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<span>Medical studies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medical_studies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Planned_uses_and_fate_of_the_core" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Planned_uses_and_fate_of_the_core"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Planned uses and fate of the core</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Planned_uses_and_fate_of_the_core-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" 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Available in 21 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-21" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">21 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleu_del_demoniu" title="Nucleu del demoniu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Nucleu del demoniu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demon_Core" title="Demon Core – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Demon Core" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%BAcleo_del_demonio" title="Núcleo del demonio – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Núcleo del demonio" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deabruaren_nukleoa" title="Deabruaren nukleoa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Deabruaren nukleoa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demon_core" title="Demon core – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Demon core" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%85%EB%A7%88_%ED%95%B5" title="악마 핵 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="악마 핵" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inti_iblis" title="Inti iblis – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Inti iblis" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demon_core" title="Demon core – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Demon core" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%91%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%A9%D7%93" title="ליבת השד – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ליבת השד" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demon_Core" title="Demon Core – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Demon Core" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demono_branduolys" title="Demono branduolys – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Demono branduolys" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demon_Core" title="Demon Core – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Demon Core" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%87%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A2%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B3%E3%82%A2" title="デーモン・コア – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="デーモン・コア" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabelski_rdze%C5%84" title="Diabelski rdzeń – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Diabelski rdzeń" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%BAcleo_do_Dem%C3%B3nio" title="Núcleo do Demónio – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Núcleo do Demónio" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8F%D0%B4-%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Заряд-демон – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Заряд-демон" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" 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Click here for more information."><img alt="This is a good article. Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1945–1946 sphere of plutonium</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Partially-reflected-plutonium-sphere.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A square base of metal blocks, with a smaller square of metal on the top in the center, a Cooper block (the "core") contained in its center. A ruler along one side of the base shows roughly 10.5 inches (270 mm) square." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Partially-reflected-plutonium-sphere.jpeg/220px-Partially-reflected-plutonium-sphere.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Partially-reflected-plutonium-sphere.jpeg/330px-Partially-reflected-plutonium-sphere.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Partially-reflected-plutonium-sphere.jpeg/440px-Partially-reflected-plutonium-sphere.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>A re-creation of the experiment involved in the 1945 incident. The sphere of plutonium is surrounded by <a href="/wiki/Tungsten_carbide" title="Tungsten carbide">tungsten carbide</a> blocks acting as <a href="/wiki/Neutron_reflector" title="Neutron reflector">neutron reflectors</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>demon core</b> was a sphere of <a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">plutonium</a> that was involved in two fatal radiation accidents when scientists tested it as a fissile <a href="/wiki/Pit_(nuclear_weapon)" title="Pit (nuclear weapon)">core</a> of an early <a href="/wiki/Atomic_bomb" class="mw-redirect" title="Atomic bomb">atomic bomb</a>. It was manufactured in 1945 by the <a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Project" title="Manhattan Project">Manhattan Project</a>, the U.S. <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_nuclear_weapons_development" title="Timeline of nuclear weapons development">nuclear weapon development</a> effort during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. It was a <a href="/wiki/Critical_mass" title="Critical mass">subcritical mass</a> that weighed 6.2 kilograms (14 lb) and was 8.9 centimeters (3.5 in) in diameter. The core was prepared for shipment to the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean_theater_of_World_War_II" title="Pacific Ocean theater of World War II">Pacific Theater</a> as part of the <a href="/wiki/Third_Shot" title="Third Shot">third nuclear weapon</a> to be dropped on Japan, but when <a href="/wiki/Surrender_of_Japan" title="Surrender of Japan">Japan surrendered</a>, the core was retained for testing and potential later use in the case of another conflict. </p><p>The two <a href="/wiki/Criticality_accident" title="Criticality accident">criticality accidents</a> occurred at the <a href="/wiki/Los_Alamos_Laboratory" class="mw-redirect" title="Los Alamos Laboratory">Los Alamos Laboratory</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a> on August 21, 1945, and