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<span>Philosophy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Philosophy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Schools" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Schools"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Schools</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Schools-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Schools subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Schools-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Two-school_model_vs._three-school_model" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Two-school_model_vs._three-school_model"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Two-school model vs. three-school model</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Two-school_model_vs._three-school_model-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cheng–Zhu_school" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cheng–Zhu_school"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Cheng–Zhu school</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cheng–Zhu_school-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lu–Wang_school" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lu–Wang_school"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Lu–Wang school</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lu–Wang_school-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Korea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Korea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>In Korea</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Korea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Japan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Japan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>In Japan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Japan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Vietnam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Vietnam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>In Vietnam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Vietnam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bureaucratic_examinations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bureaucratic_examinations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Bureaucratic examinations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bureaucratic_examinations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Confucian_canon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Confucian_canon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Confucian canon</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Confucian_canon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_Confucianism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Confucianism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>New Confucianism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Confucianism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prominent_neo-Confucian_scholars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prominent_neo-Confucian_scholars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Prominent neo-Confucian scholars</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Prominent_neo-Confucian_scholars-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Prominent neo-Confucian scholars subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Prominent_neo-Confucian_scholars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>China</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Korea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Korea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Korea</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Korea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Japan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3</span> <span>Japan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vietnam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vietnam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.4</span> <span>Vietnam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vietnam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>General sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Neo-Confucianism</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 35 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-35" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">35 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D9%88%D9%86%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%A9" title="الكونفوشية الجديدة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الكونفوشية الجديدة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevez-Konfusianegezh" title="Nevez-Konfusianegezh – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Nevez-Konfusianegezh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoconfucianisme" title="Neoconfucianisme – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Neoconfucianisme" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neokonfucianismus" title="Neokonfucianismus – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Neokonfucianismus" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neokonfuzianismus" title="Neokonfuzianismus – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Neokonfuzianismus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoconfucianismo" title="Neoconfucianismo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Neoconfucianismo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novkonfuceismo" title="Novkonfuceismo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Novkonfuceismo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neokonfuzianismo" title="Neokonfuzianismo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Neokonfuzianismo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A6%D9%88%DA%A9%D9%86%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%85" title="نئوکنفوسیونیسم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نئوکنفوسیونیسم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A9oconfucianisme" title="Néoconfucianisme – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Néoconfucianisme" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%84%B1%EB%A6%AC%ED%95%99" title="성리학 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="성리학" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-Konfusianisme" title="Neo-Konfusianisme – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Neo-Konfusianisme" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoconfucianesimo" title="Neoconfucianesimo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Neoconfucianesimo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%84%D1%83%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Неоконфуцийчилик – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Неоконфуцийчилик" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neokonfucianizmas" title="Neokonfucianizmas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Neokonfucianizmas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neokonfucianizmus" title="Neokonfucianizmus – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Neokonfucianizmus" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-Konfusianisme" title="Neo-Konfusianisme – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Neo-Konfusianisme" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B3ng-m%C3%ACng_l%C4%AB-h%C5%8Fk" title="Sóng-mìng lī-hŏk – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Sóng-mìng lī-hŏk" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AE%8B%E6%98%8E%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="宋明理学 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="宋明理学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neokonfucianisme" title="Neokonfucianisme – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Neokonfucianisme" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neokonfucjanizm" title="Neokonfucjanizm – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Neokonfucjanizm" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoconfucionismo" title="Neoconfucionismo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Neoconfucionismo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%84%D1%83%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Неоконфуцианство – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Неоконфуцианство" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neokonfucianizmus" title="Neokonfucianizmus – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Neokonfucianizmus" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neokonfucijanizam" title="Neokonfucijanizam – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Neokonfucijanizam" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neokonfucijanizam" title="Neokonfucijanizam – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Neokonfucijanizam" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uuskungfutselaisuus" title="Uuskungfutselaisuus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Uuskungfutselaisuus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neokonfucianism" title="Neokonfucianism – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Neokonfucianism" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%B5_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="நவ கன்பூசியம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நவ கன்பூசியம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%8A%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%88" title="ลัทธิขงจื๊อใหม่ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ลัทธิขงจื๊อใหม่" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neokonf%C3%BC%C3%A7y%C3%BCs%C3%A7%C3%BCl%C3%BCk" title="Neokonfüçyüsçülük – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Neokonfüçyüsçülük" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%84%D1%83%D1%86%D1%96%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Неоконфуціанство – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Неоконфуціанство" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%BD_h%E1%BB%8Dc" title="Lý học – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Lý học" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AE%8B%E6%98%8E%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="宋明理學 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="宋明理學" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" 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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Philosophical school of Confucianism mainly influenced by Zhu Xi</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about a movement developed during the Song and Ming dynasties. 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0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Confucianism" title="Category:Confucianism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E6%9C%A8%E9%90%B8_---_Confucian_wooden-clapper_bell.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/%E6%9C%A8%E9%90%B8_---_Confucian_wooden-clapper_bell.svg/120px-%E6%9C%A8%E9%90%B8_---_Confucian_wooden-clapper_bell.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/%E6%9C%A8%E9%90%B8_---_Confucian_wooden-clapper_bell.svg/180px-%E6%9C%A8%E9%90%B8_---_Confucian_wooden-clapper_bell.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/%E6%9C%A8%E9%90%B8_---_Confucian_wooden-clapper_bell.svg/240px-%E6%9C%A8%E9%90%B8_---_Confucian_wooden-clapper_bell.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="665" data-file-height="665" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Early history</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Spring_and_Autumn_period" title="Spring and Autumn period">Spring and Autumn period</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius">Confucius</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Warring_States_period" title="Warring States period">Warring States period</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mencius" title="Mencius">Mencius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xunzi_(philosopher)" title="Xunzi (philosopher)">Xunzi</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Western_Han" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Han">Western Han</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dong_Zhongshu" title="Dong Zhongshu">Dong Zhongshu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gongsun_Hong" title="Gongsun Hong">Gongsun Hong</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Fundamental concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Tian" title="Tian">Tian</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interactions_Between_Heaven_and_Mankind" title="Interactions Between Heaven and Mankind"><i>Ganying</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rectification_of_names" title="Rectification of names"><i>Zhengming</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filial_piety" title="Filial piety"><i>Xiao</i></a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Three_Fundamental_Bonds_and_Five_Constant_Virtues" title="Three Fundamental Bonds and Five Constant Virtues"><i>Sangang Wuchang</i></a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Li_(Confucianism)" title="Li (Confucianism)"><i>Li</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren_(Confucianism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ren (Confucianism)"><i>Ren</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xin_(heart-mind)" title="Xin (heart-mind)"><i>Xin</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yi_(Confucianism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Yi (Confucianism)"><i>Yi</i></a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Schools</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Neo-Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_Learning" class="mw-redirect" title="Han Learning">Han Learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taigu_school" title="Taigu school">Taigu school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingnan_Confucianism" title="Lingnan Confucianism">Lingnan Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Confucianism" title="New Confucianism">New Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Confucianism" title="Progressive Confucianism">Progressive Confucianism</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dd><i>Hermeneutic schools</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Texts" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Texts">Old Text</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Text_Confucianism" class="mw-redirect" title="New Text Confucianism">New Text</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Confucianism by country</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Confucianism" title="Korean Confucianism">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edo_neo-Confucianism" title="Edo neo-Confucianism">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_philosophy" title="Vietnamese philosophy">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Council_for_the_Confucian_Religion_in_Indonesia" title="Supreme Council for the Confucian Religion in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism_in_the_United_States" title="Confucianism in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Template:Confucian_texts" title="Template:Confucian texts">Confucian texts</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ruzang" title="Ruzang">Ruzang</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Four_Books_and_Five_Classics#Five_Classics" title="Four Books and Five Classics">Five Classics</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Classic_of_Poetry" title="Classic of Poetry">Classic of Poetry</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Documents" title="Book of Documents">Book of Documents</a></i></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Rites" title="Book of Rites">Book of Rites</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/I_Ching" title="I Ching">Book of Changes</a></i></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Spring_and_Autumn_Annals" title="Spring and Autumn Annals">Spring and Autumn Annals</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Four_Books_and_Five_Classics#Four_Books" title="Four Books and Five Classics">Four Books</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Analects" title="Analects">Analects</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mencius_(book)" title="Mencius (book)">Mencius</a></i></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Doctrine_of_the_Mean" title="Doctrine of the Mean">Doctrine of the Mean</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Great_Learning" title="Great Learning">Great Learning</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt>Other texts</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Three_Commentaries_on_the_Spring_and_Autumn_Annals" class="mw-redirect" title="Three Commentaries on the Spring and Autumn Annals">Three Commentaries</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Rites_of_Zhou" title="Rites of Zhou">Rites of Zhou</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Etiquette_and_Ceremonial" title="Etiquette and Ceremonial">Ceremonial Rites</a></i></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Classic_of_Filial_Piety" title="Classic of Filial Piety">Classic of Filial Piety</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Erya" title="Erya">Erya</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Organization</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confucian_ritual_religion" title="Confucian ritual religion">Confucian ritual religion</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confucian_royal_ancestral_shrine" title="Confucian royal ancestral shrine">Confucian royal ancestral shrine</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Confucius" title="Temple of Confucius">Temple of Confucius</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Confucian_church" title="Confucian church">Confucian churches</a> and sects</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Confucian_Church" title="Holy Confucian Church">Holy Confucian Church</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Council_for_the_Confucian_Religion_in_Indonesia" title="Supreme Council for the Confucian Religion in Indonesia">Indonesian Confucian Church</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shanrendao" title="Shanrendao">Universal Church of the Way and its Virtue</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Way_of_the_Gods_according_to_the_Confucian_Tradition" title="Way of the Gods according to the Confucian Tradition">Phoenix churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xuanyuan_teaching" title="Xuanyuan teaching">Xuanyuanism</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shengdao" title="Shengdao">Shengdao</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Confucianism" title="Template:Confucianism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Confucianism" title="Template talk:Confucianism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Confucianism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Confucianism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="color: #202122;background-color:#b0c4de">Neo-Confucianism</th></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Chinese name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant" style="font-size: 1rem;">宋明理學</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans" style="font-size: 1rem;">宋明理学</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Literal meaning</th><td class="infobox-data">"Song-Ming [dynasty] rational idealism"</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Sòng-Míng lǐxué</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Bopomofo" title="Bopomofo">Bopomofo</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Bopo" style="font-style: normal;">ㄙㄨㄥˋ ㄇㄧㄥˊ ㄌㄧˇ ㄒㄩㄝˊ</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Spelling_in_Gwoyeu_Romatzyh" title="Spelling in Gwoyeu Romatzyh">Gwoyeu Romatzyh</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Sonq-Ming liishyue</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Sung<sup>4</sup>-Ming<sup>2</sup> li<sup>3</sup>-hsüeh<sup>2</sup></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">IPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="IPA" lang="cmn-Latn-fonipa" style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">[sʊ̂ŋ mǐŋ lìɕɥě]</a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Yue: Cantonese</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Yale_romanization_of_Cantonese" title="Yale romanization of Cantonese">Yale Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn">Sung-Mìhng léih-hohk</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Jyutping" title="Jyutping">Jyutping</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn">Sung3 Ming4 lei5 hok6</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Cantonese" title="Help:IPA/Cantonese">IPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="IPA" lang="yue-Latn-fonipa" style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Cantonese" title="Help:IPA/Cantonese">[sʊŋ˧.mɪŋ˩ lej˩˧.hɔk̚˨]</a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Min" title="Southern Min">Southern Min</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Romanization_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Taiwanese Romanization System">Tâi-lô</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Min Nan Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="nan-Latn">Sòng-Bîng lí-ha̍k</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Vietnamese name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Vietnamese-language text"><i lang="vi">Lý học</i></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ch%E1%BB%AF_H%C3%A1n" title="Chữ Hán">Chữ Hán</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Vietnamese-language text"><span lang="vi-Hani">理學</span></span></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Korean name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul">Hangul</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko" style="font-size: 1rem;">성리학</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanja" title="Hanja">Hanja</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko" style="font-size: 1rem;">性理學</span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Revised_Romanization_of_Korean" title="Revised Romanization of Korean">Revised Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Korean-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="ko-Latn">Seongnihak</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Japanese name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Kanji" title="Kanji">Kanji</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">宋明理学</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hiragana" title="Hiragana">Hiragana</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">そうみんりがく</span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hepburn_romanization" title="Hepburn romanization">Revised Hepburn</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="ja-Latn">Sō Min rigaku</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Kunrei-shiki_romanization" title="Kunrei-shiki romanization">Kunrei-shiki</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="ja-Latn">Sô Min rigaku</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Neo-Confucianism</b> (<a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant">宋明理學</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Sòng-Míng lǐxué</span></i>, often shortened to <i>lǐxué</i> 理學, literally "School of Principle") is a <a href="/wiki/Morality" title="Morality">moral</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethics" title="Ethics">ethical</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">metaphysical</a> <a href="/wiki/Chinese_philosophy" title="Chinese philosophy">Chinese philosophy</a> influenced by <a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a>, which originated with <a href="/wiki/Han_Yu" title="Han Yu">Han Yu</a> (768–824) and <a href="/wiki/Li_Ao_(philosopher)" title="Li Ao (philosopher)">Li Ao</a> (772–841) in the <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a>, and became prominent during the <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming</a> dynasties under the formulations of <a href="/wiki/Zhu_Xi" title="Zhu Xi">Zhu Xi</a> (1130–1200). After the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_conquest_of_China" title="Mongol conquest of China">Mongol conquest of China</a> in the thirteenth century, Chinese scholars and officials restored and preserved neo-Confucianism as a way to safeguard the cultural heritage of China.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Neo-Confucianism could have been an attempt to create a more rationalist and secular form of Confucianism by rejecting mystical elements of <a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> that had influenced Confucianism during and after the Han dynasty.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the neo-Confucianists were critical of Taoism and Buddhism, the two did have an influence on the philosophy, and the neo-Confucianists borrowed terms and concepts. However, unlike the Buddhists and Taoists, who saw <a href="/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">metaphysics</a> as a catalyst for spiritual development, religious enlightenment, and immortality, the neo-Confucianists used metaphysics as a guide for developing a rationalist ethical philosophy.<sup id="cite_ref-huang5_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-huang5-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CSB_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CSB-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins">Origins</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neo-Confucianism&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Song_dynasty#Neo-Confucianism" title="Religion in the Song dynasty">Religion in the Song dynasty § Neo-Confucianism</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E5%BA%90%E5%B1%B1%E7%99%BD%E9%B9%BF%E6%B4%9E%E4%B9%A6%E9%99%A2%E5%91%A8%E6%95%A6%E9%A2%90%E9%93%9C%E5%83%8F.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/%E5%BA%90%E5%B1%B1%E7%99%BD%E9%B9%BF%E6%B4%9E%E4%B9%A6%E9%99%A2%E5%91%A8%E6%95%A6%E9%A2%90%E9%93%9C%E5%83%8F.JPG/220px-%E5%BA%90%E5%B1%B1%E7%99%BD%E9%B9%BF%E6%B4%9E%E4%B9%A6%E9%99%A2%E5%91%A8%E6%95%A6%E9%A2%90%E9%93%9C%E5%83%8F.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/%E5%BA%90%E5%B1%B1%E7%99%BD%E9%B9%BF%E6%B4%9E%E4%B9%A6%E9%99%A2%E5%91%A8%E6%95%A6%E9%A2%90%E9%93%9C%E5%83%8F.JPG/330px-%E5%BA%90%E5%B1%B1%E7%99%BD%E9%B9%BF%E6%B4%9E%E4%B9%A6%E9%99%A2%E5%91%A8%E6%95%A6%E9%A2%90%E9%93%9C%E5%83%8F.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/%E5%BA%90%E5%B1%B1%E7%99%BD%E9%B9%BF%E6%B4%9E%E4%B9%A6%E9%99%A2%E5%91%A8%E6%95%A6%E9%A2%90%E9%93%9C%E5%83%8F.JPG/440px-%E5%BA%90%E5%B1%B1%E7%99%BD%E9%B9%BF%E6%B4%9E%E4%B9%A6%E9%99%A2%E5%91%A8%E6%95%A6%E9%A2%90%E9%93%9C%E5%83%8F.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5616" data-file-height="3744" /></a><figcaption>Bronze statue of <a href="/wiki/Zhou_Dunyi" title="Zhou Dunyi">Zhou Dunyi</a> in <a href="/wiki/White_Deer_Grotto_Academy" title="White Deer Grotto Academy">White Deer Grotto Academy</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Neo-Confucianism has its origins in the Tang dynasty; the Confucianist scholars <a href="/wiki/Han_Yu" title="Han Yu">Han Yu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Li_Ao_(philosopher)" title="Li Ao (philosopher)">Li Ao</a> are seen as forebears of the neo-Confucianists of the Song dynasty.<sup id="cite_ref-huang5_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-huang5-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Song dynasty philosopher <a href="/wiki/Zhou_Dunyi" title="Zhou Dunyi">Zhou Dunyi</a> (1017–1073) is seen as the first true "pioneer" of neo-Confucianism, using Taoist metaphysics as a framework for his ethical philosophy.<sup id="cite_ref-CSB_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CSB-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Neo-Confucianism was both a revival of classical Confucianism, updated to align with the social values of the Song dynasty, and a reaction to the challenges of Buddhism and Taoism philosophy and religion which emerged during the Zhou and Han dynasties.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevinsonChristensen2002302–307_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevinsonChristensen2002302–307-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the neo-Confucianists denounced Buddhist metaphysics, Neo-Confucianism did borrow Taoist and Buddhist terminology and concepts.<sup id="cite_ref-huang5_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-huang5-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One of the most important exponents of neo-Confucianism was <a href="/wiki/Zhu_Xi" title="Zhu Xi">Zhu Xi</a> (1130–1200), his teachings were so influential that they were integrated into civil-service examination from approximately 1314 until 1905.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevinsonChristensen2002305–307_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevinsonChristensen2002305–307-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was a rather prolific writer, maintaining and defending his Confucian beliefs of social harmony and proper personal conduct. One of his most remembered was the book <i>Family Rituals</i>, where he provided detailed advice on how to conduct weddings, funerals, family ceremonies, and the veneration of ancestors. Buddhist thought soon attracted him, and he began to argue in Confucian style for the Buddhist observance of high moral standards. He also believed that it was important to practical affairs that one should engage in both academic and philosophical pursuits, although his writings are concentrated more on issues of theoretical (as opposed to practical) significance. It is reputed that he wrote many essays attempting to explain how his ideas were not Buddhist or Taoist and included some heated denunciations of Buddhism and Taoism. After the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Xining_(era)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xining (era) (page does not exist)">Xining era</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%86%99%E5%AE%81" class="extiw" title="zh:熙宁">zh</a>]</span> (1068–1077), <a href="/wiki/Wang_Yangming" title="Wang Yangming">Wang Yangming</a> (1472–1529) is commonly regarded as the most important Neo-Confucian thinker. Wang's interpretation of Confucianism denied the rationalist dualism of Zhu's orthodox philosophy. </p><p>There were many competing views within the neo-Confucian community, but overall, a system emerged that resembled both Buddhist and <a href="/wiki/Taoist" class="mw-redirect" title="Taoist">Taoist</a> (Daoist) thought of the time and some of the ideas expressed in the <a href="/wiki/I_Ching" title="I Ching">I Ching</a> (Book of Changes) as well as other <a href="/wiki/Yin_yang" class="mw-redirect" title="Yin yang">yin yang</a> theories associated with the <a href="/wiki/Taiji_(philosophy)" title="Taiji (philosophy)">Taiji</a> symbol (<a href="/wiki/Taijitu" title="Taijitu">Taijitu</a>). A well known neo-Confucian motif is <a href="/wiki/Vinegar_tasters" title="Vinegar tasters">paintings</a> of <a href="/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius">Confucius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha">Buddha</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lao_Tzu" class="mw-redirect" title="Lao Tzu">Lao Tzu</a> all drinking out of the same vinegar jar, paintings associated with the slogan "The three teachings are one!" </p><p>While neo-Confucianism incorporated Buddhist and Taoist ideas, many neo-Confucianists strongly opposed Buddhism and Taoism. Indeed, they rejected the Buddhist and Taoist religions. One of <a href="/wiki/Han_Yu" title="Han Yu">Han Yu</a>'s most famous essays decries the worship of Buddhist <a href="/wiki/Relic" title="Relic">relics</a>. Nonetheless, neo-Confucian writings adapted Buddhist thoughts and beliefs to the Confucian interest. In <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, neo-Confucianism was an officially recognized creed from its development during the Song dynasty until the early twentieth century, and lands in the sphere of Song China (<a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korea</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>) were all deeply influenced by neo-Confucianism for more than half a millennium. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Philosophy">Philosophy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neo-Confucianism&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Philosophy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Neo-Confucianism is a social and ethical philosophy using metaphysical ideas, some borrowed from Taoism, as its framework. The philosophy can be characterized as humanistic and rationalistic, with the belief that the universe could be understood through human reason, and that it was up to humanity to create a harmonious relationship between the universe and the individual.<sup id="cite_ref-craig_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-craig-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The rationalism of neo-Confucianism is in contrast to the mysticism of the previously dominant <a href="/wiki/Zen" title="Zen">Chan Buddhism</a>. Unlike the Buddhists, the neo-Confucians believed that reality existed, and could be understood by humankind, even if the interpretations of reality were slightly different depending on the school of neo-Confucianism.<sup id="cite_ref-craig_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-craig-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>But the spirit of Neo-Confucian rationalism is diametrically opposed to that of Buddhist mysticism. Whereas Buddhism insisted on the unreality of things, Neo-Confucianism stressed their reality. Buddhism and Taoism asserted that existence came out of, and returned to, non-existence; Neo-Confucianism regarded reality as a gradual realization of the Great Ultimate... Buddhists, and to some degree, Taoists as well, relied on meditation and insight to achieve supreme reason; the Neo-Confucianists chose to follow Reason.<sup id="cite_ref-chan_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chan-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The importance of <i>li</i> in Neo-Confucianism gave the movement its Chinese name, literally "The study of <a href="/wiki/Li_(neo-Confucianism)" title="Li (neo-Confucianism)">Li</a>". </p><p>In the view of Neo-Confucians, the true form of Confucianism had been lost after Mencius as "later" Confucians were more concerned with the vehicles of knowledge such as Classics or literary writing rather than the "values that all should share," They claimed that "later" Confucians focused on correct governance (found in the canonical texts) to the exclusion of "correct learning," the necessary basis for moral order. Their ideal of moral order, which could be inculcated by scholars outside of government, stood in contrast with previous ideas of moral instruction by ruling authorities.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Neo-Confucians could be distinguished by their stronger concern with personal ethics and morals. Politically, Neo-Confucians also opposed centralization in the imperial court and instead argued for more local autonomy and the creation of lateral, community-centred institutions for social improvement. These voluntary local literati organizations focused on local education and local relief instead of aligning with the requirements of government service or government officials. The growing numbers of literati who did not serve in government but saw themselves as the equals of officials, capable of bottom-up collective action, constrained the authority of the local officials.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Schools">Schools</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neo-Confucianism&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Schools"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Neo-Confucianism was a heterogeneous philosophical tradition, and is generally categorized into two different schools. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Two-school_model_vs._three-school_model">Two-school model vs. three-school model</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neo-Confucianism&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Two-school model vs. three-school model"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In medieval China, the mainstream of neo-Confucian thought, dubbed the "Tao school", had long categorized a thinker named <a href="/wiki/Lu_Jiuyuan" title="Lu Jiuyuan">Lu Jiuyuan</a> among the unorthodox, non-Confucian writers. However, in the 15th century, the esteemed philosopher <a href="/wiki/Wang_Yangming" title="Wang Yangming">Wang Yangming</a> took sides with Lu and critiqued some of the foundations of the Tao school, albeit not rejecting the school entirely.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Objections arose to Yangming's philosophy within his lifetime, and shortly after his death, Chen Jian (1497–1567) grouped Wang together with Lu as unorthodox writers, dividing neo-Confucianism into two schools.