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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Books_VII–IX:_Zeta,_Eta,_and_Theta"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Books VII–IX: Zeta, Eta, and Theta</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Books_VII–IX:_Zeta,_Eta,_and_Theta-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Books_X–XIV:_Iota,_Kappa,_Lambda,_Mu,_and_Nu" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Books_X–XIV:_Iota,_Kappa,_Lambda,_Mu,_and_Nu"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Books X–XIV: Iota, Kappa, Lambda, Mu, and Nu</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Books_X–XIV:_Iota,_Kappa,_Lambda,_Mu,_and_Nu-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Textual_criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Textual_criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Textual criticism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Textual_criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Editions_and_translations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Editions_and_translations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Editions and translations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Editions_and_translations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Editions and translations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Editions_and_translations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ancient_and_medieval_commentaries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_and_medieval_commentaries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Ancient and medieval commentaries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_and_medieval_commentaries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><i>Metaphysics</i> (Aristotle)</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 38 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-38" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">38 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7_%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B9%D8%A9_(%D8%A3%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%B7%D9%88)" title="ما وراء الطبيعة (أرسطو) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ما وراء الطبيعة (أرسطو)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_(%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB)" title="Метафизика (Аристотел) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Метафизика (Аристотел)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaf%C3%ADsica_(Arist%C3%B2til)" title="Metafísica (Aristòtil) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Metafísica (Aristòtil)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metafyzika_(Aristotel%C3%A9s)" title="Metafyzika (Aristotelés) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Metafyzika (Aristotelés)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metafysik_(Aristoteles)" title="Metafysik (Aristoteles) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Metafysik (Aristoteles)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaphysik_(Aristoteles)" title="Metaphysik (Aristoteles) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Metaphysik (Aristoteles)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaf%C3%BC%C3%BCsika_(Aristoteles)" title="Metafüüsika (Aristoteles) – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Metafüüsika (Aristoteles)" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B5%CF%84%CE%B1%CF%86%CF%85%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AC" title="Μεταφυσικά – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μεταφυσικά" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaf%C3%ADsica_(Arist%C3%B3teles)" title="Metafísica (Aristóteles) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Metafísica (Aristóteles)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metafiziko_(Aristotelo)" title="Metafiziko (Aristotelo) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Metafiziko (Aristotelo)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%B2%DB%8C%DA%A9_(%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%B7%D9%88)" title="متافیزیک (کتاب ارسطو) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="متافیزیک (کتاب ارسطو)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9taphysique_(Aristote)" title="Métaphysique (Aristote) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Métaphysique (Aristote)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%98%95%EC%9D%B4%EC%83%81%ED%95%99_(%EC%95%84%EB%A6%AC%EC%8A%A4%ED%86%A0%ED%85%94%EB%A0%88%EC%8A%A4)" title="형이상학 (아리스토텔레스) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="형이상학 (아리스토텔레스)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8_(%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81)" title="मेटाफिजिक्स (अरस्तु) – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मेटाफिजिक्स (अरस्तु)" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metafisika_(Aristoteles)" title="Metafisika (Aristoteles) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Metafisika (Aristoteles)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frumspekin" title="Frumspekin – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Frumspekin" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metafisica_(Aristotele)" title="Metafisica (Aristotele) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Metafisica (Aristotele)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%98%D7%90%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%94_(%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%95)" title="מטאפיסיקה (אריסטו) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מטאפיסיקה (אריסטו)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_(%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C)" title="Метафизика (Аристотель) – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Метафизика (Аристотель)" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metafizik_(Aristote)" title="Metafizik (Aristote) – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Metafizik (Aristote)" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaphysica_(Corpus_Aristotelicum)" title="Metaphysica (Corpus Aristotelicum) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Metaphysica (Corpus Aristotelicum)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metafizika_(Arisztotel%C3%A9sz)" title="Metafizika (Arisztotelész) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Metafizika (Arisztotelész)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metafysica_(Aristoteles)" title="Metafysica (Aristoteles) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Metafysica (Aristoteles)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BD%A2%E8%80%8C%E4%B8%8A%E5%AD%A6_(%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E3%83%86%E3%83%AC%E3%82%B9)" title="形而上学 (アリストテレス) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="形而上学 (アリストテレス)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metafysikken_(Aristoteles)" title="Metafysikken (Aristoteles) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Metafysikken (Aristoteles)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metafizika_(Aristotel)" title="Metafizika (Aristotel) – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Metafizika (Aristotel)" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%90%D9%BC%D8%A7_%D9%81%D8%B2%D9%8A%DA%A9(%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88)" title="مېټا