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</ul> </li> <li id="toc-Decline_of_Buddhism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decline_of_Buddhism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Decline of Buddhism</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Decline_of_Buddhism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Decline of Buddhism subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Decline_of_Buddhism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Accounts_of_persecution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Accounts_of_persecution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Accounts of persecution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Accounts_of_persecution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Accounts_against_persecution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Accounts_against_persecution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Accounts against persecution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Accounts_against_persecution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Royal_dedications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Royal_dedications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Royal dedications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Royal_dedications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shunga_period_contributions_in_Sanchi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shunga_period_contributions_in_Sanchi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Shunga period contributions in Sanchi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shunga_period_contributions_in_Sanchi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Great_Stupa_(No_1)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Great_Stupa_(No_1)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1</span> <span>Great Stupa (No 1)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Great_Stupa_(No_1)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stupa_No2_and_Stupa_No3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stupa_No2_and_Stupa_No3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.2</span> <span>Stupa No2 and Stupa No3</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stupa_No2_and_Stupa_No3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Warfare" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Warfare"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Warfare</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Warfare-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Warfare subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Warfare-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Literary_evidence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literary_evidence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Literary evidence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literary_evidence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_expeditions_of_the_Shungas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_expeditions_of_the_Shungas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Military expeditions of the Shungas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_expeditions_of_the_Shungas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-War_with_the_Yavanas_(Greeks)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#War_with_the_Yavanas_(Greeks)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>War with the Yavanas (Greeks)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-War_with_the_Yavanas_(Greeks)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battle_on_the_Sindhu_river" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle_on_the_Sindhu_river"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Battle on the Sindhu river</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battle_on_the_Sindhu_river-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Epigraphic_and_archaeological_evidence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Epigraphic_and_archaeological_evidence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Epigraphic and archaeological evidence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Epigraphic_and_archaeological_evidence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dhanadeva-Ayodhya_inscription" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dhanadeva-Ayodhya_inscription"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5.1</span> <span>Dhanadeva-Ayodhya inscription</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dhanadeva-Ayodhya_inscription-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Yavanarajya_inscription" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Yavanarajya_inscription"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5.2</span> <span>Yavanarajya inscription</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Yavanarajya_inscription-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Heliodorus_pillar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Heliodorus_pillar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5.3</span> <span>Heliodorus pillar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Heliodorus_pillar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Decline" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Decline</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Decline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Art</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Script" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Script"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Script</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Script-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_Shunga_emperors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_Shunga_emperors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>List of Shunga emperors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_Shunga_emperors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Shunga Empire</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 44 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-44" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">44 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%B4%D9%88%D9%86%D8%BA%D8%A7" title="إمبراطورية شونغا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إمبراطورية شونغا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%88%D9%86%D9%82%D8%A7_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%88%D8%BA%D9%88" title="شونقا ایمپراتورلوغو – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="شونقا ایمپراتورلوغو" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%99%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF" title="শুঙ্গ সাম্রাজ্য – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="শুঙ্গ সাম্রাজ্য" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunga_carstvo" title="Sunga carstvo – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Sunga carstvo" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperi_Sunga" title="Imperi Sunga – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Imperi Sunga" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0ungov%C3%A9" title="Šungové – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Šungové" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shunga-Dynastie" title="Shunga-Dynastie – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Shunga-Dynastie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperio_%C5%9Au%E1%B9%85ga" title="Imperio Śuṅga – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Imperio Śuṅga" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunga_imperio" title="Sunga imperio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Sunga imperio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%B4%D9%88%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%A7" title="امپراتوری شونگا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="امپراتوری شونگا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynastie_Shunga" title="Dynastie Shunga – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Dynastie Shunga" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%88%AD%EA%B0%80_%EC%A0%9C%EA%B5%AD" title="숭가 제국 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="숭가 제국" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B6" title="शुंग राजवंश – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="शुंग राजवंश" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kekaisaran_Sunga" title="Kekaisaran Sunga – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kekaisaran Sunga" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Au%E1%B9%85ga_(famiglia)" title="Śuṅga (famiglia) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Śuṅga (famiglia)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B6%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%97_%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%9C%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF" title="ಶುಂಗ ಸಾಮ್ರಾಜ್ಯ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಶುಂಗ ಸಾಮ್ರಾಜ್ಯ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A8%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="შუნგის იმპერია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="შუნგის იმპერია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0ung%C5%B3_dinastija" title="Šungų dinastija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Šungų dinastija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunga_uralkod%C3%B3k_list%C3%A1ja" title="Sunga uralkodók listája – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Sunga uralkodók listája" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B6%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%97_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%82" title="ശുംഗ സാമ്രാജ്യം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ശുംഗ സാമ്രാജ്യം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="शुंग साम्राज्य – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="शुंग साम्राज्य" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A8%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="შუნგაშ იმპერია – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="შუნგაშ იმპერია" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shungadynastie" title="Shungadynastie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Shungadynastie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="सुङ्ग साम्राज्य – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="सुङ्ग साम्राज्य" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A5%E3%83%B3%E3%82%AC%E6%9C%9D" title="シュンガ朝 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="シュンガ朝" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A9%81%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%97_%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%B5%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC" title="ਸ਼ੁੰਗ ਰਾਜਵੰਸ਼ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸ਼ੁੰਗ ਰਾਜਵੰਸ਼" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%A7_%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%AA" title="سنگا سلطنت – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="سنگا سلطنت" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imp%C3%A9rio_Sunga" title="Império Sunga – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Império Sunga" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperiul_Shunga" title="Imperiul Shunga – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Imperiul Shunga" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0_(%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Шунга (империя) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Шунга (империя)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%83" title="शुङ्गवंशः – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="शुङ्गवंशः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%81%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%82%E0%B6%9C_%E0%B6%85%E0%B6%B0%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%A2%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA%E0%B6%BA" title="ශුංග අධිරාජ්‍යය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ශුංග අධිරාජ්‍යය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shunga_Empire" title="Shunga Empire – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Shunga Empire" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunga_Carstvo" title="Sunga Carstvo – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Sunga Carstvo" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shunga-dynastia" title="Shunga-dynastia – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Shunga-dynastia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunga" title="Sunga – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Sunga" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="சுங்கர் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சுங்கர்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B6%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%97_%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%9C%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%82" title="శుంగ సామ్రాజ్యం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="శుంగ సామ్రాజ్యం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B0" title="จักรวรรดิศุงคะ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="จักรวรรดิศุงคะ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%A8%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Династія Шунга – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Династія Шунга" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%BF_qu%E1%BB%91c_Shunga" title="Đế quốc Shunga – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Đế quốc Shunga" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B7%BD%E4%BC%BD%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="巽伽王朝 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="巽伽王朝" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B7%BD%E4%BC%BD%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="巽伽王朝 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="巽伽王朝" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" 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For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Sunga_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Sunga (disambiguation)">Sunga (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output 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0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Shunga Empire</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">185 BCE–73 BCE</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:280px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:280px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:280px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:South_Asia_non_political,_with_rivers.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Shunga Empire is located in South Asia"><img alt="Shunga Empire is located in South Asia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/South_Asia_non_political%2C_with_rivers.jpg/280px-South_Asia_non_political%2C_with_rivers.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="259" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/South_Asia_non_political%2C_with_rivers.jpg/420px-South_Asia_non_political%2C_with_rivers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/South_Asia_non_political%2C_with_rivers.jpg/560px-South_Asia_non_political%2C_with_rivers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2324" data-file-height="2151" /></a></span><div style="position:absolute;top:0;left:0"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_the_Shungas.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Map_of_the_Shungas.png/280px-Map_of_the_Shungas.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="259" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Map_of_the_Shungas.png/420px-Map_of_the_Shungas.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Map_of_the_Shungas.png/560px-Map_of_the_Shungas.png 2x" data-file-width="2324" data-file-height="2151" /></a></span></div><div id="annotation_90x165" style="position:absolute; left:90px; top:165px; font-size:8px; font-weight:bold; font-size:8; line-height:10px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Satavahanas" class="mw-redirect" title="Satavahanas"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">SATAVAHANAS</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_145x130" style="position:absolute; left:145px; top:130px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Mahameghavahana_dynasty" title="Mahameghavahana dynasty"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">MAHAMEGHA-<br />VAHANAS</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_70x115" style="position:absolute; left:70px; top:115px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Malavas" title="Malavas"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">MALAVAS</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_70x45" style="position:absolute; left:70px; top:45px; font-size:8px; font-weight:bold; font-size:8; line-height:10px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Indo-Greeks" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Greeks"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#006400FF">INDO-<br />GREEKS</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_115x215" style="position:absolute; left:115px; top:215px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Pandyan_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Pandyan