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Bary198994–95_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Bary198994–95-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, neo-Confucianism today is generally categorized into two different schools of thought. The school that remained dominant throughout the medieval and early modern periods is called the <a href="/wiki/Cheng%E2%80%93Zhu_school" title="Cheng–Zhu school">Cheng–Zhu school</a> for the esteem it places in <a href="/wiki/Cheng_Yi_(philosopher)" title="Cheng Yi (philosopher)">Cheng Yi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cheng_Hao" title="Cheng Hao">Cheng Hao</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Zhu_Xi" title="Zhu Xi">Zhu Xi</a>. The less dominant, opposing school was the <a href="/wiki/Lu%E2%80%93Wang_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Lu–Wang school">Lu–Wang school</a>, based on its esteem for Lu Jiuyuan and Wang Yangming. </p><p>In contrast to this two-branch model, the <a href="/wiki/New_Confucian" class="mw-redirect" title="New Confucian">New Confucian</a> <a href="/wiki/Mou_Zongsan" title="Mou Zongsan">Mou Zongsan</a> argues that there existed a third branch of learning, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hu-Liu_school&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hu-Liu school (page does not exist)">Hu-Liu school</a>, based on the teachings of <a href="/wiki/Hu_Hong" title="Hu Hong">Hu Hong</a> (Hu Wufeng, 1106–1161) and <a href="/wiki/Liu_Zongzhou" title="Liu Zongzhou">Liu Zongzhou</a> (Liu Jishan, 1578–1645). The significance of this third branch, according to Mou, was that they represented the direct lineage of the pioneers of neo-Confucianism, Zhou Dunyi, Zhang Zai and Cheng Hao. Moreover, this third <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hu-Liu_school&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hu-Liu school (page does not exist)">Hu-Liu school</a> and the second <a href="/wiki/Lu%E2%80%93Wang_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Lu–Wang school">Lu–Wang school</a>, combined, form the true mainstream of neo-Confucianism instead of the Cheng–Zhu school. The mainstream represented a return to the teachings of <a href="/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius">Confucius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mencius" title="Mencius">Mengzi</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Doctrine_of_the_Mean" title="Doctrine of the Mean">Doctrine of the Mean</a> and the Commentaries of the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Changes" class="mw-redirect" title="Book of Changes">Book of Changes</a>. The Cheng–Zhu school was therefore only a minority branch based on the <a href="/wiki/Great_Learning" title="Great Learning">Great Learning</a> and mistakenly emphasized intellectual studies over the study of sagehood.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cheng–Zhu_school"><span id="Cheng.E2.80.93Zhu_school"></span>Cheng–Zhu school</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neo-Confucianism&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Cheng–Zhu school"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cheng%E2%80%93Zhu_school" title="Cheng–Zhu school">Cheng–Zhu school</a></div> <p>Zhu Xi's formulation of the neo-Confucian world view is as follows. He believed that the <a href="/wiki/Tao" title="Tao">Tao</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">道</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">dào</span></i>; <abbr title="Literal translation"><small>lit.</small></abbr> 'way') of <a href="/wiki/Tian" title="Tian">Tian</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">天</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">tiān</span></i>; <abbr title="Literal translation"><small>lit.</small></abbr> 'heaven') is expressed in principle or <i><a href="/wiki/Li_(Neo-Confucianism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Li (Neo-Confucianism)">li</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">理</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">lǐ</span></i>), but that it is sheathed in matter or <i><a href="/wiki/Qi" title="Qi">qi</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">氣</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">qì</span></i>). In this, his system is based on Buddhist systems of the time that divided things into principle (again, li), and function (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">事</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">shì</span></i>). In the neo-Confucian formulation, <i>li</i> in itself is pure and almost-perfect, but with the addition of <i>qi</i>, base emotions and conflicts arise. Human nature is originally good, the neo-Confucians argued (following <a href="/wiki/Mencius" title="Mencius">Mencius</a>), but not pure unless action is taken to purify it. The imperative is then to purify one's <i>li</i>. However, in contrast to Buddhists and Taoists, neo-Confucians did not believe in an external world unconnected with the world of matter. In addition, neo-Confucians in general rejected the idea of reincarnation and the associated idea of <a href="/wiki/Karma" title="Karma">karma</a>. </p><p>Different neo-Confucians had differing ideas for how to do so. Zhu Xi believed in <i>gewu</i> (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">格物</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">géwù</span></i>), the Investigation of Things, essentially an academic form of observational science, based on the idea that <i>li</i> lies within the world. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lu–Wang_school"><span id="Lu.E2.80.93Wang_school"></span>Lu–Wang school</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neo-Confucianism&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Lu–Wang school"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Lu%E2%80%93Wang_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Lu–Wang school">Lu–Wang school</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Wang_Yangming" title="Wang Yangming">Wang Yangming</a> (Wang Shouren), probably the second most influential neo-Confucian, came to another conclusion: namely, that if <i>li</i> is in all things, and <i>li</i> is in one's heart-mind, there is no better place to seek than within oneself. His preferred method of doing so was <i><a href="/wiki/Jingzuo" class="mw-redirect" title="Jingzuo">jingzuo</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">靜坐</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">jìngzuò</span></i>; <abbr title="Literal translation"><small>lit.</small></abbr> 'quiet sitting'), a practice that strongly resembles <a href="/wiki/Zen" title="Zen">Chan (Zen)</a> <a href="/wiki/Meditation" title="Meditation">meditation</a>, or <i><a href="/wiki/Zazen" title="Zazen">zuochan</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a>: <span lang="ja">座禅</span>; <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant">坐禪</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">zuòchán</span></i>; <abbr title="Literal translation"><small>lit.</small></abbr> 'seated meditation'). Wang Yangming developed the idea of <i>innate knowing</i>, arguing that every person knows from birth the difference between <a href="/wiki/Goodness_and_value_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Goodness and value theory">good</a> and <a href="/wiki/Evil" title="Evil">evil</a>. Such knowledge is <a href="/wiki/Intuition_(knowledge)" class="mw-redirect" title="Intuition (knowledge)">intuitive</a> and not <a href="/wiki/Rationality" title="Rationality">rational</a>. These revolutionizing ideas of Wang Yangming would later inspire prominent Japanese thinkers like <a href="/wiki/Motoori_Norinaga" title="Motoori Norinaga">Motoori Norinaga</a>, who argued that because of the <a href="/wiki/Shinto" title="Shinto">Shinto</a> deities, Japanese people alone had the intuitive ability to distinguish good and evil without complex rationalization. Wang Yangming's school of thought (<i>Ōyōmei-gaku</i> in Japanese) also provided, in part, an ideological basis for some samurai who sought to pursue action based on intuition rather than scholasticism. As such, it also provided an intellectual foundation for the radical political actions of low ranking samurai in the decades prior to the <a href="/wiki/Meiji_Restoration" title="Meiji Restoration">Meiji Restoration</a> (1868), in which the <a href="/wiki/Tokugawa_shogunate" title="Tokugawa shogunate">Tokugawa shogunate</a> (1600–1868) was overthrown. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_Korea">In Korea</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neo-Confucianism&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: In Korea"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Korean_Confucianism" title="Korean Confucianism">Korean Confucianism</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Political_factions_during_the_Joseon_dynasty" title="Political factions during the Joseon dynasty">Political factions during the Joseon dynasty</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cho_Kwang-jo_in_1750.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Cho_Kwang-jo_in_1750.jpg/220px-Cho_Kwang-jo_in_1750.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="298" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Cho_Kwang-jo_in_1750.jpg/330px-Cho_Kwang-jo_in_1750.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Cho_Kwang-jo_in_1750.jpg/440px-Cho_Kwang-jo_in_1750.jpg 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="746" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of Jo Gwang-jo</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border: 4px double #154E9D; border-spacing:0.2em 0;color: var(--color-base, #000);"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">This article is part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Conservatism_in_South_Korea" title="Category:Conservatism in South Korea">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#154E9D; padding-top:0.25em; font-size:160%; font-weight:normal; color:white; line-height:1em"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_South_Korea" title="Conservatism in South Korea"><span style="color: #FFF;">Conservatism<br />in South Korea</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_South_Korea.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Emblem_of_South_Korea.svg/90px-Emblem_of_South_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Emblem_of_South_Korea.svg/135px-Emblem_of_South_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Emblem_of_South_Korea.svg/180px-Emblem_of_South_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="352" data-file-height="354" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Schools</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarian_conservatism" title="Authoritarian conservatism">Authoritarian</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ilminism" title="Ilminism">Ilminism</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_corporatism" title="Conservative corporatism">Corporate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiscal_conservatism" title="Fiscal conservatism">Fiscal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_conservatism" title="National conservatism">National</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korean_nationalism#State-aligned_nationalism" title="Korean nationalism">State-aligned</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paternalistic_conservatism" title="Paternalistic conservatism">Paternalistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_populism#South_Korea" title="Right-wing populism">Populist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_conservatism" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious conservatism">Religious</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">Christian right</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism" title="Social conservatism">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_conservatism" title="Traditionalist conservatism">Traditional</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Hongik_Ingan" title="Hongik Ingan">Hongik Ingan</a></i></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#In_Korea">neo-Confucian</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Principles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism#South_Korea" title="Anti-communism">Anti-communism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Korean_sentiment#North_Korea–South_Korea" title="Anti-Korean sentiment">Anti-North sentiment</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_values" title="Asian values">Asian values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_interventionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic interventionism">Economic interventionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elitism" title="Elitism">Elitism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">Meritocracy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familialism" title="Familialism">Familialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_trade" title="Free trade">Free trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hierarchy" title="Hierarchy">Hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanophilia" title="Japanophilia">Japanophilia</a> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/New_Right_(South_Korea)" title="New Right (South Korea)">New Right</a>"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Japanese_sentiment_in_Korea" title="Anti-Japanese sentiment in Korea">Japanophobia</a> <ul><li>"Old Right"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_absolutism" title="Moral absolutism">Moral absolutism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pro-Americanism#South_Korea" title="Pro-Americanism">Pro-Americanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protectionism" title="Protectionism">Protectionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tradition" title="Tradition">Tradition</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Major_Rivers_Project" title="Four Major Rivers Project">Four Major Rivers Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a> <ul><li>Bukjin Tongil</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutual_Defense_Treaty_(United_States%E2%80%93South_Korea)" title="Mutual Defense Treaty (United States–South Korea)">Mutual Defense Treaty</a></li> <li>Republic <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Republic_of_Korea" title="First Republic of Korea">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Republic_of_Korea" title="Third Republic of Korea">Third</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Republic_of_Korea" title="Fourth Republic of Korea">Fourth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Republic_of_Korea" title="Fifth Republic of Korea">Fifth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_Restoration" title="October Restoration">October Restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Council_for_National_Reconstruction" title="Supreme Council for National Reconstruction">Supreme Council for National Reconstruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taegukgi_rallies" title="Taegukgi rallies">Taegukgi rallies</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Intellectuals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Choe_Nam-seon" title="Choe Nam-seon">Choe Nam-seon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Seong-su" title="Kim Seong-su">Kim Seong-su</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Reynolds_Myers" title="Brian Reynolds Myers">B. R. Myers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Park_Heong-joon" title="Park Heong-joon">Park Heong-joon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yi_Munyeol" title="Yi Munyeol">Yi Munyeol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoo_Seong-min" title="Yoo Seong-min">Yoo Seong-min</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chun_Doo-hwan" title="Chun Doo-hwan">Chun Doo-hwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chung_Mong-joon" title="Chung Mong-joon">Chung Mong-joon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choung_Byoung-gug" title="Choung Byoung-gug">Choung Byoung-gug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hwang_Kyo-ahn" title="Hwang Kyo-ahn">Hwang Kyo-ahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Du-han" title="Kim Du-han">Kim Du-han</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Beom-seok_(prime_minister)" title="Lee Beom-seok (prime minister)">Lee Beom-seok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Hoi-chang" title="Lee Hoi-chang">Lee Hoi-chang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Jun-seok" title="Lee Jun-seok">Lee Jun-seok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Myung-bak" title="Lee Myung-bak">Lee Myung-bak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Chong-in" title="Kim Chong-in">Kim Chong-in</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Gu" class="mw-redirect" title="Kim Gu">Kim Gu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Kyu-sik" title="Kim Kyu-sik">Kim Kyu-sik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Jin-pyo_(politician)" title="Kim Jin-pyo (politician)">Kim Jin-pyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Jong-pil" title="Kim Jong-pil">Kim Jong-pil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Kyu-sik" title="Kim Kyu-sik">Kim Kyu-sik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Moo-sung" title="Kim Moo-sung">Kim Moo-sung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Young-sam" title="Kim Young-sam">Kim Young-sam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Na_Kyung-won" title="Na Kyung-won">Na Kyung-won</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oh_Se-hoon" title="Oh Se-hoon">Oh Se-hoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Park_Chung_Hee" title="Park Chung Hee">Park Chung Hee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Park_Geun-hye" title="Park Geun-hye">Park Geun-hye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roh_Tae-woo" title="Roh Tae-woo">Roh Tae-woo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syngman_Rhee" title="Syngman Rhee">Syngman Rhee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suh_Chung-won" title="Suh Chung-won">Suh Chung-won</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoon_Suk_Yeol" title="Yoon Suk Yeol">Yoon Suk Yeol</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Activists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ha_Tae-keung" title="Ha Tae-keung">Ha