فزيک(ارستو) – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="مېټا فزيک(ارستو)" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metafizyka_(Arystoteles)" title="Metafizyka (Arystoteles) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Metafizyka (Arystoteles)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaf%C3%ADsica_(Arist%C3%B3teles)" title="Metafísica (Aristóteles) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Metafísica (Aristóteles)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metafizica_(Aristotel)" title="Metafizica (Aristotel) – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Metafizica (Aristotel)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_(%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C)" title="Метафизика (Аристотель) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Метафизика (Аристотель)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metafizika_(Lib%C3%ABr_Nga_Aristoteli)" title="Metafizika (Libër Nga Aristoteli) – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Metafizika (Libër Nga Aristoteli)" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8E%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%B2%DB%8C%DA%A9_(%D8%A6%DB%95%D8%B1%DB%95%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%88)" title="مێتافیزیک (ئەرەستوو) – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="مێتافیزیک (ئەرەستوو)" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metafysiikka_(Aristoteles)" title="Metafysiikka (Aristoteles) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Metafysiikka (Aristoteles)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metafizik_(Aristoteles)" title="Metafizik (Aristoteles) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Metafizik (Aristoteles)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_(%D0%90%D1%80%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C)" title="Метафізика (Арістотель) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Метафізика (Арістотель)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">One of the principal works of Aristotle</div> <p> <i><b>Metaphysics</b></i> (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Greek</a>: τὰ μετὰ τὰ φυσικά, "those after the physics"; <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>: <i>Metaphysica</i><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) is one of the principal works of <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a>, in which he develops the doctrine that he calls <i>First Philosophy</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The work is a compilation of various texts treating abstract subjects, notably <a href="/wiki/Substance_theory" title="Substance theory">substance theory</a>, different kinds of <a href="/wiki/Causality" title="Causality">causation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hylomorphism" title="Hylomorphism">form and matter</a>, the existence of <a href="/wiki/Mathematical_objects" class="mw-redirect" title="Mathematical objects">mathematical objects</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Cosmos" title="Cosmos">cosmos</a>, which together constitute much of the branch of <a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophy</a> later known as <a href="/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">metaphysics</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Date,_style_and_composition"><span id="Date.2C_style_and_composition"></span>Date, style and composition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metaphysics_(Aristotle)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Date, style and composition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many of Aristotle's works are extremely compressed, and many scholars believe that in their current form, they are likely lecture notes.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Subsequent to the arrangement of Aristotle's works by Andronicus of Rhodes in the first century BC, a number of his treatises were referred to as the writings "after ("meta") the <i>Physics</i>"<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, the origin of the current title for the collection <i>Metaphysics</i>. Some<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (January 2023)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> have interpreted the expression "meta" to imply that the subject of the work goes "beyond" that of Aristotle's <i>Physics</i> or that it is metatheoretical in relation to the <i>Physics</i>. But others<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (January 2023)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> believe that "meta" referred simply to the work's place in the canonical arrangement of Aristotle's writings, which is at least as old as Andronicus of Rhodes or even Hermippus of Smyrna.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In other surviving works of Aristotle, the metaphysical treatises are referred to as "the [writings] concerning first philosophy";<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which was the term Aristotle used for metaphysics.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is notoriously difficult to specify the date at which Aristotle wrote these treatises as a whole or even individually, especially because the <i>Metaphysics</i> is, in Jonathan Barnes' words, "a farrago, a hotch-potch", and more generally because of the difficulty of dating <i>any</i> of Aristotle's writings.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The order in which the books were written is not known; their arrangement is due to later editors. In the manuscripts, books are referred to by Greek letters. For many scholars, it is customary to refer to the books by their letter names. Book 1 is called Alpha (Α); 2, little alpha (α);move 3, Beta (Β); 4, Gamma (Γ); 5, Delta (Δ); 6, Epsilon (Ε); 7, Zeta (Ζ); 8, Eta (Η); 9, Theta (Θ); 10, Iota (Ι); 11, Kappa (Κ); 12, Lambda (Λ); 13, Mu (Μ); 14, Nu (Ν). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Outline">Outline</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metaphysics_(Aristotle)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Outline"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ephesus37.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Ephesus37.jpg/250px-Ephesus37.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="345" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Ephesus37.jpg/330px-Ephesus37.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Ephesus37.jpg/500px-Ephesus37.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1122" data-file-height="1758" /></a><figcaption>Wisdom personified as a deity in the <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Celsus" title="Library of Celsus">Library of Celsus</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ephesus" title="Ephesus">Ephesus</a>. Aristotle discusses the nature of wisdom, or first philosophy, which he defines as the study of first principles and causes.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Books_I–VI:_Alpha,_little_Alpha,_Beta,_Gamma,_Delta_and_Epsilon"><span id="Books_I.E2.80.93VI:_Alpha.2C_little_Alpha.2C_Beta.2C_Gamma.2C_Delta_and_Epsilon"></span>Books I–VI: Alpha, little Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Delta and Epsilon</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metaphysics_(Aristotle)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Books I–VI: Alpha, little Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Delta and Epsilon"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b>Book I or Alpha</b> begins by discussing the nature of knowledge and compares knowledge gained from the <a href="/wiki/Senses" class="mw-redirect" title="Senses">senses</a> and from <a href="/wiki/Memory" title="Memory">memory</a>, arguing that knowledge is acquired from memory through experience.