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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Carbon arc lamp</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Carbon_arc_lamp-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Carbon arc lamp subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Carbon_arc_lamp-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Spectrum" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spectrum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Spectrum</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spectrum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Carbon-arc_lighting_in_the_U.S." class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Carbon-arc_lighting_in_the_U.S."> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Carbon-arc lighting in the U.S.</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Carbon-arc_lighting_in_the_U.S.-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Arc lamp</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 34 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-34" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">34 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AD_%D9%82%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A" title="مصباح قوسي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مصباح قوسي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A0mpada_d%27arc" title="Làmpada d'arc – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Làmpada d'arc" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obloukov%C3%A1_lampa" title="Oblouková lampa – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Oblouková lampa" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lysbuelampe" title="Lysbuelampe – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Lysbuelampe" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kohlebogenlampe" title="Kohlebogenlampe – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kohlebogenlampe" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9B%CE%B1%CE%BC%CF%80%CF%84%CE%AE%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%82_%CF%84%CF%8C%CE%BE%CE%BF%CF%85" title="Λαμπτήρας τόξου – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Λαμπτήρας τόξου" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A1mpara_de_arco" title="Lámpara de arco – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Lámpara de arco" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkampolo" title="Arkampolo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Arkampolo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arku-lanpara" title="Arku-lanpara – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Arku-lanpara" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%BE_%D9%82%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="لامپ قوسی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="لامپ قوسی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lampe_%C3%A0_arc" title="Lampe à arc – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Lampe à arc" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%98%B8%EA%B4%91%EB%93%B1" title="호광등 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="호광등" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektrolu%C4%8Dna_svjetiljka" title="Elektrolučna svjetiljka – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Elektrolučna svjetiljka" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lampu_busur" title="Lampu busur – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Lampu busur" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolbogalampi" title="Kolbogalampi – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Kolbogalampi" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lampada_ad_arco" title="Lampada ad arco – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lampada ad arco" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglies_lankas" title="Anglies lankas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Anglies lankas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A4_%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8A%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D" title="വൈദ്യുത തീപ്പൊരിവിളക്ക് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="വൈദ്യുത തീപ്പൊരിവിളക്ക്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Booglamp" title="Booglamp – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Booglamp" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%94%BE%E9%9B%BB%E7%81%AF" title="放電灯 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="放電灯" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buelampe" title="Buelampe – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Buelampe" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lampa_d%27arc" title="Lampa d'arc – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Lampa d'arc" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%95_%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%AC" title="ਆਰਕ ਬਲਬ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਆਰਕ ਬਲਬ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B1%DA%A9_%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%BE" title="آرک لیمپ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="آرک لیمپ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lampa_%C5%82ukowa" title="Lampa łukowa – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Lampa łukowa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A2mpada_a_arco_voltaico" title="Lâmpada a arco voltaico – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Lâmpada a arco voltaico" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0" title="Дуговая лампа – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Дуговая лампа" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektrolu%C4%8Dna_svjetiljka" title="Elektrolučna svjetiljka – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Elektrolučna svjetiljka" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaarilamppu" title="Kaarilamppu – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kaarilamppu" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A5glampa" title="Båglampa – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Båglampa" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%BF_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81" title="மின்பொறி விளக்கு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மின்பொறி விளக்கு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0" title="Дугова лампа – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Дугова лампа" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%C3%A8n_h%E1%BB%93_quang" title="Đèn hồ quang – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Đèn hồ quang" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BC%A7%E5%85%89%E7%87%88" title="弧光燈 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="弧光燈" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q841282#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div 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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Lamp that produces light by an electric arc</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Xenon_short_arc_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Xenon_short_arc_1.jpg/330px-Xenon_short_arc_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Xenon_short_arc_1.jpg/500px-Xenon_short_arc_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Xenon_short_arc_1.jpg/960px-Xenon_short_arc_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>The 15 kW <a href="/wiki/Xenon_arc_lamp" title="Xenon arc lamp">xenon short-arc lamp</a> used in the <a href="/wiki/IMAX" title="IMAX">IMAX</a> projection system.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Microscope_MercuryArcBulb_Detail.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Microscope_MercuryArcBulb_Detail.jpg/220px-Microscope_MercuryArcBulb_Detail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Microscope_MercuryArcBulb_Detail.jpg/330px-Microscope_MercuryArcBulb_Detail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Microscope_MercuryArcBulb_Detail.jpg/440px-Microscope_MercuryArcBulb_Detail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4272" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">mercury</a> arc lamp from a <a href="/wiki/Fluorescence_microscope" title="Fluorescence microscope">fluorescence microscope</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Krypton_arc_lamp_and_a_xenon_flashlamp.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Krypton_arc_lamp_and_a_xenon_flashlamp.JPG/330px-Krypton_arc_lamp_and_a_xenon_flashlamp.JPG" decoding="async" width="300" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Krypton_arc_lamp_and_a_xenon_flashlamp.JPG/500px-Krypton_arc_lamp_and_a_xenon_flashlamp.