dynasty"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">PANDYAS</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_115x195" style="position:absolute; left:115px; top:195px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Chola_dynasty" title="Chola dynasty"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">CHOLAS</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_250x242" style="position:absolute; left:250px; top:242px; font-size:12px; font-weight:bold; font-size:12; line-height:14px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Template:South_Asia_in_500_BCE" title="Template:South Asia in 500 BCE"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"> ◁ </span></a> <a href="/wiki/Template:South_Asia_in_50_CE" title="Template:South Asia in 50 CE"><span style="color:#4F311CFF"> ▷ </span></a></span></div></div></div></div></div><div class="ib-country-map-caption"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Territory of the Shungas <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 150 BCE</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pataliputra" title="Pataliputra">Pataliputra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidisha" title="Vidisha">Besnagara</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Common languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Government</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">Monarchy</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Magadha_monarchs#House_of_Shunga" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Magadha monarchs">Emperor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 185</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 151 BCE</span> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pushyamitra_Shunga" title="Pushyamitra Shunga">Pushyamitra</a> (first)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 151</span>–141 BCE </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Agnimitra" title="Agnimitra">Agnimitra</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 83</span>–73 BCE </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Devabhuti" title="Devabhuti">Devabhuti</a> (last)</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Historical era</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/History_of_India#Classical_period_(c._200_BCE_–_c._650_CE)" title="History of India">Ancient India</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Assassination of Brihadratha by Pushyamitra Shunga </div></th><td class="infobox-data">185 BCE</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Assassination of <a href="/wiki/Devabhuti" title="Devabhuti">Devabhuti</a> by <a href="/wiki/Vasudeva_Kanva" title="Vasudeva Kanva">Vasudeva Kanva</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">73 BCE</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>Preceded by</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Maurya_Empire" title="Maurya Empire">Maurya Empire</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Vidarbha_kingdom_(Mauryan_era)" title="Vidarbha kingdom (Mauryan era)">Vidarbha kingdom (Mauryan era)</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Kanva_dynasty" title="Kanva dynasty">Kanva dynasty</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Kosala" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosala">Kosala</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Avanti_(region)" title="Avanti (region)">Avanti (region)</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Panchala" class="mw-redirect" title="Panchala">Panchala</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Nepal" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Nepal">Ancient Nepal</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Today part of</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Shunga dynasty</b> (<a href="/wiki/IAST" class="mw-redirect" title="IAST">IAST</a>: <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Śuṅga</i></span></i>) was the fifth ruling dynasty of <a href="/wiki/Magadha_(Mahajanapada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Magadha (Mahajanapada)">Magadha</a> and controlled most of the northern <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a> from around 187 to 75 BCE. The dynasty was established by <a href="/wiki/Pushyamitra_Shunga" title="Pushyamitra Shunga">Pushyamitra</a>, after taking the throne of Magadha from the <a href="/wiki/Mauryas" class="mw-redirect" title="Mauryas">Mauryas</a>. The Shunga empire's capital was <a href="/wiki/Pataliputra" title="Pataliputra">Pataliputra</a>, but later emperors such as <a href="/wiki/Bhagabhadra" title="Bhagabhadra">Bhagabhadra</a> also held court at Besnagar (modern <a href="/wiki/Vidisha" title="Vidisha">Vidisha</a>) in eastern <a href="/wiki/Malwa" title="Malwa">Malwa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This dynasty is also responsible for successfully fighting and resisting the Greeks in <a href="/wiki/Shunga%E2%80%93Greek_War" title="Shunga–Greek War">Shunga–Greek War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pushyamitra ruled for 36 years and was succeeded by his son <a href="/wiki/Agnimitra" title="Agnimitra">Agnimitra</a>. There were ten Shunga rulers. However, after the death of Agnimitra, the second king of the dynasty, the empire rapidly disintegrated:<sup id="cite_ref-books.google.com_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.google.com-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> inscriptions and coins indicate that much of northern and central India consisted of small kingdoms and city-states that were independent of any Shunga <a href="/wiki/Hegemony" title="Hegemony">hegemony</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bhandare,_Shailendra_2006_p.96_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bhandare,_Shailendra_2006_p.96-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The dynasty is noted for its numerous wars with both foreign and indigenous powers. They fought the <a href="/wiki/Kalinga_(historical_kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalinga (historical kingdom)">Kalinga</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Satavahana_dynasty" title="Satavahana dynasty">Satavahana dynasty</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Greek_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Greek kingdom">Indo-Greek kingdom</a> and possibly the <a href="/wiki/Panchala" class="mw-redirect" title="Panchala">Panchalas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mitra_dynasty_(Mathura)" title="Mitra dynasty (Mathura)">Mitras of Mathura</a>. </p><p>Art, education, philosophy, and other forms of learning flowered during this period, including small <a href="/wiki/Terracotta" title="Terracotta">terracotta</a> images, larger stone sculptures, and architectural monuments such as the <a href="/wiki/Stupa" title="Stupa">stupa</a> at <a href="/wiki/Bharhut" title="Bharhut">Bharhut</a>, and the renowned Great Stupa at <a href="/wiki/Sanchi" title="Sanchi">Sanchi</a>. The Shunga rulers helped to establish the tradition of royal sponsorship of learning and art. The script used by the empire was a variant of <a href="/wiki/Brahmi_script" title="Brahmi script">Brahmi script</a> and was used to write <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>. </p><p>The Shungas were important patrons of culture at a time when some of the most important developments in <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a> thought were taking place. <a href="/wiki/Patanjali" title="Patanjali">Patanjali</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81bh%C4%81%E1%B9%A3ya" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahābhāṣya">Mahābhāṣya</a></i> was composed in this period. Artistry also progressed with the rise of the <a href="/wiki/Mathura" title="Mathura">Mathura</a> art style. </p><p>The last of the Shunga emperors was <a href="/wiki/Devabhuti" title="Devabhuti">Devabhuti</a> (83–73 BCE). He was assassinated by his minister <a href="/wiki/Vasudeva_Kanva" title="Vasudeva Kanva">Vasudeva Kanva</a> and was said to have been overfond of the company of women. The <a href="/wiki/Kanva_dynasty" title="Kanva dynasty">Kanva dynasty</a> succeeded the Shungas around 73 BCE. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shunga_Empire&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Name"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The name "Shunga" has only been used for convenience to designate the historical polity now generally described as "Shunga empire", or the historical period known as the "Shunga period", which follows the fall of the <a href="/wiki/Maurya_empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Maurya empire">Maurya empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-RSS_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RSS-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term appears in a single epigraphic inscription in <a href="/wiki/Bharhut" title="Bharhut">Bharhut</a>, in which a dedication to the <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhist</a> Bharhut <a href="/wiki/Stupa" title="Stupa">stupa</a> is said to have been made "at the time of the Suga kings" (<i>Suganam raje</i>), with no indication as to whom these "Suga kings" might be.