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It then defines "<a href="/wiki/Wisdom" title="Wisdom">wisdom</a>" (<i><a href="/wiki/Sophia_(Wisdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sophia (Wisdom)">sophia</a></i>) as a knowledge of the <a href="/wiki/First_principles" class="mw-redirect" title="First principles">first principles</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Arche" class="mw-redirect" title="Arche">arche</a></i>) or <a href="/wiki/Causality" title="Causality">causes</a> of things. Because those who are wise understand the first principles and causes, they know the <i>why</i> of things, unlike those who only know <i>that</i> things are a certain way based on their memory and sensations. The wise are able to teach because they know the <i>why</i> of things, and so they are better fitted to command, rather than to obey. He then surveys the first principles and causes of previous philosophers, starting with the <a href="/wiki/Material_monism" class="mw-redirect" title="Material monism">material monists</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Ionian_School_(philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ionian School (philosophy)">Ionian school</a> and continuing up until <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a>.</li> <li><b>Book II or "little alpha"</b>: Book II addresses a possible objection to the account of how we understand first principles and thus acquire wisdom, that attempting to discover the first principle would lead to an <a href="/wiki/Infinite_regress" title="Infinite regress">infinite series of causes</a>. It argues in response that the idea of an infinite causal series is absurd, and argues that only things that are <a href="/wiki/On_Generation_and_Corruption" title="On Generation and Corruption">created or destroyed</a> require a cause, and that thus there must be a primary cause that is <a href="/wiki/Eternity_of_the_world" title="Eternity of the world">eternal</a>, an idea he develops later in Book Lambda.</li> <li><b>Book III or Beta</b> lists the main problems or puzzles (<i><a href="/wiki/Aporia" title="Aporia">aporia</a></i>) of philosophy.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Book IV or Gamma</b>: Chapters 2 and 3 argue for its status as a subject in its own right. The rest is a defense of (a) what we now call the <a href="/wiki/Principle_of_contradiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Principle of contradiction">principle of contradiction</a>, the principle that it is not possible for the same proposition to be (the case) and not to be (the case), and (b) what we now call the principle of excluded middle: <i>tertium non datur</i> — there cannot be an intermediary between contradictory statements.</li> <li><b>Book V or Delta</b> ("philosophical lexicon") is a list of definitions of about thirty key terms such as <a href="/wiki/Cause" class="mw-redirect" title="Cause">cause</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nature" title="Nature">nature</a>, <a href="/wiki/One" class="mw-redirect" title="One">one</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Quantifier_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Quantifier (linguistics)">many</a>.</li> <li><b>Book VI or Epsilon</b> has two main concerns. The first concern is the hierarchy of the sciences: productive, practical or theoretical. Aristotle considers theoretical sciences superior because they study beings for their own sake—for example, Physics studies beings that can be moved<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>—and do not have a target (τέλος <i><a href="/wiki/Telos" title="Telos">telos</a></i>, "end, goal"; τέλειος, "complete, perfect") beyond themselves. He argues that the study of being <i>qua</i> being, or First Philosophy, is superior to all the other theoretical sciences because it is concerned with the <i>ultimate</i> causes of <i>all</i> reality, not just the secondary causes of a part of reality. The second concern of Epsilon is the study of "<a href="/wiki/Accident_(philosophy)" title="Accident (philosophy)">accidents</a>" (κατὰ συμβεβηκός), those attributes that do not depend on <a href="/wiki/Techne" title="Techne">(τέχνη)</a> or exist by necessity, which Aristotle believes do not deserve to be studied as a science.</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Meta-moerbeke_jpeg031-part.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Meta-moerbeke_jpeg031-part.jpg/290px-Meta-moerbeke_jpeg031-part.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Meta-moerbeke_jpeg031-part.jpg/435px-Meta-moerbeke_jpeg031-part.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Meta-moerbeke_jpeg031-part.jpg/580px-Meta-moerbeke_jpeg031-part.jpg 2x" data-file-width="596" data-file-height="342" /></a><figcaption>Book 7 of the Metaphysics: From a manuscript of <a href="/wiki/William_of_Moerbeke" title="William of Moerbeke">William of Moerbeke</a>'s translation</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Books_VII–IX:_Zeta,_Eta,_and_Theta"><span id="Books_VII.E2.80.93IX:_Zeta.2C_Eta.2C_and_Theta"></span>Books VII–IX: Zeta, Eta, and Theta</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metaphysics_(Aristotle)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Books VII–IX: Zeta, Eta, and Theta"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Books Zeta, Eta, and Theta are generally considered the core of the <i>Metaphysics</i>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Book Zeta (VII) begins by stating that "being" has several senses, the purpose of philosophy is to understand the primary kind of being, called <i><a href="/wiki/Substance_theory" title="Substance theory">substance</a></i> (<i><a href="/wiki/Ousia" title="Ousia">ousia</a></i>) and determine what substances there are, a concept that Aristotle develops in the <i><a href="/wiki/Categories_(Aristotle)" title="Categories (Aristotle)">Categories</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohen5_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen5-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Zeta goes on to consider four candidates for substance: (i) the '<a href="/wiki/Essence" title="Essence">essence</a>' or 'what it is to be' of a thing (ii) the universal, (iii) the <a href="/wiki/Genus" title="Genus">genus</a> to which a substance belongs and (iv) the material <a href="/wiki/Hypokeimenon" title="Hypokeimenon">substrate</a> that underlies all the properties of a thing. </p> <ul><li>He dismisses the idea that matter can be substance, for if we eliminate everything that is a property from what can have the property, such as <a href="/wiki/Hyle" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyle">matter</a> and the shape, we are left with something that has no properties at all. Such 'ultimate matter' cannot be substance. Separability and 'this-ness' are fundamental to our concept of substance.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Aristotle then describes his theory that <i>essence</i> is the criterion of substantiality.