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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Background"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Background</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Multinational_intervention" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Multinational_intervention"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Multinational intervention</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Multinational_intervention-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-French_invasion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#French_invasion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>French invasion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-French_invasion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Establishment_of_the_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Establishment_of_the_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Establishment of the Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Establishment_of_the_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Imperialist_successes_in_central_Mexico" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Imperialist_successes_in_central_Mexico"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Imperialist successes in central Mexico</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Imperialist_successes_in_central_Mexico-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Imperialist_advances" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Imperialist_advances"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.1</span> <span>Imperialist advances</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Imperialist_advances-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Northern_Campaign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Northern_Campaign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Northern Campaign</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Northern_Campaign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Southern_Pacific_Campaign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Southern_Pacific_Campaign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>Southern Pacific Campaign</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Southern_Pacific_Campaign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sonoran_Campaign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sonoran_Campaign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8</span> <span>Sonoran Campaign</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sonoran_Campaign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Decline_of_imperial_military_control" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decline_of_imperial_military_control"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Decline of imperial military control</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Decline_of_imperial_military_control-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Decline of imperial military control subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Decline_of_imperial_military_control-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Struggle_for_the_North_and_the_Black_Decree" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Struggle_for_the_North_and_the_Black_Decree"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Struggle for the North and the Black Decree</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Struggle_for_the_North_and_the_Black_Decree-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Napoleon_III_announces_the_French_troop_withdrawal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Napoleon_III_announces_the_French_troop_withdrawal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Napoleon III announces the French troop withdrawal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Napoleon_III_announces_the_French_troop_withdrawal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_northern_retreats" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_northern_retreats"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Further northern retreats</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_northern_retreats-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Southern_defeats" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Southern_defeats"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Southern defeats</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Southern_defeats-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Defeats_in_the_northern_Gulf_Coast" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Defeats_in_the_northern_Gulf_Coast"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Defeats in the northern Gulf Coast</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Defeats_in_the_northern_Gulf_Coast-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Central_Mexico_becomes_vulnerable" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Central_Mexico_becomes_vulnerable"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Central Mexico becomes vulnerable</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Central_Mexico_becomes_vulnerable-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Final_French_evacuations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Final_French_evacuations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6.1</span> <span>Final French evacuations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Final_French_evacuations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Republican_victory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Republican_victory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Republican victory</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Republican_victory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Siege_of_Querétaro" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Siege_of_Querétaro"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7.1</span> <span>Siege of Querétaro</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Siege_of_Querétaro-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_end_of_the_Empire_and_the_execution_of_Maximilian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_end_of_the_Empire_and_the_execution_of_Maximilian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7.2</span> <span>The end of the Empire and the execution of Maximilian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_end_of_the_Empire_and_the_execution_of_Maximilian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-U.S._diplomacy_and_involvement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#U.S._diplomacy_and_involvement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>U.S. diplomacy and involvement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-U.S._diplomacy_and_involvement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Divisions_and_disembarkation_of_allied_troops" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Divisions_and_disembarkation_of_allied_troops"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Divisions and disembarkation of allied troops</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Divisions_and_disembarkation_of_allied_troops-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Divisions and disembarkation of allied troops subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Divisions_and_disembarkation_of_allied_troops-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-French_expeditionary_force,_31_December_1862" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#French_expeditionary_force,_31_December_1862"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>French expeditionary force, 31 December 1862</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-French_expeditionary_force,_31_December_1862-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1ère_Division_d'Infanterie_(GdD_Bazaine)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1ère_Division_d'Infanterie_(GdD_Bazaine)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>1<sup>ère</sup> Division d'Infanterie (GdD Bazaine)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1ère_Division_d'Infanterie_(GdD_Bazaine)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2e_Division_d'Infanterie_(GdB_Douay_–_acting)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2e_Division_d'Infanterie_(GdB_Douay_–_acting)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.2</span> <span>2<sup>e</sup> Division d'Infanterie (GdB Douay – acting)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2e_Division_d'Infanterie_(GdB_Douay_–_acting)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Brigade_de_Cavallerie_(GdB_de_Mirandol)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brigade_de_Cavallerie_(GdB_de_Mirandol)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.3</span> <span>Brigade de Cavallerie (GdB de Mirandol)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brigade_de_Cavallerie_(GdB_de_Mirandol)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Naval_Brigade" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Naval_Brigade"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.4</span> <span>Naval Brigade</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Naval_Brigade-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Belgian_Voluntary_Troops,_1864–65" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Belgian_Voluntary_Troops,_1864–65"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Belgian Voluntary Troops, 1864–65</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Belgian_Voluntary_Troops,_1864–65-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-16_October_1864" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#16_October_1864"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span>16 October 1864</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-16_October_1864-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-14_November_1864" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#14_November_1864"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.2</span> <span>14 November 1864</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-14_November_1864-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-16_December_1864" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#16_December_1864"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.3</span> <span>16 December 1864</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-16_December_1864-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-27_January_1865" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#27_January_1865"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.4</span> <span>27 January 1865</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-27_January_1865-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-15_April_1866" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#15_April_1866"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.5</span> <span>15 April 1866</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-15_April_1866-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-16_July_1866" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#16_July_1866"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.6</span> <span>16 July 1866</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-16_July_1866-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Austrian_Voluntary_Corps,_December_1864" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Austrian_Voluntary_Corps,_December_1864"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Austrian Voluntary Corps, December 1864</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Austrian_Voluntary_Corps,_December_1864-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Egyptian_Auxiliary_Corps,_January_1863" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Egyptian_Auxiliary_Corps,_January_1863"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Egyptian Auxiliary Corps, January 1863</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Egyptian_Auxiliary_Corps,_January_1863-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spanish_Expeditionary_Force,_January_1862" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spanish_Expeditionary_Force,_January_1862"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Spanish Expeditionary Force, January 1862</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spanish_Expeditionary_Force,_January_1862-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contra-Guerrillas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contra-Guerrillas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Contra-Guerrillas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contra-Guerrillas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Captain_Yarka,_Romanian_volunteer,_1863" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Captain_Yarka,_Romanian_volunteer,_1863"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>Captain Yarka, Romanian volunteer, 1863</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Captain_Yarka,_Romanian_volunteer,_1863-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Second French intervention in Mexico</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 33 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-33" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">33 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franse_inval_in_Meksiko" title="Franse inval in Meksiko – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Franse inval in Meksiko" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%83%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="الحرب الفرنسية المكسيكية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الحرب الفرنسية المكسيكية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eil_emelladenn_Bro-C%27hall_e_Mec%27hiko" title="Eil emelladenn Bro-C'hall e Mec'hiko – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Eil emelladenn Bro-C'hall e Mec'hiko" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segona_intervenci%C3%B3_francesa_a_M%C3%A8xic" title="Segona intervenció francesa a Mèxic – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Segona intervenció francesa a Mèxic" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francouzsk%C3%A1_intervence_v_Mexiku" title="Francouzská intervence v Mexiku – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Francouzská intervence v Mexiku" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz%C3%B6sische_Intervention_in_Mexiko" title="Französische Intervention in Mexiko – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Französische Intervention in Mexiko" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segunda_intervenci%C3%B3n_francesa_en_M%C3%A9xico" title="Segunda intervención francesa en México – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Segunda intervención francesa en México" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF_%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%87_%D9%88_%D9%85%DA%A9%D8%B2%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="جنگ فرانسه و مکزیک – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جنگ فرانسه و مکزیک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exp%C3%A9dition_du_Mexique" title="Expédition du Mexique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Expédition du Mexique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A9%95%EC%8B%9C%EC%BD%94_%EC%B6%9C%EB%B3%91" title="멕시코 출병 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="멕시코 출병" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A5%D6%84%D5%BD%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B7%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%B6%D6%84_1861-1867" title="Մեքսիկական արշավանք 1861-1867 – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մեքսիկական արշավանք 1861-1867" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francuska_intervencija_u_Meksiku" title="Francuska intervencija u Meksiku – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Francuska intervencija u Meksiku" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duesma_interveno_Franca_en_Mexikia" title="Duesma interveno Franca en Mexikia – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Duesma interveno Franca en Mexikia" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intervensi_Prancis_di_Meksiko" title="Intervensi Prancis di Meksiko – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Intervensi Prancis di Meksiko" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innr%C3%A1s_Frakka_%C3%AD_Mex%C3%ADk%C3%B3" title="Innrás Frakka í Mexíkó – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Innrás Frakka í Mexíkó" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intervento_francese_in_Messico" title="Intervento francese in Messico – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Intervento francese in Messico" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%97%D7%9E%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%A7%D7%95-%D7%9E%D7%A7%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%AA" title="המלחמה הפרנקו-מקסיקנית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="המלחמה הפרנקו-מקסיקנית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90-%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%A4%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="მექსიკა-საფრანგეთის ომი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მექსიკა-საფრანგეთის ომი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francijas_intervence_Meksik%C4%81" title="Francijas intervence Meksikā – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Francijas intervence Meksikā" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franse_interventie_in_Mexico" title="Franse interventie in Mexico – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Franse interventie in Mexico" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A1%E3%82%AD%E3%82%B7%E3%82%B3%E5%87%BA%E5%85%B5" title="メキシコ出兵 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="メキシコ出兵" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_franske_intervensjonen_i_Mexico" title="Den franske intervensjonen i Mexico – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Den franske intervensjonen i Mexico" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gu%C3%A8rra_de_Mexic" title="Guèrra de Mexic – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Guèrra de Mexic" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francuska_interwencja_w_Meksyku" title="Francuska interwencja w Meksyku – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Francuska interwencja w Meksyku" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segunda_interven%C3%A7%C3%A3o_francesa_no_M%C3%A9xico" title="Segunda intervenção francesa no México – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Segunda intervenção francesa no México" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interven%C8%9Bia_francez%C4%83_%C3%AEn_Mexic" title="Intervenția franceză în Mexic – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Intervenția franceză în Mexic" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%BE-%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B2_%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%83" title="Англо-франко-испанская интервенция в Мексику – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Англо-франко-испанская интервенция в Мексику" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Француско-мексички рат – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Француско-мексички рат" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francuska_intervencija_u_Meksiku" title="Francuska intervencija u Meksiku – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Francuska intervencija u Meksiku" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meksika%27ya_Frans%C4%B1z_m%C3%BCdahalesi" title="Meksika'ya Fransız müdahalesi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Meksika'ya Fransız müdahalesi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%B2_%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%83" title="Французька інтервенція в Мексику – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Французька інтервенція в Мексику" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Can_thi%E1%BB%87p_c%E1%BB%A7a_Ph%C3%A1p_%E1%BB%9F_M%C3%A9xico" title="Can thiệp của Pháp ở México – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Can thiệp của Pháp ở México" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a 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searchaux" style="display:none">1861 invasion of Mexico by the French</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;;width:350px"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Second French intervention in Mexico</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Si%C3%A8ge_de_Puebla_-_29_mars_1863.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Si%C3%A8ge_de_Puebla_-_29_mars_1863.PNG/300px-Si%C3%A8ge_de_Puebla_-_29_mars_1863.PNG" decoding="async" width="300" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Si%C3%A8ge_de_Puebla_-_29_mars_1863.PNG/450px-Si%C3%A8ge_de_Puebla_-_29_mars_1863.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Si%C3%A8ge_de_Puebla_-_29_mars_1863.PNG/600px-Si%C3%A8ge_de_Puebla_-_29_mars_1863.PNG 2x" data-file-width="1383" data-file-height="772" /></a></span><br />French assault during the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Puebla_(1863)" title="Siege of Puebla (1863)">Second Battle of Puebla</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>8 December 1861 – 21 June 1867<br />(5 years, 6 months, 1 week and 6 days)</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Second_Federal_Republic_of_Mexico" title="Second Federal Republic of Mexico">Mexico</a></div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> Mexican Republican victory</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <span data-sort-value="Mexico"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Bandera_de_la_Segunda_Rep%C3%BAblica_Federal_de_los_Estados_Unidos_Mexicanos.svg/23px-Bandera_de_la_Segunda_Rep%C3%BAblica_Federal_de_los_Estados_Unidos_Mexicanos.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Bandera_de_la_Segunda_Rep%C3%BAblica_Federal_de_los_Estados_Unidos_Mexicanos.svg/35px-Bandera_de_la_Segunda_Rep%C3%BAblica_Federal_de_los_Estados_Unidos_Mexicanos.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Bandera_de_la_Segunda_Rep%C3%BAblica_Federal_de_los_Estados_Unidos_Mexicanos.svg/46px-Bandera_de_la_Segunda_Rep%C3%BAblica_Federal_de_los_Estados_Unidos_Mexicanos.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Second_Federal_Republic_of_Mexico" title="Second Federal Republic of Mexico">Mexico</a></span></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span data-sort-value="France"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Second_French_Empire" title="Second French Empire">France</a></span></li><li><span data-sort-value="Mexican Empire"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_the_Second_Mexican_Empire_%281865-1867%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Second_Mexican_Empire_%281865-1867%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_the_Second_Mexican_Empire_%281865-1867%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Second_Mexican_Empire_%281865-1867%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_the_Second_Mexican_Empire_%281865-1867%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Second_Mexican_Empire_%281865-1867%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="900" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Second_Mexican_Empire" title="Second Mexican Empire">Mexican Empire</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Centralist_Republic_of_Mexico" title="Centralist Republic of Mexico"><img alt="Centralist Republic of Mexico" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Bandera_de_la_Rep%C3%BAblica_Central_Mexicana.svg/23px-Bandera_de_la_Rep%C3%BAblica_Central_Mexicana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Bandera_de_la_Rep%C3%BAblica_Central_Mexicana.svg/35px-Bandera_de_la_Rep%C3%BAblica_Central_Mexicana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Bandera_de_la_Rep%C3%BAblica_Central_Mexicana.svg/46px-Bandera_de_la_Rep%C3%BAblica_Central_Mexicana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Benito_Ju%C3%A1rez" title="Benito Juárez">Benito Juárez</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Centralist_Republic_of_Mexico" title="Centralist Republic of Mexico"><img alt="Centralist Republic of Mexico" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Bandera_de_la_Rep%C3%BAblica_Central_Mexicana.svg/23px-Bandera_de_la_Rep%C3%BAblica_Central_Mexicana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Bandera_de_la_Rep%C3%BAblica_Central_Mexicana.svg/35px-Bandera_de_la_Rep%C3%BAblica_Central_Mexicana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Bandera_de_la_Rep%C3%BAblica_Central_Mexicana.svg/46px-Bandera_de_la_Rep%C3%BAblica_Central_Mexicana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Porfirio_D%C3%ADaz" title="Porfirio Díaz">Porfirio Díaz</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Centralist_Republic_of_Mexico" title="Centralist Republic of Mexico"><img alt="Centralist Republic of Mexico" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Bandera_de_la_Rep%C3%BAblica_Central_Mexicana.svg/23px-Bandera_de_la_Rep%C3%BAblica_Central_Mexicana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Bandera_de_la_Rep%C3%BAblica_Central_Mexicana.svg/35px-Bandera_de_la_Rep%C3%BAblica_Central_Mexicana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Bandera_de_la_Rep%C3%BAblica_Central_Mexicana.svg/46px-Bandera_de_la_Rep%C3%BAblica_Central_Mexicana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ignacio_Zaragoza" title="Ignacio Zaragoza">Ignacio Zaragoza</a> <a href="/wiki/Death_by_natural_causes" class="mw-redirect" title="Death by natural causes"><b>#</b></a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Centralist_Republic_of_Mexico" title="Centralist Republic of Mexico"><img alt="Centralist Republic of Mexico" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Bandera_de_la_Rep%C3%BAblica_Central_Mexicana.svg/23px-Bandera_de_la_Rep%C3%BAblica_Central_Mexicana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Bandera_de_la_Rep%C3%BAblica_Central_Mexicana.svg/35px-Bandera_de_la_Rep%C3%BAblica_Central_Mexicana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Bandera_de_la_Rep%C3%BAblica_Central_Mexicana.svg/46px-Bandera_de_la_Rep%C3%BAblica_Central_Mexicana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Jes%C3%BAs_Gonz%C3%A1lez_Ortega" title="Jesús González Ortega">Jesús González Ortega</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Centralist_Republic_of_Mexico" title="Centralist Republic of Mexico"><img alt="Centralist Republic of Mexico" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Bandera_de_la_Rep%C3%BAblica_Central_Mexicana.svg/23px-Bandera_de_la_Rep%C3%BAblica_Central_Mexicana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Bandera_de_la_Rep%C3%BAblica_Central_Mexicana.svg/35px-Bandera_de_la_Rep%C3%BAblica_Central_Mexicana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Bandera_de_la_Rep%C3%BAblica_Central_Mexicana.svg/46px-Bandera_de_la_Rep%C3%BAblica_Central_Mexicana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Arteaga" title="José María Arteaga">José María Arteaga</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Executed"><img alt="Executed" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/14px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/21px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/28px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="510" data-file-height="490" /></a></span></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Centralist_Republic_of_Mexico" title="Centralist Republic of Mexico"><img alt="Centralist Republic of Mexico" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Bandera_de_la_Rep%C3%BAblica_Central_Mexicana.svg/23px-Bandera_de_la_Rep%C3%BAblica_Central_Mexicana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Bandera_de_la_Rep%C3%BAblica_Central_Mexicana.svg/35px-Bandera_de_la_Rep%C3%BAblica_Central_Mexicana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Bandera_de_la_Rep%C3%BAblica_Central_Mexicana.svg/46px-Bandera_de_la_Rep%C3%BAblica_Central_Mexicana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Miguel_Negrete" title="Miguel Negrete">Miguel Negrete</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Centralist_Republic_of_Mexico" title="Centralist Republic of Mexico"><img alt="Centralist Republic of Mexico" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Bandera_de_la_Rep%C3%BAblica_Central_Mexicana.svg/23px-Bandera_de_la_Rep%C3%BAblica_Central_Mexicana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Bandera_de_la_Rep%C3%BAblica_Central_Mexicana.svg/35px-Bandera_de_la_Rep%C3%BAblica_Central_Mexicana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Bandera_de_la_Rep%C3%BAblica_Central_Mexicana.svg/46px-Bandera_de_la_Rep%C3%BAblica_Central_Mexicana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Rojas_(guerrilla)" title="Antonio Rojas (guerrilla)">Antonio Rojas</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Centralist_Republic_of_Mexico" title="Centralist Republic of Mexico"><img alt="Centralist Republic of Mexico" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Bandera_de_la_Rep%C3%BAblica_Central_Mexicana.svg/23px-Bandera_de_la_Rep%C3%BAblica_Central_Mexicana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Bandera_de_la_Rep%C3%BAblica_Central_Mexicana.svg/35px-Bandera_de_la_Rep%C3%BAblica_Central_Mexicana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Bandera_de_la_Rep%C3%BAblica_Central_Mexicana.svg/46px-Bandera_de_la_Rep%C3%BAblica_Central_Mexicana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Mariano_Escobedo" title="Mariano Escobedo">Mariano Escobedo</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Centralist_Republic_of_Mexico" title="Centralist Republic of Mexico"><img alt="Centralist Republic of Mexico" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Bandera_de_la_Rep%C3%BAblica_Central_Mexicana.svg/23px-Bandera_de_la_Rep%C3%BAblica_Central_Mexicana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Bandera_de_la_Rep%C3%BAblica_Central_Mexicana.svg/35px-Bandera_de_la_Rep%C3%BAblica_Central_Mexicana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Bandera_de_la_Rep%C3%BAblica_Central_Mexicana.svg/46px-Bandera_de_la_Rep%C3%BAblica_Central_Mexicana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Jer%C3%B3nimo_Trevi%C3%B1o" title="Jerónimo Treviño">Jerónimo Treviño</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Centralist_Republic_of_Mexico" title="Centralist Republic of Mexico"><img alt="Centralist Republic of Mexico" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Bandera_de_la_Rep%C3%BAblica_Central_Mexicana.svg/23px-Bandera_de_la_Rep%C3%BAblica_Central_Mexicana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Bandera_de_la_Rep%C3%BAblica_Central_Mexicana.svg/35px-Bandera_de_la_Rep%C3%BAblica_Central_Mexicana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Bandera_de_la_Rep%C3%BAblica_Central_Mexicana.svg/46px-Bandera_de_la_Rep%C3%BAblica_Central_Mexicana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Jos%C3%A9_M%C3%A9ndez" title="Pedro José Méndez">Pedro José Méndez</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Centralist_Republic_of_Mexico" title="Centralist Republic of Mexico"><img alt="Centralist Republic of Mexico" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Bandera_de_la_Rep%C3%BAblica_Central_Mexicana.svg/23px-Bandera_de_la_Rep%C3%BAblica_Central_Mexicana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Bandera_de_la_Rep%C3%BAblica_Central_Mexicana.svg/35px-Bandera_de_la_Rep%C3%BAblica_Central_Mexicana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Bandera_de_la_Rep%C3%BAblica_Central_Mexicana.svg/46px-Bandera_de_la_Rep%C3%BAblica_Central_Mexicana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Vicente_Riva_Palacio" title="Vicente Riva Palacio">Vicente Riva Palacio</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Centralist_Republic_of_Mexico" title="Centralist Republic of Mexico"><img alt="Centralist Republic of Mexico" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Bandera_de_la_Rep%C3%BAblica_Central_Mexicana.svg/23px-Bandera_de_la_Rep%C3%BAblica_Central_Mexicana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Bandera_de_la_Rep%C3%BAblica_Central_Mexicana.svg/35px-Bandera_de_la_Rep%C3%BAblica_Central_Mexicana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Bandera_de_la_Rep%C3%BAblica_Central_Mexicana.svg/46px-Bandera_de_la_Rep%C3%BAblica_Central_Mexicana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_L%C3%B3pez_Uraga" title="José López Uraga">José López Uraga</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1862–1864)</span></li></ul> </div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Second_French_Empire" title="Second French Empire"><img alt="Second French Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_III" title="Napoleon III">Napoleon III</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Second_French_Empire" title="Second French Empire"><img alt="Second French Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Francois_Achille_Bazaine" class="mw-redirect" title="Francois Achille Bazaine">Francois Achille Bazaine</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Second_French_Empire" title="Second French Empire"><img alt="Second French Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%C3%89lie_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Forey" title="Élie Frédéric Forey">Élie Frédéric Forey</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Second_French_Empire" title="Second French Empire"><img alt="Second French Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Abel_Douay" title="Abel Douay">Abel Douay</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Second_French_Empire" title="Second French Empire"><img alt="Second French Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Auguste_Henri_Brincourt" title="Auguste Henri Brincourt">Auguste Henri Brincourt</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Surrender_(military)" title="Surrendered"><img