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<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en" class=" story nytapp-vi-article " xmlns:og="http://opengraphprotocol.org/schema/"> <head> <meta charset="utf-8" /> <title data-rh="true">Trump Announces ‘Reciprocal’ Tariffs Across the Globe - The New York Times</title> <meta data-rh="true" name="robots" content="noarchive, max-image-preview:large"/><meta data-rh="true" name="description" content="The president said his advisers would devise new tariff levels reflecting countries’ tariffs, taxes, subsidies and other policies affecting trade with the United States."/><meta data-rh="true" property="twitter:url" content="https://www.nytimes.com/2025/02/13/us/politics/trump-tariffs.html"/><meta data-rh="true" property="twitter:title" content="Trump Says He’ll Rework Global Trading Relations With ‘Reciprocal’ Tariffs"/><meta data-rh="true" property="twitter:description" content="The president said his advisers would devise new tariff levels reflecting countries’ tariffs, taxes, subsidies and other policies 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When we have confirmed access, the full article content will load.</div></div><div class="css-7hsod0"><h1 class="css-z0glk3 e1h9rw200" data-testid="headline">Trump Says He’ll Rework Global Trading Relations With ‘Reciprocal’ Tariffs</h1><p class="css-cb4rkw">The president said his advisers would devise new tariff levels reflecting countries’ tariffs, taxes, subsidies and other policies affecting trade with the United States.</p><div class="css-j3uhc5"><div role="toolbar" data-testid="share-tools" aria-label="Social Media Share buttons, Save button, and Comments Panel with current comment count" class="css-yomkvi"><div></div><div data-testid="share-tools-menu" class="css-ay9r0o"><ul data-testid="share-tools-list" class="css-1atjma0"><li class="css-atthsv"><div class="css-vxcmzt"><div class="css-79elbk"><button type="button" aria-label="" aria-expanded="false" class="css-1eeh360 actionbar-button" data-testid="gift-article-button"><span class="css-10d8k1f"><svg aria-hidden="true" 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599px) and (min-device-pixel-ratio: 3),(max-width: 599px) and (min-resolution: 3dppx),(max-width: 599px) and (min-resolution: 288dpi)" srcSet="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2025/02/08/multimedia/00dc-trade-hfo-pwjl/00dc-trade-hfo-pwjl-mobileMasterAt3x.jpg?quality=75&auto=webp&disable=upscale&width=1800"/><source media="(max-width: 599px) and (min-device-pixel-ratio: 2),(max-width: 599px) and (min-resolution: 2dppx),(max-width: 599px) and (min-resolution: 192dpi)" srcSet="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2025/02/08/multimedia/00dc-trade-hfo-pwjl/00dc-trade-hfo-pwjl-mobileMasterAt3x.jpg?quality=75&auto=webp&disable=upscale&width=1200"/><source media="(max-width: 599px) and (min-device-pixel-ratio: 1),(max-width: 599px) and (min-resolution: 1dppx),(max-width: 599px) and (min-resolution: 96dpi)" srcSet="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2025/02/08/multimedia/00dc-trade-hfo-pwjl/00dc-trade-hfo-pwjl-mobileMasterAt3x.jpg?quality=75&auto=webp&disable=upscale&width=600"/><img alt="A cargo ship piled high with containers nears a port." class="css-rq4mmj" src="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2025/02/08/multimedia/00dc-trade-hfo-pwjl/00dc-trade-hfo-pwjl-articleLarge.jpg?quality=75&auto=webp&disable=upscale" srcSet="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2025/02/08/multimedia/00dc-trade-hfo-pwjl/00dc-trade-hfo-pwjl-articleLarge.jpg?quality=75&auto=webp 600w,https://static01.nyt.com/images/2025/02/08/multimedia/00dc-trade-hfo-pwjl/00dc-trade-hfo-pwjl-jumbo.jpg?quality=75&auto=webp 1024w,https://static01.nyt.com/images/2025/02/08/multimedia/00dc-trade-hfo-pwjl/00dc-trade-hfo-pwjl-superJumbo.jpg?quality=75&auto=webp 2048w" sizes="((min-width: 600px) and (max-width: 1004px)) 84vw, (min-width: 1005px) 60vw, 100vw" decoding="async" width="600" height="400"/></picture></div><figcaption data-testid="photoviewer-children-ImageCaption" class="css-ktho12 e3rygrp0"><span class="css-jevhma e13ogyst0">President Trump’s decision to impose tariffs on goods from across the globe is likely to further roil relations with foreign governments.</span><span class="css-14fe1uy e1z0qqy90"><span class="css-1ly73wi e1tej78p0">Credit...</span><span><span aria-hidden="false">Adam Kuehl for The New York Times</span></span></span></figcaption></figure></div><div class="css-12em5ns"><div class="byline-container css-1u5onbp epjyd6m2"><div class="css-165eim7 ey68jwv0" aria-hidden="true"><a href="https://www.nytimes.com/by/ana-swanson" class="css-uwwqev"><img alt="Ana Swanson" title="Ana Swanson" src="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2018/12/10/multimedia/author-ana-swanson/author-ana-swanson-thumbLarge-v2.png" class="css-dc6zx6 ey68jwv2"/></a></div><div class="css-233int epjyd6m1"><p class="css-4anu6l e1jsehar1"><span class="byline-prefix">By </span><a href="https://www.nytimes.com/by/ana-swanson" class="last-byline css-ojhyzr e1jsehar0" itemProp="name">Ana Swanson</a></p><div class="css-gqryk5 epjyd6m0"><div id="enhanced-byline" class="css-8atqhb"><p class="css-1hyokyd e1wtpvyy0">Ana Swanson covers international trade and reported from Washington.</p></div></div></div></div><ul class="css-1cgskve epjyd6m4"><li class="css-ccw2r3 epjyd6m3"><time dateTime="2025-02-13T13:54:49-05:00" class="css-1gu861y e16638kd2"><span class="css-1sbuyqj e16638kd3">Feb. 13, 2025</span></time></li></ul></div><div class="css-j3uhc5"><div class="css-1h1tosb"><a class="css-3fkga7" href="https://cn.nytimes.com/usa/20250214/trump-tariffs/" data-version="zh-hans" title="Read in Simplified Chinese">阅读简体中文版</a><a class="css-3fkga7" href="https://cn.nytimes.com/usa/20250214/trump-tariffs/zh-hant/" data-version="zh-hant" title="Read in Traditional Chinese">閱讀繁體中文版</a></div></div></div><section name="articleBody" class="meteredContent css-1r7ky0e"><div class="css-s99gbd StoryBodyCompanionColumn" data-testid="companionColumn-0"><div class="css-53u6y8"><p class="css-at9mc1 evys1bk0">President Trump on Thursday set in motion a plan for new tariffs on other countries globally, an ambitious move that could shatter the rules of global trading and is likely to set off furious negotiations.</p><p class="css-at9mc1 evys1bk0">The president directed his advisers to come up with new tariff levels that take into account a range of trade barriers and other economic approaches adopted by America’s trading partners. That includes not only the tariffs that other countries charge the United States, but also the taxes they charge on foreign products, the subsidies they give their industries, their exchange rates, and other behaviors the president deems unfair.</p><p class="css-at9mc1 evys1bk0">The president has said the step was necessary to even out America’s “unfair” relationships and stop other countries from taking advantage of the United States on trade. But he made clear that his ultimate goal was to force companies to bring their manufacturing back to the United States.