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<span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Rise_(934–945)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rise_(934–945)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Rise (934–945)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rise_(934–945)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Height_of_power_and_Golden_age_(945–983)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Height_of_power_and_Golden_age_(945–983)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Height of power and Golden age (945–983)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Height_of_power_and_Golden_age_(945–983)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Decline_and_fall_(983–1062)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decline_and_fall_(983–1062)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Decline and fall (983–1062)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Decline_and_fall_(983–1062)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Government</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Government-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Government subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Military" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Military</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Language</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Naming_traditions,_celebrations_and_identity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Naming_traditions,_celebrations_and_identity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Naming traditions, celebrations and identity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Naming_traditions,_celebrations_and_identity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Architecture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Buyid_rulers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buyid_rulers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Buyid rulers</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Buyid_rulers-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Buyid rulers subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Buyid_rulers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Major_rulers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Major_rulers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Major rulers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Major_rulers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Minor_rulers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Minor_rulers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Minor rulers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Minor_rulers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Family_tree" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Family_tree"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Family tree</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Family_tree-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Buyid dynasty</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 49 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-49" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">49 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%87%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="الدولة البويهية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الدولة البويهية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinast%C3%ADa_b%C3%BAyida" title="Dinastía búyida – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Dinastía búyida" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buveyhil%C9%99r_s%C3%BClal%C9%99si" title="Buveyhilər sülaləsi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Buveyhilər sülaləsi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%84_%D8%A8%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%87_%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%E2%80%8C%D9%84%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="آل بویه سولا‌له‌سی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="آل بویه سولا‌له‌سی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B7%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%91%D1%83%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%9E" title="Дзяржава Буідаў – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Дзяржава Буідаў" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Буиди – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Буиди" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buw%C3%A0yhides" title="Buwàyhides – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Buwàyhides" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buyiden" title="Buyiden – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Buyiden" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CF%80%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%B3%CE%AF%CE%B4%CE%B5%CF%82" title="Μπουγίδες – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μπουγίδες" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinast%C3%ADa_b%C3%BAyida" title="Dinastía búyida – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Dinastía búyida" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bujidoj" title="Bujidoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Bujidoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%84_%D8%A8%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%87" title="آل بویه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آل بویه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bouyides" title="Bouyides – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bouyides" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8A%D9%89%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%A6%D9%86" title="بۊىه‌ئن – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="بۊىه‌ئن" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>گیلکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B6%80%EC%99%80%EC%9D%B4%ED%9D%90_%EC%99%95%EC%A1%B0" title="부와이흐 왕조 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="부와이흐 왕조" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daular_Buyid" title="Daular Buyid – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Daular Buyid" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%B0%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Բուվայհիներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բուվայհիներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bujidsko_Carstvo" title="Bujidsko Carstvo – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Bujidsko Carstvo" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinasti_Buwaihi" title="Dinasti Buwaihi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Dinasti Buwaihi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buwayhidi" title="Buwayhidi – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Buwayhidi" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%A9%D7%9C%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%91%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%94%D7%99%D7%AA" title="השושלת הבוויהית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="השושלת הבוויהית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80_%D3%99%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%96" title="Буилер әулеті – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Буилер әулеті" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biweyh%C3%AE" title="Biweyhî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Biweyhî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bujid%C5%B3_dinastija" title="Bujidų dinastija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Bujidų dinastija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buvajhid%C3%A1k" title="Buvajhidák – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Buvajhidák" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiida" title="Boiida – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Boiida" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%87%D9%8A%D9%87" title="الدوله البويهيه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الدوله البويهيه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86" title="بوئیون – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="بوئیون" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinasti_Buwaihi" title="Dinasti Buwaihi – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Dinasti Buwaihi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boejiden" title="Boejiden – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Boejiden" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%96%E3%83%AF%E3%82%A4%E3%83%95%E6%9C%9D" title="ブワイフ朝 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ブワイフ朝" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buwayhid" title="Buwayhid – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Buwayhid" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buvayhiylar" title="Buvayhiylar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Buvayhiylar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D9%88%DB%8C%DB%81" title="بنی بویہ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="بنی بویہ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bujidzi" title="Bujidzi – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Bujidzi" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imp%C3%A9rio_Bu%C3%ADda" title="Império Buída – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Império Buída" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%8B" title="Буиды – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Буиды" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D9%88%DB%8C%DB%81" title="بنی بویہ – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="بنی بویہ" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سرائیکی</span></a></li><li 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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Shia Iranian dynasty in Iran and Iraq (934–1062)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Buyid dynasty</div><div class="ib-country-names"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1227789315">.mw-parser-output .script-arabic{font-family:"Scheherazade New","SF Arabic",Amiri,"Noto Naskh Arabic","Droid Arabic Naskh","Noto Sans Arabic","Sakkal Majalla","Harmattan","Arabic Typesetting","Arabic Transparent","Times New Roman",Arial,Calibri,"Microsoft Sans Serif","Segoe UI",serif,sans-serif;font-weight:normal}</style><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">آل بویه</span>‎, <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Persian" title="Romanization of Persian">romanized</a>:</span> <i>Âl-i Būya</i></span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">934–1062<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworth1996154_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBosworth1996154-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Buyids_970.png" class="mw-file-description" title="The Buyid dynasty in 970"><img alt="The Buyid dynasty in 970" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Buyids_970.png/250px-Buyids_970.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Buyids_970.png/375px-Buyids_970.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Buyids_970.png/500px-Buyids_970.png 2x" data-file-width="1321" data-file-height="841" /></a></span><div class="ib-country-map-caption">The Buyid dynasty in 970</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Buyid_Dynasty_934_1055_(AD).PNG" class="mw-file-description" title="The Buyid realm at the time of Adud al-Dawla's death (Yemen not shown)"><img alt="The Buyid realm at the time of Adud al-Dawla's death (Yemen not shown)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Buyid_Dynasty_934_1055_%28AD%29.PNG/250px-Buyid_Dynasty_934_1055_%28AD%29.PNG" decoding="async" width="250" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Buyid_Dynasty_934_1055_%28AD%29.PNG/375px-Buyid_Dynasty_934_1055_%28AD%29.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Buyid_Dynasty_934_1055_%28AD%29.PNG/500px-Buyid_Dynasty_934_1055_%28AD%29.PNG 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="428" /></a></span><div class="ib-country-map-caption">The Buyid realm at the time of <a href="/wiki/Adud_al-Dawla" class="mw-redirect" title="Adud al-Dawla">Adud al-Dawla</a>'s death (<a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a> not shown)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shiraz" title="Shiraz">Shiraz</a><br />(Buyids of <a href="/wiki/Fars_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Fars Province">Fars</a>, 934–1062)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ray,_Iran" title="Ray, Iran">Ray</a><br />(Buyids of <a href="/wiki/Jibal" title="Jibal">Jibal</a>, 943–1029)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a><br />(Buyids of <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>, 945–1055)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Common languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a> (official and court language; <i><a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a></i>)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavaran2010156_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavaran2010156-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Persian" title="Middle Persian">Middle Persian</a> (secondary court language)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavaran2010156_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavaran2010156-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">New Persian</a> (popular, literature)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavaran2010156_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavaran2010156-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESajjadiAsatryanMelvin-Koushki_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESajjadiAsatryanMelvin-Koushki-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daylami_language" title="Daylami language">Daylami</a> (ruling dynasty)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia Islam</a> (dynasty)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESajjadiAsatryanMelvin-Koushki_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESajjadiAsatryanMelvin-Koushki-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Islam</a> (majority)<br /><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Government</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hereditary_monarchy" title="Hereditary monarchy">Hereditary monarchy</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Emir" title="Emir">Emir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shah" title="Shah">Shahanshah</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 934–949 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Imad_al-Dawla" title="Imad al-Dawla">Imad al-Dawla</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1048–1062 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Abu_Mansur_Fulad_Sutun" title="Abu Mansur Fulad Sutun">Abu Mansur Fulad Sutun</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Historical era</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Golden_Age" title="Islamic Golden Age">Islamic Golden Age</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Intermezzo" title="Iranian Intermezzo">Iranian Intermezzo</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Established </div></th><td class="infobox-data">934</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Imad_al-Dawla" title="Imad al-Dawla">Imad al-Dawla</a> proclaimed himself Emir </div></th><td class="infobox-data">934</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Adud_al-Dawla" class="mw-redirect" title="Adud al-Dawla">Adud al-Dawla</a> becomes the supreme ruler of the Buyid dynasty </div></th><td class="infobox-data">979</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Disestablished </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1062<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworth1996154_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBosworth1996154-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area</th></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">980 est.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th><td class="infobox-data">1,600,000 km<sup>2</sup> (620,000 sq mi)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Dirham" title="Dirham">dirham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dinar" title="Dinar">dinar</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>Preceded by</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid Caliphate</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ziyarids" class="mw-redirect" title="Ziyarids">Ziyarids</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Banu_Ilyas" title="Banu Ilyas">Banu Ilyas</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Abu_Abdallah_al-Baridi" title="Abu Abdallah al-Baridi">Abu Abdallah al-Baridi</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Ghaznavids" title="Ghaznavids">Ghaznavids</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Empire" title="Seljuk Empire">Seljuk Empire</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Kakuyids" title="Kakuyids">Kakuyids</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Uqaylid_dynasty" title="Uqaylid dynasty">Uqaylid dynasty</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Marwanids_(Diyar_Bakr)" title="Marwanids (Diyar Bakr)">Marwanids</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Shabankara" title="Shabankara">Shabankara</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Banu_Mazyad" title="Banu Mazyad">Banu Mazyad</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Annazids" title="Annazids">Annazids</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Buyid dynasty</b><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <b>Buyid Empire</b> was a <a href="/wiki/Zaydism" title="Zaydism">Zaydi</a> and later <a href="/wiki/Twelver_Shi%27ism" title="Twelver Shi'ism">Twelver Shi'a</a> dynasty of <a href="/wiki/Daylamites" title="Daylamites">Daylamite</a> origin.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESajjadiAsatryanMelvin-Koushki_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESajjadiAsatryanMelvin-Koushki-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Founded by <a href="/wiki/Imad_al-Dawla" title="Imad al-Dawla">Imad al-Dawla</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> they mainly ruled over central and southern <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> from 934 to 1062. Coupled with the rise of other Iranian dynasties in the region, the approximate century of Buyid rule represents the period in Iranian history sometimes called the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Intermezzo" title="Iranian Intermezzo">Iranian Intermezzo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlair1992103_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlair1992103-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Buyid dynasty was founded by <a href="/wiki/Imad_al-Dawla" title="Imad al-Dawla">Ali ibn Buya</a>, who in 934 conquered <a href="/wiki/Fars_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Fars Province">Fars</a> and made <a href="/wiki/Shiraz" title="Shiraz">Shiraz</a> his capital. He received the <a href="/wiki/Laqab" class="mw-redirect" title="Laqab"><i>laqab</i></a> or honorific title of <i>Imad al-Dawla</i> (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">Fortifier of the State</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>). His younger brother, <a href="/wiki/Rukn_al-Dawla" title="Rukn al-Dawla">Hasan ibn Buya</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 935–976</span>) conquered parts of <a href="/wiki/Jibal" title="Jibal">Jibal</a> in the late 930s, and by 943 managed to capture <a href="/wiki/Ray,_Iran" title="Ray, Iran">Ray</a>, which he made his capital. Hasan was given the <i>laqab</i> of <i>Rukn al-Dawla</i> (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">Pillar of the State</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>). In 945, the youngest brother, Ahmad ibn Buya, conquered <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> and made <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a> his capital. He was given the laqab <a href="/wiki/Mu%27izz_al-Dawla" title="Mu'izz al-Dawla">Mu'izz al-Dawla</a>. </p><p>As Iranians of Daylamite provenance, the Buyids consciously revived symbols and practices of the <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beginning with Imad al-Dawla, some of the Buyid rulers used the ancient Sasanian title of <i><a href="/wiki/Shah" title="Shah">Shahanshah</a></i>, literally "king of kings".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESajjadiAsatryanMelvin-Koushki_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESajjadiAsatryanMelvin-Koushki-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Buyids had many inscriptions carved at the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid</a> ruins of <a href="/wiki/Persepolis" title="Persepolis">Persepolis</a>, thus suggesting a form of veneration of the site, which the Buyids thought was built by the mythical Iranian king <a href="/wiki/Jamshid" title="Jamshid">Jamshid</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerzigStewart201136_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerzigStewart201136-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Buyid dynasty reached its zenith under <a href="/wiki/%27Adud_al-Dawla" title="'Adud al-Dawla">Fannā Khusraw</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 949–983</span>), whose <i>laqab</i> was <i>Adud al-Dawla</i>. who is remembered for his open-mindedness and building projects such as the <a href="/wiki/Band-e_Amir_(dam)" title="Band-e Amir (dam)">Band-e Amir</a> dam near Shiraz.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFryeKeshk2014_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFryeKeshk2014-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under him, the Buyid realm stretched from the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine">Byzantine</a> border in <a href="/wiki/Syria_(region)" title="Syria (region)">Syria</a> in the west to the borders of <a href="/wiki/Greater_Khorasan" title="Greater Khorasan">Khorasan</a> in the east.