CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Project management - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"ac066fd6-e279-4d71-af6e-e567f6bd1d89","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Project_management","wgTitle":"Project management","wgCurRevisionId":1259603883,"wgRevisionId":1259603883,"wgArticleId":24042,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1 maint: date and year","CS1 maint: unfit URL","CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list","CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list","CS1 maint: others","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use American English from November 2021","All Wikipedia articles written in American English","Use mdy dates from November 2021","Articles needing additional references from October 2022","All articles needing additional references", "All articles with self-published sources","Articles with self-published sources from November 2021","Commons category link is on Wikidata","Project management","Management by type","IEEE standards","ISO/IEC standards","Product development","Product management"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Project_management","wgRelevantArticleId":24042,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":80000 ,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q179012","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript" :"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Project management - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_management"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Project_management&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_management"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Project_management rootpage-Project_management skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Project+management" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Project+management" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Project+management" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Project+management" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Project_management_types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Project_management_types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Project management types</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Project_management_types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Approaches_of_project_management" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Approaches_of_project_management"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Approaches of project management</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Approaches_of_project_management-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Approaches of project management subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Approaches_of_project_management-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Benefits_realization_management" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Benefits_realization_management"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Benefits realization management</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Benefits_realization_management-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Critical_path_method" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Critical_path_method"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Critical path method</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Critical_path_method-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Critical_chain_project_management" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Critical_chain_project_management"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Critical chain project management</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Critical_chain_project_management-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Earned_value_management" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Earned_value_management"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Earned value management</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Earned_value_management-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iterative_and_incremental_project_management" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iterative_and_incremental_project_management"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Iterative and incremental project management</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iterative_and_incremental_project_management-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lean_project_management" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lean_project_management"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Lean project management</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lean_project_management-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Project_lifecycle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Project_lifecycle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Project lifecycle</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Project_lifecycle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Process-based_management" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Process-based_management"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8</span> <span>Process-based management</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Process-based_management-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Project_production_management" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Project_production_management"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.9</span> <span>Project production management</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Project_production_management-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Product-based_planning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Product-based_planning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.10</span> <span>Product-based planning</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Product-based_planning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Process_groups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Process_groups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Process groups</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Process_groups-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Process groups subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Process_groups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Initiating" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Initiating"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Initiating</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Initiating-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Planning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Planning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Planning</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Planning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Executing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Executing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Executing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Executing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Project_documentation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Project_documentation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Project documentation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Project_documentation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Monitoring_and_controlling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Monitoring_and_controlling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Monitoring and controlling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Monitoring_and_controlling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Closing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Closing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Closing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Closing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Project_control_and_project_control_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Project_control_and_project_control_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>Project control and project control systems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Project_control_and_project_control_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Characteristics_of_projects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Characteristics_of_projects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Characteristics of projects</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Characteristics_of_projects-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Characteristics of projects subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Characteristics_of_projects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Project_complexity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Project_complexity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Project complexity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Project_complexity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Positive,_appropriate_(requisite),_and_negative_complexity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Positive,_appropriate_(requisite),_and_negative_complexity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span><i>Positive, appropriate (requisite), and negative complexity</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Positive,_appropriate_(requisite),_and_negative_complexity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Project_managers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Project_managers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Project managers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Project_managers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Multilevel_success_framework_and_criteria_-_project_success_vs._project_performance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Multilevel_success_framework_and_criteria_-_project_success_vs._project_performance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Multilevel success framework and criteria - project success vs. project performance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Multilevel_success_framework_and_criteria_-_project_success_vs._project_performance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Risk_management" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Risk_management"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Risk management</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Risk_management-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Work_breakdown_structure_and_other_breakdown_structures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Work_breakdown_structure_and_other_breakdown_structures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Work breakdown structure and other breakdown structures</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Work_breakdown_structure_and_other_breakdown_structures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_standards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_standards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>International standards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_standards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Program_management_and_project_networks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Program_management_and_project_networks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Program management and project networks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Program_management_and_project_networks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Project_portfolio_management" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Project_portfolio_management"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Project portfolio management</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Project_portfolio_management-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Project_management_software" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Project_management_software"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Project management software</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Project_management_software-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Virtual_project_management" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Virtual_project_management"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Virtual project management</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Virtual_project_management-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-See_also-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle See also subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Related_fields" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Related_fields"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15.1</span> <span>Related fields</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Related_fields-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Related_subjects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Related_subjects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15.2</span> <span>Related subjects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Related_subjects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15.3</span> <span>Lists</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Project management</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 57 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-57" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">57 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Projekbestuur" title="Projekbestuur – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Projekbestuur" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9" title="إدارة المشاريع – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إدارة المشاريع" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Layih%C9%99_menecmenti" title="Layihə menecmenti – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Layihə menecmenti" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%DA%98%D9%87_%DB%8C%D8%A4%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%8C" title="پروژه یؤندیمی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="پروژه یؤندیمی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Управление на проекти – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Управление на проекти" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gesti%C3%B3_de_projectes" title="Gestió de projectes – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Gestió de projectes" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%98%C3%ADzen%C3%AD_projekt%C5%AF" title="Řízení projektů – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Řízení projektů" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rheoli_prosiect" title="Rheoli prosiect – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Rheoli prosiect" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Projektledelse" title="Projektledelse – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Projektledelse" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Projektmanagement" title="Projektmanagement – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Projektmanagement" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Projektijuhtimine" title="Projektijuhtimine – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Projektijuhtimine" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CE%B9%CE%BF%CE%AF%CE%BA%CE%B7%CF%83%CE%B7_%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%B9_%CE%94%CE%B9%CE%B1%CF%87%CE%B5%CE%AF%CF%81%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%B7_%CE%88%CF%81%CE%B3%CE%BF%CF%85" title="Διοίκηση και Διαχείριση Έργου – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Διοίκηση και Διαχείριση Έργου" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administraci%C3%B3n_de_proyectos" title="Administración de proyectos – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Administración de proyectos" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Projekt-administrado" title="Projekt-administrado – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Projekt-administrado" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proiektuen_kudeaketa" title="Proiektuen kudeaketa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Proiektuen kudeaketa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AA_%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%DA%98%D9%87" title="مدیریت پروژه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مدیریت پروژه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gestion_de_projet" title="Gestion de projet – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Gestion de projet" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xesti%C3%B3n_de_proxectos" title="Xestión de proxectos – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Xestión de proxectos" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%94%84%EB%A1%9C%EC%A0%9D%ED%8A%B8_%EA%B4%80%EB%A6%AC" title="프로젝트 관리 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="프로젝트 관리" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%86%D5%A1%D5%AD%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%AE%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AB_%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%BC%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4" title="Նախագծերի կառավարում – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Նախագծերի կառավարում" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%A8" title="परियोजना प्रबन्धन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="परियोजना प्रबन्धन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upravljanje_projektima" title="Upravljanje projektima – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Upravljanje projektima" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manajemen_proyek" title="Manajemen proyek – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Manajemen proyek" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_management" title="Project management – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Project management" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%94%D7%95%D7%9C_%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%98%D7%99%D7%9D" title="ניהול פרויקטים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ניהול פרויקטים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%94%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%97%E1%83%95%E1%83%90" title="პროექტის მართვა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პროექტის მართვა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%96" title="Жоба менеджменті – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Жоба менеджменті" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usimamizi_wa_Miradi" title="Usimamizi wa Miradi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Usimamizi wa Miradi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesyon_pwoj%C3%A8" title="Jesyon pwojè – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Jesyon pwojè" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Projektu_vad%C4%ABba" title="Projektu vadība – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Projektu vadība" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Projekt%C5%B3_vadyba" title="Projektų vadyba – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Projektų vadyba" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Projektmenedzsment" title="Projektmenedzsment – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Projektmenedzsment" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%9A%D0%B5_%D1%81%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Раководење со проекти – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Раководење со проекти" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pengurusan_projek" title="Pengurusan projek – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pengurusan projek" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Projectmanagement" title="Projectmanagement – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Projectmanagement" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%97%E3%83%AD%E3%82%B8%E3%82%A7%E3%82%AF%E3%83%88%E3%83%9E%E3%83%8D%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A1%E3%83%B3%E3%83%88" title="プロジェクトマネジメント – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="プロジェクトマネジメント" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prosjektledelse" title="Prosjektledelse – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Prosjektledelse" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loyiha_boshqaruvi" title="Loyiha boshqaruvi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Loyiha boshqaruvi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zarz%C4%85dzanie_projektami" title="Zarządzanie projektami – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Zarządzanie projektami" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerenciamento_de_projetos" title="Gerenciamento de projetos – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Gerenciamento de projetos" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Managementul_proiectelor" title="Managementul proiectelor – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Managementul proiectelor" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8" title="Управление проектами – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Управление проектами" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menaxhimi_i_Projektit" title="Menaxhimi i Projektit – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Menaxhimi i Projektit" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%98%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%92_%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%85%E0%B6%B8%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%9A%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%AB%E0%B6%BA" title="ව්‍යාපෘති කළමනාකරණය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ව්‍යාපෘති කළමනාකරණය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_management" title="Project management – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Project management" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Projektov%C3%A9_mana%C5%BE%C3%A9rstvo" title="Projektové manažérstvo – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Projektové manažérstvo" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%95%DA%95%DB%8E%D9%88%DB%95%D8%A8%DB%95%D8%B1%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D9%BE%D8%B1%DB%86%DA%98%DB%95" title="بەڕێوەبەریی پرۆژە – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="بەڕێوەبەریی پرۆژە" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%99%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Управљање пројектима – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Управљање пројектима" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Projektinhallinta" title="Projektinhallinta – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Projektinhallinta" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Projektledning" title="Projektledning – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Projektledning" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="செயற்றிட்ட முகாமைத்துவம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="செயற்றிட்ட முகாமைத்துவம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3" title="การจัดการโครงการ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การจัดการโครงการ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proje_y%C3%B6netimi" title="Proje yönetimi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Proje yönetimi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%94%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8" title="Управління проєктами – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Управління проєктами" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qu%E1%BA%A3n_l%C3%BD_d%E1%BB%B1_%C3%A1n" title="Quản lý dự án – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Quản lý dự án" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A0%85%E7%9B%AE%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86" title="項目管理 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="項目管理" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A1%B9%E7%9B%AE%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86" title="项目管理 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="项目管理" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q179012#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Project_management" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Project_management" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Project_management"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Project_management&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Project_management&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Project_management"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Project_management&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Project_management&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Project_management" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Project_management" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Project_management&oldid=1259603883" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Project_management&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Project_management&id=1259603883&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FProject_management"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FProject_management"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Project_management&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Project_management&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Project_management" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibooks mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Project_Management" hreflang="en"><span>Wikibooks</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiquote mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Project_management" hreflang="en"><span>Wikiquote</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiversity mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Project_management" hreflang="en"><span>Wikiversity</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q179012" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Practice of leading the work of a team to achieve goals and criteria at a specified time</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Product_management" title="Product management">Product management</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/project_management" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/project management">project management</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="font-size:130%;"><a href="/wiki/Business_administration" title="Business administration">Business administration</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> Management of a business</td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align: center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Accounting" title="Accounting">Accounting</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Management_accounting" title="Management accounting">Management accounting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_accounting" title="Financial accounting">Financial accounting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audit" title="Audit">Audit</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align: center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Legal_person" title="Legal person">Business entity</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_legal_entity_types_by_country" title="List of legal entity types by country">list</a>)</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_group" title="Corporate group">Corporate group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporation_sole" title="Corporation sole">Corporation sole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Company" title="Company">Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conglomerate_(company)" title="Conglomerate (company)">Conglomerate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holding_company" title="Holding company">Holding company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooperative" title="Cooperative">Cooperative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporation" title="Corporation">Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint-stock_company" title="Joint-stock company">Joint-stock company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limited_liability_company" title="Limited liability company">Limited liability company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partnership" title="Partnership">Partnership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privately_held_company" title="Privately held company">Privately held company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sole_proprietorship" title="Sole proprietorship">Sole proprietorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State-owned_enterprise" title="State-owned enterprise">State-owned enterprise</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align: center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Corporate_governance" title="Corporate governance">Corporate governance</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annual_general_meeting" title="Annual general meeting">Annual general meeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Board_of_directors" title="Board of directors">Board of directors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supervisory_board" title="Supervisory board">Supervisory board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advisory_board" title="Advisory board">Advisory board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audit_committee" title="Audit committee">Audit committee</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align: center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Corporate_law" title="Corporate law">Corporate law</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_law" title="Commercial law">Commercial law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_documents" title="Constitutional documents">Constitutional documents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contract" title="Contract">Contract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_crime" title="Corporate crime">Corporate crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_liability" title="Corporate liability">Corporate liability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insolvency_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Insolvency law">Insolvency law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_trade_law" title="International trade law">International trade law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mergers_and_acquisitions" title="Mergers and acquisitions">Mergers and acquisitions</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align: center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Corporate_title" title="Corporate title">Corporate title</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chairman" class="mw-redirect" title="Chairman">Chairman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_business_officer" title="Chief business officer">Chief business officer</a>/<a href="/wiki/Chief_brand_officer" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief brand officer">Chief brand officer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_executive_officer" title="Chief executive officer">Chief executive officer</a>/<a href="/wiki/Chief_operating_officer" title="Chief operating officer">Chief operating officer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_financial_officer" title="Chief financial officer">Chief financial officer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_human_resources_officer" title="Chief human resources officer">Chief human resources officer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_information_officer" title="Chief information officer">Chief information officer</a>/<a href="/wiki/Chief_marketing_officer" title="Chief marketing officer">Chief marketing officer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_product_officer" title="Chief product officer">Chief product officer</a>/<a href="/wiki/Chief_technology_officer" title="Chief technology officer">Chief technology officer</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align: center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Economics" title="Economics">Economics</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commodity" title="Commodity">Commodity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_economics" title="Public economics">Public economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_economics" title="Labour economics">Labour economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_economics" title="Development economics">Development economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_economics" title="International economics">International economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_economy" title="Mixed economy">Mixed economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planned_economy" title="Planned economy">Planned economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Econometrics" title="Econometrics">Econometrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_economics" title="Environmental economics">Environmental economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_economy" title="Open economy">Open economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_economy" title="Market economy">Market economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_economy" title="Knowledge economy">Knowledge economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microeconomics" title="Microeconomics">Microeconomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macroeconomics" title="Macroeconomics">Macroeconomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_development" title="Economic development">Economic development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_statistics" title="Economic statistics">Economic statistics</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align: center;;color: var(--color-base)">Finance</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Financial_statement" title="Financial statement">Financial statement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurance" title="Insurance">Insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Factoring_(finance)" title="Factoring (finance)">Factoring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cash_conversion_cycle" title="Cash conversion cycle">Cash conversion cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insider_dealing" class="mw-redirect" title="Insider dealing">Insider dealing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_budgeting" title="Capital budgeting">Capital budgeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_bank" title="Commercial bank">Commercial bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derivative_(finance)" title="Derivative (finance)">Derivative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_statement_analysis" title="Financial statement analysis">Financial statement analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_risk" title="Financial risk">Financial risk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_finance" title="Public finance">Public finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_finance" title="Corporate finance">Corporate finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Managerial_finance" title="Managerial finance">Managerial finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_finance" title="International finance">International finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquidation" title="Liquidation">Liquidation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stock_market" title="Stock market">Stock market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_market" title="Financial market">Financial market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax" title="Tax">Tax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_institution" title="Financial institution">Financial institution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_management" title="Capital management">Capital management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venture_capital" title="Venture capital">Venture capital</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align: center;;color: var(--color-base)">Types of management</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asset_management" title="Asset management">Asset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brand_management" title="Brand management">Brand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_intelligence" title="Business intelligence">Business intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_development" title="Business development">Business development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capacity_management" title="Capacity management">Capacity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capability_management_in_business" title="Capability management in business">Capability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Change_management" title="Change management">Change</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Innovation_management" title="Innovation management">innovation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_management" title="Commercial management">Commercial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marketing_management" title="Marketing management">Marketing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_management" title="Communications management">Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Configuration_management" title="Configuration management">Configuration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_management" title="Conflict management">Conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Content_management" title="Content management">Content</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Customer_relationship_management" title="Customer