</p><p class="css-at9mc1 evys1bk0">“If you build your product in the United States, there are no tariffs,” he said during remarks in the Oval Office.</p></div><aside class="css-ew4tgv" aria-label="companion column"></aside></div><div data-testid="Dropzone-1"></div><div class="css-s99gbd StoryBodyCompanionColumn" data-testid="companionColumn-1"><div class="css-53u6y8"><p class="css-at9mc1 evys1bk0">Howard Lutnick, the president’s nominee for commerce secretary, said the measures could be ready as soon as April 2. He will oversee the plan along with Jamieson Greer, Mr. Trump’s pick for trade representative, if they both are confirmed to those posts, and other advisers.</p><p class="css-at9mc1 evys1bk0">The decision to rework the tariffs that America charges on imported goods would represent a dramatic overhaul of the global trading system. For decades, the United States has set its tariff levels through negotiations at international trade bodies like the World Trade Organization.</p></div><aside class="css-ew4tgv" aria-label="companion column"></aside></div><div data-testid="InteractiveBlock-3"><section data-testid="inline-interactive" id="tariffs-all-products-wia6w" data-id="100000009987557" data-source-id="100000009987557" class="interactive-content interactive-size-scoop css-kqcwdy"><header id="interactive-header" class="css-obecq5 interactive-header"><h2 id="interactive-headline" class="css-4hk76s interactive-headline">Import Taxes Around the World</h2><p data-testid="leadin" id="interactive-leadin" class="css-1qa9noj interactive-leadin">The average tariff rate the United States charges for imports is relatively low compared with that of most other countries. In general, wealthier countries tend to levy lower tariffs than poorer ones.</p></header><div class="css-17ih8de interactive-body" slug="tariffs-all-products-wia6w" data-sourceid="100000009987557" id="embed-id-100000009987557"> <script>window.registerInteractive && window.registerInteractive("100000009987557");</script>   <style media="screen,print"> #g-tariffs-all-products-box { max-width:600px; } #g-tariffs-all-products-box , #g-tariffs-all-products-box .g-artboard { margin:0 auto; } #g-tariffs-all-products-box p { margin:0; } #g-tariffs-all-products-box .g-aiAbs { position:absolute; } #g-tariffs-all-products-box .g-aiImg { position:absolute; top:0; display:block; width:100% !important; } #g-tariffs-all-products-box .g-aiSymbol { position: absolute; box-sizing: border-box; } #g-tariffs-all-products-box .g-aiPointText p { white-space: nowrap; } #g-tariffs-all-products-335 { position:relative; overflow:hidden; } #g-tariffs-all-products-335 p { font-family:nyt-franklin,arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-weight:regular; line-height:12px; height:auto; opacity:1; letter-spacing:0em; font-size:12px; text-align:left; color:rgb(51,51,51); top:1px; position:static; text-transform:none; padding-bottom:0; padding-top:0; mix-blend-mode:normal; font-style:normal; } #g-tariffs-all-products-335 .g-pstyle0 { font-weight:700; line-height:18px; height:18px; font-size:16px; text-align:center; color:rgb(0,0,0); top:1.3px; position:relative; } #g-tariffs-all-products-335 .g-pstyle1 { font-weight:500; line-height:17px; height:17px; font-size:14px; text-align:center; top:1.1px; position:relative; } #g-tariffs-all-products-335 .g-pstyle2 { font-weight:500; height:12px; text-align:center; position:relative; } #g-tariffs-all-products-600 { position:relative; overflow:hidden; } #g-tariffs-all-products-600 p { font-family:nyt-franklin,arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-weight:regular; line-height:15px; height:auto; opacity:1; letter-spacing:0em; font-size:14px; text-align:left; color:rgb(51,51,51); top:1.1px; position:static; text-transform:none; padding-bottom:0; padding-top:0; mix-blend-mode:normal; font-style:normal; } #g-tariffs-all-products-600 .g-pstyle0 { font-weight:700; line-height:18px; height:18px; font-size:16px; text-align:center; color:rgb(0,0,0); top:1.3px; position:relative; } #g-tariffs-all-products-600 .g-pstyle1 { font-weight:500; line-height:17px; height:17px; text-align:center; position:relative; } #g-tariffs-all-products-600 .g-pstyle2 { font-weight:500; height:15px; text-align:center; position:relative; } </style> <div id="g-tariffs-all-products-box" class="ai2html ai2html-responsive" role="img">  <div id="g-tariffs-all-products-335" class="g-artboard" style="max-width: 599px;max-height: 503px" data-aspect-ratio="1.19" data-min-width="0" data-max-width="599"> <div style="padding: 0 0 84.0463% 0;"></div> <img id="g-tariffs-all-products-335-img" class="g-tariffs-all-products-img g-aiImg" alt="" data-src="https://static01.nytimes.com/newsgraphics/2025-02-12-tariffs-all-products/c6273d2a-dfaa-4bec-bff5-1b59c24f41e6/_assets/tariffs-all-products-335.png" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhCgAKAIAAAB8fHwAAACH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAAKAAoAAAIIhI+py+0PYysAOw=="/> <div id="g-ai0-1" class="g-text g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" style="top:4.0005%;margin-top:-9.3px;left:49.9659%;margin-left:-130.5px;width:261px;"> <p class="g-pstyle0">Average tariff rate for all products</p> </div> <div id="g-ai0-2" class="g-text g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" style="top:15.1892%;margin-top:-8.8px;left:25.6882%;margin-left:-21px;width:42px;"> <p class="g-pstyle1">4%</p> </div> <div id="g-ai0-3" class="g-text g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" style="top:15.1892%;margin-top:-8.8px;left:43.2444%;margin-left:-21px;width:42px;"> <p class="g-pstyle1">8%</p> </div> <div id="g-ai0-4" class="g-text g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" style="top:15.1892%;margin-top:-8.8px;left:60.804%;margin-left:-25px;width:50px;"> <p class="g-pstyle1">16%</p> </div> <div id="g-ai0-5" class="g-text g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" style="top:15.1892%;margin-top:-8.8px;left:78.3603%;margin-left:-25px;width:50px;"> <p class="g-pstyle1">20%</p> </div> <div id="g-ai0-6" class="g-text_copy_3 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" style="top:32.4015%;margin-top:-12.2px;left:44.8292%;margin-left:-22px;width:44px;"> <p class="g-pstyle2">U.K.