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Nobel Prize for Physics
<html> <head> <title>Nobel Prize for Physics</title> <meta name="googlebot" content="noodp"> <meta name="robots" content="noodp"><style type="text/css"> <!-- .fotmbar { color: #FFFFFF; text-decoration: none} .fotmbar:hover { color: #FFFFFF; text-decoration: underline} .newslink { color: #000000; text-decoration: none} .newslink:hover { color: #000000; text-decoration: none} .proflink { color: #000000; text-decoration: none} .proflink:hover { color: blue; text-decoration: underline} .b1f, .b2f, .b3f, .b4f {font-size:1px; overflow:hidden; display:block;} .b1f {height:1px; background:#e6e6e6; margin:0 5px;} .b2f {height:1px; background:#e6e6e6; margin:0 3px;} .b3f {height:1px; background:#e6e6e6; margin:0 2px;} .b4f {height:2px; background:#e6e6e6; margin:0 1px;} .contentf {background: #e6e6e6; padding: 2px; } .contentf div {margin-left: 5px;} --> </style><script type="text/javascript" src="/sortable.js"></script> </head> <body bgcolor=#ffffff> <center> <table cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0 border=0><tr><td valign=top><table width=550 cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0> <tr><td bgcolor=white><table width="100%" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" background="/nndb.gif"> <tr> <td rowspan="2" align="left" valign="top"><a href="http://www.nndb.com/"><img src="/title.gif" width="260" height="50" border=0 alt="NNDB"></a></td> <td><table width="100%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="6"> <tr align="center"> <td width="25%" nowrap><b><font size="-1" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">This is a beta version of NNDB</font></b></td> </tr> </table></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="right" valign="middle"><b><font size="-1" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"> <form action="http://search.nndb.com/search/nndb.cgi" method="get"> <input type="hidden" name="nndb" value="1"></input> <nobr>Search: <select name="omenu"> <option value="unspecified" selected>All Names</option> <option value="living">Living people</option> <option value="dead">Dead people</option> <option value="bands">Band Names</option> <option value="books">Book Titles</option> <option value="movies">Movie Titles</option> <option value="fulltext">Full Text</option> </select> for <input name="query" value="" size=24 maxlength=96> <input type=submit value="Search"> </font></b></nobr></form></td> </tr> </table> <!-- COPYRIGHT (C) 2008 SOYLENT COMMUNICATIONS --> <!-- ALL RIGHTS RESERVED --> <!-- NO PART OF THIS WEBSITE MAY BE REPRODUCED WITHOUT WRITTEN PERMISSION --> <!-- OF SOYLENT COMMUNICATIONS (ON THE WEB, IN PRINT, OR OTHERWISE) --> <!-- --> <!-- SOYLENT COMMUNICATIONS --> <!-- PO BOX 4436, MOUNTAIN VIEW CA 94040 USA --> </td></tr> <tr><td bgcolor=red height=2></td></tr> <tr bgcolor=F0F0F0><td bgcolor=F0F0F0 style="padding: 15px 15px 15px 15px;"><table cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0 width=100%><tr><td bgcolor=F0F0F0> <font size=+3 face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><b>Nobel Prize for Physics</b></font><p> <font size=+1 face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" color=red><b>HONOR</b></font><p> <p><a href="/honors/892/000044760/">Nobel Prize</a> for Physics.<p> <p> <table border=1><tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1901</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/550/000071337/">Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1902</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/756/000091483/">Hendrik Lorentz</a>, <a href="/people/476/000099179/">Pieter Zeeman</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1903</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/608/000072392/">Henri Becquerel</a>, <a href="/people/323/000072107/">Pierre Curie</a>, <a href="/people/718/000029631/">Marie Curie</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1904</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/497/000099200/">Lord Rayleigh</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1905</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/441/000099144/">Philipp Lenard</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1906</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/479/000099182/">J. J. Thomson</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1907</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/501/000099204/">Albert A. Michelson</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1908</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/444/000099147/">Gabriel Lippmann</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1909</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/552/000071339/">Guglielmo Marconi</a>, <a href="/people/438/000099141/">Ferdinand Braun</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1910</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/509/000099212/">Johannes Diderik van der Waals</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1911</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/515/000099218/">Wilhelm Wien</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1912</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/518/000099221/">Gustaf Dalén</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1913</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/521/000099224/">Heike Kamerlingh Onnes</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1914</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/528/000099231/">Max von Laue</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1915</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/533/000099236/">William Bragg</a>, <a href="/people/538/000099241/">Lawrence Bragg</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1916</nobr></tt></center></td> <td>(no award) </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1917</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/549/000099252/">Charles