch licht – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Elektrisch licht" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80" title="बिजुली बत्ती – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="बिजुली बत्ती" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E7%90%83" title="電球 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="電球" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektrisk_belysning" title="Elektrisk belysning – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Elektrisk belysning" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektrisk_ljos" title="Elektrisk ljos – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Elektrisk ljos" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%90%DA%9A%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%8A_%DA%85%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%BA" title="برېښنايي څراغ – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="برېښنايي څراغ" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lampa_elektryczna" title="Lampa elektryczna – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Lampa elektryczna" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Электрическое освещение – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Электрическое освещение" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drita_elektrike" title="Drita elektrike – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Drita elektrike" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_bulb" title="Light bulb – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Light bulb" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektrick%C3%BD_sveteln%C3%BD_zdroj" title="Elektrický svetelný zdroj – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Elektrický svetelný zdroj" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%DA%B5%DB%86%D9%BE" title="گڵۆپ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="گڵۆپ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektri%C4%8Dna_rasvjeta" title="Električna rasvjeta – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Električna rasvjeta" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A4hk%C3%B6valo" title="Sähkövalo – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sähkövalo" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektriskt_ljus" title="Elektriskt ljus – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Elektriskt ljus" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81" title="மின் விளக்கு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மின் விளக்கு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%9F%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2" title="หลอดไฟฟ้า – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="หลอดไฟฟ้า" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektrik_lambas%C4%B1" title="Elektrik lambası – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Elektrik lambası" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Електричне освітлення – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Електричне освітлення" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%C3%A8n_%C4%91i%E1%BB%87n" title="Đèn điện – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Đèn điện" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E7%87%88" title="電燈 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="電燈" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E7%81%AF" title="电灯 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="电灯" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E7%87%88" title="電燈 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="電燈" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" 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For the furniture, see <a href="/wiki/Light_fixture" title="Light fixture">light fixture</a>. For the album, see <a href="/wiki/Lightbulbs_(album)" title="Lightbulbs (album)">Lightbulbs (album)</a>. For the film originally titled "Lightbulb", see <a href="/wiki/Ingenious_(2009_American_film)" title="Ingenious (2009 American film)">Ingenious (2009 American film)</a>.</span></div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Electric light</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:L%C3%A2mpadas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/L%C3%A2mpadas.jpg/255px-L%C3%A2mpadas.jpg" decoding="async" width="255" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/L%C3%A2mpadas.jpg/383px-L%C3%A2mpadas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/L%C3%A2mpadas.jpg/510px-L%C3%A2mpadas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3724" data-file-height="2417" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Incandescent_light_bulb" title="Incandescent light bulb">Incandescent</a> and <a href="/wiki/Compact_fluorescent_lamp" title="Compact fluorescent lamp">compact fluorescent lamps</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Inventor</th><td class="infobox-data">1809<span class="noprint">; 216 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1809</span>)</span> by <a href="/wiki/Humphry_Davy" title="Humphry Davy">Humphry Davy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Arc_lamp" title="Arc lamp">arc lamp</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap">First production </span></th><td class="infobox-data">1879<span class="noprint">; 146 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1879</span>)</span> by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Swan" title="Joseph Swan">Joseph Swan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison">Thomas Edison</a> (first demo of incandescent bulb)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Electronic_symbol" title="Electronic symbol">Electronic symbol</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="skin-invert-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lamp_symbol.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Lamp_symbol.svg/100px-Lamp_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="43" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Lamp_symbol.svg/150px-Lamp_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Lamp_symbol.svg/200px-Lamp_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="120" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lamp_symbol,_old.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Lamp_symbol%2C_old.svg/100px-Lamp_symbol%2C_old.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="43" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Lamp_symbol%2C_old.svg/150px-Lamp_symbol%2C_old.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Lamp_symbol%2C_old.svg/200px-Lamp_symbol%2C_old.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="120" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>An <b>electric light</b>, <b>lamp</b>, or <b>light bulb</b> is an <a href="/wiki/Electrical_component" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical component">electrical component</a> that produces <a href="/wiki/Light" title="Light">light</a>. It is the most common form of artificial <a href="/wiki/Lighting" title="Lighting">lighting</a>. Lamps usually have a base made of <a href="/wiki/Ceramic" title="Ceramic">ceramic</a>, metal, glass, or plastic that secures them in the socket of a <a href="/wiki/Light_fixture" title="Light fixture">light fixture</a>, which is also commonly referred to as a 'lamp.' The electrical connection to the socket may be made with a screw-thread base, two metal pins, two metal caps or a <a href="/wiki/Bayonet_mount" title="Bayonet mount">bayonet mount</a>. </p><p>The three main categories of electric lights are incandescent lamps, which produce light by a <a href="/wiki/Incandescent_light_bulb#Filament" title="Incandescent light bulb">filament</a> heated white-hot by <a href="/wiki/Electric_current" title="Electric current">electric current</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gas-discharge_lamp" title="Gas-discharge lamp">gas-discharge lamps</a>, which produce light by means of an <a href="/wiki/Electric_arc" title="Electric arc">electric arc</a> through a gas, such as <a href="/wiki/Fluorescent_lamp" title="Fluorescent lamp">fluorescent lamps</a>, and <a href="/wiki/LED_lamp" title="LED lamp">LED lamps</a>, which produce light by a flow of electrons across a <a href="/wiki/Band_gap" title="Band gap">band gap</a> in a <a href="/wiki/Semiconductor" title="Semiconductor">semiconductor</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Efficient_energy_use" title="Efficient energy use">energy efficiency</a> of electric lighting has significantly improved since the first demonstrations of arc lamps and incandescent light bulbs in the 19th century. Modern electric <a href="/wiki/Light#Light_sources" title="Light">light sources</a> come in a profusion of types and sizes adapted to many applications. Most modern electric lighting is powered by centrally generated electric power, but lighting may also be powered by mobile or standby electric generators or battery systems. <a href="/wiki/Electric_battery" title="Electric battery">Battery</a>-powered light is often reserved for when and where stationary lights fail, often in the form of <a href="/wiki/Flashlight" title="Flashlight">flashlights</a> or electric <a href="/wiki/Lantern" title="Lantern">lanterns</a>, as well as in vehicles. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_light&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Before electric lighting became common in the early 20th century, people used <a href="/wiki/Candle" title="Candle">candles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gas_lighting" title="Gas lighting">gas lights</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oil_lamp" title="Oil lamp">oil lamps</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fire" title="Fire">fires</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Freebert_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Freebert-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1799–1800, <a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Volta" title="Alessandro Volta">Alessandro Volta</a> created the <a href="/wiki/Voltaic_pile" title="Voltaic pile">voltaic pile</a>, the first electric battery. Current from these batteries could heat copper wire to incandescence. <a href="/wiki/Vasily_Vladimirovich_Petrov" title="Vasily Vladimirovich Petrov">Vasily Vladimirovich Petrov</a> developed the first persistent <a href="/wiki/Electric_arc" title="Electric arc">electric arc</a> in 1802, and English chemist <a href="/wiki/Humphry_Davy" title="Humphry Davy">Humphry Davy</a> gave a practical demonstration of an <a href="/wiki/Arc_lamp" title="Arc lamp">arc light</a> in 1806.