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBürgelMottahedeh1988265–269_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBürgelMottahedeh1988265–269-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although the Buyids were initially <a href="/wiki/Zaydism" title="Zaydism">Zaydi Shia</a>, they became <a href="/wiki/Twelver_Shi%27ism" title="Twelver Shi'ism">Twelver Shia</a> following the <a href="/wiki/Major_Occultation" title="Major Occultation">Major Occultation</a> of <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_al-Mahdi" title="Muhammad al-Mahdi">Muhammad al-Mahdi</a> after the death of his fourth agent in 941. Regardless, the Buyids were known for supporting the Sunni Abbasid caliphs and being tolerant of the Sunni population, who formed the majority of their realm. They were, by contrast, unfriendly towards the <a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Fatimid Caliphate">Fatimid Caliphate</a> centered in Egypt, who were <a href="/wiki/Isma%27ilism" title="Isma'ilism">Isma'ilis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFryeKeshk2014_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFryeKeshk2014-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Contrary to the <a href="/wiki/Samanids" class="mw-redirect" title="Samanids">Samanids</a>, who ruled over a mostly Sunni Muslim population in <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>, the Buyid realm was populated by many <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrians</a> and Christians (primarily of the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East</a>). Because of this, many records written under the Buyids were composed in <a href="/wiki/Middle_Persian" title="Middle Persian">Middle Persian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syriac_language" title="Syriac language">Syriac</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFryeKeshk2014_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFryeKeshk2014-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins">Origins</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buyid_dynasty&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The word <i>Būya</i> (<i>Buwayh</i> in <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a>) is a <a href="/wiki/Middle_Persian" title="Middle Persian">Middle Persian</a> name ending in the <a href="/wiki/Diminutive" title="Diminutive">diminutive</a> <span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%87" class="extiw" title="wikt:ویه">ـویه</a></span></span> (Middle Persian <i>-ōē</i>, modern Persian <i>-ūyeh</i>, <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> <i>-uwayh</i>). The Buyids were descendants of Panah-Khusrow, a <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrian</a> from <a href="/wiki/Daylam" title="Daylam">Daylam</a>. He had a son named Buya, who was a fisherman from Lahijan,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFelixMadelung1995342–347_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFelixMadelung1995342–347-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and later left Zoroastrianism and converted to <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBusse1975274_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBusse1975274-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Buya later had three sons, named <a href="/wiki/Mu%27izz_al-Dawla" title="Mu'izz al-Dawla">Ahmad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Imad_al-Dawla" title="Imad al-Dawla">'Ali</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rukn_al-Dawla" title="Rukn al-Dawla">Hasan</a>, who would later carve out the Buyid kingdom together. The Buyids claimed royal lineage from <a href="/wiki/Bahram_V" title="Bahram V">Bahram V</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 420–438</span>), the <a href="/wiki/King_of_Kings" title="King of Kings">King of Kings</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Shah" title="Shah">shahanshah</a></i>) of the <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavaran2010157_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavaran2010157-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buyid_dynasty&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rise_(934–945)"><span id="Rise_.28934.E2.80.93945.29"></span>Rise (934–945)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buyid_dynasty&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Rise (934–945)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The founder of the dynasty, '<a href="/wiki/Ali_ibn_Buya" class="mw-redirect" title="Ali ibn Buya">Ali ibn Buya</a>, was originally a soldier in the service of the Daylamite warlord <a href="/wiki/Makan_ibn_Kaki" title="Makan ibn Kaki">Makan ibn Kaki</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENagel1990578–586_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENagel1990578–586-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but later changed his adherence to the Iranian ruler <a href="/wiki/Mardavij" title="Mardavij">Mardavij</a>, who had established the <a href="/wiki/Ziyarid_dynasty" title="Ziyarid dynasty">Ziyarid dynasty</a>, and was himself related to the ruling dynasty of <a href="/wiki/Gilan" class="mw-redirect" title="Gilan">Gilan</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy2004211_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy2004211-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a region bordering Daylam. 'Ali was later joined by his two younger brothers, Hasan ibn Buya and Ahmad ibn Buya. In 932, 'Ali was given <a href="/wiki/Karaj" title="Karaj">Karaj</a> as his fief, and thus was able to enlist other Daylamites into his army. However, 'Ali's initiative proved too much for Mardavij, who planned to have him killed, but 'Ali was informed of Mardavij's plan by the latter's own <i><a href="/wiki/Vizier" title="Vizier">vizier</a></i>. The brothers, with 400 of their Daylamite supporters, then fled to <a href="/wiki/Fars_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Fars Province">Fars</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy2004212_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy2004212-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where they managed to take control of <a href="/wiki/Arrajan" title="Arrajan">Arrajan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBusse1975255_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBusse1975255-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the Buyids and the <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid</a> general Yaqut shortly fought for control of Fars, with the Buyids eventually emerging victorious.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENagel1990578–586_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENagel1990578–586-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This victory opened the way for the conquest of the capital of Fars, <a href="/wiki/Shiraz" title="Shiraz">Shiraz</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy2004213_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy2004213-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>'Ali also allied with the landowners of Fars, which included the <a href="/wiki/Fasanjas_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Fasanjas family">Fasanjas family</a>, which would later produce many prominent statesmen for the Buyids. 'Ali also enlisted more soldiers—including <a href="/wiki/Turkish_people" title="Turkish people">Turks</a>, who were made part of the cavalry. 'Ali then sent his brother Ahmad on an expedition to <a href="/wiki/Kerman_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Kerman Province">Kerman</a>, but was forced to withdraw after opposition from the <a href="/wiki/Baloch_people" title="Baloch people">Baloch people</a> and the Qafs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBusse1975257_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBusse1975257-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Mardavij, who sought to depose the Abbasid caliph of <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a> and recreate a Zoroastrian Iranian Empire, shortly wrested <a href="/wiki/Khuzestan_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Khuzestan Province">Khuzestan</a> from the Abbasids and forced 'Ali to recognize him as his suzerain.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBusse1975256_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBusse1975256-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Luckily for the Buyids, Mardavij was assassinated shortly thereafter in 935, which caused chaos in the Ziyarid territories, a perfect situation for the Buyid brothers; Ali and Ahmad conquered Khuzistan, while Hasan captured the Ziyarid capital of <a href="/wiki/Isfahan" title="Isfahan">Isfahan</a>, and, in 943, captured <a href="/wiki/Rey,_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Rey, Iran">Rey</a>, which became his capital, thus conquering all of <a href="/wiki/Jibal" title="Jibal">Jibal</a>. In 945, Ahmad entered <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> and made the Abbasid Caliph his vassal, at the same time receiving the <a href="/wiki/Arabic_name#Laqab" title="Arabic name">laqab</a> <i>Mu'izz ad-Dawla</i> ("Fortifier of the State"), while 'Ali was given the laqab <i>Imād al-Dawla</i> ("Support of the State"), and Hasan was given the laqab <i>Rukn al-Dawla</i> ("Pillar of the State"). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Height_of_power_and_Golden_age_(945–983)"><span id="Height_of_power_and_Golden_age_.28945.E2.80.93983.29"></span>Height of power and Golden age (945–983)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buyid_dynasty&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Height of power and Golden age (945–983)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gold_Ewer_Iran_Buyid_Period_Third_quarter_of_10th_century_CE_(cleaned_up).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Gold_Ewer_Iran_Buyid_Period_Third_quarter_of_10th_century_CE_%28cleaned_up%29.jpg/220px-Gold_Ewer_Iran_Buyid_Period_Third_quarter_of_10th_century_CE_%28cleaned_up%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="311" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Gold_Ewer_Iran_Buyid_Period_Third_quarter_of_10th_century_CE_%28cleaned_up%29.jpg/330px-Gold_Ewer_Iran_Buyid_Period_Third_quarter_of_10th_century_CE_%28cleaned_up%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Gold_Ewer_Iran_Buyid_Period_Third_quarter_of_10th_century_CE_%28cleaned_up%29.jpg/440px-Gold_Ewer_Iran_Buyid_Period_Third_quarter_of_10th_century_CE_%28cleaned_up%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1132" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>Gold ewer of the Buyid Period, mentioning Buyid ruler <a href="/wiki/Izz_al-Dawla_Bakhtiyar_ibn_Mu%27izz_al-Dawla" class="mw-redirect" title="Izz al-Dawla Bakhtiyar ibn Mu'izz al-Dawla">Izz al-Dawla Bakhtiyar ibn Mu'izz al-Dawla</a>, 966-977 CE, Iran.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>In addition to the other territories the Buyids had conquered, Kerman was conquered in 967, followed by <a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a> (967), the <a href="/wiki/Al_Jazira,_Mesopotamia" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Jazira, Mesopotamia">Jazira</a> (979), Tabaristan (980), and <a href="/wiki/Gorgan" title="Gorgan">Gorgan</a> (981). After this, however, the Buyids went into a slow decline, with pieces of the confederation gradually breaking off and local dynasties under their rule becoming <i>de facto</i> independent. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Decline_and_fall_(983–1062)"><span id="Decline_and_fall_.28983.E2.80.931062.29"></span>Decline and fall (983–1062)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buyid_dynasty&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Decline and fall (983–1062)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The death of <a href="/wiki/%27Adud_al-Dawla" title="'Adud al-Dawla">Adud al-Dawla</a> is considered the start of the decline of the Buyid dynasty;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy2004234_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy2004234-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> his son <a href="/wiki/Samsam_al-Dawla" title="Samsam al-Dawla">Abu Kalijar Marzuban</a>, who was in Baghdad when he died, at first kept his death secret to ensure his succession and avoid civil war. When he eventually made the death of his father public, he was given the title of "Samsam al-Dawla". However, Adud's other son, <a href="/wiki/Sharaf_al-Dawla" title="Sharaf al-Dawla">Shirdil Abu'l-Fawaris</a>, challenged his authority, and the feared civil war occurred anyway.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBusse1975289_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBusse1975289-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meanwhile, a <a href="/wiki/Kurds" title="Kurds">Kurdish</a> <a href="/wiki/Marwanids_(Diyar_Bakr)" title="Marwanids (Diyar Bakr)">Marwanid</a> chieftain named <a href="/wiki/Badh_ibn_Dustak" title="Badh ibn Dustak">Badh ibn Dustak</a> seized <a href="/wiki/Diyarbak%C4%B1r" title="Diyarbakır">Diyabakr</a> and forced Samsam al-Dawla to recognize him as the vassal ruler of the region.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBusse1975289_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBusse1975289-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, Mu'ayyad al-Dawla, son of and successor to Rukn al-Dawla, also died during this period. Mu'ayyad al-Dawla was succeeded by his brother Fakhr al-Dawla, who, with the aid of Mu'ayyad al-Dawla's vizier <a href="/wiki/Sahib_ibn_%27Abbad" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahib ibn 'Abbad">Sahib ibn 'Abbad</a>, became the ruler of Mu'ayyad al-Dawla's possessions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBusse1975290_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBusse1975290-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another son of Adud al-Dawla, <a href="/wiki/Abu_Tahir_Firuzshah" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Tahir Firuzshah">Abu Tahir Firuzshah</a>, established himself as the ruler of <a href="/wiki/Basra" title="Basra">Basra</a> and took the title of "Diya' al-Dawla", while another son, <a href="/wiki/Abu%27l-Husain_Ahmad" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu'l-Husain Ahmad">Abu'l-Husain Ahmad</a>, established himself as the ruler of Khuzistan, taking the title of "Taj al-Dawla". </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AbuKalijarBuyidCoinHistoryofIran.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/AbuKalijarBuyidCoinHistoryofIran.jpg/260px-AbuKalijarBuyidCoinHistoryofIran.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/AbuKalijarBuyidCoinHistoryofIran.jpg/390px-AbuKalijarBuyidCoinHistoryofIran.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/AbuKalijarBuyidCoinHistoryofIran.jpg/520px-AbuKalijarBuyidCoinHistoryofIran.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="399" /></a><figcaption>Coinage of Buyid amir <a href="/wiki/Abu_Kalijar" title="Abu Kalijar">Abu Kalijar</a> (r.1024-1048)</figcaption></figure> <p>Shirdil Abu'l-Fawaris (known by his title of "Sharaf al-Dawla") quickly seized Oman from Samsam al-Dawla, and, in 983, the Turkic troops of Samsam al-Dawla mutinied against him and some left Iraq for Fars, but most of them were persuaded by his relative <a href="/wiki/Ziyar_ibn_Shahrakawayh" class="mw-redirect" title="Ziyar ibn Shahrakawayh">Ziyar ibn Shahrakawayh</a> to stay in Iraq. However, Iraq was in a grim state, and several rebellions occurred, which he managed to suppress, the most dangerous being that of <a href="/wiki/Asfar_ibn_Kurdawayh" class="mw-redirect" title="Asfar ibn Kurdawayh">Asfar ibn Kurdawayh</a>, who tried to make <a href="/wiki/Baha%27_al-Dawla" class="mw-redirect" title="Baha' al-Dawla">Abu Nasr Firuz Kharshadh</a> (known by his title of "Baha' al-Dawla") the ruler of Iraq. During the same period, Samsam al-Dawla also managed to seize Basra and Khuzistan, forcing his two brothers to flee to Fakhr al-Dawla's territory. </p><p>During the mid-11th century, the Buyid amirates gradually fell to the <a href="/wiki/Ghaznavids" title="Ghaznavids">Ghaznavids</a> and <a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Turks" class="mw-redirect" title="Seljuk Turks">Seljuk Turks</a>. In 1029, Majd al-Dawla, who was facing an uprising by his Daylami troops in <a href="/wiki/Rey,_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Rey, Iran">Ray</a>, requested assistance from <a href="/wiki/Mahmud_of_Ghazna" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahmud of Ghazna">Mahmud of Ghazna</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworth196353,_59,_234_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBosworth196353,_59,_234-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Sultan Mahmud arrived, he deposed Majd al-Dawla, replaced him with a <a href="/wiki/Ghaznavid" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghaznavid">Ghaznavid</a> governor and ended the Buyid dynasty in <a href="/wiki/Rey,_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Rey, Iran">Ray</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworth196353,_59,_234_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBosworth196353,_59,_234-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworth196837_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBosworth196837-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1055, <a href="/wiki/Tughril" class="mw-redirect" title="Tughril">Tughril</a> conquered <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a>, the seat of the caliphate, and ousted the last of the Buyid rulers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESajjadiAsatryanMelvin-Koushki_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESajjadiAsatryanMelvin-Koushki-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like the Buyids, the <a href="/wiki/Seljuks" class="mw-redirect" title="Seljuks">Seljuks</a> kept the <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_caliphate" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbasid caliphate">Abbasid caliphs</a> as figureheads.<sup id="cite_ref-Lewis_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lewis-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government">Government</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buyid_dynasty&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Buyids established a confederation in Iraq and western Iran. This confederation formed three principalities: one in Fars, with Shiraz as its capital, the second one in Jibal, with Ray as its capital, and the last one in Iraq, with Baghdad as its capital. However, during their late period, more principalities formed in the Buyid confederation. Succession was <a href="/wiki/Heredity" title="Heredity">hereditary</a>, with rulers dividing their land among their sons. </p><p>The title used by the Buyid rulers was <i><a href="/wiki/Amir" class="mw-redirect" title="Amir">amir</a></i>, meaning "governor" or "prince". Generally, one of the amirs would be recognized as having seniority over the others; this individual would use the title of <i><a href="/wiki/Amir_al-umara" title="Amir al-umara">amir al-umara</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKabir1964_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKabir1964-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or senior <i>amir</i>. Although the senior <i>amīr</i> was the formal head of the Būyids, he did not usually have any significant control outside of his amirate; each amir enjoyed a high degree of autonomy within his territories. As mentioned above, some stronger <i>amirs</i> used the <a href="/wiki/Sassanid" class="mw-redirect" title="Sassanid">Sassanid</a> title of <i><a href="/wiki/Shahanshah" class="mw-redirect" title="Shahanshah">Shahanshah</a></i>. Furthermore, several other titles such as <i><a href="/wiki/Malik" title="Malik">malik</a></i> ("king"), and <i>malik al-muluk</i> ("king of kings"), were also used by the Buyids. On a smaller scale, the Buyid territory was also ruled by princes from other families, such as the Hasanwayhids. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military">Military</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buyid_dynasty&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Military"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Buyid_silk.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Buyid_silk.jpg/330px-Buyid_silk.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Buyid_silk.jpg/495px-Buyid_silk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Buyid_silk.jpg/660px-Buyid_silk.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1539" data-file-height="968" /></a><figcaption>Silk with depiction of horsemen, produced under the Buyids</figcaption></figure> <p>During the beginning of the Buyid dynasty, their army consisted mainly of their fellow Daylamites, a warlike and brave people of mostly peasant origin, who served as foot soldiers. The Daylamites had a long history of military activity dating back to the Sasanian period, and had been mercenaries in various places in Iran and Iraq, and even as far as <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>. The Daylamites, during a battle, normally bore a sword, a shield, and three spears. Furthermore, they were also known for their formidable shield formation, which was hard to break through.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBusse1975251_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBusse1975251-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, when the Buyid territories increased, they began recruiting Turks into their cavalry,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy2004213_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy2004213-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who had played a prominent role in the Abbasid military.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Buyid army also consisted of <a href="/wiki/Kurds" title="Kurds">Kurds</a>, who, along with the Turks, were <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunnis</a>, while the Daylamites were <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shi'i Muslims</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBusse1975287_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBusse1975287-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the army of the Buyids of Jibal was mainly composed of Daylamites.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy2004244_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy2004244-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Daylamites and Turks often quarrelled with each other for dominance within the army.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBusse1975265,_298_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBusse1975265,_298-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To compensate their soldiers, the Buyid amīrs often distributed <a href="/wiki/Iqta%27" title="Iqta'"><i>iqtāʾ</i>s</a>, or the rights to a percentage of tax revenues from a province (<a href="/wiki/Farm_(revenue_leasing)" title="Farm (revenue leasing)">tax farming</a>), although the practice of <a href="/wiki/In_kind" title="In kind">payment in kind</a> was also frequently used.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the Turks were favoured in Buyid Iraq, the Daylamites were favoured in Buyid Iran.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBusse1975252_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBusse1975252-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buyid_dynasty&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Language">Language</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buyid_dynasty&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Contrary to the Samanids, the Buyids did not adopt Dari (also known as <a href="/wiki/New_Persian" title="New Persian">New Persian</a>) as their official language.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavaran2010154–156_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavaran2010154–156-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Instead, <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> served as the <i><a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a></i> of their realm, while <a href="/wiki/Middle_Persian" title="Middle Persian">Middle Persian</a> was occasionally used as a secondary court language.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavaran2010156_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavaran2010156-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the Buyids were of Iranian stock, they supported writing in Arabic, and also used the language in their correspondence, as well as poetry.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESajjadiAsatryanMelvin-Koushki_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESajjadiAsatryanMelvin-Koushki-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Adud_al-Dawla.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Adud_al-Dawla.jpg/220px-Adud_al-Dawla.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Adud_al-Dawla.jpg/330px-Adud_al-Dawla.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Adud_al-Dawla.jpg/440px-Adud_al-Dawla.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1431" data-file-height="1425" /></a><figcaption>Silver medallion of Adud al-Dawla with Middle Persian legends</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Inscription_of_Adud_al-Dawla_in_Persepolis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Inscription_of_Adud_al-Dawla_in_Persepolis.jpg/220px-Inscription_of_Adud_al-Dawla_in_Persepolis.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Inscription_of_Adud_al-Dawla_in_Persepolis.jpg/330px-Inscription_of_Adud_al-Dawla_in_Persepolis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Inscription_of_Adud_al-Dawla_in_Persepolis.jpg/440px-Inscription_of_Adud_al-Dawla_in_Persepolis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="598" data-file-height="513" /></a><figcaption>One of the two Arabic inscriptions of Adud al-Dawla in <a href="/wiki/Persepolis" title="Persepolis">Persepolis</a></figcaption></figure> <p>It is uncertain why the Buyids did not promote the use of New Persian. According to the historians Edmund Herzig and Sarah Stewart in their book <i>Early Islamic Iran</i> (2011), it may have been due to three factors; the Buyids had been influenced during their stay in Baghdad and thus aspired to be important supporters of Arabic writing; New Persian may have been discouraged by the Zoroastrian priests, who still wrote in Middle Persian in regions such as Fars; New Persian may have been very different/at odds with the dialects of western Iran, and was only mostly welcomed in eastern Iran.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerzigStewart2011157_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerzigStewart2011157-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, New Persian was still used as language of poetry at the Buyid courts. Many prominent poets in the Buyid realm wrote in New Persian, such as Abu Muhammad Mansur ibn Ali al-Mantiqi al-Razi, Khusrawi Sarakhsi and Abu Zayd Muhammad ibn Ali al-Ghada'iri al-Razi.