Glover Barkla</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1918</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/229/000058055/">Max Planck</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1919</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/553/000099256/">Johannes Stark</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1920</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/557/000099260/">Charles Édouard Guillaume</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1921</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/302/000022236/">Albert Einstein</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1922</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/560/000024488/">Niels Bohr</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1923</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/771/000091498/">Robert A. Millikan</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1924</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/559/000099262/">Manne Siegbahn</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1925</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/326/000072110/">James Franck</a>, <a href="/people/324/000072108/">Gustav Hertz</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1926</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/720/000099423/">Jean Perrin</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1927</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/968/000055803/">Arthur H. Compton</a>, <a href="/people/726/000099429/">C. T. R. Wilson</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1928</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/722/000099425/">Owen Willans Richardson</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1929</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/313/000072097/">Louis de Broglie</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1930</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/724/000099427/">Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1931</nobr></tt></center></td> <td>(no award) </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1932</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/488/000071275/">Werner Heisenberg</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1933</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/308/000072092/">Erwin Schrödinger</a>, <a href="/people/314/000072098/">Paul Dirac</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1934</nobr></tt></center></td> <td>(no award) </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1935</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/728/000099431/">James Chadwick</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1936</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/731/000099434/">Victor Francis Hess</a>, <a href="/people/733/000099436/">Carl David Anderson</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1937</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/736/000099439/">Clinton Davisson</a>, <a href="/people/482/000099185/">George Paget Thomson</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1938</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/884/000053725/">Enrico Fermi</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1939</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/974/000055809/">Ernest Lawrence</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1940</nobr></tt></center></td> <td>(no award) </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1941</nobr></tt></center></td> <td>(no award) </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1942</nobr></tt></center></td> <td>(no award) </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1943</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/740/000099443/">Otto Stern</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1944</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/743/000099446/">Isidor Isaac Rabi</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1945</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/497/000071284/">Wolfgang Pauli</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1946</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/750/000099453/">Percy Williams Bridgman</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1947</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/753/000099456/">Edward Victor Appleton</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1948</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/756/000099459/">Patrick M. S. Blackett</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1949</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/759/000099462/">Hideki Yukawa</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1950</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/762/000099465/">Cecil Powell</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1951</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/766/000099469/">John Cockcroft</a>, <a href="/people/769/000099472/">Ernest T. S. Walton</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1952</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/527/000071314/">Felix Bloch</a>, <a href="/people/772/000099475/">E. M. Purcell</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1953</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/777/000099480/">Frits Zernike</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1954</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/507/000071294/">Max Born</a>, <a href="/people/523/000071310/">Walther Bothe</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1955</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/936/000035831/">Willis Lamb</a>, <a href="/people/782/000099485/">Polykarp Kusch</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1956</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/106/000026028/">William Shockley</a>, <a href="/people/785/000099488/">John Bardeen</a>, <a