<sup id="cite_ref-RSS_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RSS-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other broadly contemporary inscriptions, such as the <a href="/wiki/Heliodorus_pillar" title="Heliodorus pillar">Heliodorus pillar inscription</a>, are only assumed to relate to Shunga rulers.<sup id="cite_ref-RSS_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RSS-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Ayodhya_Inscription_of_Dhana" title="Ayodhya Inscription of Dhana">Ayodhya Inscription of Dhana</a> mentions a ruler named <a href="/wiki/Pushyamitra" class="mw-redirect" title="Pushyamitra">Pushyamitra</a>, but does not mention the name "Shunga". </p><p>The Bharut epigraph appears on a pillar of the gateway of the stupa, and mentions its erection "during the rule of the <i>Sugas</i>, by <a href="/wiki/Dhanabhuti" title="Dhanabhuti">Vatsiputra Dhanabhuti</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-About_INC-ICOM_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-About_INC-ICOM-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-academia.edu_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-academia.edu-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The expression used (<i>Suganam raje</i>, <a href="/wiki/Brahmi_script" title="Brahmi script">Brahmi script</a>: 𑀲𑀼𑀕𑀦𑀁 𑀭𑀚𑁂), may mean "during the rule of the Sugas [Shungas]", although not without ambiguity as it could also be "during the rule of the <a href="/wiki/Srughna" title="Srughna">Sughanas</a>", a northern Buddhist kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-academia.edu_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-academia.edu-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is no other instance of the name "Shunga" in the <a href="/wiki/Epigraphy" title="Epigraphy">epigraphical</a> record of India.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The unique inscription reads: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:442px;max-width:442px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:333px;max-width:333px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:160px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dhanabhuti_Bharhut_Torana_inscription.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Dhanabhuti_Bharhut_Torana_inscription.jpg/331px-Dhanabhuti_Bharhut_Torana_inscription.jpg" decoding="async" width="331" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Dhanabhuti_Bharhut_Torana_inscription.jpg/497px-Dhanabhuti_Bharhut_Torana_inscription.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Dhanabhuti_Bharhut_Torana_inscription.jpg/662px-Dhanabhuti_Bharhut_Torana_inscription.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1983" data-file-height="965" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:105px;max-width:105px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:160px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dhanabhuti_inscription_location.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Dhanabhuti_inscription_location.jpg/103px-Dhanabhuti_inscription_location.jpg" decoding="async" width="103" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Dhanabhuti_inscription_location.jpg/155px-Dhanabhuti_inscription_location.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Dhanabhuti_inscription_location.jpg/206px-Dhanabhuti_inscription_location.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2057" data-file-height="3210" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">The <a href="/wiki/Dhanabhuti" title="Dhanabhuti">Dhanabhuti</a> inscription, and the <a href="/wiki/Torana" title="Torana">torana</a> on which it is inscribed. <a href="/wiki/Bharhut" title="Bharhut">Bharhut</a></div></div></div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"> <p>1. Suganam raje raño Gāgīputasa Visadevasa<br /> 2. pautena, Gotiputasa Āgarajusa putena <br /> 3. Vāchhīputena Dhanabhūtina kāritam toranām<br /> 4. silākammamto cha upamno.<br /> </p> <p><i>During the reign of the Sugas (<a href="/wiki/Srughna" title="Srughna">Sughanas</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Shungas" class="mw-redirect" title="Shungas">Shungas</a>) the gateway was caused to be made and the stone-work presented by Dhanabhūti, the son of Vāchhī, son of <a href="/wiki/Agaraju" title="Agaraju">Agaraju</a>, the son of a Goti and grandson of king Visadeva, the son of Gāgī.</i></p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Gateway pillar inscription of Dhanabhūti.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/Dhanabhuti" title="Dhanabhuti">Dhanabhuti</a> was making a major dedication to a Buddhist monument, <a href="/wiki/Bharhut" title="Bharhut">Bharhut</a>, whereas the historical "Shungas" are known to have been <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a> monarchs, which would suggest that Dhanabhuti himself may not have been a member of the Shunga dynasty.<sup id="cite_ref-SRQ_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SRQ-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Neither is he known from "Shunga" regnal lists.<sup id="cite_ref-SRQ_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SRQ-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SRQ13_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SRQ13-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The mention "in the reign of the Shungas" also suggests that he was not himself a Shunga ruler, only that he may have been a tributary of the Shungas, or a ruler in a neighbouring territory, such as <a href="/wiki/Kosala" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosala">Kosala</a> or <a href="/wiki/Panchala" class="mw-redirect" title="Panchala">Panchala</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-SRQ13_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SRQ13-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SRQ_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SRQ-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The name "Sunga" or "Shunga" is also used in the <i><a href="/wiki/Vishnu_Purana" title="Vishnu Purana">Vishnu Purana</a></i>, the date of which is contested, to designate the dynasty of kings starting with <a href="/wiki/Pushyamitra" class="mw-redirect" title="Pushyamitra">Pushyamitra</a> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 185 BCE</span>, and ending with <a href="/wiki/Devabhuti" title="Devabhuti">Devabhuti</a> circa 75 BCE. According to the <a href="/wiki/Vishnu_Purana" title="Vishnu Purana">Vishnu Purana</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-RSS_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RSS-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p><i>Ten Maurya kings will reign for one hundred and thirty-seven years. After them the Śuṅgas will rule the earth. The general Puṣpamitra will kill his sovereign and usurp the kingdom. His son will be Agnimitra. His son will be Sujyeṣṭha. His son will be Vasumitra. His son will be Ārdraka. His son will be Pulindaka. His son will be Ghoṣavasu. His son will be Vajramitra. His son will be Bhāgavata. His son will be Devabhūti. These ten Śuṅgas will rule the earth for one hundred and twelve years.</i></p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Vishnu Purana, Book Four: The Royal Dynasties.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins">Origins</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shunga_Empire&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bharhut_Sunga_individual.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Bharhut_Sunga_individual.jpg/220px-Bharhut_Sunga_individual.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Bharhut_Sunga_individual.jpg/330px-Bharhut_Sunga_individual.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Bharhut_Sunga_individual.jpg/440px-Bharhut_Sunga_individual.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1245" data-file-height="1310" /></a><figcaption>Man on a relief, <a href="/wiki/Bharhut" title="Bharhut">Bharhut</a>, Shunga period.</figcaption></figure> <p>Shungas were originally from <a href="/wiki/Vidisha" title="Vidisha">Vidisha</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to historical reconstructions, the Shunga dynasty was established in 184 BCE, about 50 years after <a href="/wiki/Ashoka" title="Ashoka">Ashoka</a>'s death, when the emperor <a href="/wiki/Brihadratha_Maurya" title="Brihadratha Maurya">Brihadratha Maurya</a>, the last ruler of the <a href="/wiki/Maurya_empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Maurya empire">Maurya empire</a>, was assassinated by his <i>Senānī</i> or <a href="/wiki/Commander-in-chief" title="Commander-in-chief">commander-in-chief</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pushyamitra_Shunga" title="Pushyamitra Shunga">Pushyamitra</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while he was reviewing the Guard of Honour of his forces. Pushyamitra then ascended the throne.