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESajjadiAsatryanMelvin-Koushki_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESajjadiAsatryanMelvin-Koushki-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Persian vizier <a href="/wiki/Sahib_ibn_Abbad" title="Sahib ibn Abbad">Sahib ibn Abbad</a> (died 995), who was the leading figure at the Buyid court at Ray for a lengthy period, wrote only in Arabic, which he preferred instead of his native tongue. However, he also accepted New Persian <a href="/wiki/Panegyric" title="Panegyric">panegyrics</a> that were dedicated to him.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerzigStewart2011155_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerzigStewart2011155-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Buyids also promoted the use of <i><a href="/wiki/Fahlav%C4%ABy%C4%81t" title="Fahlavīyāt">fahlaviyat</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerzigStewart2011157_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerzigStewart2011157-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a designation for poetry composed in the local <a href="/wiki/Western_Iranian_languages" title="Western Iranian languages">northwestern Iranian dialects and languages</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaul2000_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaul2000-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETafazzoli1999158–162_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETafazzoli1999158–162-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to having a large Zoroastrian and Christian population, many records written under the Buyids were composed in Middle Persian, <a href="/wiki/Syriac_language" title="Syriac language">Syriac</a> and Arabic.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFryeKeshk2014_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFryeKeshk2014-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Naming_traditions,_celebrations_and_identity"><span id="Naming_traditions.2C_celebrations_and_identity"></span>Naming traditions, celebrations and identity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buyid_dynasty&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Naming traditions, celebrations and identity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While the brothers that established the Buyid kingdom had the Arabic names of Ali, Hasan, and Ahmad, the second Buyid generation notably had Iranian names, such as Kamrava, Marzuban, Bahram and Khusraw.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavaran2010156_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavaran2010156-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Buyids had many inscriptions carved at the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid</a> ruins of <a href="/wiki/Persepolis" title="Persepolis">Persepolis</a>, thus suggesting a form of veneration of the site, which the Buyids thought was built by the mythical Iranian king <a href="/wiki/Jamshid" title="Jamshid">Jamshid</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerzigStewart201136_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerzigStewart201136-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Adud al-Dawla celebrated the ancient Iranian festivals of <a href="/wiki/Sadeh" title="Sadeh">Sadeh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mehregan" title="Mehregan">Mehregan</a>, and like many previous Islamic rulers—including the caliphs—he most likely celebrated <a href="/wiki/Nowruz" title="Nowruz">Nowruz</a> as well. He used Nowruz as a model for two newly created festivals, which were celebrated annually in the town of Fana Khusraw-gird.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBürgelMottahedeh1988265–269_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBürgelMottahedeh1988265–269-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under the Buyids, the idea of "Iranshahr" (Iran) appears in geographical works, which were all written in Arabic by mostly Iranian authors. The geographer <a href="/wiki/Istakhri" title="Istakhri">Istakhri</a>, who was active in the late 10th-century and wrote; "The best cultivated (<i>ma‘mur</i>), fairest and most fertile part of the world, and the most established in its political life is the kingdom of Iranshahr."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerzigStewart2011155_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerzigStewart2011155-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Herzig and Stewart adds that;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerzigStewart2011157_43-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerzigStewart2011157-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Considered together the preceding materials offer important clues to the question of Iranian identity under the Buyids. In the first instance we have rulers who are unashamedly Iranian and who sought by genealogy, title and homage to Persepolis to show their connection with the pre-Islamic Iranian past. At the same time, the inhabitants of the Buyid kingdoms and eastern Iranians showed a sometimes embarrassingly high level of self-esteem as the people of Iranshahr.</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religion">Religion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buyid_dynasty&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Like most Daylamites at the time, the Buyids were Shia and have been called <a href="/wiki/Twelver" class="mw-redirect" title="Twelver">Twelvers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAfsaruddin2018-235-236_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAfsaruddin2018-235-236-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, it is likely that they began as <a href="/wiki/Zaydiyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Zaydiyyah">Zaydis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Momen_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Momen-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moojen Momen explains this transition from Zaydism to Twelverism, by noting that, since the Buyids were not descendants of <a href="/wiki/Ali" title="Ali">Ali</a>, the first Shi'i Imam, Zaydism would have required them to install an Imam from Ali's family. So, Buyids tended toward Twelverism, which has an <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_al-Mahdi" title="Muhammad al-Mahdi">occulted Imam</a>, a more politically attractive option to them.<sup id="cite_ref-Momen_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Momen-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Buyids rarely attempted to enforce a particular religious view upon their subjects except in matters where it would be politically expedient. The Sunni Abbasids retained the caliphate but were deprived of all secular power.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, to prevent tensions between the Shia and the Sunnis from spreading to government agencies, the Buyid amirs occasionally appointed <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christians</a> to high offices instead of Muslims from either sect.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Architecture">Architecture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buyid_dynasty&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Architecture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Under the supervision of the Buyids, large construction and engineering projects took place, such as irrigation systems and agricultural developments, all of which led to an increase in income. In comparison to other local rulers in Iraq, particularly the Baridis and <a href="/wiki/Hamdanids" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamdanids">Hamdanids</a>, it was clear that the Buyids had a liking to construction projects. When Mu'izz al-Dawla arrived in Iraq, the country had been ravaged as a result of local struggles over control of Baghdad. Under his instructions, the Baduriya dam on the Rufayl river was restored, subsequently resulting in lower prices of common foods, such as bread. This also inspired people to migrate to Baghdad.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESajjadiAsatryanMelvin-Koushki_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESajjadiAsatryanMelvin-Koushki-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It was during the reign of Adud al-Dawla that most of the Buyid construction and restoration projects took place. Under him, Shiraz became so crowded that the garrison had no place to roam, which led Adud al-Dawla to have a special quarter created, Fana Khusraw-gird ("Fana Khusraw made it"), a name which deliberately reflected the name of towns established by the Sasanian kings.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESajjadiAsatryanMelvin-Koushki_3-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESajjadiAsatryanMelvin-Koushki-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBürgelMottahedeh1988265–269_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBürgelMottahedeh1988265–269-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The town of <a href="/wiki/Firuzabad,_Fars" title="Firuzabad, Fars">Firuzabad</a>, considered to be linked to the Sasanian king <a href="/wiki/Ardashir_I" title="Ardashir I">Ardashir I</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 224–242</span>), was revamped by Adud al-Dawla, possibly done in order to stress his claim to Sasanian ancestry. One of Adud al-Dawla's lasting building projects was the <a href="/wiki/Imam_Ali_Shrine" title="Imam Ali Shrine">mausoleum</a> erected on the burial place of <a href="/wiki/Ali" title="Ali">Ali</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESajjadiAsatryanMelvin-Koushki_3-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESajjadiAsatryanMelvin-Koushki-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Buyid_rulers">Buyid rulers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buyid_dynasty&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Buyid rulers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Plate_Buwayhid.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Plate_Buwayhid.JPG/220px-Plate_Buwayhid.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Plate_Buwayhid.JPG/330px-Plate_Buwayhid.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Plate_Buwayhid.JPG/440px-Plate_Buwayhid.JPG 2x" data-file-width="733" data-file-height="766" /></a><figcaption>Buyid era art: Painted, incised, and glazed earthenware. Dated 10th century, <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>. <a href="/wiki/New_York_Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Metropolitan Museum of Art">New York Metropolitan Museum of Art</a>.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Major_rulers">Major rulers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buyid_dynasty&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Major rulers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Generally, the three most powerful Buyid amirs at any given time were those controlling <a href="/wiki/Fars_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Fars Province">Fars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jibal" title="Jibal">Jibal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>. Sometimes a ruler would come to rule more than one region, but no Buyid rulers ever exercised direct control of all three regions. </p><p><b>Buyids in Fars</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imad_al-Dawla" title="Imad al-Dawla">Imad al-Dawla</a> (934–949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%27Adud_al-Dawla" title="'Adud al-Dawla">'Adud al-Dawla</a> (949–983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharaf_al-Dawla" title="Sharaf al-Dawla">Sharaf al-Dawla</a> (983–989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samsam_al-Dawla" title="Samsam al-Dawla">Samsam al-Dawla</a> (989–998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baha%27_al-Dawla" class="mw-redirect" title="Baha' al-Dawla">Baha' al-Dawla</a> (998–1012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultan_al-Dawla" title="Sultan al-Dawla">Sultan al-Dawla</a> (1012–1024)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Kalijar" title="Abu Kalijar">Abu Kalijar</a> (1024–1048)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Mansur_Fulad_Sutun" title="Abu Mansur Fulad Sutun">Abu Mansur Fulad Sutun</a> (1048–1051)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Sa%27d_Khusrau_Shah" title="Abu Sa'd Khusrau Shah">Abu Sa'd Khusrau Shah</a> (1051–1054)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Mansur_Fulad_Sutun" title="Abu Mansur Fulad Sutun">Abu Mansur Fulad Sutun</a> (1051–1062)</li></ul> <p><b>Buyids in Ray</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rukn_al-Dawla" title="Rukn al-Dawla">Rukn al-Dawla</a> (935–976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fakhr_al-Dawla" title="Fakhr al-Dawla">Fakhr al-Dawla</a> (976–980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mu%27ayyad_al-Dawla" title="Mu'ayyad al-Dawla">Mu'ayyad al-Dawla</a> (980–983)</li> <li>Fakhr al-Dawla (restored; 984–997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majd_al-Dawla" title="Majd al-Dawla">Majd al-Dawla</a> (997–1029)</li></ul> <p><b>Buyids in Iraq</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mu%27izz_al-Dawla" title="Mu'izz al-Dawla">Mu'izz al-Dawla</a> (945–967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%27Izz_al-Dawla" class="mw-redirect" title="'Izz al-Dawla">'Izz al-Dawla</a> (966–978)</li> <li>'Adud al-Dawla (978–983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samsam_al-Dawla" title="Samsam al-Dawla">Samsam al-Dawla</a> (983–987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharaf_al-Dawla" title="Sharaf al-Dawla">Sharaf al-Dawla</a> (987–989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baha%27_al-Dawla" class="mw-redirect" title="Baha' al-Dawla">Baha' al-Dawla</a> (989–1012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultan_al-Dawla" title="Sultan al-Dawla">Sultan al-Dawla</a> (1012–1021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musharrif_al-Dawla" title="Musharrif al-Dawla">Musharrif al-Dawla</a> (1021–1025)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalal_al-Dawla" title="Jalal al-Dawla">Jalal al-Dawla</a> (1025–1044)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Kalijar" title="Abu Kalijar">Abu Kalijar</a> (1044–1048)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Malik_al-Rahim" title="Al-Malik al-Rahim">Al-Malik al-Rahim</a> (1048–1055)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Minor_rulers">Minor rulers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buyid_dynasty&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Minor rulers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It was not uncommon for younger sons to found collateral lines, or for individual Buyid members to take control of a province and begin ruling there. The following list is incomplete. </p><p><b>Buyids in Basra</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diya%27_al-Dawla" class="mw-redirect" title="Diya' al-Dawla">Diya' al-Dawla</a> (980s)</li></ul> <p><b>Buyids in Hamadan</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mu%27ayyad_al-Dawla" title="Mu'ayyad al-Dawla">Mu'ayyad al-Dawla</a> (976–983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shams_al-Dawla" title="Shams al-Dawla">Shams al-Dawla</a> (997–1021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sama%27_al-Dawla" title="Sama' al-Dawla">Sama' al-Dawla</a> (1021–1024)</li></ul> <p><b>Buyids in Kerman</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qawam_al-Dawla" title="Qawam al-Dawla">Qawam al-Dawla</a> (1012–1028)</li></ul> <p><b>Buyids of Khuzistan</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taj_al-Dawla" title="Taj al-Dawla">Taj al-Dawla</a> (980s)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Family_tree">Family tree</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buyid_dynasty&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Family tree"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table style="border-spacing: 0px; border-collapse: separate;"> <tbody><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><b>Buya</b></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" 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style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><b><a href="/wiki/Imad_al-Dawla" title="Imad al-Dawla">Imad al-Dawla</a></b><br />934–949</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><b><a href="/wiki/Rukn_al-Dawla" title="Rukn al-Dawla">Rukn al-Dawla</a></b><br />935–976</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><b><a href="/wiki/Mu%27izz_al-Dawla" title="Mu'izz al-Dawla">Mu'izz al-Dawla</a></b><br />945–967</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><b>Kama</b></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><b><a href="/wiki/Abu_Ishaq_Ibrahim_(Buyid)" title="Abu Ishaq Ibrahim (Buyid)">Abu Ishaq Ibrahim</a></b></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><b><a href="/wiki/Izz_al-Dawla" title="Izz al-Dawla">Izz al-Dawla</a></b><br />967–978</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><b>Sanad al-Dawla</b></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><b>Marzuban</b></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><b>Zubayda</b></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><b>Abu Tahir</b></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><b><a href="/wiki/Ali_ibn_Kama" title="Ali ibn Kama">Ali ibn Kama</a></b></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><b><a href="/wiki/Marzuban_ibn_Bakhtiyar" title="Marzuban ibn Bakhtiyar">Marzuban ibn Bakhtiyar</a></b></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><b>Salar</b></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><b>Unnamed princess</b></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><b><a href="/wiki/Fakhr_al-Dawla" title="Fakhr al-Dawla">Fakhr al-Dawla</a></b><br />976–997</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><b><a href="/wiki/%27Adud_al-Dawla" title="'Adud al-Dawla">'Adud al-Dawla</a></b><br />949–983</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><b><a href="/wiki/Mu%27ayyad_al-Dawla" title="Mu'ayyad al-Dawla">Mu'ayyad al-Dawla</a></b><br />980–983</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><b><a href="/wiki/Shams_al-Dawla" title="Shams al-Dawla">Shams al-Dawla</a></b><br />997–1021</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><b><a href="/wiki/Majd_al-Dawla" title="Majd al-Dawla">Majd al-Dawla</a></b><br />997–1029</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><b><a href="/wiki/Sharaf_al-Dawla" title="Sharaf al-Dawla">Sharaf al-Dawla</a></b><br />983–989</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><b><a href="/wiki/Samsam_al-Dawla" title="Samsam al-Dawla">Samsam al-Dawla</a></b><br />983–998</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><b><a href="/wiki/Baha%27_al-Dawla" class="mw-redirect" title="Baha' al-Dawla">Baha' al-Dawla</a></b><br />998–1012</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><b>Shahnaz</b></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><b><a href="/wiki/Sama%27_al-Dawla" title="Sama' al-Dawla">Sama' al-Dawla</a></b><br />1021–1024</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><b><a href="/wiki/Qawam_al-Dawla" title="Qawam al-Dawla">Qawam al-Dawla</a></b><br />1012–1028</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><b><a href="/wiki/Sultan_al-Dawla" title="Sultan al-Dawla">Sultan al-Dawla</a></b><br />1012–1024</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><b><a href="/wiki/Musharrif_al-Dawla" title="Musharrif al-Dawla">Musharrif al-Dawla</a></b><br />1021–1025</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><b><a href="/wiki/Jalal_al-Dawla" title="Jalal al-Dawla">Jalal al-Dawla</a></b><br />1027–1044</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><b><a href="/wiki/Fana-Khusrau" title="Fana-Khusrau">Fana-Khusrau</a></b></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><b>Abu Dulaf</b></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><b><a href="/wiki/Abu_Kalijar" title="Abu Kalijar">Abu Kalijar</a></b><br />1024–1048</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><b><a href="/wiki/Al-Malik_al-Aziz" title="Al-Malik al-Aziz">Al-Malik al-Aziz</a></b></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><b>Abu Mansur Ali</b></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><b><a href="/wiki/Abu_Ali_Fana-Khusrau" title="Abu Ali Fana-Khusrau">Abu Ali Fana-Khusrau</a></b></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><b><a href="/wiki/Abu_Mansur_Fulad_Sutun" title="Abu Mansur Fulad Sutun">Abu Mansur Fulad Sutun</a></b><br />1048–1062</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><b><a href="/wiki/Al-Malik_al-Rahim" title="Al-Malik al-Rahim">Al-Malik al-Rahim</a></b><br />1048–1055</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><b>Kamrava</b></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><b>Abu'l-Muzaffar Bahram</b></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><b><a href="/wiki/Abu_Sa%27d_Khusrau_Shah" title="Abu Sa'd Khusrau Shah">Abu Sa'd Khusrau Shah</a></b></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><b>Abu'l-Ghana'im al-Marzuban</b></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><b>Surkhab</b></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buyid_dynasty&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Iran" title="Category:History of Iran">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iran" title="History of Iran">History of <span class="fn org label">Iran</span></a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Persepolis_24.11.2009_11-12-14.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Persepolis_24.11.2009_11-12-14.jpg/200px-Persepolis_24.11.2009_11-12-14.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Persepolis_24.11.2009_11-12-14.jpg/300px-Persepolis_24.11.2009_11-12-14.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Persepolis_24.11.2009_11-12-14.jpg/400px-Persepolis_24.11.2009_11-12-14.