</p> <p class="g-pstyle2">4%</p> </div> <div id="g-ai0-7" class="g-text_copy_3 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" style="top:35.2429%;margin-top:-12.2px;left:8.7893%;margin-left:-30.5px;width:61px;"> <p class="g-pstyle2">Canada</p> <p class="g-pstyle2">4%</p> </div> <div id="g-ai0-8" class="g-text_copy_3 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" style="top:40.9256%;margin-top:-12.2px;left:95.1091%;margin-left:-26px;width:52px;"> <p class="g-pstyle2">Japan</p> <p class="g-pstyle2">4%</p> </div> <div id="g-ai0-9" class="g-text_copy_3 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" style="top:44.4773%;margin-top:-12.2px;left:8.7159%;margin-left:-37px;width:74px;"> <p class="g-pstyle2">United</p> <p class="g-pstyle2">States 3%</p> </div> <div id="g-ai0-10" class="g-text_copy_3 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" style="top:45.1876%;margin-top:-12.2px;left:31.7443%;margin-left:-36px;width:72px;"> <p class="g-pstyle2">European</p> <p class="g-pstyle2">Union 5%</p> </div> <div id="g-ai0-11" class="g-text_copy_3 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" style="top:45.5428%;margin-top:-12.2px;left:80.6624%;margin-left:-25.5px;width:51px;"> <p class="g-pstyle2">China</p> <p class="g-pstyle2">8%</p> </div> <div id="g-ai0-12" class="g-text_copy_3 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" style="top:50.8704%;margin-top:-12.2px;left:92.2708%;margin-left:-32.5px;width:65px;"> <p class="g-pstyle2">S. Korea</p> <p class="g-pstyle2">13%</p> </div> <div id="g-ai0-13" class="g-text_copy_3 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" style="top:56.1979%;margin-top:-12.2px;left:6.2366%;margin-left:-29.5px;width:59px;"> <p class="g-pstyle2">Mexico</p> <p class="g-pstyle2">7%</p> </div> <div id="g-ai0-14" class="g-text_copy_3 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" style="top:60.46%;margin-top:-12.2px;left:93.2%;margin-left:-32px;width:64px;"> <p class="g-pstyle2">Vietnam</p> <p class="g-pstyle2">9%</p> </div> <div id="g-ai0-15" class="g-text_copy_3 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" style="top:62.2358%;margin-top:-12.2px;left:70.7502%;margin-left:-23.5px;width:47px;"> <p class="g-pstyle2">India</p> <p class="g-pstyle2">17%</p> </div> <div id="g-ai0-16" class="g-text_copy_3 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" style="top:72.1806%;margin-top:-12.2px;left:26.3709%;margin-left:-25px;width:50px;"> <p class="g-pstyle2">Brazil</p> <p class="g-pstyle2">11%</p> </div> <div id="g-ai0-17" class="g-text_copy_3 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" style="top:79.284%;margin-top:-12.2px;left:96.1441%;margin-left:-22px;width:44px;"> <p class="g-pstyle2">Aus.</p> <p class="g-pstyle2">2%</p> </div> </div>  <div id="g-tariffs-all-products-600" class="g-artboard" style="min-width: 600px;" data-aspect-ratio="1.58" data-min-width="600"> <div style="padding: 0 0 63.2858% 0;"></div> <img id="g-tariffs-all-products-600-img" class="g-tariffs-all-products-img g-aiImg" alt="" data-src="https://static01.nytimes.com/newsgraphics/2025-02-12-tariffs-all-products/c6273d2a-dfaa-4bec-bff5-1b59c24f41e6/_assets/tariffs-all-products-600.png" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhCgAKAIAAAB8fHwAAACH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAAKAAoAAAIIhI+py+0PYysAOw=="/> <div id="g-ai1-1" class="g-text g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" style="top:2.9663%;margin-top:-9.3px;left:49.981%;margin-left:-130.5px;width:261px;"> <p class="g-pstyle0">Average tariff rate for all products</p> </div> <div id="g-ai1-2" class="g-text g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" style="top:11.2626%;margin-top:-8.8px;left:36.4259%;margin-left:-21px;width:42px;"> <p class="g-pstyle1">4%</p> </div> <div id="g-ai1-3" class="g-text g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" style="top:11.2626%;margin-top:-8.8px;left:46.2281%;margin-left:-21px;width:42px;"> <p class="g-pstyle1">8%</p> </div> <div id="g-ai1-4" class="g-text g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" style="top:11.2626%;margin-top:-8.8px;left:56.0322%;margin-left:-25px;width:50px;"> <p class="g-pstyle1">16%</p> </div> <div id="g-ai1-5" class="g-text g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" style="top:11.2626%;margin-top:-8.8px;left:65.8345%;margin-left:-25px;width:50px;"> <p class="g-pstyle1">20%</p> </div> <div id="g-ai1-6" class="g-text g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" style="top:26.4056%;margin-top:-15.3px;left:45.5484%;margin-left:-23.5px;width:47px;"> <p class="g-pstyle2">U.K.</p> <p class="g-pstyle2">4%</p> </div> <div id="g-ai1-7" class="g-text g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" style="top:28.7758%;margin-top:-15.3px;left:13.9329%;margin-left:-33.5px;width:67px;"> <p class="g-pstyle2">Canada</p> <p class="g-pstyle2">4%</p> </div> <div id="g-ai1-8" class="g-text g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" style="top:37.4665%;margin-top:-15.3px;left:35.787%;margin-left:-40px;width:80px;"> <p class="g-pstyle2">European</p> <p class="g-pstyle2">Union 5%</p> </div> <div id="g-ai1-9" class="g-text g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" style="top:39.8367%;margin-top:-15.3px;left:13.6266%;margin-left:-41.5px;width:83px;"> <p class="g-pstyle2">United</p> <p class="g-pstyle2">States 3%</p> </div> <div id="g-ai1-10" class="g-text g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" style="top:40.8901%;margin-top:-15.3px;left:93.8654%;margin-left:-28.5px;width:57px;"> <p class="g-pstyle2">Japan</p> <p class="g-pstyle2">4%</p> </div> <div id="g-ai1-11" class="g-text g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" style="top:42.4702%;margin-top:-15.3px;left:78.982%;margin-left:-28px;width:56px;"> <p class="g-pstyle2">China</p> <p class="g-pstyle2">8%</p> </div> <div id="g-ai1-12" class="g-text g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" style="top:47.474%;margin-top:-15.3px;left:87.2068%;margin-left:-36.5px;width:73px;"> <p class="g-pstyle2">S. Korea</p> <p class="g-pstyle2">13%</p> </div> <div id="g-ai1-13" class="g-text g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" style="top:53.2678%;margin-top:-15.3px;left:11.7381%;margin-left:-32.5px;width:65px;"> <p class="g-pstyle2">Mexico</p> <p class="g-pstyle2">7%</p> </div> <div id="g-ai1-14" class="g-text g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" style="top:58.2716%;margin-top:-15.3px;left:68.1567%;margin-left:-25.5px;width:51px;"> <p class="g-pstyle2">India</p> <p class="g-pstyle2">17%</p> </div> <div id="g-ai1-15" class="g-text g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" style="top:58.7983%;margin-top:-15.3px;left:83.3115%;margin-left:-35.5px;width:71px;"> <p class="g-pstyle2">Vietnam</p> <p class="g-pstyle2">9%</p> </div> <div id="g-ai1-16" class="g-text g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" style="top:72.2293%;margin-top:-15.3px;left:29.211%;margin-left:-27.5px;width:55px;"> <p class="g-pstyle2">Brazil</p> <p class="g-pstyle2">11%</p> </div> <div id="g-ai1-17" class="g-text g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" style="top:80.3934%;margin-top:-15.3px;left:90.3351%;margin-left:-37px;width:74px;"> <p class="g-pstyle2">Australia</p> <p class="g-pstyle2">2%</p> </div> </div> </div> <script type="text/javascript"> (function (containerId, opts) { var nameSpace = opts.namespace || ''; var containers = findContainers(containerId); containers.forEach(resize); function resize(container) { var onResize = throttle(update, 200); var waiting = !!window.IntersectionObserver; var observer; update(); document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', update); window.addEventListener('resize', onResize); // NYT