alt="Surrendered" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/14px-White_flag_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/21px-White_flag_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/28px-White_flag_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="351" /></a></span></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Joseph_Jeanningros" title="Pierre Joseph Jeanningros">Pierre Joseph Jeanningros</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Mexico_%281864-1867%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mexico_%281864-1867%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Mexico_%281864-1867%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mexico_%281864-1867%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Mexico_%281864-1867%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mexico_%281864-1867%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Maximilian_I_of_Mexico" title="Maximilian I of Mexico">Maximilian</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Executed"><img alt="Executed" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/14px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/21px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/28px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="510" data-file-height="490" /></a></span></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Second_Mexican_Empire" title="Second Mexican Empire"><img alt="Second Mexican Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_the_Second_Mexican_Empire_%281865-1867%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Second_Mexican_Empire_%281865-1867%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_the_Second_Mexican_Empire_%281865-1867%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Second_Mexican_Empire_%281865-1867%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_the_Second_Mexican_Empire_%281865-1867%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Second_Mexican_Empire_%281865-1867%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="900" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Juan_Almonte" title="Juan Almonte">Juan Almonte</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Second_Mexican_Empire" title="Second Mexican Empire"><img alt="Second Mexican Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_the_Second_Mexican_Empire_%281865-1867%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Second_Mexican_Empire_%281865-1867%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_the_Second_Mexican_Empire_%281865-1867%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Second_Mexican_Empire_%281865-1867%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_the_Second_Mexican_Empire_%281865-1867%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Second_Mexican_Empire_%281865-1867%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="900" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Santiago_Vidaurri" title="Santiago Vidaurri">Santiago Vidaurri</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Executed"><img alt="Executed" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/14px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/21px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/28px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="510" data-file-height="490" /></a></span></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Second_Mexican_Empire" title="Second Mexican Empire"><img alt="Second Mexican Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_the_Second_Mexican_Empire_%281865-1867%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Second_Mexican_Empire_%281865-1867%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_the_Second_Mexican_Empire_%281865-1867%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Second_Mexican_Empire_%281865-1867%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_the_Second_Mexican_Empire_%281865-1867%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Second_Mexican_Empire_%281865-1867%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="900" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Tom%C3%A1s_Mej%C3%ADa" title="Tomás Mejía">Tomás Mejía</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Executed"><img alt="Executed" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/14px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/21px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/28px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="510" data-file-height="490" /></a></span></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Second_Mexican_Empire" title="Second Mexican Empire"><img alt="Second Mexican Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_the_Second_Mexican_Empire_%281865-1867%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Second_Mexican_Empire_%281865-1867%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_the_Second_Mexican_Empire_%281865-1867%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Second_Mexican_Empire_%281865-1867%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_the_Second_Mexican_Empire_%281865-1867%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Second_Mexican_Empire_%281865-1867%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="900" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Miguel_Miram%C3%B3n" title="Miguel Miramón">Miguel Miramón</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Executed"><img alt="Executed" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/14px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/21px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/28px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="510" data-file-height="490" /></a></span></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Second_Mexican_Empire" title="Second Mexican Empire"><img alt="Second Mexican Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_the_Second_Mexican_Empire_%281865-1867%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Second_Mexican_Empire_%281865-1867%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_the_Second_Mexican_Empire_%281865-1867%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Second_Mexican_Empire_%281865-1867%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_the_Second_Mexican_Empire_%281865-1867%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Second_Mexican_Empire_%281865-1867%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="900" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Leonardo_M%C3%A1rquez" title="Leonardo Márquez">Leonardo Márquez</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Surrender_(military)" title="Surrendered"><img alt="Surrendered" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/14px-White_flag_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/21px-White_flag_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/28px-White_flag_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="351" /></a></span></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Second_Mexican_Empire" title="Second Mexican Empire"><img alt="Second Mexican Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_the_Second_Mexican_Empire_%281865-1867%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Second_Mexican_Empire_%281865-1867%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_the_Second_Mexican_Empire_%281865-1867%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Second_Mexican_Empire_%281865-1867%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_the_Second_Mexican_Empire_%281865-1867%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Second_Mexican_Empire_%281865-1867%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="900" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Lozada" title="Manuel Lozada">Manuel Lozada</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1865–1866)</span></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Second_Mexican_Empire" title="Second Mexican Empire"><img alt="Second Mexican Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_the_Second_Mexican_Empire_%281865-1867%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Second_Mexican_Empire_%281865-1867%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_the_Second_Mexican_Empire_%281865-1867%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Second_Mexican_Empire_%281865-1867%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_the_Second_Mexican_Empire_%281865-1867%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Second_Mexican_Empire_%281865-1867%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="900" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_M%C3%A9ndez" title="Ramón Méndez">Ramón Méndez</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Executed"><img alt="Executed" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/14px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/21px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/28px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="510" data-file-height="490" /></a></span></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Second_Mexican_Empire" title="Second Mexican Empire"><img alt="Second Mexican Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_the_Second_Mexican_Empire_%281865-1867%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Second_Mexican_Empire_%281865-1867%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_the_Second_Mexican_Empire_%281865-1867%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Second_Mexican_Empire_%281865-1867%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_the_Second_Mexican_Empire_%281865-1867%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Second_Mexican_Empire_%281865-1867%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="900" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_L%C3%B3pez_Uraga" title="José López Uraga">José López Uraga</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Surrender_(military)" title="Surrendered"><img alt="Surrendered" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/14px-White_flag_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/21px-White_flag_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/28px-White_flag_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="351" /></a></span> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1864–1867)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Centralist_Republic_of_Mexico" title="Centralist Republic of Mexico"><img alt="Centralist Republic of Mexico" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Bandera_de_la_Rep%C3%BAblica_Central_Mexicana.svg/23px-Bandera_de_la_Rep%C3%BAblica_Central_Mexicana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Bandera_de_la_Rep%C3%BAblica_Central_Mexicana.svg/35px-Bandera_de_la_Rep%C3%BAblica_Central_Mexicana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Bandera_de_la_Rep%C3%BAblica_Central_Mexicana.svg/46px-Bandera_de_la_Rep%C3%BAblica_Central_Mexicana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> 70,000</li><li><b>Supported by:</b></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281865%E2%80%931867%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281865%E2%80%931867%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281865%E2%80%931867%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281865%E2%80%931867%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281865%E2%80%931867%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281865%E2%80%931867%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> 3,000 (1867)</li></ul></div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Second_French_Empire" title="Second French Empire"><img alt="Second French Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> 38,493<sup id="cite_ref-Niox_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Niox-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Second_Mexican_Empire" title="Second Mexican Empire"><img alt="Second Mexican Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_the_Second_Mexican_Empire_%281865-1867%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Second_Mexican_Empire_%281865-1867%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_the_Second_Mexican_Empire_%281865-1867%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Second_Mexican_Empire_%281865-1867%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_the_Second_Mexican_Empire_%281865-1867%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Second_Mexican_Empire_%281865-1867%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="900" /></a></span></span> 16,200–24,000<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li><b>Supported by:</b><sup id="cite_ref-Chenu_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chenu-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Torres_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Torres-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Spain" title="Kingdom of Spain"><img alt="Kingdom of Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> 23,285<sup id="cite_ref-Niox_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Niox-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland"><img alt="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> 700</li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire"><img alt="Austrian Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> 7,859</li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium"><img alt="Belgium" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> 1,462</li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Egypt" title="Ottoman Egypt"><img alt="Ottoman Egypt" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_Egypt_%281844-1867%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Egypt_%281844-1867%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_Egypt_%281844-1867%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Egypt_%281844-1867%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_Egypt_%281844-1867%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Egypt_%281844-1867%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> 424<sup id="cite_ref-Niox_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Niox-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%281865%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%281865%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%281865%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%281865%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%281865%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%281865%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> 2,000<sup id="cite_ref-Miller_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miller-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_the_Polish-Lithuanian-Ruthenian_Commonwealth_%28January_Uprising%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Polish-Lithuanian-Ruthenian_Commonwealth_%28January_Uprising%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_the_Polish-Lithuanian-Ruthenian_Commonwealth_%28January_Uprising%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Polish-Lithuanian-Ruthenian_Commonwealth_%28January_Uprising%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_the_Polish-Lithuanian-Ruthenian_Commonwealth_%28January_Uprising%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Polish-Lithuanian-Ruthenian_Commonwealth_%28January_Uprising%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1499" data-file-height="795" /></span></span></span> 472<sup id="cite_ref-Klinger_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Klinger-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>31,962 killed (including 11,000 executed)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2017305_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2017305-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li>8,304 wounded</li><li>33,281 captured</li></ul></div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>14,000 dead</li></ul></div> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>Details</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><b>France</b>: 6,654 dead<sup id="cite_ref-Chenu_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chenu-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li>1,729 killed<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2017305_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2017305-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li>4,925 dead from disease<sup id="cite_ref-Chenu_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chenu-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li>2,559 wounded<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2017305_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2017305-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></div> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><b>Mexican Empire</b>: 5,671 killed<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2017305_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2017305-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">2,159 wounded<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2017305_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2017305-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">4,379 captured<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2017305_8-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2017305-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><b>Belgium</b>: 573 dead </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><b>Austria</b>: 455 Austrians dead</li><li>inc. 199 from disease<sup id="cite_ref-Klinger_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Klinger-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li>177 Hungarians dead<sup id="cite_ref-Torbágyi_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Torbágyi-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></div> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><b>Egypt</b>: 126 dead<sup id="cite_ref-Chartrand_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chartrand-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li>inc. 46 from disease<sup id="cite_ref-Hill2_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hill2-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></div> </li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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"}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Second_French_intervention_in_Mexico" title="Template:Campaignbox Second French intervention in Mexico"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Second_French_intervention_in_Mexico" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Second French intervention in Mexico"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Second_French_intervention_in_Mexico" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Second French intervention in Mexico"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Second_French_intervention_in_Mexico(1861–1867)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><span class="wrap">Second French intervention in Mexico</span></a><br /><span class="nobold">(1861–1867)</span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b>1862</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort%C3%ADn" title="Battle of Fortín">Fortín</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Las_Cumbres" title="Battle of Las Cumbres">Las Cumbres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Atlixco_(1862)" title="Battle of Atlixco (1862)">Atlixco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Puebla" title="Battle of Puebla">Puebla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Barranca_Seca" title="Battle of Barranca Seca">Barranca Seca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cerro_del_Borrego" title="Battle of Cerro del Borrego">Cerro del Borrego</a></li></ul> <p><b>1863</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toma_de_Jonuta_(1863)" class="extiw" title="es:Toma de Jonuta (1863)">Jonuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Puebla_(1863)" title="Siege of Puebla (1863)">Siege of Puebla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Pablo_del_Monte" title="Battle of San Pablo del Monte">San Pablo del Monte</a></li> <li><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalla_de_Tampico_(1863)" class="extiw" title="es:Batalla de Tampico (1863)">Tampico</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Atlixco_(1863)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Atlixco (1863) (page does not exist)">2nd Atlixco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Camar%C3%B3n" title="Battle of Camarón">Camarón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Mexico_City_(1863)" title="Capture of Mexico City (1863)">Mexico City</a></li> <li><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalla_de_Chiapa_de_Corzo" class="extiw" title="es:Batalla de Chiapa de Corzo">Chiapa de Corzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Morelia_(1863)" title="Capture of Morelia (1863)">Morelia</a></li> <li><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toma_de_Guanajuato_(1863)" class="extiw" title="es:Toma de Guanajuato (1863)">Guanajuato</a></li></ul> <p><b>1864</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toma_de_Guadalajara_(1864)" class="extiw" title="es:Toma de Guadalajara (1864)">Guadalajara</a></li> <li><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalla_de_El_Jahuactal" class="extiw" title="es:Batalla de El Jahuactal">El Jahuactal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Juan_Bautista" title="Battle of San Juan Bautista">San Juan Bautista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Mazatl%C3%A1n" title="Capture of Mazatlán">Mazatlán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Acapulco" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Acapulco">Acapulco</a></li> <li><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalla_de_Nanahuatipam" class="extiw" title="es:Batalla de Nanahuatipam">Nanahuatipam</a></li> <li><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalla_de_Majoma" class="extiw" title="es:Batalla de Majoma">Majoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Monterrey_(1864)" title="Capture of Monterrey (1864)">Monterrey</a></li> <li><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toma_de_Matamoros_(1864)" class="extiw" title="es:Toma de Matamoros (1864)">Matamoros</a></li> <li><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalla_de_Totoapan" class="extiw" title="es:Batalla de Totoapan">Totoapan</a></li> <li><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toma_de_Colima_(1864)" class="extiw" title="es:Toma de Colima (1864)">Colima</a></li> <li><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalla_de_Jiquilpan" class="extiw" title="es:Batalla de Jiquilpan">Jiquilpan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Pedro" title="Battle of San Pedro">San Pedro</a></li></ul> <p><b>1865</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalla_de_Cuauht%C3%A9moc" class="extiw" title="es:Batalla de Cuauhtémoc">Cuauhtémoc</a></li> <li><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalla_de_El_Rosario" class="extiw" title="es:Batalla de El Rosario">El Rosario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tac%C3%A1mbaro" title="Battle of Tacámbaro">Tacámbaro</a></li> <li><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalla_de_Tula_(1865)" class="extiw" title="es:Batalla de Tula (1865)">Tula</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Soyaltepec&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Soyaltepec (page does not exist)">Soyaltepec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_la_Loma" title="Battle of la Loma">La Loma</a></li> <li><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalla_de_Parral_(1865)" class="extiw" title="es:Batalla de Parral (1865)">Parral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Chihuahua_(1865)" title="Capture of Chihuahua (1865)">Chihuahua</a></li> <li><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalla_de_%C3%81lamos_(1865)" class="extiw" title="es:Batalla de Álamos (1865)">Álamos</a></li> <li><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalla_de_Ixmiquilpan" class="extiw" title="es:Batalla de Ixmiquilpan">Ixmiquilpan</a></li></ul> <p><b>1866</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bagdad" title="Battle of Bagdad">Bagdad</a></li> <li><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalla_de_Santa_Isabel_(1866)" class="extiw" title="es:Batalla de Santa Isabel (1866)">Santa Isabel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chihuahua_(1866)" title="Battle of Chihuahua (1866)">Chihuahua</a></li> <li><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sitio_de_Jonuta_(1866)" class="extiw" title="es:Sitio de Jonuta (1866)">Siege of Jonuta</a></li> <li><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalla_de_Santa_Gertrudis" class="extiw" title="es:Batalla de Santa Gertrudis">Santa Gertrudis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Miahuatl%C3%A1n" title="Battle of Miahuatlán">Miahuatlán</a></li> <li><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalla_de_Juchit%C3%A1n" class="extiw" title="es:Batalla de Juchitán">Juchitán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_La_Carbonera" title="Battle of La Carbonera">La Carbonera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guayabo" title="Battle of Guayabo">Guayabo</a></li></ul> <p><b>1867</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toma_de_Guadalajara_(1867)" class="extiw" title="es:Toma de Guadalajara (1867)">Guadalajara</a></li> <li><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalla_de_Villa_de_%C3%81lvarez" class="extiw" title="es:Batalla de Villa de Álvarez">Villa de Álvarez</a></li> <li><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalla_de_San_Jacinto_(1867)" class="extiw" title="es:Batalla de San Jacinto (1867)">San Jacinto</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capture_of_Monterrey_(1867)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Capture of Monterrey (1867) (page does not exist)">Monterrey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Battle_of_Puebla" title="Third Battle of Puebla">3rd Puebla</a></li> <li><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalla_de_las_Lomas_de_San_Lorenzo" class="extiw" title="es:Batalla de las Lomas de San Lorenzo">Lomas de San Lorenzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Quer%C3%A9taro" title="Siege of Querétaro">Siege of Querétaro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Mexico_City" title="Siege of Mexico City">Mexico City</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Mexico" title="Category:History of Mexico">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mexico" title="History of Mexico">History of <span class="fn org label">Mexico</span></a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Mexico" title="Coat of arms of Mexico"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Coat_of_arms_of_Mexico.svg/75px-Coat_of_arms_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Coat_of_arms_of_Mexico.svg/113px-Coat_of_arms_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Coat_of_arms_of_Mexico.svg/150px-Coat_of_arms_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="579" data-file-height="525" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <div style="background:#eee;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_Mexico" title="Pre-Columbian Mexico">Pre-Columbian</a></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee;padding-left:0.4em;;color: var(--color-base)">The New Spain</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Aztec_Empire" title="Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire">Spanish-Aztec War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">Viceroyalty of New Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_War_of_Independence" title="Mexican War of Independence">War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Mexican_Empire" title="First Mexican Empire">First Empire</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee;padding-left:0.4em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/First_Mexican_Republic" title="First Mexican Republic">First Republic</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centralist_Republic_of_Mexico" title="Centralist Republic of Mexico">Centralist Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_Revolution" title="Texas Revolution">Texas Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pastry_War" title="Pastry War">Pastry War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Mexican–American War">Mexican–American War</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee;padding-left:0.4em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Second_Federal_Republic_of_Mexico" title="Second Federal Republic of Mexico">Second Federal Republic</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/La_Reforma" title="La Reforma">La Reforma</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_War" title="Reform War">Reform War</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">French intervention</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee;padding-left:0.4em;;color: var(--color-base)">1864–1928</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Mexican_Empire" title="Second Mexican Empire">Second Mexican Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restored_Republic_(Mexico)" class="mw-redirect" title="Restored Republic (Mexico)">Restored Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porfiriato" title="Porfiriato">The Porfiriato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Revolution" title="Mexican Revolution">Revolution</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ten_Tragic_Days" title="Ten Tragic Days">La decena trágica</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plan_of_Guadalupe" title="Plan of Guadalupe">Plan of Guadalupe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tampico_Affair" title="Tampico Affair">Tampico Affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_occupation_of_Veracruz" class="mw-redirect" title="United States occupation of Veracruz">Occupation of Veracruz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cristero_War" title="Cristero War">Cristero War</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee;padding-left:0.4em;;color: var(--color-base)">Modern</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maximato" title="Maximato"><i>Maximato</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1928–1934)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_oil_expropriation" title="Mexican oil expropriation">Petroleum nationalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_miracle" title="Mexican miracle">Mexican miracle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Dirty_War" title="Mexican Dirty War">Mexican Dirty War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Movement_of_1968" title="Mexican Movement of 1968">Mexican Movement of 1968</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/La_D%C3%A9cada_Perdida" class="mw-redirect" title="La Década Perdida">La Década Perdida</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Mexico#1982_crisis_and_recovery" title="Economic history of Mexico">1982 economic crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiapas_conflict" title="Chiapas conflict">Chiapas conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_peso_crisis" title="Mexican peso crisis">Mexican peso crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mexico#The_end_of_the_PRI's_rule" title="History of Mexico">PRI downfall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_drug_war" title="Mexican drug war">Mexican drug war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Mexico" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Mexico">Coronavirus pandemic</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em; border-top:#aaa 1px solid;"> <b><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Mexican_history" title="Timeline of Mexican history">Timeline</a></b></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/16px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/24px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/32px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Mexico" title="Portal:Mexico">Mexico portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Mexico" title="Template:History of Mexico"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Mexico" title="Template talk:History of Mexico"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Mexico" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Mexico"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>second French intervention in Mexico</b> (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>: <i lang="es">segunda intervención francesa en México</i>), also known as the <b>Second Franco-Mexican War</b> (1861–1867),<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was a military invasion of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Federal_Republic_of_Mexico" title="Second Federal Republic of Mexico">Republic of Mexico</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Second_French_Empire" title="Second French Empire">French Empire</a> of <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_III" title="Napoleon III">Napoleon III</a>, purportedly to force the collection of Mexican debts in conjunction with Great Britain and Spain. <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(Mexico)" title="Conservative Party (Mexico)">Mexican conservatives</a> supported the invasion, since they had been defeated by the liberal government of <a href="/wiki/Benito_Ju%C3%A1rez" title="Benito Juárez">Benito Juárez</a> in a three-year <a href="/wiki/Reform_War" title="Reform War">civil war</a>. Defeated on the battlefield, conservatives sought the aid of France to effect regime change and establish a <a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_Mexico" title="Monarchism in Mexico">monarchy in Mexico</a>, a plan that meshed with Napoleon III's plans to re-establish the presence of the French Empire in the Americas. Although the French invasion displaced Juárez's Republican government from the Mexican capital and the monarchy of <a href="/wiki/Maximilian_I_of_Mexico" title="Maximilian I of Mexico">Archduke Maximilian</a> was established, the <a href="/wiki/Second_Mexican_Empire" title="Second Mexican Empire">Second Mexican Empire</a> collapsed within a few years. Material aid from the United States, whose four-year <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">civil war</a> ended in 1865, invigorated the Republican fight against the regime of Maximilian, and the 1866 decision of Napoleon III to withdraw military support for Maximilian's regime accelerated the monarchy's collapse. Maximilian and two Mexican generals were <a href="/wiki/Execution_by_firing_squad" title="Execution by firing squad">executed by firing squad</a> on 19 June 1867, ending this period of Mexican history. </p><p>The intervention came as a civil war, the <a href="/wiki/Reform_War" title="Reform War">Reform War</a>, had just concluded, and the intervention allowed the Conservative opposition against the <a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Mexico" title="Liberalism in Mexico">liberal</a> social and economic reforms of President Juárez to take up their cause once again. The Mexican Catholic Church, <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(Mexico)" title="Conservative Party (Mexico)">Mexican conservatives</a>, much of the upper-class and <a href="/wiki/Mexican_nobility" title="Mexican nobility">Mexican nobility</a>, and some <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Mexico" title="Indigenous peoples of Mexico">Native Mexican</a> communities invited, welcomed and <a href="/wiki/Collaborationism" class="mw-redirect" title="Collaborationism">collaborated</a> with the French empire's help to install <a href="/wiki/Maximilian_I_of_Mexico" title="Maximilian I of Mexico">Maximilian of Habsburg</a> as <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Mexico" title="Emperor of Mexico">Emperor of Mexico</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The emperor himself however proved to be of liberal inclination and continued some of the Juárez government's most notable liberal measures. Some liberal generals defected to the Empire, including the powerful, northern governor <a href="/wiki/Santiago_Vidaurri" title="Santiago Vidaurri">Santiago Vidaurri</a>, who had fought on the side of Juárez during the Reform War. </p><p>The French army landed in 1861, aiming to rapidly take the capital of Mexico City, but Mexican republican forces defeated them in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Puebla" title="Battle of Puebla">Battle of Puebla</a> on 5 May 1862, <a href="/wiki/Cinco_de_Mayo" title="Cinco de Mayo">Cinco de Mayo</a>, delaying their taking the capital for a year. The French and Mexican Imperial Army captured much of Mexican territory, including major cities, but guerrilla warfare by supporters of the republic remained a significant factor and Juárez himself never left the national territory. The intervention was increasingly using up troops and money at a time when the recent <a href="/wiki/Austro-Prussian_War" title="Austro-Prussian War">Prussian victory</a> over Austria was inclining France to give greater military priority to European affairs. The liberals also never lost the official recognition of the <a href="/wiki/Union_(American_Civil_War)" title="Union (American Civil War)">United States of America</a> in spite of their ongoing civil war, and following the defeat and surrender of the <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederate States of America</a> in April 1865 the reunited country began providing <a href="/wiki/Materiel" title="Materiel">materiel</a> support to the republican forces. Invoking the <a href="/wiki/Monroe_Doctrine" title="Monroe Doctrine">Monroe Doctrine</a>, the U.S. government asserted that it would not tolerate a lasting French presence on the continent. Facing the mounting pressure both at home and abroad, the French army began to redeploy to Europe in 1866, and the Second Mexican Empire collapsed in 1867.