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Krypton_arc_lamp_and_a_xenon_flashlamp.JPG/960px-Krypton_arc_lamp_and_a_xenon_flashlamp.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="904" /></a><figcaption>A krypton long arc lamp (top) is shown above a xenon <a href="/wiki/Flashtube" title="Flashtube">flashtube</a>. The two lamps, used for <a href="/wiki/Laser_pumping" title="Laser pumping">laser pumping</a>, are very different in the shape of the electrodes, in particular, the cathode (on the left).</figcaption></figure> <p>An <b>arc lamp</b> or <b>arc light</b> is a lamp that produces light by an <a href="/wiki/Electric_arc" title="Electric arc">electric arc</a> (also called a voltaic arc). </p><p>The carbon arc light, which consists of an arc between carbon electrodes in air, invented by <a href="/wiki/Humphry_Davy" title="Humphry Davy">Humphry Davy</a> in the first decade of the 1800s, was the first practical <a href="/wiki/Electric_light" title="Electric light">electric light</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Whelan_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Whelan-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sussman_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sussman-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was widely used starting in the 1870s for street and large building lighting until it was superseded by the <a href="/wiki/Incandescent_light" class="mw-redirect" title="Incandescent light">incandescent light</a> in the early 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Whelan_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Whelan-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It continued in use in more specialized applications where a high intensity point light source was needed, such as <a href="/wiki/Searchlight" title="Searchlight">searchlights</a> and <a href="/wiki/Movie_projector" title="Movie projector">movie projectors</a> until after <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. The carbon arc lamp is now obsolete for most of these purposes, but it is still used as a source of high intensity <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">ultraviolet</a> light. </p><p>The term is now used for <a href="/wiki/Gas_discharge_lamp" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas discharge lamp">gas discharge lamps</a>, which produce light by an arc between metal electrodes through a gas in a glass bulb. The common <a href="/wiki/Fluorescent_lamp" title="Fluorescent lamp">fluorescent lamp</a> is a low-pressure mercury arc lamp.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Xenon_arc_lamp" title="Xenon arc lamp">xenon arc lamp</a>, which produces a high intensity white light, is now used in many of the applications which formerly used the carbon arc, such as movie projectors and searchlights. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Operation">Operation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arc_lamp&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Operation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An <i>arc</i> is the discharge that occurs when a gas is <a href="/wiki/Ion" title="Ion">ionized</a>. A high voltage is pulsed across the lamp to "ignite" or "strike" the arc, after which the discharge can be maintained at a lower voltage. The "strike" requires an electrical circuit with an <i>igniter</i> and a <a href="/wiki/Electrical_ballast" title="Electrical ballast">ballast</a>. The ballast is wired in series with the lamp and performs two functions. </p><p>First, when the power is first switched on, the igniter/starter (which is wired in parallel across the lamp) sets up a small current through the ballast and starter. This creates a small magnetic field within the ballast windings. A moment later the starter interrupts the current flow from the ballast, which has a high inductance and therefore tries to maintain the current flow (the ballast opposes any change in current through it); it cannot, as there is no longer a 'circuit'. As a result, a high voltage appears across the ballast momentarily, to which the lamp is connected; therefore the lamp receives this high voltage across it which 'strikes' the arc within the tube/lamp. The circuit will repeat this action until the lamp is ionized enough to sustain the arc. </p><p>When the lamp sustains the arc, the ballast performs its second function, to limit the current to that needed to operate the lamp. The lamp, ballast, and igniter are rating-matched to each other; these parts must be replaced with the same rating as the failed component or the lamp will not work. </p><p>The colour of the light emitted by the lamp changes as its electrical characteristics change with temperature and time. <a href="/wiki/Lightning" title="Lightning">Lightning</a> is a similar principle where the atmosphere is ionized by the high potential difference (voltage) between earth and storm clouds. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ion_spectral_line_radiation_from_a_krypton_arc_lamp.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Ion_spectral_line_radiation_from_a_krypton_arc_lamp.JPG/200px-Ion_spectral_line_radiation_from_a_krypton_arc_lamp.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="72" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Ion_spectral_line_radiation_from_a_krypton_arc_lamp.JPG/300px-Ion_spectral_line_radiation_from_a_krypton_arc_lamp.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Ion_spectral_line_radiation_from_a_krypton_arc_lamp.JPG/400px-Ion_spectral_line_radiation_from_a_krypton_arc_lamp.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2792" data-file-height="1004" /></a><figcaption>A krypton arc lamp during operation.</figcaption></figure> <p>The temperature of the arc in an arc lamp can reach several thousand degrees Celsius. The outer glass envelope can reach 500 degrees Celsius, therefore before servicing one must ensure the bulb has cooled sufficiently to handle. Often, if these types of lamps are turned off or lose their power supply, one cannot restrike the lamp again for several minutes (called cold restrike lamps). However, some lamps (mainly fluorescent tubes/energy saving lamps) can be restruck as soon as they are turned off (called hot restrike lamps). </p><p>The Vortek water-wall plasma arc lamp, invented in 1975 by David Camm and Roy Nodwell at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_British_Columbia" title="University of British Columbia">University of British Columbia</a>, Vancouver, Canada, made the Guinness Book of World Records in 1986 and 1993 as the most powerful continuously burning light source at over 300 kW or 1.2 million candle power.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Carbon_arc_lamp">Carbon arc lamp</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arc_lamp&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Carbon arc lamp"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arc_lamp-ignition_PNr%C2%B00035.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Arc_lamp-ignition_PNr%C2%B00035.jpg/220px-Arc_lamp-ignition_PNr%C2%B00035.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Arc_lamp-ignition_PNr%C2%B00035.jpg/330px-Arc_lamp-ignition_PNr%C2%B00035.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Arc_lamp-ignition_PNr%C2%B00035.jpg/440px-Arc_lamp-ignition_PNr%C2%B00035.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">carbon</a> arc lamp, cover removed, on the point of ignition. This model requires manual adjustment of the electrodes</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lichtbogen_3000_Volt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Lichtbogen_3000_Volt.jpg/250px-Lichtbogen_3000_Volt.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Lichtbogen_3000_Volt.jpg/330px-Lichtbogen_3000_Volt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Lichtbogen_3000_Volt.jpg/500px-Lichtbogen_3000_Volt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="520" /></a><figcaption>An electric arc, demonstrating the “arch” effect.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arc_light_and_battery.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Arc_light_and_battery.jpg/250px-Arc_light_and_battery.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Arc_light_and_battery.jpg/330px-Arc_light_and_battery.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Arc_light_and_battery.jpg/500px-Arc_light_and_battery.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1471" data-file-height="849" /></a><figcaption>Early experimental carbon arc light powered by liquid batteries, similar to Davy's</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Medical_arc_lamp.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Medical_arc_lamp.jpg/220px-Medical_arc_lamp.