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class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Second World War </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_World_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Quiet_Revolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Quiet_Revolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Quiet Revolution </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Quiet_Revolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Career" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Career"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Career </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_political_career_(1965–1967)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_political_career_(1965–1967)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Early political career (1965–1967) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_political_career_(1965–1967)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Minister_of_Justice_and_Attorney_General_(1967–1968)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Minister_of_Justice_and_Attorney_General_(1967–1968)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Minister of Justice and Attorney General (1967–1968) </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Minister_of_Justice_and_Attorney_General_(1967–1968)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Minister of Justice and Attorney General (1967–1968) subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Minister_of_Justice_and_Attorney_General_(1967–1968)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Liberal_leadership_convention_(1968)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Liberal_leadership_convention_(1968)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Liberal leadership convention (1968) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Liberal_leadership_convention_(1968)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prime_Minister_(1968–1979)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prime_Minister_(1968–1979)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Prime Minister (1968–1979) </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Prime_Minister_(1968–1979)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Prime Minister (1968–1979) subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Prime_Minister_(1968–1979)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Swearing-in_and_subsequent_election" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Swearing-in_and_subsequent_election"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Swearing-in and subsequent election </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Swearing-in_and_subsequent_election-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Social policy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bilingualism_and_multiculturalism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bilingualism_and_multiculturalism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2.1 Bilingualism and multiculturalism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bilingualism_and_multiculturalism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Immigration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Immigration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2.2 Immigration </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Immigration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indigenous_issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indigenous_issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2.3 Indigenous issues </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indigenous_issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death_penalty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death_penalty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2.4 Death penalty </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death_penalty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Quebec" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Quebec"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3 Quebec </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Quebec-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-October_Crisis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#October_Crisis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3.1 October Crisis </div> </a> <ul id="toc-October_Crisis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Quebec_provincial_affairs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Quebec_provincial_affairs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3.2 Quebec provincial affairs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Quebec_provincial_affairs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economic_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.4 Economic policy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Deficit_spending" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deficit_spending"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.4.1 Deficit spending </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Deficit_spending-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_programs_and_spending" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_programs_and_spending"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.4.2 Social programs and spending </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_programs_and_spending-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Taxation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taxation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.4.3 Taxation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Taxation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inflation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inflation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.4.4 Inflation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inflation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Energy_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Energy_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.4.5 Energy policy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Energy_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_affairs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_affairs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.5 Foreign affairs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_affairs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-NATO" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#NATO"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.5.1 NATO </div> </a> <ul id="toc-NATO-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.5.2 United States </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom_and_France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom_and_France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.5.3 United Kingdom and France </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom_and_France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.5.4 Germany </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.5.5 China </div> </a> <ul id="toc-China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trudeau_and_Castro" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trudeau_and_Castro"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.5.6 Trudeau and Castro </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trudeau_and_Castro-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Re-elections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Re-elections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.6 Re-elections </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Re-elections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1972_election" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1972_election"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.6.1 1972 election </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1972_election-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1974_election" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1974_election"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.6.2 1974 election </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1974_election-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Defeat_in_1979" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Defeat_in_1979"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.7 Defeat in 1979 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Defeat_in_1979-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Opposition_(1979–1980)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opposition_(1979–1980)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Opposition (1979–1980) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Opposition_(1979–1980)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prime_Minister_(1980–1984)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prime_Minister_(1980–1984)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Prime Minister (1980–1984) </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Prime_Minister_(1980–1984)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Prime Minister (1980–1984) subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Prime_Minister_(1980–1984)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1980_Quebec_referendum" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1980_Quebec_referendum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1 1980 Quebec referendum </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1980_Quebec_referendum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy_and_oil" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy_and_oil"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.2 Economy and oil </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy_and_oil-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Patriation_of_the_constitution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Patriation_of_the_constitution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.3 Patriation of the constitution </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Patriation_of_the_constitution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Resignation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Resignation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.4 Resignation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Resignation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-After_politics_(1984–2000)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#After_politics_(1984–2000)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 After politics (1984–2000) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-After_politics_(1984–2000)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Death </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Personal life </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Personal life subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Religious_beliefs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_beliefs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14.1 Religious beliefs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religious_beliefs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marriage_and_children" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marriage_and_children"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14.2 Marriage and children </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marriage_and_children-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Intellectual_contributions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Intellectual_contributions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 Intellectual contributions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Intellectual_contributions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 Legacy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Legacy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bilingualism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bilingualism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16.1 Bilingualism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bilingualism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Constitutional_legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Constitutional_legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16.2 Constitutional legacy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Constitutional_legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy_in_western_Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy_in_western_Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16.3 Legacy in western Canada </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy_in_western_Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy_in_Quebec" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy_in_Quebec"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16.4 Legacy in Quebec </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy_in_Quebec-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17 In popular culture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Supreme_Court_appointments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Supreme_Court_appointments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 18 Supreme Court appointments </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Supreme_Court_appointments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Honours" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honours"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 19 Honours </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Honours-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Honours subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Honours-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Honorary_degrees" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honorary_degrees"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 19.1 Honorary degrees </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Honorary_degrees-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Honorific_eponyms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honorific_eponyms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 19.2 Honorific eponyms </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Honorific_eponyms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Order_of_Canada_citation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Order_of_Canada_citation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 19.3 Order of Canada citation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Order_of_Canada_citation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Major_biographies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Major_biographies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 20 Major biographies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Major_biographies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_film" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_film"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 21 In film </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_film-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Writings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Writings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 22 Writings </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Writings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electoral_record" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electoral_record"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 23 Electoral record </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electoral_record-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 24 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 25 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 26 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 26.1 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 26.2 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 26.3 Books </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-News_media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#News_media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 26.4 News media </div> </a> <ul id="toc-News_media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_online_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_online_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 26.5 Other online sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_online_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 27 Further reading </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Further reading subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Editorial_cartoons_and_humour" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Editorial_cartoons_and_humour"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 27.1 Editorial cartoons and humour </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Editorial_cartoons_and_humour-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Archives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Archives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 27.2 Archives </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Archives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Archival_videos_of_Trudeau" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Archival_videos_of_Trudeau"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 27.3 Archival videos of Trudeau </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Archival_videos_of_Trudeau-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 28 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Pierre Trudeau</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 80 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-80" aria-hidden="true" > 80 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Trudeau" title="Pierre Trudeau – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Pierre Trudeau" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%88" title="بيير ترودو – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بيير ترودو" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Trudeau" title="Pierre Trudeau – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Pierre Trudeau" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Trudeau" title="Pierre Trudeau – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Pierre Trudeau" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aymar aru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyer_Tr%C3%BCdo" title="Pyer Trüdo – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Pyer Trüdo" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A1%E0%A7%8B" title="পিয়ের ট্রুডো – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পিয়ের ট্রুডো" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%E2%80%99%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%AD%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%91%D1%82_%D0%A2%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BE" title="П’ер Эліёт Трудо – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="П’ер Эліёт Трудо" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%E2%80%99%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%A2%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BE" title="П’ер Трудо – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="П’ер Трудо" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Trudeau" title="Pierre Trudeau – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Pierre Trudeau" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8A%D1%82_%D0%A2%D1%80%D1%8E%D0%B4%D0%BE" title="Пиер Елиът Трюдо – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Пиер Елиът Трюдо" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Trudeau" title="Pierre Trudeau – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Pierre Trudeau" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Elliott_Trudeau" title="Pierre Elliott Trudeau – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Pierre Elliott Trudeau" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Elliott_Trudeau" title="Pierre Elliott Trudeau – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Pierre Elliott Trudeau" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Trudeau" title="Pierre Trudeau – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Pierre Trudeau" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Trudeau" title="Pierre Trudeau – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Pierre Trudeau" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Trudeau" title="Pierre Trudeau – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Pierre Trudeau" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Trudeau" title="Pierre Trudeau – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Pierre Trudeau" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Trudeau" title="Pierre Trudeau – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Pierre Trudeau" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%B9%CE%AD%CF%81_%CE%88%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%84_%CE%A4%CF%81%CF%85%CE%BD%CF%84%CF%8E" title="Πιέρ Έλιοτ Τρυντώ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πιέρ Έλιοτ Τρυντώ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Trudeau" title="Pierre Trudeau – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Pierre Trudeau" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre-Elliott_Trudeau" title="Pierre-Elliott Trudeau – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Pierre-Elliott Trudeau" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Trudeau" title="Pierre Trudeau – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Pierre Trudeau" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B1_%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%88" title="پیر ترودو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پیر ترودو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Elliott_Trudeau" title="Pierre Elliott Trudeau – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Pierre Elliott Trudeau" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Trudeau" title="Pierre Trudeau – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Pierre Trudeau" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Trudeau" title="Pierre Trudeau – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Pierre Trudeau" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%94%BC%EC%97%90%EB%A5%B4_%ED%8A%B8%EB%A4%BC%EB%8F%84" title="피에르 트뤼도 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="피에르 트뤼도" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Trudeau" title="Pierre Trudeau – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Pierre Trudeau" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hawaiʻi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%AB%D5%A5%D5%BC_%D4%B7%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%B8%D5%A9_%D4%B9%D6%80%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A4%D5%B8" title="Պիեռ Էլիոթ Թրյուդո – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Պիեռ Էլիոթ Թրյուդո" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8B" title="पियर ट्रूडो – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पियर ट्रूडो" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Elliott_Trudeau" title="Pierre Elliott Trudeau – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Pierre Elliott Trudeau" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Trudeau" title="Pierre Trudeau – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pierre Trudeau" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Trudeau" title="Pierre Trudeau – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Pierre Trudeau" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Trudeau" title="Pierre Trudeau – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Pierre Trudeau" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A8_%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%95%D7%98_%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%93%D7%95" title="פייר אליוט טרודו – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פייר אליוט טרודו" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Trudeau" title="Pierre Trudeau – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Pierre Trudeau" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Trudeau" title="Pierre Trudeau – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Pierre Trudeau" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrus_Trudeau" title="Petrus Trudeau – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Petrus Trudeau" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pj%C4%93rs_Trido" title="Pjērs Trido – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Pjērs Trido" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Trudeau" title="Pierre Trudeau – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Pierre Trudeau" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Trudeau" title="Pierre Trudeau – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Pierre Trudeau" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Trudeau" title="Pierre Trudeau – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Pierre Trudeau" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF_%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8B" title="പിയറി ട്രൂഡോ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പിയറി ട്രൂഡോ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8B" title="पिएर त्रूदो – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="पिएर त्रूदो" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%88" title="بيير ترودو – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بيير ترودو" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B1_%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%88" title="پیر ترودو – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="پیر ترودو" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Trudeau" title="Pierre Trudeau – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pierre Trudeau" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%95%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B7_%E1%80%91%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B0%E1%80%B8%E1%80%92%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B8" title="ပီးရာ့ ထရူးဒိုး – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ပီးရာ့ ထရူးဒိုး" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Trudeau" title="Pierre Trudeau – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Pierre Trudeau" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8B" title="पियर ट्रुडो – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="पियर ट्रुडो" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%94%E3%82%A8%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%83%88%E3%83%AB%E3%83%89%E3%83%BC" title="ピエール・トルドー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ピエール・トルドー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Trudeau" title="Pierre Trudeau – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Pierre Trudeau" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Elliott_Trudeau" title="Pierre Elliott Trudeau – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Pierre Elliott Trudeau" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Trudeau" title="Pierre Trudeau – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Pierre Trudeau" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%90%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%8A_%D9%BC%D8%B1%D9%88%DA%89%D9%88" title="پېيري ټروډو – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="پېيري ټروډو" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Trudeau" title="Pierre Trudeau – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Pierre Trudeau" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Trudeau" title="Pierre Trudeau – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Pierre Trudeau" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Trudeau" title="Pierre Trudeau – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Pierre Trudeau" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Trudeau" title="Pierre Trudeau – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Pierre Trudeau" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D1%8E%D0%B4%D0%BE,_%D0%9F%D1%8C%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%82" title="Трюдо, Пьер Эллиот – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Трюдо, Пьер Эллиот" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Trudeau" title="Pierre Trudeau – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Pierre Trudeau" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Trudeau" title="Pierre Trudeau – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Pierre Trudeau" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Trudeau" title="Pierre Trudeau – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Pierre Trudeau" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%98%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BE" title="Пјер Тридо – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Пјер Тридо" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Trudeau" title="Pierre Trudeau – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Pierre Trudeau" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Trudeau" title="Pierre Trudeau – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Pierre Trudeau" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Trudeau" title="Pierre Trudeau – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Pierre Trudeau" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Trudeau" title="Pierre Trudeau – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Pierre Trudeau" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C_%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%94" title="พีเอร์ ทรูโด – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="พีเอร์ ทรูโด" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Trudeau" title="Pierre Trudeau – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Pierre Trudeau" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%27%D1%94%D1%80_%D0%A2%D1%80%D1%8E%D0%B4%D0%BE" title="П'єр Трюдо – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="П'єр Трюдо" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%B1_%D9%B9%D8%B1%DA%88%DB%8C%D9%88" title="پئیر ٹرڈیو – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="پئیر ٹرڈیو" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Trudeau" title="Pierre Trudeau – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Pierre Trudeau" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Trudeau" title="Pierre Trudeau – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Pierre Trudeau" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Trudeau" title="Pierre Trudeau – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Pierre Trudeau" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9A%AE%E5%9F%83%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E7%89%B9%E9%B2%81%E5%A4%9A" title="皮埃尔·特鲁多 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="皮埃尔·特鲁多" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%A2%D7%A8_%D7%A2%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%90%D7%98_%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%93%D7%90" title="פיער עליאט טרודא – Yiddish" lang="yi" 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class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/30px-Sound-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/40px-Sound-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="96" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Prime Minister of Canada (1968–1979; 1980–1984)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Pierre Elliott Trudeau" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Elliott_Trudeau_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Pierre Elliott Trudeau (disambiguation)">Pierre Elliott Trudeau (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/The_Right_Honourable" title="The Right Honourable">The Right Honourable</a></div><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Pierre Trudeau</div><div class="honorific-suffix" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/King%27s_Privy_Council_for_Canada" title="King's Privy Council for Canada">PC</a> <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Canada" title="Order of Canada">CC</a> <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Companions_of_Honour" title="Order of the Companions of Honour">CH</a> <a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_Counsel" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen's Counsel">QC</a> <a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society_of_Canada" title="Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada">FRSC</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Pierre_Trudeau_(1975).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A black and white photograph of Trudeau" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Pierre_Trudeau_%281975%29.jpg/220px-Pierre_Trudeau_%281975%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="305" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Pierre_Trudeau_%281975%29.jpg/330px-Pierre_Trudeau_%281975%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Pierre_Trudeau_%281975%29.jpg/440px-Pierre_Trudeau_%281975%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1088" data-file-height="1509" /></a><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Trudeau in 1975</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">15th <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Canada" title="Prime Minister of Canada">Prime Minister of Canada</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office March 3, 1980 – June 30, 1984</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Monarch</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Governors General</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Schreyer" title="Edward Schreyer">Edward Schreyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeanne_Sauv%C3%A9" title="Jeanne Sauvé">Jeanne Sauvé</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Prime_Minister_of_Canada" title="Deputy Prime Minister of Canada">Deputy</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Allan_MacEachen" title="Allan MacEachen">Allan MacEachen</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Joe_Clark" title="Joe Clark">Joe Clark</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_Turner" title="John Turner">John Turner</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office April 20, 1968 – June 4, 1979</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Monarch</th><td class="infobox-data">Elizabeth II</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Governors General</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roland_Michener" title="Roland Michener">Roland Michener</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jules_L%C3%A9ger" title="Jules Léger">Jules Léger</a></li> <li>Edward Schreyer</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Deputy</th><td class="infobox-data">Allan MacEachen (1977–1979)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lester_B._Pearson" title="Lester B. Pearson">Lester B. Pearson</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data">Joe Clark</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Official_Opposition_(Canada)" title="Leader of the Official Opposition (Canada)">Leader of the Opposition</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office June 4, 1979 – March 3, 1980</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data">Joe Clark</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data">Joe Clark</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_leaders_of_the_Liberal_Party_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="List of leaders of the Liberal Party of Canada">Leader of the Liberal Party</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office April 6, 1968 – June 16, 1984</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data">Lester B. Pearson</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data">John Turner</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Justice_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Justice (Canada)">Minister of Justice Attorney General of Canada</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office April 4, 1967 – July 5, 1968</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Prime Minister</th><td class="infobox-data">Lester B. Pearson</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Louis_Cardin" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis Cardin">Louis Cardin</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data">John Turner</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(Canada)" title="Member of Parliament (Canada)">Member of Parliament</a> for <a href="/wiki/Mount_Royal_(electoral_district)" title="Mount Royal (electoral district)">Mount Royal</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office November 8, 1965 – June 30, 1984</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Alan_Macnaughton" title="Alan Macnaughton">Alan Macnaughton</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sheila_Finestone" title="Sheila Finestone">Sheila Finestone</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Joseph Philippe Pierre Yves Elliott Trudeau</div> (1919-10-18)October 18, 1919 <a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a>, Canada</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">September 28, 2000(2000-09-28) (aged 80) Montreal, Quebec, Canada</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/St-R%C3%A9mi-de-Napierville_Cemetery" title="St-Rémi-de-Napierville Cemetery">Saint-Rémi Cemetery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint-R%C3%A9mi,_Quebec" title="Saint-Rémi, Quebec">Saint-Rémi</a>, Quebec</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada" title="Liberal Party of Canada">Liberal</a> (from 1965)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other political affiliations</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Democratic_Party" title="New Democratic Party">New Democratic</a> (1961–1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Co-operative_Commonwealth_Federation" title="Co-operative Commonwealth Federation">Co-operative Commonwealth Federation</a> (until 1961)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Trudeau" title="Margaret Trudeau">Margaret Sinclair</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1971; <abbr title="divorced">div.</abbr> 1984)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">4, including <a href="/wiki/Justin_Trudeau" title="Justin Trudeau">Justin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Trudeau" title="Alexandre Trudeau">Alexandre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michel_Trudeau" title="Michel Trudeau">Michel</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parent</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles-%C3%89mile_Trudeau" title="Charles-Émile Trudeau">Charles-Émile Trudeau</a> (father)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Alma_mater" title="Alma mater">Alma mater</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coll%C3%A8ge_Jean-de-Br%C3%A9beuf" title="Collège Jean-de-Brébeuf">Collège Jean-de-Brébeuf</a> (<a href="/wiki/Quebec_College_Diploma" title="Quebec College Diploma">DEC</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_de_Montr%C3%A9al" title="Université de Montréal">Université de Montréal</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Laws" title="Bachelor of Laws">LLB</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a> (<a href="/wiki/Master_of_Arts" title="Master of Arts">MA</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sciences_Po" title="Sciences Po">Sciences Po</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_School_of_Economics" title="London School of Economics">London School of Economics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Lawyer</li><li>jurist</li><li>academic</li><li>author</li><li>journalist</li><li>politician</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Pierre_Trudeau_Signature_2.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pierre Trudeau's signature"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Pierre_Trudeau_Signature_2.svg/128px-Pierre_Trudeau_Signature_2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Pierre_Trudeau_Signature_2.svg/192px-Pierre_Trudeau_Signature_2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Pierre_Trudeau_Signature_2.svg/256px-Pierre_Trudeau_Signature_2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="569" data-file-height="297" /></a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Military service</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Allegiance</th><td class="infobox-data">Canada</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Branch/service</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Army" title="Canadian Army">Canadian Army</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Years of service</th><td class="infobox-data">1943–1945</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Officer_cadet" title="Officer cadet">Officer Cadet</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Unit</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Officers%27_Training_Corps" title="Canadian Officers' Training Corps">Canadian Officers' Training Corps</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-left listen noprint listen-embedded listen-noimage listen-center"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Pierre_Trudeau_voice.ogg" title="File:Pierre Trudeau voice.ogg">Pierre Trudeau's voice</a></div> <div><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="215" style="width:215px;" data-durationhint="199" data-mwtitle="Pierre_Trudeau_voice.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/83/Pierre_Trudeau_voice.ogg/Pierre_Trudeau_voice.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/83/Pierre_Trudeau_voice.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></div> <div class="description">Trudeau on tensions between the <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a> and <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> Recorded December 15, 1983</div></div></div></div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Joseph Philippe Pierre Yves Elliott Trudeau<a href="#cite_note-1">[a]</a> <a href="/wiki/King%27s_Privy_Council_for_Canada" title="King's Privy Council for Canada">PC</a> <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Canada" title="Order of Canada">CC</a> <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Companions_of_Honour" title="Order of the Companions of Honour">CH</a> <a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_Counsel" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen's Counsel">QC</a> <a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society_of_Canada" title="Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada">FRSC</a> (October 18, 1919 – September 28, 2000) was a Canadian politician, statesman, and lawyer who served as the 15th <a href="/wiki/Prime_minister_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime minister of Canada">prime minister of Canada</a> from 1968 to 1979 and from 1980 to 1984. Between his non-consecutive terms as prime minister, he served as the <a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Opposition_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Leader of the Opposition (Canada)">leader of the Opposition</a> from 1979 to 1980. Trudeau was born and raised in <a href="/wiki/Outremont" class="mw-redirect" title="Outremont">Outremont</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a>, and studied politics and law. In the 1950s, he rose to prominence as a labour activist in Quebec politics by opposing the <a href="/wiki/Conservative" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservative">conservative</a> <a href="/wiki/Union_Nationale_(Quebec)" title="Union Nationale (Quebec)">Union Nationale</a> government. Trudeau was then an associate professor of law at the <a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_de_Montr%C3%A9al" title="Université de Montréal">Université de Montréal</a>. He was originally part of the <a href="/wiki/Social_democratic" class="mw-redirect" title="Social democratic">social democratic</a> <a href="/wiki/New_Democratic_Party" title="New Democratic Party">New Democratic Party</a>, though felt they could not achieve power, and instead joined the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada" title="Liberal Party of Canada">Liberal Party</a> in 1965. <a href="/wiki/1965_Canadian_federal_election" title="1965 Canadian federal election">That year</a>, he was elected to the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_Canada" title="House of Commons of Canada">House of Commons</a>, quickly being appointed as Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Lester_B._Pearson" title="Lester B. Pearson">Lester B. Pearson</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_secretary" title="Parliamentary secretary">parliamentary secretary</a>. In 1967, he was appointed as <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Justice_and_Attorney_General_of_Canada" title="Minister of Justice and Attorney General of Canada">minister of justice and attorney general</a>. As minister, Trudeau liberalized <a href="/wiki/Divorce" title="Divorce">divorce</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Canada" title="Abortion in Canada">abortion</a> laws and decriminalized homosexuality. Trudeau's outgoing personality and charismatic nature caused a media sensation, inspiring "<a href="/wiki/Trudeaumania" title="Trudeaumania">Trudeaumania</a>", and helped him to win the leadership of the Liberal Party in <a href="/wiki/1968_Liberal_Party_of_Canada_leadership_election" title="1968 Liberal Party of Canada leadership election">1968</a>, when he succeeded Pearson and became prime minister of Canada. From the late 1960s until the mid-1980s, Trudeau's personality dominated the Canadian political scene to an extent never seen before. After his appointment as prime minister, he won the <a href="/wiki/1968_Canadian_federal_election" title="1968 Canadian federal election">1968</a>, <a href="/wiki/1972_Canadian_federal_election" title="1972 Canadian federal election">1972</a>, and <a href="/wiki/1974_Canadian_federal_election" title="1974 Canadian federal election">1974</a> elections, before narrowly losing in <a href="/wiki/1979_Canadian_federal_election" title="1979 Canadian federal election">1979</a>. He won a fourth election victory shortly afterwards, in <a href="/wiki/1980_Canadian_federal_election" title="1980 Canadian federal election">1980</a>, and eventually retired from politics shortly before the <a href="/wiki/1984_Canadian_federal_election" title="1984 Canadian federal election">1984 election</a>. Trudeau is the most recent prime minister to win four elections (having won three <a href="/wiki/Majority_government" title="Majority government">majority governments</a> and one <a href="/wiki/Minority_government" title="Minority government">minority government</a>) and to serve two non-consecutive terms. His tenure of 15 years and 164 days makes him Canada's <a href="/wiki/List_of_Prime_Ministers_of_Canada_by_time_in_office" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Prime Ministers of Canada by time in office">third-longest-serving</a> prime minister, behind <a href="/wiki/John_A._Macdonald" title="John A. Macdonald">John A. Macdonald</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_Lyon_Mackenzie_King" title="William Lyon Mackenzie King">William Lyon Mackenzie King</a>. Despite his personal motto, "Reason before passion",<a href="#cite_note-NYT_Kaufman_20000929_Eulogy-2">[1]</a> Trudeau's personality and policy decisions aroused polarizing reactions throughout Canada during <a href="/wiki/Premierships_of_Pierre_Trudeau" title="Premierships of Pierre Trudeau">his time in office</a>. While critics accused him of arrogance, of economic mismanagement, and of unduly centralizing Canadian decision-making to the detriment of the culture of Quebec and the economy of the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Prairies" title="Canadian Prairies">Prairies</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFortin_(2000-10-09)A17-3">[2]</a> admirers praised what they considered to be the force of his intellect<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallick_(2000-09-30)P04-4">[3]</a> and his political acumen that maintained national unity over the <a href="/wiki/Quebec_sovereignty_movement" title="Quebec sovereignty movement">Quebec sovereignty movement</a>. Trudeau suppressed the <a href="/wiki/October_Crisis" title="October Crisis">1970 Quebec terrorist crisis</a> by controversially invoking the <a href="/wiki/War_Measures_Act" title="War Measures Act">War Measures Act</a>. In addition, Quebec's proposal to negotiate a sovereignty-association agreement with the federal government was overwhelmingly rejected in the <a href="/wiki/1980_Quebec_referendum" title="1980 Quebec referendum">1980 Quebec referendum</a>. In economic policy, Trudeau expanded social programs, introduced the <a href="/wiki/Capital_gains_tax" title="Capital gains tax">capital gains tax</a>, and oversaw major increases in <a href="/wiki/Deficit_spending" title="Deficit spending">deficit spending</a>. In a bid to move the Liberal Party towards <a href="/wiki/Economic_nationalism" title="Economic nationalism">economic nationalism</a>, Trudeau's government oversaw the creation of <a href="/wiki/Petro-Canada" title="Petro-Canada">Petro-Canada</a> and launched the <a href="/wiki/National_Energy_Program" title="National Energy Program">National Energy Program</a>, both of which generated uproar in <a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_Canada" title="Petroleum industry in Canada">oil</a>-rich <a href="/wiki/Western_Canada" title="Western Canada">Western Canada</a>, leading to a rise in what many called "<a href="/wiki/Western_alienation" title="Western alienation">Western alienation</a>". In other domestic policy, Trudeau pioneered <a href="/wiki/Official_bilingualism_in_Canada" title="Official bilingualism in Canada">official bilingualism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism_in_Canada" title="Multiculturalism in Canada">multiculturalism</a>, fostering a pan-Canadian identity. Trudeau's foreign policy included making Canada more independent; he <a href="/wiki/Patriated" class="mw-redirect" title="Patriated">patriated</a> the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Canada" title="Constitution of Canada">Constitution</a> and established the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms</a>, actions that achieved full <a href="/wiki/Canadian_sovereignty" title="Canadian sovereignty">Canadian sovereignty</a>. He distanced Canada from the United States and rather formed close ties with the Soviet Union, China, and Cuban leader <a href="/wiki/Fidel_Castro" title="Fidel Castro">Fidel Castro</a>, putting him at odds with other <a href="/wiki/Capitalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Capitalist">capitalist</a> <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Western</a> nations. In his retirement, Trudeau practiced law at the Montreal law firm of <a href="/wiki/Heenan_Blaikie" title="Heenan Blaikie">Heenan Blaikie</a>. He also successfully campaigned against the <a href="/wiki/Meech_Lake_Accord" title="Meech Lake Accord">Meech Lake</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charlottetown_Accord" title="Charlottetown Accord">Charlottetown</a> Accords (which proposed granting Quebec certain concessions), arguing they would strengthen <a href="/wiki/Quebec_nationalism" title="Quebec nationalism">Quebec nationalism</a>. Trudeau died in 2000. He is ranked highly among scholars in <a href="/wiki/Historical_rankings_of_prime_ministers_of_Canada" title="Historical rankings of prime ministers of Canada">rankings of Canadian prime ministers</a>, though he remains a divisive figure in Canadian politics and is viewed less favourably in Western Canada and Quebec. His eldest son, <a href="/wiki/Justin_Trudeau" title="Justin Trudeau">Justin Trudeau</a>, became the 23rd and current prime minister, following the <a href="/wiki/2015_Canadian_federal_election" title="2015 Canadian federal election">2015 Canadian federal election</a>; Justin Trudeau is the first prime minister of Canada to be a descendant of a former prime minister. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Trudeau&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life">edit</a>]</div> The Trudeau family can be traced to <a href="/wiki/Marcillac-Lanville" title="Marcillac-Lanville">Marcillac-Lanville</a> in <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> in the 16th century and to a Robert Truteau (1544–1589).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGénéalogie_du_Québec_(2012)-5">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[5]</a> In 1659, the first Trudeau to arrive in Canada was <a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Trudeau" class="mw-redirect" title="Étienne Trudeau">Étienne Trudeau</a> or Truteau (1641–1712), a carpenter and home builder from <a href="/wiki/La_Rochelle" title="La Rochelle">La Rochelle</a>.<a href="#cite_note-7">[6]</a> Pierre Trudeau was born at home in <a href="/wiki/Outremont,_Quebec" title="Outremont, Quebec">Outremont, Montreal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a>, on October 18, 1919,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnglish_(2009)8-8">[7]</a> to <a href="/wiki/Charles_Trudeau_(businessman)" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Trudeau (businessman)">Charles-Émile "Charley" Trudeau</a> (1887–1935), a <a href="/wiki/French-Canadian" class="mw-redirect" title="French-Canadian">French-Canadian</a> businessman and lawyer, and Grace Elliott, who was of mixed <a href="/wiki/Scottish-Canadian" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish-Canadian">Scottish</a> and French-Canadian descent. He had an older sister named Suzette and a younger brother named Charles Jr.<a href="#cite_note-9">[8]</a> Trudeau remained close to both siblings for his entire life. Trudeau attended the prestigious <a href="/wiki/Coll%C3%A8ge_Jean-de-Br%C3%A9beuf" title="Collège Jean-de-Brébeuf">Collège Jean-de-Brébeuf</a> (a private French <a href="/wiki/Jesuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesuit">Jesuit</a> school), where he supported <a href="/wiki/Quebec_nationalism" title="Quebec nationalism">Quebec nationalism</a>. Trudeau's paternal grandparents were French-speaking Quebec farmers.<a href="#cite_note-NYT_Kaufman_20000929_Eulogy-2">[1]</a> His father had acquired the B&A gas station chain (now defunct), some "profitable mines, the Belmont amusement park in Montreal and the <a href="/wiki/Montreal_Royals" title="Montreal Royals">Montreal Royals</a>, the city's minor-league baseball team", by the time Trudeau was fifteen.<a href="#cite_note-NYT_Kaufman_20000929_Eulogy-2">[1]</a> When his father died in <a href="/wiki/Orlando,_Florida" title="Orlando, Florida">Orlando, Florida</a>, on April 10, 1935, Trudeau and each of his siblings inherited $5,000 (equivalent to $110,000 in 2023), a considerable sum at that time, which meant that he was financially secure and independent.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnglish_(2006)24-10">[9]</a> His mother, Grace, "doted on Pierre"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnglish_(2006)25-11">[10]</a> and he remained close to her throughout her long life.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrudeau_(1993)-12">[11]</a> After her husband died, she left the management of her inheritance to others and spent a lot of her time working for the Roman Catholic Church and various charities, travelling frequently to New York, Florida, Europe, and Maine, sometimes with her children.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnglish_(2006)25-11">[10]</a> Already in his late teens, Trudeau was "directly involved in managing a large inheritance".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnglish_(2006)25-11">[10]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_education">Early education</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Trudeau&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early education">edit</a>]</div> From the age of six until twelve, Trudeau attended the primary school, Académie Querbes, in <a href="/wiki/Outremont" class="mw-redirect" title="Outremont">Outremont</a>, where he became immersed in the Catholic religion. The school, which was for both English and French Catholics, was an exclusive school with very small classes and he excelled in mathematics and religion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnglish_(2006)25–27-13">[12]</a> From his earliest years, Trudeau was fluently bilingual, which would later prove to be a "big asset for a politician in bilingual Canada."<a href="#cite_note-economist_obituary_20001005-14">[13]</a> As a teenager, he attended the Jesuit <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French-language</a> <a href="/wiki/Coll%C3%A8ge_Jean-de-Br%C3%A9beuf" title="Collège Jean-de-Brébeuf">Collège Jean-de-Brébeuf</a>, a prestigious secondary school known for educating elite francophone families in Quebec.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnglish_(2006)27-15">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[15]</a> In his seventh and final academic year, 1939–1940, Trudeau focused on winning a <a href="/wiki/Rhodes_Scholarship" title="Rhodes Scholarship">Rhodes Scholarship</a>. In his application he wrote that he had prepared for public office by studying public speaking and publishing many articles in Brébeuf. His letters of recommendations praised him highly. Father Boulin, who was the head of the college, said that during Trudeau's seven years at the college (1933–1940), he had won a "hundred prizes and honourable mentions" and "performed with distinction in all fields".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnglish_(2006)65-17">[16]</a> Trudeau graduated from Collège Jean-de-Brébeuf in 1940 at the age of twenty-one.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnglish_(2006)47-18">[17]</a> Trudeau did not win the Rhodes Scholarship. He consulted several people on his options, including <a href="/wiki/Henri_Bourassa" title="Henri Bourassa">Henri Bourassa</a>, the economist Edmond Montpetit, and Father Robert Bernier, a Franco-Manitoban. Following their advice, he chose a career in politics and a degree in law at the <a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_de_Montr%C3%A9al" title="Université de Montréal">Université de Montréal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnglish_(2006)73-19">[18]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Second_World_War">Second World War</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Trudeau&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Second World War">edit</a>]</div> In his obituary, <a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a> described Trudeau as "parochial as a young man", who "dismissed the second world war as a squabble between the big powers, although he later regretted 'missing one of the major events of the century'."<a href="#cite_note-economist_obituary_20001005-14">[13]</a> In his 1993 Memoir, Trudeau wrote that the outbreak of the Second World War in September 1939 and his father's death were the two "great bombshells" that marked his teenage years.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrudeau_(1993)37-20">[19]</a> In his first year at university, the prime topics of conversation were the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_France" title="Battle of France">Battle of France</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Britain" title="Battle of Britain">Battle of Britain</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/The_Blitz" title="The Blitz">London blitz</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrudeau_(1993)32-21">[20]</a> He wrote that in the early 1940s, when he was in his early twenties, he thought, "So there was a war? Tough. It wouldn't stop me from concentrating on my studies so long as that was possible...[I]f you were a French Canadian in Montreal [at that time], you did not automatically believe that this was a just war. In Montreal in the early 1940s, we still knew nothing about the <a href="/wiki/Holocaust" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust">Holocaust</a> and we tended to think of this war as a settling of scores among the superpowers."