relationship management">Customer relationship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributed_management" title="Distributed management">Distributed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earned_value_management" title="Earned value management">Earned value</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_business" title="Electronic business">Electronic business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enterprise_resource_planning" title="Enterprise resource planning">Enterprise resource planning</a>  <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Management_information_system" title="Management information system">management information system</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_management" title="Financial management">Financial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_resource_management" title="Human resource management">Human resource</a>  <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_resources" title="Human resources">development</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incident_management" title="Incident management">Incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_management" title="Knowledge management">Knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enterprise_legal_management" title="Enterprise legal management">Legal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Materials_management" title="Materials management">Materials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_management" title="Network management">Network</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Network_administrator" title="Network administrator">administrator</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_management" title="Office management">Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operations_management" title="Operations management">Operations</a>  <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operations_management_for_services" title="Operations management for services">services</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Performance_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Performance management">Performance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_management" title="Power management">Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_process_management" title="Business process management">Process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Product_life-cycle_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Product life-cycle management">Product life-cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Product_management" title="Product management">Product</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property_management" title="Property management">Property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quality_management" title="Quality management">Quality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Records_management" title="Records management">Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resource_management" title="Resource management">Resource</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Risk_management" title="Risk management">Risk</a>  <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crisis_management" title="Crisis management">crisis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sales_management" title="Sales management">Sales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_management" title="Security management">Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Service_management" title="Service management">Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_management" title="Strategic management">Strategic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supply_chain_management" title="Supply chain management">Supply chain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_management" title="Systems management">Systems</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/System_administrator" title="System administrator">administrator</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talent_management" title="Talent management">Talent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technology_management" title="Technology management">Technology</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align: center;;color: var(--color-base)">Organization</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Organizational_architecture" title="Organizational architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organizational_behavior" title="Organizational behavior">Behavior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organizational_communication" title="Organizational communication">Communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organizational_culture" title="Organizational culture">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organizational_conflict" title="Organizational conflict">Conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_development" title="Organization development">Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organizational_engineering" title="Organizational engineering">Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hierarchical_organization" title="Hierarchical organization">Hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organizational_patterns" title="Organizational patterns">Patterns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organizational_space" title="Organizational space">Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organizational_structure" title="Organizational structure">Structure</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align: center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Trade" title="Trade">Trade</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Business_analysis" title="Business analysis">Business analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_ethics" title="Business ethics">Business ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_plan" title="Business plan">Business plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_judgment_rule" title="Business judgment rule">Business judgment rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumer_behaviour" title="Consumer behaviour">Consumer behaviour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_operations" title="Business operations">Business operations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_business" title="International business">International business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_model" title="Business model">Business model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_trade" title="International trade">International trade</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trade_route" title="Trade route">Trade route</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_process" title="Business process">Business process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_statistics" class="mw-redirect" title="Business statistics">Business statistics</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem-money.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/16px-Emblem-money.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/24px-Emblem-money.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/32px-Emblem-money.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Business_and_economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Business and economics">Business and economics portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Business_administration" title="Template:Business administration"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Business_administration" title="Template talk:Business administration"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Business_administration" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Business administration"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Project management</b> is the process of supervising the work of a <a href="/wiki/Project_team" title="Project team">team</a> to achieve all project goals within the given constraints.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This information is usually described in <a href="/wiki/Project_initiation_documentation" title="Project initiation documentation">project documentation</a>, created at the beginning of the development process. The primary constraints are <a href="/wiki/Scope_(project_management)" title="Scope (project management)">scope</a>, time and <a href="/wiki/Budget" title="Budget">budget</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The secondary challenge is to <a href="/wiki/Operations_research" title="Operations research">optimize</a> the <a href="/wiki/Resource_allocation" title="Resource allocation">allocation</a> of necessary inputs and apply them to meet predefined objectives. </p><p>The objective of project management is to produce a complete project which complies with the client's objectives. In many cases, the objective of project management is also to shape or reform the client's brief to feasibly address the client's objectives. Once the client's objectives are established, they should influence all decisions made by other people involved in the project– for example, project managers, designers, contractors and subcontractors. Ill-defined or too tightly prescribed project management objectives are detrimental to the decisionmaking process. </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Project" title="Project">project</a> is a temporary and unique endeavor designed to produce a product, service or result with a defined beginning and end (usually time-constrained, often constrained by funding or staffing) undertaken to meet unique goals and objectives, typically to bring about beneficial change or added value.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The temporary nature of projects stands in contrast with <a href="/wiki/Business_operations" title="Business operations">business as usual (or operations)</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which are repetitive, permanent or semi-permanent functional activities to produce products or services. In practice, the <a href="/wiki/Management" title="Management">management</a> of such distinct production approaches requires the development of distinct technical skills and management strategies.<sup id="cite_ref-Cattani201u1_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cattani201u1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Project_management&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Until 1900, <a href="/wiki/Civil_engineering" title="Civil engineering">civil engineering</a> projects were generally managed by creative architects, engineers, and <a href="/wiki/Master_builder_(occupation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Master builder (occupation)">master builders</a> themselves, for example, <a href="/wiki/Vitruvius" title="Vitruvius">Vitruvius</a> (first century BC), <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Wren" title="Christopher Wren">Christopher Wren</a> (1632–1723), <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Telford" title="Thomas Telford">Thomas Telford</a> (1757–1834), and <a href="/wiki/Isambard_Kingdom_Brunel" title="Isambard Kingdom Brunel">Isambard Kingdom Brunel</a> (1806–1859).<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1950s, organizations started to apply project-management tools and techniques more systematically to complex engineering projects.<sup id="cite_ref-YHK05_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-YHK05-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Henry_Gantt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Henry_Gantt.jpg/170px-Henry_Gantt.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Henry_Gantt.jpg/255px-Henry_Gantt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e8/Henry_Gantt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="282" data-file-height="332" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Henry_Gantt" title="Henry Gantt">Henry Gantt</a> (1861–1919), the father of planning and control techniques</figcaption></figure> <p>As a discipline, project management developed from several fields of application including civil construction, engineering, and heavy <a href="/wiki/Defense_(military)" class="mw-redirect" title="Defense (military)">defense</a> activity.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two forefathers of project management are <a href="/wiki/Henry_Gantt" title="Henry Gantt">Henry Gantt</a>, called the father of planning and control techniques,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who is famous for his use of the <a href="/wiki/Gantt_chart" title="Gantt chart">Gantt chart</a> as a project management tool (alternatively <i>Harmonogram</i> first proposed by <a href="/wiki/Karol_Adamiecki" title="Karol Adamiecki">Karol Adamiecki</a>);<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Henri_Fayol" title="Henri Fayol">Henri Fayol</a> for his creation of the five management functions that form the foundation of the body of knowledge associated with project and program management.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both Gantt and Fayol were students of <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Winslow_Taylor" title="Frederick Winslow Taylor">Frederick Winslow Taylor</a>'s theories of <a href="/wiki/Scientific_management" title="Scientific management">scientific management</a>. His work is the forerunner to modern project management tools including <a href="/wiki/Work_breakdown_structure" title="Work breakdown structure">work breakdown structure</a> (WBS) and <a href="/wiki/Resource_allocation" title="Resource allocation">resource allocation</a>. </p><p>The 1950s marked the beginning of the modern project management era, where core <a href="/wiki/Engineering" title="Engineering">engineering</a> fields came together to work as one. Project management became recognized as a distinct discipline arising from the management discipline with the engineering model.<sup id="cite_ref-ClGa06_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ClGa06-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the United States, prior to the 1950s, projects were managed on an ad-hoc basis, using mostly <a href="/wiki/Gantt_chart" title="Gantt chart">Gantt charts</a> and informal techniques and tools. At that time, two mathematical <a href="/wiki/Schedule_(project_management)" title="Schedule (project management)">project-scheduling</a> models were developed. The <a href="/wiki/Critical_Path_Method" class="mw-redirect" title="Critical Path Method">critical path method</a> (CPM) was developed as a joint venture between <a href="/wiki/DuPont" title="DuPont">DuPont Corporation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Remington_Rand" title="Remington Rand">Remington Rand Corporation</a> for managing plant maintenance projects. The <a href="/wiki/Program_Evaluation_and_Review_Technique" class="mw-redirect" title="Program Evaluation and Review Technique">program evaluation and review technique</a> (PERT), was developed by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy_Special_Projects_Office" title="United States Navy Special Projects Office">U.S. Navy Special Projects Office</a> in conjunction with the <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Corporation" title="Lockheed Corporation">Lockheed Corporation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Booz_Allen_Hamilton" title="Booz Allen Hamilton">Booz Allen Hamilton</a> as part of the <a href="/wiki/Polaris_missile" class="mw-redirect" title="Polaris missile">Polaris missile</a> submarine program.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/PERT" class="mw-redirect" title="PERT">PERT</a> and CPM are very similar in their approach but still present some differences. CPM is used for projects that assume deterministic activity times; the times at which each activity will be carried out are known. PERT, on the other hand, allows for stochastic activity times; the times at which each activity will be carried out are uncertain or varied. Because of this core difference, CPM and <a href="/wiki/PERT" class="mw-redirect" title="PERT">PERT</a> are used in different contexts. These mathematical techniques quickly spread into many private enterprises. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pert_chart_colored.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Pert_chart_colored.svg/240px-Pert_chart_colored.svg.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Pert_chart_colored.svg/360px-Pert_chart_colored.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Pert_chart_colored.svg/480px-Pert_chart_colored.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="308" data-file-height="188" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/PERT" class="mw-redirect" title="PERT">PERT network chart</a> for a seven-month project with five milestones</figcaption></figure> <p>At the same time, as project-scheduling models were being developed, technology for project cost <a href="/wiki/Estimation_(project_management)" title="Estimation (project management)">estimating</a>, cost management and engineering economics was evolving, with pioneering work by Hans Lang and others. In 1956, the American Association of Cost Engineers (now <a href="/wiki/AACE_International" title="AACE International">AACE International</a>; the Association for the Advancement of <a href="/wiki/Cost_Engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Cost Engineering">Cost Engineering</a>) was formed by early practitioners of project management and the associated specialties of planning and <a href="/wiki/Schedule" title="Schedule">scheduling</a>, cost estimating, and project control. AACE continued its pioneering work and in 2006, released the first integrated process for portfolio, program, and project management (<a href="/wiki/Total_Cost_Management" class="mw-redirect" title="Total Cost Management">total cost management</a> framework). </p><p>In 1969, the <a href="/wiki/Project_Management_Institute" title="Project Management Institute">Project Management Institute</a> (PMI) was formed in the USA.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> PMI publishes the original version of <i><a href="/wiki/A_Guide_to_the_Project_Management_Body_of_Knowledge" class="mw-redirect" title="A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge">A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge</a></i> (PMBOK Guide) in 1996 with William Duncan as its primary author, which describes project management practices that are common to "most projects, most of the time."<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Project_management_types">Project management types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Project_management&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Project management types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Project management methods can be applied to any project. It is often tailored to a specific type of project based on project size, nature, industry or sector. For example, the construction industry, which focuses on the delivery of things like buildings, roads, and bridges, has developed its own specialized form of project management that it refers to as <i>construction project management</i> and in which project managers can become trained and certified.<sup id="cite_ref-Contruction_Project_Management_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Contruction_Project_Management-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The information technology industry has also evolved to develop its own form of project management that is referred to as <i>IT project management</i> and which specializes in the delivery of technical assets and services that are required to pass through various lifecycle phases such as planning, design, development, testing, and deployment. <i><a href="/wiki/Biotechnology" title="Biotechnology">Biotechnology</a> project management</i> focuses on the intricacies of biotechnology research and development.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Localization project management</i> includes application of many standard project management practices to translation works even though many consider this type of management to be a very different discipline. For example, project managers have a key role in improving the translation even when they do not speak the language of the translation, because they know the study objectives well to make informed decisions.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, <i>research study management</i> can also apply a project manage approach.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is public project management that covers all public works by the government, which can be carried out by the government agencies or contracted out to contractors. Another classification of project management is based on the hard (physical) or soft (non-physical) type. </p><p>Common among all the project management types is that they focus on three important goals: time, quality, and cost. Successful projects are completed on schedule, within budget, and according to previously agreed quality standards i.e. meeting the Iron Triangle or Triple Constraint in order for projects to be considered a success or failure.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For each type of project management, project managers develop and utilize repeatable templates that are specific to the industry they're dealing with. This allows project plans to become very thorough and highly repeatable, with the specific intent to increase quality, lower delivery costs, and lower time to deliver project results. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Approaches_of_project_management">Approaches of project management</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Project_management&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Approaches of project management"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A 2017 study suggested that the success of any project depends on how well four key aspects are aligned with the contextual dynamics affecting the project, these are referred to as the <i>four P's</i>:<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><i>Plan</i>: The planning and forecasting activities.</li> <li><i>Process:</i> The overall approach to all activities and project governance.</li> <li><i>People:</i> Including dynamics of how they collaborate and communicate.</li> <li><i>Power:</i> Lines of authority, decision-makers, organograms, policies for implementation and the like.</li></ul> <p>There are a number of approaches to organizing and completing project activities, including phased, lean, iterative, and incremental. There are also several extensions to project planning, for example, based on outcomes (product-based) or activities (process-based). </p><p>Regardless of the <a href="/wiki/Methodology" title="Methodology">methodology</a> employed, careful consideration must be given to the overall project objectives, timeline, and cost, as well as the roles and responsibilities of all participants and <a href="/wiki/Project_stakeholder" title="Project stakeholder">stakeholders</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Benefits_realization_management">Benefits realization management</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Project_management&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Benefits realization management"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Benefits_realisation_management" title="Benefits realisation management">Benefits realisation management</a></div> <p>Benefits realization management (BRM) enhances normal project management techniques through a focus on outcomes (benefits) of a project rather than products or outputs and then measuring the degree to which that is happening to keep a project on track. This can help to reduce the risk of a completed project being a failure by delivering agreed upon requirements (outputs) i.e. project success but failing to deliver the benefits (outcomes) of those requirements i.e. product success. Note that good requirements management will ensure these benefits are captured as requirements of the project and their achievement monitored throughout the project. </p><p>In addition, BRM practices aim to ensure the strategic alignment between project outcomes and business strategies. The effectiveness of these practices is supported by recent research evidencing BRM practices influencing project success from a strategic perspective across different countries and industries. These wider effects are called the strategic impact.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An example of delivering a project to requirements might be agreeing to deliver a computer system that will process staff data and manage payroll, holiday, and staff personnel records in shorter times with reduced errors. Under BRM, the agreement might be to achieve a specified reduction in staff hours and errors required to process and maintain staff data after the system installation when compared without the system. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Critical_path_method">Critical path method</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Project_management&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Critical path method"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Critical_path_method" title="Critical path method">Critical path method</a></div> <p>Critical path method (CPM) is an algorithm for determining the schedule for project activities. It is the traditional process used for predictive-based project planning. The CPM method evaluates the sequence of activities, the work effort required, the inter-dependencies, and the resulting float time per line sequence to determine the required project duration. Thus, by definition, the critical path is the pathway of tasks on the network diagram that has no extra time available (or very little extra time)."<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Critical_chain_project_management">Critical chain project management</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Project_management&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Critical chain project management"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Critical_chain_project_management" title="Critical chain project management">Critical chain project management</a></div> <p>Critical chain project management (CCPM) is an application of the <a href="/wiki/Theory_of_constraints" title="Theory of constraints">theory of constraints</a> (TOC) to planning and managing projects and is designed to deal with the uncertainties inherent in managing projects, while taking into consideration the limited availability of <a href="/wiki/Resource_(project_management)" title="Resource (project management)">resources</a> (physical, human skills, as well as management & support capacity) needed to execute projects. </p><p>The goal is to increase the flow of projects in an organization (<a href="/wiki/Throughput" class="mw-redirect" title="Throughput">throughput</a>). Applying the first three of the <a href="/wiki/Theory_of_Constraints#The_five_focusing_steps" class="mw-redirect" title="Theory of Constraints">five focusing steps</a> of TOC, the system constraint for all projects, as well as the resources, are identified. To exploit the constraint, tasks on the critical chain are given priority over all other activities. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Earned_value_management">Earned value management</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Project_management&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Earned value management"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Earned_value_management" title="Earned value management">Earned value management</a></div> <p>Earned value management (EVM) extends project management with techniques to improve project monitoring.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It illustrates project progress towards completion in terms of work and value (cost). <a href="/wiki/Earned_Schedule" class="mw-redirect" title="Earned Schedule">Earned Schedule</a> is an extension to the theory and practice of EVM. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iterative_and_incremental_project_management">Iterative and incremental project management</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Project_management&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Iterative and incremental project management"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Iterative_and_incremental_development" title="Iterative and incremental development">Iterative and incremental development</a></div><p>In critical studies of project management, it has been noted that phased approaches are not well suited for projects which are large-scale and multi-company,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with undefined, ambiguous, or fast-changing requirements,<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or those with high degrees of risk, dependency, and fast-changing technologies. The <a href="/wiki/Cone_of_Uncertainty" class="mw-redirect" title="Cone of Uncertainty">cone of uncertainty</a> explains some of this as the planning made on the initial phase of the project suffers from a high degree of uncertainty. This becomes especially true as software development is often the realization of a new or novel product. </p><p>These complexities are better handled with a more exploratory or iterative and incremental approach.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several models of iterative and incremental project management have evolved, including <a href="/wiki/Agile_Project_Management" class="mw-redirect" title="Agile Project Management">agile project management</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dynamic_systems_development_method" title="Dynamic systems development method">dynamic systems development method</a>, <a href="/wiki/Extreme_project_management" title="Extreme project management">extreme project management</a>, and Innovation Engineering®.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lean_project_management">Lean project management</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Project_management&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Lean project management"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Lean_project_management" title="Lean project management">Lean project management</a></div> <p>Lean project management uses the principles from <a href="/wiki/Lean_manufacturing" title="Lean manufacturing">lean manufacturing</a> to focus on delivering value with less waste and reduced time. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Project_lifecycle">Project lifecycle</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Project_management&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Project lifecycle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> There are five phases to a project lifecycle; known as process groups. Each process group represents a series of inter-related processes to manage the work through a series of distinct steps to be completed. This type of project approach is often referred to as "traditional"<sup id="cite_ref-wysocki_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wysocki-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or "<a href="/wiki/Waterfall_model" title="Waterfall model">waterfall</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-Roy70_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roy70-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The five process groups are:</p><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Project_Management_(phases).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Project_Management_%28phases%29.png/320px-Project_Management_%28phases%29.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Project_Management_%28phases%29.png/480px-Project_Management_%28phases%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Project_Management_%28phases%29.png/640px-Project_Management_%28phases%29.png 2x" data-file-width="852" data-file-height="276" /></a><figcaption>Typical development phases of an engineering project</figcaption></figure> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Project_Initiation_Documentation" class="mw-redirect" title="Project Initiation Documentation">Initiating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_planning" title="Project planning">Planning</a></li> <li>Executing</li> <li>Monitoring and Controlling</li> <li>Closing</li></ol> <p>Some industries may use variations of these project stages and rename them to better suit the organization. For example, when working on a <a href="/wiki/Brick-and-mortar" class="mw-redirect" title="Brick-and-mortar">brick-and-mortar</a> design and construction, projects will typically progress through stages like pre-planning, conceptual design, schematic design, design development, construction drawings (or contract documents), and construction administration. </p><p>While the phased approach works well for small, well-defined projects, it often results in challenge or failure on larger projects, or those that are more complex or have more ambiguities, issues, and risks<sup id="cite_ref-Stellman05_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stellman05-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> - see the parodying 'six phases of a big project'. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Process-based_management">Process-based management</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Project_management&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Process-based management"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Process-based_management" title="Process-based management">Process-based management</a></div> <p>The incorporation of process-based management has been driven by the use of maturity models such as the <a href="/wiki/OPM3" class="mw-redirect" title="OPM3">OPM3</a> and the <a href="/wiki/CMMI" class="mw-redirect" title="CMMI">CMMI</a> (capability maturity model integration; see <a href="/wiki/File:Capability_Maturity_Model.jpg" title="File:Capability Maturity Model.jpg">Image:Capability Maturity Model.jpg</a> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Project_production_management">Project production management</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Project_management&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Project production management"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Project_production_management" title="Project production management">Project production management</a></div> <p>Project production management is the application of operations management to the delivery of capital projects. The Project production management framework is based on a project as a production system view, in which a project transforms inputs (raw materials, information, labor, plant & machinery) into outputs (goods and services).<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Product-based_planning">Product-based planning</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Project_management&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Product-based planning"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Product-based_planning" title="Product-based planning">Product-based planning</a></div> <p>Product-based planning is a structured approach to project management, based on identifying all of the products (project <a href="/wiki/Deliverable" title="Deliverable">deliverables</a>) that contribute to achieving the project objectives. As such, it defines a successful project as output-oriented rather than activity- or task-oriented.<sup id="cite_ref-managing_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-managing-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most common implementation of this approach is <a href="/wiki/PRINCE2" title="PRINCE2">PRINCE2</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Process_groups"><span class="anchor" id="Project_development_stages"></span> Process groups</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Project_management&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Process groups"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Project_development_stages.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Project_development_stages.jpg/230px-Project_development_stages.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Project_development_stages.jpg/345px-Project_development_stages.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/74/Project_development_stages.jpg 2x" data-file-width="368" data-file-height="364" /></a><figcaption>The project development stages<sup id="cite_ref-VA03_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VA03-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Traditionally (depending on what project management methodology is being used), project management includes a number of elements: four to five project management process groups, and a control system. Regardless of the methodology or terminology used, the same basic project management processes or stages of development will be used. Major process groups generally include:<sup id="cite_ref-PMI_10_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PMI_10-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Initiation</li> <li>Planning</li> <li>Production or execution</li> <li>Monitoring and controlling</li> <li>Closing</li></ul> <p>In project environments with a significant exploratory element (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Research_and_development" title="Research and development">research and development</a>), these stages may be supplemented with decision points (go/no go decisions) at which the project's continuation is debated and decided. An example is the <a href="/wiki/Phase%E2%80%93gate_model" class="mw-redirect" title="Phase–gate model">Phase–gate model</a>. </p><p>Project management relies on a wide variety of meetings to coordinate actions. For instance, there is the kick-off meeting, which broadly involves stakeholders at the project's initiation. Project meetings or project committees enable the project team to define and monitor action plans. Steering committees are used to transition between phases and resolve issues. Project portfolio and program reviews are conducted in organizations running parallel projects. Lessons learned meetings are held to consolidate learnings. All these meetings employ techniques found in <a href="/wiki/Meeting_science" title="Meeting science">meeting science</a>, particularly to define the objective, participant list, and facilitation methods. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Initiating">Initiating</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Project_management&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Initiating"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Initiating_Process_Group_Processes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Initiating_Process_Group_Processes.jpg/280px-Initiating_Process_Group_Processes.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Initiating_Process_Group_Processes.jpg/420px-Initiating_Process_Group_Processes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Initiating_Process_Group_Processes.jpg/560px-Initiating_Process_Group_Processes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="643" data-file-height="185" /></a><figcaption>Initiating process group processes<sup id="cite_ref-VA03_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VA03-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The initiating processes determine the nature and scope of the project.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If this stage is not performed well, it is unlikely that the project will be successful in meeting the business' needs. The key project controls needed here are an understanding of the business environment and making sure that all necessary controls are incorporated into the project. Any deficiencies should be reported and a recommendation should be made to fix them. </p><p>The initiating stage should include a plan that encompasses the following areas. These areas can be recorded in a series of documents called Project Initiation documents. Project Initiation documents are a series of planned documents used to create an order for the duration of the project. These tend to include: </p> <ul><li>project proposal (idea behind project, overall goal, duration)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scope_(project_management)" title="Scope (project management)">project scope</a> (project direction and track)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Product_breakdown_structure" title="Product breakdown structure">product breakdown structure</a> (PBS) (a hierarchy of deliverables/outcomes and components thereof)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Work_breakdown_structure" title="Work breakdown structure">work breakdown structure</a> (WBS) (a hierarchy of the work to be done, down to daily tasks)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Responsibility_assignment_matrix" title="Responsibility assignment matrix">responsibility assignment matrix</a> (RACI - Responsible, Accountable, Consulted, Informed) (roles and responsibilities aligned to deliverables / outcomes)</li> <li>tentative <a href="/wiki/Project_plan" title="Project plan">project schedule</a> (milestones, important dates, deadlines)</li> <li>analysis of business needs and <a href="/wiki/Requirement" title="Requirement">requirements</a> against measurable goals</li> <li>review of the current <a href="/wiki/Business_operations" title="Business operations">operations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_analysis" title="Financial analysis">financial analysis</a> of the costs and benefits, including a <a href="/wiki/Budget" title="Budget">budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stakeholder_analysis" title="Stakeholder analysis">stakeholder analysis</a>, including users and support personnel for the project</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_charter" title="Project charter">project charter</a> including costs, tasks, deliverables, and schedules</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SWOT_analysis" title="SWOT analysis">SWOT analysis</a>: strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats to the business</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Planning">Planning</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Project_management&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Planning"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the initiation stage, the project is planned to an appropriate level of detail (see an <a href="/wiki/File:Planning_Process_Group_Activities.jpg" title="File:Planning Process Group Activities.jpg">example of a flowchart</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-VA03_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VA03-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The main purpose is to plan time, cost, and resources adequately to estimate the work needed and to effectively manage risk during project execution. As with the Initiation process group, a failure to adequately plan greatly reduces the project's chances of successfully accomplishing its goals. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Project_planning" title="Project planning">Project planning</a> generally consists of<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>determining the project management methodology to follow (e.g. whether the plan will be defined <a href="/wiki/Waterfall_model" title="Waterfall model">wholly upfront</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iterative_and_incremental_development" title="Iterative and incremental development">iteratively</a>, or in <a href="/wiki/Rolling-wave_planning" title="Rolling-wave planning">rolling waves</a>);</li> <li>developing the <a href="/wiki/Scope_statement" title="Scope statement">scope statement</a>;</li> <li>selecting the planning team;</li> <li>identifying deliverables and creating the product and work breakdown structures;</li> <li>identifying the activities needed to complete those deliverables and networking the activities in their logical sequence;</li> <li>estimating the resource requirements for the activities;</li> <li>estimating time and cost for activities;</li> <li>developing the schedule;</li> <li>developing the budget;</li> <li>risk planning;</li> <li>developing quality assurance measures;</li> <li>gaining formal approval to begin work.</li></ul> <p>Additional processes, such as planning for communications and for scope management, identifying roles and responsibilities, determining what to purchase for the project, and holding a kick-off meeting are also generally advisable. </p><p>For <a href="/wiki/New_product_development" title="New product development">new product development</a> projects, conceptual design of the operation of the final product may be performed concurrent with the project planning activities and may help to inform the planning team when identifying deliverables and planning activities. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Executing">Executing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Project_management&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Executing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Executing_Process_Group_Processes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Executing_Process_Group_Processes.jpg/320px-Executing_Process_Group_Processes.jpg" decoding="async" width="320" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Executing_Process_Group_Processes.jpg/480px-Executing_Process_Group_Processes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Executing_Process_Group_Processes.jpg/640px-Executing_Process_Group_Processes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="885" data-file-height="526" /></a><figcaption>Executing process group processes<sup id="cite_ref-VA03_37-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VA03-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p><b>While executing we must know what are the planned terms that need to be executed</b>. The execution/implementation phase ensures that the project management plan's deliverables are executed accordingly. This phase involves proper allocation, coordination, and management of human resources and any other resources such as materials and budgets. The output of this phase is the project deliverables. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Project_documentation">Project documentation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Project_management&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Project documentation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Documenting everything within a project is key to being successful. To maintain budget, scope, effectiveness and pace a project must have physical documents pertaining to each specific task. With correct documentation, it is easy to see whether or not a project's requirement has been met. To go along with that, documentation provides information regarding what has already been completed for that project. Documentation throughout a project provides a paper trail for anyone who needs to go back and reference the work in the past. In most cases, documentation is the most successful way to monitor and control the specific phases of a project. With the correct documentation, a project's success can be tracked and observed as the project goes on. If performed correctly documentation can be the backbone of a project's success </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Monitoring_and_controlling">Monitoring and controlling</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Project_management&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Monitoring and controlling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Monitoring_and_Controlling_Process_Group_Processes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Monitoring_and_Controlling_Process_Group_Processes.jpg/320px-Monitoring_and_Controlling_Process_Group_Processes.jpg" decoding="async" width="320" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Monitoring_and_Controlling_Process_Group_Processes.jpg/480px-Monitoring_and_Controlling_Process_Group_Processes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Monitoring_and_Controlling_Process_Group_Processes.jpg/640px-Monitoring_and_Controlling_Process_Group_Processes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="883" data-file-height="452" /></a><figcaption>Monitoring and controlling process group processes<sup id="cite_ref-VA03_37-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VA03-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure><p>Monitoring and controlling consist of those processes performed to observe project execution so that potential problems can be identified in a timely manner and corrective action can be taken, when necessary, to control the execution of the project. The key benefit is that project performance is observed and measured regularly to identify variances from the project management plan. </p><p>Monitoring and controlling include:<sup id="cite_ref-JPL00_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JPL00-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Measuring the ongoing project activities ('where we are');</li> <li>Monitoring the project variables (cost, effort, scope, etc.) against the project management plan and the project performance baseline (<i>where we should be</i>);</li> <li>Identifying corrective actions to address issues and risks properly (<i>How can we get on track again</i>);</li> <li>Influencing the factors that could circumvent integrated change control so only approved changes are implemented.</li></ul> <p>Two main mechanisms support monitoring and controlling in projects. On the one hand, <a href="/wiki/Contract" title="Contract">contracts</a> offer a set of rules and incentives often supported by potential penalties and sanctions.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other hand, scholars in business and management have paid attention to the role of integrators (also called project barons) to achieve a project's objectives.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In turn, recent research in project management has questioned the type of interplay between contracts and integrators. Some have argued that these two monitoring mechanisms operate as substitutes<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as one type of organization would decrease the advantages of using the other one. </p><p>In multi-phase projects, the monitoring and control process also provides feedback between project phases, to implement corrective or preventive actions to bring the project into compliance with the project management plan. </p><p>Project maintenance is an ongoing process, and it includes:<sup id="cite_ref-PMI_10_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PMI_10-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Continuing support of end-users</li> <li>Correction of errors</li> <li>Updates to the product over time</li></ul> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Project_Management_(project_control).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Project_Management_%28project_control%29.png/240px-Project_Management_%28project_control%29.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Project_Management_%28project_control%29.png/360px-Project_Management_%28project_control%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Project_Management_%28project_control%29.png/480px-Project_Management_%28project_control%29.png 2x" data-file-width="493" data-file-height="333" /></a><figcaption>Monitoring and controlling cycle</figcaption></figure> <p>In this stage, <a href="/wiki/Auditor" title="Auditor">auditors</a> should pay attention to how effectively and quickly user problems are resolved. </p><p>Over the course of any construction project, the work scope may change. Change is a normal and expected part of the construction process. Changes can be the result of necessary design modifications, differing site conditions, material availability, contractor-requested changes, value engineering, and impacts from third parties, to name a few. Beyond executing the change in the field, the change normally needs to be documented to show what was actually constructed. This is referred to as change management. Hence, the owner usually requires a final record to show all changes or, more specifically, any change that modifies the tangible portions of the finished work. The record is made on the contract documents – usually, but not necessarily limited to, the design drawings. The end product of this effort is what the industry terms as-built drawings, or more simply, "as built." The requirement for providing them is a norm in construction contracts. Construction document management is a highly important task undertaken with the aid of an online or desktop software system or maintained through physical documentation. The increasing legality pertaining to the construction industry's maintenance of correct documentation has caused an increase in the need for document management systems. </p><p>When changes are introduced to the project, the viability of the project has to be re-assessed. It is important not to lose sight of the initial goals and targets of the projects. When the changes accumulate, the forecasted result may not justify the original proposed investment in the project. Successful project management identifies these components, and tracks and monitors progress, so as to stay within time and budget frames already outlined at the commencement of the project. Exact methods were suggested to identify the most informative monitoring points along the project life-cycle regarding its progress and expected duration.<sup id="cite_ref-PM_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PM-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Closing">Closing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Project_management&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Closing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Closing_Process_Group_Processes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Closing_Process_Group_Processes.jpg/270px-Closing_Process_Group_Processes.jpg" decoding="async" width="270" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Closing_Process_Group_Processes.jpg/405px-Closing_Process_Group_Processes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Closing_Process_Group_Processes.jpg/540px-Closing_Process_Group_Processes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="638" data-file-height="198" /></a><figcaption>Closing process group processes<sup id="cite_ref-VA03_37-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VA03-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Closing includes the formal acceptance of the project and the ending thereof. Administrative activities include the archiving of the files and documenting lessons learned. </p><p>This phase consists of:<sup id="cite_ref-PMI_10_38-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PMI_10-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><b>Contract closure</b>: Complete and settle each contract (including the resolution of any open items) and close each contract applicable to the project or project phase.</li> <li><b>Project close</b>: Finalize all activities across all of the process groups to formally close the project or a project phase</li></ul> <p>Also included in this phase is the post implementation review. This is a vital phase of the project for the project team to learn from experiences and apply to future projects. Normally a post implementation review consists of looking at things that went well and analyzing things that went badly on the project to come up with lessons learned. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Project_control_and_project_control_systems">Project control and project control systems</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Project_management&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Project control and project control systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Project control (also known as <a href="/wiki/Cost_engineering" title="Cost engineering">Cost Engineering</a>) should be established as an independent function in project management. It implements verification and controlling functions during the processing of a project to reinforce the defined performance and formal goals.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The tasks of project control are also: </p> <ul><li>the creation of infrastructure for the supply of the right information and its update</li> <li>the establishment of a way to communicate disparities in project parameters</li> <li>the development of project information technology based on an intranet or the determination of a project <a href="/wiki/Performance_indicator" title="Performance indicator">key performance indicator</a> system (KPI)</li> <li>divergence analyses and generation of proposals for potential project regulations<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>the establishment of methods to accomplish an appropriate project structure, project workflow organization, project control, and governance</li> <li>creation of transparency among the project parameters<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Fulfillment and implementation of these tasks can be achieved by applying specific methods and instruments of project control. The following methods of project control can be applied: </p> <ul><li>investment analysis</li> <li>cost–benefit analysis</li> <li>value benefit analysis</li> <li>expert surveys</li> <li>simulation calculations</li> <li>risk-profile analysis</li> <li>surcharge calculations</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milestone_(project_management)" title="Milestone (project management)">milestone</a> trend analysis</li> <li>cost trend analysis</li> <li>target/actual comparison<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Project control is that element of a project that keeps it on track, on time, and within budget.<sup id="cite_ref-JPL00_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JPL00-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Project control begins early in the project with planning and ends late in the project with post-implementation review, having a thorough involvement of each step in the process. Projects may be audited or reviewed while the project is in progress. Formal audits are generally risk or compliance-based and management will direct the objectives of the audit. An examination may include a comparison of approved project management processes with how the project is actually being managed.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each project should be assessed for the appropriate level of control needed: too much control is too time-consuming, too little control is very risky. If project control is not implemented correctly, the cost to the business should be clarified in terms of errors and fixes. </p><p>Control systems are needed for cost, <a href="/wiki/Risk" title="Risk">risk</a>, quality, communication, time, change, procurement, and human resources. In addition, auditors should consider how important the projects are to the <a href="/wiki/Financial_statement" title="Financial statement">financial statements</a>, how reliant the stakeholders are on controls, and how many controls exist. Auditors should review the development process and procedures for how they are implemented. The process of development and the quality of the final product may also be assessed if needed or requested. A business may want the auditing firm to be involved throughout the process to catch problems earlier on so that they can be fixed more easily. An auditor can serve as a controls consultant as part of the development team or as an independent auditor as part of an audit. </p><p>Businesses sometimes use formal systems development processes. This help assure systems are developed successfully. A formal process is more effective in creating strong controls, and auditors should review this process to confirm that it is well designed and is followed in practice. A good formal systems development plan outlines: </p> <ul><li>A <a href="/wiki/Strategy" title="Strategy">strategy</a> to align development with the organization's broader objectives</li> <li>Standards for new systems</li> <li>Project management policies for timing and <a href="/wiki/Budgeting" class="mw-redirect" title="Budgeting">budgeting</a></li> <li>Procedures describing the process</li> <li>Evaluation of quality of change</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characteristics_of_projects">Characteristics of projects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Project_management&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Characteristics of projects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are five important characteristics of a project: </p><p>(i) It should always have specific start and end dates. </p><p>(ii) They are performed and completed by a group of people. </p><p>(iii) The output is the delivery of a unique product or service. </p><p>(iv) They are temporary in nature. </p><p>(v) It is progressively elaborated. </p><p>Examples are: designing a new car or writing a book. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Project_complexity">Project complexity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Project_management&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Project complexity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Project_complexity" title="Project complexity">Project complexity</a></div> <p>Complexity and its nature play an important role in the area of project management. Despite having a number of debates on this subject matter, studies suggest a lack of definition and reasonable understanding of complexity in relation to the management of complex projects.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Project complexity is the property of a project which makes it difficult to understand, foresee, and keep under control its overall behavior, even when given reasonably complete information about the project system.<sup id="cite_ref-Springer-Verlag_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Springer-Verlag-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The identification of complex projects is specifically important to multi-project engineering environments.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As it is considered that project complexity and project performance are closely related, it is important to define and measure the complexity of the project for project management to be effective.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Complexity can be: </p> <ul><li>Structural complexity (also known as detail complexity, or complicatedness), i.e. consisting of many varied interrelated parts.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is typically expressed in terms of size, variety, and interdependence of project components, and described by technological and organizational factors.</li> <li>Dynamic complexity refers to phenomena, characteristics, and manifestations such as ambiguity, uncertainty, propagation, emergence, and chaos.<sup id="cite_ref-Springer-Verlag_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Springer-Verlag-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Based on the <a href="/wiki/Cynefin_framework" title="Cynefin framework">Cynefin framework</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> complex projects can be classified as: </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Simple,_complicated,_complex,_and_really_complex_projects.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Simple%2C_complicated%2C_complex%2C_and_really_complex_projects.png/220px-Simple%2C_complicated%2C_complex%2C_and_really_complex_projects.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Simple%2C_complicated%2C_complex%2C_and_really_complex_projects.png/330px-Simple%2C_complicated%2C_complex%2C_and_really_complex_projects.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Simple%2C_complicated%2C_complex%2C_and_really_complex_projects.png/440px-Simple%2C_complicated%2C_complex%2C_and_really_complex_projects.png 2x" data-file-width="1183" data-file-height="869" /></a><figcaption>Simple, complicated, complex, and really complex projects - based on the Cynefin framework</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><b>Simple</b> (or clear, obvious, known) projects, systems, or contexts. These are characterized by known knowns, stability, and clear cause-and-effect relationships. They can be solved with standard operating procedures and best practices.</li> <li><b>Complicated</b>: characterized by known unknowns. A complicated system is the sum of its parts. In principle, it can be deconstructed into smaller simpler components. While difficult, complicated problems are theoretically solvable with additional resources, specialized expertise, analytical, reductionist, simplification, decomposition techniques, scenario planning, and following good practices.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Complex</b> are characterized by unknown unknowns, and emergence. Patterns could be uncovered, but they are not obvious. A complex system can be described by <a href="/wiki/Euclid" title="Euclid">Euclid</a>'s statement that the whole is more than the sum of its parts.</li> <li><b>Really complex projects</b>, a.k.a. very complex, or chaotic: characterized by unknowables. No patterns are discernible in really complex projects. Causes and effects are unclear even in retrospect. Paraphrasing <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a>, a really complex system is different from the sum of its parts.<sup id="cite_ref-Morcov2021_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morcov2021-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>By applying the discovery in measuring work complexity described in <a href="/wiki/Requisite_organization" title="Requisite organization">Requisite Organization</a> and Stratified Systems Theory, <a href="/wiki/Elliott_Jaques" title="Elliott Jaques">Elliott Jaques</a> classifies projects and project work (stages, tasks) into seven basic levels of project complexity based on such criteria as time-span of discretion and complexity of a project's output:<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Level 1 Project – improve the direct output of an activity (quantity, quality, time) within a business process with a targeted completion time up to 3 months.</li> <li>Level 2 Project – develop and improve compliance to a <a href="/wiki/Business_process" title="Business process">business process</a> with a targeted completion time of 3 months to 1 year.</li> <li>Level 3 Project – develop, change, and improve a business process with a targeted completion time of 1 to 2 years.</li> <li>Level 4 Project – develop, change, and improve a functional system with a targeted completion time of 2 to 5 years.</li> <li>Level 5 Project – develop, change, and improve a group of functional systems/business functions with a targeted completion time of 5 to 10 years.</li> <li>Level 6 Project – develop, change, and improve a whole single value chain of a company with targeted completion time from 10 to 20 years.</li> <li>Level 7 Project – develop, change, and improve multiple value chains of a company with target completion time from 20 to 50 years.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Benefits from measuring Project Complexity are to improve project people feasibility by matching the level of a project's complexity with an effective targeted completion time, with the respective capability level of the project manager and of the project members.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Positive,_appropriate_(requisite),_and_negative_complexity"><span id="Positive.2C_appropriate_.28requisite.29.2C_and_negative_complexity"></span><i>Positive, appropriate (requisite), and negative complexity</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Project_management&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Positive, appropriate (requisite), and negative complexity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Positive_complexity.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Positive_complexity.png/220px-Positive_complexity.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Positive_complexity.png/330px-Positive_complexity.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Positive_complexity.png/440px-Positive_complexity.png 2x" data-file-width="1294" data-file-height="819" /></a><figcaption><i>The Positive, Appropriate and Negative complexity model proposed by Stefan Morcov<sup id="cite_ref-Morcov2021_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morcov2021-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></i></figcaption></figure> <p><i>Similarly with the <a href="/wiki/Variety_(cybernetics)#Law_of_requisite_variety" title="Variety (cybernetics)">Law of requisite variety</a> and <a href="/wiki/Complexity#The_law_of_requisite_complexity" title="Complexity">The law of requisite complexity</a>, project complexity is sometimes required in order for the project to reach its objectives, and sometimes it has beneficial outcomes. Based on the effects of complexity, Stefan Morcov proposed its classification as Positive, Appropriate, or Negative.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Morcov2021_61-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morcov2021-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></i> </p> <ul><li><i><b>Positive complexity</b> is the complexity that adds value to the project, and whose contribution to project success outweighs the associated negative consequences.</i></li> <li><i><b>Appropriate (or requisite) complexity</b> is the complexity that is needed for the project to reach its objectives, or whose contribution to project success balances the negative effects, or the cost of mitigation outweighs negative manifestations.</i></li> <li><i><b>Negative complexity</b> is the complexity that hinders project success.</i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Project_managers">Project managers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Project_management&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Project managers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Project_manager" title="Project manager">Project manager</a></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Project_management" title="Special:EditPage/Project management">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Project_manager" title="Project manager">project manager</a> is a professional in the field of project management. Project managers are in charge of the people in a project. People are the key to any successful project. Without the correct people in the right place and at the right time a project cannot be successful. Project managers can have the responsibility of the planning, execution, controlling, and closing of any project typically relating to the <a href="/wiki/Construction_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Construction industry">construction industry</a>, engineering, architecture, <a href="/wiki/Computing" title="Computing">computing</a>, and telecommunications. Many other fields of production engineering, design engineering, and heavy industrial have project managers. </p><p>A project manager needs to understand the order of execution of a project to schedule the project correctly as well as the time necessary to accomplish each individual task within the project. A project manager is the person accountable for accomplishing the stated project objectives on behalf of the client. Project Managers tend to have multiple years' experience in their field. A project manager is required to know the project in and out while supervising the workers along with the project. Typically in most construction, engineering, architecture, and industrial projects, a project manager has another manager working alongside of them who is typically responsible for the execution of task on a daily basis. This position in some cases is known as a superintendent. A superintendent and project manager work hand in hand in completing daily project tasks. Key project management responsibilities include creating clear and attainable project objectives, building the project requirements, and managing the <a href="/wiki/Project_management_triangle" title="Project management triangle">triple constraint</a> (now including more constraints and calling it competing constraints) for projects, which is cost, time, quality and scope for the first three but about three additional ones in current project management. A typical project is composed of a team of workers who work under the project manager to complete the assignment within the time and budget targets. A project manager normally reports directly to someone of higher stature on the completion and success of the project. </p><p>A project manager is often a client representative and has to determine and implement the exact needs of the client, based on knowledge of the firm they are representing. The ability to adapt to the various internal procedures of the contracting party, and to form close links with the nominated representatives, is essential in ensuring that the key issues of cost, time, quality and above all, client satisfaction, can be realized. </p><p>A complete project manager, a term first coined by Robert J. Graham in his simulation, has been expanded upon by Randall L. Englund and Alfonso Bucero. They describe a complete project manager as a person who embraces multiple disciplines, such as <a href="/wiki/Leadership" title="Leadership">leadership</a>, influence, negotiations, politics, change and conflict management, and humor. These are all "soft" people skills that enable <a href="/wiki/Project_leader" class="mw-redirect" title="Project leader">project leaders</a> to be more effective and achieve optimized, consistent results. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Multilevel_success_framework_and_criteria_-_project_success_vs._project_performance">Multilevel success framework and criteria - project success vs. project performance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Project_management&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Multilevel success framework and criteria - project success vs. project performance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There is a tendency to confuse the project success with project management success. They are two different things. "Project success" has 2 perspectives: </p> <ul><li>the perspective of the process, i.e. delivering efficient outputs; typically called project management performance or project efficiency.</li> <li>the perspective of the result, i.e. delivering beneficial outcomes; typically called project performance (sometimes just project success).<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Self-published_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on a self-published source. (November 2021)">self-published source?</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul> <p>Project management success criteria are different from project success criteria. The project management is said to be successful if the given project is completed within the agreed upon time, met the agreed upon scope and within the agreed upon budget. Subsequent to the triple constraints, multiple constraints have been considered to ensure project success. However, the triple or multiple constraints indicate only the efficiency measures of the project, which are indeed the project management success criteria during the project lifecycle. </p><p>The priori criteria leave out the more important after-completion results of the project which comprise four levels i.e. the output (product) success, outcome (benefits) success and impact (strategic) success during the product lifecycle. These posterior success criteria indicate the effectiveness measures of the project product, service or result, after the project completion and handover. This overarching multilevel success framework of projects, programs and portfolios has been developed by Paul Bannerman in 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In other words, a project is said to be successful, when it succeeds in achieving the expected business case which needs to be clearly identified and defined during the project inception and selection before starting the development phase. This multilevel success framework conforms to the theory of project as a transformation depicted as the input-process / activity-output-outcome-impact in order to generate whatever value intended. Emanuel Camilleri in 2011 classifies all the critical success and failure factors into groups and matches each of them with the multilevel success criteria in order to deliver business value.