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="328" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Medical_arc_lamp.jpg/330px-Medical_arc_lamp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Medical_arc_lamp.jpg/440px-Medical_arc_lamp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="492" data-file-height="733" /></a><figcaption>Medical carbon arc lamp <a href="/wiki/Light_therapy" title="Light therapy">used to treat skin conditions</a>, 1909</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Staite-Petrie_Lamp_1847.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Staite-Petrie_Lamp_1847.png/220px-Staite-Petrie_Lamp_1847.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="403" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Staite-Petrie_Lamp_1847.png/330px-Staite-Petrie_Lamp_1847.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Staite-Petrie_Lamp_1847.png/440px-Staite-Petrie_Lamp_1847.png 2x" data-file-width="990" data-file-height="1812" /></a><figcaption>Self-regulating arc lamp proposed by William Edwards Staite and <a href="/wiki/William_Petrie_(electrical_engineer)" title="William Petrie (electrical engineer)">William Petrie</a> in 1847</figcaption></figure> <p>In a <b>carbon arc lamp</b>, the electrodes are carbon rods in free air. To ignite the lamp, the rods are touched together, thus allowing a relatively low voltage to strike the arc.<sup id="cite_ref-Whelan_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Whelan-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rods are then slowly drawn apart, and electric current heats and maintains an arc across the gap. The tips of the carbon rods are heated and the carbon vaporizes.<sup id="cite_ref-Whelan_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Whelan-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rods are slowly burnt away in use, and the distance between them needs to be regularly adjusted in order to maintain the arc.<sup id="cite_ref-Whelan_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Whelan-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many ingenious mechanisms were invented to control the distance automatically, mostly based on <a href="/wiki/Solenoid" title="Solenoid">solenoids</a>. In one of the simplest mechanically-regulated forms (which was soon superseded by more smoothly acting devices) the electrodes are mounted vertically. The current supplying the arc is passed in <a href="/wiki/Series_circuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Series circuit">series</a> through a solenoid attached to the top electrode. If the points of the electrodes are touching (as in start up) the resistance falls, the current increases and the increased pull from the solenoid draws the points apart. If the arc starts to fail the current drops and the points close again. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Yablochkov_candle" title="Yablochkov candle">Yablochkov candle</a> is a simple arc lamp without a regulator, but it has the drawback that the arc cannot be restarted (single use) and a limited lifetime of only a few hours. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spectrum">Spectrum</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arc_lamp&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Spectrum"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The spectrum emitted by a carbon-arc lamp is the closest to that of sunlight of any lamp. One of the first electric lights, their harsh, intense output usually limited their use to lighting large areas. Although invisible wavelengths were unknown at the time of their invention, unenclosed lamps were soon discovered to produce large amounts of infrared and harmful ultraviolet-radiation not found in sunlight. If the arc was encased in a glass globe, it was found that many of these invisible rays could be blocked. However, carbon-arcs were soon displaced by safer, more efficient, versatile, and easier to maintain incandescent and <a href="/wiki/Gas-discharge_lamp" title="Gas-discharge lamp">gas-discharge lamps</a>. Carbon-arc lamps are still used where a close approximation of sunlight is needed, for testing materials, paints, and coatings for wear, fading, or deterioration, or, for example, spacecraft materials that are to be exposed to sunlight at orbits closer than Earth's.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The arc consists of pure carbon-vapor heated to a plasma state. However, the arc contributes very little of the light output, and is considered non-luminous, as most of its emission occurs in spectral lines in the violet and UV portions of the spectrum. Most of the carbon spectra occurs in a very broad line centered at 389 nm (UV-A, just outside the visual spectrum), and a very narrow line at 250 nm (UV-B), plus some other less-powerful lines in the UV-C. </p><p>Most of the visible and IR radiation is produced from incandescence created at the positive electrode, or anode. Unlike the tungsten anodes found in other arc lamps, which remain relatively cool, carbon produces much higher resistance and the electrons are forced to enter the anode at the hottest point, generating tremendous amounts of heat that vaporizes the carbon and creates a pit in the anode's surface. This pit is heated from 6000 to 6500 degrees Fahrenheit (3300 to 3600 degrees Celsius, just below its melting point), causing it to glow very brightly with incandescence. Due to this, the electrodes were often placed at right angles from each other with the anode facing outward to keep from blocking its light output. Since carbon has the highest melting point of any element, it is the only lamp whose blackbody radiation is capable of nearly matching the Sun's temperature of 10,000 degrees Fahrenheit (5500 degrees Celsius), especially when filters are used to remove most of the IR and UV light.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arc_lamp&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The concept of carbon-arc lighting was first demonstrated by <a href="/wiki/Humphry_Davy" title="Humphry Davy">Humphry Davy</a> in the early 19th century, but sources disagree about the year he first demonstrated it; 1802, 1805, 1807 and 1809 are all mentioned. Davy used charcoal sticks and a two-thousand-<a href="/wiki/Electrochemical_cell" title="Electrochemical cell">cell</a> <a href="/wiki/Battery_(electricity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battery (electricity)">battery</a> to create an arc across a 4-inch (100 mm) gap. He mounted his electrodes horizontally and noted that, because of the strong convection flow of air, the arc formed the shape of an arch. He coined the term "arch lamp", which was contracted to "arc lamp" when the devices came into common usage.<sup id="cite_ref-slingo_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-slingo-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the late nineteenth century, electric arc lighting was in wide use for public lighting. The tendency of electric arcs to flicker and hiss was a major problem. In 1895, <a href="/wiki/Hertha_Ayrton" title="Hertha Ayrton">Hertha Ayrton</a> wrote a series of articles for <i><a href="/wiki/The_Electrician" title="The Electrician">The Electrician</a></i>, explaining that these phenomena were the result of oxygen coming into contact with the carbon rods used to create the arc.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1899, she was the first woman ever to read her own paper before the <a href="/wiki/Institution_of_Electrical_Engineers" title="Institution of Electrical Engineers">Institution of Electrical Engineers</a> (IEE). Her paper was "The Hissing of the Electric Arc".<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The arc lamp provided one of the first commercial uses for electricity, a phenomenon previously confined to experiment, the telegraph, and entertainment.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Carbon-arc_lighting_in_the_U.S.">Carbon-arc lighting in the U.S.</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arc_lamp&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Carbon-arc lighting in the U.S."><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arc_Lamp_Examples.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/90/Arc_Lamp_Examples.jpg/250px-Arc_Lamp_Examples.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/90/Arc_Lamp_Examples.jpg/330px-Arc_Lamp_Examples.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/90/Arc_Lamp_Examples.jpg/500px-Arc_Lamp_Examples.