Scoop-specific code if (opts.setup) { opts.setup(container).on('cleanup', cleanup); } function cleanup() { document.removeEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', update); window.removeEventListener('resize', onResize); if (observer) observer.disconnect(); } function update() { var artboards = selectChildren('.' + nameSpace + 'artboard[data-min-width]', container), width = Math.round(container.getBoundingClientRect().width); // Set artboard visibility based on container width artboards.forEach(function(el) { var minwidth = el.getAttribute('data-min-width'), maxwidth = el.getAttribute('data-max-width'); if (+minwidth <= width && (+maxwidth >= width || maxwidth === null)) { if (!waiting) { selectChildren('.' + nameSpace + 'aiImg', el).forEach(updateImgSrc); selectChildren('video', el).forEach(updateVideoSrc); } el.style.display = 'block'; } else { el.style.display = 'none'; } }); // Initialize lazy loading on first call if (waiting && !observer) { if (elementInView(container)) { waiting = false; update(); } else { observer = new IntersectionObserver(onIntersectionChange, {rootMargin: "800px"}); observer.observe(container); } } } function onIntersectionChange(entries) { // There may be multiple entries relating to the same container // (captured at different times) var isIntersecting = entries.reduce(function(memo, entry) { return memo || entry.isIntersecting; }, false); if (isIntersecting) { waiting = false; // update: don't remove -- we need the observer to trigger an update // when a hidden map becomes visible after user interaction // (e.g. when an accordion menu or tab opens) // observer.disconnect(); // observer = null; update(); } } } function findContainers(id) { // support duplicate ids on the page return selectChildren('.ai2html-responsive', document).filter(function(el) { if (el.getAttribute('id') != id) return false; if (el.classList.contains('ai2html-resizer')) return false; el.classList.add('ai2html-resizer'); return true; }); } // Replace blank placeholder image with actual image function updateImgSrc(img) { var src = img.getAttribute('data-src'); if (src && img.getAttribute('src') != src) { img.setAttribute('src', src); } } function updateVideoSrc(el) { var src = el.getAttribute('data-src'); if (src && !el.hasAttribute('src')) { el.setAttribute('src', src); } } function elementInView(el) { var bounds = el.getBoundingClientRect(); return bounds.top < window.innerHeight && bounds.bottom > 0; } function selectChildren(selector, parent) { return parent ? 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href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic01.nytimes.com\u002Fnewsgraphics\u002F2025-01-28-trump-100-days\u002F8b7e2ca2-79ec-4578-888c-294363ca2467\u002F_assets\u002F_app\u002Fimmutable\u002Fchunks\u002FB1l0sKhY.js\"\u003E\n\t\t\u003Clink rel=\"modulepreload\" href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic01.nytimes.com\u002Fnewsgraphics\u002F2025-01-28-trump-100-days\u002F8b7e2ca2-79ec-4578-888c-294363ca2467\u002F_assets\u002F_app\u002Fimmutable\u002Fchunks\u002FD_a3VK4p.js\"\u003E\n\u003C\u002Fhead\u003E\n\n\t\t\u003Cdiv\n\t\t\tid=\"g-2025-01-28-trump-100-days\"\n\t\t\tclass=\"birdkit-body g-2025-01-28-trump-100-days g-dark-mode-compatible\"\n\t\t\tdata-preview-slug=\"2025-01-28-trump-100-days\"\n\t\t\tdata-birdkit-hydrate=\"b1ed63286837e1da\"\n\t\t\u003E\t\n\t\t\t\n\t \u003Cfigure class=\"g-wrapper s-R-dD4RYwg09O g-needs-margin-block\" style=\"\"\u003E \u003Cdiv class=\"g-block g-block-margin s-dUbV-3JG2FNx g-margin-inline\" style=\"\"\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"g-block-width g-max-width-body s-dUbV-3JG2FNx\"\u003E \u003Cdiv class=\"container s-Vsx0YhizbHAW\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nytimes.com\u002Finteractive\u002F2025\u002Fus\u002Ftrump-agenda-2025.html\" class=\"leadin s-Vsx0YhizbHAW\"\u003ETracking Trump’s First 100 Days ›\u003C\u002Fa\u003E \u003Cdiv class=\"thread_header s-Vsx0YhizbHAW\"\u003EThe Trump administration’s previous actions on North American tariffs\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E \u003Cdiv class=\"thread s-Ttwn9hVIv4o3\"\u003E \u003Cdiv\u003E\u003Cul class=\"s-Ttwn9hVIv4o3\"\u003E \u003Cli class=\"s-Ttwn9hVIv4o3\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nytimes.com\u002F2025\u002F02\u002F03\u002Fworld\u002Famericas\u002Fcanada-tariffs-trump-deal.html\" class=\"s-Ttwn9hVIv4o3\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"date s-Ttwn9hVIv4o3\"\u003EFeb. 3\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E \u003Cspan class=\"hed s-Ttwn9hVIv4o3\"\u003EDelayed tariffs on Canada ›\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E \u003C\u002Fli\u003E \u003Cli class=\"s-Ttwn9hVIv4o3\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nytimes.com\u002F2025\u002F02\u002F03\u002Fbusiness\u002Fcanada-mexico-tariffs-trump.html\" class=\"s-Ttwn9hVIv4o3\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"date s-Ttwn9hVIv4o3\"\u003EFeb. 3\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E \u003Cspan class=\"hed s-Ttwn9hVIv4o3\"\u003EDelayed tariffs on Mexico ›\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E \u003C\u002Fli\u003E \u003Cli class=\"s-Ttwn9hVIv4o3\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nytimes.com\u002F2025\u002F02\u002F01\u002Fus\u002Fpolitics\u002Fcanada-mexico-china-trump-tariffs.html\" class=\"s-Ttwn9hVIv4o3\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"date s-Ttwn9hVIv4o3\"\u003EFeb. 1\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E \u003Cspan class=\"hed s-Ttwn9hVIv4o3\"\u003EOfficially announced tariffs on imports from Canada ›\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E \u003C\u002Fli\u003E \u003Cli class=\"s-Ttwn9hVIv4o3\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nytimes.com\u002F2025\u002F02\u002F01\u002Fus\u002Fpolitics\u002Fcanada-mexico-china-trump-tariffs.html\" class=\"s-Ttwn9hVIv4o3\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"date s-Ttwn9hVIv4o3\"\u003EFeb. 1\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E \u003Cspan class=\"hed s-Ttwn9hVIv4o3\"\u003EOfficially announced tariffs on imports from Mexico ›\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E \u003C\u002Fli\u003E \u003Cli class=\"s-Ttwn9hVIv4o3\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nytimes.com\u002F2025\u002F01\u002F20\u002Fus\u002Fpolitics\u002Ftrump-tariffs-executive-order.html\" class=\"s-Ttwn9hVIv4o3\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"date s-Ttwn9hVIv4o3\"\u003EJan. 21\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E \u003Cspan class=\"hed s-Ttwn9hVIv4o3\"\u003EPromised to impose tariffs on Canada and Mexico ›\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E \u003C\u002Fli\u003E\u003C\u002Ful\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E \u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E \u003Ca class=\"sentence s-Vsx0YhizbHAW\" 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Trump’s decision to impose tariffs on goods from across the globe is likely to further roil relations with foreign governments.","timesTags":[],"uri":"nyt:\u002F\u002Fimage\u002Fe0721c0a-ace4-548a-8e3d-38939dafa374","url":"\u002Fimagepages\u002F2025\u002F02\u002F13\u002Fmultimedia\u002F00dc-trade-hfo-pwjl.html"},"size":"MEDIUM"},"summary":{"__typename":"SummaryBlock","content":[{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":"The president said his advisers would devise new tariff levels reflecting countries’ tariffs, taxes, subsidies and other policies affecting trade with the United States."