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</button> <ul id="toc-Original_802.11_MAC-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Distributed_coordination_function_(DCF)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Distributed_coordination_function_(DCF)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Distributed coordination function (DCF)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Distributed_coordination_function_(DCF)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Point_coordination_function_(PCF)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Point_coordination_function_(PCF)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Point coordination function (PCF)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Point_coordination_function_(PCF)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-802.11e_MAC_protocol_operation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#802.11e_MAC_protocol_operation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>802.11e MAC protocol operation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-802.11e_MAC_protocol_operation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle 802.11e MAC protocol operation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-802.11e_MAC_protocol_operation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Enhanced_distributed_channel_access_(EDCA)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Enhanced_distributed_channel_access_(EDCA)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Enhanced distributed channel access (EDCA)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Enhanced_distributed_channel_access_(EDCA)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-HCF_controlled_channel_access_(HCCA)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#HCF_controlled_channel_access_(HCCA)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>HCF controlled channel access (HCCA)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-HCF_controlled_channel_access_(HCCA)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_802.11e_specifications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_802.11e_specifications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Other 802.11e specifications</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Other_802.11e_specifications-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Other 802.11e specifications subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Other_802.11e_specifications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Automatic_power_save_delivery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Automatic_power_save_delivery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Automatic power save delivery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Automatic_power_save_delivery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Block_acknowledgments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Block_acknowledgments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Block acknowledgments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Block_acknowledgments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-NoAck" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#NoAck"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>NoAck</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-NoAck-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Direct_Link_Setup" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Direct_Link_Setup"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Direct Link Setup</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Direct_Link_Setup-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>External 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class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>may be too technical for most readers to understand</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=IEEE_802.11e-2005&action=edit">help improve it</a> to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Make_technical_articles_understandable" title="Wikipedia:Make technical articles understandable">make it understandable to non-experts</a>, without removing the technical details.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2010</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p><p><b>IEEE 802.11e-2005</b> or <b>802.11e</b> is an approved amendment to the <a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11" title="IEEE 802.11">IEEE 802.11</a> standard that defines a set of <a href="/wiki/Quality_of_service" title="Quality of service">quality of service</a> (QoS) enhancements for wireless <a href="/wiki/Local_area_network" title="Local area network">LAN</a> applications through modifications to the <a href="/wiki/Media_access_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Media access control">media access control</a> (MAC) layer.<sup id="cite_ref-benven1_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-benven1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The standard is considered of critical importance for delay-sensitive applications, such as <a href="/wiki/VoWLAN" class="mw-redirect" title="VoWLAN">voice over wireless LAN</a> and <a href="/wiki/Streaming_multimedia" class="mw-redirect" title="Streaming multimedia">streaming multimedia</a>. The amendment has been incorporated into the published <a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11-2007#802.11-2007" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 802.11-2007">IEEE 802.11-2007</a> standard. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Original_802.11_MAC">Original 802.11 MAC</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IEEE_802.11e-2005&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Original 802.11 MAC"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Distributed_coordination_function_(DCF)"><span id="Distributed_coordination_function_.28DCF.29"></span>Distributed coordination function (DCF)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IEEE_802.11e-2005&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Distributed coordination function (DCF)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Distributed_coordination_function" title="Distributed coordination function">Distributed coordination function</a></div> <p>The basic 802.11 MAC layer uses the distributed coordination function (DCF) to share the medium between multiple stations. (DCF) relies on <a href="/wiki/CSMA/CA" class="mw-redirect" title="CSMA/CA">CSMA/CA</a> and optional <a href="/wiki/802.11_RTS/CTS" class="mw-redirect" title="802.11 RTS/CTS">802.11 RTS/CTS</a> to share the medium between stations. This has several limitations: </p> <ul><li>if many stations attempt to communicate at the same time, many collisions will occur which will lower the available bandwidth and possibly lead to <a href="/wiki/Congestive_collapse" class="mw-redirect" title="Congestive collapse">congestive collapse</a>.</li> <li>there are no quality-of-service (QoS) guarantees. In particular, there is no notion of high or low priority traffic.