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The essence of something is what is included in a <i>secundum se</i> ('according to itself') account of a thing, i.e. which tells what a thing is by its very nature. You are not musical by your very nature. But you are a human by your very nature. Your essence is what is mentioned in the definition of you.</li> <li>Aristotle then considers, and dismisses, the idea that substance is the universal or the genus, criticizing the Platonic <a href="/wiki/Theory_of_forms" title="Theory of forms">theory of Ideas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (January 2023)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>Aristotle argues that if genus and <a href="/wiki/Species_(metaphysics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Species (metaphysics)">species</a> are individual things, then different species of the same genus contain the genus as individual thing, which leads to absurdities. Moreover, individuals are incapable of definition.</li></ul> <p>Finally, he concludes book Zeta by arguing that substance is really a cause.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>h<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohen11_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen11-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Book Eta consists of a summary of what has been said so far (i.e., in Book Zeta) about substance, and adds a few further details regarding difference and unity. </p><p>Book Theta sets out to define <a href="/wiki/Potentiality_and_actuality" title="Potentiality and actuality">potentiality and actuality</a>. Chapters 1–5 discuss potentiality,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>i<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the potential of something to change: potentiality is "a principle of change in another thing or in the thing itself qua other."<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>j<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In chapter 6 Aristotle turns to actuality. We can only know actuality through observation or "analogy;" thus "as that which builds is to that which is capable of building, so is that which is awake to that which is asleep...or that which is separated from matter to matter itself".<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Actuality is the completed state of something that had the potential to be completed. The relationship between actuality and potentiality can be thought of as the relationship between form and matter, but with the added aspect of time. Actuality and potentiality are distinctions that occur over time (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/diachronic" class="extiw" title="wikt:diachronic">diachronic</a>), whereas form and matter are distinctions that can be made at fixed points in time (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/synchronic" class="extiw" title="wikt:synchronic">synchronic</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Books_X–XIV:_Iota,_Kappa,_Lambda,_Mu,_and_Nu"><span id="Books_X.E2.80.93XIV:_Iota.2C_Kappa.2C_Lambda.2C_Mu.2C_and_Nu"></span>Books X–XIV: Iota, Kappa, Lambda, Mu, and Nu</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metaphysics_(Aristotle)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Books X–XIV: Iota, Kappa, Lambda, Mu, and Nu"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b>Book X or Iota</b>: Discussion of unity, one and many, sameness and difference.</li> <li><b>Book XI or Kappa</b>: Briefer versions of other chapters and of parts of the <i>Physics</i>.</li> <li><b>Book XII or Lambda</b>: Further remarks on beings in general, first principles, and God or gods. This book includes Aristotle's famous description of the <a href="/wiki/Unmoved_mover" title="Unmoved mover">unmoved mover</a>, "the most divine of things observed by us", as "the thinking of thinking".</li> <li><b>Books XIII and XIV, or Mu and Nu</b>: <a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_mathematics" title="Philosophy of mathematics">Philosophy of mathematics</a>, in particular how numbers exist.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metaphysics_(Aristotle)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i>Metaphysics</i> is considered to be one of the greatest philosophical works. Its influence on the <a href="/wiki/Greek_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek philosophy">Greeks</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_philosophy" title="Islamic philosophy">Muslim philosophers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a> thence the <a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">scholastic</a> philosophers and even writers such as <a href="/wiki/Dante" class="mw-redirect" title="Dante">Dante</a><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was immense. </p><p>In the 3rd century, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_of_Aphrodisias" title="Alexander of Aphrodisias">Alexander of Aphrodisias</a> wrote a commentary on the first five books of the Metaphysics,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a commentary transmitted under his name exists for the final nine, but modern scholars doubt that this part was written by him.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Themistius" title="Themistius">Themistius</a> wrote an epitome of the work, of which book 12 survives in a Hebrew translation.<sup id="cite_ref-catalogus_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-catalogus-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Neoplatonists" class="mw-redirect" title="Neoplatonists">Neoplatonists</a> <a href="/wiki/Syrianus" title="Syrianus">Syrianus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Asclepius_of_Tralles" title="Asclepius of Tralles">Asclepius of Tralles</a> also wrote commentaries on the work, where they attempted to synthesize Aristotle's doctrines with Neoplatonic cosmology.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> Aristotle's works gained a reputation for complexity that is never more evident than with the <i>Metaphysics</i> — <a href="/wiki/Avicenna" title="Avicenna">Avicenna</a> said that he had read the <i>Metaphysics</i> of Aristotle forty times, but did not understand it until he also read <a href="/wiki/Al-Farabi" title="Al-Farabi">al-Farabi</a>'s <i>Purposes of the Metaphysics of Aristotle</i>.<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>I read the Metaphysics [of Aristotle], but I could not comprehend its contents, and its author's object remained obscure to me, even when I had gone back and read it forty times and had got to the point where I had memorized it. In spite of this I could not understand it nor its object, and I despaired of myself and said, "This is a book which there is no way of understanding." But one day in the afternoon when I was at the booksellers' quarter a salesman approached with a book in his hand which he was calling out for sale. (...) So I bought it and, lo and behold, it was Abu Nasr al-Farabi's book<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>k<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on the objects of the Metaphysics. I returned home and was quick to read it, and in no time the objects of that book became clear to me because I had got to the point of having memorized it by heart.