May 21, 1946. In both cases, an experiment was intended to demonstrate how close the core was to <a href="/wiki/Criticality_(status)" title="Criticality (status)">criticality</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Tamper_(nuclear_weapon)" title="Tamper (nuclear weapon)">tamper</a> (layer of dense material surrounding the <a href="/wiki/Fissile_material" title="Fissile material">fissile material</a>). Still, the core was accidentally put into a critical configuration. Physicists <a href="/wiki/Harry_Daghlian" title="Harry Daghlian">Harry Daghlian</a> (in the first accident) and <a href="/wiki/Louis_Slotin" title="Louis Slotin">Louis Slotin</a> (in the second accident) both suffered <a href="/wiki/Acute_radiation_syndrome" title="Acute radiation syndrome">acute radiation syndrome</a> and died shortly afterward. At the same time, others present in the laboratory were also exposed. The core was melted down during the summer of 1946, and the material was recycled for use in other cores. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Manufacturing_and_early_history">Manufacturing and early history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Demon_core&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Manufacturing and early history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The demon core (like the core used in the <a href="/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki#Nagasaki" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">bombing of Nagasaki</a>) was, when assembled, a solid 6.2-kilogram (14 lb) sphere measuring 8.9 centimeters (3.5 in) in diameter. It consisted of three parts made of <a href="/wiki/Plutonium%E2%80%93gallium_alloy" title="Plutonium–gallium alloy">plutonium-gallium</a>: two hemispheres and an anti-jet ring, designed to keep <a href="/wiki/Neutron_flux" title="Neutron flux">neutron flux</a> from "jetting" out of the joined surface between the hemispheres during <a href="/wiki/Implosion_(mechanical_process)" title="Implosion (mechanical process)">implosion</a>. The core of the device used in the <a href="/wiki/Trinity_(nuclear_test)" title="Trinity (nuclear test)">Trinity Test</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Holloman_Air_Force_Base" title="Holloman Air Force Base">Alamogordo Bombing and Gunnery Range</a> in July did not have such a ring.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Louis_Slotin_%26_Harry_K._Daghlian_Jr.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Louis_Slotin_%26_Harry_K._Daghlian_Jr.jpg/220px-Louis_Slotin_%26_Harry_K._Daghlian_Jr.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Louis_Slotin_%26_Harry_K._Daghlian_Jr.jpg/330px-Louis_Slotin_%26_Harry_K._Daghlian_Jr.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Louis_Slotin_%26_Harry_K._Daghlian_Jr.jpg/440px-Louis_Slotin_%26_Harry_K._Daghlian_Jr.jpg 2x" data-file-width="857" data-file-height="643" /></a><figcaption>The two physicists Harry Daghlian (center left) and Louis Slotin (center right) during the <a href="/wiki/Trinity_(nuclear_test)" title="Trinity (nuclear test)">Trinity Test</a>. Both died following supercritical accidents involving the "demon core."</figcaption></figure> <p>The refined plutonium was shipped from the <a href="/wiki/Hanford_Site" title="Hanford Site">Hanford Site</a> in <a href="/wiki/Washington_(state)" title="Washington (state)">Washington</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Los_Alamos_Laboratory" class="mw-redirect" title="Los Alamos Laboratory">Los Alamos Laboratory</a>; an inventory document dated August 30 shows Los Alamos had expended "HS-1, 2, 3, 4; R-1" (the components of the Trinity and <a href="/wiki/Fat_Man" title="Fat Man">Nagasaki bombs</a>) and had in its possession "HS-5, 6; R-2", finished and in the hands of quality control. Material for "HS-7, R-3" was in the Los Alamos metallurgy section and would also be ready by September 5 (it is not certain whether this date allowed for the unmentioned "HS-8<span style="padding-right:.15em;">"</span>'s fabrication to complete the fourth core).<sup id="cite_ref-third_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-third-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The metallurgists used a plutonium-gallium alloy, which stabilized the delta (<span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el">δ</span></span>) phase <a href="/wiki/Allotropes_of_plutonium" title="Allotropes of plutonium">allotrope of plutonium</a> so it could be hot pressed into the desired spherical shape. As plutonium was found to corrode readily, the sphere was then coated with nickel.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On August 10, Major General <a href="/wiki/Leslie_Groves" title="Leslie Groves">Leslie R. Groves Jr.</a>, wrote to General of the Army <a href="/wiki/George_C._Marshall" title="George C. Marshall">George C. Marshall</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Staff_of_the_United_States_Army" title="Chief of Staff of the United States Army">Chief of Staff of the United States Army</a>, to inform him that: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The next bomb of the implosion type had been scheduled to be ready for delivery on the target on the first good weather after August 24th, 1945. We have gained 4 days in manufacture and expect to ship the final components from New Mexico on August 12th or 13th. Providing there are no unforeseen difficulties in manufacture, in transportation to the theatre or after arrival in the theatre, the bomb should be ready for delivery on the first suitable weather after August 17th or 18th.<sup id="cite_ref-third_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-third-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Marshall added an annotation, "It is not to be released on Japan without express authority from the President", on President <a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a>'s orders.<sup id="cite_ref-third_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-third-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On August 13, <a href="/wiki/Third_Shot" title="Third Shot">the third bomb</a> was scheduled. It was anticipated that it would be ready by August 16 to be dropped on August 19.<sup id="cite_ref-third_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-third-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was pre-empted by <a href="/wiki/Surrender_of_Japan" title="Surrender of Japan">Japan's surrender</a> on August 15, 1945, while preparations were still being made for it to be couriered to <a href="/wiki/Kirtland_Air_Force_Base" title="Kirtland Air Force Base">Kirtland Field</a>. The third core remained at Los Alamos.