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThapar2013296_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThapar2013296-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pushyamitra became the ruler of <a href="/wiki/Magadha_(Mahajanapada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Magadha (Mahajanapada)">Magadha</a> and neighbouring territories. His realm essentially covered the central parts of the old <a href="/wiki/Mauryan_empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Mauryan empire">Mauryan empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NA_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NA-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Shunga definitely had control of the central city of <a href="/wiki/Ayodhya" title="Ayodhya">Ayodhya</a> in northern central India, as is proved by the <a href="/wiki/Dhanadeva-Ayodhya_inscription" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhanadeva-Ayodhya inscription">Dhanadeva-Ayodhya inscription</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NA_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NA-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the city of <a href="/wiki/Mathura" title="Mathura">Mathura</a> further west never seems to have been under the direct control of the Shungas, as no archaeological evidence of a Shunga presence has ever been found in Mathura.<sup id="cite_ref-Rhie_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rhie-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the contrary, according to the <a href="/wiki/Yavanarajya_inscription" title="Yavanarajya inscription">Yavanarajya inscription</a>, Mathura was probably under the control of <a href="/wiki/Indo-Greeks" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Greeks">Indo-Greeks</a> from some time between 180 BCE and 100 BCE, and remained so as late as 70 BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-Rhie_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rhie-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some ancient sources however claim a greater extent for the Shunga empire: the <i><a href="/wiki/Asokavadana" class="mw-redirect" title="Asokavadana">Asokavadana</a></i> account of the <i><a href="/wiki/Divyavadana" title="Divyavadana">Divyavadana</a></i> claims that the Shungas sent an army to persecute Buddhist monks as far as <a href="/wiki/Sagala" title="Sagala">Sakala</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sialkot" title="Sialkot">Sialkot</a>) in the <a href="/wiki/Punjab_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjab region">Punjab region</a> in the northwest: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>... Pushyamitra equipped a fourfold army, and intending to destroy the Buddhist religion, he went to the <a href="/wiki/Kukkutarama" title="Kukkutarama">Kukkutarama</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Pataliputra" title="Pataliputra">Pataliputra</a>). ... Pushyamitra therefore destroyed the <a href="/wiki/Sangharama" title="Sangharama">sangharama</a>, killed the monks there, and departed. ... After some time, he arrived in <a href="/wiki/Sagala" title="Sagala">Sakala</a>, and proclaimed that he would give a ... reward to whoever brought him the head of a Buddhist monk.<sup id="cite_ref-John1989_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-John1989-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 293">: 293 </span></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Also, the <i><a href="/wiki/Malavikagnimitra" class="mw-redirect" title="Malavikagnimitra">Malavikagnimitra</a></i> claims that the empire of Pushyamitra extended to the <a href="/wiki/Narmada_River" title="Narmada River">Narmada River</a> in the south. They may also have controlled the city of <a href="/wiki/Ujjain" title="Ujjain">Ujjain</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NA_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NA-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meanwhile, <a href="/wiki/Kabul" title="Kabul">Kabul</a> and much of the Punjab passed into the hands of the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Greek_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Greek kingdom">Indo-Greeks</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Deccan_Plateau" title="Deccan Plateau">Deccan Plateau</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Satavahana_dynasty" title="Satavahana dynasty">Satavahana dynasty</a>. </p><p>Pushyamitra died after ruling for 36 years (187–151 BCE). He was succeeded by son <a href="/wiki/Agnimitra" title="Agnimitra">Agnimitra</a>. This prince is the hero of a famous drama by one of India's greatest playwrights, <a href="/wiki/K%C4%81lid%C4%81sa" class="mw-redirect" title="Kālidāsa">Kālidāsa</a>. Agnimitra was viceroy of Vidisha when the story takes place. </p><p>The power of the Shungas gradually weakened. It is said that there were ten Shunga emperors. The Shungas were succeeded by the <a href="/wiki/Kanva_dynasty" title="Kanva dynasty">Kanva dynasty</a> around 73 BCE. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Decline_of_Buddhism">Decline of Buddhism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shunga_Empire&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Decline of Buddhism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pushyamitra_Shunga" title="Pushyamitra Shunga">Pushyamitra Shunga</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Decline_of_Buddhism_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Decline of Buddhism in India">Decline of Buddhism in India</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Accounts_of_persecution">Accounts of persecution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shunga_Empire&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Accounts of persecution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sunga_horseman_Bharhut.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Sunga_horseman_Bharhut.jpg/220px-Sunga_horseman_Bharhut.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="465" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Sunga_horseman_Bharhut.jpg/330px-Sunga_horseman_Bharhut.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Sunga_horseman_Bharhut.jpg/440px-Sunga_horseman_Bharhut.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2108" data-file-height="4454" /></a><figcaption>Shunga horseman, <a href="/wiki/Bharhut" title="Bharhut">Bharhut</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Following the Mauryans, the first Sunga emperor, a Brahmin named Pushyamitra,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is believed by some historians to have persecuted Buddhists and contributed to a resurgence of <a href="/wiki/Vedic_Brahmanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Vedic Brahmanism">Brahmanism</a> that forced Buddhism outwards to <a href="/wiki/Kashmir" title="Kashmir">Kashmir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gandhara" title="Gandhara">Gandhara</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bactria" title="Bactria">Bactria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sarvastivada_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sarvastivada-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Buddhist scripture such as the <i><a href="/wiki/Asokavadana" class="mw-redirect" title="Asokavadana">Asokavadana</a></i> account of the <i><a href="/wiki/Divyavadana" title="Divyavadana">Divyavadana</a></i> and ancient Tibetan historian <a href="/wiki/Taranatha" title="Taranatha">Taranatha</a> have written about persecution of Buddhists. Pushyamitra is said to have burned down Buddhist monasteries, destroyed stupas, massacred Buddhist monks and put rewards on their heads, but some consider these stories as probable exaggerations.<sup id="cite_ref-Sarvastivada_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sarvastivada-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-books.google.fr_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.google.fr-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"... Pushyamitra equipped a fourfold army, and intending to destroy the Buddhist religion, he went to the Kukkutarama. ... Pushyamitra therefore destroyed the sangharama, killed the monks there, and departed. ... After some time, he arrived in Sakala, and proclaimed that he would give a ... reward to whoever brought him the head of a Buddhist monk."