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2477" data-file-height="1857" /></a></span><br /> The <a href="/wiki/Gate_of_All_Nations" title="Gate of All Nations">Gate of All Nations</a> in Fars</td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_Iran" title="Prehistory of Iran">Prehistoric period</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><i><a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">BCE / BC</a></i> <table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Baradostian_culture" title="Baradostian culture">Baradostian culture</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 36,000–18,000</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Zarzian_culture" title="Zarzian culture">Zarzian culture</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 20,000–10,000</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Shulaveri%E2%80%93Shomu_culture" title="Shulaveri–Shomu culture">Shulaveri–Shomu culture</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 6000–5000</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Zayandeh_River_Culture" title="Zayandeh River Culture">Zayandeh River Culture</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 6th millennium</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Dalma_culture" title="Dalma culture">Dalma culture</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 5th millennium</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iran#Prehistory" title="History of Iran">Ancient period</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Kura%E2%80%93Araxes_culture" title="Kura–Araxes culture">Kura–Araxes culture</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 3400–2000</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Helmand_culture" title="Helmand culture">Helmand culture</a>/<a href="/wiki/Jiroft_culture" title="Jiroft culture">Jiroft culture</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 3300–2200</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Proto-Elamite" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Elamite">Proto-Elamite</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 3200–2700</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Lullubi" title="Lullubi">Lullubi Kingdom</a>/<a href="/wiki/Zamua" title="Zamua">Zamua</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 3100-675</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Elam" title="Elam">Elam</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 2700–539</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Marhasi" title="Marhasi">Marhaši</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 2550-2020</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Bactria%E2%80%93Margiana_Archaeological_Complex" title="Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex">Oxus Civilization</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 2400–1700</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_Empire" title="Akkadian Empire">Akkadian Empire</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 2400–2150</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Kassites" title="Kassites">Kassites</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1500–1155</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Avestan_period" title="Avestan period">Avestan period</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1500–500</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian Empire</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 911–609</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Urartu" title="Urartu">Urartu</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 860–590</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Mannaea" title="Mannaea">Mannaea</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 850–616</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Zikirti" title="Zikirti">Zikirti</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 750-521</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Saparda" title="Saparda">Saparda</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 720-670</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iran#Classical_antiquity" title="History of Iran">Imperial period</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Median_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Median state">Median Empire</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 678–550 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Scythians" title="Scythians">Scythian Kingdom</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 652–625 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Teispids" title="Teispids">Anshanite Kingdom</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 635 BC–550 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Empire" title="Neo-Babylonian Empire">Neo-Babylonian Empire</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 626 BC–539 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Sogdia" title="Sogdia">Sogdia</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 6th century BC</span>–11th century AD</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 550 BC–330 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Armenia_(antiquity)" title="Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)">Kingdom of Armenia</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 331 BC–428 AD</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Atropatene" title="Atropatene">Atropatene</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 323 BC</span>–226 AD</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cappadocia" title="Kingdom of Cappadocia">Kingdom of Cappadocia</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 320s BC–17 AD</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Empire</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 312 BC–63 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Pontus" title="Kingdom of Pontus">Kingdom of Pontus</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 281 BC–62 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Fratarakas" class="mw-redirect" title="Fratarakas">Fratarakas</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 3rd-century BC–132 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian Empire</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 247 BC–224 AD</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Elymais" title="Elymais">Elymais</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 147 BC–224 AD</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Characene" title="Characene">Characene</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 141 BC–222 AD</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Persis" title="Kings of Persis">Kings of Persis</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 132 BC–224 AD</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Indo-Parthian_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Parthian Kingdom">Indo-Parthian Kingdom</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 19 AD–224/5</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Paratarajas" title="Paratarajas">Paratarajas</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 125–300</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian Empire</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 224–651</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Zarmihrids" title="Zarmihrids">Zarmihrids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 6th century–785</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Qarinvand_dynasty" title="Qarinvand dynasty">Qarinvandids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 550s–11th century</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iran#Medieval_period" title="History of Iran">Medieval period</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><i><a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">CE / AD</a></i> <table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Rashidun Caliphate">Rashidun Caliphate</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 632-661</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad Caliphate</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 661–750</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid Caliphate</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 750–1258</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Dabuyid_dynasty" title="Dabuyid dynasty">Dabuyids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 642–760</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Bavand_dynasty" title="Bavand dynasty">Bavandids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 651–1349</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Masmughans_of_Damavand" title="Masmughans of Damavand">Masmughans of Damavand</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 651–760</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Baduspanids" title="Baduspanids">Baduspanids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 665–1598</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Justanids" title="Justanids">Justanids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 791 – 11th century</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Alid_dynasties_of_northern_Iran" title="Alid dynasties of northern Iran">Alid dynasties</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 864 – 14th century</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Tahirid_dynasty" title="Tahirid dynasty">Tahirid dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 821–873</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Samanid_Empire" title="Samanid Empire">Samanid Empire</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 819–999</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Saffarid_dynasty" title="Saffarid dynasty">Saffarid dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 861–1003</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Ghurid_dynasty" title="Ghurid dynasty">Ghurid dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> pre-879 – 1215</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Sajid_dynasty" title="Sajid dynasty">Sajid dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 889–929</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Sallarid_dynasty" title="Sallarid dynasty">Sallarid dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 919–1062</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Ziyarid_dynasty" title="Ziyarid dynasty">Ziyarid dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 930–1090</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Banu_Ilyas" title="Banu Ilyas">Ilyasids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 932–968</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Buyid dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 934–1062</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Rawadid_dynasty" title="Rawadid dynasty">Rawadid dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 955–1070</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Hasanwayhids" title="Hasanwayhids">Hasanwayhids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 959–1095</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Ghaznavids" title="Ghaznavids">Ghaznavid dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 977–1186</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Annazids" title="Annazids">Annazids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 990/1–1117</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Kakuyids" title="Kakuyids">Kakuyids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1008–1141</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Nasrid_dynasty_(Sistan)" title="Nasrid dynasty (Sistan)">Nasrid dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1029–1236</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Shabankara" title="Shabankara">Shabankara</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1030–1355</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Empire" title="Seljuk Empire">Seljuk Empire</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1037–1194</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Khwarazmian_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Khwarazmian dynasty">Khwarazmian dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1077–1231</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Eldiguzids" title="Eldiguzids">Eldiguzids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1135–1225</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Atabegs_of_Yazd" title="Atabegs of Yazd">Atabegs of Yazd</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1141–1319</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Salghurids" title="Salghurids">Salghurids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1148–1282</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Hazaraspids" title="Hazaraspids">Hazaraspids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1155–1424</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Pishkinid_dynasty" title="Pishkinid dynasty">Pishkinid dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1155–1231</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Khorshidi_dynasty" title="Khorshidi dynasty">Khorshidi dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1184-1597</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Qutlugh-Khanids" title="Qutlugh-Khanids">Qutlugh-Khanids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1223-1306</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Mihrabanids" title="Mihrabanids">Mihrabanids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1236–1537</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Kurt_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurt dynasty">Kurt dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1244–1396</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Ilkhanate" title="Ilkhanate">Ilkhanate Empire</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1256–1335</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Chobanids" title="Chobanids">Chobanid dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1335–1357</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Muzaffarids_(Iran)" title="Muzaffarids (Iran)">Muzaffarid dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1335–1393</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Jalayirid_Sultanate" title="Jalayirid Sultanate">Jalayirid Sultanate</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1337–1376</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Sarbadars" title="Sarbadars">Sarbadars</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1337–1376</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Injuids" title="Injuids">Injuids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1335–1357</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Afrasiyab_dynasty" title="Afrasiyab dynasty">Afrasiyab dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1349–1504</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Mar%27ashis" title="Mar'ashis">Mar'ashis</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1359–1596</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Timurid_Empire" title="Timurid Empire">Timurid Empire</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1370–1507</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Kar-Kiya_dynasty" title="Kar-Kiya dynasty">Kar-Kiya dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1370s–1592</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Qara_Qoyunlu" title="Qara Qoyunlu">Qara Qoyunlu</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1406–1468</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Aq_Qoyunlu" title="Aq Qoyunlu">Aq Qoyunlu</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1468–1508</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iran#Early_modern_period" title="History of Iran">Early modern period</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Safavid_Iran" title="Safavid Iran">Safavid Iran</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1501–1736</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> (<a href="/wiki/Hotak_dynasty" title="Hotak dynasty">Hotak dynasty</a>)</td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1722–1729</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Afsharid_Iran" title="Afsharid Iran">Afsharid Iran</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1736–1796</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Zand_dynasty" title="Zand dynasty">Zand dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1751–1794</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iran#Modern_period" title="History of Iran">Modern period</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Qajar_Iran" title="Qajar Iran">Qajar Iran</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1789–1925</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_Iran" title="Pahlavi Iran">Pahlavi Iran</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1925–1979</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iran#Contemporary_period" title="History of Iran">Contemporary period</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Revolution">Iranian Revolution</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1979</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Interim_Government_of_Iran" title="Interim Government of Iran">Interim Government</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1979</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Islamic_Republic_of_Iran" title="History of the Islamic Republic of Iran">Islamic Republic</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1979–present</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related articles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Name_of_Iran" title="Name of Iran">Name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Persia" title="List of monarchs of Persia">Monarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Iran" title="List of heads of state of Iran">Heads of state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Iran" title="Economic history of Iran">Economic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT history in Iran">LGBT history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Iran" title="Military history of Iran">Military history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_women_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="History of women in Iran">Women's history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Iran" title="List of wars involving Iran">Wars</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td 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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buyid_dynasty&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>: <span lang="fa" dir="rtl"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">آل بویه</span>‎</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Persian" title="Romanization of Persian">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Persian-language romanization"><i lang="fa-Latn">Âl-i Būya</i></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Also spelled as <b>Bowayhids</b>, <b>Buwaihids</b><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <b>Buwayhids</b> etc.<br /><a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">البويهية</span>‎</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">al-Buwayhiyyah</i></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Historiography and scholarship agree that the Buyids were Daylamites.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buyid_dynasty&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBosworth1996154-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworth1996154_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBosworth1996">Bosworth 1996</a>, pp. 154.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavaran2010156-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavaran2010156_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavaran2010156_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavaran2010156_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavaran2010156_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavaran2010156_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavaran2010">Davaran 2010</a>, p. 156.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESajjadiAsatryanMelvin-Koushki-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESajjadiAsatryanMelvin-Koushki_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESajjadiAsatryanMelvin-Koushki_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESajjadiAsatryanMelvin-Koushki_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESajjadiAsatryanMelvin-Koushki_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESajjadiAsatryanMelvin-Koushki_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESajjadiAsatryanMelvin-Koushki_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESajjadiAsatryanMelvin-Koushki_3-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESajjadiAsatryanMelvin-Koushki_3-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESajjadiAsatryanMelvin-Koushki_3-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESajjadiAsatryanMelvin-Koushki_3-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSajjadiAsatryanMelvin-Koushki">Sajjadi, Asatryan & Melvin-Koushki</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFTurchinAdamsHall2006" class="citation journal cs1">Turchin, Peter; Adams, Jonathan M.; Hall, Thomas D (December 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jwsr.pitt.edu/ojs/index.php/jwsr/article/view/369/381">"East-West Orientation of Historical Empires"</a>. <i>Journal of World-Systems Research</i>. <b>12</b> (2): 222. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1076-156X">1076-156X</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+World-Systems+Research&rft.atitle=East-West+Orientation+of+Historical+Empires&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=222&rft.date=2006-12&rft.issn=1076-156X&rft.aulast=Turchin&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Adams%2C+Jonathan+M.&rft.au=Hall%2C+Thomas+D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjwsr.pitt.edu%2Fojs%2Findex.php%2Fjwsr%2Farticle%2Fview%2F369%2F381&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuyid+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRein_Taagepera1997" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rein_Taagepera" title="Rein Taagepera">Rein Taagepera</a> (September 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/3cn68807">"Expansion and Contraction Patterns of Large Polities: Context for Russia"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/International_Studies_Quarterly" title="International Studies Quarterly">International Studies Quarterly</a></i>. <b>41</b> (3): 475–504. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2F0020-8833.00053">10.1111/0020-8833.00053</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2600793">2600793</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Studies+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Expansion+and+Contraction+Patterns+of+Large+Polities%3A+Context+for+Russia&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=475-504&rft.date=1997-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2F0020-8833.00053&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2600793%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Rein+Taagepera&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.escholarship.org%2Fuc%2Fitem%2F3cn68807&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuyid+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNagel1990">Nagel 1990</a>, pp. 578–586</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBusse1975">Busse 1975</a>, pp. 251–252; <a href="#CITEREFBürgelMottahedeh1988">Bürgel & Mottahedeh 1988</a>, pp. 265–269; <a href="#CITEREFNagel1990">Nagel 1990</a>, pp. 578–586; <a href="#CITEREFBosworth1996">Bosworth 1996</a>, pp. 154–155; <a href="#CITEREFKennedy2004">Kennedy 2004</a>, p. 211; <a href="#CITEREFKarsh2007">Karsh 2007</a>, pp. 60; <a href="#CITEREFCahen1960">Cahen 1960</a>, pp. 1350–1357; <a href="#CITEREFFelixMadelung1995">Felix & Madelung 1995</a>, pp. 342–347.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBusse1975">Busse 1975</a>, p. 262: "ʿImād al-Daula may therefore accurately be said to have founded the Būyid Empire, but not to have moulded it into shape."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlair1992103-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlair1992103_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlair1992">Blair 1992</a>, p. 103.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldschmidt2002" class="citation book cs1">Goldschmidt, Arthur (2002). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/concisehistoryof00gold/page/87"><i>A Concise History of the Middle East</i></a></span> (7 ed.). Boulder, CO: Westview Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/concisehistoryof00gold/page/87">87</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0813338859" title="Special:BookSources/978-0813338859"><bdi>978-0813338859</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Concise+History+of+the+Middle+East&rft.place=Boulder%2C+CO&rft.pages=87&rft.edition=7&rft.pub=Westview+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0813338859&rft.aulast=Goldschmidt&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fconcisehistoryof00gold%2Fpage%2F87&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuyid+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerzigStewart201136-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerzigStewart201136_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerzigStewart201136_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHerzigStewart2011">Herzig & Stewart 2011</a>, p. 36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFryeKeshk2014-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFryeKeshk2014_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFryeKeshk2014_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFryeKeshk2014_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFryeKeshk2014_15-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFryeKeshk2014">Frye & Keshk 2014</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBürgelMottahedeh1988265–269-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBürgelMottahedeh1988265–269_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBürgelMottahedeh1988265–269_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBürgelMottahedeh1988265–269_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBürgelMottahedeh1988">Bürgel & Mottahedeh 1988</a>, pp. 265–269.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFelixMadelung1995342–347-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFelixMadelung1995342–347_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFelixMadelung1995">Felix & Madelung 1995</a>, pp. 342–347.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBusse1975274-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBusse1975274_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBusse1975">Busse 1975</a>, pp. 274.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavaran2010157-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavaran2010157_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavaran2010">Davaran 2010</a>, p. 157.</span> </li> <li 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class="reference-text"><i>Sohar and the Daylamī interlude (356–443/967–1051)</i>, Valeria Fiorani Piacentini, <i>Proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Studies</i>, Vol. 35, Papers from the thirty-eighth meeting of the Seminar for Arabian Studies held in London, 22–24 July 2004 (2005), 196.