<sup id="cite_ref-guarnieri_7-1_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guarnieri_7-1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It took more than a century of continuous and incremental improvement, including numerous designs, patents, and resulting intellectual property disputes, to get from these early experiments to commercially produced incandescent light bulbs in the 1920s.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DOEHistory_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DOEHistory-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1840, <a href="/wiki/Warren_de_la_Rue" class="mw-redirect" title="Warren de la Rue">Warren de la Rue</a> enclosed a platinum coil in a vacuum tube and passed an electric current through it, thus creating one of the world's first <a href="/wiki/Incandescent_light_bulb" title="Incandescent light bulb">electric light bulbs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Electrical_Review_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Electrical_Review-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hannavy2008_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hannavy2008-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kitsinelis2010_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kitsinelis2010-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The design was based on the concept that the high melting point of platinum would allow it to operate at high temperatures and that the evacuated chamber would contain fewer gas molecules to react with the platinum, improving its longevity. Although it was an efficient design, the cost of the platinum made it impractical for commercial use.<sup id="cite_ref-Levy2003_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Levy2003-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/William_Greener" title="William Greener">William Greener</a>, an English inventor, made significant contributions to early electric lighting with his lamp in 1846 (patent specification 11076), laying the groundwork for future innovations such as those by Thomas Edison. </p><p>The late 1870s and 1880s were marked by intense competition and innovation, with inventors like <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Swan" title="Joseph Swan">Joseph Swan</a> in the UK and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison">Thomas Edison</a> in the US independently developing functional incandescent lamps. Swan's bulbs, based on designs by William Staite, were successful, but the filaments were too thick. Edison worked to create bulbs with thinner filaments, leading to a better design.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rivalry between Swan and Edison eventually led to a merger, forming the <a href="/wiki/Edison_and_Swan_Electric_Light_Company" title="Edison and Swan Electric Light Company">Edison and Swan Electric Light Company</a>. By the early twentieth century these had completely replaced <a href="/wiki/Arc_lamp" title="Arc lamp">arc lamps</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Reisert_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reisert-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Freebert_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Freebert-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The turn of the century saw further improvements in bulb longevity and efficiency, notably with the introduction of the tungsten filament by <a href="/wiki/William_D._Coolidge" title="William D. Coolidge">William D. Coolidge</a>, who applied for a patent in 1912.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This innovation became a standard for incandescent bulbs for many years. </p><p>In 1910, <a href="/wiki/Georges_Claude" title="Georges Claude">Georges Claude</a> introduced the first neon light, paving the way for neon signs which would become ubiquitous in advertising.<sup id="cite_ref-vanDulken_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vanDulken-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Poster_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Poster-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Testelin_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Testelin-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1934, <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Compton" title="Arthur Compton">Arthur Compton</a>, a renowned physicist and GE consultant, reported to the GE lamp department on successful experiments with fluorescent lighting at <a href="/wiki/General_Electric_Company_plc" class="mw-redirect" title="General Electric Company plc">General Electric Co., Ltd.</a> in Great Britain (unrelated to General Electric in the United States). Stimulated by this report, and with all of the key elements available, a team led by George E. Inman built a prototype fluorescent lamp in 1934 at <a href="/wiki/General_Electric" title="General Electric">General Electric</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Nela_Park" title="Nela Park">Nela Park</a> (Ohio) engineering laboratory. This was not a trivial exercise; as noted by Arthur A. Bright, "A great deal of experimentation had to be done on lamp sizes and shapes, cathode construction, gas pressures of both argon and mercury vapor, colors of fluorescent powders, methods of attaching them to the inside of the tube, and other details of the lamp and its auxiliaries before the new device was ready for the public."<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first practical LED arrived in 1962.<sup id="cite_ref-FirstPracticalLED_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FirstPracticalLED-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="U.S._transition_to_LED_bulbs">U.S. transition to LED bulbs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_light&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: U.S. transition to LED bulbs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/United_States_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="United States of America">United States</a>, incandescent light bulbs including halogen bulbs stopped being sold as of August 1, 2023,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The date of the event predicted near this tag has passed. (August 2023)">needs update</span></a></i>]</sup> because they do not meet minimum lumens per watt performance metrics established by the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Department_of_Energy" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Department of Energy">U.S. Department of Energy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The text near this tag is dated. (August 2023)">needs update</span></a></i>]</sup> Compact fluorescent bulbs are also banned despite their lumens per watt performance because of their toxic mercury that can be released into the home if broken and widespread problems with proper disposal of mercury-containing bulbs. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_light&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Incandescent">Incandescent</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_light&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Incandescent"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Incandescent_light_bulb" title="Incandescent light bulb">Incandescent light bulb</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:This_room_is_equipped_with_Edison_electric_light.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/This_room_is_equipped_with_Edison_electric_light.jpg/220px-This_room_is_equipped_with_Edison_electric_light.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/This_room_is_equipped_with_Edison_electric_light.jpg/330px-This_room_is_equipped_with_Edison_electric_light.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/This_room_is_equipped_with_Edison_electric_light.jpg/440px-This_room_is_equipped_with_Edison_electric_light.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3570" data-file-height="2722" /></a><figcaption>Sign with instructions on the use of light bulbs</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hagley,_St_John_the_Baptist_-_interior,_Mason_memorial.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Hagley%2C_St_John_the_Baptist_-_interior%2C_Mason_memorial.jpg/220px-Hagley%2C_St_John_the_Baptist_-_interior%2C_Mason_memorial.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Hagley%2C_St_John_the_Baptist_-_interior%2C_Mason_memorial.jpg/330px-Hagley%2C_St_John_the_Baptist_-_interior%2C_Mason_memorial.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Hagley%2C_St_John_the_Baptist_-_interior%2C_Mason_memorial.jpg/440px-Hagley%2C_St_John_the_Baptist_-_interior%2C_Mason_memorial.jpg 2x" data-file-width="888" data-file-height="486" /></a><figcaption>A tablet at <a href="/wiki/Hagley#Churches" title="Hagley">St John the Baptist Church, Hagley</a> commemorates the installation of electric light in 1934.