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="729" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <p>In the United States, there were attempts to produce arc lamps commercially after 1850, but the lack of a constant electricity supply thwarted efforts. Thus electrical engineers began focusing on the problem of improving <a href="/wiki/Michael_Faraday" title="Michael Faraday">Faraday's</a> <a href="/wiki/Dynamo" title="Dynamo">dynamo</a>. The concept was improved upon by a number of people including <a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Edwards_Staite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Edwards Staite (page does not exist)">William Edwards Staite</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Edwards_Staite" class="extiw" title="de:William Edwards Staite">de</a>]</span> and <a href="/wiki/Charles_F._Brush" title="Charles F. Brush">Charles F. Brush</a>. It was not until the 1870s that lamps such as the <a href="/wiki/Yablochkov_candle" title="Yablochkov candle">Yablochkov candle</a> were more commonly seen. In 1877, the <a href="/wiki/Franklin_Institute" title="Franklin Institute">Franklin Institute</a> conducted a comparative test of dynamo systems. The one developed by Brush performed best, and Brush immediately applied his improved dynamo to arc-lighting, an early application being <a href="/wiki/Public_Square,_Cleveland" title="Public Square, Cleveland">Public Square</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cleveland,_Ohio" class="mw-redirect" title="Cleveland, Ohio">Cleveland, Ohio</a>, on April 29, 1879.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite this, Wabash, Indiana claims to be the first city ever to be lit with "Brush Lights". Four of these lights became active there on March 31, 1880.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wabash was a small enough city to be lit entirely by 4 lights, whereas the installation at Cleveland's Public Square only lit a portion of that larger city.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1880, Brush established the <a href="/wiki/Brush_Electrical_Machines" title="Brush Electrical Machines">Brush Electric Company</a>. </p><p>The harsh and brilliant light was found most suitable for public areas, such as Cleveland's Public Square, being around 200 times more powerful than contemporary <a href="/wiki/Incandescent_light_bulb" title="Incandescent light bulb">filament lamps</a>. </p><p>The usage of Brush electric arc lights spread quickly. <i><a href="/wiki/Scientific_American" title="Scientific American">Scientific American</a></i> reported in 1881 that the system was being used in:<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 800 lights in rolling mills, steel works, shops, 1,240 lights in woolen, cotton, linen, silk, and other factories, 425 lights in large stores, hotels, churches, 250 lights in parks, docks, and summer resorts, 275 lights in railroad depots and shops, 130 lights in mines, smelting works, 380 lights in factories and establishments of various kinds, 1,500 lights in lighting stations, for city lighting, 1,200 lights in England and other foreign countries. A total of over 6,000 lights which are actually sold. </p><p>There were three major advances in the 1880s: <a href="/wiki/Franti%C5%A1ek_K%C5%99i%C5%BE%C3%ADk" title="František Křižík">František Křižík</a> invented in 1880 a mechanism to allow the automatic adjustment of the electrodes. The arcs were enclosed in a small tube to slow the carbon consumption (increasing the life span to around 100 hours). <i>Flame arc lamps</i> were introduced where the carbon rods had metal salts (usually magnesium, strontium, barium, or calcium fluorides) added to increase light output and produce different colours. </p><p>In the U.S., patent protection of arc-lighting systems and improved dynamos proved difficult and as a result the arc-lighting industry became highly competitive. Brush's principal competition was from the team of <a href="/wiki/Elihu_Thomson" title="Elihu Thomson">Elihu Thomson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edwin_J._Houston" title="Edwin J. Houston">Edwin J. Houston</a>. These two had formed the American Electric Corporation in 1880, but it was soon bought up by <a href="/wiki/Charles_A._Coffin" title="Charles A. Coffin">Charles A. Coffin</a>, moved to <a href="/wiki/Lynn,_Massachusetts" title="Lynn, Massachusetts">Lynn, Massachusetts</a>, and renamed the <a href="/wiki/Thomson-Houston_Electric_Company" title="Thomson-Houston Electric Company">Thomson-Houston Electric Company</a>. Thomson remained, though, the principal inventive genius behind the company patenting improvements to the lighting system. Under the leadership of Thomson-Houston's patent attorney, <a href="/wiki/Frederick_P._Fish" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick P. Fish">Frederick P. Fish</a>, the company protected its new patent rights. Coffin's management also led the company towards an aggressive policy of buy-outs and mergers with competitors. Both strategies reduced competition in the electrical lighting manufacturing industry. By 1890, the Thomson-Houston company was the dominant electrical manufacturing company in the U.S.<sup id="cite_ref-Noble_6_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Noble_6-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Around the turn of the century arc-lighting systems were in decline, but Thomson-Houston controlled key patents to urban lighting systems. This control slowed the expansion of incandescent lighting systems being developed by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison">Thomas Edison</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Edison_General_Electric_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Edison General Electric Company">Edison General Electric Company</a>. Conversely, Edison's control of direct current distribution and generating machinery patents blocked further expansion of Thomson-Houston. The roadblock to expansion was removed when the two companies merged in 1892 to form the <a href="/wiki/General_Electric" title="General Electric">General Electric Company</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Noble_6_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Noble_6-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Arc lamps were used in some early motion-picture studios to illuminate interior shots. One problem was that they produce such a high level of <a href="/wiki/Ultra-violet" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultra-violet">ultra-violet</a> light that many actors needed to wear <a href="/wiki/Sunglasses" title="Sunglasses">sunglasses</a> when off camera to relieve sore eyes resulting from the ultra-violet light. The problem was solved by adding a sheet of ordinary window glass in front of the lamp, blocking the ultra-violet. By the dawn of the "talkies", arc lamps had been replaced in film studios with other types of lights.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1915, <a href="/wiki/Elmer_Ambrose_Sperry" title="Elmer Ambrose Sperry">Elmer Ambrose Sperry</a> began manufacturing his invention of a high-intensity carbon arc <a href="/wiki/Searchlight" title="Searchlight">searchlight</a>. These were used aboard warships of all navies during the 20th century for signaling and illuminating enemies.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1920s, carbon arc lamps were sold as family health products, a substitute for natural sunlight.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Arc lamps were superseded by filament lamps in most roles, remaining in only certain niche applications such as <a href="/wiki/Movie_theater" title="Movie theater">cinema</a> <a href="/wiki/Movie_projector" title="Movie projector">projection</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spotlight_(theatre_lighting)" title="Spotlight (theatre lighting)">spotlights</a>, and searchlights. In the 1950s and 1960s the high-power D.C. for the carbon-arc lamp of an outdoor drive-in projector would typically be supplied by a <a href="/wiki/Motor-generator" class="mw-redirect" title="Motor-generator">motor-generator</a> combo (AC motor powering a DC generator). Even in these applications conventional carbon-arc lamps were mostly pushed into obsolescence by <a href="/wiki/Xenon_arc_lamp" title="Xenon arc lamp">xenon arc lamps</a>, but were still being manufactured as spotlights at least as late as 1982<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and are still manufactured for at least one purpose – simulating sunlight in "accelerated aging" machines intended to estimate how fast a material is likely to be degraded by environmental exposure.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Carbon arc lighting left its imprint on other film projection practices. The practice of shipping and projecting motion pictures on 2,000-foot reels, and employing "changeovers" between two projectors, was due to the carbon rods used in projector lamphouses having a lifespan of roughly 22 minutes (which corresponds to the amount of film in said reels when projected at 24 frames/second). The projectionist would watch the rod burn down by eye (though a peephole like a welder's glass) and replace the carbon rod when changing film reels. The two-projector changeover setup largely disappeared in the 1970s with the advent of xenon projector lamps, being replaced with <a href="/wiki/Movie_projector#Single-reel_system" title="Movie projector">single-projector platter systems</a>, though films would continue to be shipped to cinemas on 2,000-foot reels. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arc_lamp&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Graphite" title="Graphite">Graphite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-intensity_discharge_lamp" title="High-intensity discharge lamp">High-intensity discharge lamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Large-format_slide_projector" title="Large-format slide projector">Large-format slide projector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Foucault" title="Léon Foucault">Léon Foucault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_light_sources" title="List of light sources">List of light sources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nikola_Tesla_patents" title="List of Nikola Tesla patents">List of Nikola Tesla patents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moonlight_tower" title="Moonlight tower">Moonlight tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavel_Yablochkov" title="Pavel Yablochkov">Pavel Yablochkov</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yablochkov_candle" title="Yablochkov candle">Yablochkov candle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photolithography" title="Photolithography">Photolithography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praseodymium" title="Praseodymium">Praseodymium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shielded_metal_arc_welding" title="Shielded metal arc welding">Shielded metal arc welding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stage_lighting" title="Stage lighting">Stage lighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_lighting_technology" title="Timeline of lighting technology">Timeline of lighting technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walther_Nernst" title="Walther Nernst">Walther Nernst</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arc_lamp&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Whelan-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Whelan_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Whelan_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Whelan_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Whelan_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Whelan_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWhelan2013" class="citation web cs1">Whelan, M. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.edisontechcenter.org/ArcLamps.html">"Arc Lamps"</a>. <i>Resources</i>. <a href="/wiki/Edison_Tech_Center" title="Edison Tech Center">Edison Tech Center</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141110140158/http://www.edisontechcenter.org/ArcLamps.html">Archived</a> from the original on November 10, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 22,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Resources&rft.atitle=Arc+Lamps&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Whelan&rft.aufirst=M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.edisontechcenter.org%2FArcLamps.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArc+lamp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sussman-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sussman_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSussman2009" class="citation book cs1">Sussman, Herbert L. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sTbPkEXsA5QC&dq=%22arc+lamp%22&pg=PA124"><i>Victorian Technology: Invention, Innovation, and the Rise of the Machine</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. p. 124. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780275991692" title="Special:BookSources/9780275991692"><bdi>9780275991692</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Victorian+Technology%3A+Invention%2C+Innovation%2C+and+the+Rise+of+the+Machine&rft.pages=124&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780275991692&rft.aulast=Sussman&rft.aufirst=Herbert+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsTbPkEXsA5QC%26dq%3D%2522arc%2Blamp%2522%26pg%3DPA124&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArc+lamp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChen1990" class="citation book cs1">Chen, Kao (1990). "Fluorescent Lamps". <i>Industrial Power Distribution and Illuminating Systems</i>. Electrical Engineering and Electronics. Vol. 65. New York: Dekker. p. 350. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8247-8237-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8247-8237-5"><bdi>978-0-8247-8237-5</bdi></a>. <q>The fluorescent lamp is ... activated by ... a low-pressure mercury arc.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Fluorescent+Lamps&rft.btitle=Industrial+Power+Distribution+and+Illuminating+Systems&rft.place=New+York&rft.series=Electrical+Engineering+and+Electronics&rft.pages=350&rft.pub=Dekker&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-8247-8237-5&rft.aulast=Chen&rft.aufirst=Kao&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArc+lamp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVoyer1994" class="citation book cs1">Voyer, Roger (1994). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newinnovatorshow0000voye/page/20"><i>The New Innovators: How Canadians Are Shaping the Knowledge-Based Economy</i></a></span>. Toronto: James Lorimer & Company Ltd. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newinnovatorshow0000voye/page/20">20</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55028-463-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55028-463-8"><bdi>978-1-55028-463-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Innovators%3A+How+Canadians+Are+Shaping+the+Knowledge-Based+Economy&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pages=20&rft.pub=James+Lorimer+%26+Company+Ltd.&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-1-55028-463-8&rft.aulast=Voyer&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnewinnovatorshow0000voye%2Fpage%2F20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArc+lamp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Publications of the Goddard Space Center, 1959-1962, Volume 2</i> by M. Schach and JH. Boeckel - National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1967, Page 571</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Clinical Medicine and Surgery Volume 35</i> by Herman Goodman - American Journal of Clinical Medicine, 1928, Page 159-161</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-slingo-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-slingo_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSlingoBrooker1900" class="citation book cs1">Slingo, William; Brooker, Arthur (1900). <i>Electrical Engineering for Electric Light Artisans</i>. London: Longmans, Green and Co. p. 607. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/264936769">264936769</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Electrical+Engineering+for+Electric+Light+Artisans&rft.place=London&rft.pages=607&rft.pub=Longmans%2C+Green+and+Co&rft.date=1900&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F264936769&rft.aulast=Slingo&rft.aufirst=William&rft.au=Brooker%2C+Arthur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArc+lamp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOakes2007" class="citation book cs1">Oakes, Elizabeth A (2007). <i>Encyclopedia of world scientists</i> (2 ed.). New York: Facts on File. p. 35. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781438118826" title="Special:BookSources/9781438118826"><bdi>9781438118826</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+world+scientists&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=35&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Facts+on+File&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9781438118826&rft.aulast=Oakes&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth+A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArc+lamp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBruton2018" class="citation journal cs1">Bruton, Elizabeth (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journal.sciencemuseum.ac.uk/browse/issue-10/the-life-and-material-culture-of-hertha-ayrton/">"The life and material culture of Hertha Ayrton"</a>. <i>Science Museum Group Journal</i>. <a href="/wiki/Science_Museum,_London" title="Science Museum, London">Science Museum, London</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.15180%2F181002">10.15180/181002</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:240796451">240796451</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science+Museum+Group+Journal&rft.atitle=The+life+and+material+culture+of+Hertha+Ayrton&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.15180%2F181002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A240796451%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Bruton&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjournal.sciencemuseum.ac.uk%2Fbrowse%2Fissue-10%2Fthe-life-and-material-culture-of-hertha-ayrton%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArc+lamp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAyrton1899" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hertha_Ayrton" title="Hertha Ayrton">Ayrton, Hertha</a> (June 1899). "The Hissing of the Electric Arc". <i>Journal of the Institution of Electrical Engineers</i>. <b>28</b> (140): <span class="nowrap">400–</span>436. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1049%2Fjiee-1.1899.0020">10.1049/jiee-1.1899.0020</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Institution+of+Electrical+Engineers&rft.atitle=The+Hissing+of+the+Electric+Arc&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=140&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E400-%3C%2Fspan%3E436&rft.date=1899-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1049%2Fjiee-1.1899.0020&rft.aulast=Ayrton&rft.aufirst=Hertha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArc+lamp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gilbert, Gerard. <i>Critic's Choice</i> The Independent, 6 October 2011</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080517020529/http://www.positivelycleveland.com/pdf/ClevPubArt08_f.pdf">"Cleveland+ Public Art"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Positively_Cleveland" class="mw-redirect" title="Positively Cleveland">Positively Cleveland</a>. 2008. p. 3. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.positivelycleveland.com/pdf/ClevPubArt08_f.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(brochure)</span> on 2008-05-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-05-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cleveland%2B+Public+Art&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Positively+Cleveland&rft.date=2008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.positivelycleveland.com%2Fpdf%2FClevPubArt08_f.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArc+lamp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.roadsideamerica.com/tip/10495">Roadside America</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.positivelycleveland.com/pdf/ClevPubArt08_f.pdf">Brush Lights, Cleveland</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080517020529/http://www.positivelycleveland.com/pdf/ClevPubArt08_f.pdf">Archived</a> 2008-05-17 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110111040515/http://www.machine-history.com/Brush%20Electric%20Company">"The Brush Electric Light"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Scientific_American" title="Scientific American">Scientific American</a></i>. <b>44</b> (14). April 2, 1881. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.machine-history.com/Brush%20Electric%20Company">the original</a> on January 11, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+American&rft.atitle=The+Brush+Electric+Light&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=14&rft.date=1881-04-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.machine-history.com%2FBrush%2520Electric%2520Company&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArc+lamp" class="Z3988"></span>; also Ohio Memory Collection <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ohiomemory.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p267401coll36/id/19824/rec/2">cover reproduction</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160313001257/http://ohiomemory.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p267401coll36/id/19824/rec/2">Archived</a> 2016-03-13 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Noble_6-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Noble_6_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Noble_6_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/David_F._Noble" title="David F. Noble">David F. Noble</a>, <i>America By Design: Science, Technology, and the Rise of Corporate Capitalism</i> (New York: Oxford University Press, 1977), 6-10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">H. Mario Raimondo-Souto<i>Motion Picture Photography: A History 1891-1960</i>, McFarland and Company, 2007 ISBN 0-7864-2784-0, pg. 84 </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">I. C. B. Dear and Peter Kemp, eds., "Sperry, Elmer Ambrose," <i>The Oxford Companion to Ships and the Sea</i>, 2nd ed. (New York: Oxford University Press, 2006). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-920568-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-920568-X">0-19-920568-X</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://einhornpress.com/rays.aspx">"Eveready Carbon Arc Sunshine Lamp Advertisements"</a>. The Einhorn Press. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090601175558/http://einhornpress.com/rays.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 1 June 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 November</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Eveready+Carbon+Arc+Sunshine+Lamp+Advertisements&rft.pub=The+Einhorn+Press&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feinhornpress.com%2Frays.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArc+lamp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20010613202309/http://www.film-tech.com/manuals/STRSTRONGHIST.pdf">"Archived copy"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>www.film-tech.com</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.film-tech.com&rft.atitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.film-tech.com%2Fmanuals%2FSTRSTRONGHIST.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArc+lamp" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCenter" class="citation web cs1">Center, Copyright 2015 Edison Tech. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.edisontechcenter.org/ArcLamps.html">"Arc Lamps - How They Work & History"</a>. <i>www.edisontechcenter.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170617231552/http://www.edisontechcenter.org/ArcLamps.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-06-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-01-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.edisontechcenter.org&rft.atitle=Arc+Lamps+-+How+They+Work+%26+History&rft.aulast=Center&rft.aufirst=Copyright+2015+Edison+Tech&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.edisontechcenter.org%2FArcLamps.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArc+lamp" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150427143242/http://www.sca-shinyei.com/suga">"Index of /suga"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sca-shinyei.com/suga">the original</a> on 2015-04-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-04-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Index+of+%2Fsuga&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sca-shinyei.com%2Fsuga&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArc+lamp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arc_lamp&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBraverman1974" class="citation book cs1">Braverman, Harry (1974). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/labormonopolycap00harr"><i>Labor and Monopoly Capital</i></a></span>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Monthly_Review_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Monthly Review Press">Monthly Review Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Labor+and+Monopoly+Capital&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Monthly+Review+Press&rft.date=1974&rft.aulast=Braverman&rft.aufirst=Harry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flabormonopolycap00harr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArc+lamp" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMacLaren1943" class="citation book cs1">MacLaren, Malcolm (1943). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/riseofelectrical0000macl"><i>The Rise of the Electrical Industry during the Nineteenth Century</i></a></span>. Princeton: <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+of+the+Electrical+Industry+during+the+Nineteenth+Century&rft.place=Princeton&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1943&rft.aulast=MacLaren&rft.aufirst=Malcolm&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Friseofelectrical0000macl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArc+lamp" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNoble1977" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_F._Noble" title="David F. Noble">Noble, David F.