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBusse1975287-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBusse1975287_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBusse1975">Busse 1975</a>, p. 287.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy2004244-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy2004244_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKennedy2004">Kennedy 2004</a>, p. 244.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBusse1975265,_298-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBusse1975265,_298_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBusse1975">Busse 1975</a>, pp. 265, 298.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sourdel-Thomine, J. "Buwayhids." <i>The Encyclopedia of Islam, Volume I.</i> New Ed. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1960. p. 1353.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBusse1975252-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBusse1975252_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBusse1975">Busse 1975</a>, p. 252.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavaran2010154–156-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavaran2010154–156_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavaran2010">Davaran 2010</a>, pp. 154–156.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerzigStewart2011157-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerzigStewart2011157_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerzigStewart2011157_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerzigStewart2011157_43-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHerzigStewart2011">Herzig & Stewart 2011</a>, p. 157.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerzigStewart2011155-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerzigStewart2011155_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerzigStewart2011155_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHerzigStewart2011">Herzig & Stewart 2011</a>, p. 155.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaul2000-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaul2000_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPaul2000">Paul 2000</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETafazzoli1999158–162-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETafazzoli1999158–162_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTafazzoli1999">Tafazzoli 1999</a>, pp. 158–162.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAfsaruddin2018-235-236-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAfsaruddin2018-235-236_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAfsaruddin2018">Afsaruddin 2018</a>, p. -235-236.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Momen-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Momen_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Momen_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMomen1985" class="citation cs2">Momen, Moojan (1985), <i>An Introduction to Shi'i Islam</i>, Yale University Press, pp. 75–76, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-03531-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-03531-5"><bdi>978-0-300-03531-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Shi%27i+Islam&rft.pages=75-76&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-300-03531-5&rft.aulast=Momen&rft.aufirst=Moojan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuyid+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerkey2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Berkey" title="Jonathan Berkey">Berkey, Jonathan</a> (2003). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/formationofislam0000berk"><i>The Formation of Islam: Religion and Society in the Near East, 600-1800</i></a></span>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-58813-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-58813-3"><bdi>978-0-521-58813-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Formation+of+Islam%3A+Religion+and+Society+in+the+Near+East%2C+600-1800&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-521-58813-3&rft.aulast=Berkey&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fformationofislam0000berk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuyid+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span>, p. 135</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Abbasids</i>, Bernard Lewis, <i>The Encyclopaedia of Islam</i>, Vol. I, ed. H. A. R. Gibb, J. H. Kramers, E. Levi-Provençal, J. Schacht, (E.J. Brill, 1986), 19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Heribert, pp. 287-8</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buyid_dynasty&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 33em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAfsaruddin2018" class="citation book cs1">Afsaruddin, Asma (2018). "Alternative Patterns of Legitimacy: Sunni-Shi'i Debates on Political Leadership". In Salvatore, Armando (ed.). <i>The Wiley Blackwell History of Islam</i>. John Wiley & Sons Ltd.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Alternative+Patterns+of+Legitimacy%3A+Sunni-Shi%27i+Debates+on+Political+Leadership&rft.btitle=The+Wiley+Blackwell+History+of+Islam&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons+Ltd&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Afsaruddin&rft.aufirst=Asma&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuyid+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlair1992" class="citation book cs1">Blair, Sheila (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4U0fCVfM8q8C"><i>The Monumental Inscriptions from Early Islamic Iran and Transoxiana</i></a>. Brill. pp. 1–307. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004093676" title="Special:BookSources/9789004093676"><bdi>9789004093676</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Monumental+Inscriptions+from+Early+Islamic+Iran+and+Transoxiana&rft.pages=1-307&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=9789004093676&rft.aulast=Blair&rft.aufirst=Sheila&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4U0fCVfM8q8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuyid+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlair2009" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Blair, Sheila S. (2009). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-3/*-COM_23319">"Būyid art and architecture"</a></span>. In Fleet, Kate; <a href="/wiki/Gudrun_Kr%C3%A4mer" title="Gudrun Krämer">Krämer, Gudrun</a>; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; <a href="/wiki/Everett_K._Rowson" title="Everett K. Rowson">Rowson, Everett</a> (eds.). <i>Encyclopaedia of Islam</i> (3rd ed.). Brill Online. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1873-9830">1873-9830</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=B%C5%AByid+art+and+architecture&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Islam&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Brill+Online&rft.date=2009&rft.issn=1873-9830&rft.aulast=Blair&rft.aufirst=Sheila+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freferenceworks.brillonline.com%2Fentries%2Fencyclopaedia-of-islam-3%2F%2A-COM_23319&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuyid+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBosworth1963" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Clifford_Edmund_Bosworth" title="Clifford Edmund Bosworth">Bosworth, C. E.</a> (1963). <i>The Ghaznavids: Their Empire in Afghanistan and Eastern Iran, 994 : 1040</i>. Edinburgh University Press. pp. 1–331. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788121505734" title="Special:BookSources/9788121505734"><bdi>9788121505734</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ghaznavids%3A+Their+Empire+in+Afghanistan+and+Eastern+Iran%2C+994+%3A+1040&rft.pages=1-331&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=1963&rft.isbn=9788121505734&rft.aulast=Bosworth&rft.aufirst=C.+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuyid+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBosworth1968" class="citation book cs1">Bosworth, C. E. (1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=16yHq5v3QZAC&pg=PA1">"The Political and Dynastic History of the Iranian World (A.D. 1000–1217)"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/John_Andrew_Boyle" title="John Andrew Boyle">Boyle, John Andrew</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=16yHq5v3QZAC"><i>The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 5: The Saljuq and Mongol Periods</i></a>. Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. pp. 1–203. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-06936-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-06936-X"><bdi>0-521-06936-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Political+and+Dynastic+History+of+the+Iranian+World+%28A.D.+1000%E2%80%931217%29&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Iran%2C+Volume+5%3A+The+Saljuq+and+Mongol+Periods&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=1-203&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1968&rft.isbn=0-521-06936-X&rft.aulast=Bosworth&rft.aufirst=C.+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D16yHq5v3QZAC%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuyid+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBosworth1996" class="citation book cs1">Bosworth, C.E. (1996). <i>The New Islamic Dynasties: A Chronological and Genealogical Manual</i>. New York City: Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-231-10714-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-231-10714-5"><bdi>0-231-10714-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Islamic+Dynasties%3A+A+Chronological+and+Genealogical+Manual&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-231-10714-5&rft.aulast=Bosworth&rft.aufirst=C.E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuyid+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBusse1975" class="citation book cs1">Busse, Heribert (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hvx9jq_2L3EC&pg=PA250">"Iran Under the Buyids"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Richard_N._Frye" title="Richard N. Frye">Frye, Richard N.</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hvx9jq_2L3EC"><i>The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 4: From the Arab Invasion to the Saljuqs</i></a>. Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. pp. 250–305. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-20093-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-20093-8"><bdi>0-521-20093-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Iran+Under+the+Buyids&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Iran%2C+Volume+4%3A+From+the+Arab+Invasion+to+the+Saljuqs&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=250-305&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=0-521-20093-8&rft.aulast=Busse&rft.aufirst=Heribert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dhvx9jq_2L3EC%26pg%3DPA250&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuyid+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCahen1960" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Claude_Cahen" title="Claude Cahen">Cahen, Cl.</a> (1960). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/buwayhids-or-buyids-SIM_1569">"Buwayhids or Būyids"</a></span>. In <a href="/wiki/H._A._R._Gibb" title="H. A. R. Gibb">Gibb, H. A. R.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Hendrik_Kramers" title="Johannes Hendrik Kramers">Kramers, J. H.</a>; <a href="/wiki/%C3%89variste_L%C3%A9vi-Proven%C3%A7al" title="Évariste Lévi-Provençal">Lévi-Provençal, E.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Schacht" title="Joseph Schacht">Schacht, J.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lewis" title="Bernard Lewis">Lewis, B.</a> & <a href="/wiki/Charles_Pellat" title="Charles Pellat">Pellat, Ch.</a> (eds.). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Encyclopaedia_of_Islam#2nd_edition,_EI2" class="mw-redirect" title="The Encyclopaedia of Islam">The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition</a>. </i>Volume I:<i> A–B</i>. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 1350–1357. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/495469456">495469456</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Buwayhids+or+B%C5%AByids&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopaedia+of+Islam%2C+Second+Edition.+Volume+I%3A+A%E2%80%93B&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=1350-1357&rft.pub=E.+J.+Brill&rft.date=1960&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F495469456&rft.aulast=Cahen&rft.aufirst=Cl.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freferenceworks.brillonline.com%2Fentries%2Fencyclopaedia-of-islam-2%2Fbuwayhids-or-buyids-SIM_1569&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuyid+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonohue2003" class="citation book cs1">Donohue, John J. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=arELc_R1orcC"><i>The Buwayhid Dynasty in Iraq 334 H./945 to 403 H./1012: Shaping Institutions for the Future</i></a>. Leiden and Boston: Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-12860-3" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-12860-3"><bdi>90-04-12860-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Buwayhid+Dynasty+in+Iraq+334+H.%2F945+to+403+H.%2F1012%3A+Shaping+Institutions+for+the+Future&rft.place=Leiden+and+Boston&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=90-04-12860-3&rft.aulast=Donohue&rft.aufirst=John+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DarELc_R1orcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuyid+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Granville_Browne" title="Edward Granville Browne">Edward Granville Browne</a>, <i>Islamic Medicine</i>, 2002, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-87570-19-9" title="Special:BookSources/81-87570-19-9">81-87570-19-9</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBürgelMottahedeh1988" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Bürgel, Ch.; Mottahedeh, R. (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iranicaonline.org/articles/azod-al-dawla-abu-soja">"ʿAżod-al-dawla, Abū Šojāʿ Fannā Ḵosrow"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Ehsan_Yarshater" title="Ehsan Yarshater">Yarshater, Ehsan</a> (ed.). <i>Encyclopædia Iranica, Volume III/3: Azerbaijan IV–Bačča(-ye) Saqqā</i>. London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 265–269. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-71009-115-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-71009-115-4"><bdi>978-0-71009-115-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%CA%BFA%C5%BCod-al-dawla%2C+Ab%C5%AB+%C5%A0oj%C4%81%CA%BF+Fann%C4%81+%E1%B8%B4osrow&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica%2C+Volume+III%2F3%3A+Azerbaijan+IV%E2%80%93Ba%C4%8D%C4%8Da%28-ye%29+Saqq%C4%81&rft.place=London+and+New+York&rft.pages=265-269&rft.pub=Routledge+%26+Kegan+Paul&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-71009-115-4&rft.aulast=B%C3%BCrgel&rft.aufirst=Ch.&rft.au=Mottahedeh%2C+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Firanicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fazod-al-dawla-abu-soja&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuyid+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClawsonRubin2005" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Clawson, Patrick; Rubin, Michael (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fX_HAAAAQBAJ&q=Eternal+Iran:+continuity+and+chaos,+Middle+East+in+Focus"><i>Eternal Iran: Continuity and Chaos</i></a>. Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4039-6276-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4039-6276-8"><bdi>978-1-4039-6276-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eternal+Iran%3A+Continuity+and+Chaos&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-4039-6276-8&rft.aulast=Clawson&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft.au=Rubin%2C+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfX_HAAAAQBAJ%26q%3DEternal%2BIran%3A%2Bcontinuity%2Band%2Bchaos%2C%2BMiddle%2BEast%2Bin%2BFocus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuyid+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavaran2010" class="citation book cs1">Davaran, Fereshteh (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qwd5AgAAQBAJ"><i>Continuity in Iranian Identity: Resilience of a Cultural Heritage</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1138780149" title="Special:BookSources/978-1138780149"><bdi>978-1138780149</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Continuity+in+Iranian+Identity%3A+Resilience+of+a+Cultural+Heritage&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1138780149&rft.aulast=Davaran&rft.aufirst=Fereshteh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dqwd5AgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuyid+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFryeKeshk2014" class="citation journal cs1">Frye, R.; Keshk, K. (2014). "Būyids". <i>The Oxford Encyclopedia of Islam and Politics</i> (1). 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I. B. Tauris. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1780760612" title="Special:BookSources/978-1780760612"><bdi>978-1780760612</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+Islamic+Iran&rft.pub=I.+B.+Tauris&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1780760612&rft.aulast=Herzig&rft.aufirst=Edmund&rft.au=Stewart%2C+Sarah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuyid+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIbn_Isfandiyar1905" class="citation book cs1">Ibn Isfandiyar (1905). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/abridgedtranslat00ibniuoft"><i>An Abridged Translation of the History of Tabaristan</i></a>. University of Michigan: BRILL. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/abridgedtranslat00ibniuoft/page/1">1</a>–356. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004093676" title="Special:BookSources/9789004093676"><bdi>9789004093676</bdi></a>. <q>'.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Abridged+Translation+of+the+History+of+Tabaristan&rft.place=University+of+Michigan&rft.pages=1-356&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=1905&rft.isbn=9789004093676&rft.au=Ibn+Isfandiyar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fabridgedtranslat00ibniuoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuyid+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKabir1964" class="citation book cs1">Kabir, Mafizullah (1964). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=I_9tAAAAMAAJ"><i>The Buwayhid Dynasty of Baghdad, 334/946-447/1055</i></a>. 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Yale University Press. pp. 1–284. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780300122633" title="Special:BookSources/9780300122633"><bdi>9780300122633</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islamic+Imperialism%3A+A+History&rft.pages=1-284&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780300122633&rft.aulast=Karsh&rft.aufirst=Efraim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLmZP3mixescC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuyid+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKennedy2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_N._Kennedy" title="Hugh N. 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Harlow: Longman. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-582-40525-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-582-40525-7"><bdi>978-0-582-40525-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Prophet+and+the+Age+of+the+Caliphates%3A+The+Islamic+Near+East+from+the+6th+to+the+11th+Century&rft.place=Harlow&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-582-40525-7&rft.aulast=Kennedy&rft.aufirst=Hugh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWux0lWbxs1kC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuyid+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKraemer1992" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Kraemer, Joel L. (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RKU58ZcXAM8C&q=Ustadh-hurmuz"><i>Humanism in the Renaissance of Islam: The Cultural Revival During the Buyid Age</i></a>. BRILL. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004097360" title="Special:BookSources/9789004097360"><bdi>9789004097360</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Humanism+in+the+Renaissance+of+Islam%3A+The+Cultural+Revival+During+the+Buyid+Age&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=9789004097360&rft.aulast=Kraemer&rft.aufirst=Joel+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRKU58ZcXAM8C%26q%3DUstadh-hurmuz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuyid+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMadelung1975" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Wilferd_Madelung" title="Wilferd Madelung">Madelung, Wilfred</a> (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hvx9jq_2L3EC&pg=PA198">"The Minor Dynasties of Northern Iran"</a>. 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London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 342–347. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56859-022-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56859-022-6"><bdi>978-1-56859-022-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Deylamites&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica%2C+Volume+VII%2F4%3A+Deylam%2C+John+of%E2%80%93Divorce+IV.+In+modern+Persia&rft.place=London+and+New+York&rft.pages=342-347&rft.pub=Routledge+%26+Kegan+Paul&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-1-56859-022-6&rft.aulast=Felix&rft.aufirst=Wolfgang&rft.au=Madelung%2C+Wilferd&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Firanicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fdeylamites&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuyid+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNagel1990" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Nagel, Tilman (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iranicaonline.org/articles/buyids">"Buyids"</a>. 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London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 158–162. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-933273-27-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-933273-27-6"><bdi>978-0-933273-27-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Fahlav%C4%ABy%C4%81t&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica%2C+Volume+IX%2F2%3A+Excavations+IV%E2%80%93F%C4%81r%C4%81b%C4%AB+V.+Music&rft.place=London+and+New+York&rft.pages=158-162&rft.pub=Routledge+%26+Kegan+Paul&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-933273-27-6&rft.aulast=Tafazzoli&rft.aufirst=Ahmad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Ffahlaviyat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuyid+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurner2006" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Turner, John P. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MypbfKdMePIC">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Adud al-Dawla"</a>. <i>Medieval Islamic Civilization: A-K, index</i>. Taylor & Francis. p. 16. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415966917" title="Special:BookSources/9780415966917"><bdi>9780415966917</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%27Adud+al-Dawla&rft.btitle=Medieval+Islamic+Civilization%3A+A-K%2C+index&rft.pages=16&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780415966917&rft.aulast=Turner&rft.aufirst=John+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMypbfKdMePIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuyid+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Buyid_dynasty" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Buyid_dynasty" title="Template:Buyid dynasty"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Buyid_dynasty" title="Template talk:Buyid dynasty"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Buyid_dynasty" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Buyid dynasty"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Buyid_dynasty" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Buyid dynasty</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">In <a href="/wiki/Fars_province" title="Fars province">Fars</a> <small>(934–1062)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imad_al-Dawla" title="Imad al-Dawla">Imad al-Dawla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%27Adud_al-Dawla" title="'Adud al-Dawla">'Adud al-Dawla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharaf_al-Dawla" title="Sharaf al-Dawla">Sharaf al-Dawla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samsam_al-Dawla" title="Samsam al-Dawla">Samsam al-Dawla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baha_al-Dawla" title="Baha al-Dawla">Baha al-Dawla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultan_al-Dawla" title="Sultan al-Dawla">Sultan al-Dawla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Kalijar" title="Abu Kalijar">Abu Kalijar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Mansur_Fulad_Sutun" title="Abu Mansur Fulad Sutun">Abu Mansur Fulad Sutun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Sa%27d_Khusrau_Shah" title="Abu Sa'd Khusrau Shah">Abu Sa'd Khusrau Shah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Mansur_Fulad_Sutun" title="Abu Mansur Fulad Sutun">Abu Mansur Fulad Sutun</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Buyids_970.