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Point_coordination_function_(PCF)"><span id="Point_coordination_function_.28PCF.29"></span>Point coordination function (PCF)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IEEE_802.11e-2005&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Point coordination function (PCF)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Point_coordination_function" title="Point coordination function">Point coordination function</a></div> <p>The original 802.11 MAC defines another coordination function called the point coordination function (PCF). This is available only in "infrastructure" mode, where stations are connected to the network through an <a href="/wiki/Wireless_access_point" title="Wireless access point">Access Point</a> (AP). This mode is optional, and only very few APs or Wi-Fi adapters actually implement it.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> APs send <i><a href="/wiki/Electric_beacon#Wi-Fi" class="mw-redirect" title="Electric beacon">beacon</a></i> frames at regular intervals (usually every 100 <a href="/wiki/TU_(time_unit)" title="TU (time unit)">TU</a> or 0.1024 second). Between these <i>beacon</i> frames, PCF defines two periods: the Contention Free Period (CFP) and the Contention Period (CP). In the CP, DCF is used. In the CFP, the AP sends Contention-Free-Poll (CF-Poll) packets to each station, one at a time, to give them the right to send a packet. The AP is the coordinator. Although this allows for a better management of QoS, PCF does not define classes of traffic as is common with other QoS systems (e.g. <a href="/wiki/802.1p" class="mw-redirect" title="802.1p">802.1p</a> and <a href="/wiki/DiffServ" class="mw-redirect" title="DiffServ">DiffServ</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="802.11e_MAC_protocol_operation">802.11e MAC protocol operation <span class="anchor" id="Hybrid_coordination_function"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IEEE_802.11e-2005&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 802.11e MAC protocol operation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:OSI-80211e.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/OSI-80211e.png/300px-OSI-80211e.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/OSI-80211e.png/450px-OSI-80211e.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c1/OSI-80211e.png 2x" data-file-width="586" data-file-height="495" /></a><figcaption>A diagram of the seven-layer OSI model with the modifications made by the 802.11 standard and the 802.11e amendment<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The 802.11e enhances the DCF and the PCF, through a new coordination function: the hybrid coordination function (HCF). Within the HCF, there are two methods of channel accessed, similar to those defined in the legacy 802.11 MAC: HCF Controlled Channel Access (HCCA) and Enhanced Distributed Channel Access (EDCA). Both EDCA and HCCA define Traffic Categories (TC). For example, <a href="/wiki/Email" title="Email">emails</a> could be assigned to a low priority class, and voice over wireless LAN (VoWLAN) could be assigned to a high priority class. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Enhanced_distributed_channel_access_(EDCA)"><span id="Enhanced_distributed_channel_access_.28EDCA.29"></span>Enhanced distributed channel access (EDCA)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IEEE_802.11e-2005&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Enhanced distributed channel access (EDCA)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Disputed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-disputed" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/System-search.svg/45px-System-search.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/System-search.svg/68px-System-search.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/System-search.svg/90px-System-search.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section's <b>factual accuracy is <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute">disputed</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Relevant discussion may be found on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:IEEE_802.11e-2005#Disputed" title="Talk:IEEE 802.11e-2005">talk page</a>. Please help to ensure that disputed statements are <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">reliably sourced</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2014</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>EDCA is a supported <a href="/wiki/Quality_of_service" title="Quality of service">QoS</a> mechanism in 802.11e. With EDCA, high-priority traffic has a higher chance of being sent than low-priority traffic: a station with high priority traffic waits a little less before it sends its packet, on average, than a station with low priority traffic. This is accomplished through the TCMA protocol, which is a variation of CSMA/CA using a shorter <a href="/wiki/Arbitration_inter-frame_space" class="mw-redirect" title="Arbitration inter-frame space">arbitration inter-frame space</a> (AIFS) for higher priority packets.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The exact values depend on the physical layer that is used to transmit the data. In addition, EDCA provides contention-free access to the channel for a period called a Transmit Opportunity (TXOP). A TXOP is a bounded time interval during which a station can send as many frames as possible (as long as the duration of the transmissions does not extend beyond the maximum duration of the TXOP). If a frame is too large to be transmitted in a single TXOP, it should be fragmented into smaller frames. The use of TXOPs reduces the problem of low rate stations gaining an inordinate amount of channel time in the legacy <a href="/wiki/802.11" class="mw-redirect" title="802.11">802.11</a> <a href="/wiki/Distributed_Coordination_Function" class="mw-redirect" title="Distributed Coordination Function">DCF</a> MAC. A TXOP time interval of 0 means it is limited to a single MAC service data unit (MSDU) or MAC management protocol data unit (MMPDU). </p><p>The levels of priority in EDCA are called access categories (ACs). The contention window (CW) can be set according to the traffic expected in each access category, with a wider window needed for categories with heavier traffic. The CWmin and CWmax values are calculated from aCWmin and aCWmax values, respectively, that are defined for each physical layer supported by 802.11e. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Calculation of contention window boundaries </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>AC </th> <th>CWmin </th> <th>CWmax </th></tr> <tr> <td>Background (AC_BK) </td> <td>aCWmin </td> <td>aCWmax </td></tr> <tr> <td>Best Effort (AC_BE) </td> <td>aCWmin </td> <td>aCWmax </td></tr> <tr> <td>Video (AC_VI) </td> <td>(aCWmin+1)/2-1 </td> <td>aCWmin </td></tr> <tr> <td>Voice (AC_VO) </td> <td>(aCWmin+1)/4-1 </td> <td>(aCWmin+1)/2-1 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>For a typical of aCWmin=15 and aCWmax=1023, as used, for example, by <a href="/wiki/OFDM" class="mw-redirect" title="OFDM">OFDM</a> (802.11a) and <a href="/wiki/MIMO" title="MIMO">MIMO</a> (802.11n), the resulting values are as following: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Default EDCA parameters for each AC </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>AC </th> <th>CWmin </th> <th>CWmax </th> <th>AIFSN </th> <th>Max TXOP </th></tr> <tr> <td>Background (AC_BK) </td> <td>15 </td> <td>1023 </td> <td>7 </td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Best Effort (AC_BE) </td> <td>15 </td> <td>1023 </td> <td>3 </td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Video (AC_VI) </td> <td>7 </td> <td>15 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>3.008ms </td></tr> <tr> <td>Voice (AC_VO) </td> <td>3 </td> <td>7 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>1.504ms </td></tr> <tr> <td>Legacy DCF </td> <td>15 </td> <td>1023 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>0 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>ACs map directly from Ethernet-level <a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.1D" title="IEEE 802.1D">class of service (CoS)</a> priority levels: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>– </th> <th colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/IEEE_P802.1p" title="IEEE P802.1p">802.1p</a> </th> <th colspan="2">802.11e </th></tr> <tr> <th>Priority </th> <th>Priority code point (PCP) </th> <th>Abbreviation </th> <th>Traffic type </th> <th>Access category (AC) </th> <th>Designation </th></tr> <tr> <td>Lowest </td> <td>1 </td> <td>BK </td> <td>Background </td> <td>AC_BK </td> <td>Background </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>2 </td> <td>– </td> <td>Spare </td> <td>AC_BK </td> <td>Background </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>0 </td> <td>BE </td> <td>Best effort </td> <td>AC_BE </td> <td>Best effort </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>3 </td> <td>EE </td> <td>Excellent effort </td> <td>AC_BE </td> <td>Best effort </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>4 </td> <td>CL </td> <td>Controlled load </td> <td>AC_VI </td> <td>Video </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>5 </td> <td>VI </td> <td>Video </td> <td>AC_VI </td> <td>Video </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>6 </td> <td>VO </td> <td>Voice </td> <td>AC_VO </td> <td>Voice </td></tr> <tr> <td>Highest </td> <td>7 </td> <td>NC </td> <td>Network control </td> <td>AC_VO </td> <td>Voice </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The primary purpose of QoS is to protect high priority data from low priority data. There are also scenarios in which the data needs to be protected from other data of the same class. Admission Control in EDCA address these type of problems. The AP publishes the available bandwidth in beacons. Clients can check the available bandwidth before adding more traffic. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Wi-Fi_Multimedia" class="mw-redirect" title="Wi-Fi Multimedia">Wi-Fi Multimedia</a> (WMM) is the Wi-Fi Alliance specification which is a subset of IEEE 802.11e. Certified APs must be enabled for EDCA and TXOP. All other enhancements of 802.11e are optional. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="HCF_controlled_channel_access_(HCCA)"><span id="HCF_controlled_channel_access_.28HCCA.29"></span>HCF controlled channel access (HCCA)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IEEE_802.11e-2005&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: HCF controlled channel access (HCCA)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The HCF (hybrid coordination function) controlled channel access (HCCA) works a lot like PCF. However, in contrast to PCF, in which the interval between two beacon frames is divided into two periods of CFP and CP, the HCCA allows for CFPs being initiated at almost anytime during a CP. This kind of CFP is called a Controlled Access Phase (CAP) in 802.11e. A CAP is initiated by the AP whenever it wants to send a frame to a station or receive a frame from a station in a contention-free manner. In fact, the CFP is a CAP too. During a CAP, the Hybrid Coordinator (HC)—which is also the AP—controls the access to the medium. During the CP, all stations function in EDCA. The other difference with the PCF is that Traffic Class (TC) and Traffic Streams (TS) are defined. This means that the HC is not limited to per-station queuing and can provide a kind of per-session service. Also, the HC can coordinate these streams or sessions in any fashion it chooses (not just round-robin). Moreover, the stations give info about the lengths of their queues for each Traffic Class (TC). The HC can use this info to give priority to one station over another, or better adjust its scheduling mechanism. Another difference is that stations are given a TXOP: they may send multiple packets in a row, for a given time period selected by the HC. During the CFP, the HC allows stations to send data by sending CF-Poll frames. </p><p>HCCA is generally considered the most advanced (and complex) coordination function. With the HCCA, QoS can be configured with great precision. QoS-enabled stations have the ability to request specific transmission parameters (data rate, jitter, etc.) which should allow advanced applications like VoIP and video streaming to work more effectively on a Wi-Fi network. </p><p>HCCA support is not mandatory for 802.11e APs. In fact, few (if any) APs currently available are enabled for HCCA.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Implementing the HCCA on end stations uses the existing DCF mechanism for channel access (no change to DCF or EDCA operation is needed). Stations only need to be able to respond to poll messages. On the AP side, a scheduler and queuing mechanism is needed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_802.11e_specifications">Other 802.11e specifications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IEEE_802.11e-2005&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Other 802.11e specifications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In addition to HCCA, EDCA and TXOP, 802.11e specifies additional optional protocols for enhanced 802.11 MAC layer QoS: </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Automatic_power_save_delivery">Automatic power save delivery<span class="anchor" id="APSD"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IEEE_802.11e-2005&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Automatic power save delivery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In addition to the Power Save Polling mechanism, which was available pre-802.11e, new power save delivery and notification mechanisms have been introduced in 802.11e. APSD (automatic power save delivery) provides two ways to start delivery: ‘scheduled APSD’ (S-APSD) and ‘unscheduled APSD’ (U-APSD). With APSD, multiple frames may be transmitted together by the <a href="/wiki/Wireless_access_point" title="Wireless access point">access point</a> to a power-saving device during a service period. After the end of a service period, the device enters a doze state until next service period. With S-APSD, service periods start according to a predetermined schedule known to the power-saving device, thus allowing the Access Point to transmit its buffered traffic without the need for any signaling. With U-APSD, whenever a frame is sent to the Access Point, a service period is triggered, which allows the access point to send buffered frames in the other direction. U-APSD can take a ‘full’ U-APSD or ‘hybrid’ U-APSD form. With Full U-APSD, all types of frames use U-APSD independently of their priority. With Hybrid U-APSD, either U-APSD or the legacy Power Save Polling mechanism is used, depending on the access category. S-APSD is available for both channel access mechanisms, EDCA and HCCA, while U-APSD is available only for EDCA.