</figcaption></figure> <p>In its modern form, the incandescent light bulb consists of a coiled filament of <a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">tungsten</a> sealed in a globular glass chamber, either a vacuum or full of an <a href="/wiki/Noble_gas" title="Noble gas">inert gas</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">argon</a>. When an electric current is connected, the tungsten is heated to 2,000 to 3,300 K (1,730 to 3,030 °C; 3,140 to 5,480 °F) and glows, emitting light that approximates a <a href="/wiki/Continuous_spectrum" class="mw-redirect" title="Continuous spectrum">continuous spectrum</a>. </p><p>Incandescent bulbs are highly inefficient, in that just 2–5% of the energy consumed is emitted as <a href="/wiki/Visible_light_spectrum" class="mw-redirect" title="Visible light spectrum">visible, usable light</a>. The remaining 95% is lost as <a href="/wiki/Heat" title="Heat">heat</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In warmer climates, the emitted heat must then be removed, putting additional pressure on <a href="/wiki/Ventilation_(architecture)" title="Ventilation (architecture)">ventilation</a> or <a href="/wiki/Air_conditioning" title="Air conditioning">air conditioning</a> systems.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In colder weather, the heat byproduct has some value, and has been successfully harnessed for warming in devices such as <a href="/wiki/Infrared_lamp" title="Infrared lamp">heat lamps</a>. Incandescent bulbs are nonetheless being <a href="/wiki/Phase-out_of_incandescent_light_bulbs" title="Phase-out of incandescent light bulbs">phased out</a> in favor of technologies like <a href="/wiki/Compact_fluorescent_lamp" title="Compact fluorescent lamp">CFLs</a> and <a href="/wiki/LED_lamp" title="LED lamp">LED bulbs</a> in many countries due to their low energy efficiency. The <a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a> estimated in 2012 that a complete ban on incandescent bulbs would contribute 5 to 10 billion euros to the economy and save 15 billion metric tonnes of <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide_emissions" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon dioxide emissions">carbon dioxide emissions</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Halogen">Halogen</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_light&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Halogen"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Halogen_lamp" title="Halogen lamp">Halogen lamp</a></div> <p>Halogen lamps are usually much smaller than standard incandescent lamps, because for successful operation a bulb temperature over 200 °C is generally necessary. For this reason, most have a bulb of fused silica (quartz) or aluminosilicate glass. This is often sealed inside an additional layer of glass. The outer glass is a safety precaution, to reduce ultraviolet emission and to contain hot glass shards should the inner envelope explode during operation.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Oily residue from <a href="/wiki/Fingerprint" title="Fingerprint">fingerprints</a> may cause a hot quartz envelope to shatter due to excessive heat buildup at the contamination site.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The risk of burns or fire is also greater with bare bulbs, leading to their prohibition in some places, unless enclosed by the luminaire. </p><p>Those designed for 12- or 24-volt operation have compact filaments, useful for good optical control. Also, they have higher efficacies (lumens per watt) and longer lives than non-halogen types. The light output remains almost constant throughout their life. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fluorescent">Fluorescent</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_light&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Fluorescent"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Fluorescent_lamp" title="Fluorescent lamp">Fluorescent lamp</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leuchtstofflampen-chtaube050409.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Leuchtstofflampen-chtaube050409.jpg/220px-Leuchtstofflampen-chtaube050409.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Leuchtstofflampen-chtaube050409.jpg/330px-Leuchtstofflampen-chtaube050409.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Leuchtstofflampen-chtaube050409.jpg/440px-Leuchtstofflampen-chtaube050409.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>Top, two compact fluorescent lamps. Bottom, two fluorescent tube lamps. A matchstick, left, is shown for scale.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Fluorescent_lamp" title="Fluorescent lamp">Fluorescent lamps</a> consist of a glass tube that contains mercury vapour or argon under low pressure. Electricity flowing through the tube causes the gases to give off ultraviolet energy. The inside of the tubes are coated with <a href="/wiki/Phosphor" title="Phosphor">phosphors</a> that give off visible light when struck by ultraviolet <a href="/wiki/Photon" title="Photon">photons</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They have much higher efficiency than incandescent lamps. For the same amount of light generated, they typically use around one-quarter to one-third the power of an incandescent. The typical <a href="/wiki/Luminous_efficacy" title="Luminous efficacy">luminous efficacy</a> of fluorescent lighting systems is 50–100 lumens per watt, several times the efficacy of incandescent bulbs with comparable light output. Fluorescent lamp fixtures are more costly than incandescent lamps, because they require a <a href="/wiki/Electrical_ballast" title="Electrical ballast">ballast</a> to regulate the <a href="/wiki/Electric_current" title="Electric current">current</a> through the lamp, but the lower energy cost typically offsets the higher initial cost. <a href="/wiki/Compact_fluorescent_lamp" title="Compact fluorescent lamp">Compact fluorescent lamps</a> are available in the same popular sizes as incandescent lamps and are used as an <a href="/wiki/Energy_conservation" title="Energy conservation">energy-saving</a> alternative in homes. Because they contain mercury, many fluorescent lamps are classified as <a href="/wiki/Hazardous_waste" title="Hazardous waste">hazardous waste</a>. The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="United States Environmental Protection Agency">United States Environmental Protection Agency</a> recommends that fluorescent lamps be segregated from general waste for <a href="/wiki/Recycling" title="Recycling">recycling</a> or safe disposal, and some jurisdictions require recycling of them.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="LED">LED</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_light&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: LED"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/LED_lamp" title="LED lamp">LED lamp</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Led-lampa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Led-lampa.jpg/220px-Led-lampa.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Led-lampa.jpg/330px-Led-lampa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Led-lampa.jpg/440px-Led-lampa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/LED_lamp" title="LED lamp">LED lamp</a> with E27 <a href="/wiki/Edison_screw" title="Edison screw">Edison screw</a> base</figcaption></figure> <p>The solid-state <a href="/wiki/Light-emitting_diode" title="Light-emitting diode">light-emitting diode</a> (LED) has been popular as an indicator light in <a href="/wiki/Consumer_electronics" title="Consumer electronics">consumer electronics</a> and professional audio gear since the 1970s. In the 2000s, efficacy and output have risen to the point where LEDs are now being used in lighting applications such as car headlights<sup id="cite_ref-auto2_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and brake lights,<sup id="cite_ref-auto2_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in flashlights<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and bicycle lights,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as in decorative applications, such as holiday lighting.<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indicator LEDs are known for their extremely long life, up to 100,000 hours, but lighting LEDs are operated much less conservatively, and consequently have shorter lives. LED technology is useful for <a href="/wiki/Lighting_design" title="Lighting design">lighting designers</a>, because of its low power consumption, low heat generation, instantaneous on/off control, and in the case of single color LEDs, continuity of color throughout the life of the diode and relatively low cost of manufacture.<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> LED lifetime depends strongly on the temperature of the diode.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Operating an LED lamp in conditions that increase the internal temperature can greatly shorten the lamp's life. Some lasers have been adapted as an alternative to LEDs to provide highly focused illumination.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Carbon_arc">Carbon arc</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_light&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Carbon arc"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Arc_lamp" title="Arc lamp">Arc lamp</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Xenon_short_arc_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Xenon_short_arc_1.jpg/250px-Xenon_short_arc_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Xenon_short_arc_1.jpg/330px-Xenon_short_arc_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Xenon_short_arc_1.jpg/500px-Xenon_short_arc_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>The 15 kW <a href="/wiki/Xenon_arc_lamp" title="Xenon arc lamp">xenon short-arc lamp</a> used in the <a href="/wiki/IMAX" title="IMAX">IMAX</a> projection system.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Microscope_MercuryArcBulb_Detail.