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Buyids_970.png/200px-Buyids_970.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Buyids_970.png/300px-Buyids_970.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Buyids_970.png/400px-Buyids_970.png 2x" data-file-width="1321" data-file-height="841" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">In <a href="/wiki/Kerman_province" title="Kerman province">Kerman</a> <small>(940–1048)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mu%27izz_al-Dawla" title="Mu'izz al-Dawla">Mu'izz al-Dawla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%27Adud_al-Dawla" title="'Adud al-Dawla">'Adud al-Dawla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharaf_al-Dawla" title="Sharaf al-Dawla">Sharaf al-Dawla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samsam_al-Dawla" title="Samsam al-Dawla">Samsam al-Dawla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baha_al-Dawla" title="Baha al-Dawla">Baha al-Dawla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qawam_al-Dawla" title="Qawam al-Dawla">Qawam al-Dawla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Kalijar" title="Abu Kalijar">Abu Kalijar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">In <a href="/wiki/Ray,_Iran" title="Ray, Iran">Ray</a> <small>(943–1029)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rukn_al-Dawla" title="Rukn al-Dawla">Rukn al-Dawla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fakhr_al-Dawla" title="Fakhr al-Dawla">Fakhr al-Dawla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mu%27ayyad_al-Dawla" title="Mu'ayyad al-Dawla">Mu'ayyad al-Dawla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fakhr_al-Dawla" title="Fakhr al-Dawla">Fakhr al-Dawla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majd_al-Dawla" title="Majd al-Dawla">Majd al-Dawla</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">In <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> <small>(945–1055)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mu%27izz_al-Dawla" title="Mu'izz al-Dawla">Mu'izz al-Dawla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Izz_al-Dawla" title="Izz al-Dawla">Izz al-Dawla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%27Adud_al-Dawla" title="'Adud al-Dawla">'Adud al-Dawla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samsam_al-Dawla" title="Samsam al-Dawla">Samsam al-Dawla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharaf_al-Dawla" title="Sharaf al-Dawla">Sharaf al-Dawla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baha_al-Dawla" title="Baha al-Dawla">Baha al-Dawla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultan_al-Dawla" title="Sultan al-Dawla">Sultan al-Dawla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musharrif_al-Dawla" title="Musharrif al-Dawla">Musharrif al-Dawla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalal_al-Dawla" title="Jalal al-Dawla">Jalal al-Dawla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Kalijar" title="Abu Kalijar">Abu Kalijar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Malik_al-Rahim" title="Al-Malik al-Rahim">Al-Malik al-Rahim</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">In <a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a> <small>(966–1048)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mu%27izz_al-Dawla" title="Mu'izz al-Dawla">Mu'izz al-Dawla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%27Adud_al-Dawla" title="'Adud al-Dawla">'Adud al-Dawla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samsam_al-Dawla" title="Samsam al-Dawla">Samsam al-Dawla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baha_al-Dawla" title="Baha al-Dawla">Baha al-Dawla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultan_al-Dawla" title="Sultan al-Dawla">Sultan al-Dawla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Kalijar" title="Abu Kalijar">Abu Kalijar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">In <a href="/wiki/Hamadan_province" title="Hamadan province">Hamadan</a> <small>(976–1024)</small>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Gorgan" title="Gorgan">Gorgan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tabaristan" title="Tabaristan">Tabaristan</a> <small>(980–997)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mu%27ayyad_al-Dawla" title="Mu'ayyad al-Dawla">Mu'ayyad al-Dawla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fakhr_al-Dawla" title="Fakhr al-Dawla">Fakhr al-Dawla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shams_al-Dawla" title="Shams al-Dawla">Shams al-Dawla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sama%27_al-Dawla" title="Sama' al-Dawla">Sama' al-Dawla</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">In <a href="/wiki/Al-Jazira_(caliphal_province)" title="Al-Jazira (caliphal province)">Jazira</a> <small>(978-989)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%27Adud_al-Dawla" title="'Adud al-Dawla">'Adud al-Dawla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samsam_al-Dawla" title="Samsam al-Dawla">Samsam al-Dawla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharaf_al-Dawla" title="Sharaf al-Dawla">Sharaf al-Dawla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baha_al-Dawla" title="Baha al-Dawla">Baha al-Dawla</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Minor domains</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diya_al-Dawla" title="Diya al-Dawla">Diya al-Dawla</a> (<a href="/wiki/Basra" title="Basra">Basra</a>, <small>980s</small>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taj_al-Dawla" title="Taj al-Dawla">Taj al-Dawla</a> (<a href="/wiki/Khuzestan_province" title="Khuzestan province">Khuzestan</a>, <small>980s</small>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Iran_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Iran_topics" title="Template:Iran topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Iran_topics" title="Template talk:Iran topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Iran_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Iran topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Iran_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="History" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iran" title="History of Iran">History</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="Prehistory"><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_Iran" title="Prehistory of Iran">Prehistory</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ancient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em">3400–539 BC</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kura%E2%80%93Araxes_culture" title="Kura–Araxes culture">Kura-Araxes <span class="nowrap">culture (3400–2000 BC)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Elamite" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Elamite">Proto-Elamite <span class="nowrap">civilization (3100–2700 BC)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elam" title="Elam">Elamite <span class="nowrap">dynasties (2700–540 BC)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akkadian_Empire" title="Akkadian Empire">Akkadian <span class="nowrap">Empire (c.2334 BC–c.2154 BC)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lullubi" title="Lullubi">Lullubi <span class="nowrap">(c.2300–675 BC)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kassites" title="Kassites">Kassites <span class="nowrap">(c.1595–c.1155 BC)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mannaeans" class="mw-redirect" title="Mannaeans">Kingdom of <span class="nowrap">Mannai (10th–7th century BC)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian <span class="nowrap">Empire (911–609 BC)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urartu" title="Urartu">Urartu <span class="nowrap">(860 BC–590 BC)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Median_kingdom" title="Median kingdom">Median <span class="nowrap">Empire (678–549 BC)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scythians" title="Scythians">Scythian <span class="nowrap">Kingdom (652–625 BC)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Empire" title="Neo-Babylonian Empire">Neo-Babylonian <span class="nowrap">Empire (626–539 BC)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em">550 BC–AD 224</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid <span class="nowrap">Empire (550–330 BC)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atropatene" title="Atropatene">Atropatene <span class="nowrap">(c.323 BC–AD 226)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Armenia_(antiquity)" title="Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)">Kingdom of <span class="nowrap">Armenia (321 BC–AD 428)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cappadocia" title="Kingdom of Cappadocia">Kingdom of <span class="nowrap">Cappadocia (320s BC–AD 17)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid <span class="nowrap">Empire (312–63 BC)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frataraka" title="Frataraka">Frataraka <span class="nowrap">(c.295–220 BC)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Pontus" title="Kingdom of Pontus">Kingdom of <span class="nowrap">Pontus (281 BC–AD 62)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian <span class="nowrap">Empire (247 BC–AD 224)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Persis" title="Kings of Persis">Kings of <span class="nowrap">Persis (after 132 BC–AD 224)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em">AD 224–651</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian <span class="nowrap">Empire (AD 224–651)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Medieval and<br />early modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;font-weight:normal;font-size:85%;">632–1090</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Rashidun Caliphate">Rashidun <span class="nowrap">Caliphate (632–661)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad <span class="nowrap">Caliphate (661–750)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid <span class="nowrap">Caliphate (750–1258)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samanid_Empire" title="Samanid Empire">Samanid <span class="nowrap">dynasty (819–999)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahirid_dynasty" title="Tahirid dynasty">Tahirid <span class="nowrap">dynasty (821–873)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alid_dynasties_of_northern_Iran" title="Alid dynasties of northern Iran">Alavid <span class="nowrap">dynasty (864–928)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saffarid_dynasty" title="Saffarid dynasty">Saffarid <span class="nowrap">dynasty (861–1003)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziyarid_dynasty" title="Ziyarid dynasty">Ziyarid <span class="nowrap">dynasty (931–1090)</span></a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Buyid <span class="nowrap">dynasty (934–1062)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;font-weight:normal;font-size:85%;">977–1432</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghaznavids" title="Ghaznavids">Ghaznavid <span class="nowrap">Empire (977–1186)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghurid_dynasty" title="Ghurid dynasty">Ghurid <span class="nowrap">dynasty (1011–1215)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Empire" title="Seljuk Empire">Seljuk <span class="nowrap">Empire (1037–1194)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anushtegin_dynasty" title="Anushtegin dynasty">Anushtegin <span class="nowrap">dynasty (1077–1231)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eldiguzids" title="Eldiguzids">Eldiguzids <span class="nowrap">(1135/36-1225)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kart_dynasty" title="Kart dynasty">Kart <span class="nowrap">dynasty (1244–1381)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilkhanate" title="Ilkhanate"><span class="nowrap">Ilkhanate (1256–1335)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muzaffarids_(Iran)" title="Muzaffarids (Iran)">Muzaffarid <span class="nowrap">dynasty (1314–1393)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalayirid_Sultanate" title="Jalayirid Sultanate">Jalayirid Sultanate <span class="nowrap">dynasty (1335–1432)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chobanids" title="Chobanids">Chobanid <span class="nowrap">dynasty (1338–1357)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;font-weight:normal;font-size:85%;">1370–1925</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timurid_Empire" title="Timurid Empire">Timurid <span class="nowrap">Empire (1370–1507)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qara_Qoyunlu" title="Qara Qoyunlu">Qara Qoyunlu <span class="nowrap">Turcomans (1374–1468)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aq_Qoyunlu" title="Aq Qoyunlu">Aq Qoyunlu <span class="nowrap">Turcomans (1378–1508)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safavid_Iran" title="Safavid Iran">Safavid <span class="nowrap">Empire (1501–1736)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afsharid_Iran" title="Afsharid Iran">Afsharid <span class="nowrap">Empire (1736–1796)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zand_dynasty" title="Zand dynasty">Zand <span class="nowrap">Dynasty (1751–1794)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qajar_Iran" title="Qajar Iran">Qajar <span class="nowrap">Empire (1789–1925)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanates_of_the_Caucasus" title="Khanates of the Caucasus">Khanates of the <span class="nowrap">Caucasus (18th–20th centuries)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Constitutional_Revolution" title="Persian Constitutional Revolution">Persian Constitutional Revolution (1905–1911)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1908_bombardment_of_the_Majlis" title="1908 bombardment of the Majlis">1908 bombardment of the Majlis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_separatism_in_Iran" title="Kurdish separatism in Iran">Kurdish separatism in Iran (1918–)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1921_Persian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1921 Persian coup d'état">1921 Persian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_separatism_in_Khuzestan" title="Arab separatism in Khuzestan">Arab separatism in Khuzestan (1922–2020)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;font-weight:normal;font-size:85%;">1925–1979</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_dynasty" title="Pahlavi dynasty">Pahlavi <span class="nowrap">dynasty (1925–1979)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shatt_al-Arab_dispute" title="Shatt al-Arab dispute">Shatt al-Arab dispute (1936–1975)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_crisis_of_1946" title="Iran crisis of 1946">Iran crisis of 1946</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Balochistan" title="Insurgency in Balochistan">Insurgency in Balochistan (1948–)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1949_Iranian_Constituent_Assembly_election" title="1949 Iranian Constituent Assembly election">1949 Iranian Constituent Assembly election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1953_Iranian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1953 Iranian coup d'état">1953 coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_revolution" title="Iranian revolution">Iranian <span class="nowrap">revolution (1979)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;font-weight:normal;font-size:85%;"><span style="font-size:120%"><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Islamic Republic</a></span><br />1979–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Islamic_Republic_of_Iran" title="History of the Islamic Republic of Iran"><span class="nowrap">History (1979–)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interim_Government_of_Iran" title="Interim Government of Iran">Interim Government (1979)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_1979_Iranian_Islamic_Republic_referendum" class="mw-redirect" title="March 1979 Iranian Islamic Republic referendum">March 1979 Iranian Islamic Republic referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1979_Khuzestan_insurgency" title="1979 Khuzestan insurgency">1979 Khuzestan insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_hostage_crisis" title="Iran hostage crisis">Iran hostage crisis (1979–1981)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_1979_Iranian_constitutional_referendum" class="mw-redirect" title="December 1979 Iranian constitutional referendum">December 1979 Iranian constitutional referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Embassy_siege" title="Iranian Embassy siege">Iranian Embassy <span class="nowrap">siege (1980)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nojeh_coup_plot" title="Nojeh coup plot">Nojeh coup plot (1980)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Iran–Iraq War">Iran–Iraq <span class="nowrap">War (1980–88)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interim_Government_of_Iran_(1981)" title="Interim Government of Iran (1981)">Interim Government of Iran (1981)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987_Mecca_incident" title="1987 Mecca incident">1987 Mecca incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655" title="Iran Air Flight 655">Iran Air Flight 655 <span class="nowrap">shootdown (1988)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KDPI_insurgency_(1989%E2%80%931996)" title="KDPI insurgency (1989–1996)">KDPI insurgency (1989–1996)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93PJAK_conflict" title="Iran–PJAK conflict">PJAK conflict (2004–)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_Iranian_presidential_election_protests" title="2009 Iranian presidential election protests">2009 Iranian presidential election protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian civil war">Syrian civil war (2011–)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_military_intervention_against_the_Islamic_State" class="mw-redirect" title="International military intervention against the Islamic State">International military intervention against the Islamic State (2014–)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Comprehensive_Plan_of_Action" title="Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action">Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (2015)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_withdrawal_from_the_Joint_Comprehensive_Plan_of_Action" title="United States withdrawal from the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action">United States withdrawal (2018)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017%E2%80%932018_Iranian_protests" title="2017–2018 Iranian protests">2017–2018 Iranian protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018%E2%80%932019_Iranian_general_strikes_and_protests" title="2018–2019 Iranian general strikes and protests">2018–2019 Iranian general strikes and protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Iran" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Iran">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Sistan_and_Baluchestan_protests" title="2019 Sistan and Baluchestan protests">2019 Sistan and Baluchestan protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019%E2%80%932020_Iranian_protests" title="2019–2020 Iranian protests">2019–2020 Iranian protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Sistan_and_Baluchestan_protests" title="2021 Sistan and Baluchestan protests">2021 Sistan and Baluchestan protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021%E2%80%932022_Iranian_protests" title="2021–2022 Iranian protests">2021–2022 Iranian protests</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Persians" title="List of ancient Persians">Ancient Persians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Iran" title="Greater Iran">Greater Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persianization" title="Persianization">Persianization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persianate_society" title="Persianate society">Persianate society</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turco-Persian_tradition" title="Turco-Persian tradition">Turco-Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Persian_culture" title="Indo-Persian culture">Indo-Persian</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_peoples" title="Iranian peoples">Iranic peoples</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">languages</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiroft_culture" title="Jiroft culture">Jiroft culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aryan" title="Aryan">Aryans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijanis" title="Azerbaijanis">Azerbaijanis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peoples_of_the_Caucasus" class="mw-redirect" title="Peoples of the Caucasus">Peoples of the Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persians" title="Persians">Persians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Persia" title="List of monarchs of Persia">Monarchs of Persia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Iran" title="List of heads of state of Iran">Heads of state of Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_democracy_in_classical_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="History of democracy in classical Iran">History of democracy in classical Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Iran" title="Military history of Iran">Military history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_electricity_in_Iran" title="History of electricity in Iran">Electric history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_Iran" title="List of years in Iran">Years in Iran</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Geography" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Iran" title="Geography of Iran">Geography</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Borders_of_Iran" title="Borders of Iran">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Iran_by_province" title="List of cities in Iran by province">Cities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_cities_of_Iran" title="List of largest cities of Iran">largest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_Iran" title="List of twin towns and sister cities in Iran">twin towns and sister cities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Iran" title="List of earthquakes in Iran">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Iran" title="Environmental issues in Iran">Environmental issues</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Iran" title="Climate change in Iran">Climate change</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_(Iran)" title="Azerbaijan (Iran)">Iranian Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sistan_and_Baluchestan_province" title="Sistan and Baluchestan province">Iranian Balochistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caspian_Hyrcanian_mixed_forests" class="mw-redirect" title="Caspian Hyrcanian mixed forests">Caspian Hyrcanian mixed forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Kurdistan" title="Iranian Kurdistan">Iranian Kurdistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_plateau" title="Iranian plateau">Iranian plateau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Urmia" title="Lake Urmia">Lake Urmia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Iran" title="List of islands of Iran">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Iran" title="List of mountains in Iran">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Iran" title="Provinces of Iran">Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Iran" title="Wildlife of Iran">Wildlife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Politics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Iran" title="Politics of Iran">Politics</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Iran" title="Censorship in Iran">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Iran" title="Constitution of Iran">Constitution</a> (<a