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The flourishing of Arabic Aristotelian scholarship reached its peak with the work of <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Rushd" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Rushd">Ibn Rushd</a> (Latinized: Averroes), whose extensive writings on Aristotle's work led to his later designation as "The Commentator" by future generations of scholars. <a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a> wrote the <a href="/wiki/The_Guide_for_the_Perplexed" title="The Guide for the Perplexed">Guide to the Perplexed</a> in the 12th century, to demonstrate the compatibility of Aristotelian science with Biblical revelation. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Crusade" title="Fourth Crusade">Fourth Crusade</a> (1202–1204) facilitated the discovery and delivery of many original Greek manuscripts to <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western Europe</a>. <a href="/wiki/William_of_Moerbeke" title="William of Moerbeke">William of Moerbeke</a>'s translations of the work formed the basis of the commentaries on the <i>Metaphysics</i> by <a href="/wiki/Albert_the_Great" class="mw-redirect" title="Albert the Great">Albert the Great</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Duns_Scotus" title="Duns Scotus">Duns Scotus</a>. They were also used by modern scholars for Greek editions, as William had access to Greek manuscripts that are now lost. <a href="/wiki/Werner_Jaeger" title="Werner Jaeger">Werner Jaeger</a> lists William's translation in his edition of the Greek text in the Scriptorum Classicorum Bibliotheca Oxoniensis (Oxford 1962).<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Textual_criticism">Textual criticism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metaphysics_(Aristotle)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Textual criticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 19th century, with the rise of <a href="/wiki/Textual_criticism" title="Textual criticism">textual criticism</a>, the <i>Metaphysics</i> was examined anew. Critics, noting the wide variety of topics and the seemingly illogical order of the books, concluded that it was actually a collection of shorter works thrown together haphazardly. In the 20th century two general editions have been produced by W. D. Ross (1924) and by W. Jaeger (1957). Based on a careful study of the content and of the cross-references within them, <a href="/wiki/W._D._Ross" title="W. D. Ross">W. D. Ross</a> concluded that books A, B, Γ, E, Z, H, Θ, M, N, and I "form a more or less continuous work", while the remaining books α, Δ, Κ and Λ were inserted into their present locations by later editors. However, Ross cautions that books A, B, Γ, E, Z, H, Θ, M, N, and I — with or without the insertion of the others — do not constitute "a complete work".<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Werner_Jaeger" title="Werner Jaeger">Werner Jaeger</a> further maintained that the different books were taken from different periods of Aristotle's life. <a href="/wiki/Everyman%27s_Library" title="Everyman's Library">Everyman's Library</a>, for their 1000th volume, published the <i>Metaphysics</i> in a rearranged order that was intended to make the work easier for readers.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (January 2023)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Editing the <i>Metaphysics</i> has become an open issue in works and studies of the new millennium. New critical editions have been produced of books Gamma,<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alpha,<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Lambda.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Differences from the more-familiar 20th Century critical editions of Ross and Jaeger mainly depend on the <a href="/wiki/Stemma_codicum_of_Aristotle%27s_Metaphysics" title="Stemma codicum of Aristotle's Metaphysics">stemma codicum of Aristotle's Metaphysics</a>, of which different versions have been proposed since 1970.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Editions_and_translations">Editions and translations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metaphysics_(Aristotle)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Editions and translations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Greek text with commentary: <i>Aristotle's Metaphysics</i>. <a href="/wiki/W._D._Ross" title="W. D. Ross">W. D. Ross</a>. 2 Vols. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1924. Reprinted in 1953 with corrections.</li> <li>Greek text: <i>Aristotelis Metaphysica.</i> Ed. <a href="/wiki/Werner_Jaeger" title="Werner Jaeger">Werner Jaeger</a>. Oxford Classical Texts. Oxford University Press, 1957. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-814513-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-814513-4">978-0-19-814513-4</a>.</li> <li>Greek text with English: <i>Metaphysics.</i> Trans. Hugh Tredennick. 2 vols. Loeb Classical Library 271, 287. Harvard U. Press, 1933–35. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-99299-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-99299-7">0-674-99299-7</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-99317-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-99317-9">0-674-99317-9</a>.</li> <li><i>Aristotle's Metaphysics.</i> Trans. Hippocrates Gorgias Apostle. Bloomington: Indiana U. Press, 1966.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Aristotle - Metaphysics</i>. Translated by Hope, Richard. Ann Arbor: U. Michigan P. 1960 [1952].</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aristotle+-+Metaphysics&rft.place=Ann+Arbor&rft.pub=U.+Michigan+P.&rft.date=1960&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetaphysics+%28Aristotle%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Aristotle's Metaphysics</i>. Translated by Sachs, Joe (2 ed.). Santa Fe, NM: Green Lion P. 2002. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-888009-03-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-888009-03-9"><bdi>1-888009-03-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aristotle%27s+Metaphysics&rft.place=Santa+Fe%2C+NM&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Green+Lion+P.&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=1-888009-03-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetaphysics+%28Aristotle%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Aristotle. The Metaphysics</i>. Penguin Classics. Translated by Lawson-Tancred, Hugh. London: Penguin. 2004 [1998]. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-140-44619-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-140-44619-7"><bdi>978-0-140-44619-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aristotle.+The+Metaphysics&rft.place=London&rft.series=Penguin+Classics&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-140-44619-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetaphysics+%28Aristotle%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_and_medieval_commentaries">Ancient and medieval commentaries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metaphysics_(Aristotle)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Ancient and medieval commentaries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dhspriory.org/thomas/Metaphysics.htm"><i>Commentary on Aristotle's Metaphysics</i></a> (in Greek, Latin, and English). Vol. 3. Translated by Aquinas, Thomas; Rowan, John P. William of Moerbeke (1st ed.). Chicago: <a href="/wiki/Regnery_Publishing" title="Regnery Publishing">Henry Regnery Company</a> (Library of Living Catholic Thought). 