Tae-keung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Park_Sang-hak" title="Park Sang-hak">Park Sang-hak</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Parties (mainstream)</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bareun_Party" title="Bareun Party">Bareun Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republican_Party_(South_Korea)" title="Democratic Republican Party (South Korea)">Democratic Republican Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Justice_Party" title="Democratic Justice Party">Democratic Justice Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_Korea_Party" title="Future Korea Party">Future Korea Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Korea_Party" title="New Korea Party">Democratic Liberal Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Korea_Party" title="Liberty Korea Party">Grand National Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korea_Nationalist_Party" title="Korea Nationalist Party">Korea Nationalist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(South_Korea)" title="Liberal Party (South Korea)">Liberal Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Korea_Party" title="Liberty Korea Party">Liberty Korea Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Association_(South_Korea)" title="National Association (South Korea)">National Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Conservative_Party_(South_Korea)" title="New Conservative Party (South Korea)">New Conservative Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Korea_Party" title="New Korea Party">New Korea Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Future_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Future Party">People's Future Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_Power_Party_(South_Korea)" title="People Power Party (South Korea)">People Power Party</a> (present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Korea_Party" title="Liberty Korea Party">Saenuri Party</a> (2012–2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_Power_Party_(South_Korea)" title="People Power Party (South Korea)">United Future Party</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Parties (minor)</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dawn_of_Liberty_Party" title="Dawn of Liberty Party">Dawn of Liberty Party</a> (present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Korea_21" title="Free Korea 21">Free Korea 21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korea_Democratic_Party" title="Korea Democratic Party">Korea Democratic Party</a> (<i>de facto</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korea_Independence_Party" title="Korea Independence Party">Korea Independence Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_National_Party" title="Korean National Party">Korean National Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_National_Youth_Association" title="Korean National Youth Association">National Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_National_Participation_Party" title="New National Participation Party">New National Participation Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Republican_Party_(2017)" title="Our Republican Party (2017)">Our Republican Party (2017)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Republican_Party_(2020)" title="Our Republican Party (2020)">Our Republican Party (2020)</a> (present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_First_Party_(South_Korea)" title="People First Party (South Korea)">People First Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_Party_(South_Korea,_2020)" title="People Party (South Korea, 2020)">People Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saenuri_Party_(2017)" title="Saenuri Party (2017)">Saenuri Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unification_National_Party" title="Unification National Party">Unification National Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Liberal_Democrats" title="United Liberal Democrats">United Liberal Democrats</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Media</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="font-style:italic"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Chosun_Ilbo" title="The Chosun Ilbo">Chosun Ilbo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/TV_Chosun" title="TV Chosun">TV Chosun</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Dong-a_Ilbo" class="mw-redirect" title="The Dong-a Ilbo">Dong-a Ilbo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Channel_A_(TV_channel)" title="Channel A (TV channel)">Channel A</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JoongAng_Ilbo" title="JoongAng Ilbo">JoongAng Ilbo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/JTBC" title="JTBC">JTBC</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Korea_Economic_Daily" title="The Korea Economic Daily">The Korea Economic Daily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kukmin_Ilbo" title="Kukmin Ilbo">Kukmin Ilbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maeil_Business_Newspaper" title="Maeil Business Newspaper">Maeil Business Newspaper</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maeil_Broadcasting_Network" title="Maeil Broadcasting Network">MBN</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munhwa_Ilbo" title="Munhwa Ilbo">Munhwa Ilbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segye_Ilbo" title="Segye Ilbo">Segye Ilbo</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Other organizations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><b>Active</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Free_Enterprise" title="Center for Free Enterprise">Center for Free Enterprise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Council_of_Korea" title="Christian Council of Korea">Christian Council of Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fighters_for_a_Free_North_Korea" title="Fighters for a Free North Korea">FFNK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Federation_of_Teachers%27_Associations" title="Korean Federation of Teachers' Associations">Korean Federation of Teachers' Associations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_for_North_Korean_Democracy_and_Human_Rights" title="Network for North Korean Democracy and Human Rights">NKnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unification_Church" title="Unification Church">Unification Church</a></li></ul> <p><b>Defunct</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hanahoe" title="Hanahoe">Hanahoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North-West_Youth_Association" title="North-West Youth Association">North-West Youth Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Shirts_Society" title="White Shirts Society">White Shirts Society</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Chinese_sentiment_in_Korea" title="Anti-Chinese sentiment in Korea">Anti-Chinese sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaebol" title="Chaebol">Chaebol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chojoongdong" title="Chojoongdong">Chojoongdong</a></li> <li>Controversy over National Foundation Day</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilbe_Storehouse" title="Ilbe Storehouse">Ilbe Storehouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Act_(South_Korea)" title="National Security Act (South Korea)">National Security Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_South_Korea" title="Liberalism in South Korea">Liberalism in South Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Liberalism_in_South_Korea" title="Template:Liberalism in South Korea">template</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_South_Korea" title="Politics of South Korea">Politics of South Korea</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="padding-bottom:0.22em; border-top:1px solid #AAA; border-bottom:1px solid #AAA"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/15px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/22px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/30px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Conservatism" title="Portal:Conservatism">Conservatism portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/16px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/24px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/32px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:South_Korea" title="Portal:South Korea">South Korea portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Conservatism_in_South_Korea" title="Template:Conservatism in South Korea"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Conservatism_in_South_Korea" title="Template talk:Conservatism in South Korea"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism_in_South_Korea" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism in South Korea"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Joseon_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseon dynasty">Joseon</a> Korea, neo-Confucianism was established as the state ideology. The <a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan</a> occupation of the Korean Peninsula introduced <a href="/wiki/Zhu_Xi" title="Zhu Xi">Zhu Xi</a>'s school of neo-Confucianism to Korea.<sup id="cite_ref-columbia_53-12_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-columbia_53-12-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMair2001chapter_53_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMair2001chapter_53-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Neo-Confucianism was introduced to Korea by <a href="/wiki/An_Hyang" title="An Hyang">An Hyang</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Goryeo_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Goryeo dynasty">Goryeo dynasty</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> At the time that he introduced neo-Confucianism, the Goryeo dynasty was in the last century of its existence and influenced by the Mongol <a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan dynasty</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Many Korean scholars visited China during the Yuan era and An was among them. In 1286, he read a book of <a href="/wiki/Zhu_Xi" title="Zhu Xi">Zhu Xi</a> in <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Yanjing</a> and was so moved by it that he transcribed the book in its entirety and came back to Korea with it. It greatly inspired Korean intellectuals at the time and many, predominantly from the middle class and disillusioned with the excesses of organized religion (namely Buddhism) and the old nobility, embraced neo-Confucianism. The newly rising neo-Confucian intellectuals were leading groups aimed at the overthrow of the old (and increasingly foreign-influenced) Goryeo dynasty. </p><p>After the fall of Goryeo and the establishment of the Joseon dynasty by <a href="/wiki/Yi_Song-gye" class="mw-redirect" title="Yi Song-gye">Yi Song-gye</a> in 1392, neo-Confucianism was installed as the state ideology. Buddhism, and organized religion in general, was considered poisonous to the neo-Confucian order. Buddhism was accordingly restricted and occasionally persecuted by Joseon. As neo-Confucianism encouraged education, a number of neo-Confucian schools (서원 <i><a href="/wiki/Seowon" title="Seowon">seowon</a></i> and 향교 <i>hyanggyo</i>) were founded throughout the country, producing many scholars including <a href="/wiki/Jo_Gwang-jo" title="Jo Gwang-jo">Jo Gwang-jo</a> (조광조, 趙光祖; 1482–1520), <a href="/wiki/Yi_Hwang" title="Yi Hwang">Yi Hwang</a> (이황, 李滉; pen name Toegye 퇴계, 退溪; 1501–1570) and <a href="/wiki/Yi_I" title="Yi I">Yi I</a> (이이, 李珥; 1536–1584). </p><p>In the early 16th century, Jo attempted to transform Joseon into an ideal neo-Confucian society with a series of radical reforms until he was executed in 1520. Despite this, neo-Confucianism soon assumed an even greater role in the Joseon dynasty. Soon neo-Confucian scholars, no longer content to only read and remember the Chinese original precepts, began to develop new neo-Confucian theories. <a href="/wiki/Yi_Hwang" title="Yi Hwang">Yi Hwang</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yi_I" title="Yi I">Yi I</a> were the most prominent of these new theorists. </p><p>Yi Hwang's most prominent disciples were Kim Seong-il (金誠一, 1538–1593), <a href="/wiki/Yu_S%C5%8Fngnyong" title="Yu Sŏngnyong">Yu Sŏngnyong</a> (1542–1607) and <a href="/wiki/Jeong_Gu" title="Jeong Gu">Jeong Gu</a> (한강 정구, 寒岡鄭逑, 1543–1620), known as the "three heroes". They were followed by a second generation of scholars who included <a href="/wiki/Jang_Hyungwang" class="mw-redirect" title="Jang Hyungwang">Jang Hyungwang</a> (張顯光, 1554–1637) and <a href="/wiki/Jang_Heunghyo" title="Jang Heunghyo">Jang Heunghyo</a> (敬堂張興孝, 1564–1633), and by a third generation (including <a href="/wiki/Heo_Mok" title="Heo Mok">Heo Mok</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yun_Hyu" title="Yun Hyu">Yun Hyu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yun_Seon-do" class="mw-redirect" title="Yun Seon-do">Yun Seon-do</a> and <a href="/wiki/Song_Si-yeol" class="mw-redirect" title="Song Si-yeol">Song Si-yeol</a>) who brought the school into the 18th century <sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>But neo-Confucianism became so dogmatic in a relatively rapid time that it prevented much needed socioeconomic development and change, and led to internal divisions and criticism of many new theories regardless of their popular appeal. For instance, <a href="/wiki/Wang_Yangming" title="Wang Yangming">Wang Yangming</a>'s theories, which were popular in the Chinese <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a>, were considered heresy and severely condemned by Korean neo-Confucianists. Furthermore, any annotations on Confucian canon different from Zhu Xi were excluded. Under Joseon, the newly emerging ruling class called <i><a href="/wiki/Sarim" title="Sarim">Sarim</a></i> (사림, 士林) also split into political factions according to their diversity of neo-Confucian views on politics. There were two large factions and many subfactions. </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasions_of_Korea_(1592%E2%80%931598)" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598)">Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598)</a>, many Korean neo-Confucian books and scholars were taken to Japan and influenced Japanese scholars such as <a href="/wiki/Fujiwara_Seika" title="Fujiwara Seika">Fujiwara Seika</a> and affected the development of Japanese neo-Confucianism. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_Japan">In Japan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neo-Confucianism&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: In Japan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Edo_Neo-Confucianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Edo Neo-Confucianism">Edo Neo-Confucianism</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Kansei_Edict" class="mw-redirect" title="Kansei Edict">Kansei Edict</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fujiwara_Seika" title="Fujiwara Seika">Fujiwara Seika</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hayashi_Razan" title="Hayashi Razan">Hayashi Razan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Toju_Nakae" class="mw-redirect" title="Toju Nakae">Toju Nakae</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_Vietnam">In Vietnam</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neo-Confucianism&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: In Vietnam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/V%C4%83n_Mi%E1%BA%BFu" class="mw-redirect" title="Văn Miếu">Văn Miếu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Literature,_Hanoi" title="Temple of Literature, Hanoi">Quốc Tử Giám</a>, <a href="/wiki/L%C3%AA_Th%C3%A1nh_T%C3%B4ng" title="Lê Thánh Tông">Lê Thánh Tông</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Minh_M%E1%BA%A1ng" title="Minh Mạng">Minh Mạng</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chu_Van_An.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Chu_Van_An.jpg/220px-Chu_Van_An.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="310" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Chu_Van_An.jpg/330px-Chu_Van_An.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Chu_Van_An.jpg/440px-Chu_Van_An.jpg 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="1380" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of Chu Văn An (1292–1370), prominently Vietnamese Confucianist teacher in 14th century.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1070, emperor <a href="/wiki/L%C3%BD_Th%C3%A1nh_T%C3%B4ng" title="Lý Thánh Tông">Lý Thánh Tông</a> opened first Confucius university in Hanoi named <i><a href="/wiki/V%C4%83n_Mi%E1%BA%BFu" class="mw-redirect" title="Văn Miếu">Văn Miếu</a></i>. The Lý, Trần court expanded the Confucianism influences in Vietnamese Mandarin through year examinations, continued the model of Tang dynasty until being annexed by the Ming invaders in 1407. In 1460, emperor <a href="/wiki/L%C3%AA_Th%C3%A1nh_T%C3%B4ng" title="Lê Thánh Tông">Lê Thánh Tông</a> of <a href="/wiki/L%C3%AA_dynasty" title="Lê dynasty">Lê dynasty</a> adopted Neo-Confucianism as Đại Việt's basic values. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bureaucratic_examinations">Bureaucratic examinations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neo-Confucianism&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Bureaucratic examinations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Neo-Confucianism became the interpretation of Confucianism whose mastery was necessary to pass the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_examination" title="Imperial examination">bureaucratic examinations</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming</a>, and continued in this way through the Qing dynasty until the end of the Imperial examination system in 1905. However, many scholars such as <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Elman" class="mw-redirect" title="Benjamin Elman">Benjamin Elman</a> have questioned the degree to which their role as the <a href="/wiki/Orthodoxy" title="Orthodoxy">orthodox</a> interpretation in <a href="/wiki/Imperial_examination" title="Imperial examination">state examinations</a> reflects the degree to which both the <a href="/wiki/Bureaucrats" class="mw-redirect" title="Bureaucrats">bureaucrats</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chinese_gentry" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese gentry">Chinese gentry</a> actually believed those interpretations, and point out that there were very active schools such as <a href="/wiki/Han_learning" title="Han learning">Han learning</a> which offered competing interpretations of Confucianism. </p><p>The competing school of Confucianism was called the <a href="/wiki/Kaozheng" title="Kaozheng">Evidential School</a> or <a href="/wiki/Han_Learning" class="mw-redirect" title="Han Learning">Han Learning</a> and argued that neo-Confucianism had caused the teachings of Confucianism to be hopelessly contaminated with Buddhist thinking. This school also criticized neo-Confucianism for being overly concerned with empty philosophical speculation that was unconnected with reality. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Confucian_canon">Confucian canon</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neo-Confucianism&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Confucian canon"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Confucian canon as it exists today was essentially compiled by <a href="/wiki/Zhu_Xi" title="Zhu Xi">Zhu Xi</a>. Zhu codified the canon of <a href="/wiki/Four_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Four Books">Four Books</a> (the <i><a href="/wiki/Great_Learning" title="Great Learning">Great Learning</a></i>, the <i><a href="/wiki/Doctrine_of_the_Mean" title="Doctrine of the Mean">Doctrine of the Mean</a></i>, the <i><a href="/wiki/Analects" title="Analects">Analects</a></i> of Confucius, and the <i><a href="/wiki/Mencius_(book)" title="Mencius (book)">Mencius</a></i>) which in the subsequent Ming and Qing dynasties were made the core of the official curriculum for the civil service examination. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="New_Confucianism">New Confucianism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neo-Confucianism&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: New Confucianism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 1920s, <a href="/wiki/New_Confucianism" title="New Confucianism">New Confucianism</a>, also known as modern neo-Confucianism, started developing and absorbed the <a href="/wiki/Western_learning" class="mw-redirect" title="Western learning">Western learning</a> to seek a way to modernize Chinese culture based on the traditional Confucianism. It centers on four topics: The modern transformation of Chinese culture; Humanistic spirit of Chinese culture; Religious connotation in Chinese culture; and Intuitive way of thinking, to go beyond the logic and to wipe out the concept of exclusion analysis. Adhering to the traditional Confucianism and the neo-confucianism, the modern neo-Confucianism contributes the nation's emerging from the predicament faced by the ancient Chinese traditional culture in the process of modernization; furthermore, it also promotes the world culture of industrial civilization rather than the traditional personal senses.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prominent_neo-Confucian_scholars">Prominent neo-Confucian scholars</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neo-Confucianism&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Prominent neo-Confucian scholars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="China">China</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neo-Confucianism&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: China"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cheng_Yi_(philosopher)" title="Cheng Yi (philosopher)">Cheng Yi</a> (1033–1107) and <a href="/wiki/Cheng_Hao" title="Cheng Hao">Cheng Hao</a> (1032–1085)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lu_Xiangshan" class="mw-redirect" title="Lu Xiangshan">Lu Xiangshan</a> also known as <a href="/wiki/Lu_Jiuyuan" title="Lu Jiuyuan">Lu Jiuyuan</a> (1139–1193)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ouyang_Xiu" title="Ouyang Xiu">Ouyang Xiu</a> (1007–1072)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shao_Yong" title="Shao Yong">Shao Yong</a> (1011–1077)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Su_Shi" title="Su Shi">Su Shi</a>, also known as <a href="/wiki/Su_Dongpo" class="mw-redirect" title="Su Dongpo">Su Dongpo</a> (1037–1101)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Yangming" title="Wang Yangming">Wang Yangming</a> also known as Wang Shouren</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu_Cheng_(philosopher)" title="Wu Cheng (philosopher)">Wu Cheng</a> (1249–1333)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ye_Shi" title="Ye Shi">Ye Shi</a> (1150–1223)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Shi_(scholar)" title="Zhang Shi (scholar)">Zhang Shi</a> (1133–1180)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Zai" title="Zhang Zai">Zhang Zai</a> (1020-1077)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhou_Dunyi" title="Zhou Dunyi">Zhou Dunyi</a> (1017–1073)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhu_Xi" title="Zhu Xi">Zhu Xi</a> (1130–1200)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheng_Duanli" title="Cheng Duanli">Cheng Duanli</a> (1271–1345)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Korea">Korea</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neo-Confucianism&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Korea"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Korean_Confucianism" title="Korean Confucianism">Korean Confucianism</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/An_Hyang" title="An Hyang">An Hyang</a> (1243–1306)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/U_T%27ak" title="U T'ak">U T'ak</a> (1263–1342)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yi_Saek" title="Yi Saek">Yi Saek</a> (1328–1396)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C5%8Fng_Mong-ju" title="Chŏng Mong-ju">Chŏng Mong-ju</a> (1337–1392)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C5%8Fng_To-j%C5%8Fn" class="mw-redirect" title="Chŏng To-jŏn">Chŏng To-jŏn</a> (1342–1398)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kil_Chae" title="Kil Chae">Kil Chae</a> (1353–1419)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ha_Ryun" title="Ha Ryun">Ha Ryun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kw%C5%8Fn_K%C5%ADn" title="Kwŏn Kŭn">Kwŏn Kŭn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C5%8Fng_Inji" title="Chŏng Inji">Chŏng Inji</a> (1396–1478)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kim_Suk-ja&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kim Suk-ja (page does not exist)">Kim Suk-ja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Chong-jik" title="Kim Chong-jik">Kim Chong-jik</a> (1431–1492)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nam_Hyo-on&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nam Hyo-on (page does not exist)">Nam Hyo-on</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kim_Goil-pil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kim Goil-pil (page does not exist)">Kim Goil-pil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo_Gwang-jo" title="Jo Gwang-jo">Jo Gwang-jo</a> (1482–1519)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seo_Gyeongdeok" class="mw-redirect" title="Seo Gyeongdeok">Seo Gyeongdeok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yi_Eon-jeok" class="mw-redirect" title="Yi Eon-jeok">Yi Eon-jeok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yi_Hwang" title="Yi Hwang">Yi Hwang</a> (Pen name <a href="/wiki/Toegye" class="mw-redirect" title="Toegye">Toegye</a>) (1501–1570)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo_Sik" title="Jo Sik">Jo Sik</a> (1501–1572)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yu_S%C5%8Fngnyong" title="Yu Sŏngnyong">Yu Sŏngnyong</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yi_Hang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yi Hang (page does not exist)">Yi Hang</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kim_Inhu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kim Inhu (page does not exist)">Kim Inhu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ki_Daeseung&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ki Daeseung (page does not exist)">Ki Daeseung</a> (1527–1572)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song_Ik-pil" class="mw-redirect" title="Song Ik-pil">Song Ik-pil</a> (1534–1599)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seong_Hon" title="Seong Hon">Seong Hon</a> (1535–1598)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yi_I" title="Yi I">Yi I</a> (Pen name <a href="/wiki/Yulgok" class="mw-redirect" title="Yulgok">Yulgok</a>) (1536–1584)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Jangsaeng" class="mw-redirect" title="Kim Jangsaeng">Kim Jangsaeng</a> (1548–1631)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song_Si-yeol" class="mw-redirect" title="Song Si-yeol">Song Si-yeol</a> (1607–1689)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yi_Gan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yi Gan (page does not exist)">Yi Gan</a> (1677–1727)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seongho_Yi_Ik" class="mw-redirect" title="Seongho Yi Ik">Yi Ik</a> (1681–1763)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Han_Wonjin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Han Wonjin (page does not exist)">Han Wonjin</a> (1682–1751)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Daeyong" class="mw-redirect" title="Hong Daeyong">Hong Daeyong</a> (1731–1783)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Park_Jiwon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Park Jiwon (page does not exist)">Park Jiwon</a> (1737–1805)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Park_Jega" class="mw-redirect" title="Park Jega">Park Jega</a> (1750–1815)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeong_Yak-yong" class="mw-redirect" title="Jeong Yak-yong">Jeong Yak-yong</a> (1762–1836)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Japan">Japan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neo-Confucianism&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Japan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Edo_Neo-Confucianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Edo Neo-Confucianism">Edo Neo-Confucianism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kansei_Edict" class="mw-redirect" title="Kansei Edict">Kansei Edict</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fujiwara_Seika" title="Fujiwara Seika">Fujiwara Seika</a> (1561–1619)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayashi_Razan" title="Hayashi Razan">Hayashi Razan</a> (1583–1657)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toju_Nakae" class="mw-redirect" title="Toju Nakae">Nakae Tōju</a> (1608–1648)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamazaki_Ansai" title="Yamazaki Ansai">Yamazaki Ansai</a> (1619–1682)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumazawa_Banzan" title="Kumazawa Banzan">Kumazawa Banzan</a> (1619–1691)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamaga_Sok%C5%8D" title="Yamaga Sokō">Yamaga Sokō</a> (1622–1685)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/It%C5%8D_Jinsai" title="Itō Jinsai">Itō Jinsai</a> (1627–1705)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaibara_Ekken" title="Kaibara Ekken">Kaibara Ekken</a> (also known as Ekiken) (1630–1714)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arai_Hakuseki" title="Arai Hakuseki">Arai Hakuseki</a> (1657–1725)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogy%C5%AB_Sorai" title="Ogyū Sorai">Ogyū Sorai</a> (1666–1728)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakai_Chikuzan" title="Nakai Chikuzan">Nakai Chikuzan</a> (1730–1804)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%8Cshio_Heihachir%C5%8D" title="Ōshio Heihachirō">Ōshio Heihachirō</a> (1793–1837)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vietnam">Vietnam</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neo-Confucianism&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Vietnam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AA_V%C4%83n_Th%E1%BB%8Bnh" title="Lê Văn Thịnh">Lê Văn Thịnh</a> (1050–1096)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=B%C3%B9i_Qu%E1%BB%91c_Kh%C3%A1i&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bùi Quốc Khái (page does not exist)">Bùi Quốc Khái</a> (1141–1234)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_Th%C3%A1i_T%C3%B4ng" title="Trần Thái Tông">Trần Thái Tông</a> (1218–1277)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tr%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_H%C3%A1n_Si%C3%AAu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trương Hán Siêu (page does not exist)">Trương Hán Siêu</a> (1274–1354)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chu_V%C4%83n_An" title="Chu Văn An">Chu Văn An</a> (1292–1370)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AA_Qu%C3%A1t" title="Lê Quát">Lê Quát</a> (1319–1386)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Tr%C3%A3i" title="Nguyễn Trãi">Nguyễn Trãi</a> (1380–1442)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ng%C3%B4_S%C4%A9_Li%C3%AAn" title="Ngô Sĩ Liên">Ngô Sĩ Liên</a> (1400–1498)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AA_Th%C3%A1nh_T%C3%B4ng" title="Lê Thánh Tông">Lê Thánh Tông</a> (1442–1497)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_B%E1%BB%89nh_Khi%C3%AAm" title="Nguyễn Bỉnh Khiêm">Nguyễn Bỉnh Khiêm</a> (1491–1585)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AA_Qu%C3%BD_%C4%90%C3%B4n" title="Lê Quý Đôn">Lê Quý Đôn</a> (1726–1784)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Khuy%E1%BA%BFn" title="Nguyễn Khuyến">Nguyễn Khuyến</a> (1835–1909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phan_%C4%90%C3%ACnh_Ph%C3%B9ng" title="Phan Đình Phùng">Phan Đình Phùng</a> (1847–1896)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minh_M%E1%BA%A1ng" title="Minh Mạng">Minh Mạng</a> (1791–1841)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%E1%BB%B1_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c" title="Tự Đức">Tự Đức</a> (1829–1883)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neo-Confucianism&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFTaylor2011" class="citation book cs1">Taylor, Jay (2011). <i>The Generalissimo: Chiang Kai-shek and the Struggle for Modern China</i>. Harvard University Press. p. 13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Generalissimo%3A+Chiang+Kai-shek+and+the+Struggle+for+Modern+China&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Jay&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeo-Confucianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlockerStarling2001" class="citation book cs1">Blocker, H. Gene; Starling, Christopher L. (2001). <i>Japanese Philosophy</i>. SUNY Press. p. 64.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Japanese+Philosophy&rft.pages=64&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Blocker&rft.aufirst=H.+Gene&rft.au=Starling%2C+Christopher+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeo-Confucianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-huang5-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-huang5_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-huang5_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-huang5_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHuang1999">Huang 1999</a>, p. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CSB-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CSB_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CSB_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChan1963">Chan 1963</a>, p. 460.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELevinsonChristensen2002302–307-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevinsonChristensen2002302–307_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLevinsonChristensen2002">Levinson & Christensen 2002</a>, pp. 302–307.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELevinsonChristensen2002305–307-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevinsonChristensen2002305–307_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLevinsonChristensen2002">Levinson & Christensen 2002</a>, pp. 305–307.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-craig-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-craig_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-craig_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCraig1998">Craig 1998</a>, p. 552.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chan-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-chan_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChan1946">Chan 1946</a>, p. 268</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter_K._Bol2020" class="citation book cs1">Peter K. Bol (2020). <i>Neo-Confucianism in History</i>. BRILL. pp. 79, 85, <span class="nowrap">100–</span>101, 128. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781684174805" title="Special:BookSources/9781684174805"><bdi>9781684174805</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Neo-Confucianism+in+History&rft.pages=79%2C+85%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E100-%3C%2Fspan%3E101%2C+128&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=9781684174805&rft.au=Peter+K.+Bol&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeo-Confucianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter_K._Bol2020" class="citation book cs1">Peter K. 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BRILL. pp. 7, <span class="nowrap">41–</span>42, 88, <span class="nowrap">141–</span>145. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781684174805" title="Special:BookSources/9781684174805"><bdi>9781684174805</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Neo-Confucianism+in+History&rft.pages=7%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E41-%3C%2Fspan%3E42%2C+88%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E141-%3C%2Fspan%3E145&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=9781684174805&rft.au=Peter+K.+Bol&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeo-Confucianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson1995" class="citation book cs1">Wilson, Thomas A. (1995). <i>Genealogy of the Way: The Construction and Uses of the Confucian Tradition in Late Imperial China</i>. Stanford, CA: Stanford Univ. Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">168–</span>169. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0804724258" title="Special:BookSources/978-0804724258"><bdi>978-0804724258</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Genealogy+of+the+Way%3A+The+Construction+and+Uses+of+the+Confucian+Tradition+in+Late+Imperial+China&rft.place=Stanford%2C+CA&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E168-%3C%2Fspan%3E169&rft.pub=Stanford+Univ.