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="First_incident">First incident</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Demon_core&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: First incident"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The core, once assembled, was designed to be at "−5 <a href="/wiki/Dollar_(reactivity)" title="Dollar (reactivity)">cents</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-McLaughlin_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McLaughlin-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this state, there is only a small safety margin against extraneous factors that might increase reactivity, causing the core to become supercritical, and then <a href="/wiki/Prompt_critical" class="mw-redirect" title="Prompt critical">prompt critical</a>, a brief state of rapid energy increase.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These factors are not common in the environment; they are only likely to occur under conditions such as the compression of the solid metallic core (which would eventually be the method used to explode the bomb), the addition of more nuclear material, or provision of an external reflector which would reflect outbound <a href="/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron">neutrons</a> back into the core. The experiments conducted at Los Alamos leading to the two fatal accidents were designed to guarantee that the core was indeed close to the critical point by arranging such reflectors and seeing how much neutron reflection was required to approach supercriticality.<sup id="cite_ref-McLaughlin_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McLaughlin-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On August 21, 1945, the plutonium core produced a burst of <a href="/wiki/Neutron_radiation" title="Neutron radiation">neutron radiation</a> that resulted in physicist <a href="/wiki/Harry_Daghlian" title="Harry Daghlian">Harry Daghlian</a>'s death. Daghlian made a mistake while performing <a href="/wiki/Neutron_reflector" title="Neutron reflector">neutron reflector</a> experiments on the core. He was working alone; a security guard, Private Robert J. Hemmerly, was seated at a desk 10 to 12 feet (3 to 4 m) away.<sup id="cite_ref-hempelman_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hempelman-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The core was placed within a stack of neutron-reflective <a href="/wiki/Tungsten_carbide" title="Tungsten carbide">tungsten carbide</a> bricks, and the addition of each brick made the assembly closer to criticality. While attempting to stack another brick around the assembly, Daghlian accidentally dropped it onto the core and thereby caused the core to go well into supercriticality, a self-sustaining critical <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_chain_reaction" title="Nuclear chain reaction">chain reaction</a>. He quickly moved the brick off the assembly, but he received a fatal dose of radiation. He died 25 days later from <a href="/wiki/Acute_radiation_syndrome" title="Acute radiation syndrome">acute radiation poisoning</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Millerp68_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Millerp68-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Name </th> <th scope="col">Age at accident </th> <th scope="col">Profession </th> <th scope="col">Dose<sup id="cite_ref-hempelman_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hempelman-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 20">: 20 </span></sup> </th> <th scope="col">Aftermath </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Harry_Daghlian" title="Harry Daghlian">Haroutune "Harry" Krikor Daghlian Jr.</a> </th> <td style="text-align:center;">24</td> <td>Physicist</td> <td>200 <a href="/wiki/Rad_(unit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rad (unit)">rad</a> (2.0 <a href="/wiki/Gray_(unit)" title="Gray (unit)">Gy</a>) neutron<br />110 rad (1.1 Gy) <a href="/wiki/Gamma_rays" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamma rays">gamma</a></td> <td>Died 25 days after the accident of <a href="/wiki/Acute_radiation_syndrome" title="Acute radiation syndrome">acute radiation syndrome</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haematopoiesis" title="Haematopoiesis">hematopoietic</a> focus<sup id="cite_ref-hempelman_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hempelman-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 22">: 22 </span></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Private Robert J. Hemmerly </th> <td style="text-align:center;">29</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Special_Engineer_Detachment" title="Special Engineer Detachment">Special Engineer Detachment</a> guard</td> <td>8 rad (0.080 Gy) neutron<br />0.1 rad (0.0010 Gy) gamma</td> <td>Died in 1978 (33 years after accident) of <a href="/wiki/Acute_myelogenous_leukemia" class="mw-redirect" title="Acute myelogenous leukemia">acute myelogenous leukemia</a> at age 62<sup id="cite_ref-hempelman_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hempelman-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 9–11, 22">: 9–11, 22 </span></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Second_incident">Second incident</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Demon_core&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Second incident"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:224px;max-width:224px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tickling_the_Dragons_Tail.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Tickling_the_Dragons_Tail.jpg/220px-Tickling_the_Dragons_Tail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Tickling_the_Dragons_Tail.jpg/330px-Tickling_the_Dragons_Tail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Tickling_the_Dragons_Tail.jpg/440px-Tickling_the_Dragons_Tail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="957" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_demon_core.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/The_demon_core.jpg/220px-The_demon_core.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/The_demon_core.jpg/330px-The_demon_core.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/The_demon_core.jpg/440px-The_demon_core.