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrudeau_(1993)32-21">[20]</a> Young Trudeau opposed <a href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">conscription</a> for overseas service,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrudeau_(1993)32-21">[20]</a> and in 1942 he campaigned for the anti-conscription candidate <a href="/wiki/Jean_Drapeau" title="Jean Drapeau">Jean Drapeau</a> (later the <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_Montreal" title="Mayor of Montreal">mayor of Montreal</a>) in <a href="/wiki/Outremont_(electoral_district)" title="Outremont (electoral district)">Outremont</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrudeau_(1993)34-22">[21]</a> Trudeau described a speech he heard in Montreal by <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Lapointe" title="Ernest Lapointe">Ernest Lapointe</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrudeau_(1993)32–35-23">[22]</a> minister of justice and Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/William_Lyon_Mackenzie_King" title="William Lyon Mackenzie King">William Lyon Mackenzie King</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Quebec_lieutenant" title="Quebec lieutenant">Quebec lieutenant</a>. Lapointe had been a Liberal MP during the 1917 <a href="/wiki/Conscription_Crisis_of_1917" title="Conscription Crisis of 1917">Conscription Crisis</a>, in which the Canadian government had deployed up to 1,200 soldiers to suppress the anti-conscription Easter Riots in Quebec City in March and April 1918. In a final and bloody conflict, armed rioters fired on the troops, and the soldiers returned fire. At least five men were killed by gunfire and there were over 150 casualties and $300,000 in damage.<a href="#cite_note-CHR_Auger_2008-24">[23]</a>: 504 <a href="#cite_note-Granastein_1977-25">[24]</a>: 60  In 1939, it was Lapointe who helped draft the Liberals' policy against conscription for service overseas. Lapointe was aware that a new conscription crisis would destroy the national unity that Mackenzie King had been trying to build since the end of the First World War.<a href="#cite_note-Betcherman_2002-26">[25]</a> Trudeau believed Lapointe had lied and broken his promise. His criticisms of King's wartime policies, such as "suspension of habeas corpus", the "farce of bilingualism and French-Canadian advancement in the army," and the "forced 'voluntary' enrolment", were scathing.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnglish_(2006)191-27">[26]</a> As a university student, Trudeau joined the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Officers%27_Training_Corps" title="Canadian Officers' Training Corps">Canadian Officers' Training Corps</a> (COTC), which trained at the local armoury in Montreal during the school term and undertook further training at Camp Farnham each summer.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrudeau_(1993)34-22">[21]</a> Although the <a href="/wiki/National_Resources_Mobilization_Act" title="National Resources Mobilization Act">National Resources Mobilization Act</a>, enacted in 1940, originally provided that conscripts could not be required to serve outside of Canada,<a href="#cite_note-28">[27]</a> in 1942 Parliament amended the act and removed that restriction.<a href="#cite_note-29">[28]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Conscription_Crisis_of_1944" title="Conscription Crisis of 1944">Conscription Crisis of 1944</a> arose in response to the <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Normandy" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasion of Normandy">invasion of Normandy</a> in June 1944. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Trudeau&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Education">edit</a>]</div> Trudeau continued his full-time studies in law at the Université de Montréal while in the COTC from 1940 until his graduation in 1943. Following his graduation, he <a href="/wiki/Articled_clerk" title="Articled clerk">articled</a> for a year and, in the fall of 1944, began his Masters in <a href="/wiki/Political_economy" title="Political economy">political economy</a> at <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a>'s Graduate School of Public Administration (now the <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_School_of_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="John F. Kennedy School of Government">John F. Kennedy School of Government</a>). In his Memoir, he admitted that it was at Harvard's "super-informed environment" that he realized the "historic importance" of the war and that he had "missed one of the major events of the century in which [he] was living.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrudeau_(1993)37-20">[19]</a> Harvard had become a major intellectual centre, as fascism in Europe led to a great migration of intellectuals to the United States.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnglish_(2006)124-30">[29]</a> Trudeau's Harvard dissertation was on the topic of communism and Christianity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnglish_(2006)146-31">[30]</a> At Harvard, an American and predominantly Protestant university, Trudeau, a French Canadian Catholic living outside the province of Quebec for the first time, felt like an outsider.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnglish_(2006)134-32">[31]</a> As his sense of isolation deepened,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnglish_(2006)137-33">[32]</a> he decided in 1947 to continue his work on his Harvard dissertation in <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnglish_(2006)141-34">[33]</a> where he studied at the <a href="/wiki/Institut_d%27%C3%89tudes_Politiques_de_Paris" class="mw-redirect" title="Institut d'Études Politiques de Paris">Institut d'Études Politiques de Paris</a> (Sciences Po). The Harvard dissertation remained unfinished when Trudeau briefly entered a doctoral program to study under the socialist economist <a href="/wiki/Harold_Laski" title="Harold Laski">Harold Laski</a> at the <a href="/wiki/London_School_of_Economics" title="London School of Economics">London School of Economics</a> (LSE).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnglish_(2006)166-35">[34]</a> This cemented Trudeau's belief that <a href="/wiki/Keynesian_economics" title="Keynesian economics">Keynesian economics</a> and social sciences were essential to the creation of the "good life" in a democratic society.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnglish_(2006)296-36">[35]</a> Over a five-week period he attended many lectures and became a follower of <a href="/wiki/Personalism" title="Personalism">personalism</a> after being influenced most notably by <a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Mounier" title="Emmanuel Mounier">Emmanuel Mounier</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnglish_(2006)147-37">[36]</a> He also was influenced by <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Berdyaev" title="Nikolai Berdyaev">Nikolai Berdyaev</a>, particularly his book Slavery and Freedom.<a href="#cite_note-NemniNemni2011-38">[37]</a> <a href="/wiki/Max_Nemni" title="Max Nemni">Max</a> and <a href="/wiki/Monique_Nemni" title="Monique Nemni">Monique Nemni</a> argue that Berdyaev's book influenced Trudeau's rejection of nationalism and separatism.<a href="#cite_note-NemniNemni2011-38">[37]</a> In the summer of 1948, Trudeau embarked on world travels to find a sense of purpose.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnglish_(2006)176-39">[38]</a> At the age of twenty-eight, he travelled to Poland where he visited <a href="/wiki/Auschwitz_concentration_camp" title="Auschwitz concentration camp">Auschwitz</a>, then Czechoslovakia, Austria, Hungary, <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a>, Bulgaria, and the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>, including Turkey, Jordan and southern Iraq.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnglish_(2006)176–179-40">[39]</a> Although he was wealthy, Trudeau travelled with a back pack in "self-imposed hardship".<a href="#cite_note-economist_obituary_20001005-14">[13]</a> He used his British passport instead of his Canadian passport in his travels through Pakistan, India, China, and Japan, often wearing local clothing to blend in.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnglish_(2006)180–190-41">[40]</a> According to The Economist, when Trudeau returned to Canada in 1949 after an absence of five months, his mind was "seemingly broadened" from his studies at Harvard, Sciences Po, and the LSE, as well as his travels. He was "appalled at the narrow nationalism in his native French-speaking Quebec, and the authoritarianism of the province's government".<a href="#cite_note-economist_obituary_20001005-14">[13]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Quiet_Revolution">Quiet Revolution</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Trudeau&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Quiet Revolution">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Quiet_Revolution" title="Quiet Revolution">Quiet Revolution</a></div> Beginning while Trudeau was travelling overseas, several events took place in Quebec that were precursors to the <a href="/wiki/Quiet_Revolution" title="Quiet Revolution">Quiet Revolution</a>. These included the 1948 release of the anti-establishment manifesto <a href="/wiki/Refus_global" class="mw-redirect" title="Refus global">Refus global</a>, the publication of <a href="/wiki/Les_insolences_du_Fr%C3%A8re_Untel" title="Les insolences du Frère Untel">Les insolences du Frère Untel</a>, the 1949 <a href="/wiki/Asbestos_Strike" class="mw-redirect" title="Asbestos Strike">Asbestos Strike</a>, and the 1955 <a href="/wiki/Richard_Riot" title="Richard Riot">Richard Riot</a>. Artists and intellectuals in Quebec signed the Refus global on August 9, 1948 in opposition to the repressive rule of Quebec <a href="/wiki/Premier_of_Quebec" title="Premier of Quebec">Premier</a> <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Duplessis" title="Maurice Duplessis">Maurice Duplessis</a> and the decadent "social establishment" in Quebec, including the Catholic Church.<a href="#cite_note-Borduas_19480809-42">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ellenwood_200910-43">[42]</a> When he returned to Montreal in 1949, Trudeau quickly became a leading figure opposing Duplessis's rule. Trudeau actively supported the workers in the Asbestos Strike who opposed Duplessis in 1949. Trudeau was the co-founder and editor of <a href="/wiki/Cit%C3%A9_Libre" title="Cité Libre">Cité Libre</a>, a dissident journal that helped provide the intellectual basis for the Quiet Revolution. In 1956, he edited an important book on the subject, La grève de l'amiante, which argued that the asbestos miners' strike of 1949 was a seminal event in Quebec's history, marking the beginning of resistance to the conservative, <a href="/wiki/Francophone" class="mw-redirect" title="Francophone">Francophone</a> clerical establishment and <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">Anglophone</a> business class that had long ruled the province.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnglish_(2006)289–292-44">[43]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career">Career</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Trudeau&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Career">edit</a>]</div> Because of Trudeau's labour union activities in Asbestos, Duplessis blacklisted him, and he was unable to teach law at the Université de Montréal.<a href="#cite_note-economist_obituary_20001005-14">[13]</a> He surprised his closest friends in Quebec when he became a civil servant in Ottawa in 1949. Until 1951 he worked in the <a href="/wiki/Privy_Council_Office_(Canada)" title="Privy Council Office (Canada)">Privy Council Office</a> of the Liberal Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Louis_St._Laurent" title="Louis St. Laurent">Louis St. Laurent</a> as an economic policy advisor. He wrote in his memoirs that he found this period very useful when he entered politics later on, and that senior civil servant <a href="/wiki/Norman_Robertson" title="Norman Robertson">Norman Robertson</a> tried unsuccessfully to persuade him to stay on. Trudeau's progressive values and his close ties with <a href="/wiki/Co-operative_Commonwealth_Federation" title="Co-operative Commonwealth Federation">Co-operative Commonwealth Federation</a> (CCF) intellectuals (including <a href="/wiki/F._R._Scott" title="F. R. Scott">F. R. Scott</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Forsey" title="Eugene Forsey">Eugene Forsey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Kelway_Oliver" title="Michael Kelway Oliver">Michael Kelway Oliver</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Taylor_(philosopher)" title="Charles Taylor (philosopher)">Charles Taylor</a>) led to his support of and membership in that federal <a href="/wiki/Democratic_socialism" title="Democratic socialism">democratic socialist</a> party throughout the 1950s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnglish_(2006)364-45">[44]</a> An associate professor of law at the Université de Montréal from 1961 to 1965, Trudeau's views evolved towards a liberal position in favour of individual rights counter to the state and made him an opponent of Quebec nationalism. He admired the labour unions, which were tied to the <a href="/wiki/Cooperative_Commonwealth_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="Cooperative Commonwealth Federation">Cooperative Commonwealth Federation</a> (CCF), and tried to infuse his Liberal Party with some of their reformist zeal. By the late 1950s Trudeau began to reject social democratic and labour parties, arguing that they should put their narrow goals aside and join forces with Liberals to fight for democracy first.<a href="#cite_note-46">[45]</a> In economic theory he was influenced by professors <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Schumpeter" title="Joseph Schumpeter">Joseph Schumpeter</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Kenneth_Galbraith" title="John Kenneth Galbraith">John Kenneth Galbraith</a> while he was at Harvard. In 1963, Trudeau criticized the Liberal Party of <a href="/wiki/Lester_Pearson" class="mw-redirect" title="Lester Pearson">Lester Pearson</a> when it supported arming <a href="/wiki/Boeing_CIM-10_Bomarc" class="mw-redirect" title="Boeing CIM-10 Bomarc">Bomarc missiles</a> in Canada with <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapon" title="Nuclear weapon">nuclear warheads</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnglish_(2006)183–185-47">[46]</a> During his time as a professor at the Université de Montréal, he had a small appearance in <a href="/wiki/Denis_H%C3%A9roux" title="Denis Héroux">Denis Héroux</a>'s 1964 student film <a href="/wiki/Over_My_Head_(film)" title="Over My Head (film)">Over My Head</a> (Jusqu'au cou), as himself in a political debate.<a href="#cite_note-48">[47]</a> Trudeau was offered a position at <a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_University_at_Kingston" title="Queen's University at Kingston">Queen's University</a> teaching political science by <a href="/wiki/James_Corry_(academic)" class="mw-redirect" title="James Corry (academic)">James Corry</a>, who later became principal of Queen's, but turned it down because he preferred to teach in Quebec.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrudeau_(1993)63–64-49">[48]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_political_career_(1965–1967)">Early political career (1965–1967)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Trudeau&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Early political career (1965–1967)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Trudeau_Nomination.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Trudeau_Nomination.jpg/220px-Trudeau_Nomination.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Trudeau_Nomination.jpg/330px-Trudeau_Nomination.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Trudeau_Nomination.jpg/440px-Trudeau_Nomination.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2891" data-file-height="2306" /></a><figcaption>Trudeau after being nominated to represent the riding of Mount Royal, June 6, 1965</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Electoral_history_of_Pierre_Trudeau" title="Electoral history of Pierre Trudeau">Electoral history of Pierre Trudeau</a></div> In 1965, Trudeau joined the Liberal Party, along with his friends <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Pelletier" title="Gérard Pelletier">Gérard Pelletier</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jean_Marchand" title="Jean Marchand">Jean Marchand</a>. Dubbed the "three wise men" by the media, they ran successfully for the Liberals in the <a href="/wiki/1965_Canadian_federal_election" title="1965 Canadian federal election">1965 election</a>. Trudeau himself was elected in the safe Liberal riding of <a href="/wiki/Mount_Royal_(electoral_district)" title="Mount Royal (electoral district)">Mount Royal</a> in Montreal. He would hold this seat until his retirement from politics in 1984, winning each election with large majorities. His decision to join the Liberals rather than the CCF's successor, the <a href="/wiki/New_Democratic_Party_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="New Democratic Party (Canada)">New Democratic Party</a> (NDP), was partly based on his belief that the federal NDP could not achieve power. He also doubted the feasibility of the NDP's centralizing policies, and felt that the party leadership tended toward a "deux nations" approach he could not support.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnglish_(2006)364–365-50">[49]</a> Upon arrival in Ottawa, Trudeau was appointed as <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_secretary" title="Parliamentary secretary">parliamentary secretary</a> to Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Lester_B._Pearson" title="Lester B. Pearson">Lester B. Pearson</a>, and spent much of the next year travelling abroad, representing Canada at international meetings and bodies, including the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>. In 1967, he was appointed to Pearson's <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Canada" title="Cabinet of Canada">Cabinet</a> as <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Justice_and_Attorney_General_of_Canada" title="Minister of Justice and Attorney General of Canada">Minister of Justice and Attorney General</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrudeau_(1993)?-51">[50]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Minister_of_Justice_and_Attorney_General_(1967–1968)">Minister of Justice and Attorney General (1967–1968)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Trudeau&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Minister of Justice and Attorney General (1967–1968)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1096940132"><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Trudeau_Omnibus_Interview.ogg" title="File:Trudeau Omnibus Interview.ogg">Omnibus bill</a></div> <div><audio id="mwe_player_1" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="29" data-mwtitle="Trudeau_Omnibus_Interview.ogg" data-mwprovider="local"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/3/3a/Trudeau_Omnibus_Interview.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/transcoded/3/3a/Trudeau_Omnibus_Interview.ogg/Trudeau_Omnibus_Interview.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></div> <div class="description">Trudeau speaking about his <a href="/wiki/Criminal_Law_Amendment_Act,_1968%E2%80%9369" title="Criminal Law Amendment Act, 1968–69">omnibus bill</a>, famously saying "there's no place for the state in the bedrooms of the nation"</div></div></div></div> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Trudeau,_Turner,_Chretien,_and_Pearson.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1a/Trudeau%2C_Turner%2C_Chretien%2C_and_Pearson.jpg/220px-Trudeau%2C_Turner%2C_Chretien%2C_and_Pearson.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1a/Trudeau%2C_Turner%2C_Chretien%2C_and_Pearson.jpg/330px-Trudeau%2C_Turner%2C_Chretien%2C_and_Pearson.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/1/1a/Trudeau%2C_Turner%2C_Chretien%2C_and_Pearson.jpg 2x" data-file-width="389" data-file-height="256" /></a><figcaption>Prime Ministers all: (l-r) Future prime ministers Trudeau, <a href="/wiki/John_Turner" title="John Turner">John Turner</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien" title="Jean Chrétien">Jean Chrétien</a>, and Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Lester_B._Pearson" title="Lester B. Pearson">Lester B. Pearson</a>, in 1967</figcaption></figure> As Justice Minister and Attorney General, Trudeau was responsible for introducing the landmark <a href="/wiki/Criminal_Law_Amendment_Act,_1968%E2%80%9369" title="Criminal Law Amendment Act, 1968–69">Criminal Law Amendment Act</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Omnibus_bill" title="Omnibus bill">omnibus bill</a> whose provisions included, among other things, the decriminalization of homosexual acts between consenting adults, new gun ownership restrictions and the legalization of contraception, abortion and lotteries, as well as the authorization of <a href="/wiki/Breathalyzer" title="Breathalyzer">breathalyzer</a> tests on suspected drunk drivers. Trudeau famously defended the segment of the bill decriminalizing homosexual acts by telling reporters that "there's no place for the state in the bedrooms of the nation", adding that "what's done in private between adults doesn't concern the Criminal Code".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECBC_News_(1967-12-21)-52">[51]</a> Trudeau paraphrased the term from Martin O'Malley's editorial piece in <a href="/wiki/The_Globe_and_Mail" title="The Globe and Mail">The Globe and Mail</a> on December 12, 1967.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECBC_News_(1967-12-21)-52">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Malley_(1967-12-12)6-53">[52]</a> Trudeau also liberalized divorce laws, and clashed with Quebec Premier <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Johnson,_Sr." class="mw-redirect" title="Daniel Johnson, Sr.">Daniel Johnson, Sr.</a> during constitutional negotiations. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Liberal_leadership_convention_(1968)">Liberal leadership convention (1968)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Trudeau&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Liberal leadership convention (1968)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/1968_Liberal_Party_of_Canada_leadership_election" title="1968 Liberal Party of Canada leadership election">1968 Liberal Party of Canada leadership election</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Trudeau_podium2.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Trudeau_podium2.JPG/220px-Trudeau_podium2.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Trudeau_podium2.JPG/330px-Trudeau_podium2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/db/Trudeau_podium2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="243" /></a><figcaption>Trudeau at the Liberal convention after winning the leadership</figcaption></figure> At the end of <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Centennial" title="Canadian Centennial">Canada's centennial year</a> in 1967, Pearson announced his intention to step down, and Trudeau entered the race to succeed him as party leader and Prime Minister. His energetic campaign attracted widespread media attention and mobilized many young people, who saw Trudeau as a symbol of generational change. However, many Liberals still had reservations, given that he had only joined the party in 1965. During the convention, prominent Cabinet Minister <a href="/wiki/Judy_LaMarsh" title="Judy LaMarsh">Judy LaMarsh</a> was caught on television profanely stating that Trudeau was not a Liberal.<a href="#cite_note-Don't_let_the_bastard_win-54">[53]</a> Nevertheless, at the April <a href="/wiki/1968_Liberal_Party_of_Canada_leadership_election" title="1968 Liberal Party of Canada leadership election">1968 Liberal leadership convention</a>, Trudeau was elected leader on the fourth ballot, with the support of 51 percent of the delegates. He defeated several prominent and long-serving Liberals, including <a href="/wiki/Paul_Martin_Sr." title="Paul Martin Sr.">Paul Martin Sr.</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Winters" title="Robert Winters">Robert Winters</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paul_Hellyer" title="Paul Hellyer">Paul Hellyer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-55">[54]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prime_Minister_(1968–1979)">Prime Minister (1968–1979)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Trudeau&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Prime Minister (1968–1979)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Premierships_of_Pierre_Trudeau#First_tenure_(1968–1979)" title="Premierships of Pierre Trudeau">Premierships of Pierre Trudeau § First tenure (1968–1979)</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Swearing-in_and_subsequent_election">Swearing-in and subsequent election</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Trudeau&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Swearing-in and subsequent election">edit</a>]</div> As the new leader of the governing Liberals, Trudeau was sworn in as prime minister on April 20. Though the term of the Parliament was not due to expire until November 1970, Pearson's government had almost fallen before the leadership contest could even take place after a tax bill was voted down in Parliament, leading to much confusion over whether this counted as a <a href="/wiki/Matter_of_Confidence" title="Matter of Confidence">matter of confidence</a> in the government. <a href="/wiki/Governor_General_of_Canada" title="Governor General of Canada">Governor General</a> <a href="/wiki/Roland_Michener" title="Roland Michener">Roland Michener</a> ultimately ruled that it did not, and the government subsequently won an actual confidence motion, but the incident made it clear that the minority government Trudeau had inherited would not realistically last the full parliamentary term, and that he would soon need to call an early election in order to win a parliamentary majority.<a href="#cite_note-56">[55]</a> Trudeau eventually called this election for June 25, 1968. Trudeau's campaign benefited from an unprecedented wave of personal popularity called "<a href="/wiki/Trudeaumania" title="Trudeaumania">Trudeaumania</a>",<a href="#cite_note-Collison-57">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZink_(1972)Backcover-58">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanada.com-59">[58]</a> which saw him mobbed by throngs of youths. His main national opponents were <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Conservative_Party_of_Canada" title="Progressive Conservative Party of Canada">PC</a> leader <a href="/wiki/Robert_Stanfield" title="Robert Stanfield">Robert Stanfield</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Democratic_Party_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="New Democratic Party of Canada">NDP</a> leader <a href="/wiki/Tommy_Douglas" title="Tommy Douglas">Tommy Douglas</a>, both popular figures who had respectively been premiers of Nova Scotia and Saskatchewan (albeit in Trudeau's native Quebec, the main competition to the Liberals was from the <a href="/wiki/Ralliement_cr%C3%A9ditiste" title="Ralliement créditiste">Ralliement créditiste</a>, led by <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9al_Caouette" title="Réal Caouette">Réal Caouette</a>). As a candidate, Trudeau espoused <a href="/wiki/Participatory_democracy" title="Participatory democracy">participatory democracy</a> as a means of making Canada a "<a href="/wiki/Just_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Just Society">Just Society</a>". He vigorously defended the newly implemented <a href="/wiki/Universal_health_care" title="Universal health care">universal health care</a> and <a href="/wiki/Regional_development" title="Regional development">regional development</a> programmes, as well as the recent reforms found in the Omnibus bill. On the eve of the election, during the annual <a href="/wiki/Saint-Jean-Baptiste_Day" title="Saint-Jean-Baptiste Day">Saint-Jean-Baptiste Day</a> parade in Montreal, rioting <a href="/wiki/Quebec_separatism" class="mw-redirect" title="Quebec separatism">Quebec sovereigntists</a> threw rocks and bottles at the grandstand where Trudeau was seated, chanting "Trudeau au poteau!" ("Trudeau to the stake!"). Rejecting the pleas of aides that he take cover, Trudeau stayed in his seat, facing the rioters, without any sign of fear. The image of the defiant Prime Minister impressed the public. The next day, Trudeau handily won the <a href="/wiki/1968_Canadian_federal_election" title="1968 Canadian federal election">1968 election</a> with a strong <a href="/wiki/Majority_government" title="Majority government">majority government</a>; this was the Liberals' first majority since <a href="/wiki/1953_Canadian_federal_election" title="1953 Canadian federal election">1953</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECBC_News_(1968-06-24)-60">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaclean's_Magazine_(1998-04-06)-61">[60]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_policy">Social policy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Trudeau&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Social policy">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bilingualism_and_multiculturalism">Bilingualism and multiculturalism</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Trudeau&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Bilingualism and multiculturalism">edit</a>]</div> Trudeau's first major legislative push was implementing the majority of recommendations from Pearson's <a href="/wiki/Royal_Commission_on_Bilingualism_and_Biculturalism" title="Royal Commission on Bilingualism and Biculturalism">Royal Commission on Bilingualism and Biculturalism</a> via the <a href="/wiki/Official_Languages_Act_(Canada)" title="Official Languages Act (Canada)">Official Languages Act</a>, which made French and English the co-equal official languages of the federal government.<a href="#cite_note-62">[61]</a> More controversial than the declaration (which was backed by the NDP and, with some opposition in caucus, the PCs) was the implementation of the Act's principles: between 1966 and 1976, the francophone proportion of the civil service and military doubled, causing alarm in some sections of anglophone Canada who felt they were being disadvantaged.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnglish_(2009)141-63">[62]</a> Trudeau's Cabinet fulfilled Part IV of the Royal Commission's report by announcing a "<a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">Multiculturalism</a> Policy" on October 8, 1971. It was the first of its kind in the world,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnglish_(2009)142-64">[63]</a> subsequently being emulated by several provinces such as Alberta, Saskatchewan, and Manitoba; even other countries, most notably Australia, which has had a similar history and immigration pattern, emulated the policy. Beyond the specifics of the policy itself, this action signalled an openness to the world and coincided with a more open immigration policy that Pearson had brought in. The policy recognized that while Canada was a country of two official languages, it recognized a plurality of cultures – "a multicultural policy within a bilingual framework".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnglish_(2009)145-65">[64]</a> This annoyed public opinion in Quebec, which believed that it challenged Quebec's claim of Canada being a country of two nations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnglish_(2009)146-66">[65]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Immigration">Immigration</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Trudeau&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Immigration">edit</a>]</div> Following the Vietnam War, a refugee crisis was caused by the flight of the "<a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_boat_people" title="Vietnamese boat people">boat people</a>" from Vietnam, as thousands of people, mostly ethnic Chinese, fled the country in makeshift boats across the <a href="/wiki/South_China_Sea" title="South China Sea">South China Sea</a>, usually to the British colony of Hong Kong. The Trudeau government was generous in granting asylum to the refugees.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGranatsteinBothwell1991218-67">[66]</a> By 1980, Canada had accepted about 44,000 of the "boat people", making it one of the top destinations for them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGranatsteinBothwell1991219-68">[67]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Indigenous_issues">Indigenous issues</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Trudeau&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Indigenous issues">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/The_Canadian_Crown_and_Indigenous_peoples_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="The Canadian Crown and Indigenous peoples of Canada">The Canadian Crown and Indigenous peoples of Canada</a></div> In 1969, Trudeau, along with his then-<a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Crown%E2%80%93Indigenous_Relations" title="Minister of Crown–Indigenous Relations">Minister of Indian Affairs</a> <a href="/wiki/Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien" title="Jean Chrétien">Jean Chrétien</a>, proposed the <a href="/wiki/1969_White_Paper" title="1969 White Paper">1969 White Paper</a> (officially entitled "Statement of the Government of Canada on Indian policy"). The Paper proposed the general assimilation of First Nations into the Canadian body politic through the elimination of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Act" title="Indian Act">Indian Act</a> and Indian status, the parcelling of reserve land to private owners, and the elimination of the <a href="/wiki/Crown%E2%80%93Indigenous_Relations_and_Northern_Affairs_Canada" title="Crown–Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada">Department of Indian and Northern Affairs</a>. The White Paper was widely seen as racist and an attack on Canada's indigenous peoples, and prompted the first major national mobilization of indigenous activists against the federal government's proposal, leading Trudeau to set aside the legislation.<a href="#cite_note-69">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[69]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Death_penalty">Death penalty</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Trudeau&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Death penalty">edit</a>]</div> On July 14, 1976, after a long and emotional debate, Bill C-84 was passed by the House of Commons by a vote of 130 to 124, abolishing the <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Canada" title="Capital punishment in Canada">death penalty</a> completely and instituting a life sentence without parole for 25 years for first-degree murder.<a href="#cite_note-Radio_Canada-71">[70]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Quebec">Quebec</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Trudeau&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Quebec">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="October_Crisis">October Crisis</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Trudeau&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: October Crisis">edit</a>]</div> Trudeau's first serious test as Prime Minister came during the <a href="/wiki/October_Crisis" title="October Crisis">October Crisis</a> of 1970, when a Marxist-influenced Quebec separatist group, the <a href="/wiki/Front_de_lib%C3%A9ration_du_Qu%C3%A9bec" title="Front de libération du Québec">Front de libération du Québec</a> (FLQ), kidnapped British Trade Consul <a href="/wiki/James_Cross" title="James Cross">James Cross</a> at his residence on October 5. Five days later, the group also kidnapped Quebec Labour Minister <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Laporte" title="Pierre Laporte">Pierre Laporte</a>. Trudeau, with the acquiescence of Quebec Premier <a href="/wiki/Robert_Bourassa" title="Robert Bourassa">Robert Bourassa</a>, responded by invoking the <a href="/wiki/War_Measures_Act" title="War Measures Act">War Measures Act</a>, which gave the government sweeping powers of arrest and detention without trial. Trudeau presented a determined public stance during the crisis; when questioned by <a href="/wiki/CBC_Television" title="CBC Television">CBC Television</a> journalist <a href="/wiki/Tim_Ralfe" title="Tim Ralfe">Tim Ralfe</a> regarding how far he would go to stop the violence, Trudeau answered, "<a href="/wiki/Just_watch_me" title="Just watch me">Just watch me</a>". Laporte was found dead on October 17 in the trunk of a car. Five of the FLQ members were flown to Cuba in 1970 as part of a deal in exchange for James Cross' life, although they eventually returned to Canada years later, where they served time in prison.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMunroe_(2012)-72">[71]</a> Although this response is still controversial and was opposed at the time as excessive by parliamentarians like Tommy Douglas and <a href="/wiki/David_Lewis_(Canadian_politician)" title="David Lewis (Canadian politician)">David Lewis</a>, it was met with only limited objections from the public.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJanigan_(1975-11-01)3-73">[72]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Quebec_provincial_affairs">Quebec provincial affairs</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Trudeau&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Quebec provincial affairs">edit</a>]</div> After consultations with the provincial premiers, Trudeau agreed to attend a conference called by <a href="/wiki/Premier_of_British_Columbia" title="Premier of British Columbia">British Columbia Premier</a> <a href="/wiki/W._A._C._Bennett" title="W. A. C. Bennett">W. A. C. Bennett</a> to attempt to finally <a href="/wiki/Patriation" title="Patriation">patriate</a> the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Canada" title="Constitution of Canada">Canadian constitution</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnglish_(2009)135-74">[73]</a> Negotiations between the provinces and Justice Minister <a href="/wiki/John_Turner" title="John Turner">John Turner</a> created a draft agreement, known as the <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Charter" title="Victoria Charter">Victoria Charter</a>, that entrenched a charter of rights, bilingualism, and a guarantee of a veto of constitutional amendments for Ontario and Quebec, as well as regional vetoes for <a href="/wiki/Western_Canada" title="Western Canada">Western Canada</a> and <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Canada" title="Atlantic Canada">Atlantic Canada</a>, within the new constitution.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnglish_(2009)135-74">[73]</a> The agreement was acceptable to the nine predominantly-English speaking provinces, but Quebec's premier Robert Bourassa requested two weeks to consult with his cabinet.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnglish_(2009)135-74">[73]</a> After a strong backlash of popular opinion against the agreement in Quebec, Bourassa stated Quebec would not accept it.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnglish_(2009)136-75">[74]</a> Trudeau faced increasing challenges in Quebec, starting with bitter relations with Bourassa and his <a href="/wiki/Quebec_Liberal_Party" title="Quebec Liberal Party">Quebec Liberal</a> government. Following a rise in the polls after the rejection of the Victoria Charter, the Quebec Liberals had taken a more confrontational approach with the federal government on the constitution, <a href="/wiki/Bill_22" class="mw-redirect" title="Bill 22">French language laws</a>, and the language of <a href="/wiki/Air_traffic_control" title="Air traffic control">air traffic control</a> in Quebec.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnglish_(2009)302–306-76">[75]</a> Trudeau responded with increasing anger at what he saw as nationalist provocations against Ottawa's bilingualism and constitutional initiatives, at times expressing his personal contempt for Bourassa.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnglish_(2009)302–306-76">[75]</a> Partially in an attempt to shore up his support, Bourassa called a <a href="/wiki/1976_Quebec_general_election" title="1976 Quebec general election">surprise election in 1976</a> that resulted in <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_L%C3%A9vesque" title="René Lévesque">René Lévesque</a> and the sovereigntist <a href="/wiki/Parti_Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois" title="Parti Québécois">Parti Québécois</a> (PQ) winning a majority government. The PQ had chiefly campaigned on a "good government" platform, but promised a referendum on independence to be held within their first mandate. Trudeau and Lévesque had been personal rivals, with Trudeau's intellectualism contrasting with Lévesque's more working-class image. While Trudeau claimed to welcome the "clarity" provided by the PQ victory, the unexpected rise of the <a href="/wiki/Quebec_sovereignty_movement" title="Quebec sovereignty movement">Quebec sovereignty movement</a> became, in his view, his biggest challenge.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnglish_(2009)308-77">[76]</a> As the PQ began to take power, Trudeau faced the prolonged breakdown of his marriage, which the English-language press covered in lurid detail on a day-by-day basis. Trudeau's reserve was seen as dignified by contemporaries, and his poll numbers actually rose during the height of coverage,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnglish_(2009)329-78">[77]</a> but aides felt the personal tensions left him uncharacteristically emotional and prone to outbursts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnglish_(2009)327-8-79">[78]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economic_policy">Economic policy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Trudeau&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Economic policy">edit</a>]</div> Trudeau's first government implemented many procedural reforms to make Parliament and the Liberal caucus meetings run more efficiently, significantly expanded the size and role of the Prime Minister's office,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrudeau199322–24-80">[79]</a> and substantially expanded social-welfare programs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELyonVan_Die2000137–144-81">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaxer197722–24-82">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoscovitch2012-83">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[83]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Deficit_spending">Deficit spending</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Trudeau&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Deficit spending">edit</a>]</div> Trudeau's government ran large budget <a href="/wiki/Deficit_spending" title="Deficit spending">deficits</a> throughout its time in office.<a href="#cite_note-85">[84]</a> The government's <a href="/wiki/1968_Canadian_federal_budget" title="1968 Canadian federal budget">first budget in 1968</a> produced a deficit of $667 million, while the <a href="/wiki/1969_Canadian_federal_budget" title="1969 Canadian federal budget">1969 budget</a> produced a surplus of $140 million. However, the <a href="/wiki/1970_Canadian_federal_budget" title="1970 Canadian federal budget">1970 budget</a> (which produced a deficit of over $1 billion) marked the start of consecutive budget deficits run by the Trudeau government; the budget would not be <a href="/wiki/Balanced_budget" title="Balanced budget">balanced</a> until <a href="/wiki/1997_Canadian_federal_budget" title="1997 Canadian federal budget">1997</a>. By the time Trudeau's first tenure ended in 1979, the deficit grew to $12 billion.<a href="#cite_note-:CBCgraph-86">[85]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>List of budgets passed by the Pierre Trudeau government from 1968 to 1979 $ represent <a href="/wiki/Canadian_dollar" title="Canadian dollar">Canadian</a> billions of <a href="/wiki/Real_versus_nominal_value_(economics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Real versus nominal value (economics)">unadjusted</a> dollars </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Budget</th> <th><a href="/wiki/1968_Canadian_federal_budget" title="1968 Canadian federal budget">1968</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/1969_Canadian_federal_budget" title="1969 Canadian federal budget">1969</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/1970_Canadian_federal_budget" title="1970 Canadian federal budget">1970</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/1971_Canadian_federal_budget" title="1971 Canadian federal budget">1971</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/1972_Canadian_federal_budget" title="1972 Canadian federal budget">1972</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/1973_Canadian_federal_budget" title="1973 Canadian federal budget">1973</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/November_1974_Canadian_federal_budget" title="November 1974 Canadian federal budget">1974</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/1975_Canadian_federal_budget" title="1975 Canadian federal budget">1975</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/1976_Canadian_federal_budget" title="1976 Canadian federal budget">1976</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/1977_Canadian_federal_budget" title="1977 Canadian federal budget">1977</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/April_1978_Canadian_federal_budget" title="April 1978 Canadian federal budget">Apr. 1978</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/November_1978_Canadian_federal_budget" title="November 1978 Canadian federal budget">Nov. 1978</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Surplus</td> <td></td> <td>$0.14</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Deficit</td> <td>$0.667</td> <td></td> <td>$1.016</td> <td>$1.786</td> <td>$1.901</td> <td>$2.211</td> <td>$2.225</td> <td>$6.204</td> <td>$6.897</td> <td>$10.879</td> <td>$13.029</td> <td>$11.967 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Social_programs_and_spending">Social programs and spending</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Trudeau&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Social programs and spending">edit</a>]</div> In 1971, Trudeau's government greatly expanded <a href="/wiki/Unemployment_insurance" class="mw-redirect" title="Unemployment insurance">unemployment insurance</a>, making coverage nearly universal as coverage for the Canadian labour force jumped to 96 percent from 75 percent. The system was sometimes called the 8/42, because one had to work for eight weeks (with at least 20 hours per week), and wait two weeks, to get benefits for the other 42 weeks of the year. This expansion also opened the UI program up to maternity, sickness, and retirement benefits, covered seasonal workers for the first time, and allowed mothers to receive up to 15 weeks of benefits if they had 20 or more insurable weeks. The reforms increased the maximum benefit period to 50 weeks, though the benefit duration was calculated using a complex formula depending on labour force participation and the regional and national unemployment rates.<a href="#cite_note-87">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-CanadianLabourUI-89">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-WelfareCanadianEncyclopedia-90">[89]</a> In 1977, the government simplified the benefit duration formula but introduced a variable entrance requirement dependent on the unemployment rate in the applicant's region; the changes also mandated that workers in areas with low unemployment regions work twice as long to be eligible for benefits as workers in high unemployment regions.<a href="#cite_note-CanadianLabourUI-89">[88]</a> In 1973, Trudeau's government amended the <a href="/wiki/National_Housing_Act_(Canada)" title="National Housing Act (Canada)">National Housing Act</a> to provide financial assistance for <a href="/wiki/First-time_home_buyer_grant" title="First-time home buyer grant">new home buying</a>, loans for <a href="/wiki/Co-operative_housing" class="mw-redirect" title="Co-operative housing">co-operative housing</a>, and low interest loans for municipal and private non-profit housing.<a href="#cite_note-:2-91">[90]</a> The amendments saw the introduction the Rental Rehabilitation Assistance Program, which established that homeowners and occupants in low income neighborhoods could qualify for small grants to be used for home repair. Also introduced was the Assisted Home Ownership Program which allowed the <a href="/wiki/Canada_Mortgage_and_Housing_Corporation" title="Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation">Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation</a> (CMHC) to start providing grants and subsidized interest rates to low income families (though in 1978 an amendment discontinued the provision of grant money to these families, which led to a high incidence of defaults, and in turn, necessitated that the federal government provide financial assistance to the CMHC). The amendments saw the passage of the Rent Supplement Act, which enabled the CMHC to partner with private landlords, cooperatives, and not-for-profit associations to provide affordable housing; in addition, the act saw the CMHC agree to fund the difference between market rental prices and rent prices geared to the specific occupant's income. Lastly, the Canada Rental Supply Program was introduced to provide interest-free loans for 15 years to developers who agreed to allocate a proportion of units toward social housing initiatives. In order to ensure that loans contributed to the provision of low income housing, the CMHC was restricted to giving loans amounting to $7500 or less per unit.<a href="#cite_note-:1-92">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-:7-93">[92]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Registered_home_ownership_savings_plan" title="Registered home ownership savings plan">Registered home ownership savings plan</a> (RHOSP) was introduced in the government's <a href="/wiki/November_1974_Canadian_federal_budget" title="November 1974 Canadian federal budget">November 1974 budget</a>. Similar to <a href="/wiki/Registered_retirement_savings_plan" title="Registered retirement savings plan">RRSPs</a>, proceeds from the RHOSP could be received tax-free for either<a href="#cite_note-BG574-94">[93]</a> a down payment for the acquisition of an owner-occupied dwelling or to buy furnitures for the dwelling (or the spouse's dwelling).<a href="#cite_note-95">[94]</a> Individuals who already owned a home (either owner-occupied or rented to another person) could not deduct RHOSP contributions.<a href="#cite_note-96">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[96]</a> In 1976, Trudeau's government allowed for transfers of funds between the RHOSP (for instance to select a plan with better returns).<a href="#cite_note-98">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTES.C._1976-77,_ch._4s_57-99">[98]</a> In 1977, the government tightened the rules of the RHOSP (the reforms removed the purchase of furnitures from the list of usage allowed for tax-free use of RHOSP proceeds starting in 1978;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTES.C._1977,_ch._1s_73(3),_73(14)-100">[99]</a> disallowed deductible contributions for a taxpayer whose spouse owned a home;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTES.C._1977,_ch._1s_73(1)-101">[100]</a> suspended tax-free rollover of RHSOP funds to an RRSP; and capped the lifetime of the RHOSP at 20 years).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTES.C._1977,_ch._1s_73(5)-102">[101]</a> In 1977, Trudeau's government established the financial program <a href="/wiki/Established_Programs_Financing" title="Established Programs Financing">Established Programs Financing</a> to help finance the <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Provinces of Canada">provincially</a>-run <a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Canada" title="Healthcare in Canada">healthcare</a> and post-secondary education system, through <a href="/wiki/Transfer_payments" class="mw-redirect" title="Transfer payments">transfer payments</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Cash" title="Cash">cash</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tax" title="Tax">tax</a> <a href="/wiki/Basis_point" title="Basis point">points</a>. This system lasted until 1995.<a href="#cite_note-WelfareCanadianEncyclopedia-90">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-103">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-DF94-104">[103]</a> In 1979, Trudeau's government restructured <a href="/wiki/Family_Allowance_Act" title="Family Allowance Act">family allowances</a> by increasing the role of the tax system in child support and decreasing the role of family allowances. The government established an annual Refundable Child Tax Credit of $200 for families with incomes of $18,000 or less. As incomes increased above this level, benefits would be taxed away to disappear completely at $26,000. Since the median income for families during this time was $19,500, the majority of families received some benefit from the new program.<a href="#cite_note-105">[104]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Taxation">Taxation</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Trudeau&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Taxation">edit</a>]</div> In 1969, Trudeau's first <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Finance_(Canada)" title="Minister of Finance (Canada)">finance minister</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Benson" title="Edgar Benson">Edgar Benson</a>, introduced a white paper on tax reform which included <a href="/wiki/Tax_deduction" title="Tax deduction">tax deductions</a> for <a href="/wiki/Child_care" title="Child care">child care</a> and advocated shifting the tax burden from the poor to the wealthy. Measures to fulfill the latter proposal included a <a href="/wiki/Capital_gains_tax" title="Capital gains tax">capital gains tax</a>, which was severely criticized by corporate Canada and the business community (notably <a href="/wiki/Israel_Asper" class="mw-redirect" title="Israel Asper">Israel Asper</a>). The bill was debated in Parliament for over a year, with its more radical proposals being removed in parliamentary committee. The reforms managed to be passed through the use of <a href="/wiki/Cloture" title="Cloture">closure</a>, with the capital gains tax (that had an inclusion rate of 50 percent) coming into effect on January 1, 1972, as prescribed by the <a href="/wiki/1971_Canadian_federal_budget" title="1971 Canadian federal budget">1971 budget</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bensonglobeandmail-106">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-107">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-:LeaderPost-108">[107]</a> Also implemented in 1972 was the child care expense deduction which allowed for a deduction of up to $500 per child.<a href="#cite_note-109">[108]</a> As Benson had now become a political liability, Trudeau replaced him with <a href="/wiki/John_Turner" title="John Turner">John Turner</a> (who was seen as a "<a href="/wiki/Blue_Grit" title="Blue Grit">Business Liberal</a>") in 1972.<a href="#cite_note-Bensonglobeandmail-106">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-110">[109]</a> In 1973, Trudeau's government fully indexed the <a href="/wiki/Income_tax_in_Canada" title="Income tax in Canada">person income tax system</a> (both the exemptions and the brackets) to match inflation. The indexation was made effective in 1974; during that year, inflation had jumped from six percent to double digits.<a href="#cite_note-111">[110]</a> The government also implemented three personal income tax cuts from 1973 to 1975.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohenGranastein1998238–239-112">[111]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Inflation">Inflation</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Trudeau&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Inflation">edit</a>]</div> While popular with the electorate, Trudeau's promised minor reforms had little effect on the growing rate of inflation, and he struggled with conflicting advice on the crisis.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnglish2009246-113">[112]</a> In September 1975, <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Finance_(Canada)" title="Minister of Finance (Canada)">finance minister</a> John Turner resigned over refusing to implement <a href="/wiki/Wage_and_price_controls" class="mw-redirect" title="Wage and price controls">wage and price controls</a>.<a href="#cite_note-114">[113]</a> In December 1975, in an embarrassing about-face, Trudeau and new Finance Minister <a href="/wiki/Donald_Stovel_Macdonald" title="Donald Stovel Macdonald">Donald Macdonald</a> introduced wage and price controls by passing the <a href="/wiki/Anti-Inflation_Act" title="Anti-Inflation Act">Anti-Inflation Act</a>, despite campaigning against them in the 1974 election. Amongst its many controls, it limited pay increases for federal government employees and employees in companies with over 500 workers to 10 percent in 1976, 8 percent in 1977, and 6 percent in 1978. The Act also established the anti-inflation board which oversaw the implementation of wage and price controls and had the ability to recommend decreases in prices of goods, wage cuts, and rebates to customers of various services.<a href="#cite_note-Wageandpricecontrols-115">[114]</a> The breadth of the legislation, which touched on many powers traditionally considered the purview of the provinces, prompted <a href="/wiki/Reference_re_Anti-Inflation_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Reference re Anti-Inflation Act">a Supreme Court reference</a> that only upheld the legislation as an <a href="/wiki/Peace,_Order,_and_Good_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Peace, Order, and Good Government">emergency requiring Federal intervention</a> under the <a href="/wiki/British_North_America_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="British North America Act">British North America Act</a>. During the annual 1975 Christmas interview with <a href="/wiki/CTV_Television_Network" title="CTV Television Network">CTV</a>, Trudeau discussed the economy, citing market failures and stating that more state intervention would be necessary. However, the academic wording and hypothetical solutions posed during the complex discussion led much of the public to believe he had declared capitalism itself a failure, creating a lasting distrust among increasingly <a href="/wiki/Neoliberalism" title="Neoliberalism">neoliberal</a> business leaders.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnglish2009290-94-116">[115]</a> The controls lasted until 1978 and the anti-inflation board was dissolved in 1979.<a href="#cite_note-Wageandpricecontrols-115">[114]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Energy_policy">Energy policy</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Trudeau&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Energy policy">edit</a>]</div> On September 4, 1973, Trudeau requested that the <a href="/wiki/Western_Canadian" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Canadian">Western Canadian</a> provinces agree to a voluntary freeze on oil prices during <a href="/wiki/1973_oil_crisis" title="1973 oil crisis">the ongoing Arab oil embargo</a>. Nine days later, the Trudeau government imposed a 40-cent tax on every barrel of <a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_Canada" title="Petroleum industry in Canada">Canadian oil</a> exported to the United States to combat rising inflation and oil prices. The tax was equivalent to the difference between domestic and international oil prices, and the revenues were used to subsidize oil imports for <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Canada" title="Eastern Canada">Eastern</a> <a href="/wiki/Oil_refinery" title="Oil refinery">refiners</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Premier_of_Alberta" title="Premier of Alberta">Premier</a> of oil-rich <a href="/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta">Alberta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Lougheed" title="Peter Lougheed">Peter Lougheed</a>, called the decision "the most discriminatory action taken by a federal government against a particular province in the entire history of <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Confederation" title="Canadian Confederation">Confederation</a>." While revenues decreased for Western provinces (particularly Alberta) and for the petroleum industry, Trudeau's government subsidized Eastern consumers, angering Alberta, who successfully fought for control of its natural resources in 1930.