1961. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/312731">312731</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111028095410/https://dhspriory.org/thomas/Metaphysics1.htm">Archived</a> from the original on October 28, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Commentary+on+Aristotle%27s+Metaphysics&rft.place=Chicago&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Henry+Regnery+Company+%28Library+of+Living+Catholic+Thought%29&rft.date=1961&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F312731&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdhspriory.org%2Fthomas%2FMetaphysics.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetaphysics+%28Aristotle%29" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|website=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment">CS1 maint: others (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others" title="Category:CS1 maint: others">link</a>)</span> (rpt. Notre Dame, Ind.: Dumb Ox, 1995).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metaphysics_(Aristotle)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">sometimes referred to as <i>Wisdom</i>, sometimes as , and sometimes as <i>Theology</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%BC%CE%B5%CF%84%E1%BD%B0" class="extiw" title="wikt:μετὰ">μετὰ</a> τὰ <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CF%86%CF%85%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%82" class="extiw" title="wikt:φυσικός">φυσικά</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">τὰ περὶ τῆς πρώτης φιλοσοφίας e.g., in <i><a href="/wiki/Movement_of_Animals" title="Movement of Animals">Movement of Animals</a></i> 700b9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">He called the study of nature or <a href="/wiki/Natural_philosophy" title="Natural philosophy">natural philosophy</a> "second philosophy"<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">1025b27</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chapter 4-12</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chapter 13-15</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chapter 17</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">δύναμις, <i>dunamis</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> 1046a9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">probably the Kitab al-huruf, ed. by Muhsin Mahdi as Alfarabi's Book of Letters (Beyrouth, 1969)</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metaphysics_(Aristotle)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.isnature.org/Files/Aristotle/"><i>Aristotelis Opera</i></a> by <a href="/wiki/August_Immanuel_Bekker" title="August Immanuel Bekker">August Immanuel Bekker</a> (1837).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">E.g. J.A.K. Thomson, The Ethics of Aristotle, (Penguin, 1953) p. 13 and E. Barker The Political Thought of Plato and Aristotle (Dover, 1959) p. 65.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/W._D._Ross" title="W. D. Ross">W. D. Ross</a>, <i>Aristotle's Metaphysics</i> (1953), vol. 1, p. xxxii.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Metaphysics</i> 1037a15</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jonathan Barnes, "Life and Work" in <i>The Cambridge Companion to Aristotle</i> (1995), pp. 18-22."Farrago": Barnes, "Metaphysics" in <i>The Cambridge Companion to Aristotle</i>, p. 68.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">981a</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Maynard_Hutchins" title="Robert Maynard Hutchins">Robert Maynard Hutchins</a> (1952), <i><a href="/wiki/Great_Books_of_the_Western_World" title="Great Books of the Western World">Great Books of the Western World</a></i> 8: Aristotle, p. 495.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen5-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohen5_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCohen">Cohen</a>, 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">1029a</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen11-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohen11_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCohen">Cohen</a>, 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Aristot.Met.9.1046a">1048b1–4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">S. Fazzo, 'Sì come rota ch'igualmente è mossa'. Dalla Metafisica di Aristotele al Paradiso di Dante, Storie e linguaggi, Vol 4, N° 2 (2018)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Donald J. Zeyl, <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Devereux" title="Daniel Devereux">Daniel Devereux</a>, Phillip Mitsis, (1997), <i>Encyclopedia of Classical Philosophy</i>, page 20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">William W. Fortenbaugh, R. W. Sharples, (2005), <i>Theophrastus of Eresus, sources for his life, writings, thought and Influence</i>, page 22. BRILL</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-catalogus-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-catalogus_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTodd2003" class="citation journal cs1">Todd, Robert B. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogustranslationum.org/PDFs/volume08/v08_themistius.pdf">"Themistius"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Catalogus_Translationum_et_Commentariorum" title="Catalogus Translationum et Commentariorum">Catalogus Translationum et Commentariorum</a></i>. <b>8</b>: 59<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 August</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Catalogus+Translationum+et+Commentariorum&rft.atitle=Themistius&rft.volume=8&rft.pages=59&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Todd&rft.aufirst=Robert+B.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcatalogustranslationum.org%2FPDFs%2Fvolume08%2Fv08_themistius.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetaphysics+%28Aristotle%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Monad And Dyad As Cosmic Principles In Syrianus</i>, <i>Soul And The Structure Of Being In Late Neoplatonism</i>, H.J. Blumenthal and A.C. Lloyd, <a href="/wiki/Liverpool_University_Press" title="Liverpool University Press">Liverpool University Press</a>, 1982, pp. 1–10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">William E. Gohlam (ed.). The Life of Ibn Sina, Albany, State of New York University Press, 1974, pp. 33-35).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cited by Foster, in his translation of Aquinas' commentary on the <i>De Anima</i>, Indiana 1994.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Aristotle's Metaphysics</i> (1953), vol. 1, p. xxiii.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Myriam Hecquet, <i>Aristote, Métaphysique Gamma</i>, Peeters 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(Oliver Primavesi, <i>Aristotle Metaphysics Alpha</i>, OUP 2012)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(Silvia Fazzo, <i>Il libro Lambda della Metafisica di Aristotel</i>e, "Elenchos", Bibliopolis 2012, and Stefan Alexandru, <i>Aristotle's Metaphysics Lambda</i>, Philosophia Antiqua, Brill 2014)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(Silvio Bernardinello, <i>Eliminatio codicum della Metafisica di Aristotele</i>, Padua, Antenore, 1970)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(Dieter Harlfinger, "Zur Überlieferungsgeschichte der Metaphysik", in Pierre Aubenque (ed.), <i>Essais sur la métaphysique d'Aristote</i>, Paris, Vrin, 1979)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Silvia Fazzo, "Lo Stemma Codicum della Metafisica di Aristotele", <i>Revue d'histoire des textes</i>, XII, 2017, 35-58.