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="957" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">A re-creation of the 1946 experiment. The half-sphere is seen, but the core inside is not. The beryllium hemisphere is held up with a screwdriver.</div></div></div></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Slotin_criticality_map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Slotin_criticality_map.png/300px-Slotin_criticality_map.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="367" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Slotin_criticality_map.png/450px-Slotin_criticality_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Slotin_criticality_map.png/600px-Slotin_criticality_map.png 2x" data-file-width="1774" data-file-height="2169" /></a><figcaption>A sketch used by doctors to determine the amount of radiation to which each person in the room had been exposed during the excursion</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Slotin_criticality_drawing.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Slotin_criticality_drawing.jpg/300px-Slotin_criticality_drawing.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Slotin_criticality_drawing.jpg/450px-Slotin_criticality_drawing.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2c/Slotin_criticality_drawing.jpg 2x" data-file-width="593" data-file-height="386" /></a><figcaption>A drawing based on the above sketch</figcaption></figure> <p>On May 21, 1946,<sup id="cite_ref-accidents_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-accidents-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> physicist <a href="/wiki/Louis_Slotin" title="Louis Slotin">Louis Slotin</a> and seven other personnel were in a Los Alamos laboratory conducting another experiment to verify the closeness of the core to criticality by the positioning of neutron reflectors. Slotin, who was leaving Los Alamos, was showing the technique to <a href="/wiki/Alvin_C._Graves" title="Alvin C. Graves">Alvin C. Graves</a>, who would use it in a final test before the <a href="/wiki/Operation_Crossroads" title="Operation Crossroads">Operation Crossroads</a> nuclear tests scheduled a month later at <a href="/wiki/Bikini_Atoll" title="Bikini Atoll">Bikini Atoll</a>. It required the operator to place two half-spheres of <a href="/wiki/Beryllium" title="Beryllium">beryllium</a> (a neutron reflector) around the core to be tested and manually lower the top reflector over the core using a thumb hole at the polar point. As the reflectors were manually moved closer and farther away from each other, neutron detectors indicated the core's neutron multiplication rate. The experimenter needed to maintain a slight separation between the reflector halves to allow enough neutrons to escape from the core in order to stay below criticality. The standard protocol was to use <a href="/wiki/Shim_(spacer)" title="Shim (spacer)">shims</a> between the halves, as allowing them to close completely could result in the instantaneous formation of a critical mass and a lethal power excursion.<sup id="cite_ref-accidents_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-accidents-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By Slotin's own unapproved protocol, the shims were not used. The top half of the reflector was resting directly on the bottom half at one point, while 180 degrees from this point a gap was maintained by the blade of a flat-tipped <a href="/wiki/Screwdriver" title="Screwdriver">screwdriver</a> in Slotin's hand. The size of the gap between the reflectors was changed by twisting the screwdriver. Slotin, who was given to bravado,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> became the local expert, performing the test on almost a dozen occasions, often in his trademark blue jeans and cowboy boots in front of a roomful of observers. <a href="/wiki/Enrico_Fermi" title="Enrico Fermi">Enrico Fermi</a> reportedly told Slotin and others they would be "dead within a year" if they continued performing the test in that manner.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scientists referred to this flirtation with a <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_chain_reaction" title="Nuclear chain reaction">nuclear chain reaction</a> as "tickling the dragon's tail", based on a remark by physicist <a href="/wiki/Richard_Feynman" title="Richard Feynman">Richard Feynman</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the day of the accident, Slotin's screwdriver slipped outward a fraction of an inch while he was lowering the top reflector, allowing the reflector to fall into place around the core. Instantly, there was a flash of light; the core had become supercritical, releasing an intense burst of neutron radiation. Slotin quickly twisted his wrist, flipping the top shell to the floor.<sup id="cite_ref-schreiber_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schreiber-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There was an estimated half-second between when the sphere closed to when Slotin removed the top reflector.<sup id="cite_ref-McLaughlin_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McLaughlin-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Slotin received a lethal dose of 1,000 <a href="/wiki/Rad_(unit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rad (unit)">rad</a> (10 <a href="/wiki/Gray_(unit)" title="Gray (unit)">Gy</a>) neutron and 114 rad (1.14 Gy) gamma radiation in less than a second, while the position of Slotin's body over the apparatus shielded the others from much of the neutron radiation. Slotin died nine days later from acute radiation poisoning. </p><p>Graves, the next nearest person to the core, was watching over Slotin's shoulder and was thus partially shielded by him. He received a high but non-lethal <a href="/wiki/Radiation_dose" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiation dose">radiation dose</a>. Graves was hospitalized for several weeks with severe radiation poisoning.<sup id="cite_ref-hempelman_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hempelman-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He died 19 years later, at age 55, of <a href="/wiki/Heart_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="Heart attack">heart failure</a>. While this may have been caused by Graves' exposure to radiation, the condition may have been hereditary, as his father also died of heart failure.