href="/people/788/000099491/">Walter H. Brattain</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1957</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/929/000035824/">Chen Ning Yang</a>, <a href="/people/790/000099493/">Tsung-Dao Lee</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1958</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/844/000099547/">Pavel A. Cherenkov</a>, <a href="/people/845/000099548/">Ilya M. Frank</a>, <a href="/people/846/000099549/">Igor Y. Tamm</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1959</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/821/000099524/">Emilio Segrè</a>, <a href="/people/819/000099522/">Owen Chamberlain</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1960</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/796/000099499/">Donald A. Glaser</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1961</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/318/000072102/">Robert Hofstadter</a>, <a href="/people/824/000099527/">Rudolf Mössbauer</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1962</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/793/000099496/">Lev Landau</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1963</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/835/000099538/">Eugene Wigner</a>, <a href="/people/847/000099550/">Maria Goeppert-Mayer</a>, <a href="/people/848/000099551/">J. Hans D. Jensen</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1964</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/849/000099552/">Charles H. Townes</a>, <a href="/people/850/000099553/">Nikolay G. Basov</a>, <a href="/people/851/000099554/">Aleksandr M. Prokhorov</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1965</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/832/000099535/">Sin-Itiro Tomonaga</a>, <a href="/people/829/000099532/">Julian Schwinger</a>, <a href="/people/584/000026506/">Richard Feynman</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1966</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/798/000099501/">Alfred Kastler</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1967</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/023/000025945/">Hans Bethe</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1968</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/803/000099506/">Luis W. Alvarez</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1969</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/310/000023241/">Murray Gell-Mann</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1970</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/852/000099555/">Hannes Alfvén</a>, <a href="/people/853/000099556/">Louis Néel</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1971</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/340/000099043/">Dennis Gabor</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1972</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/785/000099488/">John Bardeen</a>, <a href="/people/854/000099557/">Leon N. Cooper</a>, <a href="/people/856/000099559/">Robert Schrieffer</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1973</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/880/000099583/">Leo Esaki</a>, <a href="/people/884/000099587/">Ivar Giaever</a>, <a href="/people/887/000099590/">Brian D. Josephson</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1974</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/889/000099592/">Martin Ryle</a>, <a href="/people/892/000099595/">Antony Hewish</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1975</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/895/000099598/">Aage N. Bohr</a>, <a href="/people/898/000099601/">Ben R. Mottelson</a>, <a href="/people/901/000099604/">James Rainwater</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1976</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/905/000099608/">Burton Richter</a>, <a href="/people/908/000099611/">Samuel C. C. Ting</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1977</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/911/000099614/">Philip W. Anderson</a>, <a href="/people/913/000099616/">Nevill F. Mott</a>, <a href="/people/916/000099619/">John H. van Vleck</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1978</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/932/000099635/">Pyotr Kapitsa</a>, <a href="/people/935/000099638/">Arno Penzias</a>, <a href="/people/938/000099641/">Robert Woodrow Wilson</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1979</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/942/000099645/">Sheldon Glashow</a>, <a href="/people/948/000099651/">Abdus Salam</a>, <a href="/people/945/000099648/">Steven Weinberg</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1980</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/826/000099529/">James W. Cronin</a>, <a href="/people/838/000099541/">Val Fitch</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1981</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/951/000099654/">Nicolaas Bloembergen</a>, <a href="/people/954/000099657/">Arthur L. Schawlow</a>, <a href="/people/957/000099660/">Kai M. Siegbahn</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1982</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/805/000099508/">Kenneth G. Wilson</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1983</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/960/000099663/">Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar</a>, <a href="/people/965/000099668/">William A. Fowler</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1984</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/968/000099671/">Carlo Rubbia</a>, <a href="/people/971/000099674/">Simon van der Meer</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1985</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/808/000099511/">Klaus von