+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0804724258&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Thomas+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeo-Confucianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Bary198994–95-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Bary198994–95_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFde_Bary1989">de Bary 1989</a>, pp. 94–95.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYao2000" class="citation book cs1">Yao, Xinzhong (2000). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/introductiontoco00yaox_453"><i>An Introduction to Confucianism</i></a></span>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/introductiontoco00yaox_453/page/n278">259</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-64430-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-64430-3"><bdi>978-0-521-64430-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Confucianism&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=259&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-521-64430-3&rft.aulast=Yao&rft.aufirst=Xinzhong&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fintroductiontoco00yaox_453&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeo-Confucianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-columbia_53-12-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-columbia_53-12_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paragraph 12 in <a href="/wiki/Emanuel_Pastreich" title="Emanuel Pastreich">Emanuel Pastreich</a> "The Reception of Chinese Literature in Korea"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMair2001chapter_53-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMair2001chapter_53_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMair2001">Mair 2001</a>, chapter 53.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">【李甦平】 Lisu Ping, 论韩国儒学的特点和精神 "On the characteristics and spirit of Korean Confucianism", 《孔子研究》2008年1期 (<i>Confucius Studies</i> 2008.1). See also <a href="/wiki/List_of_Korean_philosophers" title="List of Korean philosophers">List of Korean philosophers</a>. </span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="General_sources">General sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neo-Confucianism&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: General sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChan1963" class="citation cs2">Chan, Wing-tsit (1963), <i>A Sourcebook of Chinese Philosophy</i>, Princeton: Princeton University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-07137-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-07137-4"><bdi>978-0-691-07137-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Sourcebook+of+Chinese+Philosophy&rft.place=Princeton&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1963&rft.isbn=978-0-691-07137-4&rft.aulast=Chan&rft.aufirst=Wing-tsit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeo-Confucianism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Chan, Wing-tsit, trans. <i>Instructions for Practical Living and Other Neo-Confucian Writings by Wang Yang-ming</i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University_Press" title="Columbia University Press">Columbia University Press</a>, 1963.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChan1946" class="citation book cs1">Chan, Wing-tsit (1946). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nIWV8RqaBnAC"><i>China</i></a>. Berkeley and Los Angeles: <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China&rft.place=Berkeley+and+Los+Angeles&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1946&rft.aulast=Chan&rft.aufirst=Wing-tsit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnIWV8RqaBnAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeo-Confucianism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCraig1998" class="citation book cs1">Craig, Edward (1998). <i>Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Volume 7</i>. Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-07310-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-07310-3"><bdi>978-0-415-07310-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Routledge+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy%2C+Volume+7&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-415-07310-3&rft.aulast=Craig&rft.aufirst=Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeo-Confucianism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Daehwan, Noh. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110614035130/http://www.ekoreajournal.net/upload/html/HTML43412.html">"The Eclectic Development of Neo-Confucianism and Statecraft from the 18th to the 19th Century"</a>. <i>Korea Journal</i> (Winter 2003).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_BaryChaffee1989" class="citation book cs1">de Bary, William Theodore; Chaffee, John W., eds. (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Gb0RcMQ-sOkC&q=john+dardess&pg=PA455"><i>Neo-confucian Education: The Formative Stage</i></a>. University of California Press. pp. 455–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-06393-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-06393-8"><bdi>978-0-520-06393-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Neo-confucian+Education%3A+The+Formative+Stage&rft.pages=455-&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-520-06393-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGb0RcMQ-sOkC%26q%3Djohn%2Bdardess%26pg%3DPA455&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeo-Confucianism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Bary2008" class="citation book cs1">de Bary, William Theodore; et al., eds. (2008). <i>Sources of East Asian Tradition</i>. New York: Columbia University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sources+of+East+Asian+Tradition&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeo-Confucianism" class="Z3988"></span> (Vol. 1 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-14305-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-14305-9">978-0-231-14305-9</a>) (Vol. 2 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-14323-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-14323-3">978-0-231-14323-3</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Bary1989" class="citation book cs1">de Bary, William Theodore (1989). <i>The Message of the Mind in Neo-Confucianism</i>. New York: Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0231068085" title="Special:BookSources/0231068085"><bdi>0231068085</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Message+of+the+Mind+in+Neo-Confucianism&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0231068085&rft.aulast=de+Bary&rft.aufirst=William+Theodore&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeo-Confucianism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Ebrey, Patricia Buckley. <i>Chinese Civilization: A Sourcebook</i>. New York: Free, 1993. Print.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenderson1998" class="citation book cs1">Henderson, John B. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FALN_kpyzEUC"><i>The Construction of Orthodoxy and Heresy: Neo-Confucian, Islamic, Jewish, and Early Christian Patterns</i></a>. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780791437599" title="Special:BookSources/9780791437599"><bdi>9780791437599</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Construction+of+Orthodoxy+and+Heresy%3A+Neo-Confucian%2C+Islamic%2C+Jewish%2C+and+Early+Christian+Patterns&rft.place=Albany%2C+NY&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9780791437599&rft.aulast=Henderson&rft.aufirst=John+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFALN_kpyzEUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeo-Confucianism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuang1999" class="citation book cs1">Huang, Siu-chi (1999). <i>Essentials of Neo-Confucianism: Eight Major Philosophers of the Song and Ming Periods</i>. Westport: <a href="/wiki/Greenwood_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Greenwood Press">Greenwood Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Essentials+of+Neo-Confucianism%3A+Eight+Major+Philosophers+of+the+Song+and+Ming+Periods&rft.place=Westport&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Huang&rft.aufirst=Siu-chi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeo-Confucianism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevinsonChristensen2002" class="citation book cs1">Levinson, David; Christensen, Karen, eds. (2002). <i>Encyclopedia of Modern Asia</i>. Vol. 4. <a href="/wiki/Charles_Scribner%27s_Sons" title="Charles Scribner's Sons">Charles Scribner's Sons</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">302–</span>307.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Modern+Asia&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E302-%3C%2Fspan%3E307&rft.pub=Charles+Scribner%27s+Sons&rft.date=2002&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeo-Confucianism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMair2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Victor_H._Mair" title="Victor H. Mair">Mair, Victor H.</a>, ed. (2001). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Columbia_History_of_Chinese_Literature" title="The Columbia History of Chinese Literature">The Columbia History of Chinese Literature</a></i>. New York: Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-231-10984-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-231-10984-9"><bdi>0-231-10984-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Columbia+History+of+Chinese+Literature&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-231-10984-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeo-Confucianism" class="Z3988"></span> (<a href="/wiki/Amazon_Kindle" title="Amazon Kindle">Amazon Kindle</a> edition).</li> <li>Tu Weiming. <i>Neo-Confucian Thought in Action: Wang Yang-ming’s Youth (1472–1509)</i>. Berkeley and Los Angeles: <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>, 1976.</li> <li>Tu Weiming. <i>Confucian Thought: Selfhood as Creative Transformation</i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/State_University_of_New_York_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="State University of New York Press">State University of New York Press</a>, 1985.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neo-Confucianism&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iep.utm.edu/neo-conf">"Neo-Confucian Philosophy"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Internet_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Neo-Confucian+Philosophy&rft.btitle=Internet+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iep.utm.edu%2Fneo-conf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeo-Confucianism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wdl.org/en/item/4682">Writings of the Orthodox School</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song dynasty</a> <span class="languageicon">(in English and Chinese)</span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output 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aria-labelledby="Chinese_philosophy88" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#f3c7b0;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Chinese_philosophy" title="Template:Chinese philosophy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Chinese_philosophy" title="Template talk:Chinese philosophy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Chinese_philosophy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Chinese philosophy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Chinese_philosophy88" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_philosophy" title="Chinese philosophy">Chinese philosophy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f3c7b0;;width:1%">Schools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculturalism" title="Agriculturalism">Agriculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_China" title="Buddhism in China">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Han_learning" title="Han learning">Han learning</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Neo-Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Confucianism" title="New Confucianism">New Confucianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huang%E2%80%93Lao" title="Huang–Lao">Huang–Lao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legalism_(Chinese_philosophy)" title="Legalism (Chinese philosophy)">Legalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohism" title="Mohism">Mohism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Marxist_Philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Marxist Philosophy">Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_of_Diplomacy" title="School of Diplomacy">School of Diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_of_Names" title="School of Names">School of Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_of_Naturalists" title="School of Naturalists">Naturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Taoist_philosophy" title="Taoist philosophy">Daoxue</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Xuanxue" title="Xuanxue">Xuanxue</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yangism" title="Yangism">Yangism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syncretism_(Chinese_philosophy)" title="Syncretism (Chinese philosophy)">Mixed School</a></li></ul> <i><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nine_Schools_of_Thought" title="Nine Schools of Thought">Nine Schools of Thought</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Schools_of_Thought" title="Hundred Schools of Thought">Hundred Schools of Thought</a></li></ul></div></i> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f3c7b0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_philosophers" title="List of Chinese philosophers">Philosophers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0d4d0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Zhou" title="Eastern Zhou">Eastern Zhou</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bu_Shang" title="Bu Shang">Bu Shang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chunyu_Kun" title="Chunyu Kun">Chunyu Kun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius">Confucius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deng_Xi" title="Deng Xi">Deng Xi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duanmu_Ci" title="Duanmu Ci">Duanmu Ci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaozi" title="Gaozi">Gaozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gongsun_Long" title="Gongsun Long">Gongsun Long</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guan_Zhong" title="Guan Zhong">Guan Zhong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_Fei" title="Han Fei">Han Fei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hui_Shi" title="Hui Shi">Hui Shi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laozi" title="Laozi">Laozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Kui_(legalist)" title="Li Kui (legalist)">Li Kui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Si" title="Li Si">Li Si</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lie_Yukou" title="Lie Yukou">Lie Yukou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mencius" title="Mencius">Mencius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozi" title="Mozi">Mozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shang_Yang" title="Shang Yang">Shang Yang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shen_Buhai" title="Shen Buhai">Shen Buhai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shen_Dao" title="Shen Dao">Shen Dao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Su_Qin" title="Su Qin">Su Qin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Tzu" title="Sun Tzu">Sun Tzu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu_Qi" title="Wu Qi">Wu Qi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ximen_Bao" title="Ximen Bao">Ximen Bao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xu_Xing_(philosopher)" title="Xu Xing (philosopher)">Xu Xing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xunzi_(philosopher)" title="Xunzi (philosopher)">Xunzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Zhu" title="Yang Zhu">Yang Zhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuan_Xian" title="Yuan Xian">Yuan Xian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Yi_(Warring_States_period)" title="Zhang Yi (Warring States period)">Zhang Yi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhuang_Zhou" title="Zhuang Zhou">Zhuang Zhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zichan" title="Zichan">Zichan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zisi" title="Zisi">Zisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zou_Yan" title="Zou Yan">Zou Yan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0d4d0;;width:1%"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qin_dynasty" title="Qin dynasty">Qin</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ban_Zhao" title="Ban Zhao">Ban Zhao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dong_Zhongshu" title="Dong Zhongshu">Dong Zhongshu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dongfang_Shuo" title="Dongfang Shuo">Dongfang Shuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dou_Wu" title="Dou Wu">Dou Wu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huan_Tan" title="Huan Tan">Huan Tan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jia_Yi" title="Jia Yi">Jia Yi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jia_Kui_(scholar)" title="Jia Kui (scholar)">Jia Kui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jing_Fang" title="Jing Fang">Jing Fang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kong_Anguo" title="Kong Anguo">Kong Anguo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_An" title="Liu An">Liu An</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lu_Jia_(Western_Han)" title="Lu Jia (Western Han)">Lu Jia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Xiang_(scholar)" title="Liu Xiang (scholar)">Liu Xiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Rong" title="Ma Rong">Ma Rong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Chong" title="Wang Chong">Wang Chong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Fu_(Han_dynasty)" title="Wang Fu (Han dynasty)">Wang Fu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xun_Yue" title="Xun Yue">Xun Yue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Xiong_(author)" title="Yang Xiong (author)">Yang Xiong</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0d4d0;;width:1%"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Three_Kingdoms" title="Three Kingdoms">Three Kingdoms</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(266%E2%80%93420)" title="Jin