</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><i><a href="/wiki/Asokavadana" class="mw-redirect" title="Asokavadana">Asokavadana</a></i> account of the <i><a href="/wiki/Divyavadana" title="Divyavadana">Divyavadana</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 293">: 293 </span></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p><br /> Pushyamitra is known to have revived the supremacy of the <a href="/wiki/Brahmanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmanism">Bramahnical</a> religion and reestablished animal sacrifices (<a href="/wiki/Yajna" title="Yajna">Yajnas</a>) that had been prohibited by <a href="/wiki/Ashoka" title="Ashoka">Ashoka</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-books.google.fr_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.google.fr-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Accounts_against_persecution">Accounts against persecution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shunga_Empire&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Accounts against persecution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sanchi_Stupa_Nr._2_(1999).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Sanchi_Stupa_Nr._2_%281999%29.JPG/220px-Sanchi_Stupa_Nr._2_%281999%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Sanchi_Stupa_Nr._2_%281999%29.JPG/330px-Sanchi_Stupa_Nr._2_%281999%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Sanchi_Stupa_Nr._2_%281999%29.JPG/440px-Sanchi_Stupa_Nr._2_%281999%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2760" data-file-height="1840" /></a><figcaption>Shunga period <a href="/wiki/Stupa" title="Stupa">stupa</a> at <a href="/wiki/Sanchi" title="Sanchi">Sanchi</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:East_Gateway_and_Railings_Bharhut_Stupa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/East_Gateway_and_Railings_Bharhut_Stupa.jpg/220px-East_Gateway_and_Railings_Bharhut_Stupa.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/East_Gateway_and_Railings_Bharhut_Stupa.jpg/330px-East_Gateway_and_Railings_Bharhut_Stupa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/East_Gateway_and_Railings_Bharhut_Stupa.jpg/440px-East_Gateway_and_Railings_Bharhut_Stupa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5859" data-file-height="3545" /></a><figcaption>East Gateway and Railings, Red Sandstone, <a href="/wiki/Bharhut" title="Bharhut">Bharhut</a> Stupa, 2nd century BCE. <a href="/wiki/Indian_Museum" title="Indian Museum">Indian Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Kolkata</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Later Shunga emperors were seen as amenable to Buddhism and as having contributed to the building of the stupa at <a href="/wiki/Bharhut" title="Bharhut">Bharhut</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During his reign the Buddhist monuments of Bharhut and <a href="/wiki/Sanchi" title="Sanchi">Sanchi</a> were renovated and further improved. There is enough evidence to show that <a href="/wiki/Pushyamitra" class="mw-redirect" title="Pushyamitra">Pushyamitra</a> patronised buddhist art.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, given the rather decentralised and fragmentary nature of the Shunga state, with many cities actually issuing their own coinage, as well as the relative dislike of the Shungas for the Buddhist religion, some authors argue that the constructions of that period in Sanchi for example cannot really be called "Shunga". They were not the result of royal sponsorship, in contrast with what happened during the Mauryas, and most of the dedications at Sanchi were private or collective, rather than the result of royal patronage.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>   </p><p>Some writers believe that Brahmanism competed in political and spiritual realm with Buddhism<sup id="cite_ref-Sarvastivada_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sarvastivada-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the <a href="/wiki/Gangetic_plains" class="mw-redirect" title="Gangetic plains">Gangetic plains</a>. Buddhism flourished in the realms of the Bactrian kings. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Some Indian scholars are of the opinion that the orthodox Shunga emperors were not intolerant towards Buddhism and that Buddhism prospered during the time of the Shunga emperors. The existence of Buddhism in Bengal in the Shunga period can also be inferred from a terracotta tablet that was found at <a href="/wiki/Tamralipti" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamralipti">Tamralipti</a> and is on exhibit at the <a href="/wiki/Asutosh_Museum_of_Indian_Art" title="Asutosh Museum of Indian Art">Asutosh Museum</a> in Kolkata. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Royal_dedications">Royal dedications</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shunga_Empire&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Royal dedications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Two dedications by a king named <a href="/wiki/Brahmamitra" title="Brahmamitra">Brahmamitra</a> as well as the monarch Indragnimitra are recorded at the <a href="/wiki/Mahabodhi_Temple" title="Mahabodhi Temple">Mahabodhi Temple</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bodh_Gaya" title="Bodh Gaya">Bodh Gaya.</a> Some may claim these show Sunga support for Buddhism. These kings, however, are essentially unknown, and do not form a part of the Shunga recorded genealogy. They are thought to be post-<a href="/wiki/Ashoka" title="Ashoka">Ashokan</a> and to belong to the period of Sunga rule.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-p.58-59_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p.58-59-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/Brahmamitra" title="Brahmamitra">Brahmamitra</a> is known otherwise as a local ruler of <a href="/wiki/Mathura" title="Mathura">Mathura</a>, but Indragnimitra is unknown, and according to some authors, Indragnimitra is in fact not even mentioned as a king in the actual inscription.<sup id="cite_ref-p.58-59_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p.58-59-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>An inscription at Bodh Gaya at the <a href="/wiki/Mahabodhi_Temple" title="Mahabodhi Temple">Mahabodhi Temple</a> records the construction of the temple as follows:</li></ul> <dl><dd>"<i>The gift of Nagadevi the wife of King Brahmamitra.</i>"</dd></dl> <ul><li>Another inscription reads:</li></ul> <dl><dd>"<i>The gift of Kurangi, the mother of living sons and the wife of King Indragnimitra, son of Kosiki. The gift also of Srima of the royal palace shrine</i>."<sup id="cite_ref-ccbs.ntu.edu.tw_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ccbs.ntu.edu.tw-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Cunningham" title="Alexander Cunningham">Cunningham</a> has regretted the loss of the latter part of these important records. As regards the first coping inscription, he has found traces of eleven Brahmi letters after "<i>Kuramgiye danam</i>", the first nine of which read "<i>rajapasada-cetika sa</i>". Bloch reads these nine letters as "<i>raja-pasada-cetikasa</i>" and translates this expression in relation to the preceding words: </p> <blockquote><p>"(the gift of Kurangi, the wife of Indragnimitra and the mother of living sons), "to the caitya (cetika) of the noble temple", taking the word raja before pasada as an epithet on ornans, distinguishing the temple as a particularly large and stately building similar to such expressions as rajahastin 'a noble elephant', rajahamsa 'a goose' (as distinguished from hamsa 'a duck'), etc."</p></blockquote> <p>Cunningham has translated the expression "the royal palace, the caitya", suggesting that "the mention of the raja-pasada would seem to connect the donor with the king's family." Luders doubtfully suggests "to the king's temple" as a rendering of "raja-pasada-cetikasa." </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shunga_period_contributions_in_Sanchi">Shunga period contributions in Sanchi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shunga_Empire&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Shunga period contributions in Sanchi"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sanchi" title="Sanchi">Sanchi</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sanchi_Great_Stupa_under_the_Sungas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Sanchi_Great_Stupa_under_the_Sungas.jpg/300px-Sanchi_Great_Stupa_under_the_Sungas.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Sanchi_Great_Stupa_under_the_Sungas.jpg/450px-Sanchi_Great_Stupa_under_the_Sungas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Sanchi_Great_Stupa_under_the_Sungas.jpg/600px-Sanchi_Great_Stupa_under_the_Sungas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1186" data-file-height="506" /></a><figcaption>The Great Stupa under the Shungas. The Shungas nearly doubled the diameter of the initial stupa, encasing it in stone, and built a <a href="/wiki/Balustrade" class="mw-redirect" title="Balustrade">balustrade</a> and a railing around it.