<a href="#cite_note-117">[116]</a> In the early 1970s, the <a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry" title="Petroleum industry">petroleum industry</a> was largely under foreign (mainly American) control, the recent discovery of oil in <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a> put corporate pressure on the <a href="/wiki/Arctic_Archipelago" title="Arctic Archipelago">Canadian Arctic</a>, and Canada's energy sector increasingly focused on North American rather than domestic needs. Trudeau's government initially rejected the idea of creating a nationalized oil company (which was perceived to secure supplies, improve revenue collection, and give governments better information on the global energy market), arguing it would be costly and inefficient. However, after the <a href="/wiki/1973_oil_crisis" title="1973 oil crisis">late 1973 oil crisis</a> saw global oil prices quadruple, questions arose about whether Canada should continue importing oil. Though Canada also exported oil at times, the provinces of Quebec and Atlantic Canada were at risk of a cut-off of imports; as a result, Canada was in need of knowing more about its potential to produce energy. In late October 1973, Trudeau's government adopted a motion from the <a href="/wiki/New_Democratic_Party" title="New Democratic Party">New Democratic Party</a> (which the Trudeau <a href="/wiki/Minority_government" title="Minority government">minority government</a> relied on for support) to establish a nationalized oil company. The Petro-Canada Act was passed in 1975 (under a Trudeau <a href="/wiki/Majority_government" title="Majority government">majority government</a>), resulting in the creation of a new <a href="/wiki/Crown_corporations_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Crown corporations of Canada">crown corporation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Petro-Canada" title="Petro-Canada">Petro-Canada</a>. Petro-Canada was mandated to acquire imported oil supplies, take part in energy research and development, and engage in downstream activities such as refining and marketing. The corporation started with an initial $1.5 billion in capital and had preferential access to debt capital as "an agent of Her Majesty". Trudeau's government gave itself authority over Petro-Canada's capital budget and its corporate strategy, making the company its policy arm; the government also wanted the company to be mainly active on the frontiers (the oil sands, the Arctic, and the East Coast offshore areas) rather than Western Canada, where most Canadian oil is extracted. In 1976, Trudeau appointed his friend, <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Strong" title="Maurice Strong">Maurice Strong</a>, to become the first chair of the company.<a href="#cite_note-118">[117]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_affairs">Foreign affairs</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Trudeau&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Foreign affairs">edit</a>]</div> In foreign affairs, Trudeau kept Canada in the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (<a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a>), but often pursued an independent path in international relations. Trudeau was the first world leader to meet <a href="/wiki/John_Lennon" title="John Lennon">John Lennon</a> and his wife <a href="/wiki/Yoko_Ono" title="Yoko Ono">Yoko Ono</a> on their 1969 "tour for <a href="/wiki/World_peace" title="World peace">world peace</a>". Lennon said, after talking with Trudeau for 50 minutes, that Trudeau was "a beautiful person" and that "if all politicians were like Pierre Trudeau, there would be world peace".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanadian_Press_(1969-12-24)-119">[118]</a> The diplomat <a href="/wiki/John_G._H._Halstead" title="John G. H. Halstead">John G. H. Halstead</a> who worked as a close adviser to Trudeau for a time described him as a man who never read any of the policy papers submitted by the External Affairs department, instead preferring short briefings on the issues before meeting other leaders and that Trudeau usually tried to "wing" his way through international meetings by being witty.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBothwellGranatstein2017109-120">[119]</a> Halstead stated that Trudeau viewed foreign policy as "only for dabbing", saying he much preferred domestic affairs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBothwellGranatstein2017108-121">[120]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="NATO">NATO</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Trudeau&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: NATO">edit</a>]</div> In August 1968, the Trudeau government expressed disapproval of the <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact_invasion_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia">Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia</a>, having the Canadian delegation at the United Nations vote for a resolution condemning the invasion, which failed to pass owing to a <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet</a> veto.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGranatsteinBothwell1991191-122">[121]</a> However, Trudeau made it clear that he did not want an intensified Cold War as a result of the invasion, and worked to avoid a rupture with Moscow.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGranatsteinBothwell1991191-122">[121]</a> In a speech in December 1968, Trudeau asked: "Can we assume Russia wants war because it invaded Czechoslovakia?".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGranatsteinBothwell199118-123">[122]</a> In 1968–1969, Trudeau wanted to pull Canada out of NATO, arguing that the MAD (Mutually Assured Destruction) caused by a Soviet-American nuclear exchange made it highly unlikely that the Soviet Union would ever invade West Germany, thereby making NATO into an expensive irrelevance in his view.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGranatsteinBothwell199117-18-124">[123]</a> In March 1969, Trudeau visited Washington to meet President <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a>. Though the meeting was very civil, Nixon came to intensely dislike Trudeau over time, referring to the Prime Minister in 1971 as "that asshole Trudeau".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGranatsteinBothwell199150-51-125">[124]</a> Nixon made it clear to Trudeau that a Canada that remained in NATO would be taken more seriously in Washington than a Canada that left NATO.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGranatsteinBothwell199151-126">[125]</a> Trudeau himself noted during a speech given before the <a href="/wiki/National_Press_Club" class="mw-redirect" title="National Press Club">National Press Club</a> during the same visit that the United States was by far Canada's largest trading partner, saying: "Living next to you is in some way like sleeping with an elephant; no matter how friendly and even-tempered the beast, one is affected by every twitch and grunt".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGranatsteinBothwell199151-126">[125]</a> The NATO question badly divided the Cabinet. The diplomat <a href="/wiki/Marcel_Cadieux" title="Marcel Cadieux">Marcel Cadieux</a> accused Trudeau of being "ne semble pas croire du tout au danger soviétique".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGranatsteinBothwell199118-123">[122]</a> As a diplomat, the devout Catholic Cadieux had served on the <a href="/wiki/International_Control_Commission" title="International Control Commission">International Control Commission</a> in 1954–55, where his experiences of witnessing the exodus of two million Vietnamese Catholics from <a href="/wiki/North_Vietnam" title="North Vietnam">North Vietnam</a> to <a href="/wiki/South_Vietnam" title="South Vietnam">South Vietnam</a> made him into a very firm anti-Communist.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGranatsteinBothwell199116-127">[126]</a> In late March 1969, Trudeau's cabinet was torn by debate as ministers divided into pro-NATO and anti-NATO camps, and Trudeau's own feelings were with the latter.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGranatsteinBothwell199122-25-128">[127]</a> Defence Minister <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9o_Cadieux" title="Léo Cadieux">Léo Cadieux</a> threatened to resign in protest if Canada left NATO, leading Trudeau, who wanted to keep a French-Canadian in a high-profile portfolio such as the Department of National Defence, to meet Cadieux on April 2 to discuss a possible compromise.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGranatsteinBothwell199125-129">[128]</a> Trudeau and Cadieux agreed that Canada would stay in NATO, but drastically cut back its contributions, despite warnings from <a href="/wiki/Ross_Campbell_(diplomat)" title="Ross Campbell (diplomat)">Ross Campbell</a>, the Canadian member of the NATO Council, that the scale of the cuts envisioned would break Canada's treaty commitments.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGranatsteinBothwell199125-129">[128]</a> Ultimately, the fact the United States would be more favourably disposed to a Canada in NATO and the need to maintain Cabinet unity led Trudeau to decide, despite his own inclinations, to stay in NATO. After much discussion within the cabinet, Trudeau finally declared that Canada would stay within NATO after all on April 3, but he would cut back Canada's forces within Europe by 50%.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGranatsteinBothwell199124-25-130">[129]</a> The way that Canada cut its NATO contributions by 50% caused tensions with other NATO allies, with the British government of Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Harold_Wilson" title="Harold Wilson">Harold Wilson</a> publicly protesting the cuts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGranatsteinBothwell1991338-131">[130]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_States">United States</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Trudeau&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: United States">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:President_Richard_Nixon_and_Prime_Minister_of_Canada_Pierre_Trudeau_at_the_Parliament_Building_in_Ottawa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/President_Richard_Nixon_and_Prime_Minister_of_Canada_Pierre_Trudeau_at_the_Parliament_Building_in_Ottawa.jpg/220px-President_Richard_Nixon_and_Prime_Minister_of_Canada_Pierre_Trudeau_at_the_Parliament_Building_in_Ottawa.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/President_Richard_Nixon_and_Prime_Minister_of_Canada_Pierre_Trudeau_at_the_Parliament_Building_in_Ottawa.jpg/330px-President_Richard_Nixon_and_Prime_Minister_of_Canada_Pierre_Trudeau_at_the_Parliament_Building_in_Ottawa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/President_Richard_Nixon_and_Prime_Minister_of_Canada_Pierre_Trudeau_at_the_Parliament_Building_in_Ottawa.jpg/440px-President_Richard_Nixon_and_Prime_Minister_of_Canada_Pierre_Trudeau_at_the_Parliament_Building_in_Ottawa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2876" data-file-height="1917" /></a><figcaption>Trudeau in his office in Ottawa with U.S. President <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> on April 14, 1972</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:President_Jimmy_Carter_with_Canadian_Prime_Minister_Pierre_Trudeau.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/President_Jimmy_Carter_with_Canadian_Prime_Minister_Pierre_Trudeau.jpg/220px-President_Jimmy_Carter_with_Canadian_Prime_Minister_Pierre_Trudeau.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/President_Jimmy_Carter_with_Canadian_Prime_Minister_Pierre_Trudeau.jpg/330px-President_Jimmy_Carter_with_Canadian_Prime_Minister_Pierre_Trudeau.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/President_Jimmy_Carter_with_Canadian_Prime_Minister_Pierre_Trudeau.jpg/440px-President_Jimmy_Carter_with_Canadian_Prime_Minister_Pierre_Trudeau.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2055" /></a><figcaption>Trudeau with U.S. President <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Oval_Office" title="Oval Office">Oval Office</a> on September 9, 1977</figcaption></figure> Relations with the United States deteriorated on many points during the Nixon presidency (1969–74), including trade disputes, defence agreements, energy, fishing, the environment, cultural imperialism, and foreign policy. On January 4, 1973, Trudeau voted for a resolution in the House of Commons that condemned the American <a href="/wiki/Operation_Linebacker_II" title="Operation Linebacker II">Christmas bombings</a> against North Vietnam between 18 and 29 December 1972.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHillikerHalloranDonaghy2017135-132">[131]</a> As a consequence, Canadian-American relations, already under stress because of the mutual contempt between Nixon and Trudeau, reached a post-war nadir.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHillikerHalloranDonaghy2017144-133">[132]</a> Nixon was infuriated by the resolution and refused to see <a href="/wiki/Marcel_Cadieux" title="Marcel Cadieux">Marcel Cadieux</a>, the Canadian ambassador in Washington, in protest for the rest of 1973.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHillikerHalloranDonaghy2017144-133">[132]</a> Nixon was only prevented from lashing out more by his desire to have Canada continue as the pro-Western member on the International Control Commission for Vietnam.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHillikerHalloranDonaghy2017144-133">[132]</a> Prompted by Halstead, who was known as a proponent of economic "rebalancing" by seeking closer economic ties with the EEC, Trudeau made a visit to Brussels in October 1973 to see <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Xavier_Ortoli" title="François-Xavier Ortoli">François-Xavier Ortoli</a>, the president of the European Commission, to ask for a Canadian-EEC free trade agreement.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHillikerHalloranDonaghy2017214-134">[133]</a> Halstead used Nixon's displeasure with Canada as an argument that it was finally time for "economic rebalancing" by seeking closer ties with the EEC, a thesis that Halstead had been advocating ever since the early 1960s. Ortoli refused Trudeau's request for a free trade agreement with the EEC, saying that was out of the question, but did agree to open talks on lowering tariffs between Canada and the EEC.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHillikerHalloranDonaghy2017214-134">[133]</a> Trudeau continued his attempts at increasing Canada's international profile, including joining the <a href="/wiki/G7" title="G7">G7</a> group of major economic powers in 1976 at the behest of U.S. President <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrudeau_(1993)?-51">[50]</a> American-Canadian relations changed for the better when Trudeau found a better rapport with Ford's successor, <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a>. The late 1970s saw a more sympathetic American attitude toward Canadian political and economic needs, the pardoning of draft evaders who had moved to Canada, and the passing of old sore points such as Watergate and the Vietnam War. Canada more than ever welcomed American investments during the "<a href="/wiki/Stagflation" title="Stagflation">stagflation</a>" (high inflation and high unemployment at the same time) that hurt both nations in the 1970s.<a href="#cite_note-135">[134]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_Kingdom_and_France">United Kingdom and France</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Trudeau&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: United Kingdom and France">edit</a>]</div> Trudeau attached little importance to relations with the United Kingdom. While he shot down a suggestion by one of his ministers to turn Canada into a republic in 1968, he treated the monarchy with a certain bemused contempt.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGranatsteinBothwell1991337-136">[135]</a> Britain's 1973 decision to join the <a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Community" title="European Economic Community">European Economic Community</a> (EEC) confirmed Trudeau's view that the UK was a declining power that had little to offer Canada, while the way that Japan had replaced Britain as Canada's second-largest trading partner was taken as further confirmation of these views.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGranatsteinBothwell1991337-338-137">[136]</a> However, Trudeau was attached to the Commonwealth, believing it was an international body that allowed Canada to project influence into the Third World; he noted it was one of the few bodies that allowed leaders from the First and Third Worlds to meet on a regular basis.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGranatsteinBothwell1991291-138">[137]</a> Although France was no longer as supportive of Quebec separatism as it had been under President <a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">Charles de Gaulle</a> in the 1960s, the way that French politicians expressed the idea of a special Franco-Quebecois bond as opposed to a special Franco-Canadian bond throughout the 1970s led to tensions with Paris.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGranatsteinBothwell1991345-139">[138]</a> In 1970–71, the Commonwealth was threatened with a split as a number of African members, supported by India, denounced Britain's policy of selling arms to <a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">apartheid</a> South Africa, which the UK argued was necessary because South Africa was not only one of the world's largest gold producers, but its government was <a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">anti-Communist</a> and pro-Western.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGranatsteinBothwell1991281-140">[139]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Labour_government,_1964%E2%80%931970" title="Labour government, 1964–1970">Wilson government</a> had imposed an arms embargo on South Africa in 1964, which the new Conservative <a href="/wiki/Heath_ministry" title="Heath ministry">Heath government</a> ended in 1970. A number of African Commonwealth nations led by <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Kaunda" title="Kenneth Kaunda">Kenneth Kaunda</a> of Zambia and <a href="/wiki/Julius_Nyerere" title="Julius Nyerere">Julius Nyerere</a> of Tanzania threatened to leave the organization if Britain continued with arms sales to South Africa. When British Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Edward_Heath" title="Edward Heath">Edward Heath</a> visited Ottawa in December 1970, his meetings with Trudeau went badly. In what was described as a "no holds-barred" style, Trudeau told Heath that the British arms sales to white supremacist South Africa were threatening the unity of the Commonwealth.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGranatsteinBothwell1991281-140">[139]</a> At a <a href="/wiki/1971_Commonwealth_Heads_of_Government_Meeting" title="1971 Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting">Commonwealth summit</a> in Singapore between 14 and 22 January 1971, Trudeau argued that apartheid was not sustainable in the long run given that the black population of South Africa vastly outnumbered the white population, and it was extremely myopic for Britain to be supporting South Africa, given that majority rule in South Africa was inevitable.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGranatsteinBothwell1991281-140">[139]</a> However, Trudeau worked for a compromise to avoid a split in the Commonwealth, arguing that it needed to do more to pressure South Africa to end apartheid peacefully, and saying that a "race war" in South Africa would be the worse possible way to end apartheid.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGranatsteinBothwell1991281-140">[139]</a> The conference ended with a compromise agreement in which Britain would fulfill its existing arms contracts to South Africa but henceforth sell no more weapons to the country; ultimately, the British only sold South Africa five attack helicopters.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhythian200018-141">[140]</a> Singaporean Prime Minister and conference host <a href="/wiki/Lee_Kuan_Yew" title="Lee Kuan Yew">Lee Kuan Yew</a> later praised Trudeau for his efforts at the summit to hold the Commonwealth together, despite the passions aroused by the South African issue.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGranatsteinBothwell1991281-140">[139]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Germany">Germany</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Trudeau&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Germany">edit</a>]</div> Trudeau had an especially close friendship with the Social Democratic West German Chancellor <a href="/wiki/Helmut_Schmidt" title="Helmut Schmidt">Helmut Schmidt</a>, whom he greatly liked both for his left-wing politics and as a practical politician who was more concerned about getting things done rather than with ideological questions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGranatsteinBothwell1991253-142">[141]</a> Schmidt was sympathetic towards Trudeau's "rebalancing" concept, telling Trudeau that he wanted West Germany to have two North American partners instead of one, and promised at a 1975 meeting to use West German influence within the EEC to grant Canada better trade terms in exchange for Canada spending more on its NATO commitments.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGranatsteinBothwell1991253-254-143">[142]</a> After meeting Schmidt, Trudeau performed a volte-face on NATO, speaking at a press conference of how much he valued NATO as an alliance that was established for collective security in Europe.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGranatsteinBothwell1991254-144">[143]</a> To show his approval of Schmidt, Trudeau not only agreed to spend more on NATO, but insisted that the Canadian Army buy the German-built Leopard tanks, which thereby boosted the West German arms industry, over the opposition of the Finance department, which felt that buying the Leopard tanks was wasteful.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGranatsteinBothwell1991254-255-145">[144]</a> Schmidt's support was especially welcome as Wilson, once again back as the British prime minister, proved unwilling to lobby for the EEC lowering tariffs on Canadian goods, merely saying that he was willing "to interpret Canadian policy" to the other EEC leaders.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGranatsteinBothwell1991268-146">[145]</a> By contrast, the West German Foreign Minister Hans-Dietrich Genscher gave Trudeau a firm promise of West German support for an EEC-Canadian economic agreement.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGranatsteinBothwell1991168-147">[146]</a> The major hold-out was France, which was stoutly opposed to an EEC-Canadian agreement, seeing giving EEC market access to Canadian agriculture as a threat to French agriculture.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGranatsteinBothwell1991168-169-148">[147]</a> In July 1976 a Canadian-EEC Framework Economic Agreement was signed, which came into effect on 1 October 1976.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGranatsteinBothwell1991158-149">[148]</a> Trudeau hoped would be the Framework Agreement would be the first step towards a Canadian-EEC free trade agreement, but the EEC proved to be uninterested in free trade with Canada.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGranatsteinBothwell1991158-149">[148]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="China">China</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Trudeau&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: China">edit</a>]</div> Trudeau established Canadian diplomatic relations with the People's Republic of China before the United States did in 1979, and went on an official visit to Beijing. On 10 February 1969, the government announced its wish to establish diplomatic relations with the People's Republic, and Trudeau was mortified when the Chinese refused to respond at first, which made him look foolish.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGranatsteinBothwell1991184-150">[149]</a> Unknown to Trudeau, the Chinese diplomatic corps had been so thoroughly purged during the <a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a> that the Chinese Foreign Ministry barely functioned by early 1969. On 19 February 1969, the Chinese finally responded and agreed to open talks in Stockholm on establishing diplomatic relations, which began on 3 April 1969.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGranatsteinBothwell1991184-150">[149]</a> Trudeau expected the negotiations to be a mere formality, but relations were not finally established until October 1970.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGranatsteinBothwell1991184-150">[149]</a> The delay was largely because the Chinese insisted that Canada have no relations whatsoever with "the Chiang Kai-shek gang" as they called the Kuomintang regime in <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a> and agree to support the Chinese position that Taiwan was a part of the People's Republic, a position that caused problems on the Canadian side as it implied Canadian support for China's viewpoint that it had the right to take Taiwan by force into the People's Republic.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGranatsteinBothwell1991184-185-151">[150]</a> On 10 October 1970, a statement was issued by the External Affairs department in Ottawa saying: "The Chinese government reaffirms that Taiwan is an inalienable part of the territory of the People's Republic of China. The Canadian government takes note of the Chinese position".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGranatsteinBothwell1991185-152">[151]</a> After the statement was issued, China and Canada established diplomatic relations on the same day.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGranatsteinBothwell1991185-152">[151]</a> The so-called "Canadian formula" under which a nation "takes note" of the Chinese viewpoint that Taiwan is part of the People's Republic has been often copied by other nations that have established diplomatic relations with Beijing, most notably the United States in 1979.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGranatsteinBothwell1991185-152">[151]</a> In October 1973, Trudeau visited Beijing to meet <a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zhou_Enlai" title="Zhou Enlai">Zhou Enlai</a>, where Trudeau was hailed as "old friend", a term of high approval in China.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGranatsteinBothwell1991187-188-153">[152]</a> In 1976, Trudeau, succumbing to pressure from the Chinese government, issued an order barring <a href="/wiki/Sports_in_Taiwan" class="mw-redirect" title="Sports in Taiwan">Taiwan</a> from participating as China in the <a href="/wiki/1976_Montreal_Olympics" class="mw-redirect" title="1976 Montreal Olympics">1976 Montreal Olympics</a>, although technically it was a matter for the <a href="/wiki/IOC" class="mw-redirect" title="IOC">IOC</a>.<a href="#cite_note-As_It_Happens-154">[153]</a> His action strained relations with the United States – from <a href="/wiki/President_Ford" class="mw-redirect" title="President Ford">President Ford</a>, future <a href="/wiki/President_Carter" class="mw-redirect" title="President Carter">President Carter</a> and the press – and subjected Canada to international condemnation and shame.<a href="#cite_note-155">[154]</a><a href="#cite_note-As_It_Happens-154">[153]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Trudeau_and_Castro">Trudeau and Castro</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Trudeau&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Trudeau and Castro">edit</a>]</div> Trudeau was known as a friend of <a href="/wiki/Fidel_Castro" title="Fidel Castro">Fidel Castro</a>, the leader of <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a>. In January 1976, Trudeau visited Cuba to meet Castro and shouted to a crowd in Havana "Viva Cuba! Viva Castro!" ("Long Live Cuba! Long Live Castro!").<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGranatsteinBothwell1991274-156">[155]</a> In November 1975, Cuba had intervened in the Angolan Civil War on the side of the Marxist MPLA government supported by the Soviet Union which was fighting against the UNITA and FNLA guerrilla movements supported by the United States, South Africa and Zaire (the modern Democratic Republic of the Congo).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGranatsteinBothwell1991274-156">[155]</a> Though both Zaire and South Africa had also intervened in Angola, sending in troops to support the FLNA and UNITA respectively, it was the Cuban intervention in Angola that caused the controversy in the West. Many people in the West saw the Cuban intervention as "aggression", and as a power play by the Soviet Union to win a sphere of influence in Africa.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGranatsteinBothwell1991274-156">[155]</a> Angola was amply endowed with oil, and many saw the victory of the MPLA/Cuban forces in the first round of the Angolan civil war in 1975–1976 as a major blow to Western interests in Africa. Trudeau's remarks in Havana were widely seen in the West as not only expressing approval of Cuba's Communist government, but also the Cuban intervention in Angola.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGranatsteinBothwell1991274-156">[155]</a> In fact, Trudeau did press Castro in private to pull his troops out of Angola, only for Castro to insist that Cuba would pull its forces out of Angola only when South Africa likewise pulled its forces out of not only Angola, but also Southwest Africa (modern Namibia) as well.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGranatsteinBothwell1991275-157">[156]</a> Trudeau's embrace of Castro attracted much criticism in the United States, which allowed Trudeau to pose as a leader who was "standing up" to the United States without seriously damaging American-Canadian relations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGranatsteinBothwell1991274-156">[155]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Re-elections">Re-elections</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Trudeau&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Re-elections">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1972_election">1972 election</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Trudeau&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: 1972 election">edit</a>]</div> On September 1, 1972, over four years into the Liberals' five-year mandate, Trudeau called <a href="/wiki/1972_Canadian_federal_election" title="1972 Canadian federal election">an election for October 30</a>. At the start of the campaign, polls showed the Liberals 10 points ahead of the <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Conservative_Party_of_Canada" title="Progressive Conservative Party of Canada">Progressive Conservatives</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Stanfield" title="Robert Stanfield">Robert Stanfield</a>, who previously lost to Trudeau in the <a href="/wiki/1968_Canadian_federal_election" title="1968 Canadian federal election">1968 election</a>. However, the results produced a Liberal <a href="/wiki/Minority_government" title="Minority government">minority government</a>, with the Liberals winning 109 seats compared to the PCs' 107; this was one of the closest elections in Canadian history. <a href="/wiki/Trudeaumania" title="Trudeaumania">Trudeaumania</a> from the 1968 election had worn off, not least because of a slumping economy and rising unemployment. The <a href="/wiki/New_Democratic_Party" title="New Democratic Party">New Democratic Party</a> led by <a href="/wiki/David_Lewis_(Canadian_politician)" title="David Lewis (Canadian politician)">David Lewis</a> held the <a href="/wiki/Balance_of_power_(parliament)" title="Balance of power (parliament)">balance of power</a>.<a href="#cite_note-158">[157]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1974_election">1974 election</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Trudeau&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: 1974 election">edit</a>]</div> In May 1974, the House of Commons passed a <a href="/wiki/Motion_of_no_confidence" title="Motion of no confidence">motion of no confidence</a> in the Trudeau government, defeating its budget bill after Trudeau intentionally antagonized Stanfield and Lewis.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnglish_(2009)233-159">[158]</a> The <a href="/wiki/1974_Canadian_federal_election" title="1974 Canadian federal election">ensuing election</a> focused mainly on the <a href="/wiki/1973%E2%80%9375_recession" class="mw-redirect" title="1973–75 recession">then-ongoing economic recession</a>. Stanfield proposed the immediate introduction of <a href="/wiki/Wage_and_price_controls" class="mw-redirect" title="Wage and price controls">wage and price controls</a> to help end the increasing <a href="/wiki/Inflation" title="Inflation">inflation</a> Canada was facing. Trudeau mocked the proposal, telling a newspaper reporter that it was the equivalent of a magician saying "Zap! You're frozen", and instead promoted a variety of small tax cuts to curb inflation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnglish_(2009)237-160">[159]</a> According to Trudeau's biographer John English, NDP supporters scared of wage controls moved toward the Liberals during the campaign.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnglish_(2009)238-161">[160]</a> The Liberals were re-elected with a majority government, winning 141 out of 264 seats, prompting Stanfield's retirement. However, the Liberals did not win any seats in Alberta, where Premier <a href="/wiki/Peter_Lougheed" title="Peter Lougheed">Peter Lougheed</a> was a vociferous opponent of Trudeau's 1974 budget.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnglish_(2009)240-162">[161]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Defeat_in_1979">Defeat in 1979</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Trudeau&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Defeat in 1979">edit</a>]</div> As the 1970s wore on, growing public exhaustion towards Trudeau's personality and the country's constitutional debates caused his poll numbers to fall rapidly in the late 1970s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGwyn_(1980)325-163">[162]</a> At the <a href="/wiki/1978_G7_summit" class="mw-redirect" title="1978 G7 summit">1978 G7 summit</a>, he discussed strategies for the upcoming election with West German Chancellor <a href="/wiki/Helmut_Schmidt" title="Helmut Schmidt">Helmut Schmidt</a>, who advised him to announce several spending cuts to quell criticism of the large deficits his government was running.<a href="#cite_note-164">[163]</a> After a series of by-election defeats in 1978, Trudeau waited as long as he could to call a <a href="/wiki/1979_Canadian_federal_election" title="1979 Canadian federal election">general election in 1979</a>. He finally did so, only two months from the five-year limit provided under the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_Act,_1867" title="Constitution Act, 1867">British North America Act</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NYT_Kaufman_20000929_Eulogy-2">[1]</a> During the election campaign, the Liberals faced declining poll numbers, while the <a href="/wiki/Joe_Clark" title="Joe Clark">Joe Clark</a>–led Progressive Conservatives focused on "pocketbook" issues. To contrast Trudeau's image with that of the mild-mannered Clark, Trudeau and his advisors based their campaign on Trudeau's decisive personality and his grasp of the Constitution file, despite the general public's apparent wariness of both. The traditional Liberal rally at <a href="/wiki/Maple_Leaf_Gardens" title="Maple Leaf Gardens">Maple Leaf Gardens</a> saw Trudeau stressing the importance of major constitutional reform to general ennui, and his campaign "photo-ops" were typically surrounded by picket lines and protesters. Though polls portended disaster, Clark's struggles justifying his party's populist platform and a strong Trudeau performance in the election debate helped bring the Liberals to the point of contention.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnglish_(2009)chpt._13-165">[164]</a> Though the Liberals won the popular vote by four points, its vote was concentrated in Quebec but faltered in industrial Ontario. This allowed the PCs to win a plurality of the seats in the House of Commons and form a minority government. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Opposition_(1979–1980)">Opposition (1979–1980)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Trudeau&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Opposition (1979–1980)">edit</a>]</div> Trudeau soon announced his intention to resign as Liberal Party leader and favoured <a href="/wiki/Donald_Stovel_Macdonald" title="Donald Stovel Macdonald">Donald Macdonald</a> to be his successor.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrudeau_(1993)265-166">[165]</a> However, before a <a href="/wiki/Leadership_convention" title="Leadership convention">leadership convention</a> could be held, with Trudeau's blessing and <a href="/wiki/Allan_MacEachen" title="Allan MacEachen">Allan MacEachen</a>'s manoeuvring in the House, the Liberals supported an NDP subamendment to <a href="/wiki/1979_Canadian_federal_budget" title="1979 Canadian federal budget">Clark's budget</a> stating that the House had no confidence in the budget. In Canada, as in most other countries with a <a href="/wiki/Westminster_system" title="Westminster system">Westminster system</a>, budget votes are indirectly considered to be votes of confidence in the government, and their <a href="/wiki/Loss_of_supply" title="Loss of supply">failure</a> automatically brings down the government. Liberal and NDP votes and Social Credit abstentions led to the subamendment passing 139–133, thereby toppling Clark's government and triggering a new election for a House less than a year old. The Liberal caucus, along with friends and advisors, persuaded Trudeau to stay on as leader and fight the election, with Trudeau's main impetus being the upcoming referendum on Quebec sovereignty.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrudeau_(1993)265–66-167">[166]</a> Trudeau and the Liberals engaged in a new strategy for the <a href="/wiki/1980_Canadian_federal_election" title="1980 Canadian federal election">February 1980 election</a>: facetiously called the "low bridge", it involved dramatically underplaying Trudeau's role and avoiding media appearances, to the point of refusing a televised debate. On election day, Ontario returned to the Liberal fold, and Trudeau and the Liberals defeated Clark and won a <a href="/wiki/Majority_government" title="Majority government">majority government</a>.<a href="#cite_note-168">[167]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prime_Minister_(1980–1984)">Prime Minister (1980–1984)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Trudeau&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Prime Minister (1980–1984)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Premierships_of_Pierre_Trudeau#Second_tenure_(1980–1984)" title="Premierships of Pierre Trudeau">Premierships of Pierre Trudeau § Second tenure (1980–1984)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pierre_Elliot_Trudeau-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Pierre_Elliot_Trudeau-2.jpg/220px-Pierre_Elliot_Trudeau-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="308" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Pierre_Elliot_Trudeau-2.jpg/330px-Pierre_Elliot_Trudeau-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3a/Pierre_Elliot_Trudeau-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="368" data-file-height="515" /></a><figcaption>Prime Minister Trudeau in 1980</figcaption></figure> The Liberal victory in 1980 highlighted a sharp geographical divide in the country: the party had won no seats west of <a href="/wiki/Manitoba" title="Manitoba">Manitoba</a>. Trudeau, in an attempt to represent Western interests, offered to form a coalition government with <a href="/wiki/Ed_Broadbent" title="Ed Broadbent">Ed Broadbent</a>'s NDP, which had won 22 seats in the west, but was rebuffed by Broadbent out of fear the party would have no influence in a majority government.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnglish_(2009)446-7-169">[168]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1980_Quebec_referendum">1980 Quebec referendum</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Trudeau&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: 1980 Quebec referendum">edit</a>]</div> The first challenge Trudeau faced upon re-election was the <a href="/wiki/1980_Quebec_referendum" title="1980 Quebec referendum">1980 Quebec sovereignty referendum</a>, called by the Parti Québécois government of René Lévesque. Trudeau immediately initiated federal involvement in the referendum, reversing the Clark government's policy of leaving the issue to the Quebec Liberals and <a href="/wiki/Claude_Ryan" title="Claude Ryan">Claude Ryan</a>. He appointed Jean Chrétien as the nominal spokesman for the federal government, helping to push the "Non" cause to working-class voters who tuned out the intellectual Ryan and Trudeau. Unlike Ryan and the Liberals, he refused to acknowledge the legitimacy of the referendum question, and noted that the "association" required consent from the other provinces.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnglish_(2009)454-170">[169]</a> In the debates in the legislature during the campaign leading up to the referendum, Lévesque said that Trudeau's middle name was Scottish, and that Trudeau's aristocratic upbringing proved that he was more Scottish than French.<a href="#cite_note-CBC_Reflections_20010923-171">[170]</a> A week prior to the referendum, Trudeau delivered one of his most well-known speeches, in which he extolled the virtues of federalism and questioned the ambiguous language of the referendum question. He described the origin of the name as Canadian.<a href="#cite_note-CBC_Reflections_20010923-171">[170]</a> Trudeau promised a new constitutional agreement should Quebec decide to stay in Canada, in which English-speaking Canadians would have to listen to valid concerns made by the Québécois.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnglish_(2009)459-172">[171]</a> On May 20, sixty percent of Quebeckers voted to remain in Canada. Following the announcement of the results, Trudeau said that he "had never been so proud to be a Quebecker and a Canadian".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnglish_(2009)459-172">[171]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economy_and_oil">Economy and oil</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Trudeau&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Economy and oil">edit</a>]</div> In the government's first budget, delivered in October 1980 by Finance Minister Allan MacEachen (a long-time Trudeau loyalist), the <a href="/wiki/National_Energy_Program" title="National Energy Program">National Energy Program</a> (NEP) was introduced. One of the Liberals' most contentious policies, the NEP was fiercely protested by the Western provinces and was seen as unfairly depriving them of the full economic benefit of their oil and gas resources, in order to pay for nationwide social programs and make regional transfer payments to poorer parts of the country. Sentiments of this kind were especially strong in oil-rich <a href="/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta">Alberta</a>, where unemployment rose from 4% to 10% following passage of the NEP.<a href="#cite_note-Stamp-173">[172]</a> The western provinces blamed the devastating oil bust of the 1980s on the NEP, which led to what many termed "<a href="/wiki/Western_alienation" title="Western alienation">Western alienation</a>". Alberta premier Peter Lougheed entered into tough negotiations with Trudeau, reaching a revenue-sharing agreement on energy in 1982.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrudeau_(1993)?-51">[50]</a> Estimates have placed Alberta's losses between $50 billion and $100 billion because of the NEP.<a href="#cite_note-174">[173]</a><a href="#cite_note-175">[174]</a> This first budget was one of a series of unpopular budgets delivered in response to the oil shock of 1979 and the ensuing <a href="/wiki/Early_1980s_recession" title="Early 1980s recession">severe global economic recession</a> which began at the start of 1980.<a href="#cite_note-BLS_Moy_1985-176">[175]</a><a href="#cite_note-independent_Hammes_2005-177">[176]</a> In his budget speech, MacEachen said that the global oil price shocks—in <a href="/wiki/1973_oil_crisis" title="1973 oil crisis">1973</a> and again in <a href="/wiki/1979_oil_crisis" title="1979 oil crisis">1979</a>—had caused a "sharp renewal of inflationary forces and real income losses" in Canada and in the industrial world...They are not just Canadian problems ... they are world-wide problems."<a href="#cite_note-Budget_1980-178">[177]</a> Leaders of developed countries raised their concerns at the Venice Summit, at meetings of Finance Ministers of the <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a> (IMF) and the <a href="/wiki/OECD" title="OECD">Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development</a> (OECD).<a href="#cite_note-Budget_1980-178">[177]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Canada" title="Bank of Canada">Bank of Canada</a> wrote that there was a "deeply troubling air of uncertainty and anxiety" about the economy.<a href="#cite_note-Budget_1980-178">[177]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bank_of_Canada-179">[178]</a><a href="#cite_note-canada_bubble-180">[179]</a><a href="#cite_note-181">[180]</a> Amongst the policies introduced by Trudeau's last term in office were an expansion in government support for Canada's poorest citizens.<a href="#cite_note-Penniman1988-182">[181]</a> By the time Trudeau left office in 1984, the budget deficit was at $37 billion (fiscal year <a href="/wiki/1984_Canadian_federal_budget" title="1984 Canadian federal budget">1984–1985</a>). Trudeau's first budget (fiscal year <a href="/wiki/1968_Canadian_federal_budget" title="1968 Canadian federal budget">1968–1969</a>) only had a deficit of $667 million. Inflation and unemployment marred much of Trudeau's tenure as prime minister. When Trudeau took office in 1968 Canada had a debt of $18 billion (24% of GDP) which was largely left over from World War II, when he left office in 1984, that debt stood at $200 billion (46% of GDP), an increase of 83% in real terms.<a href="#cite_note-183">[182]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Patriation_of_the_constitution">Patriation of the constitution</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Trudeau&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Patriation of the constitution">edit</a>]</div> In 1982, Trudeau succeeded in patriating the Constitution.<a href="#cite_note-NYT_Kaufman_20000929_Eulogy-2">[1]</a> In response to a formal request from the Canadian Houses of Parliament, with the consent of all provinces except Quebec, the British Parliament passed an act ceding to the governments of Canada the full responsibility for amending Canada's Constitution.<a href="#cite_note-ConstAct1982-184">[183]</a> Earlier in his tenure, he had met with opposition from the provincial governments, most notably with the Victoria Charter. Provincial premiers were united in their concerns regarding an amending formula, a court-enforced Charter of Rights, and a further devolution of powers to the provinces. In 1980, Chrétien was tasked with creating a constitutional settlement following the Quebec referendum in which Quebeckers voted to remain in Canada.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnglish_(2009)459-172">[171]</a> After chairing a series of increasingly acrimonious conferences with first ministers on the issue, Trudeau announced the federal government's intention to proceed with a request to the British Parliament to patriate the constitution unilaterally, with additions to be approved by a referendum without input from provincial governments. Trudeau was backed by the NDP, Ontario Premier <a href="/wiki/Bill_Davis" title="Bill Davis">Bill Davis</a>, and New Brunswick Premier <a href="/wiki/Richard_Hatfield" title="Richard Hatfield">Richard Hatfield</a> and was opposed by the remaining premiers and PC leader Joe Clark. After numerous provincial governments challenged the legality of the decision using their <a href="/wiki/Reference_question" title="Reference question">reference power</a>, conflicting decisions prompted a <a href="/wiki/Patriation_Reference" title="Patriation Reference">Supreme Court decision</a> that stated unilateral patriation was legal, but was in contravention of a <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_convention_(political_custom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitutional convention (political custom)">constitutional convention</a> that the provinces be consulted and have general agreement to the changes. After the court decision, which prompted some reservations in the British Parliament of accepting a unilateral request,<a href="#cite_note-185">[184]</a> Trudeau agreed to meet with the premiers one more time before proceeding. At this meeting, Trudeau reached an agreement with nine of the premiers on patriating the constitution and implementing the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, with the caveat that Parliament and the provincial legislatures would have the ability to use a <a href="/wiki/Section_Thirty-three_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" class="mw-redirect" title="Section Thirty-three of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">notwithstanding clause</a> to protect some laws from judicial oversight. The notable exception was Lévesque who, Trudeau believed, would never have signed an agreement. The objection of the Quebec government to the new constitutional provisions became a source of continued acrimony between the federal and Quebec governments, and would forever stain Trudeau's reputation amongst nationalists in the province. The <a href="/wiki/Constitution_Act,_1982" title="Constitution Act, 1982">Constitution Act, 1982</a>, including the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, was proclaimed by Queen Elizabeth II, as <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Canada" title="Monarchy of Canada">Queen of Canada</a>, on April 17, 1982. With the enactment of the <a href="/wiki/Canada_Act_1982" title="Canada Act 1982">Canada Act 1982</a>, the British Parliament ceded all authority over Canada to the governments of Canada. The Constitution Act, 1982, part of the Canada Act 1982, established the supremacy of the Constitution of Canada, which now could only be amended by the federal and provincial governments, under the amending formula established by the Constitution Act, 1982.<a href="#cite_note-ConstAct1982-184">[183]</a> The Charter represented the final step in Trudeau's liberal vision of a fully independent Canada based on fundamental human rights and the protection of individual freedoms as well as those of linguistic and cultural minorities. <a href="/wiki/Section_Thirty-five_of_the_Constitution_Act,_1982" class="mw-redirect" title="Section Thirty-five of the Constitution Act, 1982">Section 35</a> of the Constitution Act, 1982, clarified issues of aboriginal and equality rights, including establishing the previously denied aboriginal rights of <a href="/wiki/Metis_(people)" class="mw-redirect" title="Metis (people)">Métis</a>. Section 15, dealing with equality rights, has been used to remedy societal discrimination against minority groups. The coupling of the direct and indirect influences of the Charter has meant that it has grown to influence every aspect of Canadian life and the Charter's notwithstanding clause has been infrequently used. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Resignation">Resignation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Trudeau&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Resignation">edit</a>]</div> By 1984, the Progressive Conservatives held a substantial lead in opinion polls under their new leader <a href="/wiki/Brian_Mulroney" title="Brian Mulroney">Brian Mulroney</a>, and polls indicated that the Liberals faced all-but-certain defeat if Trudeau led them into the next election. On February 29, 1984, a day after what he described as a walk through the snowy streets of Ottawa, Trudeau announced he would not lead the Liberals into the next election. He was frequently known to use the term "walk in the snow" as a trope; he claimed to have taken a similar walk in December 1979 before deciding to take the Liberals into the 1980 election.<a href="#cite_note-186">[185]</a> Trudeau formally retired on June 30, ending his 15-year tenure as prime minister. He was succeeded by John Turner, a former <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Canada" title="Cabinet of Canada">Cabinet minister</a> under both Trudeau and Lester Pearson. Before handing power to Turner, Trudeau took the unusual step of appointing Liberal <a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Canada" title="Senate of Canada">Senators</a> from Western provinces to his Cabinet. He advised <a href="/wiki/Governor_General_of_Canada" title="Governor General of Canada">Governor General</a> <a href="/wiki/Jeanne_Sauv%C3%A9" title="Jeanne Sauvé">Jeanne Sauvé</a> to appoint over 200 Liberals to <a href="/wiki/Patronage" title="Patronage">patronage</a> positions. He and Turner then crafted a legal agreement calling for Turner to advise an additional 70 patronage appointments. The sheer volume of appointments, combined with questions about the appointees' qualifications, led to condemnation from across the political spectrum.<a href="#cite_note-Mulroney_1991-187">[186]</a> However, an apparent rebound in the polls prompted Turner to call <a href="/wiki/1984_Canadian_federal_election" title="1984 Canadian federal election">an election for September 1984</a>, almost a year before it was due. Turner's appointment deal with Trudeau came back to haunt the Liberals at the English-language debate, when Mulroney demanded that Turner apologize for not advising that the appointments be cancelled—advice that Sauvé would have been required to follow by convention. Turner claimed that "I had no option" but to let the appointments stand, prompting Mulroney to tell him, "<a href="/wiki/You_had_an_option,_sir" title="You had an option, sir">You had an option, sir</a>–to say 'no'–and you chose to say 'yes' to the old attitudes and the old stories of the Liberal Party."<a href="#cite_note-188">[187]</a> (Mulroney himself soon engaged in his own series of patronage appointments.)<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nationalpost.com/news/canada/is-patronage-the-oil-that-keeps-our-democracy-turning">Accessed Dec 24, 2024</a> In <a href="/wiki/1984_Canadian_federal_election" title="1984 Canadian federal election">the election</a>, Mulroney's PCs took slightly more than half the votes cast and 73 percent of the seats, winning the largest majority government (by total number of seats) and second-largest majority (by proportion of seats) in Canadian history. The Liberals, with Turner as leader, lost 95 seats – at the time, the worst defeat of a sitting government at the federal level (by proportion of seats). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="After_politics_(1984–2000)">After politics (1984–2000)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Trudeau&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: After politics (1984–2000)">edit</a>]</div> Trudeau joined the Montreal law firm <a href="/wiki/Heenan_Blaikie" title="Heenan Blaikie">Heenan Blaikie</a> as counsel and settled in the historic <a href="/wiki/Maison_Cormier" class="mw-redirect" title="Maison Cormier">Maison Cormier</a> in Montreal following his retirement from politics.<a href="#cite_note-189">[188]</a> Though he rarely gave speeches or spoke to the press, his interventions into public debate had a significant impact when they occurred. Trudeau wrote and spoke out against both the <a href="/wiki/Meech_Lake_Accord" title="Meech Lake Accord">Meech Lake Accord</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charlottetown_Accord" title="Charlottetown Accord">Charlottetown Accord</a> proposals to amend the Canadian constitution, arguing that they would weaken federalism and the Charter of Rights if implemented. The Meech Lake Accord granted Quebec the constitutional right to be a "distinct society" within Canada, which theoretically could have been the basis of a wide-ranging devolution of power to Quebec. The Quebec government potentially could have been allowed to pass any law short of secession to protect Quebec's constitutional right to be a "distinct society". Trudeau claimed in his speeches that giving Quebec the constitutional status of a "distinct society" would lead to the Quebec government deporting members of Quebec's English-speaking minority.<a href="#cite_note-190">[189]</a> His opposition to both accords was considered one of the major factors leading to the defeat of the two proposals. He also continued to speak against the Parti Québécois and the sovereignty movement with less effect. Trudeau also remained active in international affairs, visiting foreign leaders and participating in international associations such as the <a href="/wiki/Club_of_Rome" title="Club of Rome">Club of Rome</a>. He met with Soviet leader <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a> and other leaders in 1985; shortly afterwards Gorbachev met U.S. President <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> to discuss easing world tensions. He published his reminiscences in ''Memoirs'' in 1993.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrudeau_(1993)1-191">[190]</a> The book sold hundreds of thousands of copies in several editions, and became one of the most successful Canadian books ever published. In his <a href="/wiki/Old_age" title="Old age">old age</a>, he was afflicted with <a href="/wiki/Parkinson%27s_disease" title="Parkinson's disease">Parkinson's disease</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prostate_cancer" title="Prostate cancer">prostate cancer</a>, and became less active, although he continued to work at his law practice until a few months before his death at the age of 80. He was devastated by the death of his youngest son, <a href="/wiki/Michel_Trudeau" title="Michel Trudeau">Michel Trudeau</a>, who was killed in an avalanche on November 13, 1998. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death">Death</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Trudeau&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Death">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Trudeau_family_mausoleum_in_Saint-Remi-de-Napierville.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Building constructed of grey granite blocks, adorned with a cross above a metal door, and with plaques with names inscribed" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Trudeau_family_mausoleum_in_Saint-Remi-de-Napierville.jpg/220px-Trudeau_family_mausoleum_in_Saint-Remi-de-Napierville.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="281" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Trudeau_family_mausoleum_in_Saint-Remi-de-Napierville.jpg/330px-Trudeau_family_mausoleum_in_Saint-Remi-de-Napierville.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Trudeau_family_mausoleum_in_Saint-Remi-de-Napierville.jpg/440px-Trudeau_family_mausoleum_in_Saint-Remi-de-Napierville.