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Microscope_MercuryArcBulb_Detail.jpg/220px-Microscope_MercuryArcBulb_Detail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Microscope_MercuryArcBulb_Detail.jpg/330px-Microscope_MercuryArcBulb_Detail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Microscope_MercuryArcBulb_Detail.jpg/440px-Microscope_MercuryArcBulb_Detail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4272" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">mercury</a> arc lamp from a <a href="/wiki/Fluorescence_microscope" title="Fluorescence microscope">fluorescence microscope</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Carbon arc lamps consist of two carbon rod <a href="/wiki/Electrode" title="Electrode">electrodes</a> in open air, supplied by a current-limiting <a href="/wiki/Electrical_ballast" title="Electrical ballast">ballast</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Electric_arc" title="Electric arc">electric arc</a> is struck by touching the rod tips then separating them. The ensuing arc produces a white-hot <a href="/wiki/Plasma_(physics)" title="Plasma (physics)">plasma</a> between the rod tips. These lamps have higher efficacy than filament lamps, but the carbon rods are short-lived and require constant adjustment in use, as the intense heat of the arc erodes them.<sup id="cite_ref-edison_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-edison-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The lamps produce significant <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">ultraviolet</a> output, they require ventilation when used indoors, and due to their intensity they need protection from direct sight. </p><p>Invented by <a href="/wiki/Humphry_Davy" title="Humphry Davy">Humphry Davy</a> around 1805, the carbon arc was the first practical electric light.<sup id="cite_ref-Whelan_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Whelan-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sussman_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sussman-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was used commercially beginning in the 1870s for large building and street lighting until it was superseded in the early 20th century by the incandescent light.<sup id="cite_ref-Whelan_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Whelan-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Carbon arc lamps operate at high power and produce high intensity white light. They also are a point source of light. They remained in use in limited applications that required these properties, such as <a href="/wiki/Movie_projector" title="Movie projector">movie projectors</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stage_lighting" title="Stage lighting">stage lighting</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Searchlight" title="Searchlight">searchlights</a>, until after World War II.<sup id="cite_ref-edison_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-edison-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Discharge">Discharge</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_light&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Discharge"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Gas-discharge_lamp" title="Gas-discharge lamp">Gas-discharge lamp</a></div> <p>A discharge lamp has a glass or silica envelope containing two metal <a href="/wiki/Electrode" title="Electrode">electrodes</a> separated by a gas. Gases used include, <a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">neon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">argon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">xenon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">sodium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metal_halides" title="Metal halides">metal halides</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">mercury</a>. The core operating principle is much the same as the carbon arc lamp, but the term "arc lamp" normally refers to carbon arc lamps, with more modern types of gas discharge lamp normally called discharge lamps. With some discharge lamps, very high voltage is used to strike the arc. This requires an electrical circuit called an igniter, which is part of the <a href="/wiki/Electrical_ballast" title="Electrical ballast">electrical ballast</a> circuitry. After the arc is struck, the internal resistance of the lamp drops to a low level, and the ballast limits the current to the operating current. Without a ballast, excess current would flow, causing rapid destruction of the lamp. </p><p>Some lamp types contain a small amount of neon, which permits striking at normal running voltage with no external ignition circuitry. <a href="/wiki/Sodium-vapor_lamp" title="Sodium-vapor lamp">Low-pressure sodium lamps</a> operate this way. The simplest ballasts are just an inductor, and are chosen where cost is the deciding factor, such as street lighting. More advanced electronic ballasts may be designed to maintain constant light output over the life of the lamp, may drive the lamp with a square wave to maintain completely flicker-free output, and shut down in the event of certain faults. </p><p>The most efficient source of electric light is the low-pressure sodium lamp. It produces, for all practical purposes, a <a href="/wiki/Monochromatic_light" class="mw-redirect" title="Monochromatic light">monochromatic</a> orange-yellow light, which gives a similarly monochromatic perception of any illuminated scene. For this reason, it is generally reserved for outdoor public lighting applications. Low-pressure sodium lights are favoured for public lighting by astronomers, since the <a href="/wiki/Light_pollution" title="Light pollution">light pollution</a> that they generate can be easily filtered, contrary to broadband or continuous spectra. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characteristics">Characteristics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_light&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Characteristics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Form_factor">Form factor</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_light&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Form factor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Incandescent_light_bulb#Bulb_shapes" title="Incandescent light bulb">Incandescent light bulb § Bulb shapes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lightbulb_socket" title="Lightbulb socket">Lightbulb socket</a></div> <p>Many lamp units, or light bulbs, are specified in standardized shape codes and socket names. Incandescent bulbs and their retrofit replacements are often specified as "<a href="/wiki/A-series_light_bulb" title="A-series light bulb">A19</a>/A60 <a href="/wiki/Edison_screw" title="Edison screw">E26</a>/E27", a common size for those kinds of light bulbs. In this example, the "A" parameters describe the bulb size and shape within the <a href="/wiki/A-series_light_bulb" title="A-series light bulb">A-series light bulb</a> while the "E" parameters describe the <a href="/wiki/Edison_screw" title="Edison screw">Edison screw</a> base size and thread characteristics.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Comparison_parameters">Comparison parameters</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_light&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Comparison parameters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Common comparison parameters include:<sup id="cite_ref-Bulbs.com_2012_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bulbs.com_2012-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luminous_flux" title="Luminous flux">Luminous flux</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Lumens" class="mw-redirect" title="Lumens">lumens</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_consumption" title="Energy consumption">Energy consumption</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Watt" title="Watt">watts</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luminous_efficacy" title="Luminous efficacy">Luminous efficacy</a> (in lumens per watt)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_temperature" title="Color temperature">Color temperature</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Kelvins" class="mw-redirect" title="Kelvins">kelvins</a>)</li></ul> <p>Less common parameters include <a href="/wiki/Color_rendering_index" title="Color rendering index">color rendering index</a> (CRI). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Life_expectancy">Life expectancy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_light&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Life expectancy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Life expectancy for many types of lamp is defined as the number of hours of operation at which 50% of them fail, that is the <a href="/wiki/Median" title="Median">median</a> life of the lamps. Production tolerances as low as 1% can create a variance of 25% in lamp life, so in general some lamps will fail well before the rated life expectancy, and some will last much longer. For LEDs, lamp life is defined as the operation time at which 50% of lamps have experienced a 70% decrease in light output. In the 1900s the <a href="/wiki/Phoebus_cartel" title="Phoebus cartel">Phoebus cartel</a> formed in an attempt to reduce the life of electric light bulbs, an example of <a href="/wiki/Planned_obsolescence" title="Planned obsolescence">planned obsolescence</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some types of lamp are also sensitive to switching cycles. Rooms with frequent switching, such as bathrooms, can expect much shorter lamp life than what is printed on the box. Compact fluorescent lamps are particularly sensitive to switching cycles.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_light&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gluehlampe_01_KMJ.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Gluehlampe_01_KMJ.jpg/170px-Gluehlampe_01_KMJ.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="282" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Gluehlampe_01_KMJ.jpg/255px-Gluehlampe_01_KMJ.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Gluehlampe_01_KMJ.jpg/340px-Gluehlampe_01_KMJ.