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An example of a performance indicator used in relation to project management is the "backlog of commissioned projects" or "project backlog".<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Risk_management">Risk management</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Project_management&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Risk management"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Project_risk_management" title="Project risk management">Project risk management</a></div> <p>The United States <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense" title="United States Department of Defense">Department of Defense</a> states that "Cost, Schedule, Performance, and Risk" are the four elements through which Department of Defense <a href="/wiki/Procurement" title="Procurement">acquisition</a> professionals make trade-offs and track program status.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are also <a href="#International_standards">international standards</a>. Risk management applies proactive identification (see <a href="/wiki/Risk_management_tools" title="Risk management tools">tools</a>) of future problems and understanding of their consequences allowing <a href="/wiki/Predictive_analytics" title="Predictive analytics">predictive</a> decisions about projects. ERM system plays a role in overall risk management.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Work_breakdown_structure_and_other_breakdown_structures">Work breakdown structure and other breakdown structures</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Project_management&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Work breakdown structure and other breakdown structures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Work_breakdown_structure" title="Work breakdown structure">Work breakdown structure</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scope_(project_management)" title="Scope (project management)">Scope (project management)</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Work_breakdown_structure" title="Work breakdown structure">work breakdown structure</a> (WBS) is a <a href="/wiki/Tree_structure" title="Tree structure">tree structure</a> that shows a subdivision of the activities required to achieve an objective – for example a portfolio, program, project, and contract. The WBS may be hardware-, product-, service-, or <a href="/wiki/Business_process" title="Business process">process</a>-oriented (see an example in a <a href="/wiki/File:NASA_NF_533_reporting_structure.jpg" title="File:NASA NF 533 reporting structure.jpg">NASA reporting structure (2001)</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-NASA01_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA01-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beside WBS for project scope management, there are <a href="/wiki/Organizational_breakdown_structure" class="mw-redirect" title="Organizational breakdown structure">organizational breakdown structure (chart)</a>, cost breakdown structure and <a href="/wiki/Risk_breakdown_structure" title="Risk breakdown structure">risk breakdown structure</a>. </p><p>A WBS can be developed by starting with the end objective and successively subdividing it into manageable components in terms of size, <a href="/wiki/Duration_(project_management)" title="Duration (project management)">duration</a>, and responsibility (e.g., systems, subsystems, components, tasks, sub-tasks, and work packages), which include all steps necessary to achieve the objective.<sup id="cite_ref-Stellman05_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stellman05-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The work breakdown structure provides a common framework for the natural development of the overall planning and control of a contract and is the basis for dividing work into definable increments from which the statement of work can be developed and technical, schedule, cost, and labor hour reporting can be established.<sup id="cite_ref-NASA01_75-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA01-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The work breakdown structure can be displayed in two forms, as a table with subdivision of tasks or as an organizational chart whose lowest nodes are referred to as "work packages". </p><p>It is an essential element in assessing the quality of a plan, and an initial element used during the planning of the project. For example, a WBS is used when the project is scheduled, so that the use of work packages can be recorded and tracked. </p><p>Similarly to work breakdown structure (WBS), other decomposition techniques and tools are: organization breakdown structure (OBS), product breakdown structure (PBS), cost breakdown structure (CBS), risk breakdown structure (RBS), and resource breakdown structure (ResBS).<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Morcov2021_61-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morcov2021-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="International_standards">International standards</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Project_management&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: International standards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are several project management standards, including: </p> <ul><li>The ISO standards <a href="/wiki/ISO_9000" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 9000">ISO 9000</a>, a family of standards for quality management systems, and the <a href="/wiki/ISO_10006" title="ISO 10006">ISO 10006</a>:2003, for Quality management systems and guidelines for quality management in projects.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_21500" title="ISO 21500">ISO 21500</a>:2012 – <i>Guidance on project management</i>. This is the first International Standard related to project management published by ISO. Other standards in the 21500 family include 21503:2017 <i>Guidance on programme management</i>; 21504:2015 <i>Guidance on portfolio management</i>; 21505:2017 <i>Guidance on governance</i>; 21506:2018 <i>Vocabulary</i>; 21508:2018 <i>Earned value management in project and programme management</i>; and 21511:2018 <i>Work breakdown structures for project and programme management.</i></li> <li>ISO 21502:2020 Project, programme and portfolio management — Guidance on project management</li> <li>ISO 21503:2022 Project, programme and portfolio management — Guidance on programme management</li> <li>ISO 21504:2015 Project, programme and portfolio management – Guidance on portfolio management</li> <li>ISO 21505:2017 Project, programme and portfolio management - Guidance on governance</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31000" title="ISO 31000">ISO 31000</a>:2009 – Risk management.</li> <li>ISO/IEC/IEEE 16326:2009 – Systems and Software Engineering—Life Cycle Processes—Project Management<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Individual Competence Baseline (ICB) from the International Project Management Association (IPMA).<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capability_Maturity_Model" title="Capability Maturity Model">Capability Maturity Model</a> (CMM) from the <a href="/wiki/Software_Engineering_Institute" title="Software Engineering Institute">Software Engineering Institute</a>.</li> <li>GAPPS, <a href="/wiki/Global_Alliance_for_Project_Performance_Standards" class="mw-redirect" title="Global Alliance for Project Performance Standards">Global Alliance for Project Performance Standards</a> – an open source standard describing COMPETENCIES for project and program managers.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/HERMES_method" title="HERMES method">HERMES method</a>, Swiss general project management method, selected for use in Luxembourg and international organizations.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Logical_framework_approach" class="mw-redirect" title="Logical framework approach">logical framework approach</a> (LFA), which is popular in international development organizations.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PMBOK_Guide" class="mw-redirect" title="PMBOK Guide">PMBOK Guide</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Project_Management_Institute" title="Project Management Institute">Project Management Institute</a> (PMI).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PRINCE2" title="PRINCE2">PRINCE2</a> from <a href="/wiki/AXELOS" title="AXELOS">AXELOS</a>.</li> <li>PM<sup>2</sup>: The Project Management methodology developed by the [European Commission].<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Procedures for Project Formulation and Management (PPFM) by the Indian Ministry of Defence <sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Team_Software_Process" class="mw-redirect" title="Team Software Process">Team Software Process</a> (TSP) from the <a href="/wiki/Software_Engineering_Institute" title="Software Engineering Institute">Software Engineering Institute</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Total_Cost_Management" class="mw-redirect" title="Total Cost Management">Total Cost Management</a> Framework, AACE International's Methodology for Integrated Portfolio, Program and Project Management.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/V-Model" class="mw-redirect" title="V-Model">V-Model</a>, an original systems development method.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Program_management_and_project_networks">Program management and project networks</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Project_management&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Program management and project networks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Program_management" title="Program management">Program management</a></div> <p>Some projects, either identical or different, can be managed as program management. Programs are collections of projects that support a common objective and set of goals. While individual projects have clearly defined and specific scope and timeline, a program's objectives and duration are defined with a lower level of granularity. </p><p>Besides programs and portfolios, additional structures that combine their different characteristics are: project networks, mega-projects, or mega-programs. </p><p>A project network is a temporary project formed of several different distinct evolving phases, crossing organizational lines. Mega-projects and mega-programs are defined as exceptional in terms of size, cost, public and political attention, and competencies required.<sup id="cite_ref-Morcov2021_61-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morcov2021-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Project_portfolio_management">Project portfolio management</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Project_management&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Project portfolio management"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Project_portfolio_management" title="Project portfolio management">Project portfolio management</a></div> <p>An increasing number of organizations are using what is referred to as <a href="/wiki/Project_portfolio_management" title="Project portfolio management">project portfolio management</a> (PPM) as a means of selecting the right projects and then using project management techniques<sup id="cite_ref-AH04_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AH04-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as the means for delivering the outcomes in the form of benefits to the performing public, private or not-for-profit organization. </p><p>Portfolios are collections of similar projects. Portfolio management supports efficiencies of scale, increasing success rates, and reducing project risks, by applying similar standardized techniques to all projects in the portfolio, by a group of project management professionals sharing common tools and knowledge. Organizations often create project management offices as an organizational structure to support project portfolio management in a structured way.<sup id="cite_ref-Morcov2021_61-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morcov2021-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, PPM is usually performed by a dedicated team of managers organized within an enterprise project management office (PMO), usually based within the organization, and headed by a PMO director or chief project officer. In cases where strategic initiatives of an organization form the bulk of the PPM, the head of the PPM is sometimes titled as the chief initiative officer. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Project_management_software">Project management software</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Project_management&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Project management software"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Project_management_software" title="Project management software">Project management software</a> and <a href="/wiki/Project_management_information_system" title="Project management information system">Project management information system</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Project_management_software" title="Project management software">Project management software</a> is software used to help plan, organize, and manage resource pools, develop resource estimates and implement plans. Depending on the sophistication of the software, functionality may include <a href="/wiki/Software_development_effort_estimation" title="Software development effort estimation">estimation</a> and planning, <a href="/wiki/Schedule_(workplace)" title="Schedule (workplace)">scheduling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cost_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Cost control">cost control</a> and <a href="/wiki/Budget_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Budget management">budget management</a>, <a href="/wiki/Resource_allocation" title="Resource allocation">resource allocation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Collaboration_software" class="mw-redirect" title="Collaboration software">collaboration software</a>, <a href="/wiki/Communication" title="Communication">communication</a>, <a href="/wiki/Decision-making_software" title="Decision-making software">decision-making</a>, <a href="/wiki/Workflow_management_system" title="Workflow management system">workflow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Risk_management_tools" title="Risk management tools">risk</a>, quality, <a href="/wiki/Documentation" title="Documentation">documentation</a>, and/or administration systems.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Virtual_project_management">Virtual project management</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Project_management&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Virtual project management"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Virtual program management (VPM) is management of a project done by a <a href="/wiki/Virtual_team" title="Virtual team">virtual team</a>, though it rarely may refer to a project implementing a virtual environment<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is noted that managing a virtual project is fundamentally different from managing traditional projects,<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> combining concerns of <a href="/wiki/Remote_work" title="Remote work">remote work</a> and global collaboration (culture, time zones, language).<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Project_management&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Related_fields">Related fields</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Project_management&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Related fields"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agile_construction" title="Agile construction">Agile construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architectural_engineering" title="Architectural engineering">Architectural engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_management" title="Construction management">Construction management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cost_engineering" title="Cost engineering">Cost engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Facilitation_(business)" class="mw-redirect" title="Facilitation (business)">Facilitation (business)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_engineering" title="Industrial engineering">Industrial engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Production_Management" class="mw-redirect" title="Project Production Management">Project Production Management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_management_software" title="Project management software">Project management software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_portfolio_management" title="Project portfolio management">Project portfolio management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_management_office" title="Project management office">Project management office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_workforce_management" title="Project workforce management">Project workforce management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_project_management" title="Software project management">Software project management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_engineering" title="Systems engineering">Systems engineering</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Related_subjects">Related subjects</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Project_management&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Related subjects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agile_management" title="Agile management">Agile management</a> is the application of the principles of Agile software development and Lean Management to various management processes, particularly product development.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decision-making" title="Decision-making">Decision-making</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_theory" title="Game theory">Game theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earned_value_management" title="Earned value management">Earned value management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_factors" class="mw-redirect" title="Human factors">Human factors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanban_(development)" title="Kanban (development)">Kanban (development)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kickoff_meeting" title="Kickoff meeting">Kickoff meeting</a> is the first meeting with the project team and with or without the client of the project.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operations_research" title="Operations research">Operations research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_project_management" title="Outline of project management">Outline of project management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmortem_documentation" title="Postmortem documentation">Postmortem documentation</a> is a process used to identify the causes of a project failure, and how to prevent them in the future.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_architecture" title="Process architecture">Process architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Program_management" title="Program management">Program management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_accounting" title="Project accounting">Project accounting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_governance" title="Project governance">Project governance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_management_office" title="Project management office">Project management office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_management_simulation" title="Project management simulation">Project management simulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Return_on_time_invested" title="Return on time invested">Return on time invested</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small-scale_project_management" title="Small-scale project management">Small-scale project management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_development_process" title="Software development process">Software development process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_project_management" title="Social project management">Social project management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_development_life_cycle" title="Systems development life cycle">Systems development life cycle</a> (SDLC)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lists">Lists</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Project_management&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Lists"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_project_management_software" title="Comparison of project management software">Comparison of project management software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_project_management" title="Glossary of project management">Glossary of project management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_collaborative_software" title="List of collaborative software">List of collaborative software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_project_management_topics" class="mw-redirect" title="List of project management topics">List of project management topics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_project_management" title="Timeline of project management">Timeline of project management</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Project_management&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPhillips2004" class="citation book cs1">Phillips, Joseph (2004). <i>PMP Project Management Professional Study Guide</i>. McGraw-Hill/Osborne. p. 354. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0072230622" title="Special:BookSources/0072230622"><bdi>0072230622</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=PMP+Project+Management+Professional+Study+Guide&rft.pages=354&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill%2FOsborne&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0072230622&rft.aulast=Phillips&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProject+management" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaratta2006" class="citation web cs1">Baratta, Angelo (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pmi.org/learning/library/triple-constraint-erroneous-useless-value-8024">"The triple constraint a triple illusion"</a>. <i>PMI</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 22,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PMI&rft.atitle=The+triple+constraint+a+triple+illusion&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Baratta&rft.aufirst=Angelo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pmi.org%2Flearning%2Flibrary%2Ftriple-constraint-erroneous-useless-value-8024&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProject+management" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNokesKelly2007" class="citation book cs1">Nokes, Sebastian; Kelly, Sean (2007). <i>The Definitive Guide to Project Management: The Fast Track to Getting the Job Done on Time and on Budget</i>. Pearson Education. Prentice Hall Financial Times. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780273710974" title="Special:BookSources/9780273710974"><bdi>9780273710974</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Definitive+Guide+to+Project+Management%3A+The+Fast+Track+to+Getting+the+Job+Done+on+Time+and+on+Budget&rft.pub=Pearson+Education.+Prentice+Hall+Financial+Times&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780273710974&rft.aulast=Nokes&rft.aufirst=Sebastian&rft.au=Kelly%2C+Sean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProject+management" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pmi.org/About-Us/About-Us-What-is-Project-Management.aspx">"What is Project Management?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Project_Management_Institute" title="Project Management Institute">Project Management Institute</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 4,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+is+Project+Management%3F&rft.pub=Project+Management+Institute&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pmi.org%2FAbout-Us%2FAbout-Us-What-is-Project-Management.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProject+management" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDinsmoreCooke-Davies2005" class="citation book cs1">Dinsmore, Paul C.; Cooke-Davies, Terence J. (November 4, 2005). <i>Right Projects Done Right: From Business Strategy to Successful Project Implementation</i>. Wiley. p. 35. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0787971138" title="Special:BookSources/0787971138"><bdi>0787971138</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Right+Projects+Done+Right%3A+From+Business+Strategy+to+Successful+Project+Implementation&rft.pages=35&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2005-11-04&rft.isbn=0787971138&rft.aulast=Dinsmore&rft.aufirst=Paul+C.&rft.au=Cooke-Davies%2C+Terence+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProject+management" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cattani201u1-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cattani201u1_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCattani,_G.Ferriani,_S.Frederiksen,_L.Florian,_T.2011" class="citation book cs1">Cattani, G.; Ferriani, S.; Frederiksen, L.; Florian, T. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.emeraldinsight.com/books.htm?issn=0742-3322&volume=28"><i>Project-Based Organizing and Strategic Management</i></a>. Advances in Strategic Management. Vol. 28. Emerald. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1780521930" title="Special:BookSources/978-1780521930"><bdi>978-1780521930</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Project-Based+Organizing+and+Strategic+Management&rft.series=Advances+in+Strategic+Management&rft.pub=Emerald&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1780521930&rft.au=Cattani%2C+G.&rft.au=Ferriani%2C+S.&rft.au=Frederiksen%2C+L.&rft.au=Florian%2C+T.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.emeraldinsight.com%2Fbooks.htm%3Fissn%3D0742-3322%26volume%3D28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProject+management" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLock" class="citation book cs1">Lock, Dennis. <i>Project Management</i> (9 ed.). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780566087721" title="Special:BookSources/9780566087721"><bdi>9780566087721</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Project+Management&rft.edition=9&rft.isbn=9780566087721&rft.aulast=Lock&rft.aufirst=Dennis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProject+management" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-YHK05-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-YHK05_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKwak2005" class="citation book cs1">Kwak, Young-Hoon (2005). "A brief History of Project Management". In <a href="/wiki/Elias_G._Carayannis" title="Elias G. Carayannis">Elias G. Carayannis</a> (ed.). <i>The story of managing projects</i>. Bloomsbury Academic. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1567205062" title="Special:BookSources/1567205062"><bdi>1567205062</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+brief+History+of+Project+Management&rft.btitle=The+story+of+managing+projects&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=1567205062&rft.aulast=Kwak&rft.aufirst=Young-Hoon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProject+management" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClelandGareis2006" class="citation book cs1">Cleland, David; Gareis, Roland (May 25, 2006). "1: The evolution of project management". <i>Global Project Management Handbook</i>. McGraw-Hill Education. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0071460454" title="Special:BookSources/0071460454"><bdi>0071460454</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=1%3A+The+evolution+of+project+management&rft.btitle=Global+Project+Management+Handbook&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill+Education&rft.date=2006-05-25&rft.isbn=0071460454&rft.aulast=Cleland&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Gareis%2C+Roland&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProject+management" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStevens2002" class="citation book cs1">Stevens, Martin (2002). <i>Project Management Pathways</i>. Association for Project Management. p. xxii. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/190349401X" title="Special:BookSources/190349401X"><bdi>190349401X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Project+Management+Pathways&rft.pages=xxii&rft.pub=Association+for+Project+Management&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=190349401X&rft.aulast=Stevens&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProject+management" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarsh1975" class="citation journal cs1">Marsh, Edward R. (1975). "The Harmonogram of Karol Adamiecki". <i>The Academy of Management Journal</i>. <b>18</b> (2): 358–364. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/255537">255537</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Academy+of+Management+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Harmonogram+of+Karol+Adamiecki&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=358-364&rft.date=1975&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F255537%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Marsh&rft.aufirst=Edward+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProject+management" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWitzel2003" class="citation book cs1">Witzel, Morgen (2003). <i>Fifty Key Figures in Management</i>. Psychology Press. pp. 96–101. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0415369770" title="Special:BookSources/0415369770"><bdi>0415369770</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fifty+Key+Figures+in+Management&rft.pages=96-101&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0415369770&rft.aulast=Witzel&rft.aufirst=Morgen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProject+management" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ClGa06-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ClGa06_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClelandGareis2006" class="citation book cs1">Cleland, David; Gareis, Roland (May 25, 2006). <i>Global Project Management Handbook: Planning, Organizing and Controlling International Projects</i>. McGraw-Hill Education. pp. 1–4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0071460454" title="Special:BookSources/0071460454"><bdi>0071460454</bdi></a>. <q>It was in the 1950s when project management was formally recognized as a distinct contribution arising from the management discipline.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Global+Project+Management+Handbook%3A+Planning%2C+Organizing+and+Controlling+International+Projects&rft.pages=1-4&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill+Education&rft.date=2006-05-25&rft.isbn=0071460454&rft.aulast=Cleland&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Gareis%2C+Roland&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProject+management" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalcolmRoseboomClarkFazar1959" class="citation journal cs1">Malcolm, D. G.; Roseboom, J. H.; Clark, C. E.; Fazar, W. (1959). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mosaicprojects.com.au/PDF/PM-History_PERT-Original_Paper.pdf">"Application of a technique for research and development program evaluation"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Operations Research</i>. <b>7</b> (5): 646–669. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1287%2Fopre.7.5.646">10.1287/opre.7.5.646</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Operations+Research&rft.atitle=Application+of+a+technique+for+research+and+development+program+evaluation&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=646-669&rft.date=1959&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1287%2Fopre.7.5.646&rft.aulast=Malcolm&rft.aufirst=D.+G.&rft.au=Roseboom%2C+J.+H.&rft.au=Clark%2C+C.+E.&rft.au=Fazar%2C+W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mosaicprojects.com.au%2FPDF%2FPM-History_PERT-Original_Paper.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProject+management" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarrisonLock2004" class="citation book cs1">Harrison, F. L.; Lock, Dennis (2004). <i>Advanced Project Management: A Structured Approach</i>. Gower Publishing. p. 34. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0566078228" title="Special:BookSources/0566078228"><bdi>0566078228</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Advanced+Project+Management%3A+A+Structured+Approach&rft.pages=34&rft.pub=Gower+Publishing&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0566078228&rft.aulast=Harrison&rft.aufirst=F.+L.&rft.au=Lock%2C+Dennis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProject+management" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaladis2006" class="citation journal cs1">Saladis, F. P. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pmi.org/learning/library/bringing-pmbok-guide-life-practical-8009">"Bringing the PMBOK® guide to life"</a>. <i>PMI Global Congress</i>. Seattle, WA: Project Management Institute.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PMI+Global+Congress&rft.atitle=Bringing+the+PMBOK%C2%AE+guide+to+life&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Saladis&rft.aufirst=F.+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pmi.org%2Flearning%2Flibrary%2Fbringing-pmbok-guide-life-practical-8009&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProject+management" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Contruction_Project_Management-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Contruction_Project_Management_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131128105639/http://cmaanet.org/certified-construction-manager">"Certified Construction Manager"</a>. CMAA. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cmaanet.org/certified-construction-manager">the original</a> on November 28, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 23,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Certified+Construction+Manager&rft.pub=CMAA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcmaanet.org%2Fcertified-construction-manager&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProject+management" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pce.uw.edu/certificates/biotechnology-project-management.html">"Certificate in Biotechnology Project Management"</a>. University of Washington<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 23,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Certificate+in+Biotechnology+Project+Management&rft.pub=University+of+Washington&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pce.uw.edu%2Fcertificates%2Fbiotechnology-project-management.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProject+management" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShaImmerwahr2018" class="citation journal cs1">Sha, Mandy; Immerwahr, Stephen (February 19, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.surveypractice.org/article/3248-survey-translation-why-and-how-should-researchers-and-managers-be-engaged">"Survey Translation: Why and How Should Researchers and Managers be Engaged?"</a>. <i>Survey Practice</i>. <b>11</b> (2): 1–10. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.29115%2FSP-2018-0016">10.29115/SP-2018-0016</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Survey+Practice&rft.atitle=Survey+Translation%3A+Why+and+How+Should+Researchers+and+Managers+be+Engaged%3F&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=1-10&rft.date=2018-02-19&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.29115%2FSP-2018-0016&rft.aulast=Sha&rft.aufirst=Mandy&rft.au=Immerwahr%2C+Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.surveypractice.org%2Farticle%2F3248-survey-translation-why-and-how-should-researchers-and-managers-be-engaged&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProject+management" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShaChilds2014" class="citation journal cs1">Sha, Mandy; Childs, Jennifer Hunter (August 1, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.surveypractice.org/article/2865-applying-a-project-management-approach-to-survey-research-projects-that-use-qualitative-methods">"Applying a project management approach to survey research projects that use qualitative methods"</a>. <i>Survey Practice</i>. <b>7</b> (4): 1–8. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.29115%2FSP-2014-0021">10.29115/SP-2014-0021</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Survey+Practice&rft.atitle=Applying+a+project+management+approach+to+survey+research+projects+that+use+qualitative+methods&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=1-8&rft.date=2014-08-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.29115%2FSP-2014-0021&rft.aulast=Sha&rft.aufirst=Mandy&rft.au=Childs%2C+Jennifer+Hunter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.surveypractice.org%2Farticle%2F2865-applying-a-project-management-approach-to-survey-research-projects-that-use-qualitative-methods&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProject+management" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEsselink2000" class="citation book cs1">Esselink, Bert (2000). <i>A Practical Guide to Localization</i>. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company. p. 428. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-027-21956-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-9-027-21956-5"><bdi>978-9-027-21956-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Practical+Guide+to+Localization&rft.place=Amsterdam%2FPhiladelphia&rft.pages=428&rft.pub=John+Benjamins+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-9-027-21956-5&rft.aulast=Esselink&rft.aufirst=Bert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProject+management" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMesly2016" class="citation book cs1">Mesly, Olivier (December 15, 2016). <i>Project Feasibility: Tools for Uncovering Points of Vulnerability</i>. CRC Press, Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781498757911" title="Special:BookSources/9781498757911"><bdi>9781498757911</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Project+Feasibility%3A+Tools+for+Uncovering+Points+of+Vulnerability&rft.pub=CRC+Press%2C+Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2016-12-15&rft.isbn=9781498757911&rft.aulast=Mesly&rft.aufirst=Olivier&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProject+management" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cf. The Bridger (blog), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thebridger.co.uk/project-management-pmp-prince-2-or-an-iterative-or-agile-variant/">"Project management: PMP, Prince 2, or an Iterative or Agile variant"</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSerraKunc2014" class="citation journal cs1">Serra, C. E. M.; Kunc, M. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/60436/">"Benefits Realisation Management and its influence on project success and on the execution of business strategies"</a>. <i>International Journal of Project Management</i>. <b>33</b> (1): 53–66. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ijproman.2014.03.011">10.1016/j.ijproman.2014.03.011</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Project+Management&rft.atitle=Benefits+Realisation+Management+and+its+influence+on+project+success+and+on+the+execution+of+business+strategies&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=53-66&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.ijproman.2014.03.011&rft.aulast=Serra&rft.aufirst=C.+E.+M.&rft.au=Kunc%2C+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwrap.warwick.ac.uk%2F60436%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProject+management" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pmi.org/learning/library/going-beyond-critical-path-method-6297">"Going Beyond Critical Path Method"</a>. <i>www.pmi.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 27,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.pmi.org&rft.atitle=Going+Beyond+Critical+Path+Method&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pmi.org%2Flearning%2Flibrary%2Fgoing-beyond-critical-path-method-6297&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProject+management" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMahmoudiBagherpourJaved2021" class="citation journal cs1">Mahmoudi, Amin; Bagherpour, Morteza; Javed, Saad Ahmed (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tem.2019.2920904">"Grey Earned Value Management: Theory and Applications"</a>. <i>IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management</i>. <b>68</b> (6): 1703–1721. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2Ftem.2019.2920904">10.1109/tem.2019.2920904</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0018-9391">0018-9391</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:202102868">202102868</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IEEE+Transactions+on+Engineering+Management&rft.atitle=Grey+Earned+Value+Management%3A+Theory+and+Applications&rft.volume=68&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=1703-1721&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A202102868%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0018-9391&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2Ftem.2019.2920904&rft.aulast=Mahmoudi&rft.aufirst=Amin&rft.au=Bagherpour%2C+Morteza&rft.au=Javed%2C+Saad+Ahmed&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1109%2Ftem.2019.2920904&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProject+management" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHass2010" class="citation news cs1">Hass, Kathleen B. (Kitty) (March 2, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.projecttimes.com/articles/managing-complex-projects-that-are-too-large-too-long-and-too-costly.html">"Managing Complex Projects that are Too Large, Too Long and Too Costly"</a>. <i>PM Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 27,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PM+Times&rft.atitle=Managing+Complex+Projects+that+are+Too+Large%2C+Too+Long+and+Too+Costly&rft.date=2010-03-02&rft.aulast=Hass&rft.aufirst=Kathleen+B.+%28Kitty%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.projecttimes.com%2Farticles%2Fmanaging-complex-projects-that-are-too-large-too-long-and-too-costly.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProject+management" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConfortoSalumAmaralda_Silva2014" class="citation journal cs1">Conforto, E. C.; Salum, F.; Amaral, D. C.; da Silva, S. L.; Magnanini de Almeida, L. F (June 2014). "Can agile project management be adopted by industries other than software development?". <i>Project Management Journal</i>. <b>45</b> (3): 21–34. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fpmj.21410">10.1002/pmj.21410</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:110595660">110595660</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Project+Management+Journal&rft.atitle=Can+agile+project+management+be+adopted+by+industries+other+than+software+development%3F&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=21-34&rft.date=2014-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fpmj.21410&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A110595660%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Conforto&rft.aufirst=E.+C.&rft.au=Salum%2C+F.&rft.au=Amaral%2C+D.+C.&rft.au=da+Silva%2C+S.+L.&rft.au=Magnanini+de+Almeida%2C+L.+F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProject+management" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSnowdenBoone2007" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dave_Snowden" title="Dave Snowden">Snowden, David J.</a>; Boone, Mary E. (November 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hbr.org/2007/11/a-leaders-framework-for-decision-making">"A Leader's Framework for Decision Making"</a>. <i>Harvard Business Review</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 27,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Harvard+Business+Review&rft.atitle=A+Leader%27s+Framework+for+Decision+Making&rft.date=2007-11&rft.aulast=Snowden&rft.aufirst=David+J.&rft.au=Boone%2C+Mary+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhbr.org%2F2007%2F11%2Fa-leaders-framework-for-decision-making&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProject+management" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://innovationengineering.org/news/stanford-researchers-rate-innovation-engineering-as-breakout-innovation-system/">"Stanford Research Study Finds Innovation Engineering is a true "Breakout Innovation" System"</a>. <i>IE News</i>. June 20, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 11,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IE+News&rft.atitle=Stanford+Research+Study+Finds+Innovation+Engineering+is+a+true+%22Breakout+Innovation%22+System&rft.date=2017-06-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finnovationengineering.org%2Fnews%2Fstanford-researchers-rate-innovation-engineering-as-breakout-innovation-system%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProject+management" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wysocki-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wysocki_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWysocki2013" class="citation book cs1">Wysocki, Robert K. (2013). <i>Effective Project Management: Traditional, Adaptive, Extreme</i> (Seventh ed.). <a href="/wiki/John_Wiley_%26_Sons" class="mw-redirect" title="John Wiley & Sons">John Wiley & Sons</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1118729168" title="Special:BookSources/978-1118729168"><bdi>978-1118729168</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Effective+Project+Management%3A+Traditional%2C+Adaptive%2C+Extreme&rft.edition=Seventh&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1118729168&rft.aulast=Wysocki&rft.aufirst=Robert+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProject+management" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Roy70-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Roy70_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoyce1970" class="citation journal cs1">Royce, Winston W. (August 25–28, 1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160315200930/http://www.cs.umd.edu/class/spring2003/cmsc838p/Process/waterfall.pdf">"Managing the Development of Large Software Systems"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Technical Papers of Western Electronic Show and Convention (WesCon)</i>. Los Angeles. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cs.umd.edu/class/spring2003/cmsc838p/Process/waterfall.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on March 15, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Technical+Papers+of+Western+Electronic+Show+and+Convention+%28WesCon%29&rft.atitle=Managing+the+Development+of+Large+Software+Systems&rft.date=1970-08-25%2F1970-08-28&rft.aulast=Royce&rft.aufirst=Winston+W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cs.umd.edu%2Fclass%2Fspring2003%2Fcmsc838p%2FProcess%2Fwaterfall.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProject+management" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: date and year (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_date_and_year" title="Category:CS1 maint: date and year">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stellman05-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stellman05_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stellman05_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStellmanGreene2005" class="citation book cs1">Stellman, Andrew; Greene, Jennifer (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150209011617/http://www.stellman-greene.com/aspm/"><i>Applied Software Project Management</i></a>. O'Reilly Media. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-596-00948-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-596-00948-9"><bdi>978-0-596-00948-9</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stellman-greene.com/aspm/">the original</a> on February 9, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Applied+Software+Project+Management&rft.pub=O%27Reilly+Media&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-596-00948-9&rft.aulast=Stellman&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft.au=Greene%2C+Jennifer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stellman-greene.com%2Faspm%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProject+management" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCafferHarris2013" class="citation book cs1">McCaffer, Ronald; Harris, Frank (2013). <i>Modern construction management</i>. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1118510186" title="Special:BookSources/978-1118510186"><bdi>978-1118510186</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/834624541">834624541</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+construction+management&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F834624541&rft.isbn=978-1118510186&rft.aulast=McCaffer&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rft.au=Harris%2C+Frank&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProject+management" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-managing-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-managing_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Office for Government Commerce (1996) <i>Managing Successful Projects with PRINCE2</i>, p14</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20110822131357/http://www.ogc.gov.uk/methods_prince_2__background.asp">"OGC – PRINCE2 – Background"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ogc.gov.uk/methods_prince_2__background.asp">the original</a> on August 22, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=OGC+%E2%80%93+PRINCE2+%E2%80%93+Background&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ogc.gov.uk%2Fmethods_prince_2__background.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProject+management" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-VA03-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-VA03_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-VA03_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-VA03_37-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-VA03_37-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-VA03_37-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-VA03_37-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090114104001/http://www.ppoe.oit.va.gov/docs/VA_IT_PM_Guide.pdf">"Project Management Guide"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>VA Office of Information and Technology</i>. 2003. Archived from the original on January 14, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=VA+Office+of+Information+and+Technology&rft.atitle=Project+Management+Guide&rft.date=2003&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ppoe.oit.va.gov%2Fdocs%2FVA_IT_PM_Guide.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProject+management" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unfit URL (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PMI_10-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PMI_10_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PMI_10_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PMI_10_38-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Project_Management_Institute" title="Project Management Institute">PMI</a> (2010). <i>A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge</i>, pp. 27-35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nathan, Peter; Gerald Everett Jones (2003). <i>PMP certification for dummies</i>, p. 63.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKerzner,_Harold2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Harold_Kerzner" title="Harold Kerzner">Kerzner, Harold</a> (2003). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/projectmanagemen0000kerz_h0w8"><i>Project Management: A Systems Approach to Planning, Scheduling, and Controlling</i></a></span> (8th ed.). Wiley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-471-22577-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-471-22577-0"><bdi>0-471-22577-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Project+Management%3A+A+Systems+Approach+to+Planning%2C+Scheduling%2C+and+Controlling&rft.edition=8th&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-471-22577-0&rft.au=Kerzner%2C+Harold&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fprojectmanagemen0000kerz_h0w8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProject+management" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JPL00-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-JPL00_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JPL00_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Lewis, James P. (2000). <i>The project manager's desk reference: a comprehensive guide to project planning, scheduling, evaluation, and systems</i>. p. 185.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEccles1981" class="citation journal cs1">Eccles, Robert G. (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://econpapers.repec.org/article/eeejeborg/v_3a2_3ay_3a1981_3ai_3a4_3ap_3a335-357.htm">"The quasifirm in the construction industry"</a>. <i>Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization</i>. <b>2</b> (4): 335–357. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0167-2681%2881%2990013-5">10.1016/0167-2681(81)90013-5</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0167-2681">0167-2681</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Economic+Behavior+%26+Organization&rft.atitle=The+quasifirm+in+the+construction+industry&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=335-357&rft.date=1981&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0167-2681%2881%2990013-5&rft.issn=0167-2681&rft.aulast=Eccles&rft.aufirst=Robert+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feconpapers.repec.org%2Farticle%2Feeejeborg%2Fv_3a2_3ay_3a1981_3ai_3a4_3ap_3a335-357.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProject+management" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaviesHobday2005" class="citation book cs1">Davies, Andrew; Hobday, Michael (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://research.brighton.ac.uk/en/publications/the-business-of-projects-managing-innovation-in-complex-products-"><i>The Business of projects: managing innovation in complex products and systems</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-84328-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-84328-7"><bdi>978-0-521-84328-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Business+of+projects%3A+managing+innovation+in+complex+products+and+systems&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-521-84328-7&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft.au=Hobday%2C+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fresearch.brighton.ac.uk%2Fen%2Fpublications%2Fthe-business-of-projects-managing-innovation-in-complex-products-&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProject+management" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGannSalterDodgsonPhilips2012" class="citation journal cs1">Gann, David; Salter, Ammon; Dodgson, Mark; Philips, Nelson (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://researchportal.bath.ac.uk/en/publications/inside-the-world-of-the-project-baron">"Inside the world of the project baron"</a>. <i>MIT Sloan Management Review</i>. <b>53</b> (3): 63–71. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1532-9194">1532-9194</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=MIT+Sloan+Management+Review&rft.atitle=Inside+the+world+of+the+project+baron&rft.volume=53&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=63-71&rft.date=2012&rft.issn=1532-9194&rft.aulast=Gann&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Salter%2C+Ammon&rft.au=Dodgson%2C+Mark&rft.au=Philips%2C+Nelson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fresearchportal.bath.ac.uk%2Fen%2Fpublications%2Finside-the-world-of-the-project-baron&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProject+management" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeng2012" class="citation journal cs1">Meng, Xianhai (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pure.qub.ac.uk/en/publications/the-effect-of-relationship-management-on-project-performance-in-c">"The effect of relationship management on project performance in construction"</a>. <i>International Journal of Project Management</i>. <b>30</b> (2): 188–198. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ijproman.2011.04.002">10.1016/j.ijproman.2011.04.002</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Project+Management&rft.atitle=The+effect+of+relationship+management+on+project+performance+in+construction&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=188-198&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.ijproman.2011.04.002&rft.aulast=Meng&rft.aufirst=Xianhai&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpure.qub.ac.uk%2Fen%2Fpublications%2Fthe-effect-of-relationship-management-on-project-performance-in-c&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProject+management" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PM-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PM_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohen_Kashi_S.,_Rozenes_S._&_Ben-Gal,_I._(2016)." class="citation web cs1">Cohen Kashi S., Rozenes S. & Ben-Gal, I. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eng.tau.ac.il/~bengal/PMentropy-published.pdf">"Project Management Monitoring Based on Expected Duration Entropy"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. In Entropy 2020, 22, 905.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Project+Management+Monitoring+Based+on+Expected+Duration+Entropy&rft.pub=In+Entropy+2020%2C+22%2C+905&rft.au=Cohen+Kashi+S.%2C+Rozenes+S.+%26+Ben-Gal%2C+I.+%282016%29.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eng.tau.ac.il%2F~bengal%2FPMentropy-published.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProject+management" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeckerKugelerRosemann2003" class="citation book cs1">Becker, Jarg; Kugeler, Martin; Rosemann, Michael (2003). <i>Process Management: A guide for the design of business processes</i>. Springer. p. 27. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783540434993" title="Special:BookSources/9783540434993"><bdi>9783540434993</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Process+Management%3A+A+guide+for+the+design+of+business+processes&rft.pages=27&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9783540434993&rft.aulast=Becker&rft.aufirst=Jarg&rft.au=Kugeler%2C+Martin&rft.au=Rosemann%2C+Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProject+management" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schlagheck, Bernhard (2000). <i>Objektorientierte Referenzmodelle für das Prozess- und Projektcontrolling: Grundlagen - Konstruktion - Anwendungsmöglichkeiten</i>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8244-7162-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8244-7162-1">978-3-8244-7162-1</a>, p. 131.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Riedl, Josef E. (1990). <i>Projekt-Controlling in Forschung und Entwicklung</i>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-51963-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-540-51963-8">978-3-540-51963-8</a>, p. 99.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Steinle, Bruch, Lawa (1995). <i>Projektmanagement</i>. FAZ Verlagsbereich Wirtschaftsbücher, pp. 136–143.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Snyder, Cynthia; Frank Parth (2006). <i>Introduction to IT Project Management</i>, pp. 393-397.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbdouYongOthman2016" class="citation journal cs1">Abdou, Saed M; Yong, Kuan; Othman, Mohammed (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1051%2Fmatecconf%2F20166600065">"Project Complexity Influence on Project management performance – The Malaysian perspective"</a>. <i>MATEC Web of Conferences</i>. <b>66</b>: 00065. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1051%2Fmatecconf%2F20166600065">10.1051/matecconf/20166600065</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2261-236X">2261-236X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=MATEC+Web+of+Conferences&rft.atitle=Project+Complexity+Influence+on+Project+management+performance+%E2%80%93+The+Malaysian+perspective&rft.volume=66&rft.pages=00065&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1051%2Fmatecconf%2F20166600065&rft.issn=2261-236X&rft.aulast=Abdou&rft.aufirst=Saed+M&rft.au=Yong%2C+Kuan&rft.au=Othman%2C+Mohammed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1051%252Fmatecconf%252F20166600065&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProject+management" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorcovPintelonKusters2020" class="citation journal cs1">Morcov, Stefan; Pintelon, Liliane; Kusters, Rob J. (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciencesphere.org/ijispm/archive/ijispm-080201.pdf">"Definitions, characteristics and measures of IT Project Complexity - a Systematic Literature Review"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>International Journal of Information Systems and Project Management</i>. <b>8</b> (2): 5–21. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.12821%2Fijispm080201">10.12821/ijispm080201</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:220545211">220545211</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Information+Systems+and+Project+Management&rft.atitle=Definitions%2C+characteristics+and+measures+of+IT+Project+Complexity+-+a+Systematic+Literature+Review&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=5-21&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.12821%2Fijispm080201&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A220545211%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Morcov&rft.aufirst=Stefan&rft.au=Pintelon%2C+Liliane&rft.au=Kusters%2C+Rob+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencesphere.org%2Fijispm%2Farchive%2Fijispm-080201.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProject+management" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Springer-Verlag-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Springer-Verlag_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Springer-Verlag_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarleVidal2016" class="citation book cs1">Marle, Franck; Vidal, Ludovic-Alexandre (2016). <i>Managing Complex, High Risk Projects - A Guide to Basic and Advanced Project Management</i>. London: Springer-Verlag.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Managing+Complex%2C+High+Risk+Projects+-+A+Guide+to+Basic+and+Advanced+Project+Management&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Springer-Verlag&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Marle&rft.aufirst=Franck&rft.au=Vidal%2C+Ludovic-Alexandre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProject+management" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVidalMarleBocquet2011" class="citation journal cs1">Vidal, Ludovic-Alexandre; Marle, Franck; Bocquet, Jean-Claude (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01215358/file/Vidal%20et%20al%20-%202011%20-%20IJPM%20-%20Measuring%20project%20complexity%20using%20the%20AHP.pdf">"Measuring project complexity using the Analytic Hierarchy Process"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>International Journal of Project Management</i>. <b>29</b> (6): 718–727. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ijproman.2010.07.005">10.1016/j.ijproman.2010.07.005</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:111186583">111186583</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Project+Management&rft.atitle=Measuring+project+complexity+using+the+Analytic+Hierarchy+Process&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=718-727&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.ijproman.2010.07.005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A111186583%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Vidal&rft.aufirst=Ludovic-Alexandre&rft.au=Marle%2C+Franck&rft.au=Bocquet%2C+Jean-Claude&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhal.archives-ouvertes.fr%2Fhal-01215358%2Ffile%2FVidal%2520et%2520al%2520-%25202011%2520-%2520IJPM%2520-%2520Measuring%2520project%2520complexity%2520using%2520the%2520AHP.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProject+management" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVidalMarle2008" class="citation journal cs1">Vidal, Ludovic-Alexandre; Marle, Franck (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01215364/file/Vidal%20and%20Marle%20-%202008%20-%20Kybernetes%20-%20Understanding%20project%20complexity.pdf">"Understanding project complexity: implications on project management"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Kybernetes</i>. <b>37</b> (8): 1094–1110. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1108%2F03684920810884928">10.1108/03684920810884928</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Kybernetes&rft.atitle=Understanding+project+complexity%3A+implications+on+project+management&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=1094-1110&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1108%2F03684920810884928&rft.aulast=Vidal&rft.aufirst=Ludovic-Alexandre&rft.au=Marle%2C+Franck&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhal.archives-ouvertes.fr%2Fhal-01215364%2Ffile%2FVidal%2520and%2520Marle%2520-%25202008%2520-%2520Kybernetes%2520-%2520Understanding%2520project%2520complexity.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProject+management" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaccarini1996" class="citation journal cs1">Baccarini, D. (1996). "The concept of project complexity, a review". <i>International Journal of Project Management</i>. <b>14</b> (4): 201–204. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0263-7863%2895%2900093-3">10.1016/0263-7863(95)00093-3</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Project+Management&rft.atitle=The+concept+of+project+complexity%2C+a+review&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=201-204&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0263-7863%2895%2900093-3&rft.aulast=Baccarini&rft.aufirst=D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProject+management" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSnowden,_David_J.;_Boone,_Mary_E.2007" class="citation journal cs1">Snowden, David J.; Boone, Mary E. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hbr.org/2007/11/a-leaders-framework-for-decision-making">"A Leader's Framework for Decision Making"</a>. <i>Harvard Business Review</i>. <b>85</b> (11): 68–76.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Harvard+Business+Review&rft.atitle=A+Leader%27s+Framework+for+Decision+Making&rft.volume=85&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=68-76&rft.date=2007&rft.au=Snowden%2C+David+J.%3B+Boone%2C+Mary+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhbr.org%2F2007%2F11%2Fa-leaders-framework-for-decision-making&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProject+management" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaurer2017" class="citation book cs1">Maurer, Maik (2017). <i>Complexity Management in Engineering Design – a Primer</i>. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Complexity+Management+in+Engineering+Design+%E2%80%93+a+Primer&rft.place=Berlin%2C+Heidelberg&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Maurer&rft.aufirst=Maik&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProject+management" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKurtz,_C._F.;_Snowden,_David_J.2003" class="citation journal cs1">Kurtz, C. F.; Snowden, David J. (2003). "The new dynamics of strategy: Sense-making in a complex and complicated world". <i>IBM Systems Journal</i>. <b>42</b> (3): 462–483. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1147%2Fsj.423.0462">10.1147/sj.423.0462</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:1571304">1571304</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IBM+Systems+Journal&rft.atitle=The+new+dynamics+of+strategy%3A+Sense-making+in+a+complex+and+complicated+world&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=462-483&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1147%2Fsj.423.0462&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A1571304%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=Kurtz%2C+C.+F.%3B+Snowden%2C+David+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProject+management" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Morcov2021-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Morcov2021_61-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Morcov2021_61-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Morcov2021_61-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Morcov2021_61-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Morcov2021_61-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Morcov2021_61-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorcov2021" class="citation web cs1">Morcov, S. (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lirias.kuleuven.be/retrieve/637007">"Managing Positive and Negative Complexity: Design and Validation of an IT Project Complexity Management Framework"</a>. <i>KU Leuven University</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=KU+Leuven+University&rft.atitle=Managing+Positive+and+Negative+Complexity%3A+Design+and+Validation+of+an+IT+Project+Complexity+Management+Framework&rft.date=2021&rft.aulast=Morcov&rft.aufirst=S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flirias.kuleuven.be%2Fretrieve%2F637007&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProject+management" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorris1994" class="citation book cs1">Morris, Peter (1994). <i>The management of projects</i>. London: T. Telford. p. 317. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0727725936" title="Special:BookSources/978-0727725936"><bdi>978-0727725936</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/30437274">30437274</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+management+of+projects&rft.place=London&rft.pages=317&rft.pub=T.+Telford&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F30437274&rft.isbn=978-0727725936&rft.aulast=Morris&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProject+management" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Gower handbook of people in project management</i>. Lock, Dennis., Scott, Lindsay, 1974-. Farnham, Surrey: Gower Publishing. 2013. p. 398. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1409437857" title="Special:BookSources/978-1409437857"><bdi>978-1409437857</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/855019788">855019788</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gower+handbook+of+people+in+project+management&rft.place=Farnham%2C+Surrey&rft.pages=398&rft.pub=Gower+Publishing&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F855019788&rft.isbn=978-1409437857&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProject+management" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: others (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others" title="Category:CS1 maint: others">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theprojectmanager.co.za/articles/pmos-12444.html">"PMOs"</a>. <i>www.theprojectmanager.co.za</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 1,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.theprojectmanager.co.za&rft.atitle=PMOs&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theprojectmanager.co.za%2Farticles%2Fpmos-12444.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProject+management" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCommission" class="citation web cs1">Commission, Australian Public Service. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.apsc.gov.au/publications-and-media/current-publications/optimal-management-structures">"APS framework for optimal management structures"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 1,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=APS+framework+for+optimal+management+structures&rft.aulast=Commission&rft.aufirst=Australian+Public+Service&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.apsc.gov.au%2Fpublications-and-media%2Fcurrent-publications%2Foptimal-management-structures&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProject+management" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorcovPintelonKusters2020" class="citation journal cs1">Morcov, Stefan; Pintelon, Liliane; Kusters, Rob J. (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://acad.ro/sectii2002/proceedings/doc2020-4/05-Morcov.pdf">"IT Project Complexity Management Based on Sources and Effects: Positive, Appropriate and Negative"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Proceedings of the Romanian Academy - Series A</i>. <b>21</b> (4): 329–336.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Romanian+Academy+-+Series+A&rft.atitle=IT+Project+Complexity+Management+Based+on+Sources+and+Effects%3A+Positive%2C+Appropriate+and+Negative&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=329-336&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=Morcov&rft.aufirst=Stefan&rft.au=Pintelon%2C+Liliane&rft.au=Kusters%2C+Rob+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facad.ro%2Fsectii2002%2Fproceedings%2Fdoc2020-4%2F05-Morcov.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProject+management" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDanielDaniel2018" class="citation journal cs1">Daniel, Pierre A.; Daniel, Carole (January 2018). "Complexity, uncertainty and mental models: From a paradigm of regulation to a paradigm of emergence in project management". <i>International Journal of Project Management</i>. <b>36</b> (1): 184–197. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ijproman.2017.07.004">10.1016/j.ijproman.2017.07.004</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Project+Management&rft.atitle=Complexity%2C+uncertainty+and+mental+models%3A+From+a+paradigm+of+regulation+to+a+paradigm+of+emergence+in+project+management&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=184-197&rft.date=2018-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.ijproman.2017.07.004&rft.aulast=Daniel&rft.aufirst=Pierre+A.&rft.au=Daniel%2C+Carole&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProject+management" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPintoWinch2016" class="citation journal cs1">Pinto, Jeffrey K.; Winch, Graham (February 1, 2016). "The unsettling of 'settled science:' The past and future of the management of projects". <i>International Journal of Project Management</i>. <b>34</b> (2): 237–245. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ijproman.2015.07.011">10.1016/j.ijproman.2015.07.011</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Project+Management&rft.atitle=The+unsettling+of+%27settled+science%3A%27+The+past+and+future+of+the+management+of+projects&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=237-245&rft.date=2016-02-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.ijproman.2015.07.011&rft.aulast=Pinto&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey+K.&rft.au=Winch%2C+Graham&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProject+management" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorcov2021" class="citation web cs1">Morcov, Stefan (April 6, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blog.stefanmorcov.com/2021/04/project-success-vs-project-performance.html">"Project success vs. project management performance"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Project+success+vs.+project+management+performance&rft.date=2021-04-06&rft.aulast=Morcov&rft.aufirst=Stefan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblog.stefanmorcov.com%2F2021%2F04%2Fproject-success-vs-project-performance.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProject+management" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBannerman2008" class="citation journal cs1">Bannerman, P. L. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pmi.org/learning/library/defining-project-success-multilevel-framework-7096">"Defining project success: a multilevel framework"</a>. <i>Defining the Future of Project Management</i>. Warsaw, Poland: Project Management Institute.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Defining+the+Future+of+Project+Management&rft.atitle=Defining+project+success%3A+a+multilevel+framework&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Bannerman&rft.aufirst=P.+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pmi.org%2Flearning%2Flibrary%2Fdefining-project-success-multilevel-framework-7096&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProject+management" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Camilleri, Emanuel (2011). <i>Project Success: Critical Factors and Behaviours</i>. Gower Publishing, Ltd.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The KPI Institute, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.performancemagazine.org/kpi-consulting-backlog-commissioned-projects/">"KPI of the Day – Business Consulting (BC): $ Backlog of commissioned projects".</a> <i>Performance Magazine</i>, 16 March 2021. Accessed 23 December 2022.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090825031855/http://www.dtic.mil/whs/directives/corres/pdf/500001p.pdf">"DoDD 5000.01"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. United States Department of Defense. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dtic.mil/whs/directives/corres/pdf/500001p.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on August 25, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 20,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=DoDD+5000.01&rft.pub=United+States+Department+of+Defense&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dtic.mil%2Fwhs%2Fdirectives%2Fcorres%2Fpdf%2F500001p.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProject+management" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1108/SD-02-2016-0030">"Taking the risk out of risk management: Holistic approach to enterprise risk management"</a>. <i>Strategic Direction</i>. <b>32</b> (5): 28–30. January 1, 2016. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1108%2FSD-02-2016-0030">10.1108/SD-02-2016-0030</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0258-0543">0258-0543</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Strategic+Direction&rft.atitle=Taking+the+risk+out+of+risk+management%3A+Holistic+approach+to+enterprise+risk+management&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=28-30&rft.date=2016-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1108%2FSD-02-2016-0030&rft.issn=0258-0543&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1108%2FSD-02-2016-0030&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProject+management" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NASA01-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NASA01_75-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NASA01_75-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nodis3.gsfc.nasa.gov/displayDir.cfm?Internal_ID=N_PR_9501_002D_&page_name=Chp2&format=PDF">NASA NPR 9501.2D</a>. May 23, 2001.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Levine, H. A. (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pmi.org/learning/library/concepts-work-risk-organizational-breakdown-structures-3694">"Doing the weebis and the obis: new dances for project managers?" <i>PM Network</i>, 7(4), 35–38.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>ISO/IEC/IEEE Systems and Software Engineering--Life Cycle Processes--Project Management</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FIEEESTD.2009.5372630">10.1109/IEEESTD.2009.5372630</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7381-6116-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7381-6116-7"><bdi>978-0-7381-6116-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=ISO%2FIEC%2FIEEE+Systems+and+Software+Engineering--Life+Cycle+Processes--Project+Management&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FIEEESTD.2009.5372630&rft.isbn=978-0-7381-6116-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProject+management" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://products.ipma.world/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/IPMA_ICB_4_0_WEB.pdf"><i>Individual Competence Baseline for Project, Programme & Portfolio Management</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. International Project Management Association (IPMA). 2015. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-94-92338-01-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-94-92338-01-3"><bdi>978-94-92338-01-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Individual+Competence+Baseline+for+Project%2C+Programme+%26+Portfolio+Management&rft.pub=International+Project+Management+Association+%28IPMA%29&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-94-92338-01-3&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fproducts.ipma.world%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2016%2F03%2FIPMA_ICB_4_0_WEB.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProject+management" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">European Commission. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://europa.eu/pm2/home_en">PM<sup>2</sup>: The Project Management methodology developed by the European Commission.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mohindra, T., & Srivastava, M. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pmworldlibrary.net/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/pmwj85-Sep2019-Mohindra-Srivastava-comparative-analysis-of-project-management-frameworks.pdf">"Comparative Analysis of Project Management Frameworks and Proposition for Project Driven Organizations". <i>PM World Journal</i>, VIII(VIII).</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AH04-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AH04_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hamilton, Albert (2004). <i>Handbook of Project Management Procedures</i>. TTL Publishing, Ltd. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7277-3258-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-7277-3258-7">0-7277-3258-7</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>PMBOK 4h Ed</i>. PMI, Project Management Inst. 2008. p. 443. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1933890517" title="Special:BookSources/978-1933890517"><bdi>978-1933890517</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=PMBOK+4h+Ed.&rft.pages=443&rft.pub=PMI%2C+Project+Management+Inst.&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1933890517&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProject+management" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kendrick, Tom (2013). <i>The Project Management Tool Kit: 100 Tips and Techniques for Getting the Job Done Right</i>, Third Edition. AMACOM Books. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780814433454" title="Special:BookSources/9780814433454">9780814433454</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCurlee2011" class="citation book cs1">Curlee, Wanda (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/The-Virtual-Project-Management-Office-ebook/dp/B005EHQF1M#_"><i>The Virtual Project Management Office: Best Practices, Proven Methods</i></a>. Management Concepts Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Virtual+Project+Management+Office%3A+Best+Practices%2C+Proven+Methods&rft.pub=Management+Concepts+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Curlee&rft.aufirst=Wanda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2FThe-Virtual-Project-Management-Office-ebook%2Fdp%2FB005EHQF1M%23_&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProject+management" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhazanchi2005" class="citation book cs1">Khazanchi, Deepak (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131023055713/http://www.pmi.org/en/Knowledge-Center/Research-Completed-Research/Patterns-of-Effective-Project-Management-in-Virtual-Projects.aspx"><i>Patterns of Effective Project Management in Virtual Projects: An Exploratory Study</i></a>. Project Management Institute. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781930699830" title="Special:BookSources/9781930699830"><bdi>9781930699830</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pmi.org/en/Knowledge-Center/Research-Completed-Research/Patterns-of-Effective-Project-Management-in-Virtual-Projects.aspx">the original</a> on October 23, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Patterns+of+Effective+Project+Management+in+Virtual+Projects%3A+An+Exploratory+Study&rft.pub=Project+Management+Institute&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9781930699830&rft.aulast=Khazanchi&rft.aufirst=Deepak&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pmi.org%2Fen%2FKnowledge-Center%2FResearch-Completed-Research%2FPatterns-of-Effective-Project-Management-in-Virtual-Projects.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProject+management" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVelagapudi2012" class="citation web cs1">Velagapudi, Mridula (April 13, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blog.bootstraptoday.com/2012/04/13/why-you-cannot-avoid-virtual-project-management-2012-onwards/">"Why You Cannot Avoid Virtual Project Management 2012 Onwards"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Why+You+Cannot+Avoid+Virtual+Project+Management+2012+Onwards&rft.date=2012-04-13&rft.aulast=Velagapudi&rft.aufirst=Mridula&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblog.bootstraptoday.com%2F2012%2F04%2F13%2Fwhy-you-cannot-avoid-virtual-project-management-2012-onwards%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProject+management" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Project_management&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Project_management" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Project management">Project management</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Project_management" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Project management">Project management</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about <br /> <b>Project management</b> <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Project+management">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Project+management&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20090609003228/http://www.berr.gov.uk/files/file40647.pdf">Guidelines for Managing Projects</a> from the UK Department for Business, Enterprise and Regulatory Reform (BERR)</li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about <br /> <b>Project management</b> <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Project+management">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Project+management&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Project_management" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Project management">Project management</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Systems_engineering" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Systems_engineering" title="Template:Systems engineering"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Systems_engineering" title="Template talk:Systems engineering"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Systems_engineering" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Systems engineering"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Systems_engineering" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Systems_engineering" title="Systems engineering">Systems engineering</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Subfields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aerospace_engineering" title="Aerospace engineering">Aerospace engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_systems_engineering" title="Biological systems engineering">Biological systems engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_systems_engineering" title="Cognitive systems engineering">Cognitive systems engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Configuration_management" title="Configuration management">Configuration management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_systems_engineering_and_management" title="Earth systems engineering and management">Earth systems engineering and management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_engineering" title="Electrical engineering">Electrical engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enterprise_systems_engineering" title="Enterprise systems engineering">Enterprise systems engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_systems_engineering" title="Health systems engineering">Health systems engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Performance_engineering" title="Performance engineering">Performance engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reliability_engineering" title="Reliability engineering">Reliability engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safety_engineering" title="Safety engineering">Safety engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanford_torus" title="Stanford torus">Sociocultural Systems Engineering</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Processes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Requirements_engineering" title="Requirements engineering">Requirements engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Functional_specification" title="Functional specification">Functional specification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_integration" title="System integration">System integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verification_and_validation" title="Verification and validation">Verification and validation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_review" title="Design review">Design review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_of_systems_engineering" title="System of systems engineering">System of systems engineering</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Business_process" title="Business process">Business process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fault_tolerance" title="Fault tolerance">Fault tolerance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/System" title="System">System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_lifecycle" class="mw-redirect" title="System lifecycle">System lifecycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V-model" title="V-model">V-Model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_development_life_cycle" title="Systems development life cycle">Systems development life cycle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decision-making" title="Decision-making">Decision-making</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Function_model" title="Function model">Function modelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IDEF" title="IDEF">IDEF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_optimization" title="Mathematical optimization">Optimization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quality_function_deployment" title="Quality function deployment">Quality function deployment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_dynamics" title="System dynamics">System dynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_Modeling_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Systems Modeling Language">Systems Modeling Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_analysis" title="Systems analysis">Systems analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_modeling" title="Systems modeling">Systems modeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Work_breakdown_structure" title="Work breakdown structure">Work breakdown structure</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_S._Albus" title="James S. Albus">James S. Albus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruzena_Bajcsy" title="Ruzena Bajcsy">Ruzena Bajcsy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_S._Blanchard" title="Benjamin S. Blanchard">Benjamin S. Blanchard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wernher_von_Braun" title="Wernher von Braun">Wernher von Braun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Carley" title="Kathleen Carley">Kathleen Carley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Chestnut" title="Harold Chestnut">Harold Chestnut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolt_Fabrycky" title="Wolt Fabrycky">Wolt Fabrycky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Grosz" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbara Grosz">Barbara Grosz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_David_Hall_III" title="Arthur David Hall III">Arthur David Hall III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derek_Hitchins" title="Derek Hitchins">Derek Hitchins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Machol" title="Robert E. Machol">Robert E. Machol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radhika_Nagpal" title="Radhika Nagpal">Radhika Nagpal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Ramo" title="Simon Ramo">Simon Ramo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Francis_Shea" title="Joseph Francis Shea">Joseph Francis Shea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katia_Sycara" title="Katia Sycara">Katia Sycara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuela_M._Veloso" title="Manuela M. Veloso">Manuela M. Veloso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_N._Warfield" title="John N. Warfield">John N. Warfield</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related fields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Control_engineering" title="Control engineering">Control engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_engineering" title="Computer engineering">Computer engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_engineering" title="Industrial engineering">Industrial engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operations_research" title="Operations research">Operations research</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Project management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quality_management" title="Quality management">Quality management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Risk_management" title="Risk management">Risk management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_engineering" title="Software engineering">Software engineering</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Systems_engineering" title="Category:Systems engineering">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Software_engineering" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Software_engineering" title="Template:Software engineering"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Software_engineering" title="Template talk:Software engineering"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Software_engineering" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Software engineering"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Software_engineering" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Software_engineering" title="Software engineering">Software engineering</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer_programming" title="Computer programming">Computer programming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DevOps" title="DevOps">DevOps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empirical_software_engineering" title="Empirical software engineering">Empirical software engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_software_engineering" title="Experimental software engineering">Experimental software engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formal_methods" title="Formal methods">Formal methods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Requirements_engineering" title="Requirements engineering">Requirements engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Search-based_software_engineering" title="Search-based software engineering">Search-based software engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Site_reliability_engineering" title="Site reliability engineering">Site reliability engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_software_engineering" title="Social software engineering">Social software engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_deployment" title="Software deployment">Software deployment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_design" title="Software design">Software design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_maintenance" title="Software maintenance">Software maintenance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_testing" title="Software testing">Software testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_analysis" title="Systems analysis">Systems analysis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abstraction_(computer_science)" title="Abstraction (computer science)">Abstraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Component-based_software_engineering" title="Component-based software engineering">Component-based software engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_compatibility" title="Computer compatibility">Software compatibility</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Backward_compatibility" title="Backward compatibility">Backward compatibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compatibility_layer" title="Compatibility layer">Compatibility layer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compatibility_mode" title="Compatibility mode">Compatibility mode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forward_compatibility" title="Forward compatibility">Forward compatibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_incompatibility" title="Software incompatibility">Software incompatibility</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_modeling" title="Data modeling">Data modeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enterprise_architecture" title="Enterprise architecture">Enterprise architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Functional_specification" title="Functional specification">Functional specification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modeling_language" title="Modeling language">Modeling language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programming_paradigm" title="Programming paradigm">Programming paradigm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software" title="Software">Software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_archaeology" title="Software archaeology">Software archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_architecture" title="Software architecture">Software architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_configuration_management" title="Software configuration management">Software configuration management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_development_process" title="Software development process">Software development process/methodology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_quality" title="Software quality">Software quality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_quality_assurance" title="Software quality assurance">Software quality assurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_verification_and_validation" title="Software verification and validation">Software verification and validation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_system" title="Software system">Software system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structured_analysis" title="Structured analysis">Structured analysis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Essential_systems_analysis" title="Essential systems analysis">Essential analysis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CI/CD" title="CI/CD">CI/CD</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Orientations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agile_software_development" title="Agile software development">Agile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aspect-oriented_programming" title="Aspect-oriented programming">Aspect-oriented</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Object-oriented_programming" title="Object-oriented programming">Object orientation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontology_(information_science)" title="Ontology (information science)">Ontology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Service-oriented_architecture" title="Service-oriented architecture">Service orientation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_development_life_cycle" title="Systems development life cycle">SDLC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Models</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Developmental</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agile_software_development" title="Agile software development">Agile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enterprise_unified_process" title="Enterprise unified process">EUP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executable_UML" title="Executable UML">Executable UML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incremental_build_model" title="Incremental build model">Incremental model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iterative_and_incremental_development" title="Iterative and incremental development">Iterative model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_prototyping" title="Software prototyping">Prototype model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapid_application_development" title="Rapid application development">RAD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unified_Process" class="mw-redirect" title="Unified Process">UP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scrum_(software_development)" title="Scrum (software development)">Scrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiral_model" title="Spiral model">Spiral model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V-model_(software_development)" title="V-model (software development)">V-model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterfall_model" title="Waterfall model">Waterfall model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_programming" title="Extreme programming">XP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Model-driven_engineering" title="Model-driven engineering">Model-driven engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Round-trip_engineering" title="Round-trip engineering">Round-trip engineering</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_15504" title="ISO/IEC 15504">SPICE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capability_Maturity_Model_Integration" title="Capability Maturity Model Integration">CMMI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_model" title="Data model">Data model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entity%E2%80%93relationship_model" title="Entity–relationship model">ER model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Function_model" title="Function model">Function model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_model" title="Information model">Information model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metamodeling" title="Metamodeling">Metamodeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Object_model" title="Object model">Object model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_modeling" title="Systems modeling">Systems model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/View_model" title="View model">View model</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IDEF" title="IDEF">IDEF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unified_Modeling_Language" title="Unified Modeling Language">UML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Systems_Language" title="Universal Systems Language">USL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_modeling_language" title="Systems modeling language">SysML</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related fields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer_science" title="Computer science">Computer science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_engineering" title="Computer engineering">Computer engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_science" title="Information science">Information science</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Project management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Risk_management" title="Risk management">Risk management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_engineering" title="Systems engineering">Systems engineering</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Software_engineering" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Software engineering">Commons</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Software_engineering" title="Category:Software engineering">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Management" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Management" title="Template:Management"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Management" title="Template talk:Management"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Management" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Management"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Management" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Management" title="Management">Management</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_management" title="Outline of management">Outline of management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_management_articles" title="Index of management articles">Index of management articles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: LemonChiffon">By type<br />of organization</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_administration" title="Academic administration">Academic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_management" title="Association management">Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_administration" title="Business administration">Business</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Restaurant_management" title="Restaurant management">Restaurant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Court management">Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_administration" title="Health administration">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligence_cycle_management" title="Intelligence cycle management">Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_administration" title="Military administration">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_administration" title="Public administration">Public</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reputation_management" title="Reputation management">Reputation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: LemonChiffon">By focus,<br />within an<br />organization</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">On scope</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Strategic_management" title="Strategic management">Strategic</a><br />(top-level)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capability_management" title="Capability management">Capability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_management" title="Capital management">Capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Change_management" title="Change management">Change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_management" title="Communications management">Communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_management" title="Financial management">Financial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innovation_management" title="Innovation management">Innovation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enterprise_legal_management" title="Enterprise legal management">Legal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Performance_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Performance management">Performance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Risk_management" title="Risk management">Risk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_management" title="Systems management">Systems</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">On component</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Facility_management" title="Facility management">Facility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Product_management" title="Product management">Product</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Product_lifecycle" title="Product lifecycle">Product lifecycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brand_management" title="Brand management">Brand</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Project</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Construction_management" title="Construction management">Construction</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Program_management" title="Program management">Program</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">On activity or<br />department<br />managed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Line_management" title="Line management">Line</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marketing_management" title="Marketing management">Marketing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operations_management" title="Operations management">Operations</a>/<a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_process_management" title="Manufacturing process management">production</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Process_management_(computing)" title="Process management (computing)">Process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quality_management" title="Quality management">Quality</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sales_management" title="Sales management">Sales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Staff_management" title="Staff management">Staff</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accounting_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Accounting management">Accounting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_management" title="Office management">Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Records_management" title="Records management">Records</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">On aspect or<br />relationship</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Customer_relationship_management" title="Customer relationship management">Customer relationship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engineering_management" title="Engineering management">Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logistics" title="Logistics">Logistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perception_management" title="Perception management">Perception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supply_chain_management" title="Supply chain management">Supply chain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talent_management" title="Talent management">Talent</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">On problem</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_management" title="Conflict management">Conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crisis_management" title="Crisis management">Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stress_management" title="Stress management">Stress</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Resource_management" title="Resource management">On resource</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_resource_management" title="Environmental resource management">Environmental resource</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_inventory_management" title="Field inventory management">Field inventory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_resource_management" title="Human resource management">Human resources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_management" title="Information management">Information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_technology_management" title="Information technology management">Information technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_management" title="Knowledge management">Knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_management" title="Land management">Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Materials_management" title="Materials management">Materials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skills_management" title="Skills management">Skills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technology_management" title="Technology management">Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_management" title="Time management">Time</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: LemonChiffon">Positions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interim_management" title="Interim management">Interim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_management" title="Middle management">Middle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senior_management" title="Senior management">Senior</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: LemonChiffon">Methods,<br />approaches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adhocracy" title="Adhocracy">Adhocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collaborative_method" title="Collaborative method">Collaborative method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributed_management" title="Distributed management">Distributed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earned_value_management" title="Earned value management">Earned value management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evidence-based_management" title="Evidence-based management">Evidence-based management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full_range_leadership_model" title="Full range leadership model">Full range leadership model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Management_by_objectives" title="Management by objectives">Management by objectives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Management_style" title="Management style">Management