}],"textAlign":"LEFT"},"timestampBlock":{"__typename":"TimestampBlock","align":"LEFT","showUpdatedTimestamp":null,"timestamp":"2025-02-13T18:54:49.000Z"}},{"__typename":"ParagraphBlock","content":[{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":"President Trump on Thursday set in motion a plan for new tariffs on other countries globally, an ambitious move that could shatter the rules of global trading and is likely to set off furious negotiations."}],"textAlign":"LEFT"},{"__typename":"Dropzone","adsDesktop":false,"adsDesktopHoldout":false,"adsHybrid":false,"adsMobile":false,"adsMobileHoldout":false,"bad":false,"index":0},{"__typename":"ParagraphBlock","content":[{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":"The president directed his advisers to come up with new tariff levels that take into account a range of trade barriers and other economic approaches adopted by America’s trading partners. That includes not only the tariffs that other countries charge the United States, but also the taxes they charge on foreign products, the subsidies they give their industries, their exchange rates, and other behaviors the president deems unfair."}],"textAlign":"LEFT"},{"__typename":"Dropzone","adsDesktop":false,"adsDesktopHoldout":false,"adsHybrid":false,"adsMobile":false,"adsMobileHoldout":false,"bad":false,"index":1},{"__typename":"ParagraphBlock","content":[{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":"The president has said the step was necessary to even out America’s “unfair” relationships and stop other countries from taking advantage of the United States on trade. But he made clear that his ultimate goal was to force companies to bring their manufacturing back to the United States."}],"textAlign":"LEFT"},{"__typename":"Dropzone","adsDesktop":false,"adsDesktopHoldout":false,"adsHybrid":false,"adsMobile":false,"adsMobileHoldout":true,"bad":false,"index":2},{"__typename":"ParagraphBlock","content":[{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":"“If you build your product in the United States, there are no tariffs,” he said during remarks in the Oval Office."}],"textAlign":"LEFT"},{"__typename":"Dropzone","adsDesktop":true,"adsDesktopHoldout":true,"adsHybrid":true,"adsMobile":true,"adsMobileHoldout":false,"bad":false,"index":3},{"__typename":"ParagraphBlock","content":[{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":"Howard Lutnick, the president’s nominee for commerce secretary, said the measures could be ready as soon as April 2. He will oversee the plan along with Jamieson Greer, Mr. Trump’s pick for trade representative, if they both are confirmed to those posts, and other advisers."}],"textAlign":"LEFT"},{"__typename":"Dropzone","adsDesktop":false,"adsDesktopHoldout":false,"adsHybrid":false,"adsMobile":false,"adsMobileHoldout":false,"bad":false,"index":4},{"__typename":"ParagraphBlock","content":[{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":"The decision to rework the tariffs that America charges on imported goods would represent a dramatic overhaul of the global trading system. For decades, the United States has set its tariff levels through negotiations at international trade bodies like the World Trade Organization."}],"textAlign":"LEFT"},{"__typename":"Dropzone","adsDesktop":false,"adsDesktopHoldout":false,"adsHybrid":false,"adsMobile":false,"adsMobileHoldout":false,"bad":false,"index":5},{"__typename":"ParagraphBlock","content":[{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":"Setting new levies — likely to be higher than what the United States charges today — would effectively scrap that system in favor of one determined solely by U.S. officials and based on their own criteria."}],"textAlign":"LEFT"},{"__typename":"Dropzone","adsDesktop":false,"adsDesktopHoldout":false,"adsHybrid":false,"adsMobile":false,"adsMobileHoldout":true,"bad":false,"index":6},{"__typename":"ParagraphBlock","content":[{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":"Timothy Brightbill, a lawyer at Wiley Rein, said a move toward a reciprocity-based tariff system would be “a fundamental change to U.S. trade policy, and among the biggest in more than 75 years — since the creation of the current multilateral trading system,” in 1947."}],"textAlign":"LEFT"},{"__typename":"Dropzone","adsDesktop":false,"adsDesktopHoldout":false,"adsHybrid":true,"adsMobile":true,"adsMobileHoldout":false,"bad":false,"index":7},{"__typename":"ParagraphBlock","content":[{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":"Chad Bown, a senior fellow at the Peterson Institute for International Economics, said Mr. Trump’s tariffs would violate W.T.O. rules in two ways. Applying different tariff rates to different countries would violate a commitment by W.T.O. members not to discriminate against one another. And if the United States raises its tariff rates beyond the maximum rate it has negotiated with other members, that would break trading rules, too."}],"textAlign":"LEFT"},{"__typename":"Dropzone","adsDesktop":true,"adsDesktopHoldout":true,"adsHybrid":false,"adsMobile":false,"adsMobileHoldout":false,"bad":false,"index":8},{"__typename":"ParagraphBlock","content":[{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":"“A decision to unilaterally increase U.S. import tariffs, product by product, country by country, would be President Trump’s biggest blow yet to the rules-based trading system,” Mr. Bown said."}],"textAlign":"LEFT"},{"__typename":"Dropzone","adsDesktop":false,"adsDesktopHoldout":false,"adsHybrid":false,"adsMobile":false,"adsMobileHoldout":false,"bad":false,"index":9},{"__typename":"ParagraphBlock","content":[{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":"The action seems likely to kick off intense negotiations with governments whose economies depend on exports to the United States. It could also elicit trade wars on multiple fronts if other countries choose to increase their own tariffs in retaliation."}],"textAlign":"LEFT"},{"__typename":"Dropzone","adsDesktop":false,"adsDesktopHoldout":false,"adsHybrid":false,"adsMobile":false,"adsMobileHoldout":true,"bad":false,"index":10},{"__typename":"ParagraphBlock","content":[{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":"Business groups issued cautious statements, saying that they supported fairer trade, but urging the administration to end up lowering tariffs globally, rather than raising them. A White House official, who did not have permission to speak for attribution, said in a call with reporters on Thursday that other countries would be given the opportunity to negotiate on the levies they will face."