<sup id="cite_ref-benven1_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-benven1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>APSD is a more efficient power management method than legacy 802.11 Power Save Polling, leading to lower power consumption, as it reduces both the signaling traffic that would otherwise be needed for delivery of buffered frames to power-saving devices by an AP and the collision rate among power-save polls, typically transmitted immediately after the beacon TIM. S-APSD is more efficient than U-APSD because scheduled service periods reduce contention and because transmission between the access point and a power-saving device starts without the need for any signaling. A power-saving device using U-APSD must generate signaling frames to retrieve buffered traffic in the absence of uplink traffic, as for instance in the case of audio, video, or best effort traffic applications found in today's smartphones. U-APSD is attractive for <a href="/wiki/VoIP_phones" class="mw-redirect" title="VoIP phones">VoIP phones</a>, as data rates are roughly the same in both directions, thus requiring no extra signaling—an uplink voice frame can trigger a service period for the transmission of a downlink voice frame.<sup id="cite_ref-benven2_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-benven2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hybrid U-APSD is less efficient than Full U-APSD because the Power Save Polling mechanism it employs for some access categories is less efficient than APSD, as explained above. The relative advantages of the various power-save mechanisms have been confirmed independently by simulations.<sup id="cite_ref-perez2_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-perez2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Block_acknowledgments">Block acknowledgments</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IEEE_802.11e-2005&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Block acknowledgments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Block acknowledgments allow an entire TXOP to be acknowledged in a single frame. This will provide less protocol overhead when longer TXOPs are specified. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="NoAck">NoAck</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IEEE_802.11e-2005&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: NoAck"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In QoS mode, service class for frames to send can have two values: QosAck and QosNoAck. Frames with QosNoAck are not acknowledged. This avoids retransmission of highly time-critical data. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Direct_Link_Setup">Direct Link Setup</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IEEE_802.11e-2005&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Direct Link Setup"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Direct Link Setup allows direct station-to-station frame transfer within a <a href="/wiki/Basic_service_set" class="mw-redirect" title="Basic service set">basic service set</a>. This is designed primarily for consumer use, where station-to-station transfer is more commonly used. For example, when streaming video to a television across the living room, or printing to a wireless printer in the same room, it can be more efficient to send Wi-Fi frames directly between the two communicating devices, instead of using the standard technique of always sending everything via the AP, which involves two radio hops instead of one. Also, If the AP is far away in some distant part of the home, sending all the frames to the AP and back may require them to be sent at a lower transmission rate. However, DLS requires participation from the AP to facilitate the more efficient direct communication, and few, if any, APs have the necessary support for this. Tunnelled Direct Link Setup was published as 802.11z (<a href="/wiki/TDLS" title="TDLS">TDLS</a>), allowing devices to perform more efficient direct station-to-station frame transfers without support from the AP. Both DLS and TDLS require that stations be associated with the same AP. Both DLS and TDLS improve the speed and efficiency of communications between members of a <a href="/wiki/Basic_service_set" class="mw-redirect" title="Basic service set">basic service set</a>, but they do not facilitate communication between devices that are near to each other but not associated with the same AP. </p><p>Nearby communication between devices not associated with the same AP can be performed using technologies like <a href="/wiki/Wi-Fi_Direct" title="Wi-Fi Direct">Wi-Fi Direct</a>, but so far Wi-Fi Direct has not seen widespread adoption. </p><p>Microsoft's Virtual Wi-Fi initiative was designed to accomplish the same goal as DLS. Virtual Wi-Fi allows gamers to connect wireless while accessing the Internet through an AP by allowing station adapters to have multiple MAC addresses.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IEEE_802.11e-2005&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-benven1-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-benven1_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-benven1_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">M. Benveniste, "WLAN QoS", Chapter 3 in <i>Emerging Technologies in Wireless LANs: Theory, Design, and Deployment</i>, (B. Bing, ed.), Cambridge University Press, 2008, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-89584-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-89584-2">978-0-521-89584-2</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.broadcom.com/collateral/wp/802_11n-WP100-R.pdf">"802.11n: Next-Generation Wireless LAN Technology"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Broadcom_Corporation" title="Broadcom Corporation">Broadcom Corporation</a>. 21 April 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=802.11n%3A+Next-Generation+Wireless+LAN+Technology&rft.pub=Broadcom+Corporation&rft.date=2006-04-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.broadcom.com%2Fcollateral%2Fwp%2F802_11n-WP100-R.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIEEE+802.11e-2005" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">M. Benveniste, "Tiered Contention Multiple Access' (TCMA), a QoS-Based Distributed MAC Protocol", Proceedings PIMRC 2002, Lisboa, Portugal, September 2002</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerez-CostaCamps-MurSashihara2005" class="citation journal cs1">Perez-Costa, X.; Camps-Mur, D.; Sashihara, T. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/1561942">"Analysis of the integration of IEEE 802.11E capabilities in battery limited mobile devices"</a>. <i>IEEE Wireless Communications</i>. <b>12</b> (6): 26–32. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FMWC.2005.1561942">10.1109/MWC.2005.1561942</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IEEE+Wireless+Communications&rft.atitle=Analysis+of+the+integration+of+IEEE+802.11E+capabilities+in+battery+limited+mobile+devices&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=26-32&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FMWC.2005.1561942&rft.aulast=Perez-Costa&rft.aufirst=X.&rft.au=Camps-Mur%2C+D.&rft.au=Sashihara%2C+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fieeexplore.ieee.org%2Fdocument%2F1561942&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIEEE+802.11e-2005" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-benven2-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-benven2_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">M. Benveniste, "Guidelines for Power Management", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mentor.ieee.org/802.11/dcn/04/11-04-0073-02-000e-guidelines-power-management.doc">Doc IEEE 802.11-04/073</a>, January 2004</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-perez2-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-perez2_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPérez-CostaCamps-Mur2010" class="citation magazine cs1">Pérez-Costa, X.; Camps-Mur, D. (August 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/5547926">"IEEE 802.11e QoS and Power Saving feature: Overview and Analysis of Combined Performance"</a>. <i>IEEE Wireless Communications Magazine (WirComMag)</i>. Vol. 17, no. 4.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IEEE+Wireless+Communications+Magazine+%28WirComMag%29&rft.atitle=IEEE+802.11e+QoS+and+Power+Saving+feature%3A+Overview+and+Analysis+of+Combined+Performance&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=4&rft.date=2010-08&rft.aulast=P%C3%A9rez-Costa&rft.aufirst=X.&rft.au=Camps-Mur%2C+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fieeexplore.ieee.org%2Fdocument%2F5547926&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIEEE+802.11e-2005" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPérez-CostaCamps-MurVidal2007" class="citation journal cs1">Pérez-Costa, Xavier; Camps-Mur, Daniel; Vidal, Albert (2007). "On distributed power saving mechanisms of wireless LANs 802.11e U-APSD vs 802.11 power save mode". <i>Computer Networks</i>. <b>51</b> (9): 2326–2344. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.comnet.2007.01.026">10.1016/j.comnet.2007.01.026</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Computer+Networks&rft.atitle=On+distributed+power+saving+mechanisms+of+wireless+LANs+802.11e+U-APSD+vs+802.11+power+save+mode&rft.volume=51&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=2326-2344&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.comnet.2007.01.026&rft.aulast=P%C3%A9rez-Costa&rft.aufirst=Xavier&rft.au=Camps-Mur%2C+Daniel&rft.au=Vidal%2C+Albert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIEEE+802.11e-2005" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.istartedsomething.com/20090516/windows-7-native-virtual-wifi-technology-microsoft-research/">"Windows 7 adds native Virtual WiFi technology from Microsoft Research"</a>. 16 May 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 July</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Windows+7+adds+native+Virtual+WiFi+technology+from+Microsoft+Research&rft.date=2009-05-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.istartedsomething.com%2F20090516%2Fwindows-7-native-virtual-wifi-technology-microsoft-research%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIEEE+802.11e-2005" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IEEE_802.11e-2005&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20051214040517/http://standards.ieee.org/board/rev/905recomm.html">Approval from the 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href="/wiki/IEEE_854-1987" title="IEEE 854-1987">854</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_configuration_management" title="Software configuration management">828</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_test_documentation" title="Software test documentation">829</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Futurebus" title="Futurebus">896</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single_UNIX_Specification" title="Single UNIX Specification">1003</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VMEbus" title="VMEbus">1014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_design_description" title="Software design description">1016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VHDL" title="VHDL">1076</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JTAG" title="JTAG">1149.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PILOT" title="PILOT">1154</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_1164" title="IEEE 1164">1164</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Firmware" title="Open Firmware">1275</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributed_Interactive_Simulation" title="Distributed Interactive Simulation">1278</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_1284" title="IEEE 1284">1284</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_1355" title="IEEE 1355">1355</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_1394" title="IEEE 1394">1394</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_1451" title="IEEE 1451">1451</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Delay_Format" title="Standard Delay Format">1497</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-level_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="High-level architecture">1516</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_1541-2002" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 1541-2002">1541</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_1547" title="IEEE 1547">1547</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_1584" title="IEEE 1584">1584</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precision_Time_Protocol" title="Precision Time Protocol">1588</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scalable_Coherent_Interface" title="Scalable Coherent Interface">1596</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Library_Format" title="Advanced Library Format">1603</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_1613" title="IEEE 1613">1613</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_1619" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 1619">1619</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SystemC" title="SystemC">1666</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_1667" title="IEEE 1667">1667</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_1675-2008" title="IEEE 1675-2008">1675</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IP-XACT" title="IP-XACT">1685</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_1722" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 