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="1276" /></a><figcaption>A clear glass 60 W light bulb</figcaption></figure> <p>The total amount of artificial light (especially from <a href="/wiki/Street_light" title="Street light">street light</a>) is sufficient for cities to be easily visible at night from the air, and from space. External lighting grew at a rate of 3–6 percent for the later half of the 20th century and is the major source of <a href="/wiki/Light_pollution" title="Light pollution">light pollution</a><sup id="cite_ref-auto_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that burdens <a href="/wiki/Astronomer" title="Astronomer">astronomers</a><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and others with 80% of the world's population living in areas with night time light pollution.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Light pollution has been shown to have a negative effect on some wildlife.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Electric lamps can be used as heat sources, for example in <a href="/wiki/Incubator_(egg)" title="Incubator (egg)">incubators</a>, as <a href="/wiki/Infrared_lamp" title="Infrared lamp">infrared lamps</a> in <a href="/wiki/Fast_food" title="Fast food">fast food</a> restaurants and toys such as the Kenner <a href="/wiki/Easy-Bake_Oven" title="Easy-Bake Oven">Easy-Bake Oven</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lamps can also be used for <a href="/wiki/Light_therapy" title="Light therapy">light therapy</a> to deal with such issues as <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_D_deficiency" title="Vitamin D deficiency">vitamin D deficiency</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> skin conditions such as <a href="/wiki/Acne" title="Acne">acne</a><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Dermatitis" title="Dermatitis">dermatitis</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Skin_cancer" title="Skin cancer">skin cancers</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Seasonal_affective_disorder" title="Seasonal affective disorder">seasonal affective disorder</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lamps which emit a specific frequency of blue light are also used to treat <a href="/wiki/Neonatal_jaundice" title="Neonatal jaundice">neonatal jaundice</a><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the treatment which was initially undertaken in hospitals being able to be conducted at home.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Electric lamps can also be used as a <a href="/wiki/Grow_light" title="Grow light">grow light</a> to aid in plant growth<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> especially in indoor <a href="/wiki/Hydroponics" title="Hydroponics">hydroponics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aquatic_plants" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquatic plants">aquatic plants</a> with recent research into the most effective types of light for plant growth.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Due to their nonlinear resistance characteristics, tungsten filament lamps have long been used as fast-acting <a href="/wiki/Thermistor" title="Thermistor">thermistors</a> in electronic circuits. Popular uses have included: </p> <ul><li>Stabilization of sine wave oscillators</li> <li>Protection of <a href="/wiki/Loudspeaker" title="Loudspeaker">tweeters</a> in <a href="/wiki/Loudspeaker_enclosure" title="Loudspeaker enclosure">loudspeaker enclosures</a>; excess current that is too high for the tweeter illuminates the light rather than destroying the tweeter.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automatic_gain_control" title="Automatic gain control">Automatic volume control</a> in telephones</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultural_symbolism">Cultural symbolism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_light&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Cultural symbolism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Western culture, a lightbulb — in particular, the appearance of an illuminated lightbulb above a person's head — signifies sudden inspiration. </p><p>A stylized depiction of a light bulb features as the logo of the Turkish <a href="/wiki/Justice_and_Development_Party_(Turkey)" title="Justice and Development Party (Turkey)">AK Party</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_light&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flameless_candle" title="Flameless candle">Flameless candle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_tube" title="Light tube">Light tube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_light_sources" title="List of light sources">List of light sources</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_light&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Freebert-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Freebert_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Freebert_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFFreebert2014" class="citation book cs1">Freebert, Ernest (2014). <i>The Age of Edison: Electric Light and the Invention of Modern America</i>. Penguin Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-312444-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-312444-3"><bdi>978-0-14-312444-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Age+of+Edison%3A+Electric+Light+and+the+Invention+of+Modern+America&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-14-312444-3&rft.aulast=Freebert&rft.aufirst=Ernest&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectric+light" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-guarnieri_7-1-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-guarnieri_7-1_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGuarnieri2015" class="citation journal cs1">Guarnieri, M. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.research.unipd.it/bitstream/11577/3164116/5/21%20LightElectric.pdf">"Switching the Light: From Chemical to Electrical"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>IEEE Industrial Electronics Magazine</i>. <b>9</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">44–</span>47. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FMIE.2015.2454038">10.1109/MIE.2015.2454038</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/11577%2F3164116">11577/3164116</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:2986686">2986686</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220214220606/https://www.research.unipd.it/retrieve/handle/11577/3164116/225053/21%20LightElectric.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2022-02-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-09-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IEEE+Industrial+Electronics+Magazine&rft.atitle=Switching+the+Light%3A+From+Chemical+to+Electrical&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E44-%3C%2Fspan%3E47&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F11577%2F3164116&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A2986686%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FMIE.2015.2454038&rft.aulast=Guarnieri&rft.aufirst=M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.research.unipd.it%2Fbitstream%2F11577%2F3164116%2F5%2F21%2520LightElectric.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectric+light" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBlake-Coleman1992" class="citation book cs1">Blake-Coleman, B. C. (Barrie Charles) (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xMvY_v4kMMQC&pg=PA127"><i>Copper Wire and Electrical Conductors – The Shaping of a Technology</i></a>. Harwood Academic Publishers. p. 127. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-7186-5200-5" title="Special:BookSources/3-7186-5200-5"><bdi>3-7186-5200-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171206142310/https://books.google.com/books?id=xMvY_v4kMMQC&pg=PA127">Archived</a> from the original on 6 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Copper+Wire+and+Electrical+Conductors+%E2%80%93+The+Shaping+of+a+Technology&rft.pages=127&rft.pub=Harwood+Academic+Publishers&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=3-7186-5200-5&rft.aulast=Blake-Coleman&rft.aufirst=B.+C.+%28Barrie+Charles%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxMvY_v4kMMQC%26pg%3DPA127&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectric+light" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DOEHistory-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DOEHistory_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.energy.gov/articles/history-light-bulb">"The History of the Light Bulb"</a>. <i>Energy.gov</i>. U.S. Department of Energy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220820044316/https://www.energy.gov/articles/history-light-bulb">Archived</a> from the original on 20 August 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Energy.gov&rft.atitle=The+History+of+the+Light+Bulb&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.energy.gov%2Farticles%2Fhistory-light-bulb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectric+light" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Electrical_Review-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Electrical_Review_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hgwAAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA483">"Notes – Obituary"</a>. <i>The Telegraphic Journal and Electrical Review</i>. <b>24</b>. The Electrical review, ltd.: 483 26 April 1889.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraphic+Journal+and+Electrical+Review&rft.atitle=Notes+%E2%80%93+Obituary&rft.volume=24&rft.pages=483&rft.date=1889-04-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhgwAAAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA483&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectric+light" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hannavy2008-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hannavy2008_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHannavy2008" class="citation book cs1">Hannavy, John (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PJ8DHBay4_EC&pg=PA1222"><i>Encyclopedia of Nineteenth-century Photography</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/CRC_Press" title="CRC Press">CRC Press</a>. p. 1222. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-97235-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-97235-2"><bdi>978-0-415-97235-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Nineteenth-century+Photography&rft.pages=1222&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-415-97235-2&rft.aulast=Hannavy&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPJ8DHBay4_EC%26pg%3DPA1222&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectric+light" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kitsinelis2010-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kitsinelis2010_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKitsinelis2010" class="citation book cs1">Kitsinelis, Spiros (1 November 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Py64LbBcSwAC&pg=PA32"><i>Light Sources: Technologies and Applications</i></a>. Taylor & Francis US. p. 32. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4398-2079-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4398-2079-7"><bdi>978-1-4398-2079-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Light+Sources%3A+Technologies+and+Applications&rft.pages=32&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis+US&rft.date=2010-11-01&rft.isbn=978-1-4398-2079-7&rft.aulast=Kitsinelis&rft.aufirst=Spiros&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPy64LbBcSwAC%26pg%3DPA32&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectric+light" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Levy2003-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Levy2003_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLevy2003" class="citation book cs1">Levy, Joel (1 March 2003). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/reallyusefulorig00levy"><i>Really Useful: The Origins of Everyday Things</i></a></span>. Firefly Books. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/reallyusefulorig00levy/page/89">89</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55297-622-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55297-622-7"><bdi>978-1-55297-622-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Really+Useful%3A+The+Origins+of+Everyday+Things&rft.pages=89&rft.pub=Firefly+Books&rft.date=2003-03-01&rft.isbn=978-1-55297-622-7&rft.aulast=Levy&rft.aufirst=Joel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Freallyusefulorig00levy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectric+light" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencefocus.com/science/who-really-invented-the-light-bulb">"Who really invented the light bulb?"</a>. <i>www.sciencefocus.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.sciencefocus.com&rft.atitle=Who+really+invented+the+light+bulb%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencefocus.com%2Fscience%2Fwho-really-invented-the-light-bulb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectric+light" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Reisert-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Reisert_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFReisert2015" class="citation journal cs1">Reisert, Sarah (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencehistory.org/distillations/magazine/let-there-be-light">"Let There be Light"</a>. <i>Distillations Magazine</i>. <b>1</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">44–</span>45. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180322204700/https://www.sciencehistory.org/distillations/magazine/let-there-be-light">Archived</a> from the original on 22 March 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Distillations+Magazine&rft.atitle=Let+There+be+Light&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E44-%3C%2Fspan%3E45&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Reisert&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencehistory.org%2Fdistillations%2Fmagazine%2Flet-there-be-light&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectric+light" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><span class="citation patent" id="CITEREFWilliam._D._Coolidge"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US1082933">US 1082933A</a>, William. D. Coolidge, "Tungsten and method of making the same for use as filaments of incandescent electric lamps and for other purposes."</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Apatent&rft.number=1082933A&rft.cc=US&rft.title=Tungsten+and+method+of+making+the+same+for+use+as+filaments+of+incandescent+electric+lamps+and+for+other+purposes.&rft.inventor=William.+D.+Coolidge&rft.appldate=JUNE 19, 1912"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-vanDulken-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-vanDulken_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFvan_Dulken2002" class="citation book cs1">van Dulken, Stephen (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aVHRRoQvW60C&pg=PA42"><i>Inventing the 20th century: 100 inventions that shaped the world: from the airplane to the zipper</i></a>. New York University Press. p. 42. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-8812-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-8812-7"><bdi>978-0-8147-8812-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inventing+the+20th+century%3A+100+inventions+that+shaped+the+world%3A+from+the+airplane+to+the+zipper&rft.pages=42&rft.pub=New+York+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-8147-8812-7&rft.aulast=van+Dulken&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaVHRRoQvW60C%26pg%3DPA42&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectric+light" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Poster-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Poster_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The dates of the 1910 Paris Motor Show are incorporated into <a href="/wiki/File:12eSalondelAutomobile.jpg" title="File:12eSalondelAutomobile.jpg">this poster</a> for the show.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Testelin-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Testelin_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTestelin" class="citation web cs1">Testelin, Xavier. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.xaviertestelin.com/photo-402.html">"Reportage – Il était une fois le néon No. 402"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-12-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Reportage+%E2%80%93+Il+%C3%A9tait+une+fois+le+n%C3%A9on+No.+402&rft.aulast=Testelin&rft.aufirst=Xavier&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.xaviertestelin.com%2Fphoto-402.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectric+light" class="Z3988"></span> Claude lit the <a href="/wiki/Peristyle" title="Peristyle">peristyle</a> of the <i><a href="/wiki/Grand_Palais" title="Grand Palais">Grand Palais</a></i> in Paris with neon tubes; this webpage includes a contemporary photograph that gives an impression of the effect. The webpage is part of an extensive selection of images of neon lighting; see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.xaviertestelin.com/sujet-6.html">"Reportage – Il était une fois le néon"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Reportage+%E2%80%93+Il+%C3%A9tait+une+fois+le+n%C3%A9on&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.xaviertestelin.com%2Fsujet-6.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectric+light" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBright1949" class="citation book cs1">Bright, Arthur Aaron Jr. (1949). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/electriclampindu0000brig"><i>The Electric-Lamp Industry: Technological Change and Economic Development from 1800 to 1947</i></a></span>. Macmillan Co. pp. <span class="nowrap">388–</span>391.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Electric-Lamp+Industry%3A+Technological+Change+and+Economic+Development+from+1800+to+1947&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E388-%3C%2Fspan%3E391&rft.pub=Macmillan+Co&rft.date=1949&rft.aulast=Bright&rft.aufirst=Arthur+Aaron+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Felectriclampindu0000brig&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectric+light" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FirstPracticalLED-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FirstPracticalLED_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOkon,_Thomas_M.Biard,_James_R.2015" class="citation web cs1">Okon, Thomas M.; Biard, James R. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edisontechcenter.org/lighting/LED/TheFirstPracticalLED.pdf">"The First Practical LED"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>EdisonTechCenter.org</i>. <a href="/wiki/Edison_Tech_Center" title="Edison Tech Center">Edison Tech Center</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-02-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=EdisonTechCenter.org&rft.atitle=The+First+Practical+LED&rft.date=2015&rft.au=Okon%2C+Thomas+M.&rft.au=Biard%2C+James+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fedisontechcenter.org%2Flighting%2FLED%2FTheFirstPracticalLED.