}],"textAlign":"LEFT"},{"__typename":"Dropzone","adsDesktop":false,"adsDesktopHoldout":false,"adsHybrid":true,"adsMobile":true,"adsMobileHoldout":false,"bad":false,"index":11},{"__typename":"ParagraphBlock","content":[{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":"Nearly every country would be affected, but the move could have particularly significant consequences for India, Japan and the European Union."}],"textAlign":"LEFT"},{"__typename":"Dropzone","adsDesktop":false,"adsDesktopHoldout":false,"adsHybrid":false,"adsMobile":false,"adsMobileHoldout":false,"bad":false,"index":12},{"__typename":"ParagraphBlock","content":[{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":"Speaking at a joint news conference with Prime Minister Narendra Modi of India later on Thursday, Mr. Trump said that at the end of his first term, he “wasn’t really in the mood” to impose reciprocal tariffs."}],"textAlign":"LEFT"},{"__typename":"Dropzone","adsDesktop":false,"adsDesktopHoldout":true,"adsHybrid":false,"adsMobile":false,"adsMobileHoldout":false,"bad":false,"index":13},{"__typename":"ParagraphBlock","content":[{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":"“We felt that now it was finally time after 45 or 50 years of abuse,” Mr. Trump said. He added, “I had discussions with India in the first term about the fact that their tariffs were really high and I wasn’t able to get a concession.”"}],"textAlign":"LEFT"},{"__typename":"Dropzone","adsDesktop":false,"adsDesktopHoldout":false,"adsHybrid":false,"adsMobile":false,"adsMobileHoldout":true,"bad":false,"index":14},{"__typename":"ParagraphBlock","content":[{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":"Regarding Europe, Mr. Trump and his staff members have repeatedly pointed to the value-added tax as an additional injustice on top of tariffs. "}],"textAlign":"LEFT"},{"__typename":"Dropzone","adsDesktop":true,"adsDesktopHoldout":false,"adsHybrid":true,"adsMobile":true,"adsMobileHoldout":false,"bad":false,"index":15},{"__typename":"ParagraphBlock","content":[{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":"Peter Navarro, the president’s senior counselor for trade, called the European Union’s VAT the “poster child” for unfair trade toward American business, saying that such treatment had allowed Germany to export to the United States many times the number of cars that it bought from it."}],"textAlign":"LEFT"},{"__typename":"Dropzone","adsDesktop":false,"adsDesktopHoldout":false,"adsHybrid":false,"adsMobile":false,"adsMobileHoldout":false,"bad":false,"index":16},{"__typename":"ParagraphBlock","content":[{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":"“President Trump is no longer willing to tolerate that,” Mr. Navarro said. “The Trump fair and reciprocal plan will put a swift end to such exploitation of American workers.”"}],"textAlign":"LEFT"},{"__typename":"Dropzone","adsDesktop":false,"adsDesktopHoldout":false,"adsHybrid":false,"adsMobile":false,"adsMobileHoldout":false,"bad":false,"index":17},{"__typename":"ParagraphBlock","content":[{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":"The "},{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[{"__typename":"LinkFormat","title":"","uri":null,"url":"https:\u002F\u002Ftaxation-customs.ec.europa.eu\u002Ftaxation\u002Fvat_en#:~:text=Value%20Added%20Tax%20(VAT)%20is,resource%20for%20the%20EU%20budget."}],"text":"European Union requires"},{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":" a standard value-added tax rate on most goods and services, and while the rates vary by country, they average about 22 percent "},{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[{"__typename":"LinkFormat","title":"","uri":null,"url":"https:\u002F\u002Ftaxfoundation.org\u002Fdata\u002Fall\u002Feu\u002Fvalue-added-tax-2024-vat-rates-europe\u002F"}],"text":"across European nations"},{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":". The tax is applied at each stage in a supply chain, and the cost is usually borne by the end consumer."}],"textAlign":"LEFT"},{"__typename":"Dropzone","adsDesktop":false,"adsDesktopHoldout":true,"adsHybrid":false,"adsMobile":false,"adsMobileHoldout":true,"bad":false,"index":18},{"__typename":"ParagraphBlock","content":[{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":"The United States "},{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[{"__typename":"LinkFormat","title":"","uri":null,"url":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.oecd.org\u002Fen\u002Fpublications\u002Fconsumption-tax-trends-2022_6525a942-en\u002Ffull-report\u002Fcomponent-8.html#chapter-d1e53447"}],"text":"is an outlier among advanced economies"},{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":" in not levying a value-added tax on products like cars."}],"textAlign":"LEFT"},{"__typename":"Dropzone","adsDesktop":false,"adsDesktopHoldout":false,"adsHybrid":true,"adsMobile":true,"adsMobileHoldout":false,"bad":false,"index":19},{"__typename":"ParagraphBlock","content":[{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":"Mr. Trump’s proposal represents a significant reversal in a decades-long push in trade policy toward lowering international barriers. While past presidents have often negotiated with foreign countries over tariffs, those agreements have typically led to lower levies, not higher ones."}],"textAlign":"LEFT"},{"__typename":"Dropzone","adsDesktop":false,"adsDesktopHoldout":false,"adsHybrid":false,"adsMobile":false,"adsMobileHoldout":false,"bad":false,"index":20},{"__typename":"ParagraphBlock","content":[{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":"Mr. Trump did acknowledge that his reciprocal tariff plan could result in prices going up. That’s because consumers tend to pay higher prices when goods are taxed at a higher rate. But in his Oval Office remarks earlier on Thursday, the president said that any increase would be short-lived and that his plan would result in more jobs. “Prices could go up somewhat short term, but prices will also go down.”"}],"textAlign":"LEFT"},{"__typename":"Dropzone","adsDesktop":false,"adsDesktopHoldout":false,"adsHybrid":false,"adsMobile":false,"adsMobileHoldout":false,"bad":false,"index":21},{"__typename":"ParagraphBlock","content":[{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":"In the long term, he said, it’s going to “make our country a fortune.”"