style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macromanagement" title="Macromanagement">Macromanagement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micromanagement" title="Micromanagement">Micromanagement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_management" title="Scientific management">Scientific management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_entrepreneurship" title="Social entrepreneurship">Social entrepreneurship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_management" title="Sustainable management">Sustainable management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Team_building" title="Team building">Team building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_management" title="Virtual management">Virtual management</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: LemonChiffon">Skills,<br />activities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decision-making" title="Decision-making">Decision-making</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forecasting" title="Forecasting">Forecasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leadership" title="Leadership">Leadership</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: LemonChiffon">Pioneers,<br />scholars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Drucker" title="Peter Drucker">Peter Drucker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eliyahu_M._Goldratt" title="Eliyahu M. Goldratt">Eliyahu M. Goldratt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_E._Williamson" title="Oliver E. Williamson">Oliver E. Williamson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: LemonChiffon">Education</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_Technology,_Management,_and_Applied_Engineering" title="Association of Technology, Management, and Applied Engineering">Association of Technology, Management, and Applied Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_school" title="Business school">Business school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Certified_Business_Manager" title="Certified Business Manager">Certified Business Manager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chartered_Management_Institute" title="Chartered Management Institute">Chartered Management Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_management_studies" title="Critical management studies">Critical management studies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: LemonChiffon">Degrees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Business_Administration" title="Bachelor of Business Administration">Bachelor of Business Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_of_Business_Administration" title="Master of Business Administration">Master of Business Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PhD_in_management" title="PhD in management">PhD in management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Business_Administration" title="Doctor of Business Administration">Doctor of Business Administration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: LemonChiffon">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Business_administration" title="Business administration">Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collaboration" title="Collaboration">Collaboration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_governance" title="Corporate governance">Corporate governance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_compensation" title="Executive compensation">Executive compensation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Management_consulting" title="Management consulting">Management consulting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Control_(management)" title="Control (management)">Management control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Management_cybernetics" title="Management cybernetics">Management cybernetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Management_development" title="Management development">Management development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Management_fad" title="Management fad">Management fad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Management_system" title="Management system">Management system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Managerial_economics" title="Managerial economics">Managerial economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Managerial_psychology" title="Managerial psychology">Managerial psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Managerialism" title="Managerialism">Managerialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_development" title="Organization development">Organization development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organizational_behavior_management" title="Organizational behavior management">Organizational behavior management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pointy-haired_Boss" class="mw-redirect" title="Pointy-haired Boss">Pointy-haired Boss</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Systems_science" title="Portal:Systems science">Systems science portal</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="IEEE_standards" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:IEEE_standards" title="Template:IEEE standards"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:IEEE_standards" title="Template talk:IEEE standards"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:IEEE_standards" title="Special:EditPage/Template:IEEE standards"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="IEEE_standards" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Standards_Association" title="IEEE Standards Association">IEEE standards</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IEEE-488" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE-488">488</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_693" title="IEEE 693">693</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_quality_assurance" title="Software quality assurance">730</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_754" title="IEEE 754">754</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_754-2008_revision" title="IEEE 754-2008 revision">Revision</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_854-1987" title="IEEE 854-1987">854</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_configuration_management" title="Software configuration management">828</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_test_documentation" title="Software test documentation">829</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Futurebus" title="Futurebus">896</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single_UNIX_Specification" title="Single UNIX Specification">1003</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VMEbus" title="VMEbus">1014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_design_description" title="Software design description">1016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VHDL" title="VHDL">1076</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JTAG" title="JTAG">1149.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PILOT" title="PILOT">1154</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_1164" title="IEEE 1164">1164</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Firmware" title="Open Firmware">1275</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributed_Interactive_Simulation" title="Distributed Interactive Simulation">1278</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_1284" title="IEEE 1284">1284</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_1355" title="IEEE 1355">1355</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_1394" title="IEEE 1394">1394</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_1451" title="IEEE 1451">1451</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Delay_Format" title="Standard Delay Format">1497</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-level_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="High-level architecture">1516</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_1541-2002" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 1541-2002">1541</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_1547" title="IEEE 1547">1547</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_1584" title="IEEE 1584">1584</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precision_Time_Protocol" title="Precision Time Protocol">1588</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scalable_Coherent_Interface" title="Scalable Coherent Interface">1596</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Library_Format" title="Advanced Library Format">1603</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_1613" title="IEEE 1613">1613</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_1619" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 1619">1619</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SystemC" title="SystemC">1666</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_1667" title="IEEE 1667">1667</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_1675-2008" title="IEEE 1675-2008">1675</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IP-XACT" title="IP-XACT">1685</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_1722" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 1722">1722</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_1733" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 1733">1733</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SystemVerilog" title="SystemVerilog">1800</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unified_Power_Format" title="Unified Power Format">1801</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DNP3" title="DNP3">1815</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_1849" title="IEEE 1849">1849</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property_Specification_Language" title="Property Specification Language">1850</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_1855" title="IEEE 1855">1855</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DySPAN" title="DySPAN">1900</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_1901" title="IEEE 1901">1901</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RuBee" title="RuBee">1902</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Service_Interoperability_in_Ethernet_Passive_Optical_Networks" title="Service Interoperability in Ethernet Passive Optical Networks">1904</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_1905" title="IEEE 1905">1905</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_2030" title="IEEE 2030">2030</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micro_T-Kernel" title="Micro T-Kernel">2050</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEEE_11073" title="ISO/IEEE 11073">11073</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_12207" title="ISO/IEC 12207">12207</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_maintenance" title="Software maintenance">14764</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Risk_management" title="Risk management">16085</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">16326</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Requirements_engineering" title="Requirements engineering">29148</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_42010" title="ISO/IEC 42010">42010</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802" title="IEEE 802">802 series</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802" title="IEEE 802">802</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.2" title="IEEE 802.2">.2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Token_bus_network" title="Token bus network">.4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Token_Ring" title="Token Ring">.5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.6" title="IEEE 802.6">.6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.7" title="IEEE 802.7">.7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.8" title="IEEE 802.8">.8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.9" title="IEEE 802.9">.9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.10" title="IEEE 802.10">.10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/100BaseVG" title="100BaseVG">.12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cable_modem#IEEE_802.14" title="Cable modem">.14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.16" title="IEEE 802.16">.16</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/WiMAX" title="WiMAX">WiMAX · d · e</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resilient_Packet_Ring" title="Resilient Packet Ring">.17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.18" title="IEEE 802.18">.18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.20" title="IEEE 802.20">.20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.21" title="IEEE 802.21">.21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.22" title="IEEE 802.22">.22</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=IEEE_802.24&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="IEEE 802.24 (page does not exist)">.24</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.1" title="IEEE 802.1">802.1</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.1D" title="IEEE 802.1D">D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_P802.1p" title="IEEE P802.1p">p</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.1Q" title="IEEE 802.1Q">Q</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.1Qav" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 802.1Qav">Qav</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stream_Reservation_Protocol" title="Stream Reservation Protocol">Qat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provider_Backbone_Bridge_Traffic_Engineering" title="Provider Backbone Bridge Traffic Engineering">Qay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_center_bridging#IEEE_Task_Group" title="Data center bridging">Qaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.1Qbb" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 802.1Qbb">Qbb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanning_Tree_Protocol" title="Spanning Tree Protocol">w</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.1X" title="IEEE 802.1X">X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Link_Layer_Discovery_Protocol" title="Link Layer Discovery Protocol">AB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.1ad" title="IEEE 802.1ad">ad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.1AE" title="IEEE 802.1AE">AE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.1ag" title="IEEE 802.1ag">ag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.1ah-2008" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 802.1ah-2008">ah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_Registration_Protocol" title="Multiple Registration Protocol">ak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.1aq" title="IEEE 802.1aq">aq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.1AS" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 802.1AS">AS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Link_aggregation" title="Link aggregation">AX</a> (<a href="/wiki/Link_Aggregation_Control_Protocol" class="mw-redirect" title="Link Aggregation Control Protocol">LACP</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audio_Video_Bridging" title="Audio Video Bridging">BA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.3" title="IEEE 802.3">802.3</a> <br />(<a href="/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/10BASE5" title="10BASE5">-1983</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3a" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3a">a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3b" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3b">b</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3d" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3d">d</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3e" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3e">e</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3i" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3i">i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3j" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3j">j</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3u" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3u">u</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.3x" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 802.3x">x</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3y" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3y">y</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3z" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3z">z</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3ab" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3ab">ab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3ac" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3ac">ac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3ad" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3ad">ad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3ae" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3ae">ae</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/802.3af" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3af">af</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3ah" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3ah">ah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3ak" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3ak">ak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3an" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3an">an</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3aq" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3aq">aq</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/802.3at" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3at">at</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3au" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3au">au</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3av" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3av">av</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3az" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3az">az</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3ba" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3ba">ba</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/802.3bt" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3bt">bt</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3bu" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3bu">bu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3by" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3by">by</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3bz" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3bz">bz</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=802.3ca&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="802.3ca (page does not exist)">ca</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=802.3cb&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="802.3cb (page does not exist)">cb</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=802.3cc&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="802.3cc (page does not exist)">cc</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=802.3cd&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="802.3cd (page does not exist)">cd</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=802.3ce&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="802.3ce (page does not exist)">ce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3cg" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3cg">cg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3ch" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3ch">ch</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=802.3ck&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="802.3ck (page does not exist)">ck</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=802.3cm&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="802.3cm (page does not exist)">cm</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=802.3cn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="802.3cn (page does not exist)">cn</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=802.3cp&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="802.3cp (page does not exist)">cp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3cq" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3cq">cq</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=802.3cr&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="802.3cr (page does not exist)">cr</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=802.3cs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="802.3cs (page does not exist)">cs</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=802.3ct&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="802.3ct (page does not exist)">ct</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=802.3cu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="802.3cu (page does not exist)">cu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3cv" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3cv">cv</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=802.3cw&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="802.3cw (page does not exist)">cw</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=802.3cx&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="802.3cx (page does not exist)">cx</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=802.3cy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="802.3cy (page does not exist)">cy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=802.3cz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="802.3cz (page does not exist)">cz</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=802.3da&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="802.3da (page does not exist)">da</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=802.3db&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="802.3db (page does not exist)">db</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3dd" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3dd">dd</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=802.3de&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="802.3de (page does not exist)">de</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=802.3df&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="802.3df (page does not exist)">df</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11" title="IEEE 802.11">802.11</a> <br />(<a href="/wiki/Wi-Fi" title="Wi-Fi">Wi-Fi</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11-1997" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 802.11-1997">-1997</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11_(legacy_mode)" title="IEEE 802.11 (legacy mode)">legacy mode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11a-1999" title="IEEE 802.11a-1999">a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11b-1999" title="IEEE 802.11b-1999">b</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11c" title="IEEE 802.11c">c</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11d-2001" title="IEEE 802.11d-2001">d</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11e-2005" title="IEEE 802.11e-2005">e</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-Access_Point_Protocol" title="Inter-Access Point Protocol">f</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11g-2003" title="IEEE 802.11g-2003">g</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11h-2003" title="IEEE 802.11h-2003">h</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11i-2004" title="IEEE 802.11i-2004">i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11j-2004" title="IEEE 802.11j-2004">j</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11k-2008" title="IEEE 802.11k-2008">k</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11n-2009" title="IEEE 802.11n-2009">n</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/Wi-Fi_4" class="mw-redirect" title="Wi-Fi 4">Wi-Fi 4</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11p" title="IEEE 802.11p">p</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11r-2008" title="IEEE 802.11r-2008">r</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11s" title="IEEE 802.11s">s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11u" title="IEEE 802.11u">u</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11v" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 802.11v">v</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11w-2009" title="IEEE 802.11w-2009">w</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11y-2008" title="IEEE 802.11y-2008">y</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11z" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 802.11z">z</a></li> <li>aa</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11ac" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 802.11ac">ac</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/Wi-Fi_5" class="mw-redirect" title="Wi-Fi 5">Wi-Fi 5</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11ad" title="IEEE 802.11ad">ad</a> (<a href="/wiki/WiGig" title="WiGig">WiGig</a>)</li> <li>ae</li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11af" title="IEEE 802.11af">af</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11ah" title="IEEE 802.11ah">ah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11ai" title="IEEE 802.11ai">ai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11aj" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 802.11aj">aj</a></li> <li>ak</li> <li>aq</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11ax" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 802.11ax">ax</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/Wi-Fi_6" title="Wi-Fi 6">Wi-Fi 6</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11ay" title="IEEE 802.11ay">ay</a></li> <li>az</li> <li>ba</li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11bb" title="IEEE 802.11bb">bb</a></li> <li>bc</li> <li>bd</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11be" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 802.11be">be</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/Wi-Fi_7" title="Wi-Fi 7">Wi-Fi 7</a>)</li> <li>bf</li> <li>bh</li> <li>bi</li> <li>bk</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11bn" title="IEEE 802.11bn">bn</a></b> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wi-Fi_8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wi-Fi 8 (page does not exist)">Wi-Fi 8</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.15" title="IEEE 802.15">802.15</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.15.1" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 802.15.1">.1</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bluetooth" title="Bluetooth">Bluetooth</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.15.2" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 802.15.2">.2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.15.3" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 802.15.3">.3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.15.4" title="IEEE 802.15.4">.4</a> (<a href="/wiki/Zigbee" title="Zigbee">Zigbee</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.15.4a" title="IEEE 802.15.4a">.4a</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=IEEE_802.15.4b&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="IEEE 802.15.4b (page does not exist)">.4b</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=IEEE_802.15.4c&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="IEEE 802.15.4c (page does not exist)">.4c</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=IEEE_802.15.4d&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="IEEE 802.15.4d (page does not exist)">.4d</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=IEEE_802.15.4e&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="IEEE 802.15.4e (page does not exist)">.4e</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=IEEE_802.15.4f&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="IEEE 802.15.4f (page does not exist)">.4f</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=IEEE_802.15.4g&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="IEEE 802.15.4g (page does not exist)">.4g</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=IEEE_802.15.4z&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="IEEE 802.15.4z (page does not exist)">.4z</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.15.5" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 802.15.5">.5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.15.6" title="IEEE 802.15.6">.6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.15.7" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 802.15.7">.7</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proposed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_P1363" title="IEEE P1363">P1363</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_P1619" title="IEEE P1619">P1619</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosetta-lang" title="Rosetta-lang">P1699</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Power_Adapter_for_Mobile_Devices" title="Universal Power Adapter for Mobile Devices">P1823</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_P1906.1" title="IEEE P1906.1">P1906.1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Superseded</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_754-1985" title="IEEE 754-1985">754-1985</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_requirements_specification" title="Software requirements specification">830</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_1219" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 1219">1219</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_requirements_specification" title="Software requirements specification">1233</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concept_of_operations" title="Concept of operations">1362</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verilog" title="Verilog">1364</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_1471" title="IEEE 1471">1471</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt><i>See also</i></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Standards_Association" title="IEEE Standards Association">IEEE Standards Association</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Category:IEEE_standards" title="Category:IEEE standards">Category:IEEE standards</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="ISO_standards_by_standard_number" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:ISO_standards" title="Template:ISO standards"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:ISO_standards" title="Template talk:ISO standards"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:ISO_standards" title="Special:EditPage/Template:ISO standards"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="ISO_standards_by_standard_number" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">ISO</a> standards <span class="nobold">by standard number</span></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>List of <a href="/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards" title="List of ISO standards">ISO standards</a> – <a href="/wiki/List_of_ISO_romanizations" title="List of ISO romanizations">ISO romanizations</a> – <a href="/wiki/List_of_IEC_standards" title="List of IEC standards">IEC standards</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1–9999</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO_1" title="ISO 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2" title="ISO 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renard_series" title="Renard series">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_4" title="ISO 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_speed" title="Film speed">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Standard_Pipe" title="British Standard Pipe">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_9" title="ISO 9">9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A440_(pitch_standard)" title="A440 (pitch standard)">16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renard_series" title="Renard series">17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31" title="ISO 31">31</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-0" title="ISO 31-0">-0</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-1" title="ISO 31-1">-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-3" title="ISO 31-3">-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-4" title="ISO 31-4">-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-5" title="ISO 31-5">-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-6" title="ISO 31-6">-6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-7" title="ISO 31-7">-7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-8" title="ISO 31-8">-8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-9" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 31-9">-9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-10" title="ISO 31-10">-10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-11" title="ISO 31-11">-11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-12" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 31-12">-12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-13" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 31-13">-13</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_metric_screw_thread" title="ISO metric screw thread">68-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_128" title="ISO 128">128</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_216" title="ISO 216">216</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_217" title="ISO 217">217</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equal-loudness_contour" title="Equal-loudness contour">226</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Standard_Pipe" title="British Standard Pipe">228</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_233" title="ISO 233">233</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_259" title="ISO 259">259</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_metric_screw_thread" title="ISO metric screw thread">261</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_metric_screw_thread" title="ISO metric screw thread">262</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kappa_number" title="Kappa number">302</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicat_softening_point" title="Vicat softening point">306</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazard_symbol#Ionizing_radiation_symbol" title="Hazard symbol">361</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_take-off" title="Power take-off">500</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot_shoe" title="Hot shoe">518</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prontor-Compur" title="Prontor-Compur">519</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_639" title="ISO 639">639</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-1" title="ISO 639-1">-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-2" title="ISO 639-2">-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-5" title="ISO 639-5">-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-6" title="ISO 639-6">-6</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_646" title="ISO/IEC 646">646</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_657" title="ISO 657">657</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_668" title="ISO 668">668</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_690" title="ISO 690">690</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_704" title="ISO 704">704</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_732" title="ISO 732">732</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antimagnetic_watch" title="Antimagnetic watch">764</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hole_punch" title="Hole punch">838</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_843" title="ISO 843">843</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_860" title="ISO 860">860</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_898" title="ISO 898">898</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_965" title="ISO 965">965</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_999" title="ISO 999">999</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_1000" title="ISO 1000">1000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_ink_character_recognition" title="Magnetic ink character recognition">1004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/135_film" title="135 film">1007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OCR-A" title="OCR-A">1073-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OCR-B" title="OCR-B">1073-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longitudinal_redundancy_check" title="Longitudinal redundancy check">1155</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shock-resistant_watch#ISO_1413_shock-resistant_standard" title="Shock-resistant watch">1413</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ALGOL_60" title="ALGOL 60">1538</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_1629" title="ISO 1629">1629</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_1745" title="ISO 1745">1745</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COBOL" title="COBOL">1989</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2014" title="ISO 2014">2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2015" title="ISO 2015">2015</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_2022" title="ISO/IEC 2022">2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2033" title="ISO 2033">2033</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2047" title="ISO 2047">2047</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">2108</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2145" title="ISO 2145">2145</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2146" title="ISO 2146">2146</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_speed" title="Film speed">2240</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_Resistant_mark" title="Water Resistant mark">2281</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Atmosphere" title="International Standard Atmosphere">2533</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2709" title="ISO 2709">2709</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2711" title="ISO 