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2364" data-file-height="3016" /></a><figcaption>Trudeau family <a href="/wiki/Mausoleum" title="Mausoleum">mausoleum</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Pierre_Trudeau" title="Death and state funeral of Pierre Trudeau">Death and state funeral of Pierre Trudeau</a></div> Pierre Elliott Trudeau died on September 28, 2000, aged 80, and was buried in the Trudeau family mausoleum at <a href="/wiki/St-R%C3%A9mi-de-Napierville_Cemetery" title="St-Rémi-de-Napierville Cemetery">St-Rémi-de-Napierville Cemetery</a> in <a href="/wiki/Saint-R%C3%A9mi,_Quebec" title="Saint-Rémi, Quebec">Saint-Rémi</a>, Quebec.<a href="#cite_note-CBC_Grave-192">[191]</a><a href="#cite_note-Parks_Grave-193">[192]</a> His body lay in state in the Hall of Honour in Parliament Hill's <a href="/wiki/Centre_Block" title="Centre Block">Centre Block</a> to allow Canadians to pay their last respects. Several world politicians, including <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fidel_Castro" title="Fidel Castro">Fidel Castro</a>, attended the funeral.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECBC_News_(2000-10-03)-194">[193]</a> His son Justin delivered the eulogy during the <a href="/wiki/State_funeral_of_Pierre_Trudeau" class="mw-redirect" title="State funeral of Pierre Trudeau">state funeral</a>, which led to widespread speculation in the media that a career in politics was in his future.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECBC_News_(2000-10-03)-194">[193]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Trudeau&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Personal life">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religious_beliefs">Religious beliefs</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Trudeau&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Religious beliefs">edit</a>]</div> Trudeau was <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a> and attended <a href="/wiki/Mass_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Mass in the Catholic Church">Mass</a> throughout his life. While mostly private about his beliefs, he made it clear that he was a believer, stating, in an interview with the United Church Observer in 1971: "I believe in life after death, I believe in God and I'm a Christian." Trudeau maintained, however, that he preferred to impose constraints on himself rather than have them imposed from the outside. In this sense, he believed he was more like a Protestant than a Catholic of the era in which he was schooled.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrudeau_(1996)302–303-195">[194]</a> Michael W. Higgins, a former president of Catholic <a href="/wiki/St._Thomas_University_(Canada)" title="St. Thomas University (Canada)">St. Thomas University</a>, researched Trudeau's spirituality and finds that it incorporated elements of three Catholic traditions. The first of these was the <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Jesus">Jesuits</a>, who provided his education up to the college level. Trudeau frequently displayed the logic and love of argument consistent with that tradition. A second great spiritual influence in Trudeau's life was <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Order" title="Dominican Order">Dominican</a>. According to Michel Gourgues, professor at <a href="/wiki/Dominican_University_College" title="Dominican University College">Dominican University College</a>, Trudeau "considered himself a lay Dominican".[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Attribution_needed" title="Wikipedia:Attribution needed">attribution needed</a>] He studied philosophy under Dominican Father <a href="/wiki/Louis-Marie_R%C3%A9gis" title="Louis-Marie Régis">Louis-Marie Régis</a> and remained close to him throughout his life, regarding Régis as "spiritual director and friend". Another skein in Trudeau's spirituality was a <a href="/wiki/Contemplation" title="Contemplation">contemplative</a> aspect acquired from his association with the <a href="/wiki/Benedictines" title="Benedictines">Benedictine</a> tradition. According to Higgins, Trudeau was convinced of the centrality of <a href="/wiki/Christian_meditation" title="Christian meditation">meditation</a> in a life fully lived. Trudeau meditated regularly after being initiated into <a href="/wiki/Transcendental_Meditation" title="Transcendental Meditation">Transcendental Meditation</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Maharishi_Mahesh_Yogi" title="Maharishi Mahesh Yogi">Maharishi Mahesh Yogi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-196">[195]</a> He took retreats at <a href="/wiki/Saint-Beno%C3%AEt-du-Lac,_Quebec" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint-Benoît-du-Lac, Quebec">Saint-Benoît-du-Lac, Quebec</a> and regularly attended <a href="/wiki/Liturgy_of_the_Hours" title="Liturgy of the Hours">Hours</a> and Mass at Montreal's Benedictine community.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHiggins,_M._(2004)26–30-197">[196]</a> Although never publicly theological in the way of <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Margaret Thatcher</a> or <a href="/wiki/Tony_Blair" title="Tony Blair">Tony Blair</a>, nor evangelical, in the way of <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> or <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a>, Trudeau's spirituality, according to Michael W. Higgins, "suffused, anchored, and directed his inner life. In no small part, it defined him."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHiggins,_M._(2004)26–30-197">[196]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marriage_and_children">Marriage and children</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Trudeau&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Marriage and children">edit</a>]</div> Described as a "swinging young bachelor" when he became prime minister, in 1968,<a href="#cite_note-198">[197]</a> Trudeau was reportedly dating Hollywood star <a href="/wiki/Barbra_Streisand" title="Barbra Streisand">Barbra Streisand</a> in 1969<a href="#cite_note-199">[198]</a> and 1970.<a href="#cite_note-200">[199]</a><a href="#cite_note-201">[200]</a> While a serious romantic relationship, there was no express marriage proposal, contrary to one contemporary published report.<a href="#cite_note-202">[201]</a> On March 4, 1971, while prime minister, Trudeau quietly married 22-year-old <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Trudeau" title="Margaret Trudeau">Margaret Sinclair</a>, who was 29 years younger, at St. Stephen's Catholic Church in <a href="/wiki/North_Vancouver_(district_municipality)" title="North Vancouver (district municipality)">North Vancouver</a>.<a href="#cite_note-203">[202]</a> Belying his publicized social exploits, and nicknames like "Swinging Pierre"<a href="#cite_note-204">[203]</a> and "Trendy Trudeau";<a href="#cite_note-Litt-205">[204]</a> he was an intense intellectual with robust work habits and little time for family or fun. As a result, Margaret felt trapped and bored in the marriage, feelings that were exacerbated by her bipolar depression, with which she was later diagnosed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnglish_(2009)242–43,_321,_389-206">[205]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Justint_Pierre_Elliott_Trudeau_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Justint_Pierre_Elliott_Trudeau_%281%29.jpg/220px-Justint_Pierre_Elliott_Trudeau_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Justint_Pierre_Elliott_Trudeau_%281%29.jpg/330px-Justint_Pierre_Elliott_Trudeau_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Justint_Pierre_Elliott_Trudeau_%281%29.jpg/440px-Justint_Pierre_Elliott_Trudeau_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="606" data-file-height="495" /></a><figcaption>Trudeau's eldest son <a href="/wiki/Justin_Trudeau" title="Justin Trudeau">Justin</a> (23rd Prime Minister of Canada) at the age of 10, touring the <a href="/wiki/Palais_des_Beaux-Arts_de_Lille" title="Palais des Beaux-Arts de Lille">Palais des Beaux-Arts de Lille</a> with his father on November 8, 1982</figcaption></figure> The couple had three sons: the first two, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Prime_Ministers_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Prime Ministers of Canada">23rd and current</a> Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Justin_Trudeau" title="Justin Trudeau">Justin</a> (born 1971), and <a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Trudeau" title="Alexandre Trudeau">Alexandre</a> (born 1973), were both born on Christmas Day two years apart. Their third son, <a href="/wiki/Michel_Trudeau" title="Michel Trudeau">Michel</a> (1975–1998), died in an avalanche while skiing in <a href="/wiki/Kokanee_Glacier_Provincial_Park" title="Kokanee Glacier Provincial Park">Kokanee Glacier Provincial Park</a>. Trudeau and Margaret separated in 1977, and were divorced in 1984.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESoutham_(2005)113,_234-207">[206]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCall_(1982)387-208">[207]</a> He was involved with guitarist <a href="/wiki/Liona_Boyd" title="Liona Boyd">Liona Boyd</a> for eight years during this time.<a href="#cite_note-209">[208]</a> When his divorce was finalized in 1984, Trudeau became the first Canadian prime minister to become a single parent as the result of divorce. In 1984, Trudeau was romantically involved with <a href="/wiki/Margot_Kidder" title="Margot Kidder">Margot Kidder</a> (a Canadian actress famous for her role as <a href="/wiki/Lois_Lane" title="Lois Lane">Lois Lane</a> in <a href="/wiki/Superman_(1978_film)" title="Superman (1978 film)">Superman: The Movie</a> and its sequels) in the last months of his prime-ministership<a href="#cite_note-210">[209]</a> and after leaving office.<a href="#cite_note-211">[210]</a> In 1991, Trudeau became a father again, with <a href="/wiki/Deborah_Coyne" title="Deborah Coyne">Deborah Margaret Ryland Coyne</a>, to his only daughter, Sarah.<a href="#cite_note-212">[211]</a> Coyne later stood for the <a href="/wiki/2013_Liberal_Party_of_Canada_leadership_election" title="2013 Liberal Party of Canada leadership election">2013 Liberal Party of Canada leadership election</a> and came fifth<a href="#cite_note-Coyne-213">[212]</a> in a poll won by Justin. Trudeau began practicing <a href="/wiki/Judo" title="Judo">judo</a> sometime in the mid-1950s when he was in his mid-thirties, and by the end of the decade, he was <a href="/wiki/Judo_ranks_and_grades" class="mw-redirect" title="Judo ranks and grades">ranked</a> ikkyū (brown belt). Later, when he travelled to Japan as prime minister, he was promoted to shodan (first-degree black belt) by the <a href="/wiki/Kodokan_Judo_Institute" title="Kodokan Judo Institute">Kodokan</a>, and then promoted to nidan (second-degree black belt) by <a href="/wiki/Masao_Takahashi" title="Masao Takahashi">Masao Takahashi</a> in Ottawa before leaving office. Trudeau began the night of his famous "walk in the snow" before announcing his retirement in 1984 by going to judo with his sons.<a href="#cite_note-214">[213]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Intellectual_contributions">Intellectual contributions</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Trudeau&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Intellectual contributions">edit</a>]</div> Trudeau was a strong advocate for a <a href="/wiki/Federalism" title="Federalism">federalist</a> model of government in Canada, developing and promoting his ideas in response and contrast to strengthening Quebec nationalist movements, for instance the social and political atmosphere created during Maurice Duplessis' time in power.<a href="#cite_note-215">[214]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">unreliable source?</a>] Federalism in this context can be defined as "a particular way of sharing political power among different peoples within a state...Those who believe in federalism hold that different peoples do not need states of their own in order to enjoy self-determination. Peoples ... may agree to share a single state while retaining substantial degrees of self-government over matters essential to their identity as peoples".<a href="#cite_note-216">[215]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">unreliable source?</a>] As a social democrat, Trudeau sought to combine and harmonize his theories on <a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">social democracy</a> with those of federalism so that both could find effective expression in Canada. He noted the ostensible conflict between socialism, with its usually strong centralist government model, and federalism, which expounded a division and cooperation of power by both federal and provincial levels of government.&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(May_2016)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_217-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnglish_(2009)[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_May_2016]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(May_2016)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-217">[216]</a> In particular, Trudeau stated the following about socialists:<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">[R]ather than water down ... their socialism, must constantly seek ways of adapting it to a bicultural society governed under a federal constitution. And since the future of Canadian federalism lies clearly in the direction of co-operation, the wise socialist will turn his thoughts in that direction, keeping in mind the importance of establishing buffer zones of joint sovereignty and co-operative zones of joint administration between the two levels of government<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnglish_(2009)141-63">[62]</a></blockquote> Trudeau pointed out that in sociological terms, Canada is inherently a federalist society, forming unique regional identities and priorities, and therefore a federalist model of spending and jurisdictional powers is most appropriate. He argues, "in the age of the mass society, it is no small advantage to foster the creation of quasi-sovereign communities at the provincial level, where power is that much less remote from the people".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnglish_(2009)133-218">[217]</a> Trudeau's idealistic plans for a cooperative Canadian federalist state were resisted and hindered as a result of his narrowness on ideas of identity and socio-cultural pluralism: "While the idea of a 'nation' in the sociological sense is acknowledged by Trudeau, he considers the allegiance which it generates—emotive and particularistic—to be contrary to the idea of cohesion between humans, and as such creating fertile ground for the internal fragmentation of states and a permanent state of conflict".<a href="#cite_note-Gagnon2000pp16-17-219">[218]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">unreliable source?</a>] This position garnered significant criticism for Trudeau, in particular from Quebec and First Nations peoples on the basis that his theories denied their rights to nationhood.<a href="#cite_note-Gagnon2000pp16-17-219">[218]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">unreliable source?</a>] First Nations communities raised particular concerns with the proposed 1969 White Paper, developed under Trudeau by Jean Chrétien. Trudeau and the Quebec federalist historian <a href="/wiki/Fernand_Ouellet" title="Fernand Ouellet">Fernand Ouellet</a>, who was a devout follower and admirer of Trudeau and <a href="/wiki/Trudeauism" title="Trudeauism">Trudeauism</a>, frequently influenced each other intellectually in their ideas and texts on their anti-nationalist conception of the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Quebec" title="History of Quebec">history of Quebec</a>, though they never formed a personal friendship.<a href="#cite_note-220">[219]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Trudeau&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Legacy">edit</a>]</div> Trudeau remains well regarded by many Canadians.<a href="#cite_note-221">[220]</a> However, the passage of time has only slightly softened the strong antipathy he inspired among his opponents.<a href="#cite_note-222">[221]</a><a href="#cite_note-223">[222]</a> Trudeau's strong personality, contempt for his opponents and distaste for compromise on many issues have made him, as historian <a href="/wiki/Michael_Bliss" title="Michael Bliss">Michael Bliss</a> puts it, "one of the most admired and most disliked of all Canadian prime ministers".<a href="#cite_note-224">[223]</a> "He haunts us still", biographers <a href="/wiki/Christina_McCall" title="Christina McCall">Christina McCall</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Clarkson" title="Stephen Clarkson">Stephen Clarkson</a> wrote in 1990.<a href="#cite_note-225">[224]</a> Trudeau's electoral successes were matched in the 20th century only by those of <a href="/wiki/William_Lyon_Mackenzie_King" title="William Lyon Mackenzie King">William Lyon Mackenzie King</a>.<a href="#cite_note-226">[225]</a><a href="#cite_note-227">[226]</a> Trudeau's most enduring legacy may lie in his contribution to <a href="/wiki/Canadian_nationalism" title="Canadian nationalism">Canadian nationalism</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>], and of pride in Canada in and for itself rather than as a derivative of the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">British Commonwealth</a>. His role in this effort, and his related battles with Quebec on behalf of Canadian unity, cemented his political position when in office despite the controversies he faced—and remain the most remembered aspect of his tenure afterwards. Many politicians still use the term "taking a walk in the snow", the line Trudeau used to describe how he arrived at the decision to leave office in 1984. Other popular Trudeauisms frequently used are "<a href="/wiki/Just_watch_me" title="Just watch me">just watch me</a>", the "<a href="/wiki/Finger_(gesture)" class="mw-redirect" title="Finger (gesture)">Trudeau Salute</a>", and "<a href="/wiki/Fuddle_duddle" title="Fuddle duddle">Fuddle Duddle</a>". <a href="/wiki/Maclean%27s" title="Maclean's">Maclean's</a> 1997 and 2011 scholarly surveys ranked him twice as the fifth best Canadian prime minister, and in 2016, the fourth best.<a href="#cite_note-228">[227]</a><a href="#cite_note-229">[228]</a> The CBC's special on <a href="/wiki/The_Greatest_Canadian" title="The Greatest Canadian">The Greatest Canadian</a> saw him ranked as the third greatest Canadian of all time, behind Tommy Douglas and <a href="/wiki/Terry_Fox" title="Terry Fox">Terry Fox</a>, from the over 1.2 million votes cast by watchers of the program. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bilingualism">Bilingualism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Trudeau&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Bilingualism">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Bilingualism_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Bilingualism in Canada">Bilingualism in Canada</a></div> Bilingualism is one of Trudeau's most lasting accomplishments, having been fully integrated into the Federal government's services, documents, and broadcasting (though not, however, in provincial governments, except for full bilingualism in New Brunswick and some French language service rights in Ontario and Manitoba). While official bilingualism has settled some of the grievances Francophones had towards the federal government, many Francophones had hoped that Canadians would be able to function in the official language of their choice no matter where in the country they were. However, Trudeau's ambitions in this arena have been overstated: Trudeau once said that he regretted the use of the term "bilingualism", because it appeared to demand that all Canadians speak two languages. In fact, Trudeau's vision was to see Canada as a bilingual confederation in which all cultures would have a place. In this way, his conception broadened beyond simply the relationship of Quebec to Canada. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Constitutional_legacy">Constitutional legacy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Trudeau&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Constitutional legacy">edit</a>]</div> The Charter of Rights and Freedoms was one of Trudeau's most enduring legacies.<a href="#cite_note-NYT_Kaufman_20000929_Eulogy-2">[1]</a> It is seen as advancing <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil rights">civil rights</a> and liberties and has become a cornerstone of Canadian values for most Canadians. Court challenges based on the Charter have been used to advance the cause of women's equality, establish French school boards in provinces with majority anglophone populations, and provide constitutional protection to English school boards in Quebec. Court actions under the Charter resulted in the adoption of <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_Canada" title="Same-sex marriage in Canada">same-sex marriage</a> all across Canada by the federal Parliament. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legacy_in_western_Canada">Legacy in western Canada</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Trudeau&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: Legacy in western Canada">edit</a>]</div> Trudeau's posthumous reputation in the western provinces is notably less favourable than in the rest of English-speaking Canada, and he is sometimes regarded as the "father of <a href="/wiki/Western_alienation" title="Western alienation">Western alienation</a>". To many westerners, Trudeau's policies seemed to favour other parts of the country, especially <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a> and Québec, at their expense. Outstanding among such policies was the <a href="/wiki/National_Energy_Program" title="National Energy Program">National Energy Program</a>, which was seen as unfairly depriving western provinces of the full economic benefit from their oil and gas resources, in order to pay for nationwide social programs, and make regional transfer payments to poorer parts of the country. Sentiments of this kind were especially strong in oil-rich <a href="/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta">Alberta</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Stamp-173">[172]</a> In <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Premier_of_British_Columbia" title="Premier of British Columbia">Premier</a> <a href="/wiki/W._A._C._Bennett" title="W. A. C. Bennett">W. A. C. Bennett</a> in 1970 argued that Trudeau's government is <a href="/wiki/Quebec_nationalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Quebec nationalist">Quebec nationalist</a>-oriented. He also implied that Quebec received special treatment from Ottawa as a result.<a href="#cite_note-230">[229]</a> More particularly, two incidents involving Trudeau are remembered as having fostered Western alienation, and as emblematic of it. During a visit to <a href="/wiki/Saskatoon" title="Saskatoon">Saskatoon</a>, Saskatchewan on July 17, 1969, Trudeau met with a group of farmers who were protesting the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Wheat_Board" title="Canadian Wheat Board">Canadian Wheat Board</a>. The widely remembered perception is that Trudeau dismissed the protesters' concerns with "Why should I sell your wheat?" – however, he had asked the <a href="/wiki/Rhetorical_question" title="Rhetorical question">question rhetorically</a> and then proceeded to answer it himself.<a href="#cite_note-231">[230]</a> Years later, on a train trip through <a href="/wiki/Salmon_Arm,_British_Columbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Salmon Arm, British Columbia">Salmon Arm, British Columbia</a>, he "gave the finger" to a group of protesters through the carriage window – less widely remembered is that the protesters were shouting anti-French slogans at the train.<a href="#cite_note-232">[231]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legacy_in_Quebec">Legacy in Quebec</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Trudeau&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: Legacy in Quebec">edit</a>]</div> Trudeau's legacy in Quebec is mixed. Many credit his actions during the October Crisis as crucial in terminating the Front de libération du Québec (FLQ) as a force in Quebec, and ensuring that the campaign for Quebec separatism took a democratic and peaceful route. However, his <a href="/wiki/War_Measures_Act#The_October_Crisis" title="War Measures Act">imposition of the War Measures Act</a>—which received majority support at the time—is remembered by some in Quebec and elsewhere as an attack on democracy. Trudeau is also credited by many for the defeat of the 1980 Quebec referendum. At the federal level, Trudeau faced almost no strong political opposition in Quebec during his time as prime minister. For instance, his Liberal party captured 74 out of 75 Québec seats in the <a href="/wiki/1980_Canadian_federal_election" title="1980 Canadian federal election">1980 federal election</a>. Provincially, though, Québécois twice elected the pro-sovereignty <a href="/wiki/Parti_Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois" title="Parti Québécois">Parti Québécois</a>. Moreover, there were not at that time any pro-sovereignty federal parties such as the <a href="/wiki/Bloc_Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois" title="Bloc Québécois">Bloc Québécois</a>. Since the signing of the Constitution Act, 1982 in 1982 and until 2015, the Liberal Party of Canada had not succeeded in winning a majority of seats in Quebec. He was disliked by the Québécois nationalists.<a href="#cite_note-233">[232]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Trudeau&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: In popular culture">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Trudeau_(film)" title="Trudeau (film)">Trudeau</a> is a 2002 television miniseries which aired on <a href="/wiki/CBC_Television" title="CBC Television">CBC Television</a>. It was written by <a href="/wiki/Wayne_Grigsby" title="Wayne Grigsby">Wayne Grigsby</a>, directed by Jerry Ciccoritti and features <a href="/wiki/Colm_Feore" title="Colm Feore">Colm Feore</a> in the title role.<a href="#cite_note-234">[233]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Prequel" title="Prequel">prequel</a>, Trudeau II: Maverick in the Making, was released in 2005. The four-hour CBC production examines Trudeau's early life. <a href="/wiki/St%C3%A9phane_Demers" title="Stéphane Demers">Stéphane Demers</a> performs in the role.<a href="#cite_note-235">[234]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Supreme_Court_appointments">Supreme Court appointments</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Trudeau&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: Supreme Court appointments">edit</a>]</div> Trudeau chose the following jurists to be appointed as justices of the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Canada" title="Supreme Court of Canada">Supreme Court of Canada</a> by the Governor General: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bora_Laskin" title="Bora Laskin">Bora Laskin</a> (March 19, 1970 – March 17, 1984; as Chief Justice, December 27, 1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Honor%C3%A9_G%C3%A9rald_Fauteux" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Honoré Gérald Fauteux">Joseph Honoré Gérald Fauteux</a> (as Chief Justice, March 23, 1970 – December 23, 1973; appointed a <a href="/wiki/Puisne_Justice" class="mw-redirect" title="Puisne Justice">Puisne Justice</a> December 22, 1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Dickson" title="Brian Dickson">Brian Dickson</a> (March 26, 1973 – June 30, 1990; as Chief Justice, April 18, 1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Beetz" title="Jean Beetz">Jean Beetz</a> (January 1, 1974 – November 10, 1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis-Philippe_de_Grandpr%C3%A9" title="Louis-Philippe de Grandpré">Louis-Philippe de Grandpré</a> (January 1, 1974 – October 1, 1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willard_Zebedee_Estey" class="mw-redirect" title="Willard Zebedee Estey">Willard Zebedee Estey</a> (September 29, 1977 – April 22, 1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yves_Pratte" title="Yves Pratte">Yves Pratte</a> (October 1, 1977 – June 30, 1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_McIntyre_(judge)" title="William McIntyre (judge)">William McIntyre</a> (January 1, 1979 – February 15, 1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Lamer" title="Antonio Lamer">Antonio Lamer</a> (March 28, 1980 – January 6, 2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertha_Wilson" title="Bertha Wilson">Bertha Wilson</a> (March 4, 1982 – January 4, 1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Le_Dain" title="Gerald Le Dain">Gerald Le Dain</a> (May 29, 1984 – November 30, 1988)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Honours">Honours</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Trudeau&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: Honours">edit</a>]</div> According to Canadian protocol, as a former prime minister, he was styled "<a href="/wiki/The_Right_Honourable" title="The Right Honourable">The Right Honourable</a>" for life. <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"> <a href="/wiki/File:CAN_Order_of_Canada_Companion_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/CAN_Order_of_Canada_Companion_ribbon.svg/106px-CAN_Order_of_Canada_Companion_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="106" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/CAN_Order_of_Canada_Companion_ribbon.svg/159px-CAN_Order_of_Canada_Companion_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/CAN_Order_of_Canada_Companion_ribbon.svg/212px-CAN_Order_of_Canada_Companion_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a><a href="/wiki/File:CAN_Canadian_Centennial_Medal_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/CAN_Canadian_Centennial_Medal_ribbon.svg/106px-CAN_Canadian_Centennial_Medal_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="106" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/CAN_Canadian_Centennial_Medal_ribbon.svg/159px-CAN_Canadian_Centennial_Medal_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/CAN_Canadian_Centennial_Medal_ribbon.svg/212px-CAN_Canadian_Centennial_Medal_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:QEII_Silver_Jubilee_Medal_ribbon.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/QEII_Silver_Jubilee_Medal_ribbon.png/98px-QEII_Silver_Jubilee_Medal_ribbon.png" decoding="async" width="98" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3b/QEII_Silver_Jubilee_Medal_ribbon.png 1.5x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="30" /></a><a href="/wiki/File:CAN_125th_Anniversary_of_the_Confederation_of_Canada_Medal_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/CAN_125th_Anniversary_of_the_Confederation_of_Canada_Medal_ribbon.svg/106px-CAN_125th_Anniversary_of_the_Confederation_of_Canada_Medal_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="106" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/CAN_125th_Anniversary_of_the_Confederation_of_Canada_Medal_ribbon.svg/159px-CAN_125th_Anniversary_of_the_Confederation_of_Canada_Medal_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/CAN_125th_Anniversary_of_the_Confederation_of_Canada_Medal_ribbon.svg/212px-CAN_125th_Anniversary_of_the_Confederation_of_Canada_Medal_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a><a href="/wiki/File:Order_of_the_Companions_of_Honour_Ribbon.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Order_of_the_Companions_of_Honour_Ribbon.gif/106px-Order_of_the_Companions_of_Honour_Ribbon.gif" decoding="async" width="106" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Order_of_the_Companions_of_Honour_Ribbon.gif/159px-Order_of_the_Companions_of_Honour_Ribbon.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Order_of_the_Companions_of_Honour_Ribbon.gif/212px-Order_of_the_Companions_of_Honour_Ribbon.gif 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a> </div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr style="background:silver;" align="center"> <td>Ribbon</td> <td>Description</td> <td>Notes </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Order_of_the_Companions_of_Honour_Ribbon.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Order_of_the_Companions_of_Honour_Ribbon.gif/100px-Order_of_the_Companions_of_Honour_Ribbon.gif" decoding="async" width="100" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Order_of_the_Companions_of_Honour_Ribbon.gif/150px-Order_of_the_Companions_of_Honour_Ribbon.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Order_of_the_Companions_of_Honour_Ribbon.gif/200px-Order_of_the_Companions_of_Honour_Ribbon.gif 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Companions_of_Honour" title="Order of the Companions of Honour">Order of the Companions of Honour</a> (C.H.)</td> <td> <ul><li>July 4, 1984</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Order_of_Canada_(CC)_ribbon_bar.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Order_of_Canada_%28CC%29_ribbon_bar.svg/100px-Order_of_Canada_%28CC%29_ribbon_bar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Order_of_Canada_%28CC%29_ribbon_bar.svg/150px-Order_of_Canada_%28CC%29_ribbon_bar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Order_of_Canada_%28CC%29_ribbon_bar.svg/200px-Order_of_Canada_%28CC%29_ribbon_bar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="106" data-file-height="30" /></a></td> <td>Companion of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Canada" title="Order of Canada">Order of Canada</a> (C.C.)</td> <td> <ul><li>Awarded on June 24, 1985</li> <li>Invested on October 30, 1985<a href="#cite_note-236">[235]</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Canada100_ribbon.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b0/Canada100_ribbon.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="30" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="30" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Centennial_Medal" title="Canadian Centennial Medal">Centennial Anniversary of the Confederation of Canada Medal</a></td> <td> <ul><li>1967</li> <li>As a Minister of the Crown and an elected Member of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_Canada" title="House of Commons of Canada">House of Commons of Canada</a>, the then Honourable Pierre Trudeau, P.C., M.P., Q.C., would be awarded the medal as a member of the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_order_of_precedence" title="Canadian order of precedence">Canadian order of precedence</a>.<a href="#cite_note-dominionofcanada.com-237">[236]</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:QEII_Silver_Jubilee_Medal_ribbon.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3b/QEII_Silver_Jubilee_Medal_ribbon.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="30" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="30" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_II_Silver_Jubilee_Medal" title="Queen Elizabeth II Silver Jubilee Medal">Queen Elizabeth II Silver Jubilee Medal</a></td> <td> <ul><li>1977</li> <li>As the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Canada" title="Prime Minister of Canada">Prime Minister of Canada</a> and an elected Member of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_Canada" title="House of Commons of Canada">House of Commons of Canada</a>, the Right Honourable Pierre Trudeau would be awarded the medal as a member of the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_order_of_precedence" title="Canadian order of precedence">Canadian order of precedence</a>.<a href="#cite_note-dominionofcanada.com-237">[236]</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Canada125_ribbon.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/15/Canada125_ribbon.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="30" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="30" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/125th_Anniversary_of_the_Confederation_of_Canada_Medal" title="125th Anniversary of the Confederation of Canada Medal">125th Anniversary of the Confederation of Canada Medal</a></td> <td> <ul><li>1992</li> <li>As a former <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Canada" title="Prime Minister of Canada">Prime Minister of Canada</a> a member of <a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_Privy_Council_for_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen's Privy Council for Canada">Her Majesty's Privy Council for Canada</a> and having been appointed to the Order of Canada, the Right Honourable Pierre Trudeau would be awarded the medal as a member of the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_order_of_precedence" title="Canadian order of precedence">Canadian order of precedence</a>.<a href="#cite_note-dominionofcanada.com-237">[236]</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Blason_de_Pierre_Elliot_Trudeau.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Blason_de_Pierre_Elliot_Trudeau.svg/150px-Blason_de_Pierre_Elliot_Trudeau.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Blason_de_Pierre_Elliot_Trudeau.svg/225px-Blason_de_Pierre_Elliot_Trudeau.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Blason_de_Pierre_Elliot_Trudeau.svg/300px-Blason_de_Pierre_Elliot_Trudeau.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="597" data-file-height="657" /></a><figcaption>Coat of arms of Pierre Trudeau<a href="#cite_note-238">[237]</a></figcaption></figure> The following honours were bestowed upon him by the Governor General, or by <a href="/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen Elizabeth II">Queen Elizabeth II</a> herself: <ul><li>Trudeau was made a member of the <a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_Privy_Council_for_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen's Privy Council for Canada">Queen's Privy Council for Canada</a> on April 4, 1967, giving him the style "<a href="/wiki/The_Honourable" title="The Honourable">The Honourable</a>" and post-nominal "PC" for life.<a href="#cite_note-239">[238]</a></li> <li>He was styled "<a href="/wiki/The_Right_Honourable" title="The Right Honourable">The Right Honourable</a>" for life on his appointment as prime minister on April 20, 1968.</li> <li>Trudeau was made a <a href="/wiki/Member_of_the_Order_of_the_Companions_of_Honour" class="mw-redirect" title="Member of the Order of the Companions of Honour">Member of the Order of the Companions of Honour</a> (post-nominal "C.H.") in 1984.<a href="#cite_note-240">[239]</a></li> <li>He was made a <a href="/wiki/Companion_of_the_Order_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Companion of the Order of Canada">Companion of the Order of Canada</a> (post-nominal "C.C.") on June 24, 1985.<a href="#cite_note-241">[240]</a></li> <li>He was granted arms, crest, and supporters by the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Heraldic_Authority" title="Canadian Heraldic Authority">Canadian Heraldic Authority</a> on December 7, 1994.<a href="#cite_note-242">[241]</a></li></ul> Other honours include: <ul><li>The Canadian news agency <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian Press">Canadian Press</a> named Trudeau "<a href="/wiki/Canadian_Newsmaker_of_the_Year" title="Canadian Newsmaker of the Year">Newsmaker of the Year</a>" a record ten times, including every year from 1968 to 1975, and two more times in 1978 and 2000. In 1999, CP also named Trudeau "Newsmaker of the 20th Century". Trudeau declined to give CP an interview on that occasion, but said in a letter that he was "surprised and pleased". In informal and unscientific polls conducted by Canadian Internet sites, users also widely agreed with the honour.</li> <li>In 1983–84, he was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein_Peace_Prize" title="Albert Einstein Peace Prize">Albert Einstein Peace Prize</a>, for negotiating the reduction of nuclear weapons and Cold War tension in several countries.</li> <li>In 2004, viewers of the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Canadian Broadcasting Corporation">CBC</a> series <a href="/wiki/The_Greatest_Canadian" title="The Greatest Canadian">The Greatest Canadian</a> voted Trudeau the third greatest Canadian.</li> <li>Trudeau was awarded a 2nd dan black belt in judo by the Takahashi School of Martial Arts in Ottawa.<a href="#cite_note-243">[242]</a></li> <li>Trudeau was ranked No. 5 of the first 20 Prime Ministers of Canada (through Jean Chrétien) in a survey of Canadian historians. The survey was used in the book Prime Ministers: Ranking Canada's Leaders by <a href="/wiki/Jack_Granatstein" class="mw-redirect" title="Jack Granatstein">Jack Granatstein</a> and <a href="/wiki/Norman_Hillmer" title="Norman Hillmer">Norman Hillmer</a>.</li> <li>In 2009 Trudeau was posthumously inducted into the <a href="/wiki/Q_Hall_of_Fame_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Q Hall of Fame Canada">Q Hall of Fame Canada</a>, Canada's Prestigious National LGBT Human Rights Hall of Fame, for his pioneering efforts in the advancement of human rights and equality for all Canadians.<a href="#cite_note-244">[243]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Honorary_degrees">Honorary degrees</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Trudeau&action=edit&section=57" title="Edit section: Honorary degrees">edit</a>]</div> Trudeau received several <a href="/wiki/Honorary_Degrees" class="mw-redirect" title="Honorary Degrees">Honorary Degrees</a> in recognition of his political career. <dl><dt>Honorary Degrees</dt></dl> <table class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:20%;">Location </th> <th style="width:20%;">Date </th> <th style="width:40%;">School </th> <th style="width:20%;">Degree </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta">Alberta</a></td> <td>1968</td> <td><a href="/wiki/University_of_Alberta" title="University of Alberta">University of Alberta</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Laws" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctor of Laws">Doctor of Laws</a> (LL.D)<a href="#cite_note-245">[244]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a></td> <td>1968</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_University_at_Kingston" title="Queen's University at Kingston">Queen's University</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Laws" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctor of Laws">Doctor of Laws</a> (LL.D)<a href="#cite_note-Queens_1968-246">[245]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a></td> <td>1969</td> <td><a href="/wiki/University_of_Khartoum" title="University of Khartoum">University of Khartoum</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a></td> <td>1974</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Duke_University" title="Duke University">Duke University</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Laws" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctor of Laws">Doctor of Laws</a> (LL.D)<a href="#cite_note-247">[246]</a><a href="#cite_note-248">[247]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a></td> <td>1974</td> <td><a href="/wiki/University_of_Ottawa" title="University of Ottawa">University of Ottawa</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Laws" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctor of Laws">Doctor of Laws</a> (LL.D)<a href="#cite_note-249">[248]</a><a href="#cite_note-250">[249]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></td> <td>1976</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Keio_University" title="Keio University">Keio University</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Laws" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctor of Laws">Doctor of Laws</a> (LL.D)<a href="#cite_note-251">[250]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Indiana" title="Indiana">Indiana</a></td> <td>May 16, 1982</td> <td><a href="/wiki/University_of_Notre_Dame" title="University of Notre Dame">University of Notre Dame</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Laws" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctor of Laws">Doctor of Laws</a> (LL.D)<a href="#cite_note-252">[251]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a></td> <td>1982</td> <td><a href="/wiki/St._Francis_Xavier_University" title="St. Francis Xavier University">St. Francis Xavier University</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a></td> <td>November 5, 1985</td> <td><a href="/wiki/McGill_University" title="McGill University">McGill University</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Laws" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctor of Laws">Doctor of Laws</a> (LL.D)<a href="#cite_note-253">[252]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a></td> <td>May 30, 1986</td> <td><a href="/wiki/University_of_British_Columbia" title="University of British Columbia">University of British Columbia</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Laws" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctor of Laws">Doctor of Laws</a> (LL.D)<a href="#cite_note-254">[253]</a><a href="#cite_note-255">[254]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Macau" title="Macau">Macau</a></td> <td>1987</td> <td><a href="/wiki/University_of_Macau" title="University of Macau">University of Macau</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Laws" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctor of Laws">Doctor of Laws</a> (LL.D)<a href="#cite_note-256">[255]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a></td> <td>1987</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_de_Montr%C3%A9al" title="Université de Montréal">Université de Montréal</a></td> <td><a href="#cite_note-257">[256]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a></td> <td>March 31, 1991</td> <td><a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto" title="University of Toronto">University of Toronto</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Laws" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctor of Laws">Doctor of Laws</a> (LL.D)<a href="#cite_note-258">[257]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-notice" role="presentation" style="width: auto;"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/20px-Information_icon4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/30px-Information_icon4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/40px-Information_icon4.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="620" /></td><td class="mbox-text" style="width: auto;"><div class="mbox-text-span">This list is <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Lists#Incomplete_lists" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Lists">incomplete</a>; you can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Trudeau&action=edit">adding missing items</a>. (May 2018)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Honorific_eponyms">Honorific eponyms</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Trudeau&action=edit&section=58" title="Edit section: Honorific eponyms">edit</a>]</div> <dl><dt>Geographic locations</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a>: <a href="/wiki/Mount_Pierre_Elliott_Trudeau" title="Mount Pierre Elliott Trudeau">Mount Pierre Elliott Trudeau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Premier_Range" title="Premier Range">Premier Range</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cariboo_Mountains" title="Cariboo Mountains">Cariboo Mountains</a><a href="#cite_note-259">[258]</a><a href="#cite_note-260">[259]</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Schools</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manitoba" title="Manitoba">Manitoba</a>: <a href="/wiki/Coll%C3%A8ge_Pierre-Elliott-Trudeau" title="Collège Pierre-Elliott-Trudeau">Collège Pierre-Elliott-Trudeau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Winnipeg" title="Winnipeg">Winnipeg</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a>: <a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_%C3%A9l%C3%A9mentaire_Pierre-Elliott-Trudeau" class="mw-redirect" title="École élémentaire Pierre-Elliott-Trudeau">École élémentaire Pierre-Elliott-Trudeau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a>: <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Elliott_Trudeau_French_Immersion_Public_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Pierre Elliott Trudeau French Immersion Public School">Pierre Elliott Trudeau French Immersion Public School</a>, <a href="/wiki/St._Thomas,_Ontario" title="St. Thomas, Ontario">St. Thomas</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a>: <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Elliott_Trudeau_High_School" title="Pierre Elliott Trudeau High School">Pierre Elliott Trudeau High School</a>, <a href="/wiki/Markham,_Ontario" title="Markham, Ontario">Markham</a>.<a href="#cite_note-261">[260]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a>: <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Elliott_Trudeau_Public_School_(Oshawa)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pierre Elliott Trudeau Public School (Oshawa)">Pierre Elliott Trudeau Public School</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oshawa" title="Oshawa">Oshawa</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a>: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre-Elliott-Trudeau_Catholic_Elementary_School_(Ottawa)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pierre-Elliott-Trudeau Catholic Elementary School (Ottawa) (page does not exist)">Pierre-Elliott-Trudeau Catholic Elementary School</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa">Ottawa</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a>: <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Elliott_Trudeau_Public_School_(Blainville)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pierre Elliott Trudeau Public School (Blainville)">Pierre Elliott Trudeau Public School</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blainville,_Quebec" title="Blainville, Quebec">Blainville</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a>: <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Elliott_Trudeau_Public_School_(Gatineau)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pierre Elliott Trudeau Public School (Gatineau)">Pierre Elliott Trudeau Public School</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gatineau" title="Gatineau">Gatineau</a>.</li></ul> <dl><dt>Parks</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a>: Pierre Elliot Trudeau Park, <a href="/wiki/Vaughan,_Ontario" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaughan, Ontario">Vaughan, Ontario</a> – park also has a statue of Trudeau.</li></ul> <dl><dt>Organisations</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Elliott_Trudeau_Foundation" title="Pierre Elliott Trudeau Foundation">Pierre Elliott Trudeau Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montr%C3%A9al%E2%80%93Pierre_Elliott_Trudeau_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Montréal–Pierre Elliott Trudeau International Airport">Montréal–Pierre Elliott Trudeau International Airport</a> (YUL) in <a href="/wiki/Dorval" title="Dorval">Dorval</a>, Montreal (renamed January 1, 2004).<a href="#cite_note-Cauchy_2003-262">[261]</a><a href="#cite_note-263">[262]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Order_of_Canada_citation">Order of Canada citation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Trudeau&action=edit&section=59" title="Edit section: Order of Canada citation">edit</a>]</div> Trudeau was appointed a Companion of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Canada" title="Order of Canada">Order of Canada</a> on June 24, 1985. His citation reads:<a href="#cite_note-264">[263]</a> <blockquote>Lawyer, professor, author and defender of human rights this statesman served as Prime Minister of Canada for fifteen years. Lending substance to the phrase "the style is the man", he has imparted, both in his and on the world stage, his quintessentially personal philosophy of modern politics.</blockquote> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Major_biographies">Major biographies</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Trudeau&action=edit&section=60" title="Edit section: Major biographies">edit</a>]</div> In 1990, Stephen Clarkson and Christina McCall published a major biography Trudeau and Our Times in two volumes. Volume 1, The magnificent obsession reprinted in 1997, was the winner of the Governor General's Award.<a href="#cite_note-Clarkson_McCall_1997_1-265">[264]</a><a href="#cite_note-Clarkson_McCall_1997_2-266">[265]</a> The most recent reprint was in 2006. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_film">In film</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Trudeau&action=edit&section=61" title="Edit section: In film">edit</a>]</div> Through hours of archival footage and interviews with Trudeau himself, the 1990 documentary Memoirs details the story of a man who used intelligence and charisma to bring together a country that was very nearly torn apart.<a href="#cite_note-267">[266]</a> Trudeau's life was also depicted in two <a href="/wiki/CBC_Television" title="CBC Television">CBC Television</a> mini-series. The first, <a href="/wiki/Trudeau_(film)" title="Trudeau (film)">Trudeau</a> (2002, with <a href="/wiki/Colm_Feore" title="Colm Feore">Colm Feore</a> in the title role), depicts his years as prime minister. Trudeau II: Maverick in the Making (2005, with <a href="/wiki/St%C3%A9phane_Demers" title="Stéphane Demers">Stéphane Demers</a> as the young Pierre, and Tobie Pelletier as Trudeau in later years) portrays his earlier life. The 1999 feature-length documentary by the National Film Board (NFB) entitled <a href="/wiki/Just_Watch_Me:_Trudeau_and_the_%2770s_Generation" title="Just Watch Me: Trudeau and the '70s Generation">Just Watch Me: Trudeau and the '70s Generation</a> explores the impact of Trudeau's vision of Canadian bilingualism through interviews with eight Canadians on how Trudeau's concept of nationalism and bilingualism affected them personally in the 1970s.<a href="#cite_note-NFB_JustWatchMe_1999-268">[267]</a> In the documentary mini-series <a href="/wiki/The_Champions_(documentary_miniseries)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Champions (documentary miniseries)">The Champions</a> directed by <a href="/wiki/Donald_Brittain" title="Donald Brittain">Donald Brittain</a>, Trudeau was the co-subject along with René Lévesque. In 2001, the CBC produced a full-length documentary entitled Reflections.<a href="#cite_note-CBC_Reflections_20010923-171">[170]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Writings">Writings</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Trudeau&action=edit&section=62" title="Edit section: Writings">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFTrudeau1993" class="citation book cs1">Trudeau, Pierre Elliott (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/memoirs00trud">Memoirs</a>. Toronto: McClelland & Stewart. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7710-8588-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7710-8588-8"><bdi>978-0-7710-8588-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Memoirs&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pub=McClelland+%26+Stewart&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-7710-8588-8&rft.aulast=Trudeau&rft.aufirst=Pierre+Elliott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmemoirs00trud&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAxworthyTrudeau1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tom_Axworthy" title="Tom Axworthy">Axworthy, Thomas S.</a>; —, eds. (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/towardsjustsocie00axwo">Towards a Just Society: The Trudeau Years</a>. Toronto; New York: Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-670-83015-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-670-83015-2"><bdi>978-0-670-83015-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Towards+a+Just+Society%3A+The+Trudeau+Years&rft.place=Toronto%3B+New+York&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-670-83015-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftowardsjustsocie00axwo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeadTrudeau1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Head" title="Ivan Head">Head, Ivan L.</a>; — (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/canadianwayshapi0000head">The Canadian Way: Shaping Canada's Foreign Policy, 1968–1984</a>. Toronto: McClelland & Stewart. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7710-4099-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7710-4099-3"><bdi>978-0-7710-4099-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Canadian+Way%3A+Shaping+Canada%27s+Foreign+Policy%2C+1968%E2%80%931984&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pub=McClelland+%26+Stewart&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-7710-4099-3&rft.aulast=Head&rft.aufirst=Ivan+L.&rft.au=Trudeau%2C+Pierre+Elliott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcanadianwayshapi0000head&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHébertTrudeau1968" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jacques_H%C3%A9bert_(Canadian_politician)" title="Jacques Hébert (Canadian politician)">Hébert, Jacques</a>; — (1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/twoinnocentsinre0000hebe">Two Innocents in Red China</a>. Translated by Owen, I.M. Toronto: Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Two+Innocents+in+Red+China&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1968&rft.aulast=H%C3%A9bert&rft.aufirst=Jacques&rft.au=Trudeau%2C+Pierre+Elliott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftwoinnocentsinre0000hebe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrudeau1996" class="citation book cs1">— (1996). <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Pelletier" title="Gérard Pelletier">Pelletier, Gérard</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/againstcurrentse0000trud">Against the Current: Selected Writings, 1939–1996</a>. Toronto: McClelland & Stewart. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7710-6979-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7710-6979-6"><bdi>978-0-7710-6979-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Against+the+Current%3A+Selected+Writings%2C+1939%E2%80%931996&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pub=McClelland+%26+Stewart&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-7710-6979-6&rft.aulast=Trudeau&rft.aufirst=Pierre+Elliott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fagainstcurrentse0000trud&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Trudeau" class="Z3988">(À contre-courant: textes choisis, 1939–1996)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrudeau1998" class="citation book cs1">— (1998). Graham, Rod (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/essentialtrudeau0000trud">The Essential Trudeau</a>. Toronto: McClelland & Stewart. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7710-8591-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7710-8591-8"><bdi>978-0-7710-8591-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Essential+Trudeau&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pub=McClelland+%26+Stewart&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-7710-8591-8&rft.aulast=Trudeau&rft.aufirst=Pierre+Elliott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fessentialtrudeau0000trud&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrudeau1974" class="citation book cs1">— (1974). The asbestos strike. translated by James Boake. Toronto: James Lewis & Samuel.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+asbestos+strike&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pub=James+Lewis+%26+Samuel&rft.date=1974&rft.aulast=Trudeau&rft.aufirst=Pierre+Elliott&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Trudeau" class="Z3988"> (Grève de l'amiante)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrudeau1990" class="citation book cs1">— (1990). <a href="/wiki/Don_Johnston" title="Don Johnston">Johnston, Donald J.</a> (ed.). Pierre Trudeau Speaks Out on Meech Lake. Toronto: General Paperbacks. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7736-7244-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-7736-7244-3"><bdi>0-7736-7244-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pierre+Trudeau+Speaks+Out+on+Meech+Lake&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pub=General+Paperbacks&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-7736-7244-3&rft.aulast=Trudeau&rft.aufirst=Pierre+Elliott&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrudeau1970" class="citation book cs1">— (1970). Approaches to politics. Toronto: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-540176-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-540176-X"><bdi>0-19-540176-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Approaches+to+politics&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=0-19-540176-X&rft.aulast=Trudeau&rft.aufirst=Pierre+Elliott&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Trudeau" class="Z3988"> Introd. by <a href="/wiki/Ramsay_Cook" title="Ramsay Cook">Ramsay Cook</a>. Prefatory note by <a href="/wiki/Jacques_H%C3%A9bert_(Canadian_politician)" title="Jacques Hébert (Canadian politician)">Jacques Hébert</a>. Translated by I. M. Owen. from the French Cheminements de la politique.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacInnis1975" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_B._MacInnis" title="Joseph B. MacInnis">MacInnis, Joseph B.</a> (1975). Underwater Man. foreword by Pierre Trudeau. New York: Dodd, Mead & Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-396-07142-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-396-07142-2"><bdi>0-396-07142-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Underwater+Man&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Dodd%2C+Mead+%26+Company&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=0-396-07142-2&rft.aulast=MacInnis&rft.aufirst=Joseph+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrudeau1968" class="citation book cs1">— (1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/federalismfrench0000trud_s5g6">Federalism and the French Canadians</a>. Introd. by <a href="/wiki/John_T._Saywell" class="mw-redirect" title="John T. Saywell">John T. Saywell</a>. Toronto: MacMillan of Canada.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Federalism+and+the+French+Canadians&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pub=MacMillan+of+Canada&rft.date=1968&rft.aulast=Trudeau&rft.aufirst=Pierre+Elliott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffederalismfrench0000trud_s5g6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrudeau1972" class="citation book cs1">— (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/conversationwith0000trud">Conversation with Canadians</a>. Foreword by <a href="/wiki/Ivan_L._Head" class="mw-redirect" title="Ivan L. Head">Ivan L. Head</a>. Toronto, Buffalo: University of Toronto Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8020-1888-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8020-1888-2"><bdi>0-8020-1888-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conversation+with+Canadians&rft.place=Toronto%2C+Buffalo&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=0-8020-1888-2&rft.aulast=Trudeau&rft.aufirst=Pierre+Elliott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fconversationwith0000trud&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrudeau1972" class="citation book cs1">— (1972). The best of Trudeau. Toronto: Modern Canadian Library. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-919364-08-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-919364-08-X"><bdi>0-919364-08-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+best+of+Trudeau&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pub=Modern+Canadian+Library&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=0-919364-08-X&rft.aulast=Trudeau&rft.aufirst=Pierre+Elliott&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrudeau1987" class="citation book cs1">— (1987). Crenna, C. David (ed.). Lifting the shadow of war. Edmonton: Hurtig. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88830-300-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-88830-300-9"><bdi>0-88830-300-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lifting+the+shadow+of+war&rft.place=Edmonton&rft.pub=Hurtig&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=0-88830-300-9&rft.aulast=Trudeau&rft.aufirst=Pierre+Elliott&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGotlieb1970" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Allan_Gotlieb" title="Allan Gotlieb">Gotlieb, Allan</a>, ed. (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/humanrightsfeder0000gotl">Human rights, federalism and minorities. (Les droits de l'homme, le fédéralisme et les minorités)</a>. Toronto: <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Institute_of_International_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian Institute of International Affairs">Canadian Institute of International Affairs</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Human+rights%2C+federalism+and+minorities.+%28Les+droits+de+l%27homme%2C+le+f%C3%A9d%C3%A9ralisme+et+les+minorit%C3%A9s%29&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pub=Canadian+Institute+of+International+Affairs&rft.date=1970&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhumanrightsfeder0000gotl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Electoral_record">Electoral record</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Trudeau&action=edit&section=63" title="Edit section: Electoral record">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Electoral_history_of_Pierre_Trudeau" title="Electoral history of Pierre Trudeau">Electoral history of Pierre Trudeau</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Trudeau&action=edit&section=64" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/25px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/37px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/50px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="305" data-file-height="343" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Canada" title="Portal:Canada">Canada portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/28px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/42px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/56px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Yellow_flag_waving.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Yellow_flag_waving.svg/26px-Yellow_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Yellow_flag_waving.svg/39px-Yellow_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Yellow_flag_waving.svg/52px-Yellow_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Liberalism" title="Portal:Liberalism">Liberalism portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Quebec_sovereignty_movement" title="History of the Quebec sovereignty movement">History of the Quebec sovereignty movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judo_in_Canada" title="Judo in Canada">Judo in Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_federal_general_elections" title="List of Canadian federal general elections">List of Canadian federal general elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Canada" title="List of prime ministers of Canada">List of prime ministers of Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_Canada" title="List of years in Canada">List of years in Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Canada" title="Politics of Canada">Politics of Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_nicknaming_in_Quebec" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime Minister nicknaming in Quebec">Prime Minister nicknaming in Quebec</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Trudeau&action=edit&section=65" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈtruːdoʊ, truːˈdoʊ/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">TROO-doh, troo-DOH</a>; <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>French: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[pjɛʁ tʁydo]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Trudeau&action=edit&section=66" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Trudeau&action=edit&section=67" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-NYT_Kaufman_20000929_Eulogy-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NYT_Kaufman_20000929_Eulogy_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT_Kaufman_20000929_Eulogy_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT_Kaufman_20000929_Eulogy_2-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT_Kaufman_20000929_Eulogy_2-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT_Kaufman_20000929_Eulogy_2-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT_Kaufman_20000929_Eulogy_2-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaufman2000" class="citation news cs1">Kaufman, Michael T. (September 29, 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130525032137/http://www.nytimes.com/2000/09/29/world/pierre-trudeau-is-dead-at-80-dashing-fighter-for-canada.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm">"Pierre Trudeau Is Dead at 80; Dashing Fighter for Canada"</a>. The New York Times. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2000/09/29/world/pierre-trudeau-is-dead-at-80-dashing-fighter-for-canada.html">the original</a> on May 25, 2013. Retrieved February 20, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Pierre+Trudeau+Is+Dead+at+80%3B+Dashing+Fighter+for+Canada&rft.date=2000-09-29&rft.aulast=Kaufman&rft.aufirst=Michael+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2000%2F09%2F29%2Fworld%2Fpierre-trudeau-is-dead-at-80-dashing-fighter-for-canada.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Trudeau" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFortin_(2000-10-09)A17-3"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFortin_(2000-10-09)A17_3-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFortin_(2000-10-09)">Fortin (2000-10-09)</a>, p. A17. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallick_(2000-09-30)P04-4"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallick_(2000-09-30)P04_4-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMallick_(2000-09-30)">Mallick (2000-09-30)</a>, p. P04. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGénéalogie_du_Québec_(2012)-5"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGénéalogie_du_Québec_(2012)_5-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGénéalogie_du_Québec_(2012)">Généalogie du Québec (2012)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ancestry.com/genealogy/records/robert-truteau_20306861?geo_a=r&geo_s=us&geo_t=us&geo_v=2.0.0&o_xid=62916&o_lid=62916&o_sch=Partners">"Robert Truteau"</a>. Ancestry.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180921034427/https://www.ancestry.com/genealogy/records/robert-truteau_20306861?geo_a=r&geo_s=us&geo_t=us&geo_v=2.0.0&o_xid=62916&o_lid=62916&o_sch=Partners">Archived</a> from the original on September 21, 2018. Retrieved November 4, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Robert+Truteau&rft.pub=Ancestry.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ancestry.com%2Fgenealogy%2Frecords%2Frobert-truteau_20306861%3Fgeo_a%3Dr%26geo_s%3Dus%26geo_t%3Dus%26geo_v%3D2.0.0%26o_xid%3D62916%26o_lid%3D62916%26o_sch%3DPartners&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Trudeau" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nosorigines.qc.ca/GenealogieQuebec.aspx?genealogie=Etienne_Trudeau&pid=6568&lng=fr&partID=6569">"Généalogie Etienne Trudeau"</a>. Nosorigines.qc.ca. January 14, 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180913113127/https://www.nosorigines.qc.ca/GenealogieQuebec.aspx?genealogie=Etienne_Trudeau&pid=6568&lng=fr&partID=6569">Archived</a> from the original on September 13, 2018. Retrieved August 16, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=G%C3%A9n%C3%A9alogie+Etienne+Trudeau&rft.pub=Nosorigines.qc.ca&rft.date=2007-01-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nosorigines.qc.ca%2FGenealogieQuebec.aspx%3Fgenealogie%3DEtienne_Trudeau%26pid%3D6568%26lng%3Dfr%26partID%3D6569&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Trudeau" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnglish_(2009)8-8"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEnglish_(2009)8_8-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEnglish_(2009)">English (2009)</a>, p. 8. </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nosorigines.qc.ca/GenealogieQuebec.aspx?genealogie=Trudeau_Charles-Emile&pid=6604">"Généalogie Charles-Emile Trudeau"</a>. www.nosorigines.qc.ca. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230415195941/https://www.nosorigines.qc.ca/GenealogieQuebec.aspx?genealogie=Trudeau_Charles-Emile&pid=6604">Archived</a> from the original on April 15, 2023. Retrieved April 15, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.nosorigines.qc.ca&rft.atitle=G%C3%A9n%C3%A9alogie+Charles-Emile+Trudeau&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nosorigines.qc.ca%2FGenealogieQuebec.aspx%3Fgenealogie%3DTrudeau_Charles-Emile%26pid%3D6604&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Trudeau" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnglish_(2006)24-10"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEnglish_(2006)24_10-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEnglish_(2006)">English (2006)</a>, p. 24. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnglish_(2006)25-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEnglish_(2006)25_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEnglish_(2006)25_11-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEnglish_(2006)25_11-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFEnglish_(2006)">English (2006)</a>, p. 25. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrudeau_(1993)-12"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrudeau_(1993)_12-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTrudeau_(1993)">Trudeau (1993)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnglish_(2006)25–27-13"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEnglish_(2006)25–27_13-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEnglish_(2006)">English (2006)</a>, pp. 25–27. </li> <li id="cite_note-economist_obituary_20001005-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-economist_obituary_20001005_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-economist_obituary_20001005_14-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-economist_obituary_20001005_14-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-economist_obituary_20001005_14-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-economist_obituary_20001005_14-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/obituary/2000/10/05/pierre-trudeau">"Pierre Trudeau"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a>. Obituary. October 5, 2000. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0013-0613">0013-0613</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200222190153/https://www.economist.com/obituary/2000/10/05/pierre-trudeau">Archived</a> from the original on February 22, 2020. Retrieved February 22, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=Pierre+Trudeau&rft.date=2000-10-05&rft.issn=0013-0613&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fobituary%2F2000%2F10%2F05%2Fpierre-trudeau&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Trudeau" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnglish_(2006)27-15"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEnglish_(2006)27_15-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEnglish_(2006)">English (2006)</a>, p. 27. </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.canoe.com/archives/infos/general/2008/09/20080917-165426.html">Rank</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090129190141/http://www.canoe.com/archives/infos/general/2008/09/20080917-165426.html">Archived</a> January 29, 2009, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnglish_(2006)65-17"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEnglish_(2006)65_17-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEnglish_(2006)">English (2006)</a>, p. 65. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnglish_(2006)47-18"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEnglish_(2006)47_18-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEnglish_(2006)">English (2006)</a>, p. 47. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnglish_(2006)73-19"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEnglish_(2006)73_19-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEnglish_(2006)">English (2006)</a>, p. 73. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrudeau_(1993)37-20">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrudeau_(1993)37_20-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrudeau_(1993)37_20-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFTrudeau_(1993)">Trudeau (1993)</a>, p. 37. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrudeau_(1993)32-21">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrudeau_(1993)32_21-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrudeau_(1993)32_21-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrudeau_(1993)32_21-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFTrudeau_(1993)">Trudeau (1993)</a>, p. 32. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrudeau_(1993)34-22">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrudeau_(1993)34_22-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrudeau_(1993)34_22-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFTrudeau_(1993)">Trudeau (1993)</a>, p. 34. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrudeau_(1993)32–35-23"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrudeau_(1993)32–35_23-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTrudeau_(1993)">Trudeau (1993)</a>, pp. 32–35. </li> <li id="cite_note-CHR_Auger_2008-24"><a href="#cite_ref-CHR_Auger_2008_24-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAuger2008" class="citation journal cs1">Auger, Martin F. (December 2008). "On the Brink of Civil War: The Canadian Government and the Suppression of the 1918 Quebec Easter Riots". <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Historical_Review" title="Canadian Historical Review">Canadian Historical Review</a>. 89 (4): 503–540. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3138%2Fchr.89.4.503">10.3138/chr.89.4.503</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=On+the+Brink+of+Civil+War%3A+The+Canadian+Government+and+the+Suppression+of+the+1918+Quebec+Easter+Riots&rft.volume=89&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E503-%3C%2Fspan%3E540&rft.date=2008-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3138%2Fchr.89.4.503&rft.aulast=Auger&rft.aufirst=Martin+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Trudeau" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Granastein_1977-25"><a href="#cite_ref-Granastein_1977_25-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGranatsteinMacKay_Hitsman1977" class="citation book cs1">Granatstein, Jack Lawrence; MacKay Hitsman, J. (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/brokenpromiseshi0000gran/page/281">Broken Promises: A History of Conscription in Canada</a>. Toronto: Oxford University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/brokenpromiseshi0000gran/page/281">281</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-540258-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-540258-8"><bdi>0-19-540258-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Broken+Promises%3A+A+History+of+Conscription+in+Canada&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pages=281&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=0-19-540258-8&rft.aulast=Granatstein&rft.aufirst=Jack+Lawrence&rft.au=MacKay+Hitsman%2C+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbrokenpromiseshi0000gran%2Fpage%2F281&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Trudeau" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Betcherman_2002-26"><a href="#cite_ref-Betcherman_2002_26-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBetcherman2002" class="citation book cs1">Betcherman, Lita-Rose (2002). 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University of Toronto Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3138%2F9781442674592">10.3138/9781442674592</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-3575-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-3575-2"><bdi>978-0-8020-3575-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.3138/9781442674592">10.3138/9781442674592</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ernest+Lapointe&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.3138%2F9781442674592%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3138%2F9781442674592&rft.isbn=978-0-8020-3575-2&rft.aulast=Betcherman&rft.aufirst=Lita-Rose&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Trudeau" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnglish_(2006)191-27"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEnglish_(2006)191_27-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEnglish_(2006)">English (2006)</a>, p. 191. </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> The National Resources Mobilization Act, 1940, SC 1940, c. 13, s. 3. </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> The National Resources Mobilization Amendment Act, 1942, SC 1942, c. 29, s. 3. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnglish_(2006)124-30"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEnglish_(2006)124_30-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEnglish_(2006)">English (2006)</a>, p. 124. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnglish_(2006)146-31"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEnglish_(2006)146_31-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEnglish_(2006)">English (2006)</a>, pp. 146. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnglish_(2006)134-32"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEnglish_(2006)134_32-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEnglish_(2006)">English (2006)</a>, p. 134. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnglish_(2006)137-33"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEnglish_(2006)137_33-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEnglish_(2006)">English (2006)</a>, p. 137. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnglish_(2006)141-34"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEnglish_(2006)141_34-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEnglish_(2006)">English (2006)</a>, p. 141. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnglish_(2006)166-35"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEnglish_(2006)166_35-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEnglish_(2006)">English (2006)</a>, p. 166. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnglish_(2006)296-36"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEnglish_(2006)296_36-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEnglish_(2006)">English (2006)</a>, p. 296. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnglish_(2006)147-37"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEnglish_(2006)147_37-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEnglish_(2006)">English (2006)</a>, p. 147. </li> <li id="cite_note-NemniNemni2011-38">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NemniNemni2011_38-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NemniNemni2011_38-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMax_NemniMonique_Nemni2011" class="citation book cs1">Max Nemni; Monique Nemni (October 17, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fd-nSGK8c1QC&pg=PA70">Trudeau Transformed: The Shaping of a Statesman 1944–1965</a>. McClelland & Stewart. pp. 70–72. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7710-5126-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7710-5126-5"><bdi>978-0-7710-5126-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trudeau+Transformed%3A+The+Shaping+of+a+Statesman+1944%E2%80%931965&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E70-%3C%2Fspan%3E72&rft.pub=McClelland+%26+Stewart&rft.date=2011-10-17&rft.isbn=978-0-7710-5126-5&rft.au=Max+Nemni&rft.au=Monique+Nemni&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dfd-nSGK8c1QC%26pg%3DPA70&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Trudeau" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnglish_(2006)176-39"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEnglish_(2006)176_39-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEnglish_(2006)">English (2006)</a>, p. 176. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnglish_(2006)176–179-40"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEnglish_(2006)176–179_40-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEnglish_(2006)">English (2006)</a>, pp. 176–179. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnglish_(2006)180–190-41"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEnglish_(2006)180–190_41-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEnglish_(2006)">English (2006)</a>, pp. 180–190. </li> <li id="cite_note-Borduas_19480809-42"><a href="#cite_ref-Borduas_19480809_42-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBorduas2015" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Borduas, Paul-Émile (July 24, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/refus-global-manifesto">"Refus Global Manifesto"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Canadian_Encyclopedia" title="The Canadian Encyclopedia">The Canadian Encyclopedia</a> (online ed.). <a href="/wiki/Historica_Canada" title="Historica Canada">Historica Canada</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Refus+Global+Manifesto&rft.btitle=The+Canadian+Encyclopedia&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Historica+Canada&rft.date=2015-07-24&rft.aulast=Borduas&rft.aufirst=Paul-%C3%89mile&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca%2Fen%2Farticle%2Frefus-global-manifesto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Trudeau" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ellenwood_200910-43"><a href="#cite_ref-Ellenwood_200910_43-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllenwoodNasgaard2009" class="citation book cs1">Ellenwood, Ray; Nasgaard, Roald (October 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200222195419/http://www.douglas-mcintyre.com/book/the-automatiste-revolution">The Automatiste Revolution</a>. 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Retrieved April 6, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Toronto+Star&rft.atitle=Pierre+Trudeau%27s+daughter%2C+Sarah%2C+lives+under+the+radar&rft.date=2010-11-24&rft.aulast=Popplewell&rft.aufirst=Brett&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestar.com%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Farticle%2F895866--pierre-trudeau-s-daughter-sarah-lives-under-the-radar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Trudeau" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Coyne-213"><a href="#cite_ref-Coyne_213-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tvanouvelles.ca/2012/06/27/deborah-coyne-mere-de-lenfant-illegitime-de-pet-sera-candidate">"Deborah Coyne, mère de l'enfant illégitime de PET, sera candidate"</a>. <a href="/wiki/TVA_Nouvelles" title="TVA Nouvelles">TVA Nouvelles</a>. Montreal. 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Retrieved August 7, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TVA+Nouvelles&rft.atitle=Deborah+Coyne%2C+m%C3%A8re+de+l%27enfant+ill%C3%A9gitime+de+PET%2C+sera+candidate&rft.date=2012-06-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tvanouvelles.ca%2F2012%2F06%2F27%2Fdeborah-coyne-mere-de-lenfant-illegitime-de-pet-sera-candidate&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Trudeau" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-214"><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNurse" class="citation web cs1">Nurse, Paul. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130523053420/http://www.judoontario.ca/download.php?file=newsletters%2Fnewsletter_2009_07_06.pdf">"Pierre Trudeau and Judo?"</a> (PDF). The Gentle Way (Volume 6, Issue 4). Judo Ontario. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.judoontario.ca/download.php?file=newsletters/newsletter_2009_07_06.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on May 23, 2013. Retrieved August 1, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Gentle+Way+%28Volume+6%2C+Issue+4%29&rft.atitle=Pierre+Trudeau+and+Judo%3F&rft.aulast=Nurse&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.judoontario.ca%2Fdownload.php%3Ffile%3Dnewsletters%2Fnewsletter_2009_07_06.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Trudeau" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-215"><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a> Gagnon (2000). </li> <li id="cite_note-216"><a href="#cite_ref-216">^</a> Ignatieff, quoted in Balthazar (1995), p. 6. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnglish_(2009)[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_May_2016]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(May_2016)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-217"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEnglish_(2009)[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_May_2016]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(May_2016)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_217-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEnglish_(2009)">English (2009)</a>, p. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>]. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnglish_(2009)133-218"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEnglish_(2009)133_218-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEnglish_(2009)">English (2009)</a>, p. 133. </li> <li id="cite_note-Gagnon2000pp16-17-219">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gagnon2000pp16-17_219-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gagnon2000pp16-17_219-1">b</a> Gagnon (2000), 16–17. </li> <li id="cite_note-220"><a href="#cite_ref-220">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDorais2022" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Dorais, François-Olivier (2022). L'École historique de Québec. Une histoire intellectuelle (in French). Montreal: Boréal. pp. 244–247. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782764627365" title="Special:BookSources/9782764627365"><bdi>9782764627365</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=L%27%C3%89cole+historique+de+Qu%C3%A9bec.+Une+histoire+intellectuelle&rft.place=Montreal&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E244-%3C%2Fspan%3E247&rft.pub=Bor%C3%A9al&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=9782764627365&rft.aulast=Dorais&rft.aufirst=Fran%C3%A7ois-Olivier&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Trudeau" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-221"><a href="#cite_ref-221">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ekos.com/admin/articles/torstar-16-02-2002b.html">"Trudeau tops 'greatest Canadian' poll". Toronto Star, February 16, 2002</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070928005551/http://www.ekos.com/admin/articles/torstar-16-02-2002b.html">Archived</a> September 28, 2007, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-222"><a href="#cite_ref-222">^</a> "The Worst Canadian?", <a href="/wiki/The_Beaver_(magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Beaver (magazine)">The Beaver</a> 87 (4), Aug/Sep 2007. The article reports the results of a promotional, online survey by write-in vote for "the worst Canadian", which the magazine carried out in the preceding months, and in which Trudeau polled highest. </li> <li id="cite_note-223"><a href="#cite_ref-223">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Brian_Mulroney" title="Brian Mulroney">Brian Mulroney</a>, who was Prime Minister at the time of the Meech Lake and Charlottetown accords, and one of the chief forces behind them, sharply criticized Trudeau's opposition to them, in his 2007 autobiography, <a href="/wiki/Memoirs:_1939%E2%80%931993" class="mw-redirect" title="Memoirs: 1939–1993">Memoirs: 1939–1993</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ctvnews.ca/mulroney-says-trudeau-to-blame-for-meech-failure-1.255159">CTV News: Mulroney says Trudeau to blame for Meech failure; September 5, 2007</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220601092222/https://www.ctvnews.ca/mulroney-says-trudeau-to-blame-for-meech-failure-1.255159">Archived</a> June 1, 2022, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-224"><a href="#cite_ref-224">^</a> Bliss, M. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.prime-ministers.ca/trudeau/intro.php">"The Prime Ministers of Canada: Pierre Elliot Trudeau"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150925095626/http://www.prime-ministers.ca/trudeau/intro.php">Archived</a> September 25, 2015, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Seventh Floor Media. 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Retrieved February 11, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Title+and+Degree+of+Doctor+of+Laws+%28honoris+causa%29+Conferred+at+Congregation%2C+May+30%2C+1986&rft.pub=University+of+British+Columbia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.library.ubc.ca%2Farchives%2Fhdcites%2Fhdcites8.html%23trudeau&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Trudeau" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-255"><a href="#cite_ref-255">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishmuseum.ca/node/8316">Nathan Nemetz and Pierre Trudeau (receiving honorary degree), Lt. Gov. Robert Rogers, University of British Columbia.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130825033504/http://www.jewishmuseum.ca/node/8316">Archived</a> August 25, 2013, at <a href="/wiki/Archive.today" title="Archive.today">archive.today</a>, Jewish Museum & Archives of British Columbia </li> <li id="cite_note-256"><a href="#cite_ref-256">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090327093423/http://www.umac.mo/reg/UMCalendar/appendices/(12)A-HDT.pdf">"Honorary Degrees and Titles"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/University_of_Macau" title="University of Macau">University of Macau</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.umac.mo/reg/UMCalendar/appendices/(12)A-HDT.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on March 27, 2009. Retrieved May 21, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=University+of+Macau&rft.atitle=Honorary+Degrees+and+Titles&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.umac.mo%2Freg%2FUMCalendar%2Fappendices%2F%2812%29A-HDT.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Trudeau" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-257"><a href="#cite_ref-257">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.125.umontreal.ca/Pionniers/Trudeau.html">"Nos pionnières et nos pionniers"</a>. Université de Montréal. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200806043649/http://www.125.umontreal.ca/Pionniers/Trudeau.html">Archived</a> from the original on August 6, 2020. Retrieved February 7, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Universit%C3%A9+de+Montr%C3%A9al&rft.atitle=Nos+pionni%C3%A8res+et+nos+pionniers&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.125.umontreal.ca%2FPionniers%2FTrudeau.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Trudeau" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-258"><a href="#cite_ref-258">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.governingcouncil.utoronto.ca/Assets/Governing+Council+Digital+Assets/Boards+and+Committees/Committee+for+Honorary+Degrees/degreerecipients1850tillnow.pdf">"University of Toronto Honorary Degree Recipients"</a> (PDF). University of Toronto. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181001101642/http://www.governingcouncil.utoronto.ca/Assets/Governing+Council+Digital+Assets/Boards+and+Committees/Committee+for+Honorary+Degrees/degreerecipients1850tillnow.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on October 1, 2018. Retrieved July 5, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=University+of+Toronto+Honorary+Degree+Recipients&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.governingcouncil.utoronto.ca%2FAssets%2FGoverning%2BCouncil%2BDigital%2BAssets%2FBoards%2Band%2BCommittees%2FCommittee%2Bfor%2BHonorary%2BDegrees%2Fdegreerecipients1850tillnow.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Trudeau" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-259"><a href="#cite_ref-259">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/b-c-mountain-named-after-trudeau-1.615670">"B.C. mountain named after Trudeau"</a>. CBC News. 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April 13, 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151103210856/http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/mount-trudeau-to-be-officially-named-in-june-1.607271">Archived</a> from the original on November 3, 2015. Retrieved July 5, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CBC+News&rft.atitle=Mount+Trudeau+to+be+officially+named+in+June&rft.date=2006-04-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fcanada%2Fmount-trudeau-to-be-officially-named-in-june-1.607271&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Trudeau" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-261"><a href="#cite_ref-261">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060502131232/http://www.trudeau.hs.yrdsb.edu.on.ca/">"Pierre Elliott Trudeau High School"</a>. Trudeau.hs.yrdsb.edu.on.ca. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.trudeau.hs.yrdsb.edu.on.ca/">the original</a> on May 2, 2006. Retrieved July 7, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Trudeau.hs.yrdsb.edu.on.ca&rft.atitle=Pierre+Elliott+Trudeau+High+School&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.trudeau.hs.yrdsb.edu.on.ca%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Trudeau" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cauchy_2003-262"><a href="#cite_ref-Cauchy_2003_262-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCauchy2003" class="citation news cs1">Cauchy, Clairandrée (August 23, 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ledevoir.com/non-classe/34541/l-aeroport-de-dorval-devient-l-aeroport-pet">"L'aéroport de Dorval devient l'aéroport PET"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Le_Devoir" title="Le Devoir">Le Devoir</a>. 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Retrieved August 7, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Le+Devoir&rft.atitle=L%27a%C3%A9roport+de+Dorval+devient+l%27a%C3%A9roport+PET&rft.date=2003-08-23&rft.aulast=Cauchy&rft.aufirst=Clairandr%C3%A9e&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ledevoir.com%2Fnon-classe%2F34541%2Fl-aeroport-de-dorval-devient-l-aeroport-pet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Trudeau" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-263"><a href="#cite_ref-263">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://centreforaviation.com/analysis/whats-in-an-eponym-could-there-be-a-financial-or-other-benefit-in-celebrity-airport-naming-215965">"What's in an eponym? Celebrity airports – could there be a commercial benefit in naming?"</a>. 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Retrieved April 12, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What%27s+in+an+eponym%3F+Celebrity+airports+%E2%80%93+could+there+be+a+commercial+benefit+in+naming%3F&rft.pub=Centre+for+Aviation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcentreforaviation.com%2Fanalysis%2Fwhats-in-an-eponym-could-there-be-a-financial-or-other-benefit-in-celebrity-airport-naming-215965&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Trudeau" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-264"><a href="#cite_ref-264">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gg.ca/honour.aspx?id=1688&t=12&ln=Trudeau">"Order of Canada"</a>. Governor General of Canada. April 30, 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130904032311/http://www.gg.ca/honour.aspx?id=1688&t=12&ln=Trudeau">Archived</a> from the original on September 4, 2013. Retrieved July 7, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Order+of+Canada&rft.pub=Governor+General+of+Canada&rft.date=2009-04-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gg.ca%2Fhonour.aspx%3Fid%3D1688%26t%3D12%26ln%3DTrudeau&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Trudeau" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Clarkson_McCall_1997_1-265"><a href="#cite_ref-Clarkson_McCall_1997_1_265-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClarksonMcCall1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Clarkson" title="Stephen Clarkson">Clarkson, Stephen</a>; <a href="/wiki/Christina_McCall" title="Christina McCall">McCall, Christina</a> (1997) [1990]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/trudeauourtimes0000unse">Trudeau and our times: The magnificent obsession</a>. Vol. 1 (Revised ed.). Toronto: <a href="/wiki/McClelland_and_Stewart" class="mw-redirect" title="McClelland and Stewart">McClelland and Stewart</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7710-5415-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7710-5415-0"><bdi>978-0-7710-5415-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trudeau+and+our+times%3A+The+magnificent+obsession&rft.place=Toronto&rft.edition=Revised&rft.pub=McClelland+and+Stewart&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-7710-5415-0&rft.aulast=Clarkson&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft.au=McCall%2C+Christina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftrudeauourtimes0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Trudeau" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Clarkson_McCall_1997_2-266"><a href="#cite_ref-Clarkson_McCall_1997_2_266-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClarksonMcCall1997" class="citation book cs1">Clarkson, Stephen; McCall, Christina (1997) [1990]. Trudeau and our times: The heroic delusion. Vol. 2 (Revised ed.). Toronto: McClelland and Stewart. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7710-5408-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7710-5408-2"><bdi>978-0-7710-5408-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trudeau+and+our+times%3A+The+heroic+delusion&rft.place=Toronto&rft.edition=Revised&rft.pub=McClelland+and+Stewart&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-7710-5408-2&rft.aulast=Clarkson&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft.au=McCall%2C+Christina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Trudeau" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-267"><a href="#cite_ref-267">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrudeauMiller1990" class="citation cs2">Trudeau, Pierre Elliott; Miller, Peter (1990), Memoirs, Toronto: Canadian National Institute for the Blind</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Memoirs&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pub=Canadian+National+Institute+for+the+Blind&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=Trudeau&rft.aufirst=Pierre+Elliott&rft.au=Miller%2C+Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Trudeau" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NFB_JustWatchMe_1999-268"><a href="#cite_ref-NFB_JustWatchMe_1999_268-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1">Director <a href="/wiki/Catherine_Annau" title="Catherine Annau">Catherine Annau</a>, Producers <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gerry_Flahive&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gerry Flahive (page does not exist)">Gerry Flahive</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yves_Bisallon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yves Bisallon (page does not exist)">Yves Bisallon</a>, Featuring <a href="/wiki/Evan_Adams" title="Evan Adams">Evan Adams</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Duffy_(writer)" title="John Duffy (writer)">John Duffy</a>, Doug Garson, André Gobeil, Susanne Hilton, Sylvain Marois, Meg McDonald, Jocelyne Perrier (September 1999). Just watch me: Trudeau and the 70's generation. Brooklyn, NY: <a href="/wiki/National_Film_Board_of_Canada" title="National Film Board of Canada">National Film Board of Canada</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/748578882">748578882</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Just+watch+me%3A+Trudeau+and+the+70%27s+generation&rft.place=Brooklyn%2C+NY&rft.pub=National+Film+Board+of+Canada&rft.date=1999-09&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F748578882&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Trudeau" class="Z3988"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Icarus_Films&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Icarus Films (page does not exist)">Icarus Films</a> (2011), 76 minutes. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Trudeau&action=edit&section=68" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Books">Books</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Trudeau&action=edit&section=69" title="Edit section: Books">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBothwellGranatstein2017" class="citation book cs1">Bothwell, Robert; Granatstein, Jack (2017). Trudeau's World: Insiders Reflect on Foreign Policy, Trade, and Defence, 1968–84. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7748-3640-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7748-3640-1"><bdi>978-0-7748-3640-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trudeau%27s+World%3A+Insiders+Reflect+on+Foreign+Policy%2C+Trade%2C+and+Defence%2C+1968%E2%80%9384&rft.place=Vancouver&rft.pub=University+of+British+Columbia+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-7748-3640-1&rft.aulast=Bothwell&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=Granatstein%2C+Jack&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClarkson_&_McCall_(1997a)" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Clarkson" title="Stephen Clarkson">Clarkson, Stephen</a>; <a href="/wiki/Christina_McCall" title="Christina McCall">McCall, Christina</a> (1997a). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/trudeauourtimes0000unse">Trudeau and our times: The magnificent obsession</a>. Vol. 1 (Revised ed.). Toronto: McClelland and Stewart. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7710-5415-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7710-5415-0"><bdi>978-0-7710-5415-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trudeau+and+our+times%3A+The+magnificent+obsession&rft.place=Toronto&rft.edition=Revised&rft.pub=McClelland+and+Stewart&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-7710-5415-0&rft.au=Clarkson%2C+Stephen&rft.au=McCall%2C+Christina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftrudeauourtimes0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClarkson_&_McCall_(1997b)" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Clarkson" title="Stephen Clarkson">Clarkson, Stephen</a>; <a href="/wiki/Christina_McCall" title="Christina McCall">McCall, Christina</a> (1997b). Trudeau and our times: The heroic delusion. Vol. 2 (Revised ed.). Toronto: McClelland and Stewart. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7710-5408-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7710-5408-2"><bdi>978-0-7710-5408-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trudeau+and+our+times%3A+The+heroic+delusion&rft.place=Toronto&rft.edition=Revised&rft.pub=McClelland+and+Stewart&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-7710-5408-2&rft.aulast=Clarkson&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft.au=McCall%2C+Christina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohen_&_Granatstein_(1999)" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Cohen_(journalist)" title="Andrew Cohen (journalist)">Cohen, Andrew</a>; <a href="/wiki/Jack_Granatstein" class="mw-redirect" title="Jack Granatstein">Granatstein, J. L.</a>, eds. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/trudeausshadowli0000unse">Trudeau's shadow : the life and legacy of Pierre Elliott Trudeau</a>. Toronto: Random House Canada. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-679-30954-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-679-30954-3"><bdi>978-0-679-30954-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trudeau%27s+shadow+%3A+the+life+and+legacy+of+Pierre+Elliott+Trudeau&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pub=Random+House+Canada&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-679-30954-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftrudeausshadowli0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEnglish_(2006)" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_English_(Canadian_politician)" title="John English (Canadian politician)">English, John</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/citizenofworldth00john">Citizen of the World: The Life of Pierre Elliott Trudeau Volume One: 1919–1968</a>. Toronto: Knopf Canada. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-676-97521-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-676-97521-5"><bdi>978-0-676-97521-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Citizen+of+the+World%3A+The+Life+of+Pierre+Elliott+Trudeau+Volume+One%3A+1919%E2%80%931968&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pub=Knopf+Canada&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-676-97521-5&rft.aulast=English&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcitizenofworldth00john&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEnglish_(2009)" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_English_(Canadian_politician)" title="John English (Canadian politician)">English, John</a> (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/citizenofworldth00john">Just Watch Me: The Life of Pierre Elliott Trudeau Volume Two: 1968–2000</a>. Toronto: Knopf Canada. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-676-97523-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-676-97523-9"><bdi>978-0-676-97523-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Just+Watch+Me%3A+The+Life+of+Pierre+Elliott+Trudeau+Volume+Two%3A+1968%E2%80%932000&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pub=Knopf+Canada&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-676-97523-9&rft.aulast=English&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcitizenofworldth00john&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGranatsteinBothwell1991" class="citation book cs1">Granatstein, Jack; Bothwell, Robert (1991). Pirouette Pierre Trudeau and Canadian Foreign Policy. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-6873-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-6873-6"><bdi>978-0-8020-6873-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pirouette+Pierre+Trudeau+and+Canadian+Foreign+Policy&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-8020-6873-6&rft.aulast=Granatstein&rft.aufirst=Jack&rft.au=Bothwell%2C+Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGwyn_(1980)" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Gwyn_(Canadian_writer)" title="Richard Gwyn (Canadian writer)">Gwyn, Richard</a> (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/northernmaguspie00gwyn">The Northern Magus: Pierre Trudeau and Canadians</a>. Toronto: McClelland and Stewart. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7710-3732-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7710-3732-0"><bdi>978-0-7710-3732-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Northern+Magus%3A+Pierre+Trudeau+and+Canadians&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pub=McClelland+and+Stewart&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0-7710-3732-0&rft.aulast=Gwyn&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnorthernmaguspie00gwyn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHiggins,_M._(2004)" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_W._Higgins" title="Michael W. Higgins">Higgins, M.</a> (2004). <a href="/wiki/John_English_(Canadian_politician)" title="John English (Canadian politician)">English, John</a>; <a href="/wiki/Richard_Gwyn_(Canadian_writer)" title="Richard Gwyn (Canadian writer)">Gwynne, Richard</a>; Lackenbauer, P. Whitney (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hiddenpierreelli0000unse">The Hidden Pierre Elliott Trudeau: The Faith Behind the Politics</a>. Ottawa: Novalis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-895-07550-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-895-07550-9"><bdi>978-2-895-07550-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hidden+Pierre+Elliott+Trudeau%3A+The+Faith+Behind+the+Politics&rft.place=Ottawa&rft.pub=Novalis&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-2-895-07550-9&rft.aulast=Higgins&rft.aufirst=M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhiddenpierreelli0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHillikerHalloranDonaghy2017" class="citation book cs1">Hilliker, John; Halloran, Mary; Donaghy, Greg (2017). Canada's Department of External Affairs, Volume 3: Innovation and Adaptation, 1968–1984. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4875-1496-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4875-1496-9"><bdi>978-1-4875-1496-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Canada%27s+Department+of+External+Affairs%2C+Volume+3%3A+Innovation+and+Adaptation%2C+1968%E2%80%931984&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-4875-1496-9&rft.aulast=Hilliker&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Halloran%2C+Mary&rft.au=Donaghy%2C+Greg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaxer_(1977)" class="citation book cs1">Laxer, James; Laxer, Robert (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/liberalideaofcan0000laxe">The Liberal idea of Canada: Pierre Trudeau and the question of Canada's survival</a>. Toronto: J. Lorimer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88862-124-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88862-124-5"><bdi>978-0-88862-124-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Liberal+idea+of+Canada%3A+Pierre+Trudeau+and+the+question+of+Canada%27s+survival&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pub=J.+Lorimer&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-0-88862-124-5&rft.aulast=Laxer&rft.aufirst=James&rft.au=Laxer%2C+Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fliberalideaofcan0000laxe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLyon_&_Van_Die" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Lyon_(sociologist)" title="David Lyon (sociologist)">Lyon, David</a>; Van Die, Marguerite (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rethinkingchurch0000unse_s3l3">Rethinking church, state, and modernity: Canada between Europe and America</a>. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-4408-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-4408-2"><bdi>978-0-8020-4408-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rethinking+church%2C+state%2C+and+modernity%3A+Canada+between+Europe+and+America&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-8020-4408-2&rft.aulast=Lyon&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Van+Die%2C+Marguerite&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frethinkingchurch0000unse_s3l3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCall_(1982)" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Christina_McCall" title="Christina McCall">McCall, Cristina</a> (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gritsintimatepor00mcca">Grits: an intimate portrait of the Liberal Party</a>. Toronto: MacMillan of Canada. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7715-9573-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7715-9573-8"><bdi>978-0-7715-9573-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Grits%3A+an+intimate+portrait+of+the+Liberal+Party&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pub=MacMillan+of+Canada&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0-7715-9573-8&rft.aulast=McCall&rft.aufirst=Cristina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgritsintimatepor00mcca&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSoutham_(2005)" class="citation book cs1">Southam, Nancy, ed. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pierrecolleagues0000unse">Pierre: colleagues and friends talk about the Trudeau they knew</a>. Toronto: McCelland & Stewart. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7710-8168-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7710-8168-2"><bdi>978-0-7710-8168-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pierre%3A+colleagues+and+friends+talk+about+the+Trudeau+they+knew&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pub=McCelland+%26+Stewart&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-7710-8168-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpierrecolleagues0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhythian2000" class="citation book cs1">Phythian, Mark (2000). The Politics of British Arms Sales Since 1964: 'To Secure Our Rightful Share'. Manchester: Manchester University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-5907-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-5907-0"><bdi>978-0-7190-5907-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Politics+of+British+Arms+Sales+Since+1964%3A+%27To+Secure+Our+Rightful+Share%27&rft.place=Manchester&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-7190-5907-0&rft.aulast=Phythian&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRadwanski1978" class="citation book cs1">Radwanski, George (1978). Trudeau. Toronto: Macmillan of Canada.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trudeau&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pub=Macmillan+of+Canada&rft.date=1978&rft.aulast=Radwanski&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrudeau_(1993)" class="citation book cs1">Trudeau, Pierre Elliot (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/memoirs00trud">Memoirs</a>. Toronto: McClelland & Stewart. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7710-8588-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7710-8588-8"><bdi>978-0-7710-8588-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Memoirs&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pub=McClelland+%26+Stewart&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-7710-8588-8&rft.aulast=Trudeau&rft.aufirst=Pierre+Elliot&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmemoirs00trud&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrudeau_(1996)" class="citation book cs1">Trudeau, Pierre Elliot (1996). Pelletier, Gérard (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/againstcurrentse0000trud">Against the Current: Selected Writings 1939–1996</a>. Toronto: McClelland and Stewart. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7710-6979-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7710-6979-6"><bdi>978-0-7710-6979-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Against+the+Current%3A+Selected+Writings+1939%E2%80%931996&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pub=McClelland+and+Stewart&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-7710-6979-6&rft.aulast=Trudeau&rft.aufirst=Pierre+Elliot&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fagainstcurrentse0000trud&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZink_(1972)" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lubor_J._Zink" title="Lubor J. Zink">Zink, Lubor</a> (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oaYdAAAAMAAJ&q=Trudeaumania+coined+Lubor">Trudeaucracy</a>. Toronto: Toronto Sun Publishing. p. 152. <q>lubor Zink is the one who first coined those two terms of our times – Trudeaumania and Trudeaucracy. When Canada, led by its media, was dazzled by the Trudeau "charisma" and style, Zink saw behind the glitter and sought to define the man ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trudeaucracy&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pages=152&rft.pub=Toronto+Sun+Publishing&rft.date=1972&rft.aulast=Zink&rft.aufirst=Lubor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoaYdAAAAMAAJ%26q%3DTrudeaumania%2Bcoined%2BLubor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="News_media">News media</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Trudeau&action=edit&section=70" title="Edit section: News media">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCanada.com" class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130628213331/http://www.canada.com/victoriatimescolonist/news/story.html?id=11bac4bf-e162-4caf-8f6b-6b4de8823cc5&k=72914">"Forty years on, Trudeaumania still lives"</a>. Canada.com. April 5, 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.canada.com/victoriatimescolonist/news/story.html?id=11bac4bf-e162-4caf-8f6b-6b4de8823cc5&k=72914">the original</a> on June 28, 2013. <q>Trudeaumania, a term coined by a journalist named Lubor J. Zink during the 1968 federal election campaign to describe Canada's feverish zeal for the Liberal party leader</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Canada.com&rft.atitle=Forty+years+on%2C+Trudeaumania+still+lives&rft.date=2008-04-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.canada.com%2Fvictoriatimescolonist%2Fnews%2Fstory.html%3Fid%3D11bac4bf-e162-4caf-8f6b-6b4de8823cc5%26k%3D72914&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCanadian_Press_(1969-12-24)" class="citation news cs1">Canadian Press. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=j-RUAAAAIBAJ&dq=trudeau%20a%20beautiful%20person&pg=6282%2C5150764">"John, Yoko think PM is "beautiful""</a>. The Leader-Post. Regina, Saskatchewan. p. 1. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200728090342/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=j-RUAAAAIBAJ&dq=trudeau+a+beautiful+person&pg=6282%2C5150764">Archived</a> from the original on July 28, 2020. Retrieved August 12, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Leader-Post&rft.atitle=John%2C+Yoko+think+PM+is+%22beautiful%22&rft.pages=1&rft.au=Canadian+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3Dj-RUAAAAIBAJ%26dq%3Dtrudeau%2520a%2520beautiful%2520person%26pg%3D6282%252C5150764&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCBC_News_(1967-12-21)" class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120910020242/http://www.cbc.ca/archives/categories/politics/rights-freedoms/trudeaus-omnibus-bill-challenging-canadian-taboos/theres-no-place-for-the-state-in-the-bedrooms-of-the-nation.html">"Omnibus Bill: 'There's no place for the state in the bedrooms of the nation'"</a>. CBC News. Toronto: CBC Digital Archives. December 21, 1967. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbc.ca/archives/categories/politics/rights-freedoms/trudeaus-omnibus-bill-challenging-canadian-taboos/theres-no-place-for-the-state-in-the-bedrooms-of-the-nation.html">the original</a> on September 10, 2012. Retrieved August 12, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CBC+News&rft.atitle=Omnibus+Bill%3A+%27There%27s+no+place+for+the+state+in+the+bedrooms+of+the+nation%27&rft.date=1967-12-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Farchives%2Fcategories%2Fpolitics%2Frights-freedoms%2Ftrudeaus-omnibus-bill-challenging-canadian-taboos%2Ftheres-no-place-for-the-state-in-the-bedrooms-of-the-nation.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCBC_News_(1968-06-24)" class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130322052400/http://www.cbc.ca/archives/categories/politics/prime-ministers/pierre-elliott-trudeau-philosopher-and-prime-minister/the-pm-wont-let-em-rain-on-his-parade.html">"PM Trudeau won't let 'em rain on his parade"</a>. CBC News. Toronto: CBC Digital Archives. June 24, 1968. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbc.ca/archives/categories/politics/prime-ministers/pierre-elliott-trudeau-philosopher-and-prime-minister/the-pm-wont-let-em-rain-on-his-parade.html">the original</a> on March 22, 2013. Retrieved August 12, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CBC+News&rft.atitle=PM+Trudeau+won%27t+let+%27em+rain+on+his+parade&rft.date=1968-06-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Farchives%2Fcategories%2Fpolitics%2Fprime-ministers%2Fpierre-elliott-trudeau-philosopher-and-prime-minister%2Fthe-pm-wont-let-em-rain-on-his-parade.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCBC_News_(2000-10-03)" class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121006073924/http://www.cbc.ca/archives/on-this-day/justin-trudeaus-eulogy.html">"2000: Justin Trudeau delivers eulogy for his father Pierre"</a>. The National. Toronto: CBC Digital Archives. October 3, 2000. 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Toronto. p. A20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Globe+and+Mail&rft.atitle=The+elements+that+made+Pierre+Trudeau+great&rft.pages=A20&rft.date=2000-09-29&rft.au=Editorial+Staff&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdwards_(2008-01-03)" class="citation news cs1">Edwards, Peter (January 3, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121019221751/http://www.thestar.com/News/Canada/article/290634">"Confessions of a mobster: 'My job was to kill Pierre Trudeau'"</a>. The Toronto Star. Toronto. p. A1. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thestar.com/News/Canada/article/290634">the original</a> on October 19, 2012. 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Toronto. p. 6.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Globe+and+Mail&rft.atitle=Unlocking+the+locked+step+of+law+and+morality&rft.pages=6&rft.date=1967-12-12&rft.aulast=O%27Malley&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReuters_(2000-10-03)" class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120928052602/http://archives.cnn.com/2000/WORLD/americas/10/03/canada.castro.reut/index.html">"Castro mourns for Trudeau, who stood up for him"</a>. CNN. Atlanta. Reuters. October 3, 2000. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archives.cnn.com/2000/WORLD/americas/10/03/canada.castro.reut/index.html">the original</a> on September 28, 2012. 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The Canadian Encyclopedia (online ed.). Historica Canada.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Welfare+State&rft.btitle=The+Canadian+Encyclopedia&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Historica+Canada&rft.date=2015-08-13&rft.aulast=Moscovitch&rft.aufirst=Allan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca%2Fen%2Farticle%2Fwelfare-state&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMunroe_(2012)" class="citation web cs1">Munroe, Susan (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120819025947/http://canadaonline.about.com/cs/octobercrisis/a/octobercrisistl.htm">"October Crisis Timeline: Key Events in the October Crisis in Canada"</a>. Canadaonline / About.com. New York: The New York Times. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://canadaonline.about.com/cs/octobercrisis/a/octobercrisistl.htm">the original</a> on August 19, 2012. Retrieved August 12, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Canadaonline+%2F+About.com&rft.atitle=October+Crisis+Timeline%3A+Key+Events+in+the+October+Crisis+in+Canada&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Munroe&rft.aufirst=Susan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcanadaonline.about.com%2Fcs%2Foctobercrisis%2Fa%2Foctobercrisistl.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGénéalogie_du_Québec_(2012)" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130904173530/http://www.nosorigines.qc.ca/GenealogieQuebec.aspx?genealogie=Martial_Trudeau&pid=6563&lng=fr&partID=6564">"Généalogie Martial Trudeau"</a>. Généalogie du Québec et de l'Acadie (in French). 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nosorigines.qc.ca/GenealogieQuebec.aspx?genealogie=Martial_Trudeau&pid=6563&lng=fr&partID=6564">the original</a> on September 4, 2013. Retrieved August 13, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=G%C3%A9n%C3%A9alogie+du+Qu%C3%A9bec+et+de+l%27Acadie&rft.atitle=G%C3%A9n%C3%A9alogie+Martial+Trudeau&rft.date=2012&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nosorigines.qc.ca%2FGenealogieQuebec.aspx%3Fgenealogie%3DMartial_Trudeau%26pid%3D6563%26lng%3Dfr%26partID%3D6564&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Trudeau&action=edit&section=72" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Adams, Annmarie and Cameron Macdonnell, "Making Himself At Home: Cormier, Trudeau and the Architecture of Domestic Masculinity," Winterthur Portfolio 50 No 2/3 (Summer/Autumn 2016): 151–89.</li> <li>Aivalis, Christo. The Constant Liberal: Pierre Trudeau, Organized Labour, and the Canadian Social Democratic Left. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, 2018. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-77483-714-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-77483-714-4">0-77483-714-4</a></li> <li>Aivalis, Christo. "In the Name of Liberalism: Pierre Trudeau, Organized Labour, and the Canadian Social Democratic Left, 1949–1959." Canadian Historical Review (2013) 94#2 pp: 263–288.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBliss_(1994)" class="citation book cs1">Bliss, Michael (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/righthonourablem00blis">Right honourable men: the descent of Canadian politics from Macdonald to Mulroney</a> (1 ed.). Toronto: HarperCollins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-00-638062-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-00-638062-7"><bdi>978-0-00-638062-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Right+honourable+men%3A+the+descent+of+Canadian+politics+from+Macdonald+to+Mulroney&rft.place=Toronto&rft.edition=1&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-00-638062-7&rft.aulast=Bliss&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frighthonourablem00blis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBowering_(1999)" class="citation book cs1">Bowering, George (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/egotistsautocrat0000bowe">Egotists and autocrats: the prime ministers of Canada</a>. Toronto: Viking. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-670-88081-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-670-88081-2"><bdi>978-0-670-88081-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Egotists+and+autocrats%3A+the+prime+ministers+of+Canada&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pub=Viking&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-670-88081-2&rft.aulast=Bowering&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fegotistsautocrat0000bowe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Trudeau" class="Z3988"> Chapter on Trudeau.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFButlerCarrier1979" class="citation book cs1">Butler, Rick; Carrier, Jean-Guy, eds. (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/trudeaudecade00butl_0">The Trudeau decade</a>. Toronto: Doubleday Canada. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-385-14806-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-385-14806-2"><bdi>0-385-14806-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Trudeau+decade&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pub=Doubleday+Canada&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=0-385-14806-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftrudeaudecade00butl_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Trudeau" class="Z3988">. Essays by experts.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCouture1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Claude_Couture" title="Claude Couture">Couture, Claude</a> (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/paddlingwithcurr0000cout">Paddling with the Current: Pierre Elliott Trudeau, Étienne Parent, liberalism and nationalism in Canada</a>. Edmonton: University of Alberta Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4175-9306-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-4175-9306-7"><bdi>1-4175-9306-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paddling+with+the+Current%3A+Pierre+Elliott+Trudeau%2C+%C3%89tienne+Parent%2C+liberalism+and+nationalism+in+Canada&rft.place=Edmonton&rft.pub=University+of+Alberta+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=1-4175-9306-7&rft.aulast=Couture&rft.aufirst=Claude&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpaddlingwithcurr0000cout&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Donaghy, Greg. "Pierre Trudeau and Canada's Pacific tilt, 1945–1984." International Journal 74.1 (2019): 135-150. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230606134619/https://scholar.google.com/scholar?output=instlink&q=info:X02zmnFgS0YJ:scholar.google.com/&hl=en&as_sdt=0,27&as_ylo=2019&scillfp=13266916524434746844&oi=lle">online</a></li> <li>Donaldson, Gordon (1997). The Prime Ministers of Canada. Chapter on Trudeau</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGranatsteinBothwell2010" class="citation journal cs1">Granatstein, J.L.; Bothwell, Robert (2010). "Pierre Trudeau on his foreign policy: A conversation in 1988". International Journal. 66 (1): 171–181. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F002070201106600111">10.1177/002070201106600111</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27976077">27976077</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144465803">144465803</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal&rft.atitle=Pierre+Trudeau+on+his+foreign+policy%3A+A+conversation+in+1988&rft.volume=66&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E171-%3C%2Fspan%3E181&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144465803%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F27976077%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F002070201106600111&rft.aulast=Granatstein&rft.aufirst=J.L.&rft.au=Bothwell%2C+Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Gwyn, Richard J., and Sandra Gwyn. The northern magus : Pierre Trudeau and Canadians (1980) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/northernmaguspie00gwyn">online</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHillmerGranatstein1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Norman_Hillmer" title="Norman Hillmer">Hillmer, Norman</a>; <a href="/wiki/Jack_Granatstein" class="mw-redirect" title="Jack Granatstein">Granatstein, J.L.</a> (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/primeministersra0000gran/page/151">"Pierre Elliott Trudeau"</a>. Prime Ministers: Rating Canada's Leaders. Toronto: HarperCollins Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-00-200027-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-00-200027-X"><bdi>0-00-200027-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pierre+Elliott+Trudeau&rft.btitle=Prime+Ministers%3A+Rating+Canada%27s+Leaders&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pub=HarperCollins+Publishers&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-00-200027-X&rft.aulast=Hillmer&rft.aufirst=Norman&rft.au=Granatstein%2C+J.L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fprimeministersra0000gran%2Fpage%2F151&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Laforest, Guy (1995). Trudeau and the end of a Canadian dream. Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-77351-300-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-77351-300-0">0-77351-300-0</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLotz_(1987)" class="citation book cs1">Lotz, Jim (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/primeministersof0000lotz">Prime ministers of Canada</a>. London: Bison Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86124-377-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86124-377-8"><bdi>978-0-86124-377-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prime+ministers+of+Canada&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Bison+Books&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-86124-377-8&rft.aulast=Lotz&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fprimeministersof0000lotz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Trudeau" class="Z3988"> Chapter on Trudeau</li> <li>Lecours, André, Daniel Béland, and Greg Marchildon. "Fiscal Federalism: Pierre Trudeau as an Agent of Decentralization." Supreme Court Law Review 99 (2020): 77-99. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Gregory-Marchildon/publication/346693151_Fiscal_Federalism_Pierre_Trudeau_as_an_Agent_of_Decentralization/links/5fcf8062299bf188d4006849/Fiscal-Federalism-Pierre-Trudeau-as-an-Agent-of-Decentralization.pdf">online</a></li> <li>Moscovitch, Allan; Jim Albert eds. (1987). The Benevolent State: The Growth of Welfare in Canada.</li> <li>Munroe, H. D. "Style within the centre: Pierre Trudeau, the War Measures Act, and the nature of prime ministerial power." Canadian Public Administration (2011) 54#4 pp: 531–549.</li> <li>Nemni, Max and Nemi, Monique (2006). <a href="/w/index.php?title=Young_Trudeau:_Son_of_Quebec,_Father_of_Canada,_1919%E2%80%931944&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Young Trudeau: Son of Quebec, Father of Canada, 1919–1944 (page does not exist)">Young Trudeau: Son of Quebec, Father of Canada, 1919–1944</a>. Toronto: McClelland & Stewart.</li> <li>Nemni, Max and Nemi, Monique (2011).Trudeau Transformed: The Shaping of a Statesman 1944–1965. Toronto: McClelland & Stewart</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBob_Plamondon2013" class="citation book cs1">Bob Plamondon (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=U3oY17o5sSwC&pg=PP1">The Truth about Trudeau</a>. Ottawa: Great River Media. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4566-1671-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4566-1671-7"><bdi>978-1-4566-1671-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Truth+about+Trudeau&rft.pub=Ottawa%3A+Great+River+Media&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-4566-1671-7&rft.au=Bob+Plamondon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DU3oY17o5sSwC%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBruce_Powe2007" class="citation book cs1">Bruce Powe (2007). Mystic Trudeau: The Fire and the Rose. Toronto: Thomas Allen Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88762-281-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88762-281-6"><bdi>978-0-88762-281-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mystic+Trudeau%3A+The+Fire+and+the+Rose&rft.pub=Toronto%3A+Thomas+Allen+Publishers&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-88762-281-6&rft.au=Bruce+Powe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Ricci, Nino (2009). Extraordinary Canadians: Pierre Elliott Trudeau. Toronto: Penguin Canada. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-670-06660-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-670-06660-5">978-0-670-06660-5</a></li> <li>Sawatsky, John (1987). The Insiders: Government, Business, and the Lobbyists. Toronto: McClelland & Stewart. 0-77107-949-4.</li> <li>Simpson, Jeffrey (1984). Discipline of power: the Conservative interlude and the Liberal restoration. Toronto: Macmillan of Canada. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-920510-24-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-920510-24-8">0-920510-24-8</a>.</li> <li>Stewart, Walter (1971). Shrug: Trudeau in power. Toronto: New Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88770-081-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-88770-081-0">0-88770-081-0</a>. A critique from the left.</li> <li>Zolf, Larry. Just Watch Me: Remembering Pierre Trudeau (James Lorimer & Company, 2019) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=URK4DwAAQBAJ&dq=Pierre+Trudeau&pg=PR5">online</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Editorial_cartoons_and_humour">Editorial cartoons and humour</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Trudeau&action=edit&section=73" title="Edit section: Editorial cartoons and humour">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerguson_(1999)" class="citation book cs1">Ferguson, Will (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bastardsbonehead00ferg">Bastards & boneheads: Canada's glorious leaders, past and present</a>. Vancouver: Douglas & McIntyre. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55054-737-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55054-737-5"><bdi>978-1-55054-737-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bastards+%26+boneheads%3A+Canada%27s+glorious+leaders%2C+past+and+present&rft.place=Vancouver&rft.pub=Douglas+%26+McIntyre&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-1-55054-737-5&rft.aulast=Ferguson&rft.aufirst=Will&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbastardsbonehead00ferg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Trudeau" class="Z3988"> Humorous stories.</li> <li>McIlroy, Thad, ed. (1984). A Rose is a rose: a tribute to Pierre Elliott Trudeau in cartoons and quotes. Toronto: Doubleday. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0385197888" title="Special:BookSources/0385197888">0385197888</a>.</li> <li>Peterson, Roy (1984). Drawn & quartered: the Trudeau years. Toronto: Key Porter Books. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-91949-342-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-91949-342-4">0-91949-342-4</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Archives">Archives</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Trudeau&action=edit&section=74" title="Edit section: Archives">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation archive"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://central.bac-lac.gc.ca/.redirect?app=fonandcol&id=106624&lang=eng">Pierre Elliott Trudeau fonds</a>. Ottawa, Ontario: <a href="/wiki/Library_and_Archives_Canada" title="Library and Archives Canada">Library and Archives Canada</a>.</cite></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Archival_videos_of_Trudeau">Archival videos of Trudeau</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Trudeau&action=edit&section=75" title="Edit section: Archival videos of Trudeau">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1">Pierre Elliott Trudeau (1967–1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archives.cbc.ca/IDD-1-73-538/politics_economy/omnibus/">Trudeau's Omnibus Bill: Challenging Canadian Taboos</a> (.wmv) (news clips). CBC Archives. Retrieved December 5, 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Trudeau%27s+Omnibus+Bill%3A+Challenging+Canadian+Taboos&rft.pub=CBC+Archives&rft.date=1967%2F1970&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchives.cbc.ca%2FIDD-1-73-538%2Fpolitics_economy%2Fomnibus%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1">Pierre Elliott Trudeau (1957–2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archives.cbc.ca/IDD-1-73-2192/politics_economy/trudeau/">Pierre Elliott Trudeau: Philosopher and Prime Minister</a> (.wmv) (news clips). CBC Archives. Retrieved December 5, 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pierre+Elliott+Trudeau%3A+Philosopher+and+Prime+Minister&rft.pub=CBC+Archives&rft.date=1957%2F2005&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchives.cbc.ca%2FIDD-1-73-2192%2Fpolitics_economy%2Ftrudeau%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Trudeau&action=edit&section=76" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235611614">.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);margin:0.5em 0;padding:0.2em;line-height:1.5em;font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-header{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-listen-to{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-files{text-align:center;margin-top:10px;margin-bottom:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-icon{float:left;margin-left:5px;margin-top:10px}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-disclaimer{margin-left:60px;margin-top:10px;font-size:95%;line-height:1.4em}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-footer{margin-top:10px;text-align:center}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia{width:20em;float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="spoken-wikipedia noprint haudio"><div class="spoken-wikipedia-header">Listen to this article (58 minutes)</div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-files"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><audio id="mwe_player_2" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="200" style="width:200px;" data-durationhint="3477" data-mwtitle="En-Pierre_Trudeau.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/32/En-Pierre_Trudeau.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/32/En-Pierre_Trudeau.ogg/En-Pierre_Trudeau.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-icon"><img alt="Spoken Wikipedia icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/45px-Sound-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/68px-Sound-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/90px-Sound-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="96" /></div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-disclaimer"><a href="/wiki/File:En-Pierre_Trudeau.ogg" title="File:En-Pierre Trudeau.ogg">This audio file</a> was created from a revision of this article dated 20 July 2010 (2010-07-20), and does not reflect subsequent edits.</div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-footer">(<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Media_help" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Media help">Audio help</a> · <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Spoken_articles" title="Wikipedia:Spoken articles">More spoken articles</a>)</div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about Pierre Trudeau <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=lccn&su=n79054577">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=lccn&su=n79054577&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow">By Pierre Trudeau <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=lccn&au=n79054577">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=lccn&au=n79054577&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li></ul> </div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/13px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/20px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/27px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a> Quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Pierre_Trudeau" class="extiw" title="wikiquote:Special:Search/Pierre Trudeau">Pierre Trudeau</a> at Wikiquote</li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Pierre_Elliott_Trudeau" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Pierre Elliott Trudeau">Pierre Elliott Trudeau</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171106103349/http://www.canadahistory.com/sections/politics/pm/pierretrudeau.htm">canadahistory.com biography</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/pierre-elliott-trudeau">Biography in The Canadian Encyclopedia</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lop.parl.ca/sites/ParlInfo/default/en_CA/People/Profile?personId=6230">Pierre Trudeau – Parliament of Canada biography</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbc.ca/archives/topic/pierre-elliott-trudeau-philosopher-and-prime-minister">CBC Digital Archives—Pierre Elliott Trudeau: Philosopher and Prime Minister</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person.php?LinkID=mp164383">Portraits of Pierre Trudeau</a> at the <a href="/wiki/National_Portrait_Gallery,_London" title="National Portrait Gallery, London">National Portrait Gallery, London</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output 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navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pierre_Trudeau" title="Template:Pierre Trudeau"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pierre_Trudeau" title="Template talk:Pierre Trudeau"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pierre_Trudeau" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pierre Trudeau"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pierre_Trudeau574" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pierre Trudeau</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>October 18, 1919 – September 28, 2000 <a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Canada" title="List of prime ministers of Canada">15th</a> <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Canada" title="Prime Minister of Canada">Prime Minister of Canada</a> (1968–1979, 1980–1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada" title="Liberal Party of Canada">Leader of the Liberal Party of Canada</a> (1968–1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(Canada)" title="Member of Parliament (Canada)">Member of Parliament</a> for <a href="/wiki/Mount_Royal_(electoral_district)" title="Mount Royal (electoral district)">Mount Royal</a> (1965–1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Official_Opposition_(Canada)" title="Leader of the Official Opposition (Canada)">Leader of the Opposition</a> (1979–1980)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Premierships_of_Pierre_Trudeau" title="Premierships of Pierre Trudeau">Premierships</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Cabinet: <a href="/wiki/20th_Canadian_Ministry" title="20th Canadian Ministry">20th Canadian Ministry</a>, <a href="/wiki/22nd_Canadian_Ministry" title="22nd Canadian Ministry">22nd Canadian Ministry</a></li> <li>Parliament: <a href="/wiki/28th_Canadian_Parliament" title="28th Canadian Parliament">28th Canadian Parliament</a>, <a href="/wiki/29th_Canadian_Parliament" title="29th Canadian Parliament">29th Canadian Parliament</a>, <a href="/wiki/30th_Canadian_Parliament" title="30th Canadian Parliament">30th Canadian Parliament</a>, <a href="/wiki/32nd_Canadian_Parliament" title="32nd Canadian Parliament">32nd Canadian Parliament</a></li> <li>Party: <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada" title="Liberal Party of Canada">Liberal Party of Canada</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Political activities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criminal_Law_Amendment_Act,_1968%E2%80%9369" title="Criminal Law Amendment Act, 1968–69">Criminal Law Amendment Act, 1968–69</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Liberal_Party_of_Canada_leadership_election" title="1968 Liberal Party of Canada leadership election">1968 Liberal Party of Canada leadership election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trudeauism" title="Trudeauism">Trudeauism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trudeaumania" title="Trudeaumania">Trudeaumania</a> (<a href="/wiki/Fuddle_duddle" title="Fuddle duddle">Fuddle duddle</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Just_society" title="Just society">Just society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Official_bilingualism_in_Canada" title="Official bilingualism in Canada">Official bilingualism in Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petro-Canada" title="Petro-Canada">Petro-Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Energy_Program" title="National Energy Program">National Energy Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_Act,_1982" title="Constitution Act, 1982">Constitution Act, 1982</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Investment_Review_Agency" title="Foreign Investment Review Agency">Foreign Investment Review Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_Crisis" title="October Crisis">October Crisis</a>/<a href="/wiki/War_Measures_Act" title="War Measures Act">War Measures Act</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Just_watch_me" title="Just watch me">"Just watch me"</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism_in_Canada" title="Multiculturalism in Canada">Multiculturalism in Canada</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Elections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1968_Canadian_federal_election" title="1968 Canadian federal election">1968 federal election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_Canadian_federal_election" title="1972 Canadian federal election">1972 federal election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1974_Canadian_federal_election" title="1974 Canadian federal election">1974 federal election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1979_Canadian_federal_election" title="1979 Canadian federal election">1979 federal election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Canadian_federal_election" title="1980 Canadian federal election">1980 federal election</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Staff</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Charpentier" title="Jean Charpentier">Jean Charpentier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Johnson_(lawyer)" title="Edward Johnson (lawyer)">Edward Johnson (lawyer)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cit%C3%A9_Libre" title="Cité Libre">Cité Libre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Pierre_Trudeau" title="Death and state funeral of Pierre Trudeau">Death and state funeral</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Trudeau_family" title="Trudeau family">Family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Trudeau" title="Margaret Trudeau">Margaret Sinclair</a> (wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_Trudeau" title="Justin Trudeau">Justin Trudeau</a> (son, 23rd Prime Minister of Canada)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Trudeau" title="Alexandre Trudeau">Alexandre Trudeau</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Trudeau" title="Michel Trudeau">Michel Trudeau</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles-%C3%89mile_Trudeau" title="Charles-Émile Trudeau">Charles-Émile Trudeau</a> (father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deborah_Coyne" title="Deborah Coyne">Deborah Coyne</a> (partner)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Elliott_Trudeau_Foundation" title="Pierre Elliott Trudeau Foundation">Pierre Elliott Trudeau Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Champions_(miniseries)" title="The Champions (miniseries)">The Champions (1978 miniseries)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Just_Watch_Me:_Trudeau_and_the_%2770s_Generation" title="Just Watch Me: Trudeau and the '70s Generation">Just Watch Me: Trudeau and the '70s Generation (1999 documentary)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trudeau_(film)" title="Trudeau (film)">Trudeau (2002 miniseries)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Trudeau" title="Young Trudeau">Young Trudeau (2006 book)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Justin_Trudeau440" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Justin_Trudeau" title="Template:Justin Trudeau"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Justin_Trudeau" title="Template talk:Justin Trudeau"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Justin_Trudeau" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Justin Trudeau"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Justin_Trudeau440" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Justin_Trudeau" title="Justin Trudeau">Justin Trudeau</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Canada" title="List of prime ministers of Canada">23rd</a> <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Canada" title="Prime Minister of Canada">Prime Minister of Canada</a> (2015–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada" title="Liberal Party of Canada">Leader of the Liberal Party of Canada</a> (2013–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(Canada)" title="Member of Parliament (Canada)">Member of Parliament</a> for <a href="/wiki/Papineau_(electoral_district)" title="Papineau (electoral district)">Papineau</a> (2008–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Premiership_of_Justin_Trudeau" title="Premiership of Justin Trudeau">Premiership</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/29th_Canadian_Ministry" title="29th Canadian Ministry">29th Canadian Ministry</a></li> <li>Parliaments <ul><li><a href="/wiki/42nd_Canadian_Parliament" title="42nd Canadian Parliament">42nd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/43rd_Canadian_Parliament" title="43rd Canadian Parliament">43rd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/44th_Canadian_Parliament" title="44th Canadian Parliament">44th</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_policy_of_the_Justin_Trudeau_government" title="Domestic policy of the Justin Trudeau government">Domestic policy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Dental_Care_Plan" title="Canadian Dental Care Plan">Canadian Dental Care Plan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_Justin_Trudeau_government" title="Foreign policy of the Justin Trudeau government">Foreign policy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_prime_ministerial_trips_made_by_Justin_Trudeau" title="List of international prime ministerial trips made by Justin Trudeau">international trips</a></li></ul></li> <li>Budgets <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2016_Canadian_federal_budget" title="2016 Canadian federal budget">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Canadian_federal_budget" title="2017 Canadian federal budget">2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Canadian_federal_budget" title="2018 Canadian federal budget">2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Canadian_federal_budget" title="2019 Canadian federal budget">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Canadian_federal_budget" title="2021 Canadian federal budget">2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Canadian_federal_budget" title="2022 Canadian federal budget">2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Canadian_federal_budget" title="2023 Canadian federal budget">2023</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Canadian_federal_budget" title="2024 Canadian federal budget">2024</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister%27s_Youth_Council" title="Prime Minister's Youth Council">Prime Minister's Youth Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Philippines_waste_dispute" title="Canada–Philippines waste dispute">Canada–Philippines waste dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trudeau_cash-for-access_scandal" title="Trudeau cash-for-access scandal">Trudeau cash-for-access scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_Economic_and_Trade_Agreement" title="Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement">Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aga_Khan_affair" title="Aga Khan affair">Aga Khan affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaspal_Atwal" title="Jaspal Atwal">Jaspal Atwal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/44th_G7_summit" title="44th G7 summit">44th G7 summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States%E2%80%93Mexico%E2%80%93Canada_Agreement" title="United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement">United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elbowgate" title="Elbowgate">Elbowgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eagle_Spirit_Pipeline" title="Eagle Spirit Pipeline">Eagle Spirit Pipeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans_Mountain_pipeline" title="Trans Mountain pipeline">Trans Mountain pipeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SNC-Lavalin_affair" title="SNC-Lavalin affair">SNC-Lavalin affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WE_Charity_scandal" title="WE Charity scandal">WE Charity scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_government_interference_in_the_2019_and_2021_Canadian_federal_elections" title="Chinese government interference in the 2019 and 2021 Canadian federal elections">Chinese government interference in the 2019 and 2021 Canadian federal elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Canada" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Canada">COVID-19 pandemic in Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada_convoy_protest" title="Canada convoy protest">Canada convoy protest</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Canada_convoy_protest" title="Timeline of the Canada convoy protest">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergencies_Act" title="Emergencies Act">Emergencies Act</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020%E2%80%932021_Rideau_Hall_workplace_review" title="2020–2021 Rideau Hall workplace review">2020–2021 Rideau Hall workplace review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Ukraine_authorization_for_emergency_travel" title="Canada–Ukraine authorization for emergency travel">Canada–Ukraine authorization for emergency travel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_economic_crisis_(2022%E2%80%93present)" title="Canadian economic crisis (2022–present)">Canadian economic crisis (2022–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Yukon_high-altitude_object" title="2023 Yukon high-altitude object">2023 Yukon high-altitude object</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Canadian_federal_worker_strike" title="2023 Canadian federal worker strike">2023 Canadian federal worker strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaroslav_Hunka_scandal" title="Yaroslav Hunka scandal">Yaroslav Hunka scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Canada_railway_dispute" title="2024 Canada railway dispute">2024 Canada railway dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Canada_Post_strike" title="2024 Canada Post strike">2024 Canada Post strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024%E2%80%932025_Canadian_political_crisis" title="2024–2025 Canadian political crisis">2024–2025 Canadian political crisis and resignation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2025_United_States_trade_war_with_Canada_and_Mexico" title="2025 United States trade war with Canada and Mexico">2025 United States trade war with Canada and Mexico</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Electoral_history_of_Justin_Trudeau" title="Electoral history of Justin Trudeau">Elections</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2013_Liberal_Party_of_Canada_leadership_election" title="2013 Liberal Party of Canada leadership election">2013 Liberal Party leadership election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Canadian_federal_election" title="2015 Canadian federal election">2015 federal election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Canadian_federal_election" title="2019 Canadian federal election">2019 federal election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Canadian_federal_election" title="2021 Canadian federal election">2021 federal election</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Trudeau_family" title="Trudeau family">Family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sophie_Gr%C3%A9goire_Trudeau" title="Sophie Grégoire Trudeau">Sophie Grégoire</a> (separated wife)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pierre Trudeau</a> (father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Trudeau" title="Margaret Trudeau">Margaret Sinclair</a> (mother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Trudeau" title="Alexandre Trudeau">Alexandre Trudeau</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Trudeau" title="Michel Trudeau">Michel Trudeau</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles-%C3%89mile_Trudeau" title="Charles-Émile Trudeau">Charles-Émile Trudeau</a> (paternal grandfather)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Sinclair_(politician)" title="James Sinclair (politician)">James Sinclair</a> (maternal grandfather)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_Shadow_Cabinet_of_the_41st_Parliament_of_Canada" title="Liberal Party Shadow Cabinet of the 41st Parliament of Canada">Liberal Party Shadow Cabinet of the 41st Parliament of Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trudeaumania" title="Trudeaumania">Trudeaumania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Elliott_Trudeau_Foundation" title="Pierre Elliott Trudeau Foundation">Pierre Elliott Trudeau Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Ground_(memoir)" title="Common Ground (memoir)">Common Ground</a> (2014 memoir)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Speaking_Moistly" title="Speaking Moistly">Speaking Moistly</a>" (2020 song)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Links_to_related_articles92" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Links_to_related_articles92" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Links to related articles</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #cccccc"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Canada" title="Parliament of Canada">Parliament of Canada</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Alan_Macnaughton" title="Alan Macnaughton">Alan Macnaughton</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Mount_Royal_(electoral_district)" title="Mount Royal (electoral district)">Member of Parliament for Mount Royal</a> 1965–1984 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Sheila_Finestone" title="Sheila Finestone">Sheila Finestone</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Louis_Cardin" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis Cardin">Louis Cardin</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Justice_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Justice (Canada)">Minister of Justice</a> 1967–1968 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_Turner" title="John Turner">John Turner</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Lester_B._Pearson" title="Lester B. Pearson">Lester B. Pearson</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Canada" title="Prime Minister of Canada">Prime Minister of Canada</a> 1968–1979 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="2">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Joe_Clark" title="Joe Clark">Joe Clark</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="2">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Joe_Clark" title="Joe Clark">Joe Clark</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Opposition_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Leader of the Opposition (Canada)">Leader of the Opposition</a> 1979–1980 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Canada" title="Prime Minister of Canada">Prime Minister of Canada</a> 1980–1984 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_Turner" title="John Turner">John Turner</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFBF00;">Party political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Lester_Pearson" class="mw-redirect" title="Lester Pearson">Lester Pearson</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada" title="Liberal Party of Canada">Leader of the Liberal Party</a> 1968–1984 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_Turner" title="John Turner">John Turner</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FACEFF;">Diplomatic posts </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Cossiga" title="Francesco Cossiga">Francesco Cossiga</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/G8" title="G8">Chairperson of the G7</a> 1981 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand" title="François Mitterrand">François Mitterrand</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Prime_ministers_of_Canada311" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Prime_ministers_of_Canada" title="Template:Prime ministers of Canada"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Prime_ministers_of_Canada" title="Template talk:Prime ministers of Canada"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Prime_ministers_of_Canada" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Prime ministers of Canada"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Prime_ministers_of_Canada311" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Canada" title="Prime Minister of Canada">Prime ministers of Canada</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_A._Macdonald" title="John A. Macdonald">Macdonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Mackenzie_(politician)" title="Alexander Mackenzie (politician)">Mackenzie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_A._Macdonald" title="John A. Macdonald">Macdonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Abbott" title="John Abbott">Abbott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sparrow_David_Thompson" title="John Sparrow David Thompson">Thompson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mackenzie_Bowell" title="Mackenzie Bowell">Bowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Tupper" title="Charles Tupper">Tupper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilfrid_Laurier" title="Wilfrid Laurier">Laurier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Borden" title="Robert Borden">Borden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Meighen" title="Arthur Meighen">Meighen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lyon_Mackenzie_King" title="William Lyon Mackenzie King">King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Meighen" title="Arthur Meighen">Meighen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lyon_Mackenzie_King" title="William Lyon Mackenzie King">King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._B._Bennett" title="R. B. Bennett">Bennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lyon_Mackenzie_King" title="William Lyon Mackenzie King">King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_St._Laurent" title="Louis St. Laurent">St. Laurent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Diefenbaker" title="John Diefenbaker">Diefenbaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lester_B._Pearson" title="Lester B. Pearson">Pearson</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">P. E. Trudeau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Clark" title="Joe Clark">Clark</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">P. E. Trudeau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Turner" title="John Turner">Turner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Mulroney" title="Brian Mulroney">Mulroney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Campbell" title="Kim Campbell">Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien" title="Jean Chrétien">Chrétien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Martin" title="Paul Martin">Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Harper" title="Stephen Harper">Harper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_Trudeau" title="Justin Trudeau">J. Trudeau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Prime_ministers_of_Canada" title="Category:Prime ministers of Canada">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Canada" title="List of prime ministers of Canada">List</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cabinet_of_Prime_Minister_Pierre_Elliot_Trudeau_(1980–84)135" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Second_Trudeau_Ministry" title="Template:Second Trudeau Ministry"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Second_Trudeau_Ministry" title="Template talk:Second Trudeau Ministry"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Second_Trudeau_Ministry" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Second Trudeau Ministry"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cabinet_of_Prime_Minister_Pierre_Elliot_Trudeau_(1980–84)135" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/22nd_Canadian_Ministry" title="22nd Canadian Ministry">Cabinet</a> of <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Canada" title="Prime Minister of Canada">Prime Minister</a> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pierre Elliot Trudeau</a> (1980–84)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pierre Trudeau</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hazen_Argue" title="Hazen Argue">Hazen Argue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Austin_(politician)" title="Jack Austin (politician)">Jack Austin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Axworthy" title="Lloyd Axworthy">Lloyd Axworthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monique_B%C3%A9gin" title="Monique Bégin">Monique Bégin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Blais" title="Jean-Jacques Blais">Jean-Jacques Blais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Bussi%C3%A8res" title="Pierre Bussières">Pierre Bussières</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Caccia" title="Charles Caccia">Charles Caccia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bennett_Campbell" title="Bennett Campbell">Bennett Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien" title="Jean Chrétien">Jean Chrétien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Collenette" title="David Collenette">David Collenette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Cosgrove" title="Paul Cosgrove">Paul Cosgrove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_de_Ban%C3%A9" title="Pierre de Bané">Pierre de Bané</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judy_Erola" title="Judy Erola">Judy Erola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Fleming_(York_West_MP)" title="James Fleming (York West MP)">James Fleming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Fox" title="Francis Fox">Francis Fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herb_Gray" title="Herb Gray">Herb Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9line_Hervieux-Payette" title="Céline Hervieux-Payette">Céline Hervieux-Payette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_Johnston" title="Don Johnston">Don Johnston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serge_Joyal" title="Serge Joyal">Serge Joyal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Kaplan" title="Bob Kaplan">Bob Kaplan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marc_Lalonde" title="Marc Lalonde">Marc Lalonde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilles_Lamontagne" title="Gilles Lamontagne">Gilles Lamontagne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Lapointe" title="Charles Lapointe">Charles Lapointe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rom%C3%A9o_LeBlanc" title="Roméo LeBlanc">Roméo LeBlanc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed_Lumley" title="Ed Lumley">Ed Lumley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_J._MacDonald" title="Daniel J. MacDonald">Daniel J. MacDonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allan_MacEachen" title="Allan MacEachen">Allan MacEachen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_MacGuigan" title="Mark MacGuigan">Mark MacGuigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_MacLaren_(politician)" title="Roy MacLaren (politician)">Roy MacLaren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Munro_(Canadian_politician)" title="John Munro (Canadian politician)">John Munro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Olivier" title="Jacques Olivier">Jacques Olivier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bud_Olson" title="Bud Olson">Bud Olson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Ouellet" title="André Ouellet">André Ouellet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Luc_P%C3%A9pin" title="Jean-Luc Pépin">Jean-Luc Pépin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ray_Perrault" title="Ray Perrault">Ray Perrault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yvon_Pinard" title="Yvon Pinard">Yvon Pinard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Regan" title="Gerald Regan">Gerald Regan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Roberts_(Canadian_politician)" title="John Roberts (Canadian politician)">John Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Rompkey" title="Bill Rompkey">Bill Rompkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Simmons" title="Roger Simmons">Roger Simmons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Smith_(Canadian_senator)" title="David Smith (Canadian senator)">David Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Whelan" title="Eugene Whelan">Eugene Whelan</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cabinet_of_Prime_Minister_Pierre_Elliot_Trudeau_(1968–79)135" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:First_Trudeau_Ministry" title="Template:First Trudeau Ministry"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:First_Trudeau_Ministry" title="Template talk:First Trudeau Ministry"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:First_Trudeau_Ministry" title="Special:EditPage/Template:First Trudeau Ministry"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cabinet_of_Prime_Minister_Pierre_Elliot_Trudeau_(1968–79)135" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/20th_Canadian_Ministry" title="20th Canadian Ministry">Cabinet</a> of <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Canada" title="Prime Minister of Canada">Prime Minister</a> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pierre Elliot Trudeau</a> (1968–79)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pierre Trudeau</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Abbott_(Ontario_politician)" title="Tony Abbott (Ontario politician)">Tony Abbott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_Allmand" title="Warren Allmand">Warren Allmand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Andras" title="Bob Andras">Bob Andras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Basford" title="Ron Basford">Ron Basford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monique_B%C3%A9gin" title="Monique Bégin">Monique Bégin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Benson" title="Edgar Benson">Edgar Benson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Blais" title="Jean-Jacques Blais">Jean-Jacques Blais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judd_Buchanan" title="Judd Buchanan">Judd Buchanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9o_Cadieux" title="Léo Cadieux">Léo Cadieux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Cafik" title="Norman Cafik">Norman Cafik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iona_Campagnolo" title="Iona Campagnolo">Iona Campagnolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien" title="Jean Chrétien">Jean Chrétien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Pierre_C%C3%B4t%C3%A9" title="Jean-Pierre Côté">Jean-Pierre Côté</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bud_Cullen" title="Bud Cullen">Bud Cullen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barney_Danson" title="Barney Danson">Barney Danson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Davis_(Canadian_politician)" title="Jack Davis (Canadian politician)">Jack Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_de_Ban%C3%A9" title="Pierre de Bané">Pierre de Bané</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Drury" title="Charles Drury">Charles Drury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Eudes_Dub%C3%A9" title="Jean-Eudes Dubé">Jean-Eudes Dubé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Faulkner_(politician)" title="Hugh Faulkner (politician)">Hugh Faulkner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Fox" title="Francis Fox">Francis Fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alastair_Gillespie" title="Alastair Gillespie">Alastair Gillespie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Goyer" title="Jean-Pierre Goyer">Jean-Pierre Goyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Granger_(politician)" title="Charles Granger (politician)">Charles Granger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herb_Gray" title="Herb Gray">Herb Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Greene_(Ontario_politician)" title="Joe Greene (Ontario politician)">Joe Greene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph-Philippe_Guay" title="Joseph-Philippe Guay">Joseph-Philippe Guay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Haidasz" title="Stanley Haidasz">Stanley Haidasz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Hellyer" title="Paul Hellyer">Paul Hellyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Horner_(politician)" title="Jack Horner (politician)">Jack Horner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_Jamieson_(politician)" title="Don Jamieson (politician)">Don Jamieson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Juneau" title="Pierre Juneau">Pierre Juneau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Kierans" title="Eric Kierans">Eric Kierans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Laing" title="Arthur Laing">Arthur Laing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marc_Lalonde" title="Marc Lalonde">Marc Lalonde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilles_Lamontagne" title="Gilles Lamontagne">Gilles Lamontagne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Lang" title="Otto Lang">Otto Lang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rom%C3%A9o_LeBlanc" title="Roméo LeBlanc">Roméo LeBlanc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Lessard" title="Marcel Lessard">Marcel Lessard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_J._MacDonald" title="Daniel J. MacDonald">Daniel J. MacDonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Stovel_Macdonald" title="Donald Stovel Macdonald">Donald Stovel Macdonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allan_MacEachen" title="Allan MacEachen">Allan MacEachen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bryce_Mackasey" title="Bryce Mackasey">Bryce Mackasey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Mahoney" title="Pat Mahoney">Pat Mahoney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Marchand" title="Jean Marchand">Jean Marchand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Marchand" title="Leonard Marchand">Leonard Marchand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Martin_Sr." title="Paul Martin Sr.">Paul Martin Sr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_McIlraith" title="George McIlraith">George McIlraith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Munro_(Canadian_politician)" title="John Munro (Canadian politician)">John Munro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_O%27Connell_(politician)" title="Martin O'Connell (politician)">Martin O'Connell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bud_Olson" title="Bud Olson">Bud Olson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Ouellet" title="André Ouellet">André Ouellet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Pelletier" title="Gérard Pelletier">Gérard Pelletier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Luc_P%C3%A9pin" title="Jean-Luc Pépin">Jean-Luc Pépin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ray_Perrault" title="Ray Perrault">Ray Perrault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Mercer_Reid" title="John Mercer Reid">John Mercer Reid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Armstrong_Richardson" title="James Armstrong Richardson">James Armstrong Richardson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Roberts_(Canadian_politician)" title="John Roberts (Canadian politician)">John Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A9dard_Robichaud" title="Hédard Robichaud">Hédard Robichaud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeanne_Sauv%C3%A9" title="Jeanne Sauvé">Jeanne Sauvé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Sauv%C3%A9" title="Maurice Sauvé">Maurice Sauvé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitchell_Sharp" title="Mitchell Sharp">Mitchell Sharp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Stanbury" title="Robert Stanbury">Robert Stanbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Teillet" title="Roger Teillet">Roger Teillet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Turner" title="John Turner">John Turner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Whelan" title="Eugene Whelan">Eugene Whelan</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cabinet_of_Prime_Minister_Lester_B._Pearson_(1963–68)116" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pearson_Ministry" title="Template:Pearson Ministry"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pearson_Ministry" title="Template talk:Pearson Ministry"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pearson_Ministry" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pearson Ministry"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cabinet_of_Prime_Minister_Lester_B._Pearson_(1963–68)116" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/19th_Canadian_Ministry" title="19th Canadian Ministry">Cabinet</a> of <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Canada" title="Prime Minister of Canada">Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Lester_B._Pearson" title="Lester B. Pearson">Lester B. Pearson</a> (1963–68)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Lester_B._Pearson" title="Lester B. Pearson">Lester B. Pearson</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Moore_Benidickson" title="William Moore Benidickson">William Moore Benidickson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Benson" title="Edgar Benson">Edgar Benson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9o_Cadieux" title="Léo Cadieux">Léo Cadieux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucien_Cardin" title="Lucien Cardin">Lucien Cardin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lionel_Chevrier" title="Lionel Chevrier">Lionel Chevrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien" title="Jean Chrétien">Jean Chrétien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Joseph_Connolly" title="John Joseph Connolly">John Joseph Connolly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Pierre_C%C3%B4t%C3%A9" title="Jean-Pierre Côté">Jean-Pierre Côté</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azellus_Denis" title="Azellus Denis">Azellus Denis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Deschatelets" title="Jean-Paul Deschatelets">Jean-Paul Deschatelets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Drury" title="Charles Drury">Charles Drury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yvon_Dupuis" title="Yvon Dupuis">Yvon Dupuis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Favreau" title="Guy Favreau">Guy Favreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Garland_(Canadian_politician)" title="Jack Garland (Canadian politician)">Jack Garland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_L._Gordon" title="Walter L. Gordon">Walter L. Gordon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Granger_(politician)" title="Charles Granger (politician)">Charles Granger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Greene_(Ontario_politician)" title="Joe Greene (Ontario politician)">Joe Greene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Hays" title="Harry Hays">Harry Hays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Hellyer" title="Paul Hellyer">Paul Hellyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Laing" title="Arthur Laing">Arthur Laing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judy_LaMarsh" title="Judy LaMarsh">Judy LaMarsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Lamontagne" title="Maurice Lamontagne">Maurice Lamontagne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ross_Macdonald" title="William Ross Macdonald">William Ross Macdonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allan_MacEachen" title="Allan MacEachen">Allan MacEachen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_McIlraith" title="George McIlraith">George McIlraith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bryce_Mackasey" title="Bryce Mackasey">Bryce Mackasey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Watson_MacNaught" title="John Watson MacNaught">John Watson MacNaught</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Marchand" title="Jean Marchand">Jean Marchand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Martin_Sr." title="Paul Martin Sr.">Paul Martin Sr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Robert_Nicholson" title="John Robert Nicholson">John Robert Nicholson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Pennell" title="Lawrence Pennell">Lawrence Pennell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Luc_P%C3%A9pin" title="Jean-Luc Pépin">Jean-Luc Pépin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Pickersgill" title="Jack Pickersgill">Jack Pickersgill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A9dard_Robichaud" title="Hédard Robichaud">Hédard Robichaud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Sauv%C3%A9" title="Maurice Sauvé">Maurice Sauvé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitchell_Sharp" title="Mitchell Sharp">Mitchell Sharp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Teillet" title="Roger Teillet">Roger Teillet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Tremblay" title="René Tremblay">René Tremblay</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pierre Trudeau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Turner" title="John Turner">John Turner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Winters" title="Robert Winters">Robert Winters</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Leaders_of_the_Official_Opposition_in_Canada91" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Canadian_federal_opposition_leaders" title="Template:Canadian federal opposition leaders"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Canadian_federal_opposition_leaders" title="Template talk:Canadian federal opposition leaders"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Canadian_federal_opposition_leaders" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Canadian federal opposition leaders"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Leaders_of_the_Official_Opposition_in_Canada91" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Official_Opposition_(Canada)" title="Leader of the Official Opposition (Canada)">Leaders of the Official Opposition in Canada</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Mackenzie_(politician)" title="Alexander Mackenzie (politician)">Mackenzie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_A._Macdonald" title="John A. Macdonald">Macdonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Mackenzie_(politician)" title="Alexander Mackenzie (politician)">Mackenzie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Blake" title="Edward Blake">Blake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilfrid_Laurier" title="Wilfrid Laurier">Laurier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Tupper" title="Charles Tupper">Tupper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Borden" title="Robert Borden">Borden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilfrid_Laurier" title="Wilfrid Laurier">Laurier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Duncan_McKenzie" title="Daniel Duncan McKenzie">McKenzie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lyon_Mackenzie_King" title="William Lyon Mackenzie King">King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Meighen" title="Arthur Meighen">Meighen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lyon_Mackenzie_King" title="William Lyon Mackenzie King">King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Guthrie" title="Hugh Guthrie">Guthrie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._B._Bennett" title="R. B. Bennett">Bennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lyon_Mackenzie_King" title="William Lyon Mackenzie King">King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._B._Bennett" title="R. B. Bennett">Bennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_James_Manion" title="Robert James Manion">Manion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Hanson_(Canadian_politician)" title="Richard Hanson (Canadian politician)">Hanson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Graydon" title="Gordon Graydon">Graydon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bracken" title="John Bracken">Bracken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_A._Drew" title="George A. Drew">Drew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Earl_Rowe" title="William Earl Rowe">Rowe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_A._Drew" title="George A. Drew">Drew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Earl_Rowe" title="William Earl Rowe">Rowe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Diefenbaker" title="John Diefenbaker">Diefenbaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_St._Laurent" title="Louis St. Laurent">St. Laurent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lester_B._Pearson" title="Lester B. Pearson">Pearson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Diefenbaker" title="John Diefenbaker">Diefenbaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Starr_(politician)" title="Michael Starr (politician)">Starr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Stanfield" title="Robert Stanfield">Stanfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Clark" title="Joe Clark">Clark</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Trudeau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Clark" title="Joe Clark">Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_Nielsen" title="Erik Nielsen">Nielsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Mulroney" title="Brian Mulroney">Mulroney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Turner" title="John Turner">Turner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herb_Gray" title="Herb Gray">Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien" title="Jean Chrétien">Chrétien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucien_Bouchard" title="Lucien Bouchard">Bouchard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilles_Duceppe" title="Gilles Duceppe">Duceppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Gauthier" title="Michel Gauthier">Gauthier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilles_Duceppe" title="Gilles Duceppe">Duceppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preston_Manning" title="Preston Manning">Manning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deborah_Grey" title="Deborah Grey">Grey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stockwell_Day" title="Stockwell Day">Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Reynolds_(Canadian_politician)" title="John Reynolds (Canadian politician)">Reynolds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Harper" title="Stephen Harper">Harper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grant_Hill_(politician)" title="Grant Hill (politician)">Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Harper" title="Stephen Harper">Harper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Graham_(Canadian_politician)" title="Bill Graham (Canadian politician)">Graham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St%C3%A9phane_Dion" title="Stéphane Dion">Dion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Ignatieff" title="Michael Ignatieff">Ignatieff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Layton" title="Jack Layton">Layton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nycole_Turmel" title="Nycole Turmel">Turmel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Mulcair" title="Tom Mulcair">Mulcair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rona_Ambrose" title="Rona Ambrose">Ambrose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Scheer" title="Andrew Scheer">Scheer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erin_O%27Toole" title="Erin O'Toole">O'Toole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candice_Bergen_(politician)" title="Candice Bergen (politician)">Bergen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Poilievre" title="Pierre Poilievre">Poilievre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Liberal_Party_of_Canada199" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Liberal_Party_of_Canada" title="Template:Liberal Party of Canada"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Liberal_Party_of_Canada" title="Template talk:Liberal Party of Canada"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Liberal_Party_of_Canada" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Liberal Party of Canada"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Liberal_Party_of_Canada199" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada" title="Liberal Party of Canada">Liberal Party of Canada</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Affiliated parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Brunswick_Liberal_Association" title="New Brunswick Liberal Association">New Brunswick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Liberal Party of Newfoundland and Labrador">Newfoundland and Labrador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia_Liberal_Party" title="Nova Scotia Liberal Party">Nova Scotia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward_Island_Liberal_Party" title="Prince Edward Island Liberal Party">Prince Edward Island</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alberta_Liberal_Party" title="Alberta Liberal Party">Alberta</a> (1905–1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/BC_United" title="BC United">British Columbia</a> (1903–1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manitoba_Liberal_Party" title="Manitoba Liberal Party">Manitoba</a> (1870–1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North-West_Territories_Liberal_Party" title="North-West Territories Liberal Party">North-West Territories</a> (1898–1905)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontario_Liberal_Party" title="Ontario Liberal Party">Ontario</a> (1867–1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_Liberal_Party" title="Quebec Liberal Party">Quebec</a> (1867–1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saskatchewan_Liberal_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Saskatchewan Liberal Party">Saskatchewan</a> (1905–2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yukon_Liberal_Party" title="Yukon Liberal Party">Yukon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Maple_leaf_--_Liberal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Maple_leaf_--_Liberal.svg/50px-Maple_leaf_--_Liberal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="54" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Maple_leaf_--_Liberal.svg/75px-Maple_leaf_--_Liberal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Maple_leaf_--_Liberal.svg/100px-Maple_leaf_--_Liberal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="325" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Brown_(Canadian_politician)" title="George Brown (Canadian politician)">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Mackenzie_(politician)" title="Alexander Mackenzie (politician)">Mackenzie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Blake" title="Edward Blake">Blake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilfrid_Laurier" title="Wilfrid Laurier">Laurier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Duncan_McKenzie" title="Daniel Duncan McKenzie">McKenzie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lyon_Mackenzie_King" title="William Lyon Mackenzie King">King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_St._Laurent" title="Louis St. Laurent">St. Laurent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lester_B._Pearson" title="Lester B. Pearson">Pearson</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">P. E. Trudeau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Turner" title="John Turner">Turner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien" title="Jean Chrétien">Chrétien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Martin" title="Paul Martin">Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Graham_(Canadian_politician)" title="Bill Graham (Canadian politician)">Graham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St%C3%A9phane_Dion" title="Stéphane Dion">Dion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Ignatieff" title="Michael Ignatieff">Ignatieff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Rae" title="Bob Rae">Rae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_Trudeau" title="Justin Trudeau">J. Trudeau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Deputy Leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sheila_Copps" title="Sheila Copps">Copps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herb_Gray" title="Herb Gray">Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Manley" title="John Manley">Manley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_McLellan" title="Anne McLellan">McLellan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucienne_Robillard" title="Lucienne Robillard">Robillard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Ignatieff" title="Michael Ignatieff">Ignatieff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Goodale" title="Ralph Goodale">Goodale</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada_leadership_elections" title="Liberal Party of Canada leadership elections">Leadership elections</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1919_Liberal_Party_of_Canada_leadership_election" title="1919 Liberal Party of Canada leadership election">1919</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Liberal_Party_of_Canada_leadership_election" title="1948 Liberal Party of Canada leadership election">1948</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1958_Liberal_Party_of_Canada_leadership_election" title="1958 Liberal Party of Canada leadership election">1958</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Liberal_Party_of_Canada_leadership_election" title="1968 Liberal Party of Canada leadership election">1968</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Liberal_Party_of_Canada_leadership_election" title="1980 Liberal Party of Canada leadership election">1980</a> (cancelled)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_Liberal_Party_of_Canada_leadership_election" title="1984 Liberal Party of Canada leadership election">1984</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990_Liberal_Party_of_Canada_leadership_election" title="1990 Liberal Party of Canada leadership election">1990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2003_Liberal_Party_of_Canada_leadership_election" title="2003 Liberal Party of Canada leadership election">2003</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_Liberal_Party_of_Canada_leadership_election" title="2006 Liberal Party of Canada leadership election">2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_Liberal_Party_of_Canada_leadership_election" title="2009 Liberal Party of Canada leadership election">2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Liberal_Party_of_Canada_leadership_election" title="2013 Liberal Party of Canada leadership election">2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2025_Liberal_Party_of_Canada_leadership_election" title="2025 Liberal Party of Canada leadership election">2025</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Endorsements_in_the_2025_Liberal_Party_of_Canada_leadership_election" title="Endorsements in the 2025 Liberal Party of Canada leadership election">endorsements</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cabinets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Governments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2nd_Canadian_Ministry" title="2nd Canadian Ministry">Mackenzie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8th_Canadian_Ministry" title="8th Canadian Ministry">Laurier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/12th_Canadian_Ministry" title="12th Canadian Ministry">King (1st)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/14th_Canadian_Ministry" title="14th Canadian Ministry">King (2nd)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/16th_Canadian_Ministry" title="16th Canadian Ministry">King (3rd)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/17th_Canadian_Ministry" title="17th Canadian Ministry">St. Laurent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/19th_Canadian_Ministry" title="19th Canadian Ministry">Pearson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/20th_Canadian_Ministry" title="20th Canadian Ministry">P. Trudeau (1st)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/22nd_Canadian_Ministry" title="22nd Canadian Ministry">P. Trudeau (2nd)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/23rd_Canadian_Ministry" title="23rd Canadian Ministry">Turner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/26th_Canadian_Ministry" title="26th Canadian Ministry">Chrétien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/27th_Canadian_Ministry" title="27th Canadian Ministry">Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/29th_Canadian_Ministry" title="29th Canadian Ministry">J. Trudeau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/30th_Canadian_Ministry" title="30th Canadian Ministry">Next</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Shadow cabinets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Official_Opposition_Shadow_Cabinet_of_the_39th_Parliament_of_Canada" title="Official Opposition Shadow Cabinet of the 39th Parliament of Canada">Graham/Dion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Official_Opposition_Shadow_Cabinet_of_the_40th_Parliament_of_Canada" title="Official Opposition Shadow Cabinet of the 40th Parliament of Canada">Dion/Ignatieff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_Shadow_Cabinet_of_the_41st_Parliament_of_Canada" title="Liberal Party Shadow Cabinet of the 41st Parliament of Canada">Rae/Trudeau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Parliamentary election candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberal_Party_of_Canada_candidates_in_the_1867_Canadian_federal_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberal Party of Canada candidates in the 1867 Canadian federal election (page does not exist)">1867</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberal_Party_of_Canada_candidates_in_the_1878_Canadian_federal_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberal Party of Canada candidates in the 1878 Canadian federal election (page does not exist)">1878</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberal_Party_of_Canada_candidates_in_the_1887_Canadian_federal_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberal Party of Canada candidates in the 1887 Canadian federal election (page does not exist)">1887</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberal_Party_of_Canada_candidates_in_the_1891_Canadian_federal_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberal Party of Canada candidates in the 1891 Canadian federal election (page does not exist)">1891</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberal_Party_of_Canada_candidates_in_the_1896_Canadian_federal_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberal Party of Canada candidates in the 1896 Canadian federal election (page does not exist)">1896</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberal_Party_of_Canada_candidates_in_the_1900_Canadian_federal_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberal Party of Canada candidates in the 1900 Canadian federal election (page does not exist)">1900</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberal_Party_of_Canada_candidates_in_the_1904_Canadian_federal_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberal Party of Canada candidates in the 1904 Canadian federal election (page does not exist)">1904</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberal_Party_of_Canada_candidates_in_the_1908_Canadian_federal_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberal Party of Canada candidates in the 1908 Canadian federal election (page does not exist)">1908</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberal_Party_of_Canada_candidates_in_the_1911_Canadian_federal_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberal Party of Canada candidates in the 1911 Canadian federal election (page does not exist)">1911</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberal_Party_of_Canada_candidates_in_the_1917_Canadian_federal_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberal Party of Canada candidates in the 1917 Canadian federal election (page does not exist)">1917</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberal_Party_of_Canada_candidates_in_the_1921_Canadian_federal_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberal Party of Canada candidates in the 1921 Canadian federal election (page does not exist)">1921</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberal_Party_of_Canada_candidates_in_the_1925_Canadian_federal_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberal Party of Canada candidates in the 1925 Canadian federal election (page does not exist)">1925</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberal_Party_of_Canada_candidates_in_the_1926_Canadian_federal_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberal Party of Canada candidates in the 1926 Canadian federal election (page does not exist)">1926</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberal_Party_of_Canada_candidates_in_the_1930_Canadian_federal_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberal Party of Canada candidates in the 1930 Canadian federal election (page does not exist)">1930</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberal_Party_of_Canada_candidates_in_the_1935_Canadian_federal_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberal Party of Canada candidates in the 1935 Canadian federal election (page does not exist)">1935</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada_candidates_in_the_1940_Canadian_federal_election" title="Liberal Party of Canada candidates in the 1940 Canadian federal election">1940</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada_candidates_in_the_1945_Canadian_federal_election" title="Liberal Party of Canada candidates in the 1945 Canadian federal election">1945</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberal_Party_of_Canada_candidates_in_the_1949_Canadian_federal_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberal Party of Canada candidates in the 1949 Canadian federal election (page does not exist)">1949</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberal_Party_of_Canada_candidates_in_the_1957_Canadian_federal_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberal Party of Canada candidates in the 1957 Canadian federal election (page does not exist)">1957</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberal_Party_of_Canada_candidates_in_the_1958_Canadian_federal_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberal Party of Canada candidates in the 1958 Canadian federal election (page does not exist)">1958</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberal_Party_of_Canada_candidates_in_the_1962_Canadian_federal_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberal Party of Canada candidates in the 1962 Canadian federal election (page does not exist)">1962</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberal_Party_of_Canada_candidates_in_the_1963_Canadian_federal_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberal Party of Canada candidates in the 1963 Canadian federal election (page does not exist)">1963</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberal_Party_of_Canada_candidates_in_the_1965_Canadian_federal_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberal Party of Canada candidates in the 1965 Canadian federal election (page does not exist)">1965</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada_candidates_in_the_1968_Canadian_federal_election" title="Liberal Party of Canada candidates in the 1968 Canadian federal election">1968</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberal_Party_of_Canada_candidates_in_the_1972_Canadian_federal_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberal Party of Canada candidates in the 1972 Canadian federal election (page does not exist)">1972</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada_candidates_in_the_1974_Canadian_federal_election" title="Liberal Party of Canada candidates in the 1974 Canadian federal election">1974</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada_candidates_in_the_1979_Canadian_federal_election" title="Liberal Party of Canada candidates in the 1979 Canadian federal election">1979</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada_candidates_in_the_1980_Canadian_federal_election" title="Liberal Party of Canada candidates in the 1980 Canadian federal election">1980</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada_candidates_in_the_1984_Canadian_federal_election" title="Liberal Party of Canada candidates in the 1984 Canadian federal election">1984</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada_candidates_in_the_1988_Canadian_federal_election" title="Liberal Party of Canada candidates in the 1988 Canadian federal election">1988</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada_candidates_in_the_1993_Canadian_federal_election" title="Liberal Party of Canada candidates in the 1993 Canadian federal election">1993</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada_candidates_in_the_1997_Canadian_federal_election" title="Liberal Party of Canada candidates in the 1997 Canadian federal election">1997</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada_candidates_in_the_2000_Canadian_federal_election" title="Liberal Party of Canada candidates in the 2000 Canadian federal election">2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada_candidates_in_the_2004_Canadian_federal_election" title="Liberal Party of Canada candidates in the 2004 Canadian federal election">2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada_candidates_in_the_2006_Canadian_federal_election" title="Liberal Party of Canada candidates in the 2006 Canadian federal election">2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada_candidates_in_the_2008_Canadian_federal_election" title="Liberal Party of Canada candidates in the 2008 Canadian federal election">2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada_candidates_in_the_2011_Canadian_federal_election" title="Liberal Party of Canada candidates in the 2011 Canadian federal election">2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada_candidates_in_the_2015_Canadian_federal_election" title="Liberal Party of Canada candidates in the 2015 Canadian federal election">2015</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada_candidates_in_the_2019_Canadian_federal_election" title="Liberal Party of Canada candidates in the 2019 Canadian federal election">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberal_Party_of_Canada_candidates_in_the_2021_Canadian_federal_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberal Party of Canada candidates in the 2021 Canadian federal election (page does not exist)">2021</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberal_Party_of_Canada_candidates_in_the_2025_Canadian_federal_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberal Party of Canada candidates in the 2025 Canadian federal election (page does not exist)">2025</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Liberal_Party_of_Canada" title="History of the Liberal Party of Canada">Predecessors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Liberal_Party_of_Canada" title="History of the Liberal Party of Canada">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clear_Grits" title="Clear Grits">Clear Grits</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1850–58)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institut_canadien_de_Montr%C3%A9al" title="Institut canadien de Montréal">Institut canadien de Montréal</a> (1844–80)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parti_canadien" title="Parti canadien">Parti canadien</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1800–38)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parti_rouge" title="Parti rouge">Parti rouge</a> (1848–61)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_movement_(pre-Confederation_Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Reform movement (pre-Confederation Canada)">Reformers</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1830–54)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_parties_in_pre-confederation_Newfoundland" title="Liberal parties in pre-confederation Newfoundland">in Newfoundland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Protectionist" title="Liberal Protectionist">Liberal Protectionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal-Progressive" title="Liberal-Progressive">Liberal-Progressive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal%E2%80%93Labour_(Canada)" title="Liberal–Labour (Canada)">Liberal–Labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurier_Liberals" title="Laurier Liberals">Laurier Liberals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal%E2%80%93Unionist" title="Liberal–Unionist">Liberal–Unionist</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ministers_of_justice_and_attorneys_general_of_Canada85" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:CA_ministers_of_justice_and_attorneys_general" title="Template:CA ministers of justice and attorneys general"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:CA_ministers_of_justice_and_attorneys_general" title="Template talk:CA ministers of justice and attorneys general"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:CA_ministers_of_justice_and_attorneys_general" title="Special:EditPage/Template:CA ministers of justice and attorneys general"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ministers_of_justice_and_attorneys_general_of_Canada85" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Justice_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Justice (Canada)">Ministers of justice and attorneys general of Canada</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_A._Macdonald" title="John A. Macdonald">Macdonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine-Aim%C3%A9_Dorion" title="Antoine-Aimé Dorion">Dorion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_James_Smith" title="Albert James Smith">Smith</a> (acting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A9lesphore_Fournier" title="Télesphore Fournier">Fournier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Blake" title="Edward Blake">Blake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodolphe_Laflamme" title="Rodolphe Laflamme">Laflamme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Campbell_(Canadian_senator)" title="Alexander Campbell (Canadian senator)">Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sparrow_David_Thompson" title="John Sparrow David Thompson">Thompson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Hibbert_Tupper" title="Charles Hibbert Tupper">Tupper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Mayne_Daly" title="Thomas Mayne Daly">Daly</a> (acting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Rupert_Dickey" title="Arthur Rupert Dickey">Dickey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Mowat" title="Oliver Mowat">Mowat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Mills_(Canadian_politician)" title="David Mills (Canadian politician)">Mills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Fitzpatrick" title="Charles Fitzpatrick">Fitzpatrick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allen_Bristol_Aylesworth" title="Allen Bristol Aylesworth">Aylesworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Doherty" title="Charles Doherty">Doherty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._B._Bennett" title="R. B. Bennett">Bennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lomer_Gouin" title="Lomer Gouin">Gouin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Lapointe" title="Ernest Lapointe">Lapointe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Guthrie" title="Hugh Guthrie">Guthrie</a> (acting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esioff-L%C3%A9on_Patenaude" title="Esioff-Léon Patenaude">Patenaude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Lapointe" title="Ernest Lapointe">Lapointe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Guthrie" title="Hugh Guthrie">Guthrie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Reginald_Geary" title="George Reginald Geary">Geary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Lapointe" title="Ernest Lapointe">Lapointe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph-Enoil_Michaud" title="Joseph-Enoil Michaud">Michaud</a> (acting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_St._Laurent" title="Louis St. Laurent">St. Laurent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Lorimer_Ilsley" title="James Lorimer Ilsley">Ilsley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_St._Laurent" title="Louis St. Laurent">St. Laurent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuart_Garson" title="Stuart Garson">Garson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davie_Fulton" title="Davie Fulton">Fulton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Fleming" title="Donald Fleming">Fleming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lionel_Chevrier" title="Lionel Chevrier">Chevrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Favreau" title="Guy Favreau">Favreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_McIlraith" title="George McIlraith">McIlraith</a> (acting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucien_Cardin" title="Lucien Cardin">Cardin</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Trudeau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Turner" title="John Turner">Turner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Lang" title="Otto Lang">Lang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Basford" title="Ron Basford">Basford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Lang" title="Otto Lang">Lang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marc_Lalonde" title="Marc Lalonde">Lalonde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Flynn" title="Jacques Flynn">Flynn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien" title="Jean Chrétien">Chrétien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_MacGuigan" title="Mark MacGuigan">MacGuigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_Johnston" title="Don Johnston">Johnston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Crosbie" title="John Crosbie">Crosbie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ray_Hnatyshyn" title="Ray Hnatyshyn">Hnatyshyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Clark" title="Joe Clark">Clark</a> (acting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doug_Lewis_(politician)" title="Doug Lewis (politician)">Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Campbell" title="Kim Campbell">Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Blais" title="Pierre Blais">Blais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allan_Rock" title="Allan Rock">Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_McLellan" title="Anne McLellan">McLellan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Cauchon" title="Martin Cauchon">Cauchon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irwin_Cotler" title="Irwin Cotler">Cotler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vic_Toews" title="Vic Toews">Toews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rob_Nicholson" title="Rob Nicholson">Nicholson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_MacKay" title="Peter MacKay">MacKay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jody_Wilson-Raybould" title="Jody Wilson-Raybould">Wilson-Raybould</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Lametti" title="David Lametti">Lametti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arif_Virani" title="Arif Virani">Virani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Presidents_of_the_Privy_Council_for_Canada95" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:CA_presidents_of_the_Privy_Council" title="Template:CA presidents of the Privy Council"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:CA_presidents_of_the_Privy_Council" title="Template talk:CA presidents of the Privy Council"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:CA_presidents_of_the_Privy_Council" title="Special:EditPage/Template:CA presidents of the Privy Council"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Presidents_of_the_Privy_Council_for_Canada95" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_King%27s_Privy_Council_for_Canada" title="President of the King's Privy Council for Canada">Presidents of the Privy Council for Canada</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Johnston_Fergusson_Blair" title="Adam Johnston Fergusson Blair">Blair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Howe" title="Joseph Howe">Howe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Kenny" title="Edward Kenny">Kenny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Tupper" title="Charles Tupper">Tupper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_O%27Connor_(Canadian_politician)" title="John O'Connor (Canadian politician)">O'Connor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_McDonald_(politician)" title="Hugh McDonald (politician)">McDonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Seth_Huntington" title="Lucius Seth Huntington">Huntington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph-%C3%89douard_Cauchon" title="Joseph-Édouard Cauchon">Cauchon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Blake" title="Edward Blake">Blake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_O%27Connor_(Canadian_politician)" title="John O'Connor (Canadian politician)">O'Connor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis-Rodrigue_Masson" title="Louis-Rodrigue Masson">Masson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph-Alfred_Mousseau" title="Joseph-Alfred Mousseau">Mousseau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archibald_McLelan" title="Archibald McLelan">McLelan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_A._Macdonald" title="John A. Macdonald">Macdonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Carroll_Colby" title="Charles Carroll Colby">Colby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Abbott" title="John Abbott">Abbott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Bullock_Ives" title="William Bullock Ives">Ives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mackenzie_Bowell" title="Mackenzie Bowell">Bowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auguste-R%C3%A9al_Angers" title="Auguste-Réal Angers">Angers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilfrid_Laurier" title="Wilfrid Laurier">Laurier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Borden" title="Robert Borden">Borden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newton_Rowell" title="Newton Rowell">Rowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Alexander_Calder" title="James Alexander Calder">Calder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis-Philippe_Normand" title="Louis-Philippe Normand">Normand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lyon_Mackenzie_King" title="William Lyon Mackenzie King">King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Meighen" title="Arthur Meighen">Meighen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lyon_Mackenzie_King" title="William Lyon Mackenzie King">King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._B._Bennett" title="R. B. Bennett">Bennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lyon_Mackenzie_King" title="William Lyon Mackenzie King">King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_St._Laurent" title="Louis St. Laurent">St-Laurent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lionel_Chevrier" title="Lionel Chevrier">Chevrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No%C3%ABl_Dorion" title="Noël Dorion">Dorion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Diefenbaker" title="John Diefenbaker">Diefenbaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Lamontagne" title="Maurice Lamontagne">Lamontagne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_McIlraith" title="George McIlraith">McIlraith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Favreau" title="Guy Favreau">Favreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_L._Gordon" title="Walter L. Gordon">Gordon</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Trudeau</a> (acting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allan_MacEachen" title="Allan MacEachen">MacEachen</a> (acting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Stovel_Macdonald" title="Donald Stovel Macdonald">D. Macdonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allan_MacEachen" title="Allan MacEachen">MacEachen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitchell_Sharp" title="Mitchell Sharp">Sharp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allan_MacEachen" title="Allan MacEachen">MacEachen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Baker_(Canadian_politician)" title="Walter Baker (Canadian politician)">Baker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yvon_Pinard" title="Yvon Pinard">Pinard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Ouellet" title="André Ouellet">Ouellet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_Nielsen" title="Erik Nielsen">Nielsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ray_Hnatyshyn" title="Ray Hnatyshyn">Hnatyshyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_Mazankowski" title="Don Mazankowski">Mazankowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Clark" title="Joe Clark">Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Blais" title="Pierre Blais">Blais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Mass%C3%A9" title="Marcel Massé">Massé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St%C3%A9phane_Dion" title="Stéphane Dion">Dion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denis_Coderre" title="Denis Coderre">Coderre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucienne_Robillard" title="Lucienne Robillard">Robillard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Chong" title="Michael Chong">Chong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Van_Loan" title="Peter Van Loan">Van Loan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rona_Ambrose" title="Rona Ambrose">Ambrose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9e_Verner" title="Josée Verner">Verner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Penashue" title="Peter Penashue">Penashue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denis_Lebel" title="Denis Lebel">Lebel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryam_Monsef" title="Maryam Monsef">Monsef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karina_Gould" title="Karina Gould">Gould</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominic_LeBlanc" title="Dominic LeBlanc">LeBlanc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Blair" title="Bill Blair">Blair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harjit_Sajjan" title="Harjit Sajjan">Sajjan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="1979_Canadian_federal_election160" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Canadian_federal_election,_1979A" title="Template:Canadian federal election, 1979A"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Canadian_federal_election,_1979A" title="Template talk:Canadian federal election, 1979A"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Canadian_federal_election,_1979A" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Canadian federal election, 1979A"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="1979_Canadian_federal_election160" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/1979_Canadian_federal_election" title="1979 Canadian federal election">1979 Canadian federal election</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Outgoing: <a href="/wiki/30th_Canadian_Parliament" title="30th Canadian Parliament">Liberal majority</a> Result: <a href="/wiki/31st_Canadian_Parliament" title="31st Canadian Parliament">Progressive Conservative minority</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Canada" title="Communist Party of Canada">Communist</a> (<a href="/wiki/William_Kashtan" title="William Kashtan">William Kashtan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Canada_candidates_in_the_1979_Canadian_federal_election" title="Communist Party of Canada candidates in the 1979 Canadian federal election">candidates</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada" title="Liberal Party of Canada">Liberal</a> (<a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pierre Trudeau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada_candidates_in_the_1979_Canadian_federal_election" title="Liberal Party of Canada candidates in the 1979 Canadian federal election">candidates</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Canada_(Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist)" title="Communist Party of Canada (Marxist–Leninist)">Marxist–Leninist</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hardial_Bains" title="Hardial Bains">Hardial Bains</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Democratic_Party" title="New Democratic Party">New Democrats</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ed_Broadbent" title="Ed Broadbent">Ed Broadbent</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Conservative_Party_of_Canada" title="Progressive Conservative Party of Canada">Progressive Conservative</a> (<a href="/wiki/Joe_Clark" title="Joe Clark">Joe Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Conservative_Party_of_Canada_candidates_in_the_1979_Canadian_federal_election" title="Progressive Conservative Party of Canada candidates in the 1979 Canadian federal election">candidates</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhinoceros_Party_of_Canada_(1963%E2%80%9393)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhinoceros Party of Canada (1963–93)">Rhinoceros</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cornelius_the_First" title="Cornelius the First">Cornelius I</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Credit_Party_of_Canada" title="Social Credit Party of Canada">Social Credit</a> (<a href="/wiki/Fabien_Roy" title="Fabien Roy">Fabien Roy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Credit_Party_of_Canada_candidates_in_the_1979_Canadian_federal_election" title="Social Credit Party of Canada candidates in the 1979 Canadian federal election">candidates</a>)</li></ul> Bold indicates parties with members elected to the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_Canada" title="House of Commons of Canada">House of Commons</a>. </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="1980_Canadian_federal_election160" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Canadian_federal_election,_1980A" title="Template:Canadian federal election, 1980A"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Canadian_federal_election,_1980A" title="Template talk:Canadian federal election, 1980A"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Canadian_federal_election,_1980A" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Canadian federal election, 1980A"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="1980_Canadian_federal_election160" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/1980_Canadian_federal_election" title="1980 Canadian federal election">1980 Canadian federal election</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Outgoing: <a href="/wiki/31st_Canadian_Parliament" title="31st Canadian Parliament">Progressive Conservative minority</a> Result: <a href="/wiki/32nd_Canadian_Parliament" title="32nd Canadian Parliament">Liberal majority</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Independent_candidates_in_the_1980_Canadian_federal_election" title="Independent candidates in the 1980 Canadian federal election">Independent candidates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada" title="Liberal Party of Canada">Liberal</a> (<a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pierre Trudeau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada_candidates_in_the_1980_Canadian_federal_election" title="Liberal Party of Canada candidates in the 1980 Canadian federal election">candidates</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_of_Canada" title="Libertarian Party of Canada">Libertarian</a> (Linda Cain, <a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_of_Canada_candidates_in_the_1980_Canadian_federal_election" title="Libertarian Party of Canada candidates in the 1980 Canadian federal election">candidates</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Canada_(Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist)" title="Communist Party of Canada (Marxist–Leninist)">Marxist–Leninist</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hardial_Bains" title="Hardial Bains">Hardial Bains</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Democratic_Party" title="New Democratic Party">New Democrats</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ed_Broadbent" title="Ed Broadbent">Ed Broadbent</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Democratic_Party_candidates_in_the_1980_Canadian_federal_election" title="New Democratic Party candidates in the 1980 Canadian federal election">candidates</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Conservative_Party_of_Canada" title="Progressive Conservative Party of Canada">Progressive Conservative</a> (<a href="/wiki/Joe_Clark" title="Joe Clark">Joe Clark</a>, <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Conservative_Party_of_Canada_candidates_in_the_1980_Canadian_federal_election" title="Progressive Conservative Party of Canada candidates in the 1980 Canadian federal election">candidates</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhinoceros_Party_of_Canada_(1963%E2%80%9393)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhinoceros Party of Canada (1963–93)">Rhinoceros</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cornelius_the_First" title="Cornelius the First">Cornelius I</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhinoceros_Party_of_Canada_candidates_in_the_1980_Canadian_federal_election" title="Rhinoceros Party of Canada candidates in the 1980 Canadian federal election">candidates</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Credit_Party_of_Canada" title="Social Credit Party of Canada">Social Credit</a> (<a href="/wiki/Fabien_Roy" title="Fabien Roy">Fabien Roy</a>)</li></ul> Bold indicates parties with members elected to the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_Canada" title="House of Commons of Canada">House of Commons</a> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Canadian_Newsmaker_of_the_Year301" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Canadian_Newsmaker_of_the_Year" title="Template:Canadian Newsmaker of the Year"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Canadian_Newsmaker_of_the_Year" title="Template talk:Canadian Newsmaker of the Year"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Canadian_Newsmaker_of_the_Year" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Canadian Newsmaker of the Year"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Canadian_Newsmaker_of_the_Year301" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Newsmaker_of_the_Year" title="Canadian Newsmaker of the Year">Canadian Newsmaker of the Year</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Igor_Gouzenko" title="Igor Gouzenko">Igor Gouzenko</a> <ul><li>1946</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Ann_Scott" title="Barbara Ann Scott">Barbara Ann Scott</a> <ul><li>1947</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lyon_Mackenzie_King" title="William Lyon Mackenzie King">William Lyon Mackenzie King</a> <ul><li>1948</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_St._Laurent" title="Louis St. Laurent">Louis St. Laurent</a> <ul><li>1949</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lester_B._Pearson" title="Lester B. Pearson">Lester B. Pearson</a> <ul><li>1950–1953</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marilyn_Bell" title="Marilyn Bell">Marilyn Bell</a> <ul><li>1954</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lester_B._Pearson" title="Lester B. Pearson">Lester B. Pearson</a> <ul><li>1955–1956</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Diefenbaker" title="John Diefenbaker">John Diefenbaker</a> <ul><li>1957–1960</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joey_Smallwood" title="Joey Smallwood">Joey Smallwood</a> <ul><li>1959</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Elliott_Coyne" title="James Elliott Coyne">James Coyne</a> <ul><li>1961</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9al_Caouette" title="Réal Caouette">Réal Caouette</a> <ul><li>1962</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lester_B._Pearson" title="Lester B. Pearson">Lester B. Pearson</a> <ul><li>1963–1964</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucien_Rivard" title="Lucien Rivard">Lucien Rivard</a> <ul><li>1965</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Diefenbaker" title="John Diefenbaker">John Diefenbaker</a> <ul><li>1966</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lester_B._Pearson" title="Lester B. Pearson">Lester B. Pearson</a> <ul><li>1967</li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pierre Trudeau</a> <ul><li>1968–1975</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_L%C3%A9vesque" title="René Lévesque">René Lévesque</a> <ul><li>1976–1977</li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pierre Trudeau</a> <ul><li>1978</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Clark" title="Joe Clark">Joe Clark</a> <ul><li>1979</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terry_Fox" title="Terry Fox">Terry Fox</a> <ul><li>1980–1981</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wayne_Gretzky" title="Wayne Gretzky">Wayne Gretzky</a> <ul><li>1982</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Mulroney" title="Brian Mulroney">Brian Mulroney</a> <ul><li>1983–1984</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Fonyo" title="Steve Fonyo">Steve Fonyo</a> <ul><li>1985</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rick_Hansen" title="Rick Hansen">Rick Hansen</a> <ul><li>1986–1987</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Johnson_(Canadian_sprinter)" title="Ben Johnson (Canadian sprinter)">Ben Johnson</a> <ul><li>1988</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Wilson_(Canadian_politician)" title="Michael Wilson (Canadian politician)">Michael Wilson</a> <ul><li>1989</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elijah_Harper" title="Elijah Harper">Elijah Harper</a> <ul><li>1990</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Mulroney" title="Brian Mulroney">Brian Mulroney</a> <ul><li>1991</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlottetown_Accord" title="Charlottetown Accord">The referendum on the Charlottetown Accord</a> <ul><li>1992</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Campbell" title="Kim Campbell">Kim Campbell</a> <ul><li>1993</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Parizeau" title="Jacques Parizeau">Jacques Parizeau</a> <ul><li>1994</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucien_Bouchard" title="Lucien Bouchard">Lucien Bouchard</a> <ul><li>1995</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donovan_Bailey" title="Donovan Bailey">Donovan Bailey</a> <ul><li>1996</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheldon_Kennedy" title="Sheldon Kennedy">Sheldon Kennedy</a> <ul><li>1997</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien" title="Jean Chrétien">Jean Chrétien</a> <ul><li>1998</li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pierre Trudeau</a> <ul><li>1999, as Newsmaker of the 20th Century</li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pierre Trudeau</a> <ul><li>2000</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stockwell_Day" title="Stockwell Day">Stockwell Day</a> <ul><li>2001</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien" title="Jean Chrétien">Jean Chrétien</a> <ul><li>2002</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Martin" title="Paul Martin">Paul Martin</a> <ul><li>2003–2004</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Gomery" title="John Gomery">John Gomery</a> <ul><li>2005</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian Forces">The Canadian Soldier</a> <ul><li>2006</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Mounted_Police" title="Royal Canadian Mounted Police">RCMP</a> <ul><li>2007</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Harper" title="Stephen Harper">Stephen Harper</a> <ul><li>2008–2009</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Williams_(criminal)" title="Russell Williams (criminal)">Russell Williams</a> <ul><li>2010</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Layton" title="Jack Layton">Jack Layton</a> <ul><li>2011</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Jun_Lin" title="Murder of Jun Lin">Luka Magnotta</a> <ul><li>2012</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rob_Ford" title="Rob Ford">Rob Ford</a> <ul><li>2013</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu_ramming_attack" title="2014 Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu ramming attack">Patrice Vincent</a> and <a href="/wiki/2014_shootings_at_Parliament_Hill,_Ottawa" title="2014 shootings at Parliament Hill, Ottawa">Nathan Cirillo</a> <ul><li>2014</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_Trudeau" title="Justin Trudeau">Justin Trudeau</a> <ul><li>2015</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gord_Downie" title="Gord Downie">Gord Downie</a> <ul><li>2016–2017</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humboldt_Broncos" title="Humboldt Broncos">Humboldt Broncos</a> <ul><li>2018</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jody_Wilson-Raybould" title="Jody Wilson-Raybould">Jody Wilson-Raybould</a> <ul><li>2019</li></ul></li> <li>Front-line workers in the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Canada" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Canada">COVID-19 pandemic</a> <ul><li>2020</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Indian_residential_school_gravesites" title="Canadian Indian residential school gravesites">Children lost in residential schools</a> <ul><li>2021</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada_convoy_protest" title="Canada convoy protest">Canada convoy protesters</a> <ul><li>2022</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Poilievre" title="Pierre Poilievre">Pierre Poilievre</a> <ul><li>2023</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/31px-P_history.