}],"textAlign":"LEFT"},{"__typename":"ParagraphBlock","content":[{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":"The reciprocal tariff plan is the latest move by Mr. Trump to punish allies and adversaries alike with an extraordinary array of trade actions.The United States imposed "},{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[{"__typename":"LinkFormat","title":"","uri":null,"url":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nytimes.com\u002F2025\u002F02\u002F04\u002Fbusiness\u002Feconomy\u002Ftrump-tariffs-china.html"}],"text":"an additional 10 percent tariff"},{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":" on all products from China last week, and came within hours of putting "},{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[{"__typename":"LinkFormat","title":"","uri":null,"url":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nytimes.com\u002F2025\u002F02\u002F01\u002Fus\u002Fpolitics\u002Fcanada-mexico-china-trump-tariffs.html"}],"text":"sweeping tariffs"},{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":" on Canada and Mexico that would have brought U.S. tariff rates "},{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[{"__typename":"LinkFormat","title":"","uri":null,"url":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.piie.com\u002Fblogs\u002Frealtime-economics\u002F2025\u002Fhistoric-significance-trumps-tariff-actions"}],"text":"to a level not seen since the 1940s"},{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":"."}],"textAlign":"LEFT"},{"__typename":"Dropzone","adsDesktop":true,"adsDesktopHoldout":false,"adsHybrid":false,"adsMobile":false,"adsMobileHoldout":true,"bad":false,"index":22},{"__typename":"ParagraphBlock","content":[{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":"The president had criticized Canada and Mexico over drug and migrant crossings into the United States, but agreed to put off the tariffs for 30 days after the countries "},{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[{"__typename":"LinkFormat","title":"","uri":null,"url":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nytimes.com\u002F2025\u002F02\u002F04\u002Fworld\u002Fcanada\u002Fmexico-canada-trump-tariff-deals.html"}],"text":"offered him some concessions"},{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":"."}],"textAlign":"LEFT"},{"__typename":"Dropzone","adsDesktop":false,"adsDesktopHoldout":true,"adsHybrid":false,"adsMobile":true,"adsMobileHoldout":false,"bad":false,"index":23},{"__typename":"ParagraphBlock","content":[{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":"On Monday, the president signed a proclamation imposing 25 percent tariffs on all foreign steel and aluminum. Mr. Trump said his advisers would also meet over the next four weeks to discuss measures on cars, pharmaceuticals, chips and other goods."}],"textAlign":"LEFT"},{"__typename":"Dropzone","adsDesktop":false,"adsDesktopHoldout":false,"adsHybrid":false,"adsMobile":false,"adsMobileHoldout":false,"bad":false,"index":24},{"__typename":"ParagraphBlock","content":[{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":"Reciprocal tariffs will likely broaden Mr. Trump’s trade fight to even more countries. It remains to be seen whether the president uses the strategy to drastically raise U.S. barriers to imports, or as a lever to extract concessions from countries that end up opening foreign markets."}],"textAlign":"LEFT"},{"__typename":"Dropzone","adsDesktop":false,"adsDesktopHoldout":false,"adsHybrid":false,"adsMobile":false,"adsMobileHoldout":false,"bad":false,"index":25},{"__typename":"ParagraphBlock","content":[{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":"The White House said the president could draw on several legal authorities to issue the tariffs, including Section 232, which relates to national security; Section 301, which relates to unfair trading; and the International Emergency Economic Powers Act."}],"textAlign":"LEFT"},{"__typename":"Dropzone","adsDesktop":false,"adsDesktopHoldout":false,"adsHybrid":false,"adsMobile":false,"adsMobileHoldout":true,"bad":false,"index":26},{"__typename":"ParagraphBlock","content":[{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":"The official said that Mr. Trump was not ruling out a further “universal” tariff later to reduce the U.S. trade deficit, but that for now the president had chosen to pursue reciprocal treatment."}],"textAlign":"LEFT"},{"__typename":"Dropzone","adsDesktop":false,"adsDesktopHoldout":false,"adsHybrid":false,"adsMobile":true,"adsMobileHoldout":false,"bad":false,"index":27},{"__typename":"ParagraphBlock","content":[{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":"Mr. Trump floated proposals in his first term and his 2024 campaign for making trade more reciprocal by matching the tariff rates that countries impose on American products."}],"textAlign":"LEFT"},{"__typename":"Dropzone","adsDesktop":true,"adsDesktopHoldout":true,"adsHybrid":false,"adsMobile":false,"adsMobileHoldout":false,"bad":false,"index":28},{"__typename":"ParagraphBlock","content":[{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":"He has often pointed to America’s lower tariff rate as evidence the country is being taken advantage of. The United States has an average tariff rate of around 3 percent, lower than other countries, but still roughly in line with those of Canada, Britain, Japan and the European Union. Globally, wealthy countries tend to have lower tariff rates, while poorer countries have negotiated higher ones, to protect their less developed industries and subsistence farmers."}],"textAlign":"LEFT"},{"__typename":"Dropzone","adsDesktop":false,"adsDesktopHoldout":false,"adsHybrid":false,"adsMobile":false,"adsMobileHoldout":false,"bad":true,"index":29},{"__typename":"InteractiveBlock","media":{"__typename":"EmbeddedInteractive","advertisingProperties":{"__typename":"CreativeWorkAdvertisingProperties","sensitivity":"SHOW_ADS"},"appName":"Runway","bylines":[],"compatibility":"INLINE","credit":"By Karl Russell","dataSource":"Source: World Trade Organization","displayProperties":{"__typename":"CreativeWorkDisplayProperties","displayForPromotionOnly":false,"displayOverrides":[],"maxWidth":600,"maximumWidth":600,"minWidth":280,"minimumWidth":280},"headline":{"__typename":"CreativeWorkHeadline","default":"Import Taxes Around the World"},"html":"\u003Cscript type=\"text\u002Fplain\" 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In general, wealthier countries tend to levy lower tariffs than poorer ones.","note":"Notes: Data is the average tariff each country levies with the “most favorable nation” principle, which requires World Trade Organization members to treat all other members equally, unless they have a free trade agreement. Data is the most recent year available, in most cases 2023 or 2022.","promotionalMedia":null,"slug":"tariffs-all-products-wia6w","sourceId":"100000009987557","storyFormat":null,"uri":"nyt:\u002F\u002Fembeddedinteractive\u002F8e9fcd20-7cae-53c9-b9b6-0140cde3995a"}},{"__typename":"Dropzone","adsDesktop":false,"adsDesktopHoldout":false,"adsHybrid":false,"adsMobile":false,"adsMobileHoldout":false,"bad":true,"index":30},{"__typename":"ParagraphBlock","content":[{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":"But Mr. Trump has criticized other countries for charging higher tariffs on certain American products than the United States charges them. For example, he has pointed to the 10 percent tariff that the European Union charges on American cars, versus a 2.5 percent tariff for cars sold in the other direction."