dynasty (266–420)">Jin</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Northern_and_Southern_dynasties" title="Northern and Southern dynasties">Northern and Southern</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bao_Jingyan" title="Bao Jingyan">Bao Jingyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fan_Zhen" title="Fan Zhen">Fan Zhen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fan_Ye_(historian)" title="Fan Ye (historian)">Fan Ye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ge_Hong" title="Ge Hong">Ge Hong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guo_Xiang" title="Guo Xiang">Guo Xiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fu_Xuan" title="Fu Xuan">Fu Xuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/He_Yan" title="He Yan">He Yan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huiyuan_(Buddhist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Huiyuan (Buddhist)">Huiyuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ji_Kang" title="Ji Kang">Ji Kang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sengzhao" title="Sengzhao">Sengzhao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Su_(Cao_Wei)" title="Wang Su (Cao Wei)">Wang Su</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Bi" title="Wang Bi">Wang Bi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiahou_Xuan" title="Xiahou Xuan">Xiahou Xuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xie_Daoyun" title="Xie Daoyun">Xie Daoyun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xun_Can" title="Xun Can">Xun Can</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yan_Zhitui" title="Yan Zhitui">Yan Zhitui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhi_Dun" title="Zhi Dun">Zhi Dun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0d4d0;;width:1%"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sui_dynasty" title="Sui dynasty">Sui</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fu_Yi" title="Fu Yi">Fu Yi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jizang" title="Jizang">Jizang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Tong_(philosopher)" title="Wang Tong (philosopher)">Wang Tong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Zhihe" title="Zhang Zhihe">Zhang Zhihe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_Yu" title="Han Yu">Han Yu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Ao_(philosopher)" title="Li Ao (philosopher)">Li Ao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Yuxi" title="Liu Yuxi">Liu Yuxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Zongyuan" title="Liu Zongyuan">Liu Zongyuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linji_Yixuan" title="Linji Yixuan">Linji Yixuan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0d4d0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Five_Dynasties_and_Ten_Kingdoms" class="mw-redirect" title="Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms">Five Dynasties</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Five_Dynasties_and_Ten_Kingdoms" class="mw-redirect" title="Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms">Ten Kingdoms</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cheng_Hao" title="Cheng Hao">Cheng Hao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheng_Yi_(philosopher)" title="Cheng Yi (philosopher)">Cheng Yi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fan_Zhongyan" title="Fan Zhongyan">Fan Zhongyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu_Hong" title="Hu Hong">Hu Hong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lu_Jiuyuan" title="Lu Jiuyuan">Lu Jiuyuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shao_Yong" title="Shao Yong">Shao Yong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shen_Kuo" title="Shen Kuo">Shen Kuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Su_Song" title="Su Song">Su Song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Anshi" title="Wang Anshi">Wang Anshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Chongyang" title="Wang Chongyang">Wang Chongyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Chuyi" title="Wang Chuyi">Wang Chuyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ye_Shi" title="Ye Shi">Ye Shi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Zai" title="Zhang Zai">Zhang Zai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhou_Dunyi" title="Zhou Dunyi">Zhou Dunyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhu_Xi" title="Zhu Xi">Zhu Xi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0d4d0;;width:1%"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Jiru" title="Chen Jiru">Chen Jiru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huang_Zongxi" title="Huang Zongxi">Huang Zongxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Zicheng" title="Hong Zicheng">Hong Zicheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiao_Hong" title="Jiao Hong">Jiao Hong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiao_Yu" title="Jiao Yu">Jiao Yu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lai_Zhide" title="Lai Zhide">Lai Zhide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Zhi_(philosopher)" title="Li Zhi (philosopher)">Li Zhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Bowen" title="Liu Bowen">Liu Bowen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Zongzhou" title="Liu Zongzhou">Liu Zongzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luo_Rufang_(Ming_dynasty)" class="mw-redirect" title="Luo Rufang (Ming dynasty)">Luo Rufang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qian_Dehong" title="Qian Dehong">Qian Dehong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Ji_(philosopher)" title="Wang Ji (philosopher)">Wang Ji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Gen" title="Wang Gen">Wang Gen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Yangming" title="Wang Yangming">Wang Yangming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu_Cheng_(philosopher)" title="Wu Cheng (philosopher)">Wu Cheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xu_Ai" title="Xu Ai">Xu Ai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhan_Ruoshui" title="Zhan Ruoshui">Zhan Ruoshui</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0d4d0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Hongmou" title="Chen Hongmou">Chen Hongmou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Menglei" title="Chen Menglei">Chen Menglei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dai_Zhen" title="Dai Zhen">Dai Zhen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fang_Bao" title="Fang Bao">Fang Bao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fang_Lanfen" title="Fang Lanfen">Fang Lanfen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fang_Quan" title="Fang Quan">Fang Quan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feng_Guifen" title="Feng Guifen">Feng Guifen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gong_Zizhen" title="Gong Zizhen">Gong Zizhen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gu_Yanwu" title="Gu Yanwu">Gu Yanwu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Liangji" title="Hong Liangji">Hong Liangji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ji_Yun" title="Ji Yun">Ji Yun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Qixi" title="Ma Qixi">Ma Qixi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lin_Zexu" title="Lin Zexu">Lin Zexu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Yiming" title="Liu Yiming">Liu Yiming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan_Pingge" title="Pan Pingge">Pan Pingge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tan_Sitong" title="Tan Sitong">Tan Sitong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tang_Zhen" title="Tang Zhen">Tang Zhen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Fuzhi" title="Wang Fuzhi">Wang Fuzhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wei_Yuan" title="Wei Yuan">Wei Yuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yan_Yuan_(Qing_dynasty)" title="Yan Yuan (Qing dynasty)">Yan Yuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yu_Yue" title="Yu Yue">Yu Yue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yu_Zhengxie" title="Yu Zhengxie">Yu Zhengxie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Xuecheng" title="Zhang Xuecheng">Zhang Xuecheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhuang_Cunyu" title="Zhuang Cunyu">Zhuang Cunyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeng_Guofan" title="Zeng Guofan">Zeng Guofan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0d4d0;;width:1%">20th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cai_Yuanpei" title="Cai Yuanpei">Cai Yuanpei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carsun_Chang" title="Carsun Chang">Carsun Chang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._C._Chang" title="P. C. Chang">P. C. Chang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Daqi" title="Chen Daqi">Chen Daqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Duxiu" title="Chen Duxiu">Chen Duxiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chung-ying_Cheng" title="Chung-ying Cheng">Chung-ying Cheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%27ien_Mu" title="Ch'ien Mu">Ch'ien Mu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chu_Anping" title="Chu Anping">Chu Anping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fang_Keli" title="Fang Keli">Fang Keli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feng_Youlan" title="Feng Youlan">Feng Youlan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gan_Yang" title="Gan Yang">Gan Yang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gu_Su" title="Gu Su">Gu Su</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gu_Zhun" title="Gu Zhun">Gu Zhun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/He_Guanghu" title="He Guanghu">He Guanghu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu_Qiaomu" title="Hu Qiaomu">Hu Qiaomu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu_Shih" title="Hu Shih">Hu Shih</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hua_Gang" title="Hua Gang">Hua Gang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ray_Huang" title="Ray Huang">Ray Huang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiang_Qing_(Confucian)" title="Jiang Qing (Confucian)">Jiang Qing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jin_Yuelin" title="Jin Yuelin">Jin Yuelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kang_Youwei" title="Kang Youwei">Kang Youwei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Shui-chuen" title="Lee Shui-chuen">Lee Shui-chuen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Shicen" title="Li Shicen">Li Shicen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Zehou" title="Li Zehou">Li Zehou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liang_Qichao" title="Liang Qichao">Liang Qichao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liang_Shuming" title="Liang Shuming">Liang Shuming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lin_Yutang" title="Lin Yutang">Lin Yutang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Xiaofeng_(academic)" title="Liu Xiaofeng (academic)">Liu Xiaofeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lu_Xun" title="Lu Xun">Lu Xun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mou_Zongsan" title="Mou Zongsan">Mou Zongsan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiu_Renzong" title="Qiu Renzong">Qiu Renzong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Yat-sen" title="Sun Yat-sen">Sun Yat-sen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tang_Chun-i" title="Tang Chun-i">Tang Chun-i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tang_Yijie" title="Tang Yijie">Tang Yijie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsang_Lap_Chuen" title="Tsang Lap Chuen">Tsang Lap Chuen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiong_Shili" title="Xiong Shili">Xiong Shili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xu_Fuguan" title="Xu Fuguan">Xu Fuguan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Changji" title="Yang Changji">Yang Changji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yin_Haiguang" title="Yin Haiguang">Yin Haiguang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yu_Dunkang" title="Yu Dunkang">Yu Dunkang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Dongsun" title="Zhang Dongsun">Zhang Dongsun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Shenfu" title="Zhang Shenfu">Zhang Shenfu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhou_Guoping" title="Zhou Guoping">Zhou Guoping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhou_Zuoren" title="Zhou Zuoren">Zhou Zuoren</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f3c7b0;;width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tao" title="Tao">Tao</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/De_(Chinese)" title="De (Chinese)">De</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fa_(philosophy)" title="Fa (philosophy)">Fa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mozi#Philosophy" title="Mozi">Jian'ai</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jing_(philosophy)" title="Jing (philosophy)">Jing</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jing_zuo" title="Jing zuo">Jing zuo</a></i></li> <li><i>Li</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Li_(Confucianism)" title="Li (Confucianism)">Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_(Neo-Confucianism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Li (Neo-Confucianism)">Neo-Confucianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ming_yun" title="Ming yun">Ming yun</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qi" title="Qi">Qi</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Qing_(philosophy)" title="Qing (philosophy)">Qing</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ren_(Confucianism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ren (Confucianism)">Ren</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_teachings" title="Three teachings">Three teachings</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shen_(Chinese_religion)" title="Shen (Chinese religion)">Shen</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Si_(philosophy)" title="Si (philosophy)">Si</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ti_(philosophy)" title="Ti (philosophy)">Ti</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tian" title="Tian">Tian</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandate_of_Heaven" title="Mandate of Heaven">Mandate of Heaven</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wu_wei" title="Wu wei">Wu wei</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filial_piety" title="Filial piety">Filial piety</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Xin_(heart-mind)" title="Xin (heart-mind)">Xin</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_(philosophy)#East_Asian_philosophies" title="Nature (philosophy)">Human nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-cultivation" title="Self-cultivation">Self-cultivation</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yi_(philosophy)" title="Yi (philosophy)">Yi</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yin_and_yang" title="Yin and yang">Yin and yang</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Essence-Function" class="mw-redirect" title="Essence-Function">Yong</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zhengming" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhengming">Zhengming</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ziran" title="Ziran">Ziran</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f3c7b0;;width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Logic_in_China" title="Logic in China">Logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_theology" title="Chinese theology">Theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaphysics#Classical_China" title="Metaphysics">Metaphysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy#Ancient_China" title="Political philosophy">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics" title="Ethics">Ethics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Role_ethics" title="Role ethics">Role ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_consequentialism" title="State consequentialism">State consequentialism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ink_wash_painting#Philosophy" title="Ink wash painting">Ink wash</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shan_shui#Concepts" title="Shan shui">Shan shui</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_philosophy" title="Social philosophy">Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistemology" title="Epistemology">Epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaphilosophy" title="Metaphilosophy">Metaphilosophy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legitimacy_of_Chinese_philosophy" title="Legitimacy of Chinese philosophy">Legitimacy</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Social_philosophy103" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Social_philosophy" title="Template:Social philosophy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Social_philosophy" title="Template talk:Social philosophy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Social_philosophy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Social philosophy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Social_philosophy103" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Social_philosophy" title="Social philosophy">Social philosophy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agency_(philosophy)" title="Agency (philosophy)">Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anomie" title="Anomie">Anomie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_(norm)" title="Convention (norm)">Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmopolitanism" title="Cosmopolitanism">Cosmopolitanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Customary_law" title="Customary law">Customs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_heritage" title="Cultural heritage">Cultural heritage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culturalism" title="Culturalism">Culturalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interculturalism" title="Interculturalism">Inter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monoculturalism" title="Monoculturalism">Mono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">Multi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">Culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Counterculture" title="Counterculture">Counter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familialism" title="Familialism">Familialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History" title="History">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honour" title="Honour">Honour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_nature" title="Human