</a> (1977). <i>America by Design: Science, Technology, and the Rise of Corporate Capitalism</i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">6–</span>10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=America+by+Design%3A+Science%2C+Technology%2C+and+the+Rise+of+Corporate+Capitalism&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E6-%3C%2Fspan%3E10&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1977&rft.aulast=Noble&rft.aufirst=David+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArc+lamp" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPrasser1953" class="citation book cs1">Prasser, Harold C. (1953). <i>The Electrical Manufacturers</i>. Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Electrical+Manufacturers&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1953&rft.aulast=Prasser&rft.aufirst=Harold+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArc+lamp" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arc_lamp&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accent_lighting" title="Accent lighting">Accent lighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_rendering_index" title="Color rendering index">Color rendering index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_temperature" title="Color temperature">Color temperature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_light" title="Electric light">Electric light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glare_(vision)" title="Glare (vision)">Glare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_fixture" title="Light fixture">Light fixture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_pollution" title="Light pollution">Light pollution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Light_pollution_in_Hawaii" title="Light pollution in Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_pollution_in_Hong_Kong" title="Light pollution in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lightbulb_socket" title="Lightbulb socket">Lightbulb socket</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bi-pin_lamp_base" title="Bi-pin lamp base">Bi-pin lamp base</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edison_screw" title="Edison screw">Edison screw</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luminous_efficacy" title="Luminous efficacy">Luminous efficacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Task_lighting" title="Task lighting">Task lighting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Methods of<br /> generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Incandescence" class="mw-redirect" title="Incandescence">Incandescent</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Incandescent_light_bulb" title="Incandescent light bulb">Regular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edison_light_bulb" title="Edison light bulb">Edison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halogen_lamp" title="Halogen lamp">Halogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nernst_lamp" title="Nernst lamp">Nernst</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Luminescence" title="Luminescence">Luminescent</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cathodoluminescence" title="Cathodoluminescence">Cathodoluminescent</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electron-stimulated_luminescence" title="Electron-stimulated luminescence">Electron-stimulated</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemiluminescence" title="Chemiluminescence">Chemiluminescent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrochemiluminescence" title="Electrochemiluminescence">Electrochemiluminescence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electroluminescence" title="Electroluminescence">Electroluminescent</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Field-induced_polymer_electroluminescent_technology" title="Field-induced polymer electroluminescent technology">field-induced polymer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluorescence" title="Fluorescence">Fluorescent</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fluorescent_lamp" title="Fluorescent lamp">Fluorescent lamp</a> (<a href="/wiki/Compact_fluorescent_lamp" title="Compact fluorescent lamp">compact</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Induction_lamp#Magnetic_induction_lamps" title="Induction lamp">Fluorescent induction</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photoluminescence" title="Photoluminescence">Photoluminescent</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Headlamp#Laser" title="Headlamp">Laser headlamp</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radioluminescence" title="Radioluminescence">Radioluminescence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solid-state_lighting" title="Solid-state lighting">Solid-state</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LED_lamp" title="LED lamp">LED lamp</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Combustion" title="Combustion">Combustion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbide_lamp" title="Carbide lamp">Acetylene/Carbide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argand_lamp" title="Argand lamp">Argand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campfire" title="Campfire">Campfire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candle" title="Candle">Candle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carcel_lamp" title="Carcel lamp">Carcel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diya_(lamp)" title="Diya (lamp)">Diya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flare" title="Flare">Flare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_lighting" title="Gas lighting">Gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerosene_lamp" title="Kerosene lamp">Kerosene</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Petromax" title="Petromax">Petromax</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lantern" title="Lantern">Lantern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fanous" title="Fanous">Fanous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_lantern" title="Paper lantern">Paper</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limelight" title="Limelight">Limelight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luchina" title="Luchina">Luchina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnesium_torch" title="Magnesium torch">Magnesium torch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_lamp" title="Oil lamp">Oil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qulliq" title="Qulliq">Qulliq</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rushlight" title="Rushlight">Rushlight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safety_lamp" title="Safety lamp">Safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilley_lamp" title="Tilley lamp">Tilley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torch" title="Torch">Torch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Electric arc</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Carbon_arc_lamp">Carbon arc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klieg_light" title="Klieg light">Klieg light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yablochkov_candle" title="Yablochkov candle">Yablochkov candle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Gas-discharge_lamp" title="Gas-discharge lamp">Gas discharge</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deuterium_arc_lamp" title="Deuterium arc lamp">Deuterium arc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neon_lighting" title="Neon lighting">Neon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neon_lamp" title="Neon lamp">Neon lamp</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plasma_lamp" title="Plasma lamp">Plasma</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sulfur_lamp" title="Sulfur lamp">Sulfur</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenon_arc_lamp" title="Xenon arc lamp">Xenon arc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flashtube#Xenon" title="Flashtube">Xenon flash</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/High-intensity_discharge_lamp" title="High-intensity discharge lamp">High-intensity<br />discharge <span style="font-size:85%;">(HID)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mercury-vapor_lamp" title="Mercury-vapor lamp">Mercury-vapor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metal-halide_lamp" title="Metal-halide lamp">Metal-halide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ceramic_metal-halide_lamp" title="Ceramic metal-halide lamp">ceramic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrargyrum_medium-arc_iodide_lamp" title="Hydrargyrum medium-arc iodide lamp">Hydrargyrum medium-arc iodide <span style="font-size:85%;">(HMI)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrargyrum_quartz_iodide" title="Hydrargyrum quartz