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_French_intervention_in_Mexico&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Background">Background</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_French_intervention_in_Mexico&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_Mexico" title="Monarchism in Mexico">Monarchism in Mexico</a></div> <p>Mexican monarchists long had hopes of restoring Mexico to a monarchical form of government, as it had been pre-<a href="/wiki/Mexican_War_of_Independence" title="Mexican War of Independence">independence</a> and at its inception as an independent nation-state from the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a> in 1821, in the <a href="/wiki/First_Mexican_Empire" title="First Mexican Empire">First Mexican Empire</a> ruled by Emperor <a href="/wiki/Agust%C3%ADn_de_Iturbide" title="Agustín de Iturbide">Agustín I</a>. Mexican conservatives sought the aid of French emperor Napoleon III. With the United States embroiled in its <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a> (1861–65) against secessionist southern states, its focus was on domestic turmoil rather than exerting its power against the intervention of the French in violation of the <a href="/wiki/Monroe_Doctrine" title="Monroe Doctrine">Monroe Doctrine</a>. A Mexican monarchy backed by France would, in Napoleon III's estimation, lead to the exertion of French power in Mexico and <a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin America</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the administration of Mexican president <a href="/wiki/Benito_Ju%C3%A1rez" title="Benito Juárez">Benito Juárez</a> placed a moratorium on foreign debt payments in 1861, France, the United Kingdom, and Spain agreed to the <a href="/wiki/Convention_of_London_(1861)" title="Convention of London (1861)">Convention of London</a>, a joint effort to ensure that debt repayments from Mexico would be forthcoming. On 8 December 1861, the three navies disembarked their troops at the port city of <a href="/wiki/Veracruz_(city)" title="Veracruz (city)">Veracruz</a>, on the Gulf of Mexico. When it became clear to the British that France's aim was to seize Mexico, the United Kingdom separately negotiated an agreement with Mexico to settle the debt issues and withdrew from the country. Spain subsequently left as well. The resulting French invasion established the <a href="/wiki/Second_Mexican_Empire" title="Second Mexican Empire">Second Mexican Empire</a> (1864–1867). France, Britain, Belgium, Austria, and Spain recognized the <a href="/wiki/Legitimacy_(political)" title="Legitimacy (political)">political legitimacy</a> of the newly created monarchy, but the United States refused to do so, since it was a violation of the <a href="/wiki/Monroe_Doctrine" title="Monroe Doctrine">Monroe Doctrine</a>, prohibiting European powers' interference in the Americas.<sup id="cite_ref-DailyAlta2_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DailyAlta2-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The French intervention in Mexico, initially supported by the United Kingdom and Spain, was a consequence of Mexican President <a href="/wiki/Benito_Ju%C3%A1rez" title="Benito Juárez">Benito Juárez</a>'s imposition of a two-year moratorium of loan-interest payments from July 1861 to French, British, and Spanish creditors. </p><p>Napoleon III's France sought not just debt collection, but rather regime change. Through the influence of the emperor's wife, <a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A9nie_de_Montijo" title="Eugénie de Montijo">Eugénie de Montijo</a>, the emperor had come into contact with Mexican monarchist exiles, <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Guti%C3%A9rrez_de_Estrada" title="José María Gutiérrez de Estrada">José María Gutiérrez de Estrada</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Manuel_Hidalgo_y_Esnaurr%C3%ADzar" title="José Manuel Hidalgo y Esnaurrízar">José Manuel Hidalgo</a> who exposed Napoleon to the decades long effort to import a European prince to ascend a Mexican throne. He was initially not interested in the project due to the inevitable opposition that the effort would invite from the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> due to the <a href="/wiki/Monroe_Doctrine" title="Monroe Doctrine">Monroe Doctrine</a>, a concern that would be rendered null with the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a> in 1861. Juárez's debt moratorium finally provided a pretext for intervention. Napoleon III would also claim that the military adventure was a foreign policy commitment to free trade and that the establishment of a European-derived monarchy in Mexico would ensure European access to Mexican resources, particularly French access to Mexican silver. However, Emperor Maximilian disagreed with the French emperor on Mexican resources going to anyone but Mexicans.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More importantly, Napoleon III wanted to establish Mexico as a monarchist ally in the Americas in order to restrain the growing power of the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To realize his ambitions without interference from other European states, Napoleon III entered into a coalition with the United Kingdom and Spain. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Multinational_intervention">Multinational intervention</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_French_intervention_in_Mexico&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Multinational intervention"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Tripartite Expedition, a multinational coalition of Spain, Great Britain, and France, sought to enforce debt collection on the republican government of Benito Juárez, following his suspension of payments on Mexican government bonds. On 14 December 1861, Spanish ships took possession of Mexico's main port, <a href="/wiki/Veracruz_(city)" title="Veracruz (city)">Veracruz</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> French and British forces arrived on 7 January 1862. On 10 January 1862 Spanish General <a href="/wiki/Juan_Prim" title="Juan Prim">Juan Prim</a> issued a manifesto disavowing rumors that the allies had come to conquer or to impose a new government. It was emphasized that the three powers merely wanted to open negotiations regarding their claims of damages.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 14 January 1862, a bill of claims was presented to the government in Mexico City. Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Doblado" title="Manuel Doblado">Manuel Doblado</a> invited the commissioners to travel to Orizaba with two thousand of their own troops for a conference while requesting that the rest of the tripartite forces disembark from Veracruz.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The proposal to disembark most of the troops was rejected, but negotiations then resulted in an agreement, ratified on 23 January, to move the forces inland and hold a conference at Orizaba. The agreement also officially recognized the government of Juárez along with Mexican sovereignty.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="French_invasion">French invasion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_French_intervention_in_Mexico&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: French invasion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Second_French_Intervention.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Second_French_Intervention.png/300px-Second_French_Intervention.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="245" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Second_French_Intervention.png/450px-Second_French_Intervention.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Second_French_Intervention.png/600px-Second_French_Intervention.png 2x" data-file-width="1463" data-file-height="1194" /></a><figcaption>Map of the Intervention</figcaption></figure> <p>On 9 April 1862, agreements at Orizaba between the allies broke down, as France made it increasingly clear that it intended to invade Mexico and interfere in its government in violation of previous treaties. The British informed the Mexican government that they now intended to exit the country, and an arrangement was made with the British government to settle its claims.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Minister Doblado on 11 April made it known to the French government that its intentions would lead to war. </p><p>Certain Mexican officers had been sympathetic to the French since the beginning of the intervention. On 16 April 1862, the French issued a proclamation inviting Mexicans to join them in establishing a new government. On 17 April 1862, Mexican general <a href="/wiki/Juan_Almonte" title="Juan Almonte">Juan Almonte</a>, who had been a foreign minister of the conservative government defeated in the <a href="/wiki/Reform_War" title="Reform War">Reform War</a>, and who was brought back to Mexico by the French, issued his own manifesto, assuring the Mexican people of benevolent French intentions.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Armed conflict broke out between the French invaders and republican Mexican defenders, the start of a protracted warfare. The French defeated a small Mexican force at Escamela, and then captured Orizaba. Mexican Generals <a href="/wiki/Porfirio_D%C3%ADaz" title="Porfirio Díaz">Porfirio Díaz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ignacio_Zaragoza" title="Ignacio Zaragoza">Ignacio Zaragoza</a> retreated to <i>El Ingenio</i>, and then headed towards Puebla. Almonte now attempted to consolidate the Mexican pro-French movement. The town of Orizaba joined him and so did the port of Veracruz and Isla del Carmen. Colonel Gonzáles, Manuel Castellanos, Desiderio Samaniego, <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Javier_Miranda_y_Morfi" class="extiw" title="es:Francisco Javier Miranda y Morfi">Padre Miranda</a>, <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_de_Haro_y_Tamariz" class="extiw" title="es:Antonio de Haro y Tamariz">Haro Tamariz</a>, and General Taboada arrived in Orizaba to support Almonte.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 28 April 1862, French forces headed towards <a href="/wiki/Puebla_(city)" title="Puebla (city)">Puebla</a>. </p><p>On 5 May 1862, Mexican forces commanded by Ignacio Zaragoza and Porfirio Díaz won a major victory against the French at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Puebla" title="Battle of Puebla">Battle of Puebla</a> while the latter were trying to ascend the hill towards the fortified positions of the city. The French retreated to Orizaba to await reinforcements.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mexico's victory was a pause in the French push to capture the capital of Mexico City, delaying the French for a year. In Mexican history, <a href="/wiki/Cinco_de_Mayo" title="Cinco de Mayo">Cinco de Mayo</a> is a day to commemorate Mexican nationalism. </p><p>Conservative Mexican Generals <a href="/w/index.php?title=Florentino_L%C3%B3pez&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Florentino López (page does not exist)">Florentino López</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leonardo_M%C3%A1rquez" title="Leonardo Márquez">Leonardo Márquez</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Juan_Vicario&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Juan Vicario (page does not exist)">Juan Vicario</a> sought to join the French, and Mexican republican forces suffered defeats at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Barranca_Seca" title="Battle of Barranca Seca">Barranca Seca</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cerro_del_Borrego" title="Battle of Cerro del Borrego">Cerro del Borrego</a> in the vicinity of Orizaba.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With the defeat of the small French force at Puebla in May 1862, in July Napoleon III sent reinforcements of 30,000 troops under the command of <a href="/wiki/%C3%89lie_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Forey" title="Élie Frédéric Forey">General Forey</a>. The French Emperor gave Forey instructions laying out France's occupation policy, directing the French commander to work with Mexican supporters in the pursuit of both military and political goals. The aim was to establish a new government friendly to French interests, and the geopolitical aim of preventing the United States from becoming too powerful in the Americas was also emphasized.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Forey reached Orizaba on 24 October 1862, and began planning another siege of Puebla, the defense of which had now passed on to <a href="/wiki/Jes%C3%BAs_Gonz%C3%A1lez_Ortega" title="Jesús González Ortega">Jesús González Ortega</a> after General Zaragoza had died of typhoid fever on 8 September. </p><p>On 10 January 1863, a French squadron <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Acapulco#First_battle" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Acapulco">bombarded</a> the Mexican Pacific port of <a href="/wiki/Acapulco" title="Acapulco">Acapulco</a> and on 3 February, Forey finally set out for Puebla. González Ortega had meanwhile been building up the town's fortifications, and on 10 March he declared martial law. The French arrived on the 16 March and began the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Puebla_(1863)" title="Siege of Puebla (1863)">siege</a>. </p><p>On 8 May 1863 at <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalla_de_San_Lorenzo_(M%C3%A9xico)" class="extiw" title="es:Batalla de San Lorenzo (México)">Battle of San Lorenzo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Achille_Bazaine" title="François Achille Bazaine">Bazaine</a> and Márquez defeated <a href="/wiki/Ignacio_Comonfort" title="Ignacio Comonfort">Ignacio Comonfort</a> who intended to provide reinforcements to Puebla. Having run out of ammunition and food, González Ortega held a council of war, and it was agreed, with the republican situation hopeless, to surrender on 17 May, after destroying the remaining armaments. All of the officers were taken prisoner and were intended to be transported to France. González Ortega and Porfirio Díaz escaped before being sent out of the country as prisoners.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Establishment_of_the_Empire">Establishment of the Empire</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_French_intervention_in_Mexico&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Establishment of the Empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Second_Mexican_Empire" title="Second Mexican Empire">Second Mexican Empire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maximilian_I_of_Mexico" title="Maximilian I of Mexico">Maximilian I of Mexico</a></div> <p>Upon hearing of the fall of Puebla, <a href="/wiki/Benito_Ju%C3%A1rez" title="Benito Juárez">President Juárez</a> prepared to evacuate the capital and move the republican government to <a href="/wiki/San_Luis_Potos%C3%AD_City" class="mw-redirect" title="San Luis Potosí City">San Luis Potosí</a>. Congress closed its session on 31 May after granting Juárez emergency powers. The French entered the capital on 10 June 1863. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Entr%C3%A9e_du_corps_exp%C3%A9ditionnaire_fran%C3%A7ais_%C3%A0_Mexico,_juin_1863.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Entr%C3%A9e_du_corps_exp%C3%A9ditionnaire_fran%C3%A7ais_%C3%A0_Mexico%2C_juin_1863.jpg/300px-Entr%C3%A9e_du_corps_exp%C3%A9ditionnaire_fran%C3%A7ais_%C3%A0_Mexico%2C_juin_1863.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Entr%C3%A9e_du_corps_exp%C3%A9ditionnaire_fran%C3%A7ais_%C3%A0_Mexico%2C_juin_1863.jpg/450px-Entr%C3%A9e_du_corps_exp%C3%A9ditionnaire_fran%C3%A7ais_%C3%A0_Mexico%2C_juin_1863.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Entr%C3%A9e_du_corps_exp%C3%A9ditionnaire_fran%C3%A7ais_%C3%A0_Mexico%2C_juin_1863.jpg/600px-Entr%C3%A9e_du_corps_exp%C3%A9ditionnaire_fran%C3%A7ais_%C3%A0_Mexico%2C_juin_1863.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1890" data-file-height="1093" /></a><figcaption>French troops enter Mexico City</figcaption></figure> <p>On 16 June the French government nominated 35 Mexican citizens to constitute a <i>Junta Superior de Gobierno</i> who were then tasked with electing a triumvirate that was to serve as the executive of the new government. The three elected were <a href="/wiki/Juan_Almonte" title="Juan Almonte">Juan Almonte</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pelagio_Antonio_de_Labastida_y_D%C3%A1valos" title="Pelagio Antonio de Labastida y Dávalos">Archbishop Labastida</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mariano_Salas" title="José Mariano Salas">José Mariano Salas</a>. The Junta was also to choose 215 Mexican citizens who together with the <i>Junta Superio</i>r were to constitute an <i>Assembly of Notables</i> that was to decide upon the form of government. On 11 July, the Assembly published its resolutions, that Mexico was to be a constitutional monarchy and that Ferdinand Maximilian was to be invited to accept the Mexican throne. The executive was then officially changed into the Regency of the Mexican Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although Republican guerrilla forces in the countryside around the capital counted no victories against the French, they maintained a presence. Cuernavaca was captured by imperial forces on 29 July 1863. Republican guerrilla commanders <a href="/w/index.php?title=Catarino_Fragoso&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Catarino Fragoso (page does not exist)">Catarino Fragoso</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Le%C3%B3n_Ugalde&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="León Ugalde (page does not exist)">León Ugalde</a>, and others continued to wage warfare against towns occupied by the French.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Imperialist_successes_in_central_Mexico">Imperialist successes in central Mexico</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_French_intervention_in_Mexico&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Imperialist successes in central Mexico"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Franco-Mexican forces captured Pachuca and Tulancingo in July to serve as bases for expanding operations. Imperialist <a href="/wiki/Juan_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Juan Chávez">Juan Chávez</a> under the command of Tómas Mejía defeated the Republican forces of <a href="/wiki/Tom%C3%A1s_O%27Hor%C3%A1n_y_Escudero" title="Tomás O'Horán y Escudero">Tomás O'Horán</a> on the road to Guanajuato. O'Horan would then switch sides and join the imperialists. Imperialist colonel José Antonio Rodríguez then captured <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libres_(Puebla)" class="extiw" title="es:Libres (Puebla)">San Juan de los Llanos in Puebla</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Gulf Coast port of <a href="/wiki/Tampico" title="Tampico">Tampico</a> was captured by French vessels on 11 August 1863. French control of the country still centered on Veracruz and Mexico City but was gradually expanding. By October, advancing combined forces were spreading across the central regions of Mexico from <a href="/wiki/Jalisco" title="Jalisco">Jalisco</a> to <a href="/wiki/San_Luis_Potos%C3%AD" title="San Luis Potosí">San Luis Potosí</a> to <a href="/wiki/Oaxaca" title="Oaxaca">Oaxaca</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In August 1863, Imperialist Mejía captured the town of <a href="/wiki/Actopan,_Hidalgo" title="Actopan, Hidalgo">Actopan, Hidalgo</a> in the <a href="/wiki/State_of_Mexico" title="State of Mexico">state of Mexico</a> in September, and more Imperialist victories in that state followed. Imperialist commander Gavito, managed to disperse republican guerrillas in <a href="/wiki/Cuayuca_de_Andrade" title="Cuayuca de Andrade">Cuayuca</a>, and the Imperialist commander <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jes%C3%BAs_Mar%C3%ADa_Visoso&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jesús María Visoso (page does not exist)">Jesús María Visoso</a> defeated Republican guerrillas at Puebla.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Franco-Mexican forces under Leonardo Márquez and de Berthier entered <a href="/wiki/Morelia" title="Morelia">Morelia</a>, Michoacan unopposed on 30 November, after Republican forces had evacuated the city. After reinforcements arrived, the Republican forces led by <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_L%C3%B3pez_Uraga" title="José López Uraga">José López Uraga</a> attempted to recapture Morelia but were defeated by Márquez.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>General Mejía captured <a href="/wiki/Quer%C3%A9taro_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Querétaro City">Querétaro</a> on 17 November, while Republican forces there retreated further north to <a href="/wiki/Guanajuato_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Guanajuato City">Guanajuato</a>. Imperialist forces pursued them and Guanajuato was taken on 9 December.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 22 December, the Republican government evacuated the city of <a href="/wiki/San_Luis_Potos%C3%AD_City" class="mw-redirect" title="San Luis Potosí City">San Luis Potosí</a> and intended to relocate north to the state of <a href="/wiki/Coahuila" title="Coahuila">Coahuila</a>. Imperialist forces led by Mejía captured the city on 25 December, only to face an assault by Republican forces on the 27 December, which was ultimately defeated.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Imperialist_advances">Imperialist advances</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_French_intervention_in_Mexico&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Imperialist advances"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Exp%C3%A9dition_du_Mexique._%E2%80%94_La_population_de_Guadalajara_se_portant_au_devant_du_corps_du_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral_Bazaine_%C3%A0_son_entr%C3%A9e_dans_la_ville._(D%27apr%C3%A8s_un_croquis_de_M._S._Barbier).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Exp%C3%A9dition_du_Mexique._%E2%80%94_La_population_de_Guadalajara_se_portant_au_devant_du_corps_du_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral_Bazaine_%C3%A0_son_entr%C3%A9e_dans_la_ville._%28D%27apr%C3%A8s_un_croquis_de_M._S._Barbier%29.jpg/300px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Exp%C3%A9dition_du_Mexique._%E2%80%94_La_population_de_Guadalajara_se_portant_au_devant_du_corps_du_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral_Bazaine_%C3%A0_son_entr%C3%A9e_dans_la_ville._%28D%27apr%C3%A8s_un_croquis_de_M._S._Barbier%29.jpg/450px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Exp%C3%A9dition_du_Mexique._%E2%80%94_La_population_de_Guadalajara_se_portant_au_devant_du_corps_du_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral_Bazaine_%C3%A0_son_entr%C3%A9e_dans_la_ville._%28D%27apr%C3%A8s_un_croquis_de_M._S._Barbier%29.jpg/600px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2337" data-file-height="1710" /></a><figcaption>Bazaine welcomed to <a href="/wiki/Guadalajara" title="Guadalajara">Guadalajara</a></figcaption></figure> <p>French general <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Achille_Bazaine" title="François Achille Bazaine">Bazaine</a> occupied the city of <a href="/wiki/Guadalajara" title="Guadalajara">Guadalajara</a> on 5 January 1864. The liberal generals <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_L%C3%B3pez_Uraga" title="José López Uraga">Uraga</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jes%C3%BAs_Gonz%C3%A1lez_Ortega" title="Jesús González Ortega">Ortega</a> remained in the vicinity but carried out no attacks. After French assaults led by General <a href="/wiki/Abel_Douay" title="Abel Douay">Abel Douay</a>, González Ortega retreated towards <a href="/wiki/Fresnillo" title="Fresnillo">Fresnillo</a>, and Uraga westward.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mexican General <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felipe_Navarrete" class="extiw" title="es:Felipe Navarrete">Felipe Navarrete</a> of Yucatán proclaimed his support of the Empire, and invaded the state capital of <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9rida,_Yucat%C3%A1n" title="Mérida, Yucatán">Mérida</a> with the support of French forces, capturing it on 22 January 1864.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Douay, with General Castagny headed north, succeeding in capturing <a href="/wiki/Aguascalientes_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Aguascalientes City">Aguascalientes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zacatecas_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Zacatecas City">Zacatecas</a> by 7 February 1864.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Castagny was left in charge of Zacatecas, while Douay went to the relief of Colonel Garnier at Guadalajara. On 16 February, Castagny won a victory at <a href="/wiki/Colotl%C3%A1n" title="Colotlán">Colotlán</a> in which he took eighty prisoners and Republican General <a href="/wiki/Luigi_Ghilardi" title="Luigi Ghilardi">Luis Ghilardi</a> was executed. Republican General and governor of Aguascalientes <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Ch%C3%A1vez_Alonso" title="José María Chávez Alonso">José María Chávez Alonso</a> was also executed after being captured in <a href="/wiki/Jerez_de_Garc%C3%ADa_Salinas" title="Jerez de García Salinas">Jerez</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-H25_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-H25-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Imperialists struggled to hold on to the southern state of <a href="/wiki/Chiapas" title="Chiapas">Chiapas</a>. The nearby state capital of <a href="/wiki/Tabasco" title="Tabasco">Tabasco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Villahermosa" title="Villahermosa">San Juan Bautista</a> was recaptured by the Republicans on 27 February. The success inspired a republican incursion into Veracruz, succeeding in capturing <a href="/wiki/Minatitl%C3%A1n,_Veracruz" title="Minatitlán, Veracruz">Minatitlán</a> on 28 March.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 19 March 1864, the western Mexican commander <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Lozada" title="Manuel Lozada">Manuel Lozada</a>, at the head of indigenous troops of the <a href="/wiki/Tepic_Municipality" title="Tepic Municipality">Tepic</a> district sided with the imperialists.<sup id="cite_ref-B24_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-B24-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Douay headed south, pursuing the Republican guerrilla chiefs <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sim%C3%B3n_Guti%C3%A9rrez_(Mexican_colonel)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Simón Gutiérrez (Mexican colonel) (page does not exist)">Simón Gutiérrez</a> and <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Rojas_(guerrilla)" title="Antonio Rojas (guerrilla)">Antonio Rojas</a>, routing the former, and destroying two factories for arms and powder near <a href="/wiki/Cocula,_Jalisco" title="Cocula, Jalisco">Cocula</a>. In March, Douay entered Colima.<sup id="cite_ref-B24_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-B24-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Republican General <a href="/wiki/Jes%C3%BAs_Gonz%C3%A1lez_Ortega" title="Jesús González Ortega">Ortega</a> and several guerrilla bands were driven back into the Sierra Hermosa after <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Doblado" title="Manuel Doblado">Manuel Doblado</a> was repulsed by Mejía in Doblado's attempted assault on <a href="/wiki/Monterrey" title="Monterrey">Monterrey</a>. Doblado fled the country for the United States and died a year later.<sup id="cite_ref-H25_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-H25-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mejía was subsequently granted the cross of the <a href="/wiki/Legion_of_Honour" title="Legion of Honour">Legion of Honour</a> by Napoleon III. </p><p>The Emperor and Empress of Mexico arrived in Veracruz in the summer of 1864 and were later crowned in the <a href="/wiki/Mexico_City_Metropolitan_Cathedral" title="Mexico City Metropolitan Cathedral">Cathedral of Mexico City</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Republican General <a href="/wiki/Porfirio_D%C3%ADaz" title="Porfirio Díaz">Porfirio Díaz</a>, with three thousand troops defeated the imperialists commander <a href="/w/index.php?title=Marcos_Toledo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marcos Toledo (page does not exist)">Marcos Toledo</a> at the silver mining town of <a href="/wiki/Taxco" title="Taxco">Taxco</a> on 26 October 1864. Díaz then besieged the brigade of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Juan_Vicario&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Juan Vicario (page does not exist)">Juan Vicario</a> in the town of <a href="/wiki/Iguala" title="Iguala">Iguala</a> until imperialist reinforcements forced him to abandon the siege. Díaz headed south to his home state of <a href="/wiki/Oaxaca" title="Oaxaca">Oaxaca</a> and increased his troops to eight thousand.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Imperialists now controlled the central Mexican states, containing its major cities, two thirds of the population, rich mines and agricultural lands, and the main centers of manufacturing and trade. The Republicans still controlled the sparsely populated frontier states of the north, where President Juárez still led his government-in-exile in the city of <a href="/wiki/Monterrey" title="Monterrey">Monterrey</a>. These northern states granted them the considerable revenue coming into the Pacific ports of <a href="/wiki/Manzanillo,_Colima" title="Manzanillo, Colima">Manzanillo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mazatl%C3%A1n" title="Mazatlán">Mazatlán</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Guaymas" title="Guaymas">Guaymas</a>. Arms also flowed in from the U.S. states California and Texas along with mercenaries.<sup id="cite_ref-H62_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-H62-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Republicans also still held the southern states of <a href="/wiki/Guerrero" title="Guerrero">Guerrero</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oaxaca" title="Oaxaca">Oaxaca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tabasco" title="Tabasco">Tabasco</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chiapas" title="Chiapas">Chiapas</a>, where troops led by <a href="/wiki/Porfirio_D%C3%ADaz" title="Porfirio Díaz">Porfirio Díaz</a> maintained a formidable hold.