1722">1722</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_1733" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 1733">1733</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SystemVerilog" title="SystemVerilog">1800</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unified_Power_Format" title="Unified Power Format">1801</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DNP3" title="DNP3">1815</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_1849" title="IEEE 1849">1849</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property_Specification_Language" title="Property Specification Language">1850</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_1855" title="IEEE 1855">1855</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DySPAN" title="DySPAN">1900</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_1901" title="IEEE 1901">1901</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RuBee" title="RuBee">1902</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Service_Interoperability_in_Ethernet_Passive_Optical_Networks" title="Service Interoperability in Ethernet Passive Optical Networks">1904</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_1905" title="IEEE 1905">1905</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_2030" title="IEEE 2030">2030</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micro_T-Kernel" title="Micro T-Kernel">2050</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEEE_11073" title="ISO/IEEE 11073">11073</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_12207" title="ISO/IEC 12207">12207</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_maintenance" title="Software maintenance">14764</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Risk_management" title="Risk management">16085</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_management" title="Project management">16326</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Requirements_engineering" title="Requirements engineering">29148</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_42010" title="ISO/IEC 42010">42010</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802" title="IEEE 802">802 series</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802" title="IEEE 802">802</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.2" title="IEEE 802.2">.2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Token_bus_network" title="Token bus network">.4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Token_Ring" title="Token Ring">.5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.6" title="IEEE 802.6">.6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.7" title="IEEE 802.7">.7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.8" title="IEEE 802.8">.8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.9" title="IEEE 802.9">.9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.10" title="IEEE 802.10">.10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/100BaseVG" title="100BaseVG">.12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cable_modem#IEEE_802.14" title="Cable modem">.14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.16" title="IEEE 802.16">.16</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/WiMAX" title="WiMAX">WiMAX · d · e</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resilient_Packet_Ring" title="Resilient Packet Ring">.17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.18" title="IEEE 802.18">.18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.20" title="IEEE 802.20">.20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.21" title="IEEE 802.21">.21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.22" title="IEEE 802.22">.22</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=IEEE_802.24&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="IEEE 802.24 (page does not exist)">.24</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.1" title="IEEE 802.1">802.1</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.1D" title="IEEE 802.1D">D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_P802.1p" title="IEEE P802.1p">p</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.1Q" title="IEEE 802.1Q">Q</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.1Qav" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 802.1Qav">Qav</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stream_Reservation_Protocol" title="Stream Reservation Protocol">Qat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provider_Backbone_Bridge_Traffic_Engineering" title="Provider Backbone Bridge Traffic Engineering">Qay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_center_bridging#IEEE_Task_Group" title="Data center bridging">Qaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.1Qbb" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 802.1Qbb">Qbb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanning_Tree_Protocol" title="Spanning Tree Protocol">w</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.1X" title="IEEE 802.1X">X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Link_Layer_Discovery_Protocol" title="Link Layer Discovery Protocol">AB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.1ad" title="IEEE 802.1ad">ad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.1AE" title="IEEE 802.1AE">AE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.1ag" title="IEEE 802.1ag">ag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.1ah-2008" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 802.1ah-2008">ah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_Registration_Protocol" title="Multiple Registration Protocol">ak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.1aq" title="IEEE 802.1aq">aq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.1AS" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 802.1AS">AS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Link_aggregation" title="Link aggregation">AX</a> (<a href="/wiki/Link_Aggregation_Control_Protocol" class="mw-redirect" title="Link Aggregation Control Protocol">LACP</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audio_Video_Bridging" title="Audio Video Bridging">BA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.3" title="IEEE 802.3">802.3</a> <br />(<a href="/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/10BASE5" title="10BASE5">-1983</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3a" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3a">a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3b" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3b">b</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3d" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3d">d</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3e" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3e">e</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3i" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3i">i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3j" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3j">j</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3u" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3u">u</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.3x" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 