iodide">Hydrargyrum quartz iodide <span style="font-size:85%;">(HQI)</span></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium-vapor_lamp" title="Sodium-vapor lamp">Sodium vapor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Light_fixture" title="Light fixture">Stationary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Incandescent_light_bulb#Common_shape_codes" title="Incandescent light bulb">Reflector</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ellipsoidal_reflector_spotlight" title="Ellipsoidal reflector spotlight">Ellipsoidal reflector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multifaceted_reflector" title="Multifaceted reflector">Multifaceted reflector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parabolic_aluminized_reflector" title="Parabolic aluminized reflector">Parabolic aluminized reflector <span style="font-size:85%;">(PAR)</span></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aviation_obstruction_lighting" title="Aviation obstruction lighting">Aviation obstruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balanced-arm_lamp" title="Balanced-arm lamp">Balanced-arm lamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandelier" title="Chandelier">Chandelier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_light" title="Emergency light">Emergency light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_lighting" title="Gas lighting">Gas lighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gooseneck_lamp" title="Gooseneck lamp">Gooseneck lamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligent_street_lighting" title="Intelligent street lighting">Intelligent street lighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_tube" title="Light tube">Light tube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nightlight" title="Nightlight">Nightlight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neon_lighting" title="Neon lighting">Neon lighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pendant_light" title="Pendant light">Pendant light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recessed_light" title="Recessed light">Recessed light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sconce_(light_fixture)" title="Sconce (light fixture)">Sconce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_light" title="Street light">Street light</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_street_lighting_in_the_United_States" title="History of street lighting in the United States">in the US</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torch%C3%A8re" title="Torchère">Torchère</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Track_lighting" title="Track lighting">Track lighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troffer" title="Troffer">Troffer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Portable</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bicycle_lighting" title="Bicycle lighting">Bicycle lighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flashlight" title="Flashlight">Flashlight</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mechanically_powered_flashlight" title="Mechanically powered flashlight">Mechanically powered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tactical_light" title="Tactical light">Tactical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glow_stick" title="Glow stick">Glow stick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Headlamp" title="Headlamp">Headlamp</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Headlamp_(outdoor)" title="Headlamp (outdoor)">outdoor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lantern" title="Lantern">Lantern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laser_pointer" title="Laser pointer">Laser pointer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navigation_light" title="Navigation light">Navigation light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Searchlight" title="Searchlight">Searchlight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_lamp" title="Solar lamp">Solar lamp</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Automotive_lighting" title="Automotive lighting">Automotive</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_automotive_light_bulb_types" title="List of automotive light bulb types">Automotive light bulb types</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daytime_running_lamp" title="Daytime running lamp">Daytime running lamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Headlamp" title="Headlamp">Headlamp</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hidden_headlamp" title="Hidden headlamp">hidden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-intensity_discharge_lamp" title="High-intensity discharge lamp">high-intensity discharge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parabolic_aluminized_reflector" title="Parabolic aluminized reflector">sealed beam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_lighting#Rear_position_lights_(tail_lights)" title="Automotive lighting">Rear position lights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_lighting#Reversing_(backup)_lights" title="Automotive lighting">Reversing lights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safety_reflector" title="Safety reflector">Safety reflector</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Retroreflector" title="Retroreflector">retroreflector</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_lighting#Stop_lights_(brake_lights)" title="Automotive lighting">Stop lights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_lighting#Turn_signals" title="Automotive lighting">Turn signals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trafficators" title="Trafficators">trafficators</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Display</li><li><a href="/wiki/Holiday_lighting_technology" title="Holiday lighting technology">Decorative</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aroma_lamp" title="Aroma lamp">Aroma lamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blacklight" title="Blacklight">Blacklight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bubble_light" title="Bubble light">Bubble light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_lights" title="Christmas lights">Christmas lights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crackle_tube" title="Crackle tube">Crackle tube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DJ_lighting" title="DJ lighting">DJ lighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electroluminescent_wire" title="Electroluminescent wire">Electroluminescent wire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lava_lamp" title="Lava lamp">Lava lamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquee_(structure)" title="Marquee (structure)">Marquee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plasma_globe" title="Plasma globe">Plasma globe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strobe_light" title="Strobe light">Strobe light</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stage_lighting" title="Stage lighting">Theatrical</a></li><li>Cinematic</li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stage_lighting_instrument#Floodlights" title="Stage lighting instrument">Floodlight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Footlight" title="Footlight">Footlight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gobo_(lighting)" title="Gobo (lighting)">Gobo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scoop_(theater)" title="Scoop (theater)">Scoop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spotlight_(theatre_lighting)" title="Spotlight (theatre lighting)">Spotlight</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ellipsoidal_reflector_spotlight" title="Ellipsoidal reflector spotlight">ellipsoidal reflector</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stage_lighting_instrument" title="Stage lighting instrument">Stage lighting instrument</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Industrial</li><li>Scientific</li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Germicidal_lamp" title="Germicidal lamp">Germicidal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grow_light" title="Grow light">Grow light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrared_lamp" title="Infrared lamp">Infrared lamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stroboscope" title="Stroboscope">Stroboscope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanning_lamp" title="Tanning lamp">Tanning</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battlefield_illumination" title="Battlefield illumination">Battlefield illumination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioluminescence" title="Bioluminescence">Bioluminescence</a></li> 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