href="/wiki/Persian_Constitutional_Revolution" title="Persian Constitutional Revolution">Persian Constitutional Revolution</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Iran" title="Corruption in Iran">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Iran" title="Elections in Iran">Elections</a> (<a href="/wiki/2009_Iranian_presidential_election" title="2009 Iranian presidential election">2009 presidential</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Iran" title="Foreign relations of Iran">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Islamic_Republic_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of the Islamic Republic of Iran">Government of the Islamic Republic of Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Iran" title="Human rights in Iran">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Childrens%27_Rights_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Childrens' Rights in Iran">Children's rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Iran">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_rights_in_Iran" title="Women's rights in Iran">Women's rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_judicial_system_of_Iran" title="History of the judicial system of Iran">Judicial system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Republic_of_Iran_Armed_Forces" title="Islamic Republic of Iran Armed Forces">Military</a> (<a href="/wiki/Islamic_Republic_of_Iran_Army" title="Islamic Republic of Iran Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Republic_of_Iran_Air_Force" title="Islamic Republic of Iran Air Force">Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Republic_of_Iran_Navy" title="Islamic Republic of Iran Navy">Navy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Intelligence_(Iran)" title="Ministry of Intelligence (Iran)">Ministry of Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberwarfare_and_Iran" title="Cyberwarfare and Iran">Cyberwarfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_program_of_Iran" title="Nuclear program of Iran">Nuclear program</a> (<a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1747" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 1747">UN Security Council Resolution 1747</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Iran" title="List of political parties in Iran">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principlists" class="mw-redirect" title="Principlists">Principlists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_Iran" title="Propaganda in Iran">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Reformists" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Reformists">Reformists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_and_terrorism_in_Iran" title="Assassination and terrorism in Iran">Terrorism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Iran_and_state-sponsored_terrorism" title="Iran and state-sponsored terrorism">state-sponsorship allegations</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Revolution" title="White Revolution">White Revolution (1963)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_rights_movement_in_Iran" title="Women's rights movement in Iran">Women's rights movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Councils</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Experts" title="Assembly of Experts">Assembly (or Council) of Experts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expediency_Discernment_Council" title="Expediency Discernment Council">Expediency Discernment Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guardian_Council" title="Guardian Council">Guardian Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Consultative_Assembly" title="Islamic Consultative Assembly">Islamic Consultative Assembly (parliament)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_councils_of_Iran" title="Local councils of Iran">Local councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_National_Security_Council" title="Supreme National Security Council">Supreme National Security Council</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Iranian_officials" title="List of Iranian officials">Officials</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_ambassadors_from_Iran" title="List of current ambassadors from Iran">Ambassadors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Iran" title="President of Iran">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_Iran_governors-general" title="List of current Iran governors-general">Provincial governors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Leader_of_Iran" title="Supreme Leader of Iran">Supreme Leader</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Economy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Iran" title="Economy of Iran">Economy</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bonyad" title="Bonyad">Bonyad (charitable trust)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_capital_flight_from_Iran" title="Human capital flight from Iran">Brain drain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Iran" title="List of companies of Iran">Companies</a> (<a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Iran" title="Automotive industry in Iran">Automotive industry</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_labour_in_Iran" title="Child labour in Iran">Child labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Iran" title="Corruption in Iran">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Cooperation_Organization" title="Economic Cooperation Organization">Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Iran" title="Economic history of Iran">Economic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Economic_Reform_Plan" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Economic Reform Plan">Economic Reform Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Iran" title="Energy in Iran">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Iran" title="Environmental issues in Iran">Environmental issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_direct_investment_in_Iran" title="Foreign direct investment in Iran">Foreign direct investment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intellectual_property_in_Iran" title="Intellectual property in Iran">Intellectual property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_oil_bourse" title="Iranian oil bourse">International oil bourse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_rankings_of_Iran" title="International rankings of Iran">International rankings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_and_the_World_Trade_Organization" title="Iran and the World Trade Organization">Iran and the World Trade Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Iran" title="Taxation in Iran">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_economic_laws_in_Iran" title="List of economic laws in Iran">Main economic laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Middle_East" title="Economy of the Middle East">Economy of the Middle East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milad_Tower" title="Milad Tower">Milad Tower and complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_equipment_manufactured_in_Iran" title="List of military equipment manufactured in Iran">Military equipment manufactured</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_program_of_Iran" title="Nuclear program of Iran">Nuclear program</a> (<a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1747" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 1747">UN Security Council Resolution 1747</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privatization_in_Iran" title="Privatization in Iran">Privatization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_rial" title="Iranian rial">Rial (currency)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Space_Agency" title="Iranian Space Agency">Space Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Execution_of_Imam_Khomeini%27s_Order" title="Execution of Imam Khomeini's Order">Setad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Audit_Court_of_Iran" title="Supreme Audit Court of Iran">Supreme Audit Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tehran_Stock_Exchange" title="Tehran Stock Exchange">Tehran Stock Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venture_capital_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Venture capital in Iran">Venture capital</a> (<a href="/wiki/Communications_in_Iran#Technology_start-ups" title="Communications in Iran">Technology start-ups</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economic_sector" title="Economic sector">Sectors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Iran" title="Agriculture in Iran">Agriculture</a> (<a href="/wiki/Fruit_production_in_Iran" title="Fruit production in Iran">fruit</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_and_insurance_in_Iran" title="Banking and insurance in Iran">Banking and insurance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Iran" title="Central Bank of Iran">Central Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shetab_Banking_System" title="Shetab Banking System">Shetab Banking System</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_industry_of_Iran" title="Construction industry of Iran">Construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defense_industry_of_Iran" title="Defense industry of Iran">Defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Iran" title="Healthcare in Iran">Health care</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pharmaceuticals_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharmaceuticals in Iran">Pharmaceuticals</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industry_of_Iran" title="Industry of Iran">Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Iran" title="Mining in Iran">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_Iran" title="Petroleum industry in Iran">Petroleum</a> (<a href="/wiki/Anglo-Persian_Oil_Company" title="Anglo-Persian Oil Company">Anglo-Persian Oil Company</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_Iran" title="Communications in Iran">Telecommunications and IT</a> (<a href="/wiki/Telecommunication_Company_of_Iran" title="Telecommunication Company of Iran">TCI</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Iran" title="Transport in Iran">Transport</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_airlines_of_Iran" title="List of airlines of Iran">airlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tehran_Metro" title="Tehran Metro">metro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Republic_of_Iran_Railways" title="Islamic Republic of Iran Railways">railways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IRISL_Group" title="IRISL Group">shipping</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Iran" title="Tourism in Iran">Tourism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/State-owned_enterprise" title="State-owned enterprise">State-owned<br />companies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Defense_Industries_Organization" title="Defense Industries Organization">Defense Industries Organization (DIO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IDRO_Group" title="IDRO Group">Industrial Development and Renovation Organization (IDRO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_Aviation_Industries_Organization" title="Iran Aviation Industries Organization">Iran Aviation Industries Organization (IAIO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_Electronics_Industries" title="Iran Electronics Industries">Iran Electronics Industries (IEI)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Iranian_Oil_Company" title="National Iranian Oil Company">National Iranian Oil Company (NIOC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Development_Fund_of_Iran" title="National Development Fund of Iran">National Development Fund</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asaluyeh" title="Asaluyeh">Asaluyeh industrial corridor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chabahar_Free_Trade-Industrial_Zone" title="Chabahar Free Trade-Industrial Zone">Chabahar Free Trade-Industrial Zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kish_Island" title="Kish Island">Kish Island Free Trade Zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Iranian_research_centers" title="List of Iranian research centers">Research centers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Society" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Iran" title="Category:Society of Iran">Society</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Iran" title="Demographics of Iran">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Iran" title="Languages of Iran">Languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian (Farsi)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_language" title="Azerbaijani language">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdish languages">Kurdish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_language" title="Georgian language">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Neo-Aramaic" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrian Neo-Aramaic">Neo-Aramaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Iranian languages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Peoples</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Iran" title="Demographics of Iran">Iranian citizens</a> (<a href="/wiki/Iranian_diaspora" title="Iranian diaspora">abroad</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_minorities_in_Iran" title="Ethnic minorities in Iran">Ethnic minorities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Armenians" title="Iranian Armenians">Armenians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrians_in_Iran" title="Assyrians in Iran">Assyrians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Azerbaijanis" title="Iranian Azerbaijanis">Azerbaijanis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassians_in_Iran" title="Circassians in Iran">Circassians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Georgians" title="Iranian Georgians">Georgians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_Iran" title="Kurds in Iran">Kurds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Iran" title="History of the Jews in Iran">Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Turkmens" title="Iranian Turkmens">Turkmen</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Iran" title="Religion in Iran">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Iran" title="Islam in Iran">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_in_Iran" title="Baháʼí Faith in Iran">Baháʼí Faith</a> (<a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%ADs" title="Persecution of Baháʼís">persecution</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Iran" title="Christianity in Iran">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_Iran" title="Zoroastrianism in Iran">Zoroastrians</a> (<a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Zoroastrians" title="Persecution of Zoroastrians">persecution</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Iran" title="Freedom of religion in Iran">Freedom of religion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Iran" title="Corruption in Iran">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Iran" title="Crime in Iran">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Iran" title="Education in Iran">Education</a> (<a href="/wiki/Higher_education_in_Iran" title="Higher education in Iran">higher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intellectual_movements_in_Iran" title="Intellectual movements in Iran">Intellectual movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pre-modern_Iranian_scientists_and_scholars" title="List of pre-modern Iranian scientists and scholars">scientists and scholars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Iran" title="List of universities in Iran">universities</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_rankings_of_Iran" title="International rankings of Iran">International rankings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_nationality_law" title="Iranian nationality law">Nationality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Iran" title="Water supply and sanitation in Iran">Water supply and sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Iran" title="Women in Iran">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Iran" title="Culture of Iran">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_architecture" title="Iranian architecture">Architecture</a> (<a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_architecture" title="Achaemenid architecture">Achaemenid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architects_of_Iran" title="Architects of Iran">architects</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_art" title="Persian art">Art</a> (<a href="/wiki/Iranian_modern_and_contemporary_art" title="Iranian modern and contemporary art">modern / contemporary</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_astronomy" title="Persian astronomy">Astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blogging_in_Iran" title="Blogging in Iran">Blogs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_calendars" title="Iranian calendars">Calendars</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nowruz" title="Nowruz">Persian New Year (<i>Nowruz</i>)</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_in_Iran" title="Fashion in Iran">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Persian_antiquities_dispute" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Chicago Persian antiquities dispute">Chicago Persian antiquities dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Iran" title="Cinema of Iran">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_cuisine" title="Iranian cuisine">Cuisine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Persian_wine" title="Persian wine">wine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_folklore" title="Iranian folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intellectual_movements_in_Iran" title="Intellectual movements in Iran">Intellectual movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Iranians" title="List of Iranians">Iranians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_studies" title="Iranian studies">Iranian studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Iran" title="Islam in Iran">Islam</a> (<a href="/wiki/Islamization_of_Iran" title="Islamization of Iran">Islamization</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_literature" title="Persian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Iran" title="Mass media in Iran">Media</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Iranian_news_agencies" title="List of Iranian news agencies">news agencies</a> (<a href="/wiki/Iranian_Students_News_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Students News Agency">student</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_Iran" title="List of newspapers in Iran">newspapers</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_mythology" title="Persian mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_National_Jewels" title="Iranian National Jewels">National Jewels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_symbols_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="List of national symbols of Iran">National symbols</a> (<a href="/wiki/Imperial_Anthem_of_Iran" title="Imperial Anthem of Iran">Imperial Anthem</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opium_in_Iran" title="Opium in Iran">Opium consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_gardens" title="Persian gardens">Persian gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_name" title="Persian name">Persian name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_philosophy" title="Iranian philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Iran" title="Public holidays in Iran">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scouting_in_Iran" title="Scouting in Iran">Scouting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Iran" title="Sport in Iran">Sport</a> (<a href="/wiki/Football_in_Iran" title="Football in Iran">football</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Iran" title="Music of Iran">Music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_folk_music" title="Iranian folk music">Folk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_jazz" title="Iranian jazz">Jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_pop_music" title="Iranian pop music">Pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_hip_hop" title="Iranian hip hop">Rap and hip-hop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_rock" title="Iranian rock">Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_traditional_music" title="Persian traditional music">Traditional</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ey_Iran" title="Ey Iran">Ey Iran</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Iran" title="Science and technology in Iran">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Iranian_sentiment" title="Anti-Iranian sentiment">Anti-Iranian sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tehrangeles" title="Tehrangeles">Tehrangeles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Iran" title="Category:Iran">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Iran" title="Portal:Iran">Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Iranian_Intermezzo_dynasties_(800–1100_AD)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Iranian_Intermezzo" title="Template:Iranian Intermezzo"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Iranian_Intermezzo" title="Template talk:Iranian Intermezzo"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Iranian_Intermezzo" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Iranian Intermezzo"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Iranian_Intermezzo_dynasties_(800–1100_AD)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Intermezzo" title="Iranian Intermezzo">Iranian Intermezzo</a> dynasties (800–1100 AD)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Persian and Caspian kingdoms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tahirid_dynasty" title="Tahirid dynasty">Tahirid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saffarid_dynasty" title="Saffarid dynasty">Saffarid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samanid_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Samanid dynasty">Samanid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziyarid_dynasty" title="Ziyarid dynasty">Ziyarid dynasty</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Buyid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kakuyid_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Kakuyid dynasty">Kakuyid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sallarid_dynasty" title="Sallarid dynasty">Sallarid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bavand_dynasty" title="Bavand dynasty">Bavand dynasty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kurdish kingdoms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rawadid_dynasty" title="Rawadid dynasty">Rawadid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marwanids_(Diyar_Bakr)" title="Marwanids (Diyar Bakr)">Marwanids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaddadids" title="Shaddadids">Shaddadids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasanwayhids" title="Hasanwayhids">Hasanwayhids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annazids" title="Annazids">Annazids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadhabani_(tribe)" title="Hadhabani (tribe)">Hadhabani (tribe)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Khwarezmian kingdoms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afrighids" title="Afrighids">Afrighids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma%27munids" title="Ma'munids">Ma'munids</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sogdian kingdoms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banu_Ilyas" title="Banu Ilyas">Banu Ilyas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sajid_dynasty" title="Sajid dynasty">Sajid dynasty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghaznavids" title="Ghaznavids">Ghaznavids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Empire" title="Seljuk Empire">Seljuk Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kara-Khanid_Khanate" title="Kara-Khanid Khanate">Kara-Khanid Khanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nizari_Ismaili_state" title="Nizari Ismaili state">Nizari Ismaili state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Fatimid Caliphate">Fatimid Caliphate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Empires" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Empires" title="Template:Empires"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Empires" title="Template