}],"textAlign":"LEFT"},{"__typename":"Dropzone","adsDesktop":false,"adsDesktopHoldout":false,"adsHybrid":false,"adsMobile":true,"adsMobileHoldout":true,"bad":false,"index":31},{"__typename":"ParagraphBlock","content":[{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":"The United States has set its tariff rates for imports lower than that of some trading partners, because for decades U.S. officials were convinced of the benefits of freer trade. They believed lower tariffs would allow the United States to import cheap products for U.S. consumers and raw materials for its factories, fueling the American economy."}],"textAlign":"LEFT"},{"__typename":"Dropzone","adsDesktop":false,"adsDesktopHoldout":false,"adsHybrid":false,"adsMobile":false,"adsMobileHoldout":false,"bad":false,"index":32},{"__typename":"ParagraphBlock","content":[{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":"Pat Toomey, a former Republican senator from Pennsylvania and a noted free trader, said the president’s plan would mean the United States was simply taxing its own consumers more, lowering their standard of living, and making American manufacturers less competitive."}],"textAlign":"LEFT"},{"__typename":"Dropzone","adsDesktop":false,"adsDesktopHoldout":true,"adsHybrid":false,"adsMobile":false,"adsMobileHoldout":false,"bad":false,"index":33},{"__typename":"ParagraphBlock","content":[{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":"“The logic of reciprocal tariffs is, if another country punishes its consumers, we have to punish ours,” he said."}],"textAlign":"LEFT"},{"__typename":"Dropzone","adsDesktop":false,"adsDesktopHoldout":false,"adsHybrid":false,"adsMobile":false,"adsMobileHoldout":true,"bad":false,"index":34},{"__typename":"ParagraphBlock","content":[{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":"Mr. Trump’s views differ. He argues that equaling out American tariff rates is essential to restoring U.S. manufacturing, and that higher tariffs will reduce the trade deficit. "},{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[{"__typename":"LinkFormat","title":"","uri":null,"url":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nytimes.com\u002F2025\u002F02\u002F05\u002Fus\u002Fpolitics\u002Ftrump-us-trade-deficit.html"}],"text":"Some economists disagree"},{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":", arguing that movements in currency could offset any effects on the trade deficit."}],"textAlign":"LEFT"},{"__typename":"Dropzone","adsDesktop":false,"adsDesktopHoldout":false,"adsHybrid":false,"adsMobile":true,"adsMobileHoldout":false,"bad":false,"index":35},{"__typename":"ParagraphBlock","content":[{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":"Economists and historians also say that the varying tariffs that countries put on one another’s products are not evidence of discrimination. Rather, they reflect the priorities that each government had when it agreed to maximum tariff rates in negotiations with other members of the World Trade Organization."}],"textAlign":"LEFT"},{"__typename":"Dropzone","adsDesktop":true,"adsDesktopHoldout":false,"adsHybrid":false,"adsMobile":false,"adsMobileHoldout":false,"bad":false,"index":36},{"__typename":"ParagraphBlock","content":[{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":"Those negotiations gave governments the opportunity to fight for higher tariff rates on industries they wanted to protect, and accept lower tariff rates on products they were more likely to import."}],"textAlign":"LEFT"},{"__typename":"Dropzone","adsDesktop":false,"adsDesktopHoldout":false,"adsHybrid":false,"adsMobile":false,"adsMobileHoldout":false,"bad":false,"index":37},{"__typename":"ParagraphBlock","content":[{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":"In the United States, for example, officials negotiated higher tariffs on wool sweaters and footwear to protect American producers at the time, said Inu Manak, a trade expert at the Council on Foreign Relations."}],"textAlign":"LEFT"},{"__typename":"Dropzone","adsDesktop":false,"adsDesktopHoldout":true,"adsHybrid":false,"adsMobile":false,"adsMobileHoldout":true,"bad":false,"index":38},{"__typename":"ParagraphBlock","content":[{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":"Other countries protect their industries, too, she said, but want to keep tariffs low “so that their consumers and manufacturers have access to a broad selection of items at the most competitive price.”"}],"textAlign":"LEFT"},{"__typename":"Dropzone","adsDesktop":false,"adsDesktopHoldout":false,"adsHybrid":false,"adsMobile":true,"adsMobileHoldout":false,"bad":false,"index":39},{"__typename":"ParagraphBlock","content":[{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":"Douglas Irwin, a professor of economics at Dartmouth College, said that countries had come out of World War II with wildly different tariff codes. When trade negotiations began in 1947, countries cut tariffs piecemeal. In the 1960s, many countries agreed to lower all tariffs, but there was no effort to equalize them on specific products."}],"textAlign":"LEFT"},{"__typename":"Dropzone","adsDesktop":false,"adsDesktopHoldout":false,"adsHybrid":false,"adsMobile":false,"adsMobileHoldout":false,"bad":false,"index":40},{"__typename":"ParagraphBlock","content":[{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":"“Reciprocity in this case was ‘let’s all cut by about the same amount’ not ‘let’s equalize our tariffs on a product by product basis,’ which seems to be what the Trump view of reciprocity should be,” he said."}],"textAlign":"LEFT"},{"__typename":"Dropzone","adsDesktop":false,"adsDesktopHoldout":false,"adsHybrid":false,"adsMobile":false,"adsMobileHoldout":false,"bad":false,"index":41},{"__typename":"ParagraphBlock","content":[{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":"If these tariffs violate W.T.O. rules, other members of the W.T.O. could challenge them. But the panel at the W.T.O. in charge of resolving such disputes was "},{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[{"__typename":"LinkFormat","title":"","uri":null,"url":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nytimes.com\u002F2019\u002F12\u002F08\u002Fbusiness\u002Ftrump-trade-war-wto.html"}],"text":"effectively neutered"},{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":" in the first Trump administration when the United States refused to appoint any more members to it. The Biden administration continued that policy."}],"textAlign":"LEFT"},{"__typename":"DetailBlock","content":[{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":"Jeanna Smialek"},{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":" and "},{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":"Zolan Kanno-Youngs"},{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":" contributed reporting."}],"textAlign":"LEFT"}]},"storyFormat":"Article","storylines":[{"__typename":"AssociatedStoryline","ruleName":"styln-trump-tariffs","storyline":{"__typename":"Storyline","context":null,"displayName":"Trump 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