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Northern_Campaign">Northern Campaign</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_French_intervention_in_Mexico&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Northern Campaign"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SOLDATS_DE_L%27ARM%C3%89E_MEXICAINE._%E2%80%94_D%27apr%C3%A8s_un_croquis_de_M._Girardin,_officier_au_1er_chasseurs_d%27Afrique.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/SOLDATS_DE_L%27ARM%C3%89E_MEXICAINE._%E2%80%94_D%27apr%C3%A8s_un_croquis_de_M._Girardin%2C_officier_au_1er_chasseurs_d%27Afrique.jpg/300px-SOLDATS_DE_L%27ARM%C3%89E_MEXICAINE._%E2%80%94_D%27apr%C3%A8s_un_croquis_de_M._Girardin%2C_officier_au_1er_chasseurs_d%27Afrique.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/SOLDATS_DE_L%27ARM%C3%89E_MEXICAINE._%E2%80%94_D%27apr%C3%A8s_un_croquis_de_M._Girardin%2C_officier_au_1er_chasseurs_d%27Afrique.jpg/450px-SOLDATS_DE_L%27ARM%C3%89E_MEXICAINE._%E2%80%94_D%27apr%C3%A8s_un_croquis_de_M._Girardin%2C_officier_au_1er_chasseurs_d%27Afrique.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/SOLDATS_DE_L%27ARM%C3%89E_MEXICAINE._%E2%80%94_D%27apr%C3%A8s_un_croquis_de_M._Girardin%2C_officier_au_1er_chasseurs_d%27Afrique.jpg/600px-SOLDATS_DE_L%27ARM%C3%89E_MEXICAINE._%E2%80%94_D%27apr%C3%A8s_un_croquis_de_M._Girardin%2C_officier_au_1er_chasseurs_d%27Afrique.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2652" data-file-height="1892" /></a><figcaption>Soldiers of the Imperial Mexican Army</figcaption></figure> <p>The Imperialists now focused on capturing the rest of the north, with troops under General Mejía campaigning along the northern Gulf Coast, supported by <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles-Louis_Du_Pin" class="extiw" title="fr:Charles-Louis Du Pin">Charles Dupin</a>'s anti-guerrilla corps at <a href="/wiki/Tampico" title="Tampico">Tampico</a>, and <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89douard_Aymard" class="extiw" title="fr:Édouard Aymard">Aymard's</a> brigade at <a href="/wiki/San_Luis_Potos%C3%AD_City" class="mw-redirect" title="San Luis Potosí City">San Luis Potosí</a>. Castagny supported the rear, and the entire operation was headquartered at <a href="/wiki/Quer%C3%A9taro_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Querétaro City">Querétaro</a>. </p><p>On the Pacific Coast, a naval squadron under <a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Louis_Le_Normant_de_Kergrist&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thomas Louis Le Normant de Kergrist (page does not exist)">de Kergrist</a> was ready to cooperate with Douay's troops in <a href="/wiki/Jalisco" title="Jalisco">Jalisco</a> and sweep north towards <a href="/wiki/Sinaloa" title="Sinaloa">Sinaloa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-H62_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-H62-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were aided by quarrels within the Republican military leadership that resulted in <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_L%C3%B3pez_Uraga" title="José López Uraga">José López Uraga</a> being demoted and subsequently joining the Imperialists.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 26 September 1864, the Imperialists captured the port of <a href="/wiki/Bagdad,_Tamaulipas" title="Bagdad, Tamaulipas">Bagdad</a> and now controlled every major port in the Gulf. The commander of troops at Bagdad, <a href="/wiki/Juan_Cortina" title="Juan Cortina">Juan Cortina</a>, then defected to the Imperialists.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Santiago_Vidaurri" title="Santiago Vidaurri">Santiago Vidaurri</a>, the governor of <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuevo_Le%C3%B3n_y_Coahuila" class="extiw" title="es:Nuevo León y Coahuila">Nuevo León and Coahuila</a>, had broken with Juárez as early as March 1864 over the administration and finances of his state, and had even held a referendum on joining the Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Republican troops drove him into Texas, but troops loyal to Viduarri remained active in the region. As Republican forces in the north were diverted by Imperial advances, Vidaurrist troops captured <a href="/wiki/Monterrey" title="Monterrey">Monterrey</a> on 15 August 1864, with President Juárez barely escaping, and pursued as far as <a href="/wiki/Parras" title="Parras">Parras</a> in a bullet-riddled carriage.<sup id="cite_ref-H65_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-H65-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The triumphant Vidaurri then headed towards the capital where he was made a councilor of Emperor Maximilian. By the end of the year the imperialists controlled <a href="/wiki/Nuevo_Le%C3%B3n" title="Nuevo León">Nuevo León</a> and the greater part of <a href="/wiki/Coahuila" title="Coahuila">Coahuila</a> to the banks of the Rio Grande. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Southern_Pacific_Campaign">Southern Pacific Campaign</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_French_intervention_in_Mexico&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Southern Pacific Campaign"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Contre-gu%C3%A9rilla_-_Exp%C3%A9dition_de_Vera_Cruz_1864.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Contre-gu%C3%A9rilla_-_Exp%C3%A9dition_de_Vera_Cruz_1864.jpg/300px-Contre-gu%C3%A9rilla_-_Exp%C3%A9dition_de_Vera_Cruz_1864.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="353" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/10/Contre-gu%C3%A9rilla_-_Exp%C3%A9dition_de_Vera_Cruz_1864.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="425" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>Mexican Imperial counter-guerrilla forces who were commanded by <a href="/wiki/Charles-Louis_Du_Pin" title="Charles-Louis Du Pin">Charles Dupin</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>On 28 October 1864, imperialist Generals Leonardo Márquez and Douay attacked the army of Republican General <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Arteaga" title="José María Arteaga">Arteaga</a> in the ravine of Atenquique, routing them. A few days later, the Republicans, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sim%C3%B3n_Guti%C3%A9rrez_(Mexican_colonel)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Simón Gutiérrez (Mexican colonel) (page does not exist)">Simón Gutiérrez</a> and <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Rojas_(guerrilla)" title="Antonio Rojas (guerrilla)">Antonio Rojas</a> were defeated near the U.S. border by the Imperialist <a href="/w/index.php?title=Carlos_Rivas_(general)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carlos Rivas (general) (page does not exist)">Carlos Rivas</a>, with French reinforcements. Márquez occupied <a href="/wiki/Colima" title="Colima">Colima</a> and by 18 November 1864, Márquez had captured the port of <a href="/wiki/Manzanillo,_Colima" title="Manzanillo, Colima">Manzanillo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-H65_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-H65-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 12 November 1864, a French squadron under de Kergrist arrived at <a href="/wiki/Mazatl%C3%A1n" title="Mazatlán">Mazatlán</a> and demanded a surrender under the threat of bombardment. At the same time, the imperialist Manuel Lozada besieged the town on land leading to a successful capture.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The imperialist <a href="/w/index.php?title=Juan_Vicario&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Juan Vicario (page does not exist)">Juan Vicario</a> was repulsed at <a href="/wiki/Chilapa_de_%C3%81lvarez" title="Chilapa de Álvarez">Chilapa de Álvarez</a>, while on the way to replace the French garrison in the southern Pacific port of Acapulco, and subsequently the port had to be evacuated and left to the Republicans in December. French vessels succeeded in recapturing Acapulco on 11 September 1864.<sup id="cite_ref-H92_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-H92-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Imperialists however hoped to soon begin operations to dislodge <a href="/wiki/Porfirio_D%C3%ADaz" title="Porfirio Díaz">Porfirio Díaz</a> from his stronghold in the south, and began to survey the land and build roads. Towards the end of 1864, General Courtois d'Hurbal entered <a href="/wiki/Oaxaca" title="Oaxaca">Oaxaca</a> by way of <a href="/wiki/Santo_Domingo_Yanhuitl%C3%A1n" title="Santo Domingo Yanhuitlán">Yanhuitlan</a> and other columns followed from <a href="/wiki/Orizaba" title="Orizaba">Orizaba</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a>. Díaz was based in <a href="/wiki/Oaxaca_City" title="Oaxaca City">Oaxaca City</a> with three thousand regulars, three thousand troops in the mountains, and had converted the city into a fortified camp.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Commander in Chief of the French Forces, <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Achille_Bazaine" title="François Achille Bazaine">Bazaine</a> decided to lead the siege of <a href="/wiki/Oaxaca_City" title="Oaxaca City">Oaxaca City</a> in person and by the end of January 1865, the besieging forces numbered seven thousand men. The use of artillery began on 4 February, and an assault was ordered for February 9th. The massing of forces produced a panic in Díaz' men. Díaz was not willing to engage in a hopeless last stand and surrendered. Díaz was sent to <a href="/wiki/Puebla_(city)" title="Puebla (city)">Puebla</a> and imprisoned, however he escaped seven months later and raised an army in the southern state of <a href="/wiki/Guerrero" title="Guerrero">Guerrero</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This prompted <a href="/wiki/%C3%89lie_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Forey" title="Élie Frédéric Forey">Élie Frédéric Forey</a>, the former Commander of French forces in Mexico, to criticize Bazaine for not executing Díaz.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The former Republican General <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_L%C3%B3pez_Uraga" title="José López Uraga">José López Uraga</a> sent a letter to Díaz hoping to win him over to the imperialist cause, arguing that guerrilla warfare was devastating the country and assuring Díaz that Mexican independence was secure under Maximilian. Díaz rejected this offer.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>French colonel Mangin remained at Oaxaca and reorganized the civilian government. Imperialist forces would continue to face sporadic conflict with Republican forces led by General <a href="/wiki/Luis_P%C3%A9rez_Figueroa" title="Luis Pérez Figueroa">Luis Pérez Figueroa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Michoacan continued to be a Republican stronghold, serving as a base of operations for <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_R%C3%A9gules" class="extiw" title="es:Nicolás Régules">Nicolás Régules</a>, <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Garc%C3%ADa_Pueblita" class="extiw" title="es:Manuel García Pueblita">Manuel García Pueblita</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Salazar_Ruiz" title="Carlos Salazar Ruiz">Carlos Salazar Ruiz</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vicente_Riva_Palacio" title="Vicente Riva Palacio">Vicente Riva Palacio</a>, with the latter being named governor by <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Arteaga" title="José María Arteaga">Arteaga</a> who held supreme command of the regional forces. On 31 January, Republican forces under <a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Romero_(colonel)" title="Nicolás Romero (colonel)">Nicolás Romero</a> was defeated at <a href="/wiki/Apatzing%C3%A1n" title="Apatzingán">Apatzingán</a> by Colonel Poiter with a loss of 200 men. On 19 May, Salazar with 400 men defeated a Franco-Mexican force of 700 at <a href="/wiki/Los_Reyes,_Michoac%C3%A1n" title="Los Reyes, Michoacán">Los Reyes</a>. Arteaga occupied <a href="/wiki/Tac%C3%A1mbaro" title="Tacámbaro">Tacámbaro</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Le%C3%B3n_Ugalde&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="León Ugalde (page does not exist)">León Ugalde</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ferm%C3%ADn_Vald%C3%A9s_(Mexico)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fermín Valdés (Mexico) (page does not exist)">Fermín Valdés</a> captured <a href="/wiki/Zit%C3%A1cuaro" title="Zitácuaro">Zitácuaro</a>. Regulas ventured out into Guanajuato where he was checked and instead hastened back to Michoacan where he captured Tacámbaro on 11 April, where the imperialists lost a significant number of Belgian mercenaries. The connection to Belgium was through Empress Carlota, a Belgian princess and daughter of the Belgian king. The town however was soon taken back. Regules once again ventured out, this time towards Morelia but was checked at <a href="/wiki/Huaniqueo" title="Huaniqueo">Huaniqueo</a> by Potier.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Jalisco, Douay's operations resulted in Republican guerrilla commander Antonio Rojas being killed on 28 January 1865 at Potrerillos. Franco-Mexican operations led by Douay and <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Lozada" title="Manuel Lozada">Manuel Lozada</a> resulted in the defection of the commander of the Republican Central Forces <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_Mar%C3%ADa_de_Echegaray" class="extiw" title="es:Miguel María de Echegaray">Miguel María de Echegaray</a>, along with General <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B3mulo_Valle" class="extiw" title="es:Rómulo Valle">Rómulo Valle</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-H92_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-H92-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In January 1865, Castagny was sent with three thousand men to the Pacific Coast port of <a href="/wiki/Mazatl%C3%A1n" title="Mazatlán">Mazatlán</a> to follow up on the Imperialist victory there from the previous November. Fierce warfare ensued with the Republican General <a href="/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_Corona" title="Ramón Corona">Ramón Corona</a> and Lozada was sent to aid Castagny resulting in an Imperialist victory at <a href="/wiki/El_Rosario,_Sinaloa" title="El Rosario, Sinaloa">El Rosario</a> in April, 1865. Corona fled to the north but returned in September to win a victory for the Republicans, at Mazatlán<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sonoran_Campaign">Sonoran Campaign</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_French_intervention_in_Mexico&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Sonoran Campaign"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The success at Mazatlán now allowed the imperialists to turn their attention towards the northwest coast, and Castagny hoped to capture the port of <a href="/wiki/Guaymas" title="Guaymas">Guaymas</a>. A French squadron landed several hundred men under Colonel Garnier on 29 March. Garnier sent troops by sea to <a href="/wiki/%C3%81lamos" title="Álamos">Álamos</a> and managed to gain support among the <a href="/wiki/Yaqui" title="Yaqui">Yaqui</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mayo_people" title="Mayo people">Mayo</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Opata_people" title="Opata people">Opata</a>. Chief <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refugio_T%C3%A1nori" class="extiw" title="es:Refugio Tánori">Refugio Tánori</a> arrived at Guaymas with reinforcements allowing the imperialists to win the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_%C3%81lamos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Álamos (page does not exist)">Battle of Álamos</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalla_de_%C3%81lamos_(1865)" class="extiw" title="es:Batalla de Álamos (1865)">es</a>]</span> on 24 September, and then march into <a href="/wiki/Hermosillo" title="Hermosillo">Hermosillo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-H95_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-H95-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Decline_of_imperial_military_control">Decline of imperial military control</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_French_intervention_in_Mexico&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Decline of imperial military control"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The end of the American Civil War in April 1865, with a victory of the North, marked a turning point in the French intervention. U.S. President Abraham Lincoln never recognized the government of Emperor Maximilian but could not materially aid the Republican cause in Mexico until the Civil War ended. Mexican Republican commanders were hopeful that surplus arms and Union troops would soon aid them.<sup id="cite_ref-H95_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-H95-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Maximilian received a message from the liberal government, hopeful that the U.S. would now aid the Republicans, and advising him that he should leave the country while he still could. President Juárez was now confident of his ultimate victory, writing that "the United States will never permit [Maximilian] to consolidate his power, and his sacrifices and victories will have counted for nothing."<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Struggle_for_the_North_and_the_Black_Decree">Struggle for the North and the Black Decree</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_French_intervention_in_Mexico&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Struggle for the North and the Black Decree"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Republicans organized forces in the north with General <a href="/wiki/Miguel_Negrete" title="Miguel Negrete">Miguel Negrete</a> gathering two thousand troops and in early April, capturing <a href="/wiki/Saltillo" title="Saltillo">Saltillo</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Monterrey" title="Monterrey">Monterrey</a>, which had been abandoned by the imperialists. Negrete advanced towards <a href="/wiki/Matamoros,_Coahuila" title="Matamoros, Coahuila">Matamoros</a> and was joined by American volunteers, and general <a href="/wiki/Juan_Cortina" title="Juan Cortina">Juan Cortina</a> who had previously defected to the Imperialists, yet now defected back to the Republicans. They succeeded in capturing all of the towns along the <a href="/wiki/Rio_Grande" title="Rio Grande">Rio Grande</a> from <a href="/wiki/Piedras_Negras,_Coahuila" title="Piedras Negras, Coahuila">Piedras Negras</a> downstream.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They got as far as <a href="/wiki/Matamoros,_Coahuila" title="Matamoros, Coahuila">Matamoros</a> upon which they retreated after being faced with General <a href="/wiki/Tom%C3%A1s_Mej%C3%ADa_Camacho" class="mw-redirect" title="Tomás Mejía Camacho">Tomás Mejía</a> and his French reinforcements. </p><p>Republican Colonel <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Jos%C3%A9_M%C3%A9ndez" title="Pedro José Méndez">Pedro José Méndez</a> captured <a href="/wiki/Ciudad_Victoria" title="Ciudad Victoria">Ciudad Victoria</a> on April 23d, the culmination of a campaign that had begun in January. He subsequently captured <a href="/wiki/Ciudad_Tula" title="Ciudad Tula">Ciudad Tula</a> on 4 June and cut off communications from the imperialist held <a href="/wiki/Tampico" title="Tampico">Tampico</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-H98_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-H98-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bazaine dispatched generals <a href="/wiki/Auguste_Henri_Brincourt" title="Auguste Henri Brincourt">Auguste Henri Brincourt</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Baron_Neigre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Baron Neigre (page does not exist)">Baron Neigre</a> towards the <a href="/wiki/Mapim%C3%AD_Municipality" title="Mapimí Municipality">Mapimi</a> border in order to go after Negrete. Meanwhile, Colonel <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Joseph_Jeanningros" title="Pierre Joseph Jeanningros">Pierre Joseph Jeanningros</a> headed up from <a href="/wiki/San_Luis_Potos%C3%AD_City" class="mw-redirect" title="San Luis Potosí City">San Luis Potosí</a> in order to rendezvous with imperialist forces at <a href="/wiki/Saltillo" title="Saltillo">Saltillo</a>. Negrete engaged with Jeanningros in a skirmish on 31 May, and retreated. His forces were disbanded in the course of being pursued by the imperialists.<sup id="cite_ref-H98_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-H98-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A concentration of U.S. army troops and vessels in Texas along the Rio Grande led to a surge of imperialist troops along the frontier which only caused guerrilla warfare to flare up in the southern states. A few imperial prefects resigned, unable to govern or defend their respective departments without enough troops.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In August 1865 as French troops were concentrated in the north under Bazaine, <a href="/wiki/Sinaloa" title="Sinaloa">Sinaloa</a> was left under the care of one regiment under Colonel Cotteret based in <a href="/wiki/Guaymas" title="Guaymas">Guaymas</a>, while the surrounding areas were entrusted to Indian allies. Republican General <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Rosales" title="Antonio Rosales">Antonio Rosales</a> was killed in August in an attempt to retake <a href="/wiki/%C3%81lamos" title="Álamos">Álamos</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-H95_62-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-H95-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but General Corona nonetheless pressed upon the imperialists and succeeded in driving French troops throughout Sinaloa back to <a href="/wiki/Mazatl%C3%A1n" title="Mazatlán">Mazatlán</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-H62_47-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-H62-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the defeat of <a href="/wiki/Miguel_Negrete" title="Miguel Negrete">Negrete</a>, Brincourt had then proceeded towards <a href="/wiki/Chihuahua_City" title="Chihuahua City">Chihuahua</a> with two thousand five hundred men. He entered <a href="/wiki/Chihuahua_City" title="Chihuahua City">Chihuahua City</a>, then serving as the provisional capital of the Mexican Republic, on 15 August, reorganized the administration, was able to drive President Juárez out, and also provided encouragement to the various indigenous allies of the Empire in the region. Out of fear that a border skirmish would occur with American forces, Bazaine ordered Brincourt to return to <a href="/wiki/Durango" title="Durango">Durango</a> within three weeks of reaching Chihuahua. Brincourt believed that leaving a garrison of a thousand men in Chihuahua was enough to pacify the region, but Bazaine repeated his orders, and Brincourt left on 29 October.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 1 October 1865, the Republican government was able to arrange a loan in New York for $30 million, indicating investors' confidence that the Republic would be able to repay the funds. Volunteers from the U.S. were joining the Republicans. Juárez, now taking refuge at <a href="/wiki/Ciudad_Ju%C3%A1rez" title="Ciudad Juárez">El Paso del Norte</a> on the U.S.-Mexican border, expressed confidence that U.S. pressure could play a decisive role in influencing French withdrawal.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Imperial government made a major change in the way war was conducted. On 2 October 1865, the imperial government with the signature of the emperor issued the so-called "Black Decree." </p> <blockquote><p>The troops under your orders will take no prisoners. Every individual of whatever rank, taken with arms in his hands, shall be put to death. In the future, let there be no exchange of prisoners. Let our soldiers understand that they cannot surrender to such men. This is a death-struggle. On both sides it is only a question of killing or be killed.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Less severe penalties were prescribed for aiding guerrillas and exceptions were made for those who were forced into service or were involved circumstantially.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 13 October,<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Imperialist Colonel <a href="/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_M%C3%A9ndez" title="Ramón Méndez">Ramón Méndez</a> won a victory over the Republicans at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Santa_Ana_Amatl%C3%A1n&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Santa Ana Amatlán (page does not exist)">Amatlán</a>, and captured the generals <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Arteaga" title="José María Arteaga">Arteaga</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Salazar_Ruiz" title="Carlos Salazar Ruiz">Salazar</a>, the latter who ranked as the commander in chief of the Republican army of the center. Méndez took advantage of the recently passed Black Decree to execute both of them.<sup id="cite_ref-H86_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-H86-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Mariano_Escobedo" title="Mariano Escobedo">Mariano Escobedo</a> attempted to take <a href="/wiki/Matamoros,_Coahuila" title="Matamoros, Coahuila">Matamoros</a> on 25 October. Imperialist commander Tomás Mejía hesitated to take the offensive due to the presence of nearby U.S. troops and their sympathy for the Republicans, until French reinforcements arrived and scattered Escobedo's forces on 8 November.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After having stayed El Paso del Norte, Juárez was subsequently able then to return to <a href="/wiki/Chihuahua_City" title="Chihuahua City">Chihuahua City</a> on 20 November. Maximilian however had convinced Bazaine to retain Chihuahua and an expedition of five hundred troops then towards the city led by <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Billot" title="Jean-Baptiste Billot">Jean-Baptiste Billot</a>. Juárez was forced to evacuate yet again on 9 December and fled to the American border.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Mariano_Escobedo" title="Mariano Escobedo">Escobedo</a> then fell back on <a href="/wiki/Monterrey" title="Monterrey">Monterrey</a> succeeding in capturing the city, but a remnant of imperial forces remained in the citadel and held out until General <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Joseph_Jeanningros" title="Pierre Joseph Jeanningros">Pierre Joseph Jeanningros</a> arrived with reinforcements on 25 November, after which the imperialists recaptured Monterrey.<sup id="cite_ref-H200_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-H200-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>General Mejía and French naval commander <a href="/wiki/Georges_Charles_Clou%C3%A9" title="Georges Charles Cloué">Georges Charles Cloué</a> protested to the United States regarding the aid in material, supplies, hospital care and troops being lent to the Republicans but the commandant at Clarksville, at the mouth of the <a href="/wiki/Rio_Grande" title="Rio Grande">Rio Grande</a>, replied that such troops could no longer be considered as belonging to the United States military. In January 1866, American troops raided <a href="/wiki/Bagdad,_Tamaulipas" title="Bagdad, Tamaulipas">Bagdad</a>, a blatant violation of neutrality which resulted in the federal government removing the commandant and disciplining those involved in the raid.<sup id="cite_ref-H200_75-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-H200-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sack of Bagdad would leave the French cautious, and prevent them from active campaigning near the border, instead focusing on consolidating their hold upon a few strong positions and maintaining communications with French held ports.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Napoleon_III_announces_the_French_troop_withdrawal">Napoleon III announces the French troop withdrawal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_French_intervention_in_Mexico&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Napoleon III announces the French troop withdrawal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At the opening of the French chambers in January 1866, Napoleon III announced that he would withdraw French troops from Mexico. In reply to a French request for neutrality, the U.S. Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/William_H._Seward" title="William H. Seward">William H. Seward</a> replied that French withdrawal should be unconditional. Napoleon assured the American government that the withdrawal would no longer be deferred, laying out a plan to reduce the troops in phases starting in November 1866 and ending one year later in November 1867. Seward then requested that French reinforcements to Mexico should now cease, and that Austria should stop recruiting volunteers for the Mexican expedition. The French and Austrian governments subsequently complied.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Further_northern_retreats">Further northern retreats</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_French_intervention_in_Mexico&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Further northern retreats"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Billot retired on 31 January from <a href="/wiki/Chihuahua_City" title="Chihuahua City">Chihuahua</a>, leaving the city in charge of Indian allies, but it fell to Republican troops in March. Maximilian commanded Bazaine to retake Chihuahua in May, and a new expedition was prepared. But new withdrawal instructions from France caused the expedition to be abandoned.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>French troops were evacuated from <a href="/wiki/Durango_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Durango City">Durango</a> by November, and Castagny withdrew to <a href="/wiki/Le%C3%B3n,_Guanajuato" title="León, Guanajuato">León</a>, leading to a loss of the former province to the Republicans. Juárez moved his government south to Durango on 26 December 1866.<sup id="cite_ref-H47_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-H47-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the northwest provinces of <a href="/wiki/Sonora" title="Sonora">Sonora</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sinaloa" title="Sinaloa">Sinaloa</a> the French were mostly confined to the ports of <a href="/wiki/Guaymas" title="Guaymas">Guaymas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mazatl%C3%A1n" title="Mazatlán">Mazatlán</a>, though the imperial General <a href="/wiki/Edvard_Emile_Langberg" title="Edvard Emile Langberg">Edvard Emile Langberg</a> held positions in the interior with the aid of the <a href="/wiki/Opata_people" title="Opata people">Opata</a> natives. <a href="/wiki/%C3%81lamos" title="Álamos">Álamos</a> was captured by the Republican general <a href="/wiki/%C3%81ngel_Mart%C3%ADnez_(general)" title="Ángel Martínez (general)">Ángel Martínez</a> with forces from <a href="/wiki/Sinaloa" title="Sinaloa">Sinaloa</a> and dealt out retributions to the indigenous <a href="/wiki/Mayo_people" title="Mayo people">Mayo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yaqui" title="Yaqui">Yaqui</a> tribes that had allied themselves with the Empire. He then took back <a href="/wiki/Hermosillo" title="Hermosillo">Hermosillo</a> on 4 May only to lose it to the Imperialists the day after. The French withdrew from Guaymas in September, and around the same time Langberg was killed in a battle that led the Republicans to take the town of Ures.<sup id="cite_ref-H47_79-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-H47-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sonora now fell to the Republicans and hundreds of refugees fled to the United States or tried to retreat with the French. Imperialist commanders <a href="/wiki/Refugio_T%C3%A1nori" title="Refugio Tánori">Refugio Tánori</a> and <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Tranquilino_Almada" class="extiw" title="es:José María Tranquilino Almada">José Almada</a> were overtaken and shot with their families by the Republicans.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Southern_defeats">Southern defeats</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_French_intervention_in_Mexico&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Southern defeats"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Francisco_de_P._Mendoza,_Batalla_de_Miahuatl%C3%A1n,_1906..jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Francisco_de_P._Mendoza%2C_Batalla_de_Miahuatl%C3%A1n%2C_1906..jpg/300px-Francisco_de_P._Mendoza%2C_Batalla_de_Miahuatl%C3%A1n%2C_1906..jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Francisco_de_P._Mendoza%2C_Batalla_de_Miahuatl%C3%A1n%2C_1906..jpg/450px-Francisco_de_P._Mendoza%2C_Batalla_de_Miahuatl%C3%A1n%2C_1906..jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Francisco_de_P._Mendoza%2C_Batalla_de_Miahuatl%C3%A1n%2C_1906..jpg/600px-Francisco_de_P._Mendoza%2C_Batalla_de_Miahuatl%C3%A1n%2C_1906..jpg 2x" data-file-width="685" data-file-height="440" /></a><figcaption>Battle of Miahuatlán (3 October 1866)</figcaption></figure> <p>In July, 1865 Arteaga had advanced towards <a href="/wiki/Tac%C3%A1mbaro" title="Tacámbaro">Tacámbaro</a> with three thousand men where he was routed by Lieutenant Colonel <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_van_der_Smissen" class="extiw" title="fr:Alfred van der Smissen">Van der Smissen</a> with fewer than a thousand troops.<sup id="cite_ref-H86_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-H86-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Michoacan, Regules were repeatedly repulsed to the point that his forces dissolved in April 1866. In May however, he resumed operations and made it into the Toluca region, finding allies around Zitacuaro and Guerrero. Acapulco was held on to by the imperialist General Montenegro, but his troops were greatly weakened by fever and desertion.