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/47px-P_history.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/62px-P_history.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:History" title="Portal:History">History portal</a></li> <li><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/25px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/37px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/50px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="305" data-file-height="343" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Canada" title="Portal:Canada">Canada portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cold_War16183" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cold_War" title="Template:Cold War"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cold_War" title="Template talk:Cold War"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cold_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cold War"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cold_War16183" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ANZUS" title="ANZUS">ANZUS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Treaty_Organization" title="Central Treaty Organization">METO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia_Treaty_Organization" title="Southeast Asia Treaty Organization">SEATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Asia_Treaty_Organization" title="Northeast Asia Treaty Organization">NEATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-American_Treaty_of_Reciprocal_Assistance" title="Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance">Rio Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1940s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Morgenthau_Plan" title="Morgenthau Plan">Morgenthau Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hukbalahap_rebellion" title="Hukbalahap rebellion">Hukbalahap rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaican_political_conflict" title="Jamaican political conflict">Jamaican political conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dekemvriana" title="Dekemvriana">Dekemvriana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_war_in_the_Baltic_states" title="Guerrilla war in the Baltic states">Guerrilla war in the Baltic states</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Priboi" title="Operation Priboi">Operation Priboi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Jungle" title="Operation Jungle">Operation Jungle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">Occupation of the Baltic states</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cursed_soldiers" title="Cursed soldiers">Cursed soldiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Unthinkable" title="Operation Unthinkable">Operation Unthinkable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gouzenko_Affair" title="Gouzenko Affair">Gouzenko Affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Division_of_Korea" title="Division of Korea">Division of Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_National_Revolution" title="Indonesian National Revolution">Indonesian National Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Vietnam_(1945%E2%80%931946)" title="War in Vietnam (1945–1946)">Operation Masterdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Beleaguer" title="Operation Beleaguer">Operation Beleaguer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Blacklist_Forty" title="Operation Blacklist Forty">Operation Blacklist Forty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_crisis_of_1946" title="Iran crisis of 1946">Iran crisis of 1946</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Civil_War" title="Greek Civil War">Greek Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Plan" title="Baruch Plan">Baruch Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corfu_Channel_incident" title="Corfu Channel incident">Corfu Channel incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Straits_crisis" title="Turkish Straits crisis">Turkish Straits crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restatement_of_Policy_on_Germany" title="Restatement of Policy on Germany">Restatement of Policy on Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Indochina_War" title="First Indochina War">First Indochina War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1947_Polish_parliamentary_election" title="1947 Polish parliamentary election">1947 Polish parliamentary election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truman_Doctrine" title="Truman Doctrine">Truman Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Relations_Conference" title="Asian Relations Conference">Asian Relations Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_1947_crises" title="May 1947 crises">May 1947 crises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">Partition of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_war_of_1947%E2%80%931948" title="Indo-Pakistani war of 1947–1948">Indo-Pakistani war of 1947–1948</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Palestine_war" title="1948 Palestine war">1947–1949 Palestine war</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1947%E2%80%931948_civil_war_in_Mandatory_Palestine" title="1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine">1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_War" title="1948 Arab–Israeli War">1948 Arab–Israeli War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Palestinian_expulsion_and_flight" title="1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight">1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Plan" title="Marshall Plan">Marshall Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comecon" title="Comecon">Comecon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Czechoslovak_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état">1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_Control_Council#Incapacitation_of_the_council" title="Allied Control Council">Incapacitation of the Allied Control Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Wathbah_uprising" title="Al-Wathbah uprising">Al-Wathbah uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tito%E2%80%93Stalin_split" title="Tito–Stalin split">Tito–Stalin split</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Blockade" title="Berlin Blockade">Berlin Blockade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Hyderabad" title="Annexation of Hyderabad">Annexation of Hyderabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madiun_Affair" title="Madiun Affair">Madiun Affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_betrayal" title="Western betrayal">Western betrayal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Curtain" title="Iron Curtain">Iron Curtain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Bloc" title="Western Bloc">Western Bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Revolution" title="Chinese Communist Revolution">Chinese Communist Revolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_Emergency" title="Malayan Emergency">Malayan Emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_1949_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="March 1949 Syrian coup d'état">March 1949 Syrian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Valuable" title="Operation Valuable">Operation Valuable</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1950s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bamboo_curtain" title="Bamboo curtain">Bamboo curtain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McCarthyism" title="McCarthyism">McCarthyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Cold_War" title="Arab Cold War">Arab Cold War (1952–1979)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1952_Egyptian_revolution" title="1952 Egyptian revolution">1952 Egyptian revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Intifada_(1952)" title="Iraqi Intifada (1952)">Iraqi Intifada (1952)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mau_Mau_rebellion" title="Mau Mau rebellion">Mau Mau rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_German_uprising_of_1953" title="East German uprising of 1953">East German uprising of 1953</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1953_Iranian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1953 Iranian coup d'état">1953 Iranian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pact_of_Madrid" title="Pact of Madrid">Pact of Madrid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bricker_Amendment" title="Bricker Amendment">Bricker Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1954_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1954 Syrian coup d'état">1954 Syrian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrov_Affair" title="Petrov Affair">Petrov Affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domino_theory" title="Domino theory">Domino theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1954_Geneva_Conference" title="1954 Geneva Conference">1954 Geneva Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1954_Guatemalan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1954 Guatemalan coup d'état">1954 Guatemalan coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_the_Tuapse" title="Capture of the Tuapse">Capture of the Tuapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Taiwan_Strait_Crisis" title="First Taiwan Strait Crisis">First Taiwan Strait Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jebel_Akhdar_War" title="Jebel Akhdar War">Jebel Akhdar War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_War" title="Algerian War">Algerian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmir_Princess" title="Kashmir Princess">Kashmir Princess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandung_Conference" title="Bandung Conference">Bandung Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geneva_Summit_(1955)" title="Geneva Summit (1955)">Geneva Summit (1955)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus_Emergency" title="Cyprus Emergency">Cyprus Emergency</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/On_the_Cult_of_Personality_and_Its_Consequences" title="On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences">On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_Pozna%C5%84_protests" title="1956 Poznań protests">1956 Poznań protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1956">Hungarian Revolution of 1956</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_October" title="Polish October">Polish October</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suez_Crisis" title="Suez Crisis">Suez Crisis</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/We_will_bury_you" title="We will bury you">We will bury you</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Gladio" title="Operation Gladio">Operation Gladio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Crisis_of_1957" title="Syrian Crisis of 1957">Syrian Crisis of 1957</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sputnik_crisis" title="Sputnik crisis">Sputnik crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ifni_War" title="Ifni War">Ifni War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/14_July_Revolution" title="14 July Revolution">Iraqi 14 July Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1958_Lebanon_crisis" title="1958 Lebanon crisis">1958 Lebanon crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Taiwan_Strait_Crisis" title="Second Taiwan Strait Crisis">Second Taiwan Strait Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1959_Mosul_uprising" title="1959 Mosul uprising">1959 Mosul uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1959_Tibetan_uprising" title="1959 Tibetan uprising">1959 Tibetan uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laotian_Civil_War" title="Laotian Civil War">Laotian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitchen_Debate" title="Kitchen Debate">Kitchen Debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Revolution" title="Cuban Revolution">Cuban Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consolidation_of_the_Cuban_Revolution" title="Consolidation of the Cuban Revolution">Consolidation of the Cuban Revolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_split" title="Sino-Soviet split">Sino-Soviet split</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1960s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congo_Crisis" title="Congo Crisis">Congo Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simba_rebellion" title="Simba rebellion">Simba rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_U-2_incident" title="1960 U-2 incident">1960 U-2 incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Pigs_Invasion" title="Bay of Pigs Invasion">Bay of Pigs Invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_Turkish_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1960 Turkish coup d'état">1960 Turkish coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian%E2%80%93Soviet_split" title="Albanian–Soviet split">Albanian–Soviet split</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_Soviets_from_Albania" title="Expulsion of Soviets from Albania">Expulsion of Soviets from Albania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_conflict" title="Iraqi–Kurdish conflict">Iraqi–Kurdish conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_War" title="First Iraqi–Kurdish War">First Iraqi–Kurdish War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Crisis_of_1961" title="Berlin Crisis of 1961">Berlin Crisis of 1961</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Wall" title="Berlin Wall">Berlin Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Goa" title="Annexation of Goa">Annexation of Goa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papua_conflict" title="Papua conflict">Papua conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia%E2%80%93Malaysia_confrontation" title="Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation">Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sand_War" title="Sand War">Sand War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Colonial_War" title="Portuguese Colonial War">Portuguese Colonial War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angolan_War_of_Independence" title="Angolan War of Independence">Angolan War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau_War_of_Independence" title="Guinea-Bissau War of Independence">Guinea-Bissau War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambican_War_of_Independence" title="Mozambican War of Independence">Mozambican War of Independence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Missile_Crisis" title="Cuban Missile Crisis">Cuban Missile Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Porte%C3%B1azo" title="El Porteñazo">El Porteñazo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Indian_War" title="Sino-Indian War">Sino-Indian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_insurgency_in_Sarawak" title="Communist insurgency in Sarawak">Communist insurgency in Sarawak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramadan_Revolution" title="Ramadan Revolution">Ramadan Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_War_of_Independence" title="Eritrean War of Independence">Eritrean War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Yemen_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="North Yemen Civil War">North Yemen Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1963_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1963 Syrian coup d'état">1963 Syrian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Assassination of John F. Kennedy">Assassination of John F. Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aden_Emergency" title="Aden Emergency">Aden Emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_intercommunal_violence#Crisis_of_1963–1964" title="Cypriot intercommunal violence">Cyprus crisis of 1963–1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shifta_War" title="Shifta War">Shifta War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Dirty_War" title="Mexican Dirty War">Mexican Dirty War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tlatelolco_massacre" title="Tlatelolco massacre">Tlatelolco massacre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guatemalan_Civil_War" title="Guatemalan Civil War">Guatemalan Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_conflict" title="Colombian conflict">Colombian conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_Brazilian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1964 Brazilian coup d'état">1964 Brazilian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Civil_War" title="Dominican Civil War">Dominican Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodesian_Bush_War" title="Rhodesian Bush War">Rhodesian Bush War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_mass_killings_of_1965%E2%80%9366" title="Indonesian mass killings of 1965–66">Indonesian mass killings of 1965–1966</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transition_to_the_New_Order" title="Transition to the New Order">Transition to the New Order (Indonesia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN_Declaration" title="ASEAN Declaration">ASEAN Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1966_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1966 Syrian coup d'état">1966 Syrian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_Revolution" title="Argentine Revolution">Argentine Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Border_War" title="South African Border War">South African Border War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_DMZ_Conflict" title="Korean DMZ Conflict">Korean DMZ Conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/12-3_incident" title="12-3 incident">12-3 incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_junta" title="Greek junta">Greek junta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1967_Hong_Kong_riots" title="1967 Hong Kong riots">1967 Hong Kong riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Years_of_Lead_(Italy)" title="Years of Lead (Italy)">Years of Lead (Italy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six-Day_War" title="Six-Day War">Six-Day War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Attrition" title="War of Attrition">War of Attrition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhofar_War" title="Dhofar War">Dhofar War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Wadiah_War" title="Al-Wadiah War">Al-Wadiah War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_Civil_War" title="Nigerian Civil War">Nigerian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protests_of_1968" title="Protests of 1968">Protests of 1968</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/May_68" title="May 68">May 68</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prague_Spring" title="Prague Spring">Prague Spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Pueblo_(AGER-2)#Pueblo_incident" title="USS Pueblo (AGER-2)">USS Pueblo incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Polish_political_crisis" title="1968 Polish political crisis">1968 Polish political crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_insurgency_in_Malaysia_(1968%E2%80%931989)" title="Communist insurgency in Malaysia (1968–1989)">Communist insurgency in Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact_invasion_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia">Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/17_July_Revolution" title="17 July Revolution">17 July Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Peruvian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1968 Peruvian coup d'état">1968 Peruvian coup d'état</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Government_of_the_Armed_Forces_of_Peru" title="Revolutionary Government of the Armed Forces of Peru">Revolutionary Government</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_Sudanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1969 Sudanese coup d'état">1969 Sudanese coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_Libyan_revolution" title="1969 Libyan revolution">1969 Libyan revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goulash_Communism" title="Goulash Communism">Goulash Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_border_conflict" title="Sino-Soviet border conflict">Sino-Soviet border conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_People%27s_Army_rebellion" title="New People's Army rebellion">New People's Army rebellion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1970s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9tente" title="Détente">Détente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Non-Proliferation_of_Nuclear_Weapons" title="Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons">Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_September" title="Black September">Black September</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcora_Exercise" title="Alcora Exercise">Alcora Exercise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrective_Movement_(Syria)" title="Corrective Movement (Syria)">Corrective Movement (Syria)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara_conflict" title="Western Sahara conflict">Western Sahara conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_Civil_War" title="Cambodian Civil War">Cambodian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_insurgency_in_Thailand" title="Communist insurgency in Thailand">Communist insurgency in Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1970_Polish_protests" title="1970 Polish protests">1970 Polish protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koza_riot" title="Koza riot">Koza riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Realpolitik" title="Realpolitik">Realpolitik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ping-pong_diplomacy" title="Ping-pong diplomacy">Ping-pong diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_JVP_insurrection" title="1971 JVP insurrection">1971 JVP insurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrective_revolution_(Egypt)" title="Corrective revolution (Egypt)">Corrective revolution (Egypt)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_Turkish_military_memorandum" title="1971 Turkish military memorandum">1971 Turkish military memorandum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_Sudanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1971 Sudanese coup d'état">1971 Sudanese coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_Bolivian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1971 Bolivian coup d'état">1971 Bolivian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Power_Agreement_on_Berlin" title="Four Power Agreement on Berlin">Four Power Agreement on Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="Bangladesh Liberation War">Bangladesh Liberation War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_visit_by_Richard_Nixon_to_China" title="1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China">1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Yemen#Disputes_with_North_Yemen" title="South Yemen">North Yemen-South Yemen Border conflict of 1972</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Yemenite_War" title="First Yemenite War">First Yemenite War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munich_massacre" title="Munich massacre">Munich massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972%E2%80%931975_Bangladesh_insurgency" title="1972–1975 Bangladesh insurgency">1972–1975 Bangladesh insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Civil_Wars" title="Eritrean Civil Wars">Eritrean Civil Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_Uruguayan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1973 Uruguayan coup d'état">1973 Uruguayan coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_Afghan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1973 Afghan coup d'état">1973 Afghan coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_Chilean_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1973 Chilean coup d'état">1973 Chilean coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur_War" title="Yom Kippur War">Yom Kippur War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_oil_crisis" title="1973 oil crisis">1973 oil crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnation_Revolution" title="Carnation Revolution">Carnation Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_transition_to_democracy" title="Spanish transition to democracy">Spanish transition to democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metapolitefsi" title="Metapolitefsi">Metapolitefsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_Arms_Limitation_Talks" title="Strategic Arms Limitation Talks">Strategic Arms Limitation Talks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_War" title="Second Iraqi–Kurdish War">Second Iraqi–Kurdish War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_invasion_of_Cyprus" title="Turkish invasion of Cyprus">Turkish invasion of Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/15_August_1975_Bangladeshi_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="15 August 1975 Bangladeshi coup d'état">15 August 1975 Bangladeshi coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3_November_1975_Bangladeshi_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="3 November 1975 Bangladeshi coup d'état">Siege of Dhaka (1975)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7_November_1975_Bangladeshi_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="7 November 1975 Bangladeshi coup d'état">Sipahi-Janata revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angolan_Civil_War" title="Angolan Civil War">Angolan Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_genocide" title="Cambodian genocide">Cambodian genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_1976_protests" title="June 1976 protests">June 1976 protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambican_Civil_War" title="Mozambican Civil War">Mozambican Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oromo_conflict" title="Oromo conflict">Oromo conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogaden_War" title="Ogaden War">Ogaden War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1978_Somali_coup_attempt" title="1978 Somali coup attempt">1978 Somali coup attempt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara_War" title="Western Sahara War">Western Sahara War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Civil_War" title="Ethiopian Civil War">Ethiopian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Civil_War" title="Lebanese Civil War">Lebanese Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Albanian_split" title="Sino-Albanian split">Sino-Albanian split</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Indochina_War" title="Third Indochina War">Third Indochina War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian%E2%80%93Vietnamese_War" title="Cambodian–Vietnamese War">Cambodian–Vietnamese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_conflict_(1979%E2%80%931998)" title="Cambodian conflict (1979–1998)">Cambodian conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Condor" title="Operation Condor">Operation Condor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirty_War" title="Dirty War">Dirty War (Argentina)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_Argentine_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1976 Argentine coup d'état">1976 Argentine coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian%E2%80%93Libyan_War" title="Egyptian–Libyan War">Egyptian–Libyan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Autumn" title="German Autumn">German Autumn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Air_Lines_Flight_902" title="Korean Air Lines Flight 902">Korean Air Lines Flight 902</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_Revolution" title="Nicaraguan Revolution">Nicaraguan Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uganda%E2%80%93Tanzania_War" title="Uganda–Tanzania War">Uganda–Tanzania War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NDF_Rebellion" title="NDF Rebellion">NDF Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chadian%E2%80%93Libyan_War" title="Chadian–Libyan War">Chadian–Libyan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Yemenite_War" title="Second Yemenite War">Second Yemenite War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Mosque_seizure" title="Grand Mosque seizure">Grand Mosque seizure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_revolution" title="Iranian revolution">Iranian revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saur_Revolution" title="Saur Revolution">Saur Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Vietnamese_War" title="Sino-Vietnamese War">Sino-Vietnamese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jewel_Movement" title="New Jewel Movement">New Jewel Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1979_Herat_uprising" title="1979 Herat uprising">1979 Herat uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Days_to_the_River_Rhine" title="Seven Days to the River Rhine">Seven Days to the River Rhine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Struggle_against_political_abuse_of_psychiatry_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union">Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1980s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salvadoran_Civil_War" title="Salvadoran Civil War">Salvadoran Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Soviet–Afghan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Summer_Olympics_boycott" title="1980 Summer Olympics boycott">1980</a> and <a href="/wiki/1984_Summer_Olympics_boycott" title="1984 Summer Olympics boycott">1984 Summer Olympics boycotts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gera_Demands" title="Gera Demands">Gera Demands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Civil_War_of_1980%E2%80%932000" class="mw-redirect" title="Peruvian Civil War of 1980–2000">Peruvian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk_Agreement" title="Gdańsk Agreement">Gdańsk Agreement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solidarity_(Polish_trade_union)" title="Solidarity (Polish trade union)">Solidarity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Civil_Wars" title="Eritrean Civil Wars">Eritrean Civil Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Turkish_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1980 Turkish coup d'état">1980 Turkish coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugandan_Bush_War" title="Ugandan Bush War">Ugandan Bush War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Sidra_incident_(1981)" title="Gulf of Sidra incident (1981)">Gulf of Sidra incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial_law_in_Poland" title="Martial law in Poland">Martial law in Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casamance_conflict" title="Casamance conflict">Casamance conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falklands_War" title="Falklands War">Falklands War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1982_Ethiopian%E2%80%93Somali_Border_War" title="1982 Ethiopian–Somali Border War">1982 Ethiopian–Somali Border War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ndogboyosoi_War" title="Ndogboyosoi War">Ndogboyosoi War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Grenada" title="United States invasion of Grenada">United States invasion of Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Able_Archer_83" title="Able Archer 83">Able Archer 83</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_Defense_Initiative" title="Strategic Defense Initiative">Star Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geneva_Summit_(1985)" title="Geneva Summit (1985)">1985 Geneva Summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Iran–Iraq War">Iran–Iraq War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_Rebellion" title="Somali Rebellion">Somali Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reykjav%C3%ADk_Summit" title="Reykjavík Summit">Reykjavík Summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1986_Black_Sea_incident" title="1986 Black Sea incident">1986 Black Sea incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Yemen_civil_war" title="South Yemen civil war">South Yemen civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toyota_War" title="Toyota War">Toyota War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987_Lieyu_massacre" title="1987 Lieyu massacre">1987 Lieyu massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Denver" title="Operation Denver">Operation Denver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987%E2%80%931989_JVP_insurrection" title="1987–1989 JVP insurrection">1987–1989 JVP insurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord%27s_Resistance_Army_insurgency" title="Lord's Resistance Army insurgency">Lord's Resistance Army insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Black_Sea_bumping_incident" title="1988 Black Sea bumping incident">1988 Black Sea bumping incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8888_Uprising" title="8888 Uprising">8888 Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Solidarity" title="History of Solidarity">Solidarity</a> (<a href="/wiki/Soviet_reaction_to_the_Polish_crisis_of_1980%E2%80%931981" title="Soviet reaction to the Polish crisis of 1980–1981">Soviet reaction</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contras" title="Contras">Contras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_American_crisis" title="Central American crisis">Central American crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_RYAN" title="Operation RYAN">Operation RYAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Air_Lines_Flight_007" title="Korean Air Lines Flight 007">Korean Air Lines Flight 007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_Power_Revolution" title="People Power Revolution">People Power Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glasnost" title="Glasnost">Glasnost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perestroika" title="Perestroika">Perestroika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bougainville_conflict" title="Bougainville conflict">Bougainville conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Nagorno-Karabakh_War" title="First Nagorno-Karabakh War">First Nagorno-Karabakh War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_Civil_War_(1989%E2%80%931992)" title="Afghan Civil War (1989–1992)">Afghan Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Panama" title="United States invasion of Panama">United States invasion of Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Polish_strikes" title="1988 Polish strikes">1988 Polish strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Round_Table_Agreement" title="Polish Round Table Agreement">Polish Round Table Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre" title="1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre">1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1989" title="Revolutions of 1989">Revolutions of 1989</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Berlin_Wall" title="Fall of the Berlin Wall">Fall of the Berlin Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_inner_German_border" title="Fall of the inner German border">Fall of the inner German border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velvet_Revolution" title="Velvet Revolution">Velvet Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_revolution" title="Romanian revolution">Romanian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peaceful_Revolution" title="Peaceful Revolution">Peaceful Revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1990s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Revolution_of_1990" title="Mongolian Revolution of 1990">Mongolian Revolution of 1990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Min_Ping_Yu_No._5540_incident" title="Min Ping Yu No. 5540 incident">Min Ping Yu No. 5540 incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Min_Ping_Yu_No._5202" title="Min Ping Yu No. 5202">Min Ping Yu No. 5202</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_reunification" title="German reunification">German reunification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_unification" title="Yemeni unification">Yemeni unification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_communism_in_Albania" title="Fall of communism in Albania">Fall of communism in Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breakup_of_Yugoslavia" title="Breakup of Yugoslavia">Breakup of Yugoslavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">Dissolution of the Soviet Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1991_Soviet_coup_attempt" title="1991 Soviet coup attempt">1991 August Coup</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Dissolution of Czechoslovakia">Dissolution of Czechoslovakia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Frozen_conflict" title="Frozen conflict">Frozen conflicts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhazia_conflict" title="Abkhazia conflict">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_status_of_Taiwan" title="Political status of Taiwan">China-Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Division_of_Korea" title="Division of Korea">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_status_of_Kosovo" title="Political status of Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian%E2%80%93Ossetian_conflict" title="Georgian–Ossetian conflict">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnistria_War" title="Transnistria War">Transnistria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Indian_border_dispute" title="Sino-Indian border dispute">Sino-Indian border dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Borneo_dispute" title="North Borneo dispute">North Borneo dispute</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Foreign policy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Truman_Doctrine" title="Truman Doctrine">Truman Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Containment" title="Containment">Containment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eisenhower_Doctrine" title="Eisenhower Doctrine">Eisenhower Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domino_theory" title="Domino theory">Domino theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hallstein_Doctrine" title="Hallstein Doctrine">Hallstein Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Doctrine" title="Kennedy Doctrine">Kennedy Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peaceful_coexistence" title="Peaceful coexistence">Peaceful coexistence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostpolitik" title="Ostpolitik">Ostpolitik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnson_Doctrine" title="Johnson Doctrine">Johnson Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brezhnev_Doctrine" title="Brezhnev Doctrine">Brezhnev Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nixon_Doctrine" title="Nixon Doctrine">Nixon Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulbricht_Doctrine" title="Ulbricht Doctrine">Ulbricht Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carter_Doctrine" title="Carter Doctrine">Carter Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reagan_Doctrine" title="Reagan Doctrine">Reagan Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rollback" title="Rollback">Rollback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinmen_Agreement" title="Kinmen Agreement">Kinmen Agreement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Ideologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">Capitalism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_school_of_economics" title="Chicago school of economics">Chicago school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States">American conservatism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keynesian_economics" title="Keynesian economics">Keynesianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monetarism" title="Monetarism">Monetarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_economics" title="Neoclassical economics">Neoclassical economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reaganomics" title="Reaganomics">Reaganomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supply-side_economics" title="Supply-side economics">Supply-side economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_capitalism" title="Democratic capitalism">Democratic capitalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Fidel_Castro" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of Fidel Castro">Castroism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurocommunism" title="Eurocommunism">Eurocommunism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guevarism" title="Guevarism">Guevarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoxhaism" title="Hoxhaism">Hoxhaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juche" title="Juche">Juche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_Thought" title="Ho Chi Minh Thought">Ho Chi Minh Thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maoism" title="Maoism">Maoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trotskyism" title="Trotskyism">Trotskyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titoism" title="Titoism">Titoism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-imperialism" title="Anti-imperialism">Anti-imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultranationalism" title="Ultranationalism">Ultranationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chauvinism" title="Chauvinism">Chauvinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_nationalism" title="Ethnic nationalism">Ethnic nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionism" title="Anti-Zionism">Anti-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Nazism" title="Neo-Nazism">Neo-Nazism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">Totalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">Authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autocracy" title="Autocracy">Autocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_democracy" title="Liberal democracy">Liberal democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illiberal_democracy" title="Illiberal democracy">Illiberal democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guided_democracy" title="Guided democracy">Guided democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third-worldism" title="Third-worldism">Third-worldism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">White supremacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_nationalism" title="White nationalism">White nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_supremacy#White_separatism" title="White supremacy">White separatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">Apartheid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia_Treaty_Organization" title="Southeast Asia Treaty Organization">SEATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Treaty_Organization" title="Central Treaty Organization">METO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Community" title="European Economic Community">EEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comecon" title="Comecon">Comecon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutral_and_Non-Aligned_European_States" title="Neutral and Non-Aligned European States">NN States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN" title="ASEAN">ASEAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Association_for_Regional_Cooperation" title="South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation">SAARC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safari_Club" title="Safari Club">Safari Club</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Propaganda</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Pro-communist</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Active_measures" title="Active measures">Active measures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Izvestia" title="Izvestia">Izvestia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neues_Deutschland" title="Neues Deutschland">Neues Deutschland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pravda" title="Pravda">Pravda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Moscow" title="Radio Moscow">Radio Moscow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rud%C3%A9_pr%C3%A1vo" title="Rudé právo">Rudé právo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trybuna_Ludu" title="Trybuna Ludu">Trybuna Ludu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TASS" title="TASS">TASS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Life" title="Russian Life">Soviet Life</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Pro-Western</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amerika_(magazine)" title="Amerika (magazine)">Amerika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusade_for_Freedom" title="Crusade for Freedom">Crusade for Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paix_et_Libert%C3%A9" title="Paix et Liberté">Paix et Liberté</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Free_Europe/Radio_Liberty" title="Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty">Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_Scare" title="Red Scare">Red Scare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voice_of_America" title="Voice of America">Voice of America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Technological competition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arms_race" title="Arms race">Arms race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_arms_race" title="Nuclear arms race">Nuclear arms race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Race" title="Space Race">Space Race</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Historians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gar_Alperovitz" title="Gar Alperovitz">Gar Alperovitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Bailey" title="Thomas A. Bailey">Thomas A. Bailey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Beschloss" title="Michael Beschloss">Michael Beschloss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archie_Brown_(historian)" title="Archie Brown (historian)">Archie Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_H._Carroll" title="Warren H. Carroll">Warren H. Carroll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrian_Cioroianu" title="Adrian Cioroianu">Adrian Cioroianu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Costello_(historian)" title="John Costello (historian)">John Costello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Cox_(academic)" title="Michael Cox (academic)">Michael Cox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_J._Cull" title="Nicholas J. Cull">Nicholas J. Cull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Davies" title="Norman Davies">Norman Davies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willem_Drees" title="Willem Drees">Willem Drees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_D._English" title="Robert D. English">Robert D. English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Feis" title="Herbert Feis">Herbert Feis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hugh_Ferrell" title="Robert Hugh Ferrell">Robert Hugh Ferrell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Fontaine" title="André Fontaine">André Fontaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anneli_Ute_Gabanyi" title="Anneli Ute Gabanyi">Anneli Ute Gabanyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lewis_Gaddis" title="John Lewis Gaddis">John Lewis Gaddis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Gardner" title="Lloyd Gardner">Lloyd Gardner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Garton_Ash" title="Timothy Garton Ash">Timothy Garton Ash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Gorodetsky" title="Gabriel Gorodetsky">Gabriel Gorodetsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Halliday" title="Fred Halliday">Fred Halliday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jussi_Hanhim%C3%A4ki" title="Jussi Hanhimäki">Jussi Hanhimäki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Earl_Haynes" title="John Earl Haynes">John Earl Haynes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_J._Hearden" title="Patrick J. Hearden">Patrick J. Hearden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tvrtko_Jakovina" title="Tvrtko Jakovina">Tvrtko Jakovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Judt" title="Tony Judt">Tony Judt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Klehr" title="Harvey Klehr">Harvey Klehr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Kolko" title="Gabriel Kolko">Gabriel Kolko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_LaFeber" title="Walter LaFeber">Walter LaFeber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Laqueur" title="Walter Laqueur">Walter Laqueur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melvyn_P._Leffler" title="Melvyn P. Leffler">Melvyn P. Leffler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geir_Lundestad" title="Geir Lundestad">Geir Lundestad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vojtech_Mastny_(historian)" title="Vojtech Mastny (historian)">Vojtech Mastny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_F._Matlock_Jr." title="Jack F. Matlock Jr.">Jack F. Matlock Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_J._McCormick" title="Thomas J. McCormick">Thomas J. McCormick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Naftali" title="Timothy Naftali">Timothy Naftali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marius_Oprea" title="Marius Oprea">Marius Oprea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_S._Painter" title="David S. Painter">David S. Painter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_B._Pickett" title="William B. Pickett">William B. Pickett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_E._Powaski" title="Ronald E. Powaski">Ronald E. Powaski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakov_M._Rabkin" title="Yakov M. Rabkin">Yakov M. Rabkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._E._Sarotte" title="M. E. Sarotte">M. E. Sarotte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_M._Schlesinger_Jr." title="Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.">Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellen_Schrecker" title="Ellen Schrecker">Ellen Schrecker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giles_Scott-Smith" title="Giles Scott-Smith">Giles Scott-Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shen_Zhihua" title="Shen Zhihua">Shen Zhihua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Snyder" title="Timothy Snyder">Timothy Snyder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athan_Theoharis" title="Athan Theoharis">Athan Theoharis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Thorpe" title="Andrew Thorpe">Andrew Thorpe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Tism%C4%83neanu" title="Vladimir Tismăneanu">Vladimir Tismăneanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Vaughan" title="Patrick Vaughan">Patrick Vaughan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alex_von_Tunzelmann" title="Alex von Tunzelmann">Alex von Tunzelmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odd_Arne_Westad" title="Odd Arne Westad">Odd Arne Westad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Appleman_Williams" title="William Appleman Williams">William Appleman Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Reed_Winkler" title="Jonathan Reed Winkler">Jonathan Reed Winkler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolph_Winnacker" title="Rudolph Winnacker">Rudolph Winnacker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ken_Young" title="Ken Young">Ken Young</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Espionage and intelligence</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Eastern_Bloc_agents_in_the_United_States" title="List of Eastern Bloc agents in the United States">List of Eastern Bloc agents in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_espionage_in_the_United_States" title="Soviet espionage in the United States">Soviet espionage in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_espionage_in_the_United_States" title="Russian espionage in the United States">Russian espionage in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_espionage_in_the_Soviet_Union_and_Russian_Federation" title="American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation">American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIA_and_the_Cultural_Cold_War" title="CIA and the Cultural Cold War">CIA and the Cultural Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">CIA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MI5" title="MI5">MI5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MI6" title="MI6">MI6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_involvement_in_regime_change" title="United States involvement in regime change">United States involvement in regime change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_involvement_in_regime_change" title="Soviet involvement in regime change">Soviet involvement in regime change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Internal_Affairs_(Soviet_Union)" title="Ministry of Internal Affairs (Soviet Union)">MVD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KGB" title="KGB">KGB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stasi" title="Stasi">Stasi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allied_intervention_in_the_Russian_Civil_War" title="Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War">Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Soviet Union–United States relations">Soviet Union–United States relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Soviet_Union%E2%80%93United_States_summits" title="List of Soviet Union–United States summits">Soviet Union–United States summits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93NATO_relations" title="Russia–NATO relations">Russia–NATO relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">War on terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brinkmanship#Cold_War" title="Brinkmanship">Brinkmanship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pax_Atomica" title="Pax Atomica">Pax Atomica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Cold_War" title="Second Cold War">Second Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cold_War" title="Category:Cold War">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_conflicts_related_to_the_Cold_War" title="List of conflicts related to the Cold War">List of conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Cold_War" title="Timeline of the Cold War">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link 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rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/14788485">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/35376/">FAST</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118624172">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79054577">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12050219f">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12050219f">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00802364">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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