nature">Human nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identity_(social_science)" title="Identity (social science)">Identity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Identity_formation" title="Identity formation">Formation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideology" title="Ideology">Ideology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institution" title="Institution">Institutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invisible_hand" title="Invisible hand">Invisible hand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyalty" title="Loyalty">Loyalty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernity" title="Modernity">Modernity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morality" title="Morality">Morality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Public_morality" title="Public morality">Public</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mores" title="Mores">Mores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_character" title="National character">National character</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personhood" title="Personhood">Personhood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reification_(Marxism)" title="Reification (Marxism)">Reification</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Ressentiment" title="Ressentiment">Ressentiment</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rights" title="Rights">Rights</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Sittlichkeit" title="Sittlichkeit">Sittlichkeit</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_alienation" title="Social alienation">Social alienation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_norm" title="Social norm">Social norms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_order" title="Spontaneous order">Spontaneous order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stewardship" title="Stewardship">Stewardship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tradition" title="Tradition">Traditions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Value_(ethics_and_social_sciences)" class="mw-redirect" title="Value (ethics and social sciences)">Values</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Family_values" title="Family values">Family</a></li></ul></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Volksgeist" class="mw-redirect" title="Volksgeist">Volksgeist</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worldview" title="Worldview">Worldview</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Schools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Budapest_School" title="Budapest School">Budapest School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_social_teaching" title="Catholic social teaching">Catholic social teaching</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Distributism" title="Distributism">Distributism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism" title="Social conservatism">Social</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_School" title="Frankfurt School">Frankfurt School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personalism" title="Personalism">Personalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philosophers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ancient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius">Confucius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lactantius" title="Lactantius">Lactantius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laozi" title="Laozi">Laozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mencius" title="Mencius">Mencius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozi" title="Mozi">Mozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philo" title="Philo">Philo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thucydides" title="Thucydides">Thucydides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xunzi_(philosopher)" title="Xunzi (philosopher)">Xunzi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Medieval</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Farabi" title="Al-Farabi">Alpharabius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avempace" title="Avempace">Avempace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonardo_Bruni" title="Leonardo Bruni">Bruni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gelasius_I" title="Pope Gelasius I">Gelasius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun">Ibn Khaldun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photios_I_of_Constantinople" title="Photios I of Constantinople">Photios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemistos_Plethon" title="Gemistos Plethon">Plethon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Tufayl" title="Ibn Tufayl">Ibn Tufayl</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">Calvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erasmus" title="Erasmus">Erasmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Guicciardini" title="Francesco Guicciardini">Guicciardini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Luther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton">Milton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_de_Montaigne" title="Michel de Montaigne">Montaigne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_M%C3%BCntzer" title="Thomas Müntzer">Müntzer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">18th and 19th<br />centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Arnold" title="Matthew Arnold">Arnold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Bentham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Bonald" title="Louis de Bonald">Bonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Carlyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auguste_Comte" title="Auguste Comte">Comte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Condorcet" title="Marquis de Condorcet">Condorcet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Emerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Engels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottlieb_Fichte" title="Johann Gottlieb Fichte">Fichte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Fourier" title="Charles Fourier">Fourier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Hegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Adrien_Helv%C3%A9tius" title="Claude Adrien Helvétius">Helvétius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Herder" title="Johann Gottfried Herder">Herder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard">Kierkegaard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustave_Le_Bon" title="Gustave Le Bon">Le Bon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Guillaume_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_le_Play" title="Pierre Guillaume Frédéric le Play">Le Play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Nietzsche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Owen" title="Robert Owen">Owen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Renan" title="Ernest Renan">Renan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Rousseau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Royce" title="Josiah Royce">Royce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ruskin" title="John Ruskin">Ruskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer" title="Herbert Spencer">Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl" title="Germaine de Staël">de Staël</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Stirner" title="Max Stirner">Stirner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippolyte_Taine" title="Hippolyte Taine">Taine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Thoreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">Tocqueville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giambattista_Vico" title="Giambattista Vico">Vico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Vivekananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th and 21st<br />centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_W._Adorno" title="Theodor W. Adorno">Adorno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Agamben" title="Giorgio Agamben">Agamben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_Arendt" title="Hannah Arendt">Arendt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Aron" title="Raymond Aron">Aron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_Badiou" title="Alain Badiou">Badiou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Baudrillard" title="Jean Baudrillard">Baudrillard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zygmunt_Bauman" title="Zygmunt Bauman">Bauman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_de_Benoist" title="Alain de Benoist">Benoist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin">Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judith_Butler" title="Judith Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Camus" title="Albert Camus">Camus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simone_de_Beauvoir" title="Simone de Beauvoir">de Beauvoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Debord" title="Guy Debord">Debord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilles_Deleuze" title="Gilles Deleuze">Deleuze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey">Dewey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">Du Bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Durkheim" title="Émile Durkheim">Durkheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umberto_Eco" title="Umberto Eco">Eco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Evola" title="Julius Evola">Evola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Foucault" title="Michel Foucault">Foucault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Fromm" title="Erich Fromm">Fromm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Gehlen" title="Arnold Gehlen">Gehlen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Gentile" title="Giovanni Gentile">Gentile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci">Gramsci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Gu%C3%A9non" title="René Guénon">Guénon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas" title="Jürgen Habermas">Habermas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byung-Chul_Han" title="Byung-Chul Han">Han</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Heidegger" title="Martin Heidegger">Heidegger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Hermann_Hoppe" title="Hans-Hermann Hoppe">Hoppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luce_Irigaray" title="Luce Irigaray">Irigaray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Kirk" title="Russell Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leszek_Ko%C5%82akowski" title="Leszek Kołakowski">Kołakowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Kropotkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Land" title="Nick Land">Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Lasch" title="Christopher Lasch">Lasch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alasdair_MacIntyre" title="Alasdair MacIntyre">MacIntyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse">Marcuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Maritain" title="Jacques Maritain">Maritain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Negri" title="Antonio Negri">Negri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinhold_Niebuhr" title="Reinhold Niebuhr">Niebuhr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Nussbaum" title="Martha Nussbaum">Nussbaum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Oakeshott" title="Michael Oakeshott">Oakeshott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ortega_y_Gasset" title="José Ortega y Gasset">Ortega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilfredo_Pareto" title="Vilfredo Pareto">Pareto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Polanyi" title="Karl Polanyi">Polanyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnan" title="Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan">Radhakrishnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6pke" title="Wilhelm Röpke">Röpke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Santayana" title="George Santayana">Santayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Scruton" title="Roger Scruton">Scruton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Shariati" title="Ali Shariati">Shariati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Simmel" title="Georg Simmel">Simmel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._F._Skinner" title="B. F. Skinner">Skinner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werner_Sombart" title="Werner Sombart">Sombart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sowell" title="Thomas Sowell">Sowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Spengler" title="Oswald Spengler">Spengler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Taylor_(philosopher)" title="Charles Taylor (philosopher)">Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Voegelin" title="Eric Voegelin">Voegelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Walzer" title="Michael Walzer">Walzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Weber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simone_Weil" title="Simone Weil">Weil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Zinn" title="Howard Zinn">Zinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavoj_%C5%BDi%C5%BEek" title="Slavoj Žižek">Žižek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/De_Officiis" title="De Officiis">De Officiis</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(44 BC)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oration_on_the_Dignity_of_Man" title="Oration on the Dignity of Man">Oration on the Dignity of Man</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1486)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Vindication_of_Natural_Society" title="A Vindication of Natural Society">A Vindication of Natural Society</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1756)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_America" title="Democracy in America">Democracy in America</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1835–1840)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Civilization_and_Its_Discontents" title="Civilization and Its Discontents">Civilization and Its Discontents</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1930)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Work_of_Art_in_the_Age_of_Mechanical_Reproduction" title="The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction">The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1935)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Second_Sex" title="The Second Sex">The Second Sex</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1949)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/One-Dimensional_Man" title="One-Dimensional Man">One-Dimensional Man</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1964)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Society_of_the_Spectacle" title="The Society of the Spectacle">The Society of the Spectacle</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1967)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_History_of_Sexuality" title="The History of Sexuality">The History of Sexuality</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1976)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Culture_of_Narcissism" title="The Culture of Narcissism">The Culture of Narcissism</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1979)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Conflict_of_Visions" title="A Conflict of Visions">A Conflict of Visions</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1987)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Closing_of_the_American_Mind" title="The Closing of the American Mind">The Closing of the American Mind</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1987)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gender_Trouble" title="Gender Trouble">Gender Trouble</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1990)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Malaise_of_Modernity" title="The Malaise of Modernity">The Malaise of Modernity</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1991)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Intellectuals_and_Society" title="Intellectuals and Society">Intellectuals and Society</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2010)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agnotology" title="Agnotology">Agnotology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axiology" class="mw-redirect" title="Axiology">Axiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_theory" title="Critical theory">Critical theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_critic" title="Cultural critic">Cultural criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_pessimism" title="Cultural pessimism">Cultural pessimism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics" title="Ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historism" title="Historism">Historism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historicism" title="Historicism">Historicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanities" title="Humanities">Humanities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_culture" title="Philosophy of culture">Philosophy of culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_education" title="Philosophy of education">Philosophy of education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_history" title="Philosophy of history">Philosophy of history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">Political philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_criticism" title="Social criticism">Social criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_science" title="Social science">Social science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_theory" title="Social theory">Social theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">Sociology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Social_philosophy" title="Category:Social philosophy">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link 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