</figcaption></figure> <p>On the basis of <a href="/wiki/Ashokavadana" title="Ashokavadana">Ashokavadana</a>, it is presumed that the stupa may have been vandalised at one point sometime in the 2nd century BCE, an event some have related to the rise of the Shunga emperor Pushyamitra who overtook the Mauryan empire as an army general. It has been suggested that Pushyamitra may have destroyed the original stupa, and his son <a href="/wiki/Agnimitra" title="Agnimitra">Agnimitra</a> rebuilt it.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The original brick stupa was covered with stone during the Shunga period. </p><p>According to historian Julia Shaw, the post-Mauryan constructions at Sanchi cannot be described as "Sunga" as sponsorship for the construction of the stupas, as attested by the numerous donative inscriptions, was not royal but collective, and the Sungas were known for their opposition to Buddhism.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Great_Stupa_(No_1)"><span id="Great_Stupa_.28No_1.29"></span>Great Stupa (No 1)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shunga_Empire&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Great Stupa (No 1)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the later rule of the Shunga, the stupa was expanded with stone slabs to almost twice its original size. The dome was flattened near the top and crowned by three superimposed parasols within a square railing. With its many tiers it was a symbol of the <a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">dharma</a>, the Wheel of the Law. The dome was set on a high circular drum meant for <a href="/wiki/Circumambulation" title="Circumambulation">circumambulation</a>, which could be accessed via a double staircase. A second stone pathway at ground level was enclosed by a stone balustrade. The railing around Stupa 1 do not have artistic reliefs. These are only slabs, with some dedicatory inscriptions. These elements are dated to <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 150 BCE</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-Shaw_88_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shaw_88-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Stupa_No2_and_Stupa_No3">Stupa No2 and Stupa No3</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shunga_Empire&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Stupa No2 and Stupa No3"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The buildings which seem to have been commissioned during the rule of the Shungas are the Second and Third <a href="/wiki/Stupa" title="Stupa">stupas</a> (but not the highly decorated gateways, which are from the following <a href="/wiki/Satavahana" class="mw-redirect" title="Satavahana">Satavahana</a> period, as known from inscriptions), and the ground balustrade and stone casing of the Great Stupa (Stupa No 1). The <a href="/wiki/Relics_of_Sariputra_and_Mahamoggallana" class="mw-redirect" title="Relics of Sariputra and Mahamoggallana">Relics of Sariputra and Mahamoggallana</a> are said to have been placed in Stupa No 3.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These are dated to <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 115 BCE</span> for the medallions, 80 BCE for the gateway carvings,<sup id="cite_ref-Shaw_90_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shaw_90-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> slightly after the reliefs of <a href="/wiki/Bharhut" title="Bharhut">Bharhut</a>, with some reworks down to the 1st century CE.<sup id="cite_ref-Shaw_88_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shaw_88-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Shaw_90_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shaw_90-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The style of the Shunga period decorations at Sanchi bear a close similarity to those of <a href="/wiki/Bharhut" title="Bharhut">Bharhut</a>, as well as the peripheral balustrades at <a href="/wiki/Bodh_Gaya" title="Bodh Gaya">Bodh Gaya</a>, which are thought to be the oldest of the three. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="font-size: 80%; width: 100%;" align="center" cellpadding="3"> <tbody><tr> <td align="center" colspan="2" style="background:#CD853F; font-size: 100%;"><b>Shunga structures and decorations<br />(150-80 BCE)</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center" style="background:#DEB887; font-size: 100%; width: 1%;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Great_Sanchi_Stupa_Side_view.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Great_Sanchi_Stupa_Side_view.jpg/200px-Great_Sanchi_Stupa_Side_view.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Great_Sanchi_Stupa_Side_view.jpg/300px-Great_Sanchi_Stupa_Side_view.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Great_Sanchi_Stupa_Side_view.jpg/400px-Great_Sanchi_Stupa_Side_view.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span><br />Great Stupa<br />(Stupa expansion and balustrades only are Shunga).<br />Undecorated ground railings dated to approximately 150 BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-Shaw_88_41-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shaw_88-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Interiors_of_Stupa_1.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Shunga balustrade and staircase."><img alt="Shunga balustrade and staircase." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Interiors_of_Stupa_1.JPG/120px-Interiors_of_Stupa_1.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Interiors_of_Stupa_1.JPG/180px-Interiors_of_Stupa_1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Interiors_of_Stupa_1.JPG/240px-Interiors_of_Stupa_1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Shunga balustrade and staircase.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Great_Sanchi_Stup_masonry_work.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Shunga stonework."><img alt="Shunga stonework." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Great_Sanchi_Stup_masonry_work.jpg/120px-Great_Sanchi_Stup_masonry_work.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Great_Sanchi_Stup_masonry_work.jpg/180px-Great_Sanchi_Stup_masonry_work.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Great_Sanchi_Stup_masonry_work.jpg/240px-Great_Sanchi_Stup_masonry_work.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4034" data-file-height="2689" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Shunga stonework.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Donation_engravings_on_Vedika,_Sanchi.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Shunga vedika (railing) with inscriptions."><img alt="Shunga vedika (railing) with inscriptions." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Donation_engravings_on_Vedika%2C_Sanchi.jpg/90px-Donation_engravings_on_Vedika%2C_Sanchi.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Donation_engravings_on_Vedika%2C_Sanchi.jpg/135px-Donation_engravings_on_Vedika%2C_Sanchi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Donation_engravings_on_Vedika%2C_Sanchi.jpg/180px-Donation_engravings_on_Vedika%2C_Sanchi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="640" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Shunga <a href="/wiki/Vedika" class="mw-redirect" title="Vedika">vedika</a> (railing) with inscriptions.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Great_Sanchi_Stupa_Gallery_(3).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Deambulatory pathway."><img alt="Deambulatory pathway." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Great_Sanchi_Stupa_Gallery_%283%29.jpg/120px-Great_Sanchi_Stupa_Gallery_%283%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Great_Sanchi_Stupa_Gallery_%283%29.jpg/179px-Great_Sanchi_Stupa_Gallery_%283%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Great_Sanchi_Stupa_Gallery_%283%29.jpg/239px-Great_Sanchi_Stupa_Gallery_%283%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3372" data-file-height="3384" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Deambulatory pathway.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stupa_1,_Sanchi_03.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Summit railing and umbrellas."><img alt="Summit railing and umbrellas." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Stupa_1%2C_Sanchi_03.jpg/120px-Stupa_1%2C_Sanchi_03.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Stupa_1%2C_Sanchi_03.jpg/180px-Stupa_1%2C_Sanchi_03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Stupa_1%2C_Sanchi_03.jpg/240px-Stupa_1%2C_Sanchi_03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4941" data-file-height="3294" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Summit railing and umbrellas.