<sup id="cite_ref-H58_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-H58-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After Republican general Porfirio Díaz escaped, he fled to Oaxaca and hoped to form a new army. The imperialist prefect Prieto had held on to Tehuantepec since mid-1865 and hoped to turn it into a base for operations. Díaz encroached upon this territory in the Spring of 1866, notably at Jamiltepec and Putla, upon which he sought to cut off communications between Oaxaca and Puebla. Díaz took Teotitlan in August 1866, before he was repulsed by Austro-Mexican forces. In early October, Díaz routed the imperialist general Oronoz, who barely escaped and retreated into Oaxaca City, after which Díaz began a siege. The siege was lifted for a few days to face Austro-Mexican reinforcements, which Díaz defeated, and then captured Oaxaca City on 1 November 1866. From there he completed the capture of Oaxaca and advanced into Puebla.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Defeats_in_the_northern_Gulf_Coast">Defeats in the northern Gulf Coast</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_French_intervention_in_Mexico&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Defeats in the northern Gulf Coast"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the northeast, Republican forces were led by Méndez<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="There are several. There is no context to establish which one. (June 2023)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> who blocked the route to Tampico, Mariano Escobedo who was based north of Linares, and Gonzáles Herrera and Trevino who were based around Parras. After a Republican assault on Parras, the imperialist commander Briant came up from Saltillo, reinstalled the imperialist prefect Campos, on 20 February. He then set out to attack the liberals at Santa Isabel where due to underestimating their forces was routed and captured. The Republicans did not immediately take Parrs, but the French withdrawal allowed them to take the town in June 1866.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At Charco Escondido, Mejía was struggling against Republicans whose forces were being swelled by American soldiers. He was given reinforcements by General Jeanningros in April. Another train of reinforcements led by General Olvera<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="More than one (June 2023)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> left Matamoros where they were surrounded and defeated by Republican troops led by Mariano Escobedo near Camargo. Olvera nonetheless managed to retreat to and hold Matamoros, but the Imperialist General Tuce who had arrived with reinforcements from Monterey was obliged to retreat. Mejía was left with 500 men, and ultimately retreated on June 23d with all his men to Veracruz.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In November 1866, Matamoros fell to the Republicans with the aid of U.S. troops. On 9 November, the imperialist Generals Márquez and Miramón returned from Europe to aid in the war effort. By the end of November, the French withdrawal had resulted in the Republicans taking back the North and West of the country.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 13 November 1866, the French completed their evacuation of Mazatlán. After having aided the evacuation the former imperialist General Lozada retired from the conflict and proclaimed his neutrality.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Republican commander Méndez who had raided communications between San Luis Potosí and the Gulf of Mexico was killed during an imperialist raid near Tampico. Nonetheless, due to the French withdrawal, the Republican General Aureliano Rivera captured Tampico in May. The French held on to the port but surrendered in July and in August they surrendered Tuxpan. Veracruz was now the only gulf port left under imperialist control.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Monterrey was evacuated by the Imperialists on 25 July 1865, and Saltillo on 4 August.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Douay evacuated Matehuala on 28 October, then being the northernmost imperialist post. Troops were left in San Luis Potosí under Mejía, yet the small prospect of victory induced them to retreat on Christmas Eve to San Felipe in Guanajuato. Castagny reached Guanajuato around the same time, with French forces from Durango and Zacatecas the latter having been evacuated in November.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Central_Mexico_becomes_vulnerable">Central Mexico becomes vulnerable</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_French_intervention_in_Mexico&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Central Mexico becomes vulnerable"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Veracruz and the roads leading to it had been harassed by Republicans ever since the beginning of 1866, with the beginning of the French withdrawal. There was an Imperialist victory at <a href="/wiki/Papaloapan_River" title="Papaloapan River">Papaloapan River</a>, but by August, <a href="/wiki/Tlacotalpan" title="Tlacotalpan">Tlacotalpan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alvarado,_Veracruz" title="Alvarado, Veracruz">Alvarado</a> were surrendered to the Republicans. A Republican revolt led by <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ignacio_R._Alatorre" class="extiw" title="es:Ignacio R. Alatorre">Ignacio Alatorre</a> had been crushed in <a href="/wiki/Papantla" title="Papantla">Papantla</a> and <a href="/wiki/Misantla" title="Misantla">Misantla</a>, but with Republican successes further north, Alatorre rose up again, capturing <a href="/wiki/Jalapa" class="mw-redirect" title="Jalapa">Jalapa</a> in November. <a href="/wiki/Pachuca" title="Pachuca">Pachuca</a> was captured by Republicans in November, and <a href="/wiki/Perote,_Veracruz" title="Perote, Veracruz">Perote</a> fell in January, 1867.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The capital itself became vulnerable in late 1866. <a href="/wiki/Cuautitl%C3%A1n" title="Cuautitlán">Cuautitlán</a> was raided in October, and <a href="/wiki/Chalco_de_D%C3%ADaz_Covarrubias" title="Chalco de Díaz Covarrubias">Chalco</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tlalpan" title="Tlalpan">Tlalpan</a> were left exposed to Republican incursions in December, while raiders harassed the stream of imperial soldiers and refugees heading towards Vera Cruz. The Imperialist commander Ortiz de la Peña had retreated to <a href="/wiki/Cuernavaca" title="Cuernavaca">Cuernavaca</a> after a defeat in Ixtla, and Regules and Riva Palacio moved ahead to occupy the <a href="/wiki/Lerma_River" title="Lerma River">Lerma Valley</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Guadalajara was abandoned by the French on 12 December 1866, and imperial forces were left under General Gutiérrez. The imperialists evacuated the city on 19 December, and headed for Guanajuato. The former imperial commander Lozada meanwhile declared the neutrality of the department of Nayarit.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Final_French_evacuations">Final French evacuations</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_French_intervention_in_Mexico&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Final French evacuations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 19 December 1866, Napoleon III made it known that all troops would now be withdrawn, ahead of the previously laid out schedule.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In late December, the French evacuated Guanajuato, rendezvousing in Querétaro with retreating troops from San Luis Potosí and then heading towards the port of Vera Cruz. However, an imperialist garrison under Mejía remaining at Guanajuato was able to hold a position and keep Republican troops at bay.<sup id="cite_ref-H58_81-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-H58-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bazaine evacuated Mexico City on 5 February 1867. Vera Cruz was left in charge of the imperial general Pérez Gómez. Vera Cruz was a hub of activity with more than thirty vessels, including transports, mail steamers, and squadron ships in the harbor to help the evacuation. Bazaine and the last of the French troops embarked for Toulon on 12 March.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Republican_victory">Republican victory</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_French_intervention_in_Mexico&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Republican victory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Edouard_Manet_022.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Edouard_Manet_022.jpg/220px-Edouard_Manet_022.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Edouard_Manet_022.jpg/330px-Edouard_Manet_022.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Edouard_Manet_022.jpg/440px-Edouard_Manet_022.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2024" data-file-height="1714" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/The_Execution_of_Emperor_Maximilian" title="The Execution of Emperor Maximilian">The Execution of Emperor Maximilian</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Manet" title="Édouard Manet">Édouard Manet</a> 1868. Gen. <a href="/wiki/Tom%C3%A1s_Mej%C3%ADa" title="Tomás Mejía">Tomás Mejía</a>, left, Maximilian, center, Gen. <a href="/wiki/Miguel_Miram%C3%B3n" title="Miguel Miramón">Miguel Miramón</a>, right. It is one of five versions of his renderings of the event.</figcaption></figure> <p>With the end of the official French presence, the intervention was technically over, and yet the Empire which French troops and their Mexican collaborators had set up would last for a few months more, with the same Mexican generals that had previously fought alongside the French continuing to play a leading role, along with hundreds of Frenchmen who remained as independent mercenaries. </p><p>After a council at <a href="/wiki/Orizaba" title="Orizaba">Orizaba</a> which decided against his abdication, Emperor Maximilian intended to return to Mexico City, first remaining at <a href="/wiki/Puebla" title="Puebla">Puebla</a> for nearly three weeks and making preparations for the campaign. The country was divided into three great military districts: the western, comprising the provinces north of <a href="/wiki/Colima" title="Colima">Colima</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Durango" title="Durango">Durango</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chihuahua_(state)" title="Chihuahua (state)">Chihuahua</a>; the eastern, stretching from <a href="/wiki/Aguascalientes" title="Aguascalientes">Aguascalientes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tampico" title="Tampico">Tampico</a> northward; and the central, embracing all the vast remainder to <a href="/wiki/Chiapas" title="Chiapas">Chiapas</a>. Miramón, who took command of the western district, had already set out to create his army, with little regard for the means to be employed, but Mejía in the east stood at the head of nearly 4,000 men; and Márquez, controlling the center, had 4,000 under <a href="/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_M%C3%A9ndez" title="Ramón Méndez">Ramón Méndez</a> in Michoacán, and with fully 2,000 troops stationed at Puebla, Maximilian assumed the supreme command, issuing orders for the active formation of the new national army as well as a militia.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Unfortunately for the Empire, the Western and Eastern military district were in possession of the Republicans, as well as the region south of Puebla, while the few remaining central provinces were overrun by hostile bands and about to be invaded by the Republican armies. Funds and resources were also lacking. Meanwhile arms and funds from the United States were pouring into the hands of the Republicans.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 27 January 1867, Miramón triumphantly captured <a href="/wiki/Aguascalientes" title="Aguascalientes">Aguascalientes</a> and nearly succeeded in capturing President Juárez, the retreat of Governor Auza managing to save him. Miramón however, did not intend to advance any further, satisfied with seizing funds from the population and with the diversion he had created among the Republicans, he retired to join Castillo at San Luis Potosí. Republican general <a href="/wiki/Mariano_Escobedo" title="Mariano Escobedo">Mariano Escobedo</a> figured out his intentions and intercepted him at San Jacinto at 1 February, leading to a complete rout. Miramón escaped with Castillo and took refuge in Querétaro. The Republicans had by then captured Guanajuato, and then Morelia. The Imperialists retreated from <a href="/wiki/Michoacan" class="mw-redirect" title="Michoacan">Michoacan</a> to the borders of San Luis Potosí and fell back upon Querétaro.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Siege_of_Querétaro"><span id="Siege_of_Quer.C3.A9taro"></span>Siege of Querétaro</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_French_intervention_in_Mexico&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Siege of Querétaro"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Queretaro" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Queretaro">Siege of Queretaro</a></div> <p>Maximilian joined the army at Querétaro along with Minister Aguirre, <a href="/wiki/Leonardo_M%C3%A1rquez" title="Leonardo Márquez">Leonardo Márquez</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Miguel_L%C3%B3pez_(military_officer)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Miguel López (military officer) (page does not exist)">Miguel López</a> with the sum of 50,000 pesos, with 1,600 men and twelve cannons. Maximilian reached Querétaro on 19 February, and was received with enthusiasm by Miramón and the other generals who held a formal reception for the emperor.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A few days after his arrival a review of the troops was held, showing 9,000 men with 39 cannons, including about 600 Frenchmen. Miramón was placed at the head of the infantry, of which Castillo and Casanova received each a division, Méndez assuming command of the reserve brigade, in which Miguel López served as colonel, Mejía became chief of the cavalry, Reyes of engineers, and Arellano of the artillery. Márquez, chief of the general staff, was accorded the foremost place, to the affront of Miramón. Maximilian, Miramón, Márquez, Mejía, and Méndez became known as the five magic M's of the Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the first council of war that had been held on 22 February, it had been agreed to fight the Republicans at once, before their combined forces became too strong, but ultimately this strategy, which historian Bancroft suggests could have achieved victory, was rejected on the advice of Márquez. As the Republicans began to surround Querétaro, Márquez then suggested retreating to Mexico City, still held by the Imperialists, gathering their forces, and facing the Republican armies in one final decisive battle; this was deemed impractical.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 5 March, the Republican forces came into view of the defenders at Querétaro, and began to prepare for a siege. After the fighting had begun, Márquez once again brought up his plan of retreating to Mexico City, but Miramón and others strongly opposed it. Miramón planned to lead a counterattack to recover the hill of San Gregorio on 17 March. When the time arrived however, a false alarm arose that the Imperialist headquarters were under attack, leading to the assault on San Gregorio to be put off.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Miramón now expressed his support for a plan to destroy the Western positions of the Republicans therefore providing a way to retreat if needed. Márquez was assigned to go to Mexico City to seek reinforcements. Miramón was assigned to provide a distraction and on 22 March he led an expedition down the valley, which captured a quantity of provisions. Márquez was able to depart during the night with 1,200 horsemen and Miramón now became the leading general at Querétaro.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the Imperialists repulsed another Republican assault, leaving the latter with 2,000 deaths, Miramón, during an award ceremony, took one of the medals and asked to decorate the Emperor for his conduct during the battle, which Maximilian accepted, and would go on to wear as the most valued of his decorations.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 1 April Miramón led a counterattack to the hill of San Gregorio, but lack of reinforcements left the attack without any decisive results.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As any news of Márquez failed to arrive, a mission was sent to Mexico City to see what happened. Miramón urged Maximilian to leave as well but the emperor chose to stay. The mission failed, and now leading officers outright urged surrender.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Imperialists now planned to fight their way out of Querétaro, and as preparation Miramón planned an attack on the Cimatario Hill on 27 April, to which he advanced with 2,000 men. The Imperialists repulsed the Republican forces, dispersing thousands and taking 500 prisoners, but the Imperialists squandered vital time planning their next move, and Republican reserves arrived to provide a defeat.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Imperialists now sought to break through the enemy lines and seek refuge in the mountain range of the <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Gorda" title="Sierra Gorda">Sierra Gorda</a>, and possibly reach the coast. The operation was scheduled to take place on 15 May.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Unfortunately for the Imperialists, before these plans were carried out they were betrayed by Colonel Miguel López, and on the night of 14 May, he opened the gates of Querétaro to the Republican forces in exchange for a sum of gold.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Republican troops quickly overwhelmed the city and Miramón, Mejía, and Emperor Maximilian were taken prisoner. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_end_of_the_Empire_and_the_execution_of_Maximilian">The end of the Empire and the execution of Maximilian</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_French_intervention_in_Mexico&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: The end of the Empire and the execution of Maximilian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Second_French_intervention_in_Mexico" title="Special:EditPage/Second French intervention in Mexico">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2019</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Following a court-martial, Maximilian was sentenced to death.<sup id="cite_ref-Parkes_273_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Parkes_273-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of the crowned heads of Europe<sup id="cite_ref-Parkes_273_109-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Parkes_273-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and other prominent figures (including liberals <a href="/wiki/Victor_Hugo" title="Victor Hugo">Victor Hugo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Garibaldi" title="Giuseppe Garibaldi">Giuseppe Garibaldi</a>)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> sent telegrams and letters to Mexico pleading for Maximilian's life to be spared, but Juárez refused to commute the sentence.<sup id="cite_ref-Parkes_273_109-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Parkes_273-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He believed he had to send a strong message that Mexico would not tolerate any government imposed by foreign powers.<sup id="cite_ref-Parkes_273_109-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Parkes_273-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Maximilian was executed on 19 June<sup id="cite_ref-Parkes_273_109-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Parkes_273-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (along with his generals <a href="/wiki/Miguel_Miram%C3%B3n" title="Miguel Miramón">Miguel Miramón</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tom%C3%A1s_Mej%C3%ADa" title="Tomás Mejía">Tomás Mejía</a><sup id="cite_ref-Parkes_273_109-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Parkes_273-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) on the <a href="/wiki/Cerro_de_las_Campanas" title="Cerro de las Campanas">Cerro de las Campanas</a>, a hill on the outskirts of Querétaro,<sup id="cite_ref-Parkes_273_109-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Parkes_273-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by forces loyal to President Benito Juárez, who had kept the federal government functioning during the French intervention. Mexico City surrendered the day after Maximilian was executed. </p><p>The republic was restored, and President Juárez was returned to power in the national capital.<sup id="cite_ref-Parkes_274_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Parkes_274-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He made few changes in policy, given that the progressive Maximilian had upheld most of Juárez's liberal reforms. </p><p>After the victory, the Conservative party was so thoroughly discredited by its alliance with the invading French troops that it effectively became defunct. The Liberal party was almost unchallenged as a political force during the first years of the "restored republic". In 1871, however, Juárez was re-elected to yet another term as president<sup id="cite_ref-Parkes_282_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Parkes_282-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in spite of a constitutional prohibition of re-elections. The French intervention ended with the Republican-led government being more stable and both internal and external forces were now kept at bay. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Porfirio_D%C3%ADaz" title="Porfirio Díaz">Porfirio Díaz</a> (a Liberal general and a hero of the French war, but increasingly conservative in outlook), one of the losing candidates, launched a rebellion against the president.<sup id="cite_ref-Parkes_282_111-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Parkes_282-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Supported by conservative factions within the Liberal party, the attempted revolt (the so-called <a href="/wiki/Plan_de_la_Noria" title="Plan de la Noria">Plan de la Noria</a>) was already at the point of defeat when Juárez died in office on 19 July 1872, making it a moot point. Díaz ran against interim president <a href="/wiki/Sebasti%C3%A1n_Lerdo_de_Tejada" title="Sebastián Lerdo de Tejada">Sebastián Lerdo de Tejada</a>, lost the election, and retired to his <a href="/wiki/Hacienda" title="Hacienda">hacienda</a> in <a href="/wiki/Oaxaca" title="Oaxaca">Oaxaca</a>. Four years later, in 1876, when Lerdo ran for re-election, Díaz launched a second, successful revolt (the <a href="/wiki/Plan_de_Tuxtepec" class="mw-redirect" title="Plan de Tuxtepec">Plan de Tuxtepec</a>) and captured the presidency.<sup id="cite_ref-Parkes_284_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Parkes_284-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He held it through eight terms until 1911 now known as the <a href="/wiki/Porfiriato" title="Porfiriato">Porfiriato</a>. After many decades of civil wars, Mexico had finally exhausted itself and the general Porfirio Díaz had forced peace through his regime with no big rebellions or coups occurring.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>France's adventure in Mexico had improved relations with Austria through Maximilian but produced no result as France had politically alienated itself in the international community. During 1866, Prussia went to war with France's indirect ally Austria, which was promptly defeated while French troops were still in Mexico unable to affect the situation in Europe. As for Napoleon's empire, it would later collapse in 1870 during the Franco-Prussian war.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="U.S._diplomacy_and_involvement">U.S. diplomacy and involvement</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_French_intervention_in_Mexico&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: U.S. diplomacy and involvement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As early as 1859, U.S. and Mexican efforts to ratify the <a href="/wiki/McLane%E2%80%93Ocampo_Treaty" title="McLane–Ocampo Treaty">McLane–Ocampo Treaty</a> had failed in the bitterly divided <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">U.S. Senate</a>, where tensions were high between the North and the South over slavery issues. Such a treaty would have allowed U.S. construction in Mexico and protection from European forces in exchange for a payment of $4 million to the heavily indebted government of Benito Juárez. On 3 December 1860, President <a href="/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan">James Buchanan</a> had delivered a speech stating his displeasure at being unable to secure Mexico from European interference: </p> <blockquote><p>European governments would have been deprived of all pretext to interfere in the territorial and domestic concerns of Mexico. We should have thus been relieved from the obligation of resisting, even by force, should this become necessary, any attempt of these governments to deprive our neighboring Republic of portions of her territory, a duty from which we could not shrink without abandoning the traditional and established policy of the American people.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>United States policy did not change during the French occupation as it had to use its resources for the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>, which lasted 1861 to 1865. President <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a> expressed his sympathy to Latin American republics against any European attempt to establish a monarchy. Shortly after the establishment of the imperial government in April 1864, United States Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/William_H._Seward" title="William H. Seward">William H. Seward</a>, while maintaining U.S. neutrality, expressed U.S. discomfort at the imposition of a monarchy in Mexico: "Nor can the United States deny that their own safety and destiny to which they aspire are intimately dependent on the continuance of free republican institutions throughout America."<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 4 April 1864, Congress passed a joint resolution: </p> <blockquote><p>Resolved, &c., That the Congress of the United States are unwilling, by silence, to leave the nations of the world under the impression that they are indifferent spectators of the deplorable events now transpiring in the Republic of Mexico; and they therefore think fit to declare that it does not accord with the policy of the United States to acknowledge a monarchical government, erected on the ruins of any republican government in America, under the auspices of any European power.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Near the end of the American Civil War, representatives at the 1865 <a href="/wiki/Hampton_Roads_Conference" title="Hampton Roads Conference">Hampton Roads Conference</a> briefly discussed a proposal for a north–south reconciliation by a joint action against the French in Mexico. In 1865, through the selling of Mexican bonds by Mexican agents in the United States, the Juárez administration raised between $16 million and $18 million for the purchase of American war material.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between 1865 and 1868, General <a href="/wiki/Herman_Sturm" title="Herman Sturm">Herman Sturm</a> acted as an agent to deliver guns and ammunition to the Mexican Republic led by Juárez.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1866 General <a href="/wiki/Philip_Sheridan" title="Philip Sheridan">Philip Sheridan</a> was in charge of transferring additional supplies and weapons to the Liberal army, including some 30,000 rifles directly from the <a href="/wiki/Baton_Rouge_Arsenal" class="mw-redirect" title="Baton Rouge Arsenal">Baton Rouge Arsenal</a> in Louisiana.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 1867, Seward shifted American policy from thinly veiled sympathy for the republican government of Juárez to open threat of war to induce a French withdrawal. Seward had invoked the <a href="/wiki/Monroe_Doctrine" title="Monroe Doctrine">Monroe Doctrine</a> and later stated in 1868, "The Monroe Doctrine, which eight years ago was merely a theory, is now an irreversible fact."<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Divisions_and_disembarkation_of_allied_troops">Divisions and disembarkation of allied troops</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_French_intervention_in_Mexico&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Divisions and disembarkation of allied troops"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="French_expeditionary_force,_31_December_1862"><span id="French_expeditionary_force.2C_31_December_1862"></span>French expeditionary force, 31 December 1862</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_French_intervention_in_Mexico&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: French expeditionary force, 31 December 1862"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:L%C3%A9gionnaire-Mexique.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/L%C3%A9gionnaire-Mexique.JPG/200px-L%C3%A9gionnaire-Mexique.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/L%C3%A9gionnaire-Mexique.JPG/300px-L%C3%A9gionnaire-Mexique.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/L%C3%A9gionnaire-Mexique.JPG/400px-L%C3%A9gionnaire-Mexique.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="3072" /></a><figcaption>Campaign uniform of a French Foreign legionary during the Mexican campaign</figcaption></figure> <p>At its peak in 1863, the French expeditionary force counted 38,493 men<sup id="cite_ref-Niox_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Niox-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 740">: 740 </span></sup> (which represented 16.25% of the <a href="/wiki/French_army" class="mw-redirect" title="French army">French army</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Raymond_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Raymond-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 6,654<sup id="cite_ref-Chenu_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chenu-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 231">: 231 </span></sup> French died, including 4,830 from disease.<sup id="cite_ref-Chenu_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chenu-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 231">: 231 </span></sup> Among these losses, 1,918 of the deaths were from the regiment of the <a href="/wiki/French_Foreign_Legion" title="French Foreign Legion">French Foreign Legion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Pénette_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pénette-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 267">: 267 </span></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Exp%C3%A9dition_du_Mexique._%E2%80%94_Victoire_d%27Uquilpan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Exp%C3%A9dition_du_Mexique._%E2%80%94_Victoire_d%27Uquilpan.jpg/200px-Exp%C3%A9dition_du_Mexique._%E2%80%94_Victoire_d%27Uquilpan.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Exp%C3%A9dition_du_Mexique._%E2%80%94_Victoire_d%27Uquilpan.jpg/300px-Exp%C3%A9dition_du_Mexique._%E2%80%94_Victoire_d%27Uquilpan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Exp%C3%A9dition_du_Mexique._%E2%80%94_Victoire_d%27Uquilpan.jpg/400px-Exp%C3%A9dition_du_Mexique._%E2%80%94_Victoire_d%27Uquilpan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2426" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption>Victory of Jiquilpan, won by Colonel <a href="/wiki/Justin_Clinchant" title="Justin Clinchant">Clinchant</a>, 2nd <a href="/wiki/Zouave" title="Zouave">Zouaves</a></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:San_Pablo_del_Monte.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/San_Pablo_del_Monte.jpg/200px-San_Pablo_del_Monte.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/San_Pablo_del_Monte.jpg/300px-San_Pablo_del_Monte.