<sup id="cite_ref-Alsop54_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alsop54-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NYT20110423_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT20110423-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The second accident was reported by the <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a> on May 26, 1946: "Four men injured through accidental exposure to radiation in the government's atomic laboratory here [Los Alamos] have been discharged from the hospital and 'immediate condition' of four others is satisfactory, the Army reported today. Dr. <a href="/wiki/Norris_E._Bradbury" class="mw-redirect" title="Norris E. Bradbury">Norris E. Bradbury</a>, project director, said the men were injured last Tuesday in what he described as an experiment with <a href="/wiki/Fissile_material" title="Fissile material">fissionable material</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medical_studies">Medical studies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Demon_core&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Medical studies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Later research was performed concerning the health of the men. An early report was published in 1951. A later report was compiled for the U.S. government and submitted in 1979.<sup id="cite_ref-hempelman_8-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hempelman-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A summary of its findings: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Name </th> <th scope="col">Origin </th> <th scope="col">Age at accident </th> <th scope="col">Profession </th> <th scope="col">Dose<sup id="cite_ref-hempelman_8-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hempelman-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th scope="col">Aftermath </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Louis_Slotin" title="Louis Slotin">Louis Alexander Slotin</a> </th> <td>Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada</td> <td style="text-align:center;">35</td> <td>Physicist</td> <td>1,000 <a href="/wiki/Rad_(unit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rad (unit)">rad</a> (10 <a href="/wiki/Gray_(unit)" title="Gray (unit)">Gy</a>) neutron <br /> 114 rad (1.14 Gy) gamma</td> <td>Died 9 days after the accident of <a href="/wiki/Acute_radiation_syndrome" title="Acute radiation syndrome">acute radiation syndrome</a>, gastrointestinal focus.<sup id="cite_ref-accidents_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-accidents-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Alvin_C._Graves" title="Alvin C. Graves">Alvin C. Graves</a> </th> <td>Austin, Texas</td> <td style="text-align:center;">36</td> <td>Physicist</td> <td>166 rad (1.66 Gy) neutron <br /> 26 rad (0.26 Gy) gamma</td> <td>Died in 1965 (19 years after the accident) of <a href="/wiki/Myocardial_infarction" title="Myocardial infarction">myocardial infarction</a>, with aggravating "compensated <a href="/wiki/Myxedema" title="Myxedema">myxedema</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cataract" title="Cataract">cataracts</a>", while skiing.<sup id="cite_ref-hempelman_8-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hempelman-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Samuel Allan Kline </th> <td>Chicago, Illinois</td> <td style="text-align:center;">26</td> <td>Physics student, later patent attorney </td> <td></td> <td>Died in 2001 (55 years after the accident) at age 81; refused to participate with studies and was prevented from obtaining his own medical records from the incident.<sup id="cite_ref-hempelman_8-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hempelman-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Marion Edward Cieslicki </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Mt._Lebanon,_Pennsylvania" title="Mt. Lebanon, Pennsylvania">Mt. Lebanon, Pennsylvania</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;">23</td> <td>Physicist </td> <td>12 rad (0.12 Gy) neutron <br /> 4 rad (0.040 Gy) gamma</td> <td>Died of <a href="/wiki/Acute_myelocytic_leukemia" class="mw-redirect" title="Acute myelocytic leukemia">acute myelocytic leukemia</a> in 1965 (19 years after the accident).<sup id="cite_ref-hempelman_8-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hempelman-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Dwight_Smith_Young" title="Dwight Smith Young">Dwight Smith Young</a> </th> <td>Chicago, Illinois</td> <td style="text-align:center;">54</td> <td>Photographer </td> <td>51 rad (0.51 Gy) neutron <br /> 11 rad (0.11 Gy) gamma</td> <td>Died of <a href="/wiki/Aplastic_anemia" title="Aplastic anemia">aplastic anemia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Infective_endocarditis" title="Infective endocarditis">bacterial endocarditis</a> in 1975 (29 years after the accident) at age 83.<sup id="cite_ref-hempelman_8-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hempelman-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Raemer_E._Schreiber" class="mw-redirect" title="Raemer E. Schreiber">Raemer Edgar Schreiber</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/McMinnville,_Oregon" title="McMinnville, Oregon">McMinnville, Oregon</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;">36</td> <td>Physicist </td> <td>9 rad (0.090 Gy) neutron <br /> 3 rad (0.030 Gy) gamma</td> <td>Died of natural causes in 1998 (52 years after the accident), at age 88.<sup id="cite_ref-hempelman_8-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hempelman-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-schreiber_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schreiber-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Theodore Perlman </th> <td>New Orleans, Louisiana<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td style="text-align:center;">23</td> <td>Engineer </td> <td>7 rad (0.070 Gy) neutron <br /> 2 rad (0.020 Gy) gamma</td> <td>"Alive and in good health and spirits" as of 1978; most likely died in June 1988 (42 years after the accident), in Livermore, California.<sup id="cite_ref-hempelman_8-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hempelman-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Private Patrick Joseph Cleary </th> <td>New York City, New York</td> <td style="text-align:center;">21</td> <td>Security guard </td> <td>33 rad (0.33 Gy) neutron <br /> 9 rad (0.090 Gy) gamma</td> <td>Sergeant 1st Class Cleary was <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">killed in action</a> on 3 September 1950 (4 years after the accident) while serving with the <a href="/wiki/8th_Cavalry_Regiment" title="8th Cavalry Regiment">8th Cavalry Regiment</a>, US Army in the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-hempelman_8-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hempelman-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Two machinists, Paul Long and another, unidentified, in another part of the building, 20–25 ft (6–7.5 m) away, were not treated.