2711">2711</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_speed" title="Film speed">2720</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2788" title="ISO 2788">2788</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2848" title="ISO 2848">2848</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2852" title="ISO 2852">2852</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2921" title="ISO 2921">2921</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/126_film" title="126 film">3029</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_3103" title="ISO 3103">3103</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">3166</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-1" title="ISO 3166-1">-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2" title="ISO 3166-2">-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-3" title="ISO 3166-3">-3</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">3297</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_3307" title="ISO 3307">3307</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O-ring" title="O-ring">3601</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunrei-shiki_romanization" title="Kunrei-shiki romanization">3602</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_3864" title="ISO 3864">3864</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Recording_Code" title="International Standard Recording Code">3901</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FDI_World_Dental_Federation_notation" title="FDI World Dental Federation notation">3950</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_3977" title="ISO 3977">3977</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_4031" title="ISO 4031">4031</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_4157" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 4157">4157</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_4165" title="ISO 4165">4165</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_4217" title="ISO 4217">4217</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_4909" title="ISO/IEC 4909">4909</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_5218" title="ISO/IEC 5218">5218</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_5426" title="ISO 5426">5426</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_5427" title="ISO 5427">5427</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_5428" title="ISO 5428">5428</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accuracy_and_precision" title="Accuracy and precision">5725</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_5775" title="ISO 5775">5775</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_5776" title="ISO 5776">5776</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_speed" title="Film speed">5800</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flowchart" title="Flowchart">5807</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_5964" title="ISO 5964">5964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Securities_Identification_Number" title="International Securities Identification Number">6166</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_6344" title="ISO 6344">6344</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_6346" title="ISO 6346">6346</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimal_BASIC" title="Minimal BASIC">6373</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_6385" title="ISO 6385">6385</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_Resistant_mark" title="Water Resistant mark">6425</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ANSI_escape_code" title="ANSI escape code">6429</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_6438" title="ISO 6438">6438</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_6523" title="ISO/IEC 6523">6523</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_6709" title="ISO 6709">6709</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_6943" title="ISO 6943">6943</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_7001" title="ISO 7001">7001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_7002" title="ISO 7002">7002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_7010" title="ISO 7010">7010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_7027" title="ISO 7027">7027</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_7064" title="ISO/IEC 7064">7064</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">7098</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pascal_(programming_language)" title="Pascal (programming language)">7185</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_7200" title="ISO 7200">7200</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSI_model" title="OSI model">7498</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/OSI_model" title="OSI model">-1</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_7637" title="ISO 7637">7637</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_7736" title="ISO 7736">7736</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_7810" title="ISO/IEC 7810">7810</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_7811" title="ISO/IEC 7811">7811</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_7812" title="ISO/IEC 7812">7812</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_7813" title="ISO/IEC 7813">7813</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_7816" title="ISO/IEC 7816">7816</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphical_Kernel_System" title="Graphical Kernel System">7942</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_8000" title="ISO 8000">8000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On-board_diagnostics" title="On-board diagnostics">8093</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_8178" title="ISO 8178">8178</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuel_oil" title="Fuel oil">8217</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_8373" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 8373">8373</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_8501-1" title="ISO 8501-1">8501-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FTAM" title="FTAM">8571</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_8583" title="ISO 8583">8583</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_8601" title="ISO 8601">8601</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Document_Architecture" title="Open Document Architecture">8613</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_Graphics_Metafile" title="Computer Graphics Metafile">8632</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphical_Kernel_System" title="Graphical Kernel System">8651</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8652" title="ISO/IEC 8652">8652</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_8691" title="ISO 8691">8691</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphical_Kernel_System" title="Graphical Kernel System">8805/8806</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_Of_Temporal_Ordering_Specification" class="mw-redirect" title="Language Of Temporal Ordering Specification">8807</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuse_(automotive)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fuse (automotive)">8820-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859" title="ISO/IEC 8859">8859</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-1" title="ISO/IEC 8859-1">-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-2" title="ISO/IEC 8859-2">-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-3" title="ISO/IEC 8859-3">-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-4" title="ISO/IEC 8859-4">-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-5" title="ISO/IEC 8859-5">-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-6" title="ISO/IEC 8859-6">-6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-7" title="ISO/IEC 8859-7">-7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-8" title="ISO/IEC 8859-8">-8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO-8859-8-I" title="ISO-8859-8-I">-8-I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-9" title="ISO/IEC 8859-9">-9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-10" title="ISO/IEC 8859-10">-10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-11" title="ISO/IEC 8859-11">-11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-12" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO/IEC 8859-12">-12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-13" title="ISO/IEC 8859-13">-13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-14" title="ISO/IEC 8859-14">-14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-15" title="ISO/IEC 8859-15">-15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-16" title="ISO/IEC 8859-16">-16</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Generalized_Markup_Language" title="Standard Generalized Markup Language">8879</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_9000" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 9000">9000/9001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASMO_449" title="ASMO 449">9036</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SQL" title="SQL">9075</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_9126" title="ISO/IEC 9126">9126</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On-board_diagnostics" title="On-board diagnostics">9141</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_spray_test" title="Salt spray test">9227</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_9241" title="ISO 9241">9241</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File_Allocation_Table" title="File Allocation Table">9293</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiber_Distributed_Data_Interface" title="Fiber Distributed Data Interface">9314</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_9362" title="ISO 9362">9362</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoe_size" title="Shoe size">9407</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CHILL" title="CHILL">9496</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_Message_Specification" title="Manufacturing Message Specification">9506</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_9529" title="ISO/IEC 9529">9529</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_9564" title="ISO 9564">9564</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PHIGS" title="PHIGS">9592/9593</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X.500" title="X.500">9594</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_9660" title="ISO 9660">9660</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_9797-1" title="ISO/IEC 9797-1">9797-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_9897" title="ISO 9897">9897</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ANSI_C" title="ANSI C">9899</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/POSIX" title="POSIX">9945</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Georgian" title="Romanization of Georgian">9984</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Armenian" title="Romanization of Armenian">9985</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_9995" title="ISO/IEC 9995">9995</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">10000–19999</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO_10006" title="ISO 10006">10006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_10007" title="ISO 10007">10007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_10116" title="ISO/IEC 10116">10116</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whirlpool_(hash_function)" title="Whirlpool (hash function)">10118-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_10160" title="ISO 10160">10160</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_10161" title="ISO 10161">10161</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guidelines_for_the_Definition_of_Managed_Objects" title="Guidelines for the Definition of Managed Objects">10165</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Document_Style_Semantics_and_Specification_Language" title="Document Style Semantics and Specification Language">10179</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pascal_(programming_language)#ISO/IEC_10206:1990_Extended_Pascal" title="Pascal (programming language)">10206</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_10218" title="ISO 10218">10218</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full_BASIC" title="Full BASIC">10279</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_10303" title="ISO 10303">10303</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/EXPRESS_(data_modeling_language)" title="EXPRESS (data modeling language)">-11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_10303-21" title="ISO 10303-21">-21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_10303-22" title="ISO 10303-22">-22</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_10303-28" title="ISO 10303-28">-28</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STEP-NC" title="STEP-NC">-238</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_Identifier_Code" title="Market Identifier Code">10383</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ArmSCII" title="ArmSCII">10585</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IS-IS" title="IS-IS">10589</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_10628" title="ISO 10628">10628</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Coded_Character_Set" title="Universal Coded Character Set">10646</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torx" title="Torx">10664</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RM-ODP" title="RM-ODP">10746</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multibus" title="Multibus">10861</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Music_Number" title="International Standard Music Number">10957</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_10962" title="ISO 10962">10962</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_10967" title="ISO/IEC 10967">10967</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEEE_11073" title="ISO/IEEE 11073">11073</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_11170" title="ISO 11170">11170</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-1" title="MPEG-1">11172</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_11179" title="ISO/IEC 11179">11179</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_11404" title="ISO/IEC 11404">11404</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JBIG" title="JBIG">11544</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_11783" title="ISO 11783">11783</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_11784_and_ISO_11785" title="ISO 11784 and ISO 11785">11784</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_11784_and_ISO_11785" title="ISO 11784 and ISO 11785">11785</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_11801" title="ISO/IEC 11801">11801</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trusted_Platform_Module" title="Trusted Platform Module">11889</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CAN_bus#CAN_lower-layer_standards" title="CAN bus">11898</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_11940" title="ISO 11940">11940</a> (<a href="/wiki/ISO_11940-2" title="ISO 11940-2">-2</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/TR_11941" title="ISO/TR 11941">11941</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/TR_11941" title="ISO/TR 11941">11941 (TR)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_11992" title="ISO 11992">11992</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_12006" title="ISO 12006">12006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DICOM" title="DICOM">12052</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_TR_12182" title="ISO/IEC TR 12182">12182</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_12207" title="ISO/IEC 12207">12207</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TIFF/EP" title="TIFF/EP">12234-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_categories#ISO_12620_(ISO_TC37_Data_Category_Registry,_ISOcat)" title="Linguistic categories">12620</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prolog" title="Prolog">13211</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prolog" title="Prolog">-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prolog" title="Prolog">-2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isofix" title="Isofix">13216</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topic_map" title="Topic map">13250</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_13399" title="ISO 13399">13399</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_13406-2" title="ISO 13406-2">13406-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/110_film" title="110 film">13450</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_13485" title="ISO 13485">13485</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_13490" title="ISO 13490">13490</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_13567" title="ISO 13567">13567</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z_notation" title="Z notation">13568</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_13584" title="ISO 13584">13584</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Bank_Account_Number" title="International Bank Account Number">13616</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISLISP" title="ISLISP">13816</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-2" title="MPEG-2">13818</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_14000" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 14000">14000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_14031" title="ISO 14031">14031</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_14224" title="ISO 14224">14224</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PDF/UA" title="PDF/UA">14289</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horsepower" title="Horsepower">14396</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_14443" title="ISO/IEC 14443">14443</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-4" title="MPEG-4">14496</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-4_Part_2" title="MPEG-4 Part 2">-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-4_Part_3" title="MPEG-4 Part 3">-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delivery_Multimedia_Integration_Framework" title="Delivery Multimedia Integration Framework">-6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Video_Coding" title="Advanced Video Coding">-10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-4_Part_11" title="MPEG-4 Part 11">-11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_base_media_file_format" title="ISO base media file format">-12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MP4_file_format" title="MP4 file format">-14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MP4_file_format" title="MP4 file format">-17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MP4_file_format" title="MP4 file format">-20</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_14617" title="ISO 14617">14617</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_14644" title="ISO 14644">14644</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STEP-NC" title="STEP-NC">14649</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_14651" title="ISO/IEC 14651">14651</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_14698" title="ISO 14698">14698</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_maintenance" title="Software maintenance">14764</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++">14882</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_14971" title="ISO 14971">14971</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_15022" title="ISO 15022">15022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_15189" title="ISO 15189">15189</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_15288" title="ISO/IEC 15288">15288</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ada_Semantic_Interface_Specification" title="Ada Semantic Interface Specification">15291</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_15398" title="ISO 15398">15398</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Criteria" title="Common Criteria">15408</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JPEG_2000" title="JPEG 2000">15444</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Motion_JPEG_2000" title="Motion JPEG 2000">-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JPIP" title="JPIP">-9</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HTML" title="HTML">15445</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PDF417" title="PDF417">15438</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_15504" title="ISO/IEC 15504">15504</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Identifier_for_Libraries_and_Related_Organizations" title="International Standard Identifier for Libraries and Related Organizations">15511</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_15686" title="ISO 15686">15686</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_15693" title="ISO/IEC 15693">15693</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Audiovisual_Number" title="International Standard Audiovisual Number">15706</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Audiovisual_Number" title="International Standard Audiovisual Number">-2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Musical_Work_Code" title="International Standard Musical Work Code">15707</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_15897" title="ISO/IEC 15897">15897</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_15919" title="ISO 15919">15919</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_15924" title="ISO 15924">15924</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_15926" title="ISO 15926">15926</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_15926_WIP" title="ISO 15926 WIP">15926 WIP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PDF/X" title="PDF/X">15930</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-7" title="MPEG-7">15938</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MaxiCode" title="MaxiCode">16023</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ECMAScript" title="ECMAScript">16262</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quality_function_deployment" title="Quality function deployment">16355-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_raster_content" title="Mixed raster content">16485</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PDF/VT" title="PDF/VT">16612-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_16750" title="ISO 16750">16750</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IATF_16949" title="IATF 16949">16949 (TS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_17024" title="ISO/IEC 17024">17024</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_17025" title="ISO/IEC 17025">17025</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_17100" title="ISO 17100">17100</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Virtualization_Format" title="Open Virtualization Format">17203</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SDMX" title="SDMX">17369</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_Entity_Identifier" title="Legal Entity Identifier">17442</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COLLADA" title="COLLADA">17506</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_27002" title="ISO/IEC 27002">17799</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QR_code" title="QR code">18004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_18014" title="ISO/IEC 18014">18014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JPEG_XL" title="JPEG XL">18181</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_18245" title="ISO 18245">18245</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_Specification_Language" title="Process Specification Language">18629</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographic_Activity_Test" title="Photographic Activity Test">18916</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PDF/A" title="PDF/A">19005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_19011" title="ISO 19011">19011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_19092-1" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 19092-1">19092</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO_19092-1" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 19092-1">-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_19092-2" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 19092-2">-2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_19114" title="ISO 19114">19114</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geospatial_metadata#ISO_19115:_Geographic_information_–_Metadata" title="Geospatial metadata">19115</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_Features" title="Simple Features">19125</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_Markup_Language#ISO_19136" title="Geography Markup Language">19136</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoe_size" title="Shoe size">19407</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_19439" title="ISO 19439">19439</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Object_Request_Broker_Architecture" title="Common Object Request Broker Architecture">19500</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unified_Modeling_Language" title="Unified Modeling Language">19501</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meta-Object_Facility" title="Meta-Object Facility">19502</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XML_Metadata_Interchange" title="XML Metadata Interchange">19503</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unified_Modeling_Language" title="Unified Modeling Language">19505</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_Discovery_Metamodel" title="Knowledge Discovery Metamodel">19506</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Object_Constraint_Language" title="Object Constraint Language">19507</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meta-Object_Facility" title="Meta-Object Facility">19508</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XML_Metadata_Interchange" title="XML Metadata Interchange">19509</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_Process_Model_and_Notation" title="Business Process Model and Notation">19510</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_19600" title="ISO 19600">19600</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_19752" title="ISO/IEC 19752">19752</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RELAX_NG" title="RELAX NG">19757</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_19770" title="ISO/IEC 19770">19770</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X3D" title="X3D">19775-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_19794-5" title="ISO/IEC 19794-5">19794-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloud_Infrastructure_Management_Interface" title="Cloud Infrastructure Management Interface">19831</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20000–29999</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_20000" title="ISO/IEC 20000">20000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_20022" title="ISO 20022">20022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_20121" title="ISO 20121">20121</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_20400" title="ISO 20400">20400</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Data_Protocol" title="Open Data Protocol">20802</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_Xin_code" title="Han Xin code">20830</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-21" title="MPEG-21">21000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_21001" title="ISO 21001">21001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Text_Code" title="International Standard Text Code">21047</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JPEG_XS" title="JPEG XS">21122</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_21500" title="ISO 21500">21500</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_21827" title="ISO/IEC 21827">21827</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_22000" title="ISO 22000">22000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ECMAScript" title="ECMAScript">22275</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_22300" title="ISO 22300">22300</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_22301" title="ISO 22301">22301</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_22395" title="ISO 22395">22395</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ECMAScript_for_XML" title="ECMAScript for XML">22537</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-A" title="MPEG-A">23000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-D" title="MPEG-D">23003</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-H" title="MPEG-H">23008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_Adaptive_Streaming_over_HTTP" title="Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP">23009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Versatile_Video_Coding" title="Versatile Video Coding">23090-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-G" title="MPEG-G">23092</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essential_Video_Coding" title="Essential Video Coding">23094-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LCEVC" title="LCEVC">23094-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C_Sharp_(programming_language)" title="C Sharp (programming language)">23270</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Language_Infrastructure" title="Common Language Infrastructure">23271</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linux_Standard_Base" title="Linux Standard Base">23360</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rectangular_Micro_QR_Code" title="Rectangular Micro QR Code">23941</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PDF/E" title="PDF/E">24517</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lexical_Markup_Framework" title="Lexical Markup Framework">24613</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO-TimeML" title="ISO-TimeML">24617</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Logic" title="Common Logic">24707</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MicroPDF417" title="MicroPDF417">24728</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_25178" title="ISO 25178">25178</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_25964" title="ISO 25964">25964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_26000" title="ISO 26000">26000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_26262" title="ISO 26262">26262</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenDocument" title="OpenDocument">26300</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">26324</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_27000-series" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO/IEC 27000-series">27000 series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_27000" title="ISO/IEC 27000">27000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_27001" title="ISO/IEC 27001">27001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_27002" title="ISO/IEC 27002">27002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_27005" title="ISO/IEC 27005">27005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_27006" title="ISO/IEC 27006">27006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Name_Identifier" title="International Standard Name Identifier">27729</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_28000" title="ISO 28000">28000</a></li> <li>29110</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Requirements_engineering" title="Requirements engineering">29148</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JPEG_XR" title="JPEG XR">29199-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_Open_XML" title="Office Open XML">29500</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">30000+</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ruby_(programming_language)" title="Ruby (programming language)">30170</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31000" title="ISO 31000">31000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PDF" title="PDF">32000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_37001" title="ISO 37001">37001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_38500" title="ISO/IEC 38500">38500</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graph_Query_Language" title="Graph Query Language">39075</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_Content_Accessibility_Guidelines" title="Web Content Accessibility Guidelines">40500</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_42010" title="ISO/IEC 42010">42010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_45001" title="ISO 45001">45001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_50001" title="ISO 50001">50001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_55000" title="ISO 55000">55000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_56000" title="ISO 56000">56000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_80000" title="ISO/IEC 80000">80000</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:ISO_standards" title="Category:ISO standards">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179012#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4047441-0">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85065919">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/01012300">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="projektový management"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph115894&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000052824&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007548197805171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Project_management&oldid=1259603883">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Project_management&oldid=1259603883</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Project_management" title="Category:Project management">Project management</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Management_by_type" title="Category:Management by type">Management by type</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:IEEE_standards" title="Category:IEEE standards">IEEE standards</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:ISO/IEC_standards" title="Category:ISO/IEC standards">ISO/IEC standards</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Product_development" title="Category:Product development">Product development</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Product_management" title="Category:Product management">Product management</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_date_and_year" title="Category:CS1 maint: date and year">CS1 maint: date and year</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">CS1 maint: unfit URL</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others" title="Category:CS1 maint: others">CS1 maint: others</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_American_English_from_November_2021" title="Category:Use American English from November 2021">Use American English from November 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_written_in_American_English" title="Category:All Wikipedia articles written in American English">All Wikipedia articles written in American English</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_mdy_dates_from_November_2021" title="Category:Use mdy dates from November 2021">Use mdy dates from November 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_October_2022" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from October 2022">Articles needing additional references from October 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references" title="Category:All articles needing additional references">All articles needing additional references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_self-published_sources" title="Category:All articles with self-published sources">All articles with self-published sources</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_self-published_sources_from_November_2021" title="Category:Articles with self-published sources from November 2021">Articles with self-published sources from November 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link is on Wikidata">Commons category link is on Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 26 November 2024, at 01:30<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Project_management&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-694cf4987f-dpsrl","wgBackendResponseTime":185,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.367","walltime":"1.698","ppvisitednodes":{"value":6957,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":333888,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":3879,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":16,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":25,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":335544,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1260.786 1 -total"," 43.28% 545.724 1 Template:Reflist"," 17.48% 220.425 28 Template:Cite_book"," 11.81% 148.849 24 Template:Cite_journal"," 9.22% 116.286 1 Template:Business_administration"," 8.98% 113.223 1 Template:Sidebar_with_collapsible_lists"," 7.99% 100.756 1 Template:Short_description"," 7.35% 92.688 10 Template:Navbox"," 6.02% 75.861 5 Template:Side_box"," 5.64% 71.083 3 Template:Sister_project"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.752","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":7382436,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-int.codfw.main-6bcd787d7f-whwdm","timestamp":"20241126013059","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Project management","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Project_management","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q179012","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q179012","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-09-26T18:29:21Z","dateModified":"2024-11-26T01:30:48Z","headline":"the practice of initiating, planning, executing, controlling, and closing the work of a team to achieve specific goals and meet specific success criteria at the specified time"}</script> </body> </html>