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/San_Pablo_del_Monte.jpg/400px-San_Pablo_del_Monte.jpg 2x" data-file-width="582" data-file-height="420" /></a><figcaption>French <a href="/wiki/Chasseurs_d%27Afrique" title="Chasseurs d'Afrique">chasseurs d'Afrique</a> taking the standard of the Durango lancers</figcaption></figure> <p>Général de Division Forey </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1ère_Division_d'Infanterie_(GdD_Bazaine)"><span id="1.C3.A8re_Division_d.27Infanterie_.28GdD_Bazaine.29"></span>1<sup>ère</sup> Division d'Infanterie (GdD Bazaine)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_French_intervention_in_Mexico&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: 1ère Division d'Infanterie (GdD Bazaine)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>1<sup>ère</sup> Brigade (GdB de Castagny) <ul><li>18<sup>e</sup> Bataillon de <a href="/wiki/Chasseurs" class="mw-redirect" title="Chasseurs">Chasseurs</a></li> <li>1<sup>er</sup> Régiment de <a href="/wiki/Zouave" title="Zouave">Zouaves</a></li> <li>81<sup>e</sup> Régiment de <a href="/wiki/Line_infantry" title="Line infantry">Ligne</a></li></ul></li> <li>2<sup>e</sup> Brigade (GdB ?) <ul><li>20<sup>e</sup> Bataillon de Chasseurs</li> <li>3<sup>ème</sup> Régiment de Zouaves</li> <li>95<sup>e</sup> Régiment d'Infanterie légère</li> <li>Bataillon de <a href="/wiki/Tirailleurs" class="mw-redirect" title="Tirailleurs">Tirailleurs</a> algériens</li></ul></li> <li>2x Marine artillery batteries</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2e_Division_d'Infanterie_(GdB_Douay_–_acting)"><span id="2e_Division_d.27Infanterie_.28GdB_Douay_.E2.80.93_acting.29"></span>2<sup>e</sup> Division d'Infanterie (GdB Douay – acting)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_French_intervention_in_Mexico&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: 2e Division d'Infanterie (GdB Douay – acting)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>1<sup>ère</sup> Brigade (Col Hellier – acting) <ul><li>1<sup>er</sup> Bataillon de Chasseurs</li> <li>2<sup>e</sup> Régiment de Zouaves</li> <li>99<sup>e</sup> Régiment d'Infanterie légère</li></ul></li> <li>2<sup>e</sup> Brigade (GdB Berthier) <ul><li>7<sup>e</sup> Bataillon de Chasseurs</li> <li>51<sup>e</sup> Régiment de Ligne</li> <li>62<sup>e</sup> Régiment de Ligne</li></ul></li> <li>2x Army artillery batteries</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Brigade_de_Cavallerie_(GdB_de_Mirandol)"><span id="Brigade_de_Cavallerie_.28GdB_de_Mirandol.29"></span>Brigade de Cavallerie (GdB de Mirandol)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_French_intervention_in_Mexico&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Brigade de Cavallerie (GdB de Mirandol)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>1<sup>er</sup> <a href="/wiki/Marching_regiment" title="Marching regiment">Régiment de Marche</a> (2 squadrons each of 1<sup>er</sup> and 2<sup>e</sup> <a href="/wiki/Chasseurs_d%27Afrique" title="Chasseurs d'Afrique">Chasseurs d'Afrique</a>)</li> <li>2<sup>e</sup> Régiment de Marche (2 squadrons each of 3<sup>e</sup> Chasseurs d'Afrique and 12<sup>e</sup> <a href="/wiki/Chasseurs_%C3%A0_cheval" class="mw-redirect" title="Chasseurs à cheval">Chasseurs à cheval</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Naval_Brigade">Naval Brigade</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_French_intervention_in_Mexico&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Naval Brigade"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Bataillon de <a href="/wiki/Fusiliers_Marins" class="mw-redirect" title="Fusiliers Marins">Fusiliers-Marins</a></li> <li>2<sup>e</sup> Régiment d'<a href="/wiki/Infanterie_de_Marine" class="mw-redirect" title="Infanterie de Marine">Infanterie de Marine</a><sup id="cite_ref-Martin_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Martin-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 95–96">: 95–96 </span></sup></li></ul> <p><b>Units not yet arrived:</b> </p> <ul><li>7<sup>e</sup> Régiment de Ligne (2000 men)<sup id="cite_ref-LytteltonTimes_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LytteltonTimes-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1<sup>e</sup> <a href="/wiki/French_Foreign_Legion" title="French Foreign Legion">Régiment Étranger</a> (4000 men)<sup id="cite_ref-LytteltonTimes_123-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LytteltonTimes-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2<sup>e</sup> <a href="/wiki/Battalions_of_Light_Infantry_of_Africa" title="Battalions of Light Infantry of Africa">Bataillon d'Infanterie legère d'Afrique</a> (900 men)<sup id="cite_ref-LytteltonTimes_123-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LytteltonTimes-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Bataillon Egyptien</li> <li>detachment/ 5<sup>e</sup> Régiment de <a href="/wiki/Hussars" class="mw-redirect" title="Hussars">Hussards</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Belgian_Voluntary_Troops,_1864–65"><span id="Belgian_Voluntary_Troops.2C_1864.E2.80.9365"></span>Belgian Voluntary Troops, 1864–65</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_French_intervention_in_Mexico&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Belgian Voluntary Troops, 1864–65"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BelgianForeignLegion.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/BelgianForeignLegion.jpg/200px-BelgianForeignLegion.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/BelgianForeignLegion.jpg/300px-BelgianForeignLegion.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/BelgianForeignLegion.jpg/400px-BelgianForeignLegion.jpg 2x" data-file-width="962" data-file-height="742" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Belgian_Legion" title="Belgian Legion">Belgian Legion</a> in Mexico</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mexique._%E2%80%94_Costumes_des_officierset_soldats_du_r%C3%A9giment_belge_-_les_gardes_du_corps_de_l%27imp%C3%A9ratrice_Charlotte.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Mexique._%E2%80%94_Costumes_des_officierset_soldats_du_r%C3%A9giment_belge_-_les_gardes_du_corps_de_l%27imp%C3%A9ratrice_Charlotte.jpg/200px-Mexique._%E2%80%94_Costumes_des_officierset_soldats_du_r%C3%A9giment_belge_-_les_gardes_du_corps_de_l%27imp%C3%A9ratrice_Charlotte.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Mexique._%E2%80%94_Costumes_des_officierset_soldats_du_r%C3%A9giment_belge_-_les_gardes_du_corps_de_l%27imp%C3%A9ratrice_Charlotte.jpg/300px-Mexique._%E2%80%94_Costumes_des_officierset_soldats_du_r%C3%A9giment_belge_-_les_gardes_du_corps_de_l%27imp%C3%A9ratrice_Charlotte.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Mexique._%E2%80%94_Costumes_des_officierset_soldats_du_r%C3%A9giment_belge_-_les_gardes_du_corps_de_l%27imp%C3%A9ratrice_Charlotte.jpg/400px-Mexique._%E2%80%94_Costumes_des_officierset_soldats_du_r%C3%A9giment_belge_-_les_gardes_du_corps_de_l%27imp%C3%A9ratrice_Charlotte.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1669" data-file-height="1186" /></a><figcaption>Uniforms of officers and soldiers of the <a href="/wiki/Belgian_Legion" title="Belgian Legion">Belgian regiment</a>: bodyguards of the <a href="/wiki/Carlota_of_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Carlota of Mexico">Empress Charlotte</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>This corps was officially designated as the "Belgian Volunteers", but generally known as the "<a href="/wiki/Belgian_Legion" title="Belgian Legion">Belgian Legion</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Bataillon de l'Impératrice <a href="/wiki/Carlota_of_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Carlota of Mexico">Charlotte</a> (<a href="/wiki/Grenadiers" class="mw-redirect" title="Grenadiers">grenadiers</a>)</li> <li>Bataillon Roi des Belges (<a href="/wiki/Voltigeurs" class="mw-redirect" title="Voltigeurs">voltigeurs</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="16_October_1864">16 October 1864</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_French_intervention_in_Mexico&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: 16 October 1864"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>1st Grenadier Company <ul><li>4 Officers, 16 Non-commissioned officers, 125 grenadiers, 6 musicians, 1 canteener</li></ul></li> <li>2nd Grenadier Company "Bataillon de l'Impératrice" <ul><li>4 Officers, 16 Non-commissioned officers, 122 grenadiers, 4 musicians, 1 canteener</li></ul></li> <li>1st voltigeur Company <ul><li>4 Officers, 16 Non-commissioned officers, 122 voltigeurs, 4 musicians, 1 canteener</li></ul></li> <li>2nd voltigeur Company <ul><li>4 Officers, 16 Non-commissioned officers, 121 voltigeurs, 4 musicians, 1 canteener</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="14_November_1864">14 November 1864</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_French_intervention_in_Mexico&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: 14 November 1864"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>3rd Grenadier Company <ul><li>4 Officers, 16 Non-commissioned officers, 68 grenadiers, 6 musicians, 1 canteener</li></ul></li> <li>4th Grenadier Company <ul><li>4 Officers, 15 Non-commissioned officers, 67 grenadiers, 6 musicians, 1 canteener</li></ul></li> <li>3rd voltigeur Company <ul><li>3 Officers, 16 Non-commissioned officers, 61 voltigeurs, 3 musicians, 1 canteener</li></ul></li> <li>4th voltigeur Company <ul><li>3 Officers, 15 Non-commissioned officers, 69 voltigeurs, 4 musicians, 1 canteener</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="16_December_1864">16 December 1864</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_French_intervention_in_Mexico&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: 16 December 1864"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>5th Grenadier Company</li> <li>6th Grenadier Company</li> <li>5th voltigeur Company</li> <li>6th voltigeur Company<figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mexique._%E2%80%94_D%C3%A9fense_h%C3%A9ro%C3%AFque_du_bataillon_belgue_command%C3%A9_par_le_major_Tydgadt_dans_Tacamburo,_le_11_avril_1865._(D%27apr%C3%A8s_le_croquis_de_M._A._Martin).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Mexique._%E2%80%94_D%C3%A9fense_h%C3%A9ro%C3%AFque_du_bataillon_belgue_command%C3%A9_par_le_major_Tydgadt_dans_Tacamburo%2C_le_11_avril_1865._%28D%27apr%C3%A8s_le_croquis_de_M._A._Martin%29.jpg/200px-Mexique._%E2%80%94_D%C3%A9fense_h%C3%A9ro%C3%AFque_du_bataillon_belgue_command%C3%A9_par_le_major_Tydgadt_dans_Tacamburo%2C_le_11_avril_1865._%28D%27apr%C3%A8s_le_croquis_de_M._A._Martin%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Mexique._%E2%80%94_D%C3%A9fense_h%C3%A9ro%C3%AFque_du_bataillon_belgue_command%C3%A9_par_le_major_Tydgadt_dans_Tacamburo%2C_le_11_avril_1865._%28D%27apr%C3%A8s_le_croquis_de_M._A._Martin%29.jpg/300px-Mexique._%E2%80%94_D%C3%A9fense_h%C3%A9ro%C3%AFque_du_bataillon_belgue_command%C3%A9_par_le_major_Tydgadt_dans_Tacamburo%2C_le_11_avril_1865._%28D%27apr%C3%A8s_le_croquis_de_M._A._Martin%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Mexique._%E2%80%94_D%C3%A9fense_h%C3%A9ro%C3%AFque_du_bataillon_belgue_command%C3%A9_par_le_major_Tydgadt_dans_Tacamburo%2C_le_11_avril_1865._%28D%27apr%C3%A8s_le_croquis_de_M._A._Martin%29.jpg/400px-Mexique._%E2%80%94_D%C3%A9fense_h%C3%A9ro%C3%AFque_du_bataillon_belgue_command%C3%A9_par_le_major_Tydgadt_dans_Tacamburo%2C_le_11_avril_1865._%28D%27apr%C3%A8s_le_croquis_de_M._A._Martin%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2410" data-file-height="1702" /></a><figcaption>Defense of the Belgian battalion in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tac%C3%A1mbaro" title="Battle of Tacámbaro">Battle of Tacámbaro</a>.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>362 volunteers</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="27_January_1865">27 January 1865</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_French_intervention_in_Mexico&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: 27 January 1865"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><ul><li>189 volunteers</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="15_April_1866">15 April 1866</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_French_intervention_in_Mexico&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: 15 April 1866"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>1st Mounted Company <ul><li>70–80 horsemen (formed from Regiment "Impératrice Charlotte")</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="16_July_1866">16 July 1866</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_French_intervention_in_Mexico&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: 16 July 1866"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>2nd Mounted Company <ul><li>70–80 horsemen (formed from Regiment "Roi des Belges")<sup id="cite_ref-BEL_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BEL-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Austrian_Voluntary_Corps,_December_1864"><span id="Austrian_Voluntary_Corps.2C_December_1864"></span>Austrian Voluntary Corps, December 1864</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_French_intervention_in_Mexico&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Austrian Voluntary Corps, December 1864"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hungarian_Volunteer_Corps.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Hungarian_Volunteer_Corps.jpg/300px-Hungarian_Volunteer_Corps.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Hungarian_Volunteer_Corps.jpg/450px-Hungarian_Volunteer_Corps.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Hungarian_Volunteer_Corps.jpg/600px-Hungarian_Volunteer_Corps.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2625" data-file-height="1683" /></a><figcaption>Austrian Voluntary Corps</figcaption></figure> <p>While officially designated as the Austrian Voluntary Corps, this foreign contingent included Hungarian, Polish and other volunteers from the Danube Monarchy.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It consisted of:<sup id="cite_ref-Torbágyi_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Torbágyi-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>159 officers</li> <li>403 infantry and <a href="/wiki/J%C3%A4ger_(military)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jäger (military)">jägers</a> (Austrian)</li> <li>366 <a href="/wiki/Hussar" title="Hussar">hussars</a> (Hungarian)</li> <li>16 <a href="/wiki/Uhlan" title="Uhlan">uhlans</a> (Polish)</li> <li>67 bombardiers (mixed)</li> <li>30 <a href="/wiki/Pioneer_(military)" title="Pioneer (military)">pioneers</a> (mixed)</li> <li>several doctors</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Egyptian_Auxiliary_Corps,_January_1863"><span id="Egyptian_Auxiliary_Corps.2C_January_1863"></span>Egyptian Auxiliary Corps, January 1863</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_French_intervention_in_Mexico&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Egyptian Auxiliary Corps, January 1863"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This unit was commonly designated as the "Egyptian Battalion". It consisted of 453 men (including troops recruited from the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Sudan_(1821%E2%80%9385)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Sudan (1821–85)">Sudan</a>), who were placed under the command of French commandant Mangin of the 3rd Zouave Regiment. Operating effectively in the <a href="/wiki/Veracruz" title="Veracruz">Veracruz region</a>, the Corps suffered 126 casualties until being withdrawn to Egypt in May 1867.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Maximilian protested the loss of the Egyptian Corps, ostensibly to suppress a rebellion in the Sudan, because they were "extremely helpful in the hot lands".<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>A battalion commander</li> <li>A captain</li> <li>A lieutenant</li> <li>8 sergeants</li> <li>15 corporals</li> <li>359 soldiers</li> <li>39 recruits</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spanish_Expeditionary_Force,_January_1862"><span id="Spanish_Expeditionary_Force.2C_January_1862"></span>Spanish Expeditionary Force, January 1862</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_French_intervention_in_Mexico&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Spanish Expeditionary Force, January 1862"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Making up this contingent were:<sup id="cite_ref-Chenu_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chenu-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 103">: 103 </span></sup> </p> <ul><li>5373 infantry (two brigades)</li> <li>26 pieces of artillery,</li> <li>490 bombardiers</li> <li>208 engineers</li> <li>100 administrators</li> <li>173 cavalry</li></ul> <p>This force from the regular Spanish army was withdrawn from Mexico for political reasons in early 1862. <sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contra-Guerrillas">Contra-Guerrillas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_French_intervention_in_Mexico&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Contra-Guerrillas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A corps of about 850 "anti-guerrillas", created in October 1862 and consisting of two cavalry squadrons plus four companies of infantry and a small mountain artillery battery. Formally part of the Imperial Mexican Army, this force was recruited from diverse volunteers of all available national origins under French officers. It was noted for a series of atrocities.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Captain_Yarka,_Romanian_volunteer,_1863"><span id="Captain_Yarka.2C_Romanian_volunteer.2C_1863"></span>Captain Yarka, Romanian volunteer, 1863</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_French_intervention_in_Mexico&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Captain Yarka, Romanian volunteer, 1863"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At least one Romanian, an officer, served with the French forces. Captain Yarka of the Romanian Army served with the 3rd Regiment of <i><a href="/wiki/Chasseurs_d%27Afrique" title="Chasseurs d'Afrique">Chasseurs d'Afrique</a></i> as a volunteer, keeping the same rank. In April 1863, Yarka engaged a Republican ("Juariste") Colonel in one-on-one combat, killing him. Yarka himself was wounded. In contemporary French sources, he is referred to as <a href="/wiki/Wallachia" title="Wallachia">Wallachian</a> ("Valaque").<sup id="cite_ref-books.google.ro_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.google.ro-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Le_moniteur_de_l'armée:_1863_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Le_moniteur_de_l'armée:_1863-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_French_intervention_in_Mexico&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pastry_War" title="Pastry War">Pastry War</a>, also known as the First French Intervention in Mexico</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_democracy_in_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="History of democracy in Mexico">History of democracy in Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_battles_of_the_French_intervention_in_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="List of battles of the French intervention in Mexico">List of battles of the French intervention in Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Second_French_intervention_in_Mexico_films" title="List of Second French intervention in Mexico films">List of Second French intervention in Mexico films</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_French_intervention_in_Mexico&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-3"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Niox-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Niox_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Niox_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Niox_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Niox_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGustave_Niox1874" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Gustave Niox (1874). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/expditiondumex00niox"><i>Expédition du Mexique, 1861–1867; récit politique & militaire</i></a> (in French). <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>: J. Dumaine. <a href="/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ASIN (identifier)">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B004IL4IB4">B004IL4IB4</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Exp%C3%A9dition+du+Mexique%2C+1861%E2%80%931867%3B+r%C3%A9cit+politique+%26+militaire&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=J.+Dumaine&rft.date=1874&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fdp%2FB004IL4IB4%23id-name%3DASIN&rft.au=Gustave+Niox&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fexpditiondumex00niox&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+French+intervention+in+Mexico" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConaway2010" class="citation book cs1">Conaway, William J. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0o8_Q0GLrPQC&dq=mexican+imperial+soldiers&pg=PT178"><i>A Gringo Guide to Mexican History</i></a>. William J Conaway. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0976580577" title="Special:BookSources/978-0976580577"><bdi>978-0976580577</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Gringo+Guide+to+Mexican+History&rft.pub=William+J+Conaway&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0976580577&rft.aulast=Conaway&rft.aufirst=William+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0o8_Q0GLrPQC%26dq%3Dmexican%2Bimperial%2Bsoldiers%26pg%3DPT178&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+French+intervention+in+Mexico" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller2015" class="citation book cs1">Miller, Robert Ryal (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=V5ppBgAAQBAJ&dq=mexican+imperial+troops&pg=PA246"><i>Mexico: A History</i></a>. University of Oklahoma Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0806175270" title="Special:BookSources/978-0806175270"><bdi>978-0806175270</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mexico%3A+A+History&rft.pub=University+of+Oklahoma+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0806175270&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Robert+Ryal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DV5ppBgAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dmexican%2Bimperial%2Btroops%26pg%3DPA246&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+French+intervention+in+Mexico" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chenu-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Chenu_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chenu_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chenu_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chenu_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chenu_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chenu_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJean-Charles_Chenu1877" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Jean-Charles Chenu (1877). "Expédition du Mexique" [Mexican expedition]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/8TSUP7626"><i>Aperçu sur les expéditions de Chine, Cochinchine, Syrie et Mexique : Suivi d'une étude sur la fièvre jaune par le Dr Fuzier</i></a> [<i>Overview of the expeditions in China, Cochinchina, Syria and Mexico: A Follow-up study on the yellow fever by Dr. Fuzier</i>] (in French). <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>: <a href="/wiki/Masson_(publisher)" title="Masson (publisher)">Masson</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 June</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Exp%C3%A9dition+du+Mexique&rft.btitle=Aper%C3%A7u+sur+les+exp%C3%A9ditions+de+Chine%2C+Cochinchine%2C+Syrie+et+Mexique+%3A+Suivi+d%27une+%C3%A9tude+sur+la+fi%C3%A8vre+jaune+par+le+Dr+Fuzier&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Masson&rft.date=1877&rft.au=Jean-Charles+Chenu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2F8TSUP7626&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+French+intervention+in+Mexico" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Torres-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Torres_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartín_de_las_Torres1867" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Martín de las Torres (1867). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IdtYAAAAMAAJ"><i>El Archiduque Maximiliano de Austria en Méjico</i></a> (in Spanish). <a href="/wiki/Barcelona" title="Barcelona">Barcelona</a>: Luis Tasso. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1271445400" title="Special:BookSources/978-1271445400"><bdi>978-1271445400</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=El+Archiduque+Maximiliano+de+Austria+en+M%C3%A9jico&rft.place=Barcelona&rft.pub=Luis+Tasso&rft.date=1867&rft.isbn=978-1271445400&rft.au=Mart%C3%ADn+de+las+Torres&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIdtYAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+French+intervention+in+Mexico" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Miller-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Miller_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_Ryal_Miller1961" class="citation journal cs1">Robert Ryal Miller (1961). "The American Legion of Honor in Mexico". <i><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Historical_Review" title="Pacific Historical Review">Pacific Historical Review</a></i>. <b>30</b> (3). <a href="/wiki/Berkeley,_California" title="Berkeley, California">Berkeley</a>: <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>: 229–241. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3636920">10.2307/3636920</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0030-8684">0030-8684</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3636920">3636920</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pacific+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=The+American+Legion+of+Honor+in+Mexico&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=229-241&rft.date=1961&rft.issn=0030-8684&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3636920%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3636920&rft.au=Robert+Ryal+Miller&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+French+intervention+in+Mexico" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Klinger-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Klinger_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Klinger_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalter_Klinger2008" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Walter Klinger (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=soiAO2jHxCMC"><i>Für Kaiser Max nach Mexiko – Das Österreichische Freiwilligenkorps in Mexiko 1864/67</i></a> (in German). <a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a>: Grin Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3640141920" title="Special:BookSources/978-3640141920"><bdi>978-3640141920</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=F%C3%BCr+Kaiser+Max+nach+Mexiko+%E2%80%93+Das+%C3%96sterreichische+Freiwilligenkorps+in+Mexiko+1864%2F67&rft.place=Munich&rft.pub=Grin+Verlag&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-3640141920&rft.au=Walter+Klinger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsoiAO2jHxCMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+French+intervention+in+Mexico" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2017305-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2017305_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2017305_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2017305_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2017305_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2017305_8-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2017305_8-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFClodfelter2017">Clodfelter 2017</a>, p. 305.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Torbágyi-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Torbágyi_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Torbágyi_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPéter_Torbágyi2008" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Péter Torbágyi (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mek.niif.hu/07500/07571/07571.pdf"><i>Magyar kivándorlás Latin–Amerikába az első világháború előtt</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Hungarian). <a href="/wiki/Szeged" title="Szeged">Szeged</a>: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Szeged" title="University of Szeged">University of Szeged</a>. p. 42. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-963-482-937-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-963-482-937-9"><bdi>978-963-482-937-9</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Magyar+kiv%C3%A1ndorl%C3%A1s+Latin%E2%80%93Amerik%C3%A1ba+az+els%C5%91+vil%C3%A1gh%C3%A1bor%C3%BA+el%C5%91tt&rft.place=Szeged&rft.pages=42&rft.pub=University+of+Szeged&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-963-482-937-9&rft.au=P%C3%A9ter+Torb%C3%A1gyi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmek.niif.hu%2F07500%2F07571%2F07571.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+French+intervention+in+Mexico" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chartrand-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Chartrand_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRené_Chartrand1994" class="citation book cs1">René Chartrand (1994). Lee Johnson (ed.). <i>The Mexican Adventure 1861–67</i>. Men-at-arms. Vol. 272. Illustrated by Richard Hook. <a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a>, UK: <a href="/wiki/Osprey_Publishing" title="Osprey Publishing">Osprey Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/185532430X" title="Special:BookSources/185532430X"><bdi>185532430X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mexican+Adventure+1861%E2%80%9367&rft.place=Oxford%2C+UK&rft.series=Men-at-arms&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=185532430X&rft.au=Ren%C3%A9+Chartrand&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+French+intervention+in+Mexico" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hill2-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hill2_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichard_Leslie_HillPeter_C._Hogg1995" class="citation book cs1">Richard Leslie Hill; Peter C. Hogg (1995). <i>A Black corps d'élite: an Egyptian Sudanese conscript battalion with the French Army in Mexico, 1863–1867, and its survivors in subsequent African history</i>. <a href="/wiki/East_Lansing" class="mw-redirect" title="East Lansing">East Lansing</a>, US: <a href="/wiki/Michigan_State_University_Press" title="Michigan State University Press">Michigan State University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0870133398" title="Special:BookSources/978-0870133398"><bdi>978-0870133398</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Black+corps+d%27%C3%A9lite%3A+an+Egyptian+Sudanese+conscript+battalion+with+the+French+Army+in+Mexico%2C+1863%E2%80%931867%2C+and+its+survivors+in+subsequent+African+history&rft.place=East+Lansing%2C+US&rft.pub=Michigan+State+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0870133398&rft.au=Richard+Leslie+Hill&rft.au=Peter+C.+Hogg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+French+intervention+in+Mexico" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">known in France as <i>Expédition du Mexique</i> at the time and today as <i>Intervention française au Mexique</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKohn2007" class="citation book cs1">Kohn, George Childs, ed. (2007). <i>Dictionary of Wars</i> (3rd ed.). New York: Facts on File. p. 329. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-2916-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-2916-7"><bdi>978-1-4381-2916-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/466183689">466183689</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Wars&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=329&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Facts+on+File&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F466183689&rft.isbn=978-1-4381-2916-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+French+intervention+in+Mexico" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBancroft1887" class="citation book cs1">Bancroft, Hubert Howe (1887). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/worksofhuberthow14bancrich"><i>History of Mexico, Volume VI 1861–1887</i></a>. San Francisco: The History Company. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/worksofhuberthow14bancrich/page/136">136</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Mexico%2C+Volume+VI+1861%E2%80%931887&rft.place=San+Francisco&rft.pages=136&rft.pub=The+History+Company&rft.date=1887&rft.aulast=Bancroft&rft.aufirst=Hubert+Howe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fworksofhuberthow14bancrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+French+intervention+in+Mexico" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DailyAlta2-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DailyAlta2_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cdnc.ucr.edu/cdnc/cgi-bin/imageserver/imageserver.pl?oid=DAC18640916.1.1&key=&getpdf=true">"Mexico and the West Indies"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(pdf)</span>. <i>Daily Alta California</i>. <b>XVI.</b> (5310). San Francisco: <a href="/wiki/Robert_B._Semple" title="Robert B. Semple">Robert B. Semple</a>: 1. 16 September 1864<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 June</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Daily+Alta+California&rft.atitle=Mexico+and+the+West+Indies&rft.volume=XVI.&rft.issue=5310&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1864-09-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcdnc.ucr.edu%2Fcdnc%2Fcgi-bin%2Fimageserver%2Fimageserver.pl%3Foid%3DDAC18640916.1.1%26key%3D%26getpdf%3Dtrue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+French+intervention+in+Mexico" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBancroft1887" class="citation book cs1">Bancroft, Hubert Howe (1887). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/worksofhuberthow14bancrich"><i>History of Mexico Volume VI 1861–1887</i></a>. San Francisco: The History Company. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/worksofhuberthow14bancrich/page/136">136</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Mexico+Volume+VI+1861%E2%80%931887&rft.place=San+Francisco&rft.pages=136&rft.pub=The+History+Company&rft.date=1887&rft.aulast=Bancroft&rft.aufirst=Hubert+Howe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fworksofhuberthow14bancrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+French+intervention+in+Mexico" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuedalla1923" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Philip_Guedalla" title="Philip Guedalla">Guedalla, Philip</a> (1923). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.95986"><i>The Second Empire</i></a>. Hodder and Stoughton. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.95986/page/n340">322</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Second+Empire&rft.pages=322&rft.pub=Hodder+and+Stoughton&rft.date=1923&rft.aulast=Guedalla&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.95986&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+French+intervention+in+Mexico" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBancroft1888">Bancroft (1888)</a>, p. 29</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBancroft1888">Bancroft (1888)</a>, p. 35</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBancroft1888">Bancroft (1888)</a>, p. 29</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBancroft1888">Bancroft (1888)</a>, p. 40</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBancroft1888">Bancroft (1888)</a>, p. 42</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBancroft1888">Bancroft (1888)</a>, p. 44</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBancroft1888">Bancroft (1888)</a>, p. 46</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBancroft1888">Bancroft (1888)</a>, pp. 47–48</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBancroft1888">Bancroft (1888)</a>, p. 52</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBancroft1888">Bancroft (1888)</a>, p. 55</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBancroft1888">Bancroft (1888)</a>, p. 69</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBancroft1888">Bancroft (1888)</a>, p. 87</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBancroft1888">Bancroft (1888)</a>, p. 107</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZamacois1880" class="citation book cs1">Zamacois, Niceto (1880). <i>Historia de Méjico: Tomo XVI</i>. 