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metaphysics_(Aristotle)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Wolfgang Class: Aristotle's Metaphysics, A Philological Commentary</i>: <ul><li>Volume I: Textual Criticism, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-9815841-2-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-9815841-2-7">978-3-9815841-2-7</a>, Saldenburg 2014;</li> <li>Volume II: The Composition of the Metaphysics, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-9815841-3-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-9815841-3-4">978-3-9815841-3-4</a>, Saldenburg 2015;</li> <li>Volume III: Sources and Parallels, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-9815841-6-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-9815841-6-5">978-3-9815841-6-5</a>, Saldenburg 2017;</li> <li>Volume IV: Reception and Criticism, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-9820267-0-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-9820267-0-1">978-3-9820267-0-1</a>, Saldenburg 2018.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Copleston" title="Frederick Copleston">Copleston, Frederick, S.J.</a> <i>A History of Philosophy: Volume I Greece and Rome</i> (Parts I and II) New York: Image Books, 1962.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Aristotle's Metaphysics</i>. Translated by Lawson-Tancred, Hugh. Penguin. 1998. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0140446192" title="Special:BookSources/0140446192"><bdi>0140446192</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aristotle%27s+Metaphysics&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0140446192&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetaphysics+%28Aristotle%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metaphysics_(Aristotle)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ackrill,_J._L" class="mw-redirect" title="Ackrill, J. L">Ackrill, J. L</a>., 1963, <i>Aristotle: Categories and De Interpretatione</i>, Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Clarendon_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Clarendon Press">Clarendon Press</a>.</li> <li>Alexandrou, S., 2014, <i>Aristotle's</i> Metaphysics <i>Lambda: Annotated Critical Edition</i>, Leiden: <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill</a>.</li> <li>Anagnostopoulos, Georgios (ed.), 2009, <i>A Companion to Aristotle</i>, Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell.</li> <li>Elders, L., 1972, <i>Aristotle's Theology: A Commentary on Book Λ of the</i> Metaphysics, Assen: Van Gorcum.</li> <li>Gerson, Lloyd P. (ed.) and <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Owens_(Redemptorist)" title="Joseph Owens (Redemptorist)">Joseph Owens</a>, 2007, <i>Aristotle's Gradations of Being in Metaphysics E-Z</i>, South Bend: St Augustine's Press.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gill,_Mary_Louise" class="mw-redirect" title="Gill, Mary Louise">Gill, Mary Louise</a>, 1989, <i>Aristotle on Substance: The Paradox of Unity</i>, Princeton: Princeton University Press.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metaphysics_(Aristotle)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; 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Translation by Hugh Tredennick from the <a href="/wiki/Loeb_Classical_Library" title="Loeb Classical Library">Loeb Classical Library</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://classics.mit.edu/Aristotle/metaphysics.html">English translation</a> by <a href="/wiki/W._D._Ross" title="W. D. Ross">W. D. Ross</a> at <a href="/wiki/MIT" class="mw-redirect" title="MIT">MIT</a>'s Internet Classics Archive.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k58717k/f2.pagination">Averroes' commentary</a> on the <i>Metaphysics</i>, in Latin, together with the 'old' (Arabic) and new translation based on <a href="/wiki/William_of_Moerbeke" title="William of Moerbeke">William of Moerbeke</a> at <a href="/wiki/Gallica" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallica">Gallica</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iep.utm.edu/aris-met/">Aristotle: Metaphysics</a> entry by Joe Sachs in the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCohen" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Cohen, S. Marc. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/aristotle-metaphysics/">"Aristotle's Metaphysics"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Edward_N._Zalta" title="Edward N. Zalta">Zalta, Edward N.</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Stanford_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Aristotle%27s+Metaphysics&rft.btitle=Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=S.+Marc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Faristotle-metaphysics%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetaphysics+%28Aristotle%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>A good summary of scholarly comments at: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ontology.co/being-qua-being.htm">Theory and History of Ontology</a></li> <li><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" 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title="Categories (Aristotle)">Categories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_Interpretation" title="On Interpretation">On Interpretation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prior_Analytics" title="Prior Analytics">Prior Analytics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posterior_Analytics" title="Posterior Analytics">Posterior Analytics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topics_(Aristotle)" title="Topics (Aristotle)">Topics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophistical_Refutations" title="Sophistical Refutations">Sophistical Refutations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aristotelian_physics" title="Aristotelian physics">Physics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Physics_(Aristotle)" title="Physics (Aristotle)">Physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_the_Heavens" title="On the Heavens">On the Heavens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_Generation_and_Corruption" title="On Generation and Corruption">On Generation and Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meteorology_(Aristotle)" title="Meteorology (Aristotle)">Meteorology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_the_Soul" title="On the Soul">On the Soul</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aristotle%27s_biology" title="Aristotle's biology">On Animals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Animals" title="History of Animals">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parts_of_Animals" title="Parts of Animals">Parts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movement_of_Animals" title="Movement of Animals">Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progression_of_Animals" title="Progression of Animals">Progression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generation_of_Animals" title="Generation of Animals">Generation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Metaphysics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Metaphysics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aristotelian_ethics" title="Aristotelian