802.3x">x</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3y" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3y">y</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3z" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3z">z</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3ab" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3ab">ab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3ac" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3ac">ac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3ad" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3ad">ad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3ae" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3ae">ae</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/802.3af" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3af">af</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3ah" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3ah">ah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3ak" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3ak">ak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3an" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3an">an</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3aq" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3aq">aq</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/802.3at" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3at">at</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3au" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3au">au</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3av" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3av">av</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3az" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3az">az</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3ba" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3ba">ba</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/802.3bt" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3bt">bt</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3bu" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3bu">bu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3by" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3by">by</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3bz" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3bz">bz</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=802.3ca&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="802.3ca (page does not exist)">ca</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=802.3cb&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="802.3cb (page does not exist)">cb</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=802.3cc&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="802.3cc (page does not exist)">cc</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=802.3cd&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="802.3cd (page does not exist)">cd</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=802.3ce&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="802.3ce (page does not exist)">ce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3cg" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3cg">cg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3ch" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3ch">ch</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=802.3ck&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="802.3ck (page does not exist)">ck</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=802.3cm&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="802.3cm (page does not exist)">cm</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=802.3cn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="802.3cn (page does not exist)">cn</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=802.3cp&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="802.3cp (page does not exist)">cp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3cq" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3cq">cq</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=802.3cr&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="802.3cr (page does not exist)">cr</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=802.3cs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="802.3cs (page does not exist)">cs</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=802.3ct&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="802.3ct (page does not exist)">ct</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=802.3cu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="802.3cu (page does not exist)">cu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3cv" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3cv">cv</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=802.3cw&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="802.3cw (page does not exist)">cw</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=802.3cx&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="802.3cx (page does not exist)">cx</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=802.3cy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="802.3cy (page does not exist)">cy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=802.3cz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="802.3cz (page does not exist)">cz</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=802.3da&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="802.3da (page does not exist)">da</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=802.3db&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="802.3db (page does not exist)">db</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3dd" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3dd">dd</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=802.3de&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="802.3de (page does not exist)">de</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=802.3df&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="802.3df (page does not exist)">df</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11" title="IEEE 802.11">802.11</a> <br />(<a href="/wiki/Wi-Fi" title="Wi-Fi">Wi-Fi</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11-1997" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 802.11-1997">-1997</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11_(legacy_mode)" title="IEEE 802.11 (legacy mode)">legacy mode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11a-1999" title="IEEE 802.11a-1999">a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11b-1999" title="IEEE 802.11b-1999">b</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11c" title="IEEE 802.11c">c</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11d-2001" title="IEEE 802.11d-2001">d</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">e</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-Access_Point_Protocol" title="Inter-Access Point Protocol">f</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11g-2003" title="IEEE 