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectric+light" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newsnationnow.com/business/tech/energy-department-light-bulb-ban/">Energy Department moves forward with light bulb ban</a> from News Nation Now on 4/3/2023</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tlo.mit.edu/technologies/high-efficiency-incandescent-lighting">"High Efficiency Incandescent Lighting | MIT Technology Licensing Office"</a>. <i>tlo.mit.edu</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220819185359/https://tlo.mit.edu/technologies/high-efficiency-incandescent-lighting">Archived</a> from the original on 19 August 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=tlo.mit.edu&rft.atitle=High+Efficiency+Incandescent+Lighting+%7C+MIT+Technology+Licensing+Office&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftlo.mit.edu%2Ftechnologies%2Fhigh-efficiency-incandescent-lighting&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectric+light" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nopec.org/blognewsroom/blog/6-ways-to-save-money-on-your-air-conditioning-bill">"6 Ways to Save Money on Your Air Conditioning Bill"</a>. <i>NOPEC</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220819193016/https://www.nopec.org/blognewsroom/blog/6-ways-to-save-money-on-your-air-conditioning-bill">Archived</a> from the original on 19 August 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NOPEC&rft.atitle=6+Ways+to+Save+Money+on+Your+Air+Conditioning+Bill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nopec.org%2Fblognewsroom%2Fblog%2F6-ways-to-save-money-on-your-air-conditioning-bill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectric+light" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/MEMO_09_113">"Frequently asked questions about the regulation on ecodesign requirements for non-directional household lamps"</a>. <i>European Commission</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220819191645/https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/MEMO_09_113">Archived</a> from the original on 19 August 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=European+Commission&rft.atitle=Frequently+asked+questions+about+the+regulation+on+ecodesign+requirements+for+non-directional+household+lamps&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fec.europa.eu%2Fcommission%2Fpresscorner%2Fdetail%2Fen%2FMEMO_09_113&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectric+light" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lamptech.co.uk/TH%20DJ.htm">"Tungsten Halogen – Double Jacket"</a>. <i>www.lamptech.co.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=15+years+of+Turkey%27s+Justice+and+Development+Party&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aa.com.tr%2Fen%2Fpolitics%2F15-years-of-turkeys-justice-and-development-party%2F628314&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectric+light" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_light&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FW0WZX75Nmo">Dark Sacred Night</a>" (2023) is a short science film from the Princeton University Office of Sustainability 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abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Artificial_light_sources" title="Template:Artificial light sources"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Artificial_light_sources" title="Template talk:Artificial light sources"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Artificial_light_sources" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Artificial light sources"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Lighting520" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Lighting" title="Lighting">Lighting</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accent_lighting" title="Accent lighting">Accent lighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_rendering_index" title="Color rendering index">Color rendering index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_temperature" title="Color temperature">Color temperature</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Electric light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glare_(vision)" title="Glare (vision)">Glare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_fixture" title="Light fixture">Light fixture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_pollution" title="Light pollution">Light pollution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Light_pollution_in_Hawaii" title="Light pollution in Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_pollution_in_Hong_Kong" title="Light pollution in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lightbulb_socket" title="Lightbulb socket">Lightbulb socket</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bi-pin_lamp_base" title="Bi-pin lamp base">Bi-pin lamp base</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edison_screw" title="Edison screw">Edison screw</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luminous_efficacy" title="Luminous efficacy">Luminous efficacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Task_lighting" title="Task lighting">Task lighting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Methods of<br /> generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Incandescence" class="mw-redirect" title="Incandescence">Incandescent</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Incandescent_light_bulb" title="Incandescent light bulb">Regular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edison_light_bulb" title="Edison light bulb">Edison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halogen_lamp" title="Halogen lamp">Halogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nernst_lamp" title="Nernst lamp">Nernst</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Luminescence" title="Luminescence">Luminescent</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cathodoluminescence" title="Cathodoluminescence">Cathodoluminescent</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electron-stimulated_luminescence" title="Electron-stimulated luminescence">Electron-stimulated</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemiluminescence" title="Chemiluminescence">Chemiluminescent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrochemiluminescence" title="Electrochemiluminescence">Electrochemiluminescence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electroluminescence" title="Electroluminescence">Electroluminescent</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Field-induced_polymer_electroluminescent_technology" title="Field-induced polymer electroluminescent technology">field-induced polymer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluorescence" title="Fluorescence">Fluorescent</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fluorescent_lamp" title="Fluorescent lamp">Fluorescent lamp</a> (<a href="/wiki/Compact_fluorescent_lamp" title="Compact fluorescent lamp">compact</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Induction_lamp#Magnetic_induction_lamps" title="Induction lamp">Fluorescent induction</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photoluminescence" title="Photoluminescence">Photoluminescent</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Headlamp#Laser" title="Headlamp">Laser headlamp</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radioluminescence" title="Radioluminescence">Radioluminescence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solid-state_lighting" title="Solid-state lighting">Solid-state</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LED_lamp" title="LED lamp">LED lamp</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Combustion" title="Combustion">Combustion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbide_lamp" title="Carbide lamp">Acetylene/Carbide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argand_lamp" title="Argand lamp">Argand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campfire" title="Campfire">Campfire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candle" title="Candle">Candle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carcel_lamp" title="Carcel lamp">Carcel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diya_(lamp)" title="Diya (lamp)">Diya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flare" title="Flare">Flare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_lighting" title="Gas lighting">Gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerosene_lamp" title="Kerosene lamp">Kerosene</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Petromax" title="Petromax">Petromax</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lantern" title="Lantern">Lantern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fanous" title="Fanous">Fanous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_lantern" title="Paper lantern">Paper</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limelight" title="Limelight">Limelight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luchina" title="Luchina">Luchina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnesium_torch" title="Magnesium torch">Magnesium torch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_lamp" title="Oil lamp">Oil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qulliq" title="Qulliq">Qulliq</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rushlight" title="Rushlight">Rushlight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safety_lamp" title="Safety lamp">Safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilley_lamp" title="Tilley lamp">Tilley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torch" title="Torch">Torch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Arc_lamp" title="Arc lamp">Electric arc</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arc_lamp#Carbon_arc_lamp" title="Arc lamp">Carbon arc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klieg_light" title="Klieg light">Klieg light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yablochkov_candle" title="Yablochkov candle">Yablochkov candle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Gas-discharge_lamp" title="Gas-discharge lamp">Gas discharge</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deuterium_arc_lamp" title="Deuterium arc lamp">Deuterium arc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neon_lighting" title="Neon lighting">Neon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neon_lamp" title="Neon lamp">Neon lamp</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plasma_lamp" title="Plasma lamp">Plasma</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sulfur_lamp" title="Sulfur lamp">Sulfur</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenon_arc_lamp" title="Xenon arc lamp">Xenon arc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flashtube#Xenon" title="Flashtube">Xenon flash</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/High-intensity_discharge_lamp" title="High-intensity discharge lamp">High-intensity<br />discharge <span style="font-size:85%;">(HID)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mercury-vapor_lamp" title="Mercury-vapor