Klitzing</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1986</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/975/000099678/">Ernst Ruska</a>, <a href="/people/981/000099684/">Gerd Binnig</a>, <a href="/people/978/000099681/">Heinrich Rohrer</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1987</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/986/000099689/">J. Georg Bednorz</a>, <a href="/people/989/000099692/">K. Alex Müller</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1988</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/019/000099719/">Leon M. Lederman</a>, <a href="/people/022/000099722/">Melvin Schwartz</a>, <a href="/people/025/000099725/">Jack Steinberger</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1989</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/028/000099728/">Norman F. Ramsey</a>, <a href="/people/032/000099732/">Hans G. Dehmelt</a>, <a href="/people/030/000099730/">Wolfgang Paul</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1990</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/034/000099734/">Jerome I. Friedman</a>, <a href="/people/037/000099737/">Henry W. Kendall</a>, <a href="/people/041/000099741/">Richard E. Taylor</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1991</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/816/000099519/">Pierre-Gilles de Gennes</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1992</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/811/000099514/">Georges Charpak</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1993</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/992/000099695/">Russell A. Hulse</a>, <a href="/people/995/000099698/">Joseph H. Taylor, Jr.</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1994</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/044/000099744/">Bertram N. Brockhouse</a>, <a href="/people/047/000099747/">Clifford G. Shull</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1995</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/049/000099749/">Martin L. Perl</a>, <a href="/people/052/000099752/">Frederick Reines</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1996</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/054/000099754/">David M. Lee</a>, <a href="/people/059/000099759/">Douglas D. Osheroff</a>, <a href="/people/056/000099756/">Robert C. Richardson</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1997</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/061/000099761/">Steven Chu</a>, <a href="/people/064/000099764/">Claude Cohen-Tannoudji</a>, <a href="/people/067/000099767/">William D. Phillips</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1998</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/071/000099771/">Robert B. Laughlin</a>, <a href="/people/075/000099775/">Horst L. Störmer</a>, <a href="/people/078/000099778/">Daniel C. Tsui</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1999</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/048/000027964/">Gerardus 't Hooft</a>, <a href="/people/052/000027968/">Martinus J.G. Veltman</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>2000</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/039/000027955/">Zhores I. Alferov</a>, <a href="/people/058/000027974/">Herbert Kroemer</a>, <a href="/people/041/000027957/">Jack S. Kilby</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>2001</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/035/000027951/">Eric A. Cornell</a>, <a href="/people/036/000027952/">Wolfgang Ketterle</a>, <a href="/people/037/000027953/">Carl E. Wieman</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>2002</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/026/000027942/">Raymond Davis, Jr.</a>, <a href="/people/030/000027946/">Masatoshi Koshiba</a>, <a href="/people/031/000027947/">Riccardo Giacconi</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>2003</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/021/000027937/">Alexei A. Abrikosov</a>, <a href="/people/022/000027938/">Vitaly L. Ginzburg</a>, <a href="/people/024/000027940/">Anthony J. Leggett</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>2004</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/715/000140295/">David J. Gross</a>, <a href="/people/716/000140296/">H. David Politzer</a>, <a href="/people/720/000140300/">Frank Wilczek</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>2005</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/738/000138324/">Roy J. Glauber</a>, <a href="/people/771/000138357/">John L. Hall</a>, <a href="/people/795/000138381/">Theodor W. Hänsch</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>2006</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/915/000137504/">John C. Mather</a>, <a href="/people/921/000137510/">George F. Smoot</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>2007</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/967/000163478/">Albert Fert</a>, <a href="/people/968/000163479/">Peter Grünberg</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>2008</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/829/000177298/">Toshihide Maskawa</a>, <a href="/people/827/000177296/">Yoichiro Nambu</a>, <a href="/people/828/000177297/">Makoto Kobayashi</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>2009</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/895/000208271/">Charles K. Kao</a>, <a href="/people/889/000208265/">Willard S. Boyle</a>, <a href="/people/899/000208275/">George E. Smith</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>2010</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/839/000254077/">Andre Geim</a>, <a href="/people/840/000254078/">Konstantin Novoselov</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>2011</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/211/000165713/">Saul Perlmutter</a>, <a href="/people/937/000276109/">Adam G. Riess</a>, <a href="/people/982/000276154/">Brian P. 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