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After these incidents, the core, originally known as "Rufus", was referred to as the "demon core".<sup id="cite_ref-third_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-third-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-New_Yorker_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-New_Yorker-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hands-on criticality experiments were stopped, and remote-control machines and TV cameras were designed by Schreiber, one of the survivors, to perform such experiments with all personnel at a quarter-mile distance.<sup id="cite_ref-schreiber_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schreiber-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Planned_uses_and_fate_of_the_core">Planned uses and fate of the core</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Demon_core&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Planned uses and fate of the core"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The demon core was intended for use in the Operation Crossroads nuclear tests, but after the second criticality accident, time was needed for its radioactivity to decrease and for it to be re-evaluated for the effects of the <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fission_product" title="Nuclear fission product">fission products</a> it held, some of which were very <a href="/wiki/Neutron_poison" title="Neutron poison">neutron poisonous</a> to the desired level of fission. The next two cores were shipped for use in <i>Able</i> and <i>Baker</i>, and the demon core was scheduled to be shipped later for the third test of the series, provisionally named <i>Charlie</i>, but that test was canceled because of the unexpected level of radioactivity resulting from the underwater <i>Baker</i> test and the inability to decontaminate the target warships. The core was melted down during the summer of 1946, and the material was recycled for use in other cores.<sup id="cite_ref-New_Yorker_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-New_Yorker-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Demon_core&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cecil_Kelley_criticality_accident" title="Cecil Kelley criticality accident">Cecil Kelley criticality accident</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Demon_core&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWellerstein" class="citation web cs1">Wellerstein, Alex. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blog.nuclearsecrecy.com/2011/11/28/you-dont-know-fat-man/">"You don't know <i>Fat Man</i>"</a>. Restricted data blog. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140407081651/http://blog.nuclearsecrecy.com/2011/11/28/you-dont-know-fat-man/">Archived</a> from the original on April 7, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 28,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Raemer+Schreiber%27s+Interview&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Shreiber&rft.aufirst=Raemer&rft.au=Rhodes%2C+Richard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmanhattanprojectvoices.org%2Foral-histories%2Fraemer-schreibers-interview-1993&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemon+core" class="Z3988"></span> Raemer Schreiber being interviewed by Richard Rhodes</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McLaughlin-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-McLaughlin_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McLaughlin_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McLaughlin_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcLaughlinMonahanPruvostFrolov2000" class="citation report cs1">McLaughlin, Thomas P.; Monahan, Shean P.; Pruvost, Norman L.; Frolov, Vladimir V.; Ryazanov, Boris G.; Sviridov, Victor I. 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(December 13, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304073037/http://www.pipeline.com/~rstater/nuke1tttt.html">"Prompt Criticality: A Concept with False Credentials"</a>. Nuke Facts. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pipeline.com/~rstater/nuke1tttt.html">the original</a> on March 4, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 27,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Prompt+Criticality%3A+A+Concept+with+False+Credentials&rft.pub=Nuke+Facts&rft.date=2012-12-13&rft.aulast=Stater&rft.aufirst=Robert+G.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pipeline.com%2F~rstater%2Fnuke1tttt.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemon+core" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hempelman-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hempelman_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hempelman_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hempelman_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hempelman_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hempelman_8-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hempelman_8-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hempelman_8-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hempelman_8-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hempelman_8-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hempelman_8-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hempelman_8-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hempelman_8-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hempelman_8-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hempelman_8-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHempelmanLushbaughVoelz1979" class="citation conference cs1">Hempelman, Louis Henry; Lushbaugh, Clarence C.; Voelz, George L. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 5,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=What+Has+Happened+to+the+Survivors+of+the+Early+Los+Alamos+Nuclear+Accidents%3F&rft.place=Oak+Ridge&rft.pub=Los+Alamos+Scientific+Laboratory&rft.date=1979-10-19&rft.aulast=Hempelman&rft.aufirst=Louis+Henry&rft.au=Lushbaugh%2C+Clarence+C.