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XVII.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBancroft1888">Bancroft (1888)</a>, p. 127</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-H62-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-H62_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-H62_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-H62_47-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBancroft1888">Bancroft (1888)</a>, p. 162</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBancroft1888">Bancroft (1888)</a>, p. 133</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBancroft1888">Bancroft (1888)</a>, p. 142</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBancroft1888">Bancroft (1888)</a>, p. 166</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBancroft1888">Bancroft (1888)</a>, p. 131</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-H65-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-H65_52-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-H65_52-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBancroft1888">Bancroft (1888)</a>, p. 165</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBancroft1888">Bancroft (1888)</a>, p. 168</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-H92-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-H92_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-H92_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBancroft1888">Bancroft (1888)</a>, p. 192</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBancroft1888">Bancroft (1888)</a>, pp. 170, 188</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBancroft1888">Bancroft (1888)</a>, p. 190</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcAllen2014" class="citation book cs1">McAllen, M.M. (2014). <i>Maximilian and Carlota: Europe's Last Empire in Mexico</i>. San Antonio: Trinity University Press. p. 161.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Maximilian+and+Carlota%3A+Europe%27s+Last+Empire+in+Mexico&rft.place=San+Antonio&rft.pages=161&rft.pub=Trinity+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=McAllen&rft.aufirst=M.M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+French+intervention+in+Mexico" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHannay1917" class="citation book cs1">Hannay, David (1917). <i>Diaz</i>. New York: Henry Holt and Company. p. 83.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Diaz&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=83&rft.pub=Henry+Holt+and+Company&rft.date=1917&rft.aulast=Hannay&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+French+intervention+in+Mexico" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBancroft1888">Bancroft (1888)</a>, p. 191</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBancroft1888">Bancroft (1888)</a>, p. 185</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBancroft1888">Bancroft (1888)</a>, p. 194</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-H95-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-H95_62-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-H95_62-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-H95_62-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBancroft1888">Bancroft (1888)</a>, p. 195</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcAllen2014" class="citation book cs1">McAllen, M.M. (2014). <i>Maximilian and Carlota: Europe's Last Empire in Mexico</i>. San Antonio: Trinity University Press. p. 209.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Maximilian+and+Carlota%3A+Europe%27s+Last+Empire+in+Mexico&rft.place=San+Antonio&rft.pages=209&rft.pub=Trinity+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=McAllen&rft.aufirst=M.M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+French+intervention+in+Mexico" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBancroft1888">Bancroft (1888)</a>, pp. 196–197</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-H98-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-H98_65-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-H98_65-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBancroft1888">Bancroft (1888)</a>, p. 198</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBancroft1888">Bancroft (1888)</a>, p. 182</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBancroft1888">Bancroft (1888)</a>, p. 202</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBancroft1888">Bancroft (1888)</a>, p. 207</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">quoted in Shawcross, <i>The Last Emperor</i>, p. 163</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBancroft1888">Bancroft (1888)</a>, p. 183</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIglesias1869" class="citation book cs1">Iglesias, José María (1869). <i>Revistas históricas sobre la intervención francesa en México: Tomo 3</i>. 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class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBancroft1888">Bancroft (1888)</a>, p. 203</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-H200-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-H200_75-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-H200_75-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBancroft1888">Bancroft (1888)</a>, p. 200</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBancroft1888">Bancroft (1888)</a>, p. 250</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBancroft1888">Bancroft (1888)</a>, p. 209</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBancroft1888">Bancroft (1888)</a>, p. 246</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-H47-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-H47_79-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-H47_79-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBancroft1888">Bancroft (1888)</a>, p. 247</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBancroft1888">Bancroft (1888)</a>, pp. 248–249</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-H58-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-H58_81-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-H58_81-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBancroft1888">Bancroft (1888)</a>, p. 258</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBancroft1888">Bancroft (1888)</a>, pp. 258–261</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBancroft1888">Bancroft (1888)</a>, p. 251</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBancroft1888">Bancroft (1888)</a>, p. 252</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBancroft1888">Bancroft (1888)</a>, pp. 235, 239, 241</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBancroft1888">Bancroft (1888)</a>, p. 249</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBancroft1888">Bancroft (1888)</a>, p. 254</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBancroft1888">Bancroft (1888)</a>, pp. 254–255</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBancroft1888">Bancroft (1888)</a>, p. 256</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBancroft1888">Bancroft (1888)</a>, p. 262</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBancroft1888">Bancroft (1888)</a>, pp. 262–263</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBancroft1888">Bancroft (1888)</a>, pp. 256–257</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBancroft1888">Bancroft (1888)</a>, p. 243</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBancroft1888">Bancroft (1888)</a>, p. 268</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBancroft1888">Bancroft (1888)</a>, p. 244</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBancroft1888">Bancroft (1888)</a>, pp. 245–246</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBancroft1888">Bancroft (1888)</a>, pp. 270–271</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBancroft1888">Bancroft (1888)</a>, pp. 272–273</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBancroft1888">Bancroft (1888)</a>, pp. 274–275</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBancroft1888">Bancroft (1888)</a>, pp. 276–277</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBancroft1888">Bancroft (1888)</a>, pp. 277, 285</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBancroft1888">Bancroft (1888)</a>, pp. 286–288</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBancroft1888">Bancroft (1888)</a>, p. 290</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBancroft1888">Bancroft (1888)</a>, p. 291</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBancroft1888">Bancroft (1888)</a>, pp. 292–293</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBancroft1888">Bancroft (1888)</a>, pp. 294–295</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBancroft1888">Bancroft (1888)</a>, p. 298</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBancroft1888">Bancroft (1888)</a>, p. 300</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Parkes_273-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Parkes_273_109-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parkes_273_109-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parkes_273_109-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parkes_273_109-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parkes_273_109-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parkes_273_109-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parkes_273_109-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParkes1960" class="citation book cs1">Parkes, Henry (1960). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofmexico00park"><i>A History of Mexico</i></a>. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. p. 273. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-395-08410-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-395-08410-5"><bdi>0-395-08410-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Mexico&rft.place=Boston&rft.pages=273&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin&rft.date=1960&rft.isbn=0-395-08410-5&rft.aulast=Parkes&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofmexico00park&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+French+intervention+in+Mexico" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Parkes_274-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Parkes_274_110-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParkes1960" class="citation book cs1">Parkes, Henry (1960). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofmexico00park"><i>A History of Mexico</i></a>. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. p. 274. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-395-08410-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-395-08410-5"><bdi>0-395-08410-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Mexico&rft.place=Boston&rft.pages=274&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin&rft.date=1960&rft.isbn=0-395-08410-5&rft.aulast=Parkes&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofmexico00park&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+French+intervention+in+Mexico" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Parkes_282-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Parkes_282_111-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parkes_282_111-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParkes1960" class="citation book cs1">Parkes, Henry (1960). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofmexico00park"><i>A History of Mexico</i></a>. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. p. 282. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-395-08410-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-395-08410-5"><bdi>0-395-08410-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Mexico&rft.place=Boston&rft.pages=282&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin&rft.date=1960&rft.isbn=0-395-08410-5&rft.aulast=Parkes&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofmexico00park&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+French+intervention+in+Mexico" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Parkes_284-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Parkes_284_112-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParkes1960" class="citation book cs1">Parkes, Henry (1960). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofmexico00park"><i>A History of Mexico</i></a>. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. p. 284. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-395-08410-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-395-08410-5"><bdi>0-395-08410-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Mexico&rft.place=Boston&rft.pages=284&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin&rft.date=1960&rft.isbn=0-395-08410-5&rft.aulast=Parkes&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofmexico00park&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+French+intervention+in+Mexico" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManningJames_Morton_CallahanJohn_H._LatanéPhilip_Brown1914" class="citation journal cs1">Manning, William R.; James Morton Callahan; John H. Latané; Philip Brown; James L. Slayden; Joseph Wheless; James Brown Scott (25 April 1914). "Statements, Interpretations, and Applications of the Monroe Doctrine and of More or Less Allied Doctrines". <i>American Society of International Law</i>. <b>8</b>: 90. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25656497">25656497</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Society+of+International+Law&rft.atitle=Statements%2C+Interpretations%2C+and+Applications+of+the+Monroe+Doctrine+and+of+More+or+Less+Allied+Doctrines&rft.volume=8&rft.pages=90&rft.date=1914-04-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25656497%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Manning&rft.aufirst=William+R.&rft.au=James+Morton+Callahan&rft.au=John+H.+Latan%C3%A9&rft.au=Philip+Brown&rft.au=James+L.+Slayden&rft.au=Joseph+Wheless&rft.au=James+Brown+Scott&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+French+intervention+in+Mexico" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManningJames_Morton_CallahanJohn_H._LatanéPhilip_Brown1914" class="citation journal cs1">Manning, William R.; James Morton Callahan; John H. Latané; Philip Brown; James L. Slayden; Joseph Wheless; James Brown Scott (25 April 1914). "Statements, Interpretations, and Applications of the Monroe Doctrine and of More or Less Allied Doctrines". <i>American Society of International Law</i>. <b>8</b>: 101. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25656497">25656497</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Society+of+International+Law&rft.atitle=Statements%2C+Interpretations%2C+and+Applications+of+the+Monroe+Doctrine+and+of+More+or+Less+Allied+Doctrines&rft.volume=8&rft.pages=101&rft.date=1914-04-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25656497%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Manning&rft.aufirst=William+R.&rft.au=James+Morton+Callahan&rft.au=John+H.+Latan%C3%A9&rft.au=Philip+Brown&rft.au=James+L.+Slayden&rft.au=Joseph+Wheless&rft.au=James+Brown+Scott&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+French+intervention+in+Mexico" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcPherson1864" class="citation book cs1">McPherson, Edward (1864). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4znw2WmxzHYC"><i>The Political History of the United States of America During the Great Rebellion: From November 6, 1860, to July 4, 1864; Including a Classified Summary of the Legislation of the Second Session of the Thirty-sixth Congress, the Three Sessions of the Thirty-seventh Congress, the First Session of the Thirty-eighth Congress, with the Votes Thereon, and the Important Executive, Judicial, and Politico-military Facts of that Eventful Period; Together with the Organization, Legislation, and General Proceedings of the Rebel Administration</i></a>. Philip & Solomons. p. 349.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Political+History+of+the+United+States+of+America+During+the+Great+Rebellion%3A+From+November+6%2C+1860%2C+to+July+4%2C+1864%3B+Including+a+Classified+Summary+of+the+Legislation+of+the+Second+Session+of+the+Thirty-sixth+Congress%2C+the+Three+Sessions+of+the+Thirty-seventh+Congress%2C+the+First+Session+of+the+Thirty-eighth+Congress%2C+with+the+Votes+Thereon%2C+and+the+Important+Executive%2C+Judicial%2C+and+Politico-military+Facts+of+that+Eventful+Period%3B+Together+with+the+Organization%2C+Legislation%2C+and+General+Proceedings+of+the+Rebel+Administration&rft.pages=349&rft.pub=Philip+%26+Solomons&rft.date=1864&rft.aulast=McPherson&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4znw2WmxzHYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+French+intervention+in+Mexico" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHart2002" class="citation book cs1">Hart, John Mason (2002). <i>Empire and Revolution: The Americans in Mexico Since the Civil War</i>. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. p. 17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-90077-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-90077-4"><bdi>0-520-90077-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Empire+and+Revolution%3A+The+Americans+in+Mexico+Since+the+Civil+War&rft.place=Berkeley+and+Los+Angeles&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-520-90077-4&rft.aulast=Hart&rft.aufirst=John+Mason&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+French+intervention+in+Mexico" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert H. Buck, Captain, Recorder. Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States Commandery of the state of Colorado, Denver. 10 April 1907. Indiana State Library.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHart2002" class="citation book cs1">Hart, James Mason (2002). <i>Empire and Revolution: The American in Mexico Since the Civil War</i>. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. p. 15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-90077-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-90077-4"><bdi>0-520-90077-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Empire+and+Revolution%3A+The+American+in+Mexico+Since+the+Civil+War&rft.place=Berkeley+and+Los+Angeles&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-520-90077-4&rft.aulast=Hart&rft.aufirst=James+Mason&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+French+intervention+in+Mexico" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManningCallahanLatanéBrown1914" class="citation journal cs1">Manning, William R.; Callahan, James Morton; Latané, John H.; Brown, Philip; Slayden, James L.; Wheless, Joseph; Scott, James Brown (25 April 1914). "Statements, Interpretations, and Applications of the Monroe Doctrine and of More or Less Allied Doctrines". <i>American Society of International Law</i>. <b>8</b>: 105. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25656497">25656497</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Society+of+International+Law&rft.atitle=Statements%2C+Interpretations%2C+and+Applications+of+the+Monroe+Doctrine+and+of+More+or+Less+Allied+Doctrines&rft.volume=8&rft.pages=105&rft.date=1914-04-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25656497%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Manning&rft.aufirst=William+R.&rft.au=Callahan%2C+James+Morton&rft.au=Latan%C3%A9%2C+John+H.&rft.au=Brown%2C+Philip&rft.au=Slayden%2C+James+L.&rft.au=Wheless%2C+Joseph&rft.au=Scott%2C+James+Brown&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+French+intervention+in+Mexico" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Raymond-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Raymond_120-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaymond1862" class="citation journal cs1">Raymond, Henry Jarvis, ed. (10 July 1862). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1862/07/10/news/military-force-france-actual-organization-army-its-strength-effectiveness.html">"The military force of France.; The Actual Organization of the Army Its Strength and Effectiveness. The Imperial Guard, the Infantry, Cavalry, Artillery, Engineers, Administration, Gen D'Armerie. General Staff of the army. The Military Schools, the invalids, the government of the army, Annual cost of the French Army"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a>, United States<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 June</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+military+force+of+France.%3B+The+Actual+Organization+of+the+Army+Its+Strength+and+Effectiveness.+The+Imperial+Guard%2C+the+Infantry%2C+Cavalry%2C+Artillery%2C+Engineers%2C+Administration%2C+Gen+D%27Armerie.+General+Staff+of+the+army.+The+Military+Schools%2C+the+invalids%2C+the+government+of+the+army%2C+Annual+cost+of+the+French+Army.&rft.date=1862-07-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1862%2F07%2F10%2Fnews%2Fmilitary-force-france-actual-organization-army-its-strength-effectiveness.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+French+intervention+in+Mexico" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pénette-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pénette_121-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPénetteCastaingt1962" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Pénette, Marcel; Castaingt, Jean (1962). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303224227/http://aleph.academica.mx/jspui/bitstream/56789/29583/1/12-046-1962-0229.pdf"><i>La Legión Extranjera en la Intervención Francesa</i></a> [<i>The Foreign Legion in the French Intervention</i>] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Spanish). <a href="/wiki/Ciudad_de_M%C3%A9xico" class="mw-redirect" title="Ciudad de México">Ciudad de México</a>, Mexico: <a href="/wiki/Sociedad_Mexicana_de_Geograf%C3%ADa_y_Estad%C3%ADstica" title="Sociedad Mexicana de Geografía y Estadística">Sociedad Mexicana de Geografía y Estadística</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aleph.academica.mx/jspui/bitstream/56789/29583/1/12-046-1962-0229.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 3 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+Legi%C3%B3n+Extranjera+en+la+Intervenci%C3%B3n+Francesa&rft.place=Ciudad+de+M%C3%A9xico%2C+Mexico&rft.pub=Sociedad+Mexicana+de+Geograf%C3%ADa+y+Estad%C3%ADstica&rft.date=1962&rft.aulast=P%C3%A9nette&rft.aufirst=Marcel&rft.au=Castaingt%2C+Jean&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faleph.academica.mx%2Fjspui%2Fbitstream%2F56789%2F29583%2F1%2F12-046-1962-0229.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+French+intervention+in+Mexico" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Martin-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Martin_122-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFalcke_Martin1914" class="citation book cs1">Falcke Martin, Percy (1914). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cu31924020431734"><i>Maximilian in Mexico. The story of the French intervention (1861–1867)</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a>, United States: C. Scribner's sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781445576466" title="Special:BookSources/9781445576466"><bdi>9781445576466</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 June</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Maximilian+in+Mexico.+The+story+of+the+French+intervention+%281861%E2%80%931867%29&rft.place=New+York%2C+United+States&rft.pub=C.+Scribner%27s+sons&rft.date=1914&rft.isbn=9781445576466&rft.aulast=Falcke+Martin&rft.aufirst=Percy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcu31924020431734&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+French+intervention+in+Mexico" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LytteltonTimes-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LytteltonTimes_123-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LytteltonTimes_123-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LytteltonTimes_123-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/imageserver/imageserver.pl?oid=LT18630422.1.5&getpdf=true">"The Mexican expedition"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(pdf)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Lyttelton_Times" title="Lyttelton Times">Lyttelton Times</a></i>. <b>XIX.</b> (1090). <a href="/wiki/Thorndon,_New_Zealand" title="Thorndon, New Zealand">Thorndon, New Zealand</a>: <a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_New_Zealand" title="National Library of New Zealand">Papers Past</a>: 9. 22 April 1863<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 June</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Lyttelton+Times&rft.atitle=The+Mexican+expedition&rft.volume=XIX.&rft.issue=1090&rft.pages=9&rft.date=1863-04-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.paperspast.natlib.govt.nz%2Fcgi-bin%2Fimageserver%2Fimageserver.pl%3Foid%3DLT18630422.1.5%26getpdf%3Dtrue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+French+intervention+in+Mexico" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChartrand1994" class="citation book cs1">Chartrand, Rene (28 July 1994). <i>The Mexican Adventure 1861–67</i>. Bloomsbury USA. pp. 35–36. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85532-430-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-85532-430-X"><bdi>1-85532-430-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mexican+Adventure+1861%E2%80%9367&rft.pages=35-36&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+USA&rft.date=1994-07-28&rft.isbn=1-85532-430-X&rft.aulast=Chartrand&rft.aufirst=Rene&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+French+intervention+in+Mexico" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BEL-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BEL_125-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFren_FunckenLilian_Funcken1981" class="citation journal cs1">Fren Funcken; Lilian Funcken (1981). Burgess, Donald (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://monlegionnaire.files.wordpress.com/2011/08/the-belgian-legion.pdf">"The Forgotten Legion"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Campaigns Magazine – International Magazine of Military Miniatures</i>. <b>6</b> (32). <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a>, United States: Marengo Publications: 31–34. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780803919235" title="Special:BookSources/9780803919235"><bdi>9780803919235</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 June</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Campaigns+Magazine+%E2%80%93+International+Magazine+of+Military+Miniatures&rft.atitle=The+Forgotten+Legion&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=32&rft.pages=31-34&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=9780803919235&rft.au=Fren+Funcken&rft.au=Lilian+Funcken&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmonlegionnaire.files.wordpress.com%2F2011%2F08%2Fthe-belgian-legion.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+French+intervention+in+Mexico" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChartrand1994" class="citation book cs1">Chartrand, Rene (28 July 1994). <i>The Mexican Adventure 1861–67</i>. Bloomsbury USA. p. 37. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85532-430-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-85532-430-X"><bdi>1-85532-430-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mexican+Adventure+1861%E2%80%9367&rft.pages=37&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+USA&rft.date=1994-07-28&rft.isbn=1-85532-430-X&rft.aulast=Chartrand&rft.aufirst=Rene&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+French+intervention+in+Mexico" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChartrand1994" class="citation book cs1">Chartrand, Rene (28 July 1994). <i>The Mexican Adventure 1861–67</i>. Bloomsbury USA. p. 37. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85532-430-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-85532-430-X"><bdi>1-85532-430-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mexican+Adventure+1861%E2%80%9367&rft.pages=37&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+USA&rft.date=1994-07-28&rft.isbn=1-85532-430-X&rft.aulast=Chartrand&rft.aufirst=Rene&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+French+intervention+in+Mexico" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcAllen2015" class="citation book cs1">McAllen, M. M. (April 2015). <i>Maximilian and Carlota. Europe's Last Empire in Mexico</i>. Trinity University Press. p. 218. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59534-263-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59534-263-8"><bdi>978-1-59534-263-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Maximilian+and+Carlota.+Europe%27s+Last+Empire+in+Mexico&rft.pages=218&rft.pub=Trinity+University+Press&rft.date=2015-04&rft.isbn=978-1-59534-263-8&rft.aulast=McAllen&rft.aufirst=M.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+French+intervention+in+Mexico" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChartrand1994" class="citation book cs1">Chartrand, Rene (28 July 1994). <i>The Mexican Adventure 1861–67</i>. Bloomsbury USA. p. 6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85532-430-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-85532-430-X"><bdi>1-85532-430-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mexican+Adventure+1861%E2%80%9367&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+USA&rft.date=1994-07-28&rft.isbn=1-85532-430-X&rft.aulast=Chartrand&rft.aufirst=Rene&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+French+intervention+in+Mexico" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChartrand1994" class="citation book cs1">Chartrand, Rene (28 July 1994). <i>The Mexican Adventure 1861–67</i>. Bloomsbury USA. p. 37. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85532-430-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-85532-430-X"><bdi>1-85532-430-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mexican+Adventure+1861%E2%80%9367&rft.pages=37&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+USA&rft.date=1994-07-28&rft.isbn=1-85532-430-X&rft.aulast=Chartrand&rft.aufirst=Rene&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+French+intervention+in+Mexico" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-books.google.ro-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-books.google.ro_131-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1mfgaV1W_OYC&dq=yarka&pg=PA135">Louis Noir, Achille Faure, 1867, <i>Campagne du Mexique: Mexico (souvenirs d'un zouave)</i>, p. 135</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Le_moniteur_de_l'armée:_1863-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Le_moniteur_de_l'armée:_1863_132-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KEBLAAAAcAAJ&dq=yarka&pg=PP177">Le moniteur de l'armée: 1863</a></span> </li> </ol></div> <dl><dt>Bibliography</dt></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBancroft1888" class="citation book cs1">Bancroft, Hubert Howe (1888). <i>History of Mexico VI: 1861–1887</i>. New York: The Bancroft Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Mexico+VI%3A+1861%E2%80%931887&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=The+Bancroft+Company&rft.date=1888&rft.aulast=Bancroft&rft.aufirst=Hubert+Howe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+French+intervention+in+Mexico" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_French_intervention_in_Mexico&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Howe_Bancroft" title="Hubert Howe Bancroft">Bancroft, Hubert Howe</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YGplAAAAMAAJ&q=%22The+appointment+of+Juarez+%22"><i>History of Mexico: Being a Popular History of the Mexican People from the Earliest Primitive Civilization to the Present Time</i></a> The Bancroft Company, New York, 1914, pp. 466–506</li> <li>Black, Shirley Jean. <i>Napoleon III and the French Intervention in Mexico: A Quest for Silver</i>. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press 1974.</li> <li>Brittsan, Zachary. <i>Popular Politics and Rebellion in Mexico: Manuel Lozada and La Reforma, 1855–1876</i>. Nashville: Vanderbilt University Press 2015.</li> <li>Corti, Egon Caesar. <i>Maximilian and Charlotte of Mexico</i> (2 vols. 1968). 976 pages</li> <li>Cunningham, Michele. <i>Mexico and the Foreign Policy of Napoleon III</i>, <a href="/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan" title="Palgrave Macmillan">Palgrave Macmillan</a>, 2001</li> <li>Dabbs, Jack A. <i>The French Army in Mexico, 1861–1867: A Study in Military Government</i>. The Hague: Mouton 1963.</li> <li>Garay, Lerma. Antonio. <i>Mazatlán Decimonónico</i>, Autoedición. 2005. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59872-220-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-59872-220-4">1-59872-220-4</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Peraino" title="Kevin Peraino">Peraino, Kevin</a>, <i>Lincoln in the World: The Making of a Statesman and the Dawn of American Power</i>. New York: Crown Publishers, 2013.</li> <li>Shawcross, Edward. <i>The Last Emperor of Mexico: A Disaster in the New World</i>. London: Faber & Faber, 2022; <i>The Last Emperor of Mexico: The Dramatic Story of the Habsburg Archduke Who Created a Kingdom in the New World</i>. New York: Basic Books, 2021.</li> <li>Sheridan, Philip H. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/4362/4362-h/4362-h.htm"><i>Personal Memoirs of P.H. Sheridan</i></a>, Charles L. Webster & Co., 1888, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58218-185-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-58218-185-3">1-58218-185-3</a> (vol. 2, part 5, Chapter IX)</li> <li>Topik, Steven C. "When Mexico Had the Blues: A Transatlantic Tale of Bonds, Bankers, and Nationalists, 1862–1910," <i>American Historical Review,</i> June 2000, Vol. 105, Issue 3, pp. 714–740</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClodfelter2017" class="citation book cs1">Clodfelter, Micheal (2017). <i>Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492–2015</i> (4th ed.). McFarland.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Warfare+and+Armed+Conflicts%3A+A+Statistical+Encyclopedia+of+Casualty+and+Other+Figures%2C+1492%E2%80%932015&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Clodfelter&rft.aufirst=Micheal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+French+intervention+in+Mexico" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_French_intervention_in_Mexico&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.austro-hungarian-army.co.uk/mexican/mxchrono.htm">Chronology of the Mexican Adventure 1861–1867</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110613151207/http://www.austro-hungarian-army.co.uk/mexican/mxchrono.htm">Archived</a> 13 June 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.austro-hungarian-army.co.uk/mexican/mxbooks1.htm">Bibliography for the French intervention in Mexico</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200222152317/http://www.austro-hungarian-army.co.uk/mexican/mxbooks1.htm">Archived</a> 22 February 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Mexico_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mexico_topics" title="Template:Mexico topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mexico_topics" title="Template talk:Mexico topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mexico_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mexico topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Mexico_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Mexico-related_articles" title="Index of Mexico-related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mexico" title="History of Mexico">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_Mexico" title="Pre-Columbian Mexico">Pre-Columbian era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">Colonial era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_War_of_Independence" title="Mexican War of Independence">War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Mexican_Empire" title="First Mexican Empire">First Mexican Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_America_under_Mexican_rule" title="Central America under Mexican rule">Control of Central America</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Executive_Power" class="mw-redirect" title="Supreme Executive Power">Supreme Executive Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Mexican_Republic" title="First Mexican Republic">First Mexican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_attempts_to_reconquer_Mexico" title="Spanish attempts to reconquer Mexico">Spanish reconquest attempts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centralist_Republic_of_Mexico" title="Centralist Republic of Mexico">Centralist Republic of Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_Revolution" title="Texas Revolution">Texas Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pastry_War" title="Pastry War">Pastry War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Mexican–American War">Mexican–American War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Federal_Republic_of_Mexico" title="Second Federal Republic of Mexico">Second Mexican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Reforma" title="La Reforma">La Reforma</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Second French intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Mexican_Empire" title="Second Mexican Empire">Second Mexican Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restored_Republic_(Mexico)" class="mw-redirect" title="Restored Republic (Mexico)">Restored Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caste_War_of_Yucat%C3%A1n" title="Caste War of Yucatán">Caste War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaqui_Wars" title="Yaqui Wars">Yaqui Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porfiriato" title="Porfiriato">Porfiriato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Revolution" title="Mexican Revolution">Mexican Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_involvement_in_the_Mexican_Revolution" title="United States involvement in the Mexican Revolution">Second American intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cristero_War" title="Cristero War">Cristero War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximato" title="Maximato">Maximato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_Revolutionary_Party" title="Institutional Revolutionary Party">Institutional Revolutionary Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico_during_World_War_II" title="Mexico during World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_miracle" title="Mexican miracle">Mexican miracle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_D%C3%A9cada_Perdida" class="mw-redirect" title="La Década Perdida">Lost Decade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_peso_crisis" title="Mexican peso crisis">Peso crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiapas_conflict" title="Chiapas conflict">Chiapas conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_drug_war" title="Mexican drug war">War on drugs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Mexico" title="Geography of Mexico">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Borders_of_Mexico" title="Borders of Mexico">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Mexico" title="List of cities in Mexico">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Mexico" title="Climate of Mexico">Climate</a> (<a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Mexico" title="Climate change in Mexico">Climate change</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Mexico" title="List of earthquakes in Mexico">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental issues in Mexico">Environmental issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extreme_points_of_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="List of extreme points of Mexico">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forests_of_Mexico" title="Forests of Mexico">Forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Mexico" title="List of islands of Mexico">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Mexico" title="List of lakes of Mexico">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_areas_of_Mexico" title="Metropolitan areas of Mexico">Metropolitan areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountain_peaks_of_Mexico" title="List of mountain peaks of Mexico">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_natural_areas_of_Mexico" title="Protected natural areas of Mexico">Protected natural areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Mexico" title="List of rivers of Mexico">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_of_Mexico" title="List of states of Mexico">States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Mexico" title="Municipalities of Mexico">Municipalities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territories_of_Mexico" title="Territories of Mexico">Territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_Mexico" title="Territorial evolution of Mexico">Territorial evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_in_Mexico" title="Time in Mexico">Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico_tropical_cyclone_rainfall_climatology" title="Mexico tropical cyclone rainfall climatology">Tropical cyclone rainfall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Mexico" title="List of volcanoes in Mexico">Volcanos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_resources_in_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Water resources in Mexico">Water resources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Mexico" title="Wildlife of Mexico">Wildlife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Mexico" title="Politics of Mexico">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Mexico" title="Administrative divisions of Mexico">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Union" title="Congress of the Union">Congress</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_the_Republic_(Mexico)" title="Senate of the Republic (Mexico)">Senate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_(Mexico)" title="Chamber of Deputies (Mexico)">Chamber of Deputies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Mexico" title="Constitution of Mexico">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Mexico" title="Elections in Mexico">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_Mexico" title="Federal government of Mexico">Federal government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Mexico" title="Foreign relations of Mexico">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Armed_Forces" title="Mexican Armed Forces">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Mexico" title="List of political parties in Mexico">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Mexico" title="President of Mexico">President</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Mexico" title="Cabinet of Mexico">Cabinet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mexican_state_legislatures" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Mexican state legislatures">State legislatures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Justice_of_the_Nation" title="Supreme Court of Justice of the Nation">Supreme Court</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Mexico" title="Law of Mexico">Law</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Mexico" title="Abortion in Mexico">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_consent_in_Mexico" title="Age of consent in Mexico">Age of consent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Mexico" title="Human rights in Mexico">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_rights_in_Mexico" title="Intersex rights in Mexico">Intersex rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Mexico" title="Law enforcement in Mexico">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Mexico">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_Mexico" title="Same-sex marriage in Mexico">Same-sex marriage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Mexico" title="Economy of Mexico">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Mexico" title="Agriculture in Mexico">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Mexico" title="Automotive industry in Mexico">Automotive industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Mexico" title="Bank of Mexico">Central bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Mexico" title="List of companies of Mexico">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Mexico" title="Economic history of Mexico">Economic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Mexico" title="Energy in Mexico">Energy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Mexico" title="Renewable energy in Mexico">Renewable energy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolsa_Institucional_de_Valores" title="Bolsa Institucional de Valores">Institutional stock exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irrigation_in_Mexico" title="Irrigation in Mexico">Irrigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_labor_law" title="Mexican labor law">Labor law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_reform_in_Mexico" title="Land reform in Mexico">Land reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_in_Mexico" title="Manufacturing in Mexico">Manufacturing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Stock_Exchange" title="Mexican Stock Exchange">National stock exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="North American Free Trade Agreement">North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_reserves_in_Mexico" title="Oil reserves in Mexico">Oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico_Pension_Plan" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexico Pension Plan">Pension system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_peso" title="Mexican peso">Peso <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_Mexico" title="Petroleum industry in Mexico">Petroleum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_science_and_technology_in_Mexico" title="History of science and technology in Mexico">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mexican_states_by_GDP" title="List of Mexican states by GDP">States by GDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mexican_states_by_unemployment" title="List of Mexican states by unemployment">States by unemployment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Telecommunications in Mexico">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Mexico" title="Tourism in Mexico">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_in_Mexico" title="Transportation in Mexico">Transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_scarcity_in_Mexico" title="Water scarcity in Mexico">Water scarcity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Mexico" title="Category:Society of Mexico">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Mexico" title="Corruption in Mexico">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Mexico" title="Censorship in Mexico">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Mexico" title="Crime in Mexico">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Mexico" title="Demographics of Mexico">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Mexico" title="Education in Mexico">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mexican_flags" title="List of Mexican flags">Flags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Mexico" title="Healthcare in Mexico">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Mexico" title="Immigration to Mexico">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mexican_states_by_life_expectancy" title="List of Mexican states by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_nationality_law" title="Mexican nationality law">Nationality law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexicans" title="Mexicans">People</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Mexico" title="Indigenous peoples of Mexico">Indigenous peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Mexico" title="Women in Mexico">Women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Mexico" title="Poverty in Mexico">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Mexico" title="Public holidays in Mexico">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mexican_states_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of Mexican states by Human Development Index">States by HDI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_Mexico" title="Smoking in Mexico"> Smoking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Mexico" title="Water supply and sanitation in Mexico">Water supply and sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oportunidades" title="Oportunidades">Welfare</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Mexico" title="Culture of Mexico">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Mexico" title="Architecture of Mexico">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_art" title="Mexican art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Mexico" title="Cinema of Mexico">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_cuisine" title="Mexican cuisine">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_wine" title="Mexican wine">Wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folktales_of_Mexico" title="Folktales of Mexico">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_handcrafts_and_folk_art" title="Mexican handcrafts and folk art">Handcrafts and folk art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Mexico" title="Languages of Mexico">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_literature" title="Mexican literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Monuments_of_Mexico" title="National Monuments of Mexico">Monuments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Mexico" title="Music of Mexico">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Mexico" title="National symbols of Mexico">National symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_in_Mexico" title="Radio in Mexico">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mexico" title="Religion in Mexico">Religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Guadalupe" title="Our Lady of Guadalupe">Our Lady of Guadalupe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Mexico" title="Sport in Mexico">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Mexico" title="Television in Mexico">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Mexico" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Mexico">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Mexico" title="Outline of Mexico">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Mexico-related_articles" title="Index of Mexico-related articles">Index</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mexico" title="Category:Mexico">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Mexico" title="Portal:Mexico">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="French_colonial_conflicts" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:French_colonial_campaigns" title="Template:French colonial campaigns"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:French_colonial_campaigns" title="Template talk:French colonial campaigns"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:French_colonial_campaigns" title="Special:EditPage/Template:French colonial campaigns"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="French_colonial_conflicts" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">French colonial conflicts</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">16th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="North_America" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parris_Island,_South_Carolina" title="Parris Island, South Carolina">South Carolina (1562)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Florida" title="French Florida">Florida (1562–65)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominique_de_Gourgue" class="mw-redirect" title="Dominique de Gourgue">Florida (1568)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_French_possessions_and_colonies#Americas" title="List of French possessions and colonies">Brazil (1531)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France_Antarctique" title="France Antarctique">Brazil (1555–67)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_French_possessions_and_colonies#Americas" title="List of French possessions and colonies">Brazil (1590–04)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">17th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Africa" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_de_Razilly" title="Isaac de Razilly">Morocco (1629)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_conquest_of_Senegal" title="French conquest of Senegal">Senegal (1659–77)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djidjelli_expedition" title="Djidjelli expedition">Djidjelli (1664)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Algiers_(1682)" title="Bombardment of Algiers (1682)">Algiers (1682)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Algiers_(1683)" title="Bombardment of Algiers (1683)">Algiers (1683)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Algiers_(1688)" title="Bombardment of Algiers (1688)">Algiers (1688)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beaver_Wars" title="Beaver Wars">Beaver Wars (1609–1701)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equinoctial_France" title="Equinoctial France">Brazil (1612–15)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-French_War_(1627%E2%80%931629)" title="Anglo-French War (1627–1629)">North America (1627–29)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Spanish_War_(1635%E2%80%931659)" title="Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659)">West Indies (1635–59)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carib_Expulsion" class="mw-redirect" title="Carib Expulsion">Carib Expulsion (1660)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_colonization_of_Texas" title="French colonization of Texas">Texas (1685–89)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_William%27s_War" title="King William's War">King William's War (1689–97)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sabana_Real" title="Battle of Sabana Real">Santo Domingo (1691)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siamese_revolution_of_1688" title="Siamese revolution of 1688">Siam (1687–90)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">18th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Africa" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Seven_Years%27_War:_Africa" title="Template:Campaignbox Seven Years' War: Africa">West Africa (1758–63)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larache_expedition" title="Larache expedition">Morocco (1765)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Anne%27s_War" title="Queen Anne's War">Queen Anne's War (1702–13)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chickasaw_Wars" title="Chickasaw Wars">Chickasaw Wars (1721–52)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dummer%27s_War" title="Dummer's War">Dummer's War (1721–25)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natchez_revolt" title="Natchez revolt">Natchez revolt (1729)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_George%27s_War" title="King George's War">King George's War (1744–48)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Father_Le_Loutre%27s_War" title="Father Le Loutre's War">Nova Scotia (1749–55)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_and_Indian_War" title="French and Indian War">French and Indian War (1754–60)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France_in_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="France in the American Revolutionary War">North America (1778–83)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-French_War_(1778%E2%80%931783)" title="Anglo-French War (1778–1783)">Caribbean (1778–83)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_Revolution" title="Haitian Revolution">Haitian Revolution (1791–1804)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Era_de_Francia" title="Era de Francia">Santo Domingo (1795–1809)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/France%E2%80%93Myanmar_relations" title="France–Myanmar relations">Burma–France relations (1729–56)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Carnatic_War" title="First Carnatic War">India (1746–48)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnatic_Wars#Second_Carnatic_War_(1749–1754)" class="mw-redirect" title="Carnatic Wars">India (1749–54)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Carnatic_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Carnatic War">India (1756–63)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_assistance_to_Nguy%E1%BB%85n_%C3%81nh" title="French assistance to Nguyễn Ánh">Vietnam (1777–1820)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-French_War_(1778%E2%80%931783)" title="Anglo-French War (1778–1783)">East Indies (1778–83)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Indies_theatre_of_the_French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="East Indies theatre of the French Revolutionary Wars">East Indies (1793–1801)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_campaign_in_Egypt_and_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="French campaign in Egypt and Syria">Egypt and Syria (1798–1801)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">19th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Africa" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mauritius_campaign_of_1809%E2%80%9311" class="mw-redirect" title="Mauritius campaign of 1809–11">Indian Ocean (1809–11)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_conquest_of_Algeria" title="French conquest of Algeria">Algeria (1830–47)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacification_of_Algeria" title="Pacification of Algeria">Algeria (1835–1903)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Moroccan_War" title="Franco-Moroccan War">Morocco (1844)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Sal%C3%A9" title="Bombardment of Salé">Salé (1851)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_conquest_of_Senegal" title="French conquest of Senegal">French conquest of Senegal (1854)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_conquest_of_Tunisia" title="French conquest of Tunisia">Tunisia (1881)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Madagascar_expedition" title="First Madagascar expedition">Madagascar (1883)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandingo_Wars" title="Mandingo Wars">Ivory Coast (1883–98)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Franco-Dahomean_War" title="First Franco-Dahomean War">First Franco-Dahomean War (1890)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Franco-Dahomean_War" title="Second Franco-Dahomean War">Second Franco-Dahomean War (1892–94)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Madagascar_expedition" title="Second Madagascar expedition">Second Madagascar expedition (1895)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menalamba_rebellion" title="Menalamba rebellion">Menalamba rebellion (1895–1903)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voulet%E2%80%93Chanoine_Mission" title="Voulet–Chanoine Mission">Voulet–Chanoine Mission (1898–1900)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Indies_Campaign_1804%E2%80%9310" class="mw-redirect" title="West Indies Campaign 1804–10">West Indies (1804–10)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_blockade_of_the_R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata" title="French blockade of the Río de la Plata">Río de la Plata (1838–40)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pastry_War" title="Pastry War">Mexico (1838–39)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-French_blockade_of_the_R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata" title="Anglo-French blockade of the Río de la Plata">Argentina–Uruguay (1845–50)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Intervention in Mexico (1861–67)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia & Pacific Ocean</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_the_Spice_Islands" title="Invasion of the Spice Islands">Moluccas (1810)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Java_(1811)" title="Invasion of Java (1811)">Java (1811)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Basilan#The_French_blockade" title="History of Basilan">Philippines (1844–45)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Tourane_(1847)" title="Bombardment of Tourane (1847)">Tourane (1847)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Tahitian_War" title="Franco-Tahitian War">Franco-Tahitian War (1844–47)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Tourane_(1856)" title="Bombardment of Tourane (1856)">Tourane (1856)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_conquest_of_Vietnam" title="French conquest of Vietnam">French conquest of Vietnam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cochinchina_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Cochinchina Campaign">Cochinchina Campaign (1858–62)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garnier_Expedition" title="Garnier Expedition">North Vietnam (1873–74)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonkin_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Tonkin Campaign">Tonkin Campaign (1883–86)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-French_War" title="Sino-French War">Sino-French War (1884–85)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacification_of_Tonkin" title="Pacification of Tonkin">North Vietnam (1886–96)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Opium_War" title="Second Opium War">Second Opium War (1860)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shimonoseki_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Shimonoseki Campaign">Japan (1863–64)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_campaign_against_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="French campaign against Korea">Korea (1866)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_the_Leeward_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Annexation of the Leeward Islands">Leewards War (1888–97)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1893_Franco-Siamese_crisis" title="1893 Franco-Siamese crisis">Franco-Siamese crisis (1893)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Africa" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wadai_War" title="Wadai War">Wadai War (1906–11)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Casablanca_(1907)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombardment of Casablanca (1907)">Casablanca (1907)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_conquest_of_Morocco" title="French conquest of Morocco">Morocco (1911–12)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaian_War" title="Zaian War">Zaian War (1914–21)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volta-Bani_War" title="Volta-Bani War">Volta-Bani War (1915–16)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaocen_revolt" title="Kaocen revolt">Kaocen revolt (1916–17)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rif_War" title="Rif War">Rif War (1920–26)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kongo-Wara_rebellion" title="Kongo-Wara rebellion">Kongo-Wara rebellion (1928–31)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malagasy_Uprising" title="Malagasy Uprising">Malagasy Uprising (1947–48)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_independence" title="Tunisian independence">Tunisian independence (1952–56)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_War" title="Algerian War">Algerian War (1954–62)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameroon_War" title="Cameroon War">Cameroon War (1955–64)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suez_Crisis" title="Suez Crisis">Suez Crisis (1956)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ifni_War" title="Ifni War">Ifni War (1957–58)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bizerte_crisis" title="Bizerte crisis">Bizerte crisis (1961)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boxer_Rebellion" title="Boxer Rebellion">Boxer Rebellion (1901)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Man%27s_Rebellion" title="Holy Man's Rebellion">Holy Man's Rebellion (1901–36)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1916_Cochinchina_uprising" title="1916 Cochinchina uprising">Vietnam (1916)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A1i_Nguy%C3%AAn_uprising" title="Thái Nguyên uprising">Vietnam (1917–18)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vue_Pa_Chay%27s_revolt" title="Vue Pa Chay's revolt">Vietnam (1918–21)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Syrian_War" title="Franco-Syrian War">Syria (1919–21)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Turkish_War" title="Franco-Turkish War">Cilicia (1920–21)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Syrian_Revolt" title="Great Syrian Revolt">Syria (1925–27)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y%C3%AAn_B%C3%A1i_mutiny" title="Yên Bái mutiny">Vietnam (1930)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngh%E1%BB%87-T%C4%A9nh_Soviets" title="Nghệ-Tĩnh Soviets">Vietnam (1930–31)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1940_Cochinchina_uprising" title="1940 Cochinchina uprising">Vietnam (1940)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Thai_War" title="Franco-Thai War">Franco-Thai War (1940–41)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_French_Indochina_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Second French Indochina Campaign">Indochina (1945)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Vietnam_(1945%E2%80%9346)" class="mw-redirect" title="War in Vietnam (1945–46)">South Vietnam (1945–46)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Indochina_War" title="First Indochina War">First Indochina War (1946–54)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pacific</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ouv%C3%A9a_cave_hostage_taking" title="Ouvéa cave hostage taking">Ouvéa cave hostage taking (1988)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style 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href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1353058/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4169758-3">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85084584">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11940147m">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11940147m">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="francouzsko-mexická válka (1861-1867)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Second_French_intervention_in_Mexico&oldid=1260435576">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Second_French_intervention_in_Mexico&oldid=1260435576</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Second_French_intervention_in_Mexico" title="Category:Second French intervention in Mexico">Second French intervention in Mexico</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1860s_in_Mexico" title="Category:1860s in Mexico">1860s in Mexico</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:19th-century_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Category:19th-century colonization of the Americas">19th-century colonization of the Americas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:19th_century_in_Mexico" title="Category:19th century in Mexico">19th century in Mexico</a></li><li><a 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