ethics">Ethics</a> and politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nicomachean_Ethics" title="Nicomachean Ethics">Nicomachean Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudemian_Ethics" title="Eudemian Ethics">Eudemian Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_(Aristotle)" title="Politics (Aristotle)">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Athenians_(Aristotle)" title="Constitution of the Athenians (Aristotle)">Constitution of the Athenians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rhetoric and poetics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rhetoric_(Aristotle)" title="Rhetoric (Aristotle)">Rhetoric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poetics_(Aristotle)" title="Poetics (Aristotle)">Poetics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Parva_Naturalia" title="Parva Naturalia">Parva Naturalia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sense_and_Sensibilia_(Aristotle)" title="Sense and Sensibilia (Aristotle)">Sense and Sensibilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_Memory" title="On Memory">On Memory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_Sleep" title="On Sleep">On Sleep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_Dreams" title="On Dreams">On Dreams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_Divination_in_Sleep" title="On Divination in Sleep">On Divination in Sleep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_Length_and_Shortness_of_Life" title="On Length and Shortness of Life">On Length and Shortness of Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_Youth,_Old_Age,_Life_and_Death,_and_Respiration" title="On Youth, Old Age, Life and Death, and Respiration">On Youth, Old Age, Life and Death, and Respiration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lost</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Protrepticus_(Aristotle)" title="Protrepticus (Aristotle)">Protrepticus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Aristotle" title="Pseudo-Aristotle">Pseudepigrapha</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/On_Breath" title="On Breath">On Breath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_Colors" title="On Colors">On Colors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_Plants" title="On Plants">On Plants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_Indivisible_Lines" title="On Indivisible Lines">On Indivisible Lines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_Melissus,_Xenophanes,_and_Gorgias" title="On Melissus, Xenophanes, and Gorgias">On Melissus, Xenophanes, and Gorgias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_the_Universe" title="On the Universe">On the Universe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_Things_Heard" title="On Things Heard">On Things Heard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physiognomonics" title="Physiognomonics">Physiognomonics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_Marvellous_Things_Heard" title="On Marvellous Things Heard">On Marvellous Things Heard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanics_(Aristotle)" title="Mechanics (Aristotle)">Mechanics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problems_(Aristotle)" title="Problems (Aristotle)">Problems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Situations_and_Names_of_Winds" title="The Situations and Names of Winds">The Situations and Names of Winds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_Virtues_and_Vices" title="On Virtues and Vices">On Virtues and Vices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economics_(Aristotle)" title="Economics (Aristotle)">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhetoric_to_Alexander" title="Rhetoric to Alexander">Rhetoric to Alexander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magna_Moralia" title="Magna Moralia">Magna Moralia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Followers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Peripatetic_school22" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Peripatetic_school" title="Peripatetic school">Peripatetic school</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristoxenus" title="Aristoxenus">Aristoxenus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clearchus_of_Soli" title="Clearchus of Soli">Clearchus of Soli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dicaearchus" title="Dicaearchus">Dicaearchus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudemus_of_Rhodes" title="Eudemus of Rhodes">Eudemus of Rhodes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophrastus" title="Theophrastus">Theophrastus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strato_of_Lampsacus" title="Strato of Lampsacus">Strato of Lampsacus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyco_of_Troas" title="Lyco of Troas">Lyco of Troas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristo_of_Ceos" title="Aristo of Ceos">Aristo of Ceos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critolaus" title="Critolaus">Critolaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diodorus_of_Tyre" title="Diodorus of Tyre">Diodorus of Tyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erymneus" title="Erymneus">Erymneus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andronicus_of_Rhodes" title="Andronicus of Rhodes">Andronicus of Rhodes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Islamic_Golden_Age22" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Golden_Age" title="Islamic Golden Age">Islamic Golden Age</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Kindi" title="Al-Kindi">Al-Kindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Farabi" title="Al-Farabi">Al-Farabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avicenna" title="Avicenna">Avicenna</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avicennism" title="Avicennism">Avicennism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Averroes" title="Averroes">Averroes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Averroism" title="Averroism">Averroism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Jewish6" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Jewish</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Scholasticism17" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Lombard" title="Peter Lombard">Peter Lombard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albertus_Magnus" title="Albertus Magnus">Albertus Magnus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomism" title="Thomism">Thomism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duns_Scotus" title="Duns Scotus">Duns Scotus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scotism" title="Scotism">Scotism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_of_Spain" title="Peter of Spain">Peter of Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacopo_Zabarella" title="Jacopo Zabarella">Jacopo Zabarella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietro_Pomponazzi" title="Pietro Pomponazzi">Pietro Pomponazzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cesare_Cremonini_(philosopher)" title="Cesare Cremonini (philosopher)">Cesar Cremonini</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Modern6" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div 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