talk:Empires"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Empires" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Empires"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Empires" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Empire" title="Empire">Empires</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_history" title="Ancient history">Ancient</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Colonies_in_antiquity" title="Colonies in antiquity">colonies</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist F" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akkadian_Empire" title="Akkadian Empire">Akkadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Armenia_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Kingdom of Armenia (disambiguation)">Armenian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urartu" title="Urartu">Urartu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satrapy_of_Armenia" title="Satrapy of Armenia">Orontid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Armenia_(antiquity)" title="Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)">Ancient</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyrian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Assyrian_Empire" title="Middle Assyrian Empire">Middle Assyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonia" title="Babylonia">Babylonian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Babylonian_Empire" title="Old Babylonian Empire">Old Babylonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kassites" title="Kassites">Kassite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Empire" title="Neo-Babylonian Empire">Neo-Babylonian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Empire" title="Chinese Empire">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qin_dynasty" title="Qin dynasty">Qin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(266%E2%80%93420)" title="Jin dynasty (266–420)">Jin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%CA%BFmt" title="Dʿmt">Dʿmt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Egyptian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Old Kingdom of Egypt">Old Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Middle Kingdom of Egypt">Middle Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="New Kingdom of Egypt">New Kingdom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goguryeo" title="Goguryeo">Goguryeo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harsha" title="Harsha">Harsha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)#Empire" title="Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_Kingdom" title="Ptolemaic Kingdom">Ptolemaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Bactrian_Kingdom" title="Greco-Bactrian Kingdom">Bactrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Greek_Kingdom" title="Indo-Greek Kingdom">Indo-Greek</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hittites" title="Hittites">Hittite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Huns" title="History of the Huns">Hunnic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hephthalites" title="Hephthalites">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Empire_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Persian Empire (disambiguation)">Iranian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Median_kingdom" title="Median kingdom">Median</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kush" title="Kingdom of Kush">Kush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan</a></li> <li>Magadha <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haryanka_dynasty" title="Haryanka dynasty">Haryanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaishunaga_dynasty" title="Shaishunaga dynasty">Shaishunaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanda_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanda Empire">Nanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurya_Empire" title="Maurya Empire">Maurya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shunga_Empire" title="Shunga Empire">Shunga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gupta_Empire" title="Gupta Empire">Gupta</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenician</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Carthage" title="Ancient Carthage">Carthaginian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Eastern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satavahana_dynasty" title="Satavahana dynasty">Satavahana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Dynasty_of_Ur" title="Third Dynasty of Ur">Neo-Sumerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xianbei" title="Xianbei">Xianbei</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rouran_Khaganate" title="Rouran Khaganate">Rouran</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Post-classical_history" title="Post-classical history">Post-classical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist F" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angevin_Empire" title="Angevin Empire">Angevin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon" title="Crown of Aragon">Aragonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Armenia_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Kingdom of Armenia (disambiguation)">Armenian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bagratid_Armenia" title="Bagratid Armenia">Bagratid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Vaspurakan" title="Kingdom of Vaspurakan">Vaspurakan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Artsakh" title="Kingdom of Artsakh">Artsakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Kingdom_of_Cilicia" title="Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia">Cilician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zakarid_Armenia" title="Zakarid Armenia">Zakarid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayyubid_dynasty" title="Ayyubid dynasty">Ayyubid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_Empire" title="Aztec Empire">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Benin" title="Kingdom of Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanem%E2%80%93Bornu_Empire#Shift_of_the_Sayfuwa_court_from_Kanem_to_Bornu" title="Kanem–Bornu Empire">Bornu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruneian_Sultanate_(1368%E2%80%931888)" title="Bruneian Sultanate (1368–1888)">Bruneian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Empire_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Bulgarian Empire (disambiguation)">Bulgarian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire" title="First Bulgarian Empire">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Bulgarian_Empire" title="Second Bulgarian Empire">Second</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_Empire_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Burmese Empire (disambiguation)">Burmese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pagan_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Pagan Kingdom">First</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calakmul" title="Calakmul">Calakmul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">Caliphate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Rashidun Caliphate">Rashidun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Fatimid Caliphate">Fatimid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalukya_dynasty" title="Chalukya dynasty">Chalukya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Chalukya_Empire" title="Western Chalukya Empire">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Chalukyas" title="Eastern Chalukyas">Eastern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Empire" title="Chinese Empire">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sui_dynasty" title="Sui dynasty">Sui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liao_dynasty" title="Liao dynasty">Liao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(1115%E2%80%931234)" title="Jin dynasty (1115–1234)">Jīn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chola_Empire" title="Chola Empire">Chola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Ethiopian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aksum" title="Kingdom of Aksum">Aksum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zagwe_dynasty" title="Zagwe dynasty">Zagwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Solomonic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Genoese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Georgia" title="Kingdom of Georgia">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garabito_Empire" title="Garabito Empire">Huetar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inca_Empire" title="Inca Empire">Inca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripartite_Struggle" title="Tripartite Struggle">Kannauj</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pala_Empire" title="Pala Empire">Pala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurjara-Pratihara_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty">Gurjara-Pratihara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashtrakuta_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Rashtrakuta Empire">Rashtrakuta</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Empire_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Persian Empire (disambiguation)">Iranian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tahirid_dynasty" title="Tahirid dynasty">Tahirid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saffarid_dynasty" title="Saffarid dynasty">Saffarid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samanid_Empire" title="Samanid Empire">Samanid</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Buyid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Japan" title="History of Japan">Japanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yamato_period" title="Yamato period">Yamato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamakura_shogunate" title="Kamakura shogunate">Kamakura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashikaga_shogunate" title="Ashikaga shogunate">Muromachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokugawa_shogunate" title="Tokugawa shogunate">Edo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanem%E2%80%93Bornu_Empire" title="Kanem–Bornu Empire">Kanem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_Empire" title="Khmer Empire">Khmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Empire" title="Latin Empire">Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lithuania" title="History of Lithuania">Lithuanian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania" title="Grand Duchy of Lithuania">Grand Duchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Commonwealth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majapahit" title="Majapahit">Majapahit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mali_Empire" title="Mali Empire">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Horde" title="Golden Horde">Golden Horde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chagatai_Khanate" title="Chagatai Khanate">Chagatai Khanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilkhanate" title="Ilkhanate">Ilkhanate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Morocco" title="History of Morocco">Moroccan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Idrisid_dynasty" title="Idrisid dynasty">Idrisid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almoravid_dynasty" title="Almoravid dynasty">Almoravid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almohad_Caliphate" title="Almohad Caliphate">Almohad</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norgesveldet" class="mw-redirect" title="Norgesveldet">Norwegian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Sea_Empire" title="North Sea Empire">North Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oyo_Empire" title="Oyo Empire">Oyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland" title="History of Poland">Polish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Poland" title="Kingdom of Poland">Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Commonwealth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenization_in_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Hellenization in the Byzantine Empire">Hellenic</a> <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Nicaea" title="Empire of Nicaea">Nicaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Thessalonica" title="Empire of Thessalonica">Thessalonica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Trebizond" title="Empire of Trebizond">Trebizond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Despotate_of_Epirus" title="Despotate of Epirus">Epirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Despotate_of_the_Morea" title="Despotate of the Morea">Morea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romano-Germanic_culture" title="Romano-Germanic culture">Romano-Germanic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carolingian_Empire" title="Carolingian Empire">Carolingian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Empire" title="Serbian Empire">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singhasari" title="Singhasari">Singhasari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songhai_Empire" title="Songhai Empire">Songhai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srivijaya" title="Srivijaya">Srivijaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Empire" title="Tibetan Empire">Tibetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tikal" title="Tikal">Tikal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiwanaku_Empire" title="Tiwanaku Empire">Tiwanaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toltec_Empire" title="Toltec Empire">Toltec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turco-Persian_tradition" title="Turco-Persian tradition">Turco-Persian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghaznavids" title="Ghaznavids">Ghaznavid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Empire" title="Seljuk Empire">Great Seljuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khwarazmian_Empire" title="Khwarazmian Empire">Khwarezmian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timurid_Empire" title="Timurid Empire">Timurid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrks" title="Göktürks">Turkic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Turkic_Khaganate" title="First Turkic Khaganate">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Western Turkic Khaganate">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Eastern Turkic Khaganate">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Second Turkic Khaganate">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCrgesh" title="Türgesh">Türgesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Khaganate" title="Uyghur Khaganate">Uighur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_Khaganate" title="Kyrgyz Khaganate">Kyrgyz</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venetian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Vi%E1%BB%87t" title="Đại Việt">Vietnamese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90inh_dynasty" title="Đinh dynasty">Dinh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_L%C3%AA_dynasty" title="Early Lê dynasty">Early Le</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BD_dynasty" title="Lý dynasty">Ly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_dynasty" title="Trần dynasty">Tran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%E1%BB%93_dynasty" title="Hồ dynasty">Ho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Later_Tr%E1%BA%A7n_dynasty" title="Later Trần dynasty">Later Tran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AA_dynasty" title="Lê dynasty">Later Le</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayanagara_Empire" title="Vijayanagara Empire">Vijayanagara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana_Empire" title="Ghana Empire">Wagadou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wari_Empire" title="Wari Empire">Wari</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modern_era" title="Modern era">Modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist F" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Durrani_Empire" title="Durrani Empire">Afghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashanti_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashanti Empire">Ashanti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austro-Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil" title="Empire of Brazil">Brazilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_Empire_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Burmese Empire (disambiguation)">Burmese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Toungoo_Empire" title="First Toungoo Empire">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konbaung_dynasty" title="Konbaung dynasty">Third</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Empire" title="Central African Empire">Central African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Empire" title="Chinese Empire">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_China_(1915%E2%80%931916)" title="Empire of China (1915–1916)">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_imperialism" title="Chinese imperialism">Contemporary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Ethiopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Haiti" title="History of Haiti">Haitian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Empire_of_Haiti" title="First Empire of Haiti">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Empire_of_Haiti" title="Second Empire of Haiti">Second</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_France" title="History of France">French</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_French_Empire" title="Second French Empire">Second</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Germany" title="History of Germany">German</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Persian_culture" title="Indo-Persian culture">Indo-Persian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_Empire" title="Sikh Empire">Sikh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_peoples" title="Iranian peoples">Iranian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Safavid_Iran" title="Safavid Iran">Safavid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afsharid_Iran" title="Afsharid Iran">Afsharid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zand_dynasty" title="Zand dynasty">Zand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qajar_Iran" title="Qajar Iran">Qajar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_dynasty" title="Pahlavi dynasty">Pahlavi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Empire" title="Korean Empire">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maratha_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Maratha Empire">Maratha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mexico" title="History of Mexico">Mexican</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Mexican_Empire" title="First Mexican Empire">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Mexican_Empire" title="Second Mexican Empire">Second</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Yuan" title="Northern Yuan">Mongol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oirat_Confederation" title="Oirat Confederation">Oirat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khoshut_Khanate" title="Khoshut Khanate">Khoshut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzungar_Khanate" title="Dzungar Khanate">Dzungar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalmyk_Khanate" title="Kalmyk Khanate">Kalmyk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bogd_Khanate_of_Mongolia" title="Bogd Khanate of Mongolia">Bogd</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Morocco" title="History of Morocco">Moroccan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saadi_Sultanate" title="Saadi Sultanate">Saadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alawi_Sultanate" title="Alawi Sultanate">'Alawi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Russia" title="History of Russia">Russian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Russia" title="Tsardom of Russia">Tsarist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Imperial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_imperialism#Contemporary_Russian_imperialism" title="Russian imperialism">Contemporary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sokoto_Caliphate" title="Sokoto Caliphate">Sokoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Somalia" title="History of Somalia">Somali</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isaaq_Sultanate" title="Isaaq Sultanate">Isaaq</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tu%CA%BBi_Tonga_Empire" title="Tuʻi Tonga Empire">Tongan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Vi%E1%BB%87t" title="Đại Việt">Vietnamese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M%E1%BA%A1c_dynasty" title="Mạc dynasty">Mạc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revival_L%C3%AA_dynasty" title="Revival Lê dynasty">Revival Lê</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A2y_S%C6%A1n_dynasty" title="Tây Sơn dynasty">Tay Sơn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_dynasty" title="Nguyễn dynasty">Dainam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Vietnam" title="Empire of Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Colonial" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Colonial_empire" title="Colonial empire">Colonial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_imperialism" title="American imperialism">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_colonial_empire" title="Belgian colonial empire">Belgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_overseas_possessions" title="English overseas possessions">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Scottish colonization of the Americas">Scottish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Empire" title="Chinese Empire">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_overseas_colonies" title="Danish overseas colonies">Danish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_colonial_empire" title="Dutch colonial empire">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_colonial_empire" title="German colonial empire">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Empire" title="Italian Empire">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_colonial_empire" title="Japanese colonial empire">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omani_Empire" title="Omani Empire">Omani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Curonian_colonisation" title="Curonian colonisation">Couronian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_overseas_colonies" title="Swedish overseas colonies">Swedish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist F" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_empires" title="List of empires">Empires</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_empires" title="List of largest empires">largest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_great_powers" title="List of ancient great powers">Ancient great powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_medieval_great_powers" title="List of medieval great powers">Medieval great powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_modern_great_powers" title="List of modern great powers">Modern great powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_colonialism" title="History of colonialism">European colonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_empires" class="mw-redirect" title="African empires">African empires</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist F" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"Empire" as a description of foreign policy <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_imperialism" title="American imperialism">American Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_empire" title="Soviet empire">Soviet empire</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link 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class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118664859">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/buveyhiler">İslâm Ansiklopedisi</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buyid_dynasty&oldid=1258508068">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buyid_dynasty&oldid=1258508068</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" 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