&rft.au=Voelz%2C+George+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.orau.org%2Fptp%2Fpdf%2Faccidentsurvivorslanl.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemon+core" class="Z3988"></span> Patient numbers in this document have been identified as: 1 – Daghlian, 2 – Hemmerly, 3 – Slotin, 4 – Graves, 5 – Kline, 6 – Young, 7 – Cleary, 8 – Cieleski, 9 – Schreiber, 10 – Perlman</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Millerp68-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Millerp68_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller1991" class="citation book cs1">Miller, Richard L. 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American Battle Monuments Commission<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 December</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.abmc.gov&rft.atitle=Korean+War+Veterans+Memorial+Honor+Roll+%7C+American+Battle+Monuments+Commission&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abmc.gov%2Fhonor-roll-database-search-results%3Ffield_first_name%3DPatrick%2BJoseph%26field_last_name%3DCleary%26service_number%3D%26field_abmc_burial_unit%3D8th%2BCavalry%2BRegiment%2B%252867492%2529%26field_place_of_entry%3DAll%26field_cemetery%3DAll%26field_cemetery2%3DAll%26field_branch_of_service%3DAll%26search_api_fulltext%3D%26field_dod_day%3DAll%26field_dod_month%3DAll%26field_dod_year%3D%26items_per_page%3D10%26sort_bef_combine%3Dfield_last_name_ASC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemon+core" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140407070650/http://www.mphpa.org/classic/NPO/Slotin%20Accident.doc">"Louis Slotin"</a>. The Atomic Heritage Foundation. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mphpa.org/classic/NPO/Slotin%20Accident.doc">the original</a> on April 7, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 4,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Louis+Slotin&rft.pub=The+Atomic+Heritage+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mphpa.org%2Fclassic%2FNPO%2FSlotin%2520Accident.doc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemon+core" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-New_Yorker-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-New_Yorker_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-New_Yorker_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWellerstein2016" class="citation news cs1">Wellerstein, Alex (May 21, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newyorker.com/tech/elements/demon-core-the-strange-death-of-louis-slotin?intcid=mod-latest">"The Demon Core and the Strange Death of Louis Slotin"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Yorker" title="The New Yorker">The New Yorker</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160524022150/http://www.newyorker.com/tech/elements/demon-core-the-strange-death-of-louis-slotin?intcid=mod-latest">Archived</a> from the original on May 24, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 22,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Yorker&rft.atitle=The+Demon+Core+and+the+Strange+Death+of+Louis+Slotin&rft.date=2016-05-21&rft.aulast=Wellerstein&rft.aufirst=Alex&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newyorker.com%2Ftech%2Felements%2Fdemon-core-the-strange-death-of-louis-slotin%3Fintcid%3Dmod-latest&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemon+core" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Demon_core&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img 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Robert Oppenheimer">Robert Oppenheimer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Sterling_Parsons" title="William Sterling Parsons">Deak Parsons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Pash" title="Boris Pash">Boris Pash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_R._Purnell" title="William R. Purnell">William Purnell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Spedding" title="Frank Spedding">Frank Spedding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Allen_Thomas" title="Charles Allen Thomas">Charles Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Tibbets" title="Paul Tibbets">Paul Tibbets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_L._Uanna" title="William L. Uanna">Bud Uanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Urey" title="Harold Urey">Harold Urey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stafford_L._Warren" title="Stafford L. Warren">Stafford Warren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed_Westcott" title="Ed Westcott">Ed Westcott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roscoe_Charles_Wilson" title="Roscoe Charles Wilson">Roscoe Wilson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scientists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luis_Walter_Alvarez" title="Luis Walter Alvarez">Luis Alvarez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bacher" title="Robert Bacher">Robert Bacher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Bethe" title="Hans Bethe">Hans Bethe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aage_Bohr" title="Aage Bohr">Aage Bohr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr">Niels Bohr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norris_Bradbury" title="Norris Bradbury">Norris Bradbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Chadwick" title="James Chadwick">James Chadwick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Cockcroft" title="John Cockcroft">John Cockcroft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Critchfield" title="Charles Critchfield">Charles Critchfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Daghlian" title="Harry Daghlian">Harry Daghlian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_R._Dunning" title="John R. Dunning">John R. Dunning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enrico_Fermi" title="Enrico Fermi">Enrico Fermi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Feynman" title="Richard Feynman">Richard Feynman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Val_Logsdon_Fitch" title="Val Logsdon Fitch">Val Fitch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Franck" title="James Franck">James Franck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klaus_Fuchs" title="Klaus Fuchs">Klaus Fuchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Goeppert_Mayer" title="Maria Goeppert Mayer">Maria Goeppert Mayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Kistiakowsky" title="George Kistiakowsky">George Kistiakowsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Koval" title="George Koval">George Koval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willard_Libby" title="Willard Libby">Willard Libby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_McMillan" title="Edwin McMillan">Edwin McMillan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Oliphant" title="Mark Oliphant">Mark Oliphant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_B._Pegram" title="George B. Pegram">George B. Pegram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Ramsey_Jr." title="Norman Ramsey Jr.">Norman Ramsey Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isidor_Isaac_Rabi" title="Isidor Isaac Rabi">Isidor Isaac Rabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Rainwater" title="James Rainwater">James Rainwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruno_Rossi" title="Bruno Rossi">Bruno Rossi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenn_T._Seaborg" title="Glenn T. Seaborg">Glenn Seaborg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emilio_Segr%C3%A8" title="Emilio Segrè">Emilio Segrè</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Slotin" title="Louis Slotin">Louis Slotin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_DeWolf_Smyth" title="Henry DeWolf Smyth">Henry DeWolf Smyth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Szilard" title="Leo Szilard">Leo Szilard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Teller" title="Edward Teller">Edward Teller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Ulam" title="Stanisław Ulam">Stanisław Ulam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_von_Neumann" title="John von Neumann">John von Neumann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Archibald_Wheeler" title="John Archibald Wheeler">John Wheeler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Wigner" title="Eugene Wigner">Eugene Wigner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_R._Wilson" title="Robert R. Wilson">Robert Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leona_Woods" title="Leona Woods">Leona Woods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chien-Shiung_Wu" title="Chien-Shiung Wu">Chien-Shiung Wu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Operations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alsos_Mission" title="Alsos Mission">Alsos Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Crossroads" title="Operation Crossroads">Operation Crossroads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Peppermint" title="Operation Peppermint">Operation Peppermint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Alberta" title="Project Alberta">Project Alberta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silverplate" title="Silverplate">Silverplate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/509th_Composite_Group" title="509th Composite Group">509th Composite Group</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Enola_Gay" title="Enola Gay">Enola Gay</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bockscar" title="Bockscar">Bockscar</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Great_Artiste" title="The Great Artiste">The Great Artiste</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Weapons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fat_Man" title="Fat Man">Fat Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Boy" title="Little Boy">Little Boy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumpkin_bomb" title="Pumpkin bomb">Pumpkin bomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thin_Man_(nuclear_bomb)" title="Thin Man (nuclear bomb)">Thin Man</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_scientists_and_technicians_on_the_Manhattan_Project" title="African-American scientists and technicians on the Manhattan Project">African Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_Energy_Act_of_1946" title="Atomic Energy Act of 1946">Atomic Energy Act of 1946</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bismuth_phosphate_process" title="Bismuth phosphate process">Bismuth phosphate process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_contribution_to_the_Manhattan_Project" title="British contribution to the Manhattan Project">British contribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calutron_Girls" title="Calutron Girls">Calutron Girls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Pile-1" title="Chicago Pile-1">Chicago Pile-1</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Demon core</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Einstein%E2%80%93Szilard_letter" title="Einstein–Szilard letter">Einstein–Szilard letter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franck_Report" title="Franck Report">Franck Report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interim_Committee" title="Interim Committee">Interim Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K-25" title="K-25">K-25 Project</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Los_Alamos_Primer" title="Los Alamos Primer">Los Alamos Primer</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates_who_worked_on_the_Manhattan_Project" title="List of Nobel laureates who worked on the Manhattan Project">Nobel Prize laureates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oppenheimer_security_hearing" class="mw-redirect" title="Oppenheimer security hearing">Oppenheimer security hearing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">Plutonium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_Agreement" title="Quebec Agreement">Quebec Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RaLa_Experiment" title="RaLa Experiment">RaLa Experiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S-1_Executive_Committee" title="S-1 Executive Committee">S-1 Executive Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S-50_(Manhattan_Project)" title="S-50 (Manhattan Project)">S-50 Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smyth_Report" title="Smyth Report">Smyth Report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">Uranium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X-10_Graphite_Reactor" title="X-10 Graphite Reactor">X-10 Graphite Reactor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calutron" title="Calutron">Y-12 Project</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, 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