802.11g-2003">g</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11h-2003" title="IEEE 802.11h-2003">h</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11i-2004" title="IEEE 802.11i-2004">i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11j-2004" title="IEEE 802.11j-2004">j</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11k-2008" title="IEEE 802.11k-2008">k</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11n-2009" title="IEEE 802.11n-2009">n</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/Wi-Fi_4" class="mw-redirect" title="Wi-Fi 4">Wi-Fi 4</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11p" title="IEEE 802.11p">p</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11r-2008" title="IEEE 802.11r-2008">r</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11s" title="IEEE 802.11s">s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11u" title="IEEE 802.11u">u</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11v" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 802.11v">v</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11w-2009" title="IEEE 802.11w-2009">w</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11y-2008" title="IEEE 802.11y-2008">y</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11z" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 802.11z">z</a></li> <li>aa</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11ac" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 802.11ac">ac</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/Wi-Fi_5" class="mw-redirect" title="Wi-Fi 5">Wi-Fi 5</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11ad" title="IEEE 802.11ad">ad</a> (<a href="/wiki/WiGig" title="WiGig">WiGig</a>)</li> <li>ae</li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11af" title="IEEE 802.11af">af</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11ah" title="IEEE 802.11ah">ah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11ai" title="IEEE 802.11ai">ai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11aj" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 802.11aj">aj</a></li> <li>ak</li> <li>aq</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11ax" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 802.11ax">ax</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/Wi-Fi_6" title="Wi-Fi 6">Wi-Fi 6</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11ay" title="IEEE 802.11ay">ay</a></li> <li>az</li> <li>ba</li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11bb" title="IEEE 802.11bb">bb</a></li> <li>bc</li> <li>bd</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11be" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 802.11be">be</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/Wi-Fi_7" title="Wi-Fi 7">Wi-Fi 7</a>)</li> <li>bf</li> <li>bh</li> <li>bi</li> <li>bk</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11bn" title="IEEE 802.11bn">bn</a></b> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wi-Fi_8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wi-Fi 8 (page does not exist)">Wi-Fi 8</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.15" title="IEEE 802.15">802.15</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.15.1" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 802.15.1">.1</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bluetooth" title="Bluetooth">Bluetooth</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.15.2" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 802.15.2">.2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.15.3" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 802.15.3">.3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.15.4" title="IEEE 802.15.4">.4</a> (<a href="/wiki/Zigbee" title="Zigbee">Zigbee</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.15.4a" title="IEEE 802.15.4a">.4a</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=IEEE_802.15.4b&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="IEEE 802.15.4b (page does not exist)">.4b</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=IEEE_802.15.4c&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="IEEE 802.15.4c (page does not exist)">.4c</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=IEEE_802.15.4d&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="IEEE 802.15.4d (page does not exist)">.4d</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=IEEE_802.15.4e&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="IEEE 802.15.4e (page does not exist)">.4e</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=IEEE_802.15.4f&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="IEEE 802.15.4f (page does not exist)">.4f</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=IEEE_802.15.4g&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="IEEE 802.15.4g (page does not exist)">.4g</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=IEEE_802.15.4z&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="IEEE 802.15.4z (page does not exist)">.4z</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.15.5" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 802.15.5">.5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.15.6" title="IEEE 802.15.6">.6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.15.7" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 802.15.7">.7</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proposed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_P1363" title="IEEE P1363">P1363</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_P1619" title="IEEE P1619">P1619</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosetta-lang" title="Rosetta-lang">P1699</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Power_Adapter_for_Mobile_Devices" title="Universal Power Adapter for Mobile Devices">P1823</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_P1906.1" title="IEEE P1906.1">P1906.1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Superseded</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_754-1985" title="IEEE 754-1985">754-1985</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_requirements_specification" title="Software requirements specification">830</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_1219" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 1219">1219</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_requirements_specification" title="Software requirements specification">1233</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concept_of_operations" title="Concept of operations">1362</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verilog" title="Verilog">1364</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_1471" title="IEEE 1471">1471</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt><i>See also</i></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Standards_Association" title="IEEE Standards Association">IEEE Standards Association</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Category:IEEE_standards" title="Category:IEEE standards">Category:IEEE standards</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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