lamp">Mercury-vapor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metal-halide_lamp" title="Metal-halide lamp">Metal-halide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ceramic_metal-halide_lamp" title="Ceramic metal-halide lamp">ceramic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrargyrum_medium-arc_iodide_lamp" title="Hydrargyrum medium-arc iodide lamp">Hydrargyrum medium-arc iodide <span style="font-size:85%;">(HMI)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrargyrum_quartz_iodide" title="Hydrargyrum quartz iodide">Hydrargyrum quartz iodide <span style="font-size:85%;">(HQI)</span></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium-vapor_lamp" title="Sodium-vapor lamp">Sodium vapor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Light_fixture" title="Light fixture">Stationary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Incandescent_light_bulb#Common_shape_codes" title="Incandescent light bulb">Reflector</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ellipsoidal_reflector_spotlight" title="Ellipsoidal reflector spotlight">Ellipsoidal reflector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multifaceted_reflector" title="Multifaceted reflector">Multifaceted reflector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parabolic_aluminized_reflector" title="Parabolic aluminized reflector">Parabolic aluminized reflector <span style="font-size:85%;">(PAR)</span></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aviation_obstruction_lighting" title="Aviation obstruction lighting">Aviation obstruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balanced-arm_lamp" title="Balanced-arm lamp">Balanced-arm lamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandelier" title="Chandelier">Chandelier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_light" title="Emergency light">Emergency light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_lighting" title="Gas lighting">Gas lighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gooseneck_lamp" title="Gooseneck lamp">Gooseneck lamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligent_street_lighting" title="Intelligent street lighting">Intelligent street lighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_tube" title="Light tube">Light tube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nightlight" title="Nightlight">Nightlight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neon_lighting" title="Neon lighting">Neon lighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pendant_light" title="Pendant light">Pendant light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recessed_light" title="Recessed light">Recessed light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sconce_(light_fixture)" title="Sconce (light fixture)">Sconce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_light" title="Street light">Street light</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_street_lighting_in_the_United_States" title="History of street lighting in the United States">in the US</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torch%C3%A8re" title="Torchère">Torchère</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Track_lighting" title="Track lighting">Track lighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troffer" title="Troffer">Troffer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Portable</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bicycle_lighting" title="Bicycle lighting">Bicycle lighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flashlight" title="Flashlight">Flashlight</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mechanically_powered_flashlight" title="Mechanically powered flashlight">Mechanically powered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tactical_light" title="Tactical light">Tactical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glow_stick" title="Glow stick">Glow stick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Headlamp" title="Headlamp">Headlamp</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Headlamp_(outdoor)" title="Headlamp (outdoor)">outdoor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lantern" title="Lantern">Lantern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laser_pointer" title="Laser pointer">Laser pointer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navigation_light" title="Navigation light">Navigation light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Searchlight" title="Searchlight">Searchlight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_lamp" title="Solar lamp">Solar lamp</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Automotive_lighting" title="Automotive lighting">Automotive</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_automotive_light_bulb_types" title="List of automotive light bulb types">Automotive light bulb types</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daytime_running_lamp" title="Daytime running lamp">Daytime running lamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Headlamp" title="Headlamp">Headlamp</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hidden_headlamp" title="Hidden headlamp">hidden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-intensity_discharge_lamp" title="High-intensity discharge lamp">high-intensity discharge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parabolic_aluminized_reflector" title="Parabolic aluminized reflector">sealed beam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_lighting#Rear_position_lights_(tail_lights)" title="Automotive lighting">Rear position lights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_lighting#Reversing_(backup)_lights" title="Automotive lighting">Reversing lights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safety_reflector" title="Safety reflector">Safety reflector</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Retroreflector" title="Retroreflector">retroreflector</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_lighting#Stop_lights_(brake_lights)" title="Automotive lighting">Stop lights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_lighting#Turn_signals" title="Automotive lighting">Turn signals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trafficators" title="Trafficators">trafficators</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Display</li><li><a href="/wiki/Holiday_lighting_technology" title="Holiday lighting technology">Decorative</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aroma_lamp" title="Aroma lamp">Aroma lamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blacklight" title="Blacklight">Blacklight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bubble_light" title="Bubble light">Bubble light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_lights" title="Christmas lights">Christmas lights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crackle_tube" title="Crackle tube">Crackle tube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DJ_lighting" title="DJ lighting">DJ lighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electroluminescent_wire" title="Electroluminescent wire">Electroluminescent wire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lava_lamp" title="Lava lamp">Lava lamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquee_(structure)" title="Marquee (structure)">Marquee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plasma_globe" title="Plasma globe">Plasma globe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strobe_light" title="Strobe light">Strobe light</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stage_lighting" title="Stage lighting">Theatrical</a></li><li>Cinematic</li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stage_lighting_instrument#Floodlights" title="Stage lighting instrument">Floodlight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Footlight" title="Footlight">Footlight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gobo_(lighting)" title="Gobo (lighting)">Gobo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scoop_(theater)" title="Scoop (theater)">Scoop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spotlight_(theatre_lighting)" title="Spotlight (theatre lighting)">Spotlight</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ellipsoidal_reflector_spotlight" title="Ellipsoidal reflector spotlight">ellipsoidal reflector</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stage_lighting_instrument" title="Stage lighting instrument">Stage lighting instrument</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Industrial</li><li>Scientific</li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Germicidal_lamp" title="Germicidal lamp">Germicidal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grow_light" title="Grow light">Grow light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrared_lamp" title="Infrared lamp">Infrared lamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stroboscope" title="Stroboscope">Stroboscope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanning_lamp" title="Tanning lamp">Tanning</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battlefield_illumination" title="Battlefield illumination">Battlefield illumination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioluminescence" title="Bioluminescence">Bioluminescence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laser" title="Laser">Laser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_art" title="Light art">Light art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luminous_gemstones" title="Luminous gemstones">Luminous gemstones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signal_lamp" title="Signal lamp">Signal lamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_light_sources" title="List of light sources">Sources</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_reflected_light_sources" title="List of reflected light sources">Reflected</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link 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