</div> </li> </ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center" style="background:#DEB887"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sanchi_Stupa_Nr._2_(1999).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Sanchi_Stupa_Nr._2_%281999%29.JPG/200px-Sanchi_Stupa_Nr._2_%281999%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Sanchi_Stupa_Nr._2_%281999%29.JPG/300px-Sanchi_Stupa_Nr._2_%281999%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Sanchi_Stupa_Nr._2_%281999%29.JPG/400px-Sanchi_Stupa_Nr._2_%281999%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2760" data-file-height="1840" /></a></span><br />Stupa No 2<br />Entirely Shunga work. The reliefs are thought to date to the last quarter of the 2nd century BCE (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 115 BCE</span> for the medallions, 80 BCE for the gateway carvings),<sup id="cite_ref-Shaw_90_43-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shaw_90-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> slightly after the reliefs of <a href="/wiki/Bharhut" title="Bharhut">Bharhut</a>, with some reworks down to the 1st century CE.<sup id="cite_ref-Shaw_88_41-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shaw_88-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Shaw_90_43-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shaw_90-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sanchi_8-16.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Elephant and Riders."><img alt="Elephant and Riders." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Sanchi_8-16.JPG/120px-Sanchi_8-16.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Sanchi_8-16.JPG/180px-Sanchi_8-16.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Sanchi_8-16.JPG/240px-Sanchi_8-16.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1160" data-file-height="1129" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Elephant and Riders.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sanchi_8-17.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Balustrade post with Lakshmi."><img alt="Balustrade post with Lakshmi." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Sanchi_8-17.jpg/80px-Sanchi_8-17.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Sanchi_8-17.jpg/120px-Sanchi_8-17.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Sanchi_8-17.jpg/160px-Sanchi_8-17.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1153" data-file-height="1730" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Balustrade post with Lakshmi.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sanchi_8-18.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Balustrade post with Yaksha."><img alt="Balustrade post with Yaksha." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Sanchi_8-18.JPG/80px-Sanchi_8-18.JPG" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Sanchi_8-18.JPG/120px-Sanchi_8-18.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Sanchi_8-18.JPG/160px-Sanchi_8-18.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1155" data-file-height="1730" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Balustrade post with Yaksha.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sanchi_Stupa_2_elephants_and_Dharmachakra.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pillar with elephants supporting a wheel."><img alt="Pillar with elephants supporting a wheel." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Sanchi_Stupa_2_elephants_and_Dharmachakra.jpg/58px-Sanchi_Stupa_2_elephants_and_Dharmachakra.jpg" decoding="async" width="58" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Sanchi_Stupa_2_elephants_and_Dharmachakra.jpg/87px-Sanchi_Stupa_2_elephants_and_Dharmachakra.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Sanchi_Stupa_2_elephants_and_Dharmachakra.jpg/116px-Sanchi_Stupa_2_elephants_and_Dharmachakra.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2603" data-file-height="5384" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Pillar with elephants supporting a wheel.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sanchi_Stupa_Sculpture_17.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Personage."><img alt="Personage." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Sanchi_Stupa_Sculpture_17.jpg/120px-Sanchi_Stupa_Sculpture_17.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Sanchi_Stupa_Sculpture_17.jpg/180px-Sanchi_Stupa_Sculpture_17.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Sanchi_Stupa_Sculpture_17.jpg/240px-Sanchi_Stupa_Sculpture_17.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3080" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Personage.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sanchi_Stupa_Sculpture_18.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lotus."><img alt="Lotus." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Sanchi_Stupa_Sculpture_18.jpg/120px-Sanchi_Stupa_Sculpture_18.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Sanchi_Stupa_Sculpture_18.jpg/180px-Sanchi_Stupa_Sculpture_18.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Sanchi_Stupa_Sculpture_18.jpg/240px-Sanchi_Stupa_Sculpture_18.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3080" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Lotus.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sanchi_Stupa_Sculpture_8.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Floral motif."><img alt="Floral motif." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Sanchi_Stupa_Sculpture_8.jpg/120px-Sanchi_Stupa_Sculpture_8.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Sanchi_Stupa_Sculpture_8.jpg/180px-Sanchi_Stupa_Sculpture_8.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Sanchi_Stupa_Sculpture_8.jpg/240px-Sanchi_Stupa_Sculpture_8.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3080" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Floral motif.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sanchi_Stupa_2_man_on_horse.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Foreigner on a horse, c. 115 BCE.[43]"><img alt="Foreigner on a horse, c. 115 BCE.[43]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Sanchi_Stupa_2_man_on_horse.jpg/111px-Sanchi_Stupa_2_man_on_horse.jpg" decoding="async" width="111" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Sanchi_Stupa_2_man_on_horse.jpg/166px-Sanchi_Stupa_2_man_on_horse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Sanchi_Stupa_2_man_on_horse.jpg/221px-Sanchi_Stupa_2_man_on_horse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2099" data-file-height="2275" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Foreigner on a horse, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 115 BCE</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-Shaw_90_43-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shaw_90-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ashoka_supported_by_his_two_wives_at_Stupa_2_Sanchi.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ashoka supported by his two wives. Similar to the later relief at Gateway 1."><img alt="Ashoka supported by his two wives. Similar to the later relief at Gateway 1." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Ashoka_supported_by_his_two_wives_at_Stupa_2_Sanchi.jpg/120px-Ashoka_supported_by_his_two_wives_at_Stupa_2_Sanchi.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Ashoka_supported_by_his_two_wives_at_Stupa_2_Sanchi.jpg/180px-Ashoka_supported_by_his_two_wives_at_Stupa_2_Sanchi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Ashoka_supported_by_his_two_wives_at_Stupa_2_Sanchi.jpg/240px-Ashoka_supported_by_his_two_wives_at_Stupa_2_Sanchi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3217" data-file-height="2604" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Ashoka" title="Ashoka">Ashoka</a> supported by his two wives. Similar to <a href="/wiki/File:Sanchi_King_Ashoka_with_his_Queens,_South_Gate,_Stupa_no._1.jpg" title="File:Sanchi King Ashoka with his Queens, South Gate, Stupa no. 1.jpg">the later relief at Gateway 1</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sanchi_Stupa_No_2_relics.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Relic boxes found inside the stupa."><img alt="Relic boxes found inside the stupa." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Sanchi_Stupa_No_2_relics.jpg/106px-Sanchi_Stupa_No_2_relics.jpg" decoding="async" width="106" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Sanchi_Stupa_No_2_relics.jpg/159px-Sanchi_Stupa_No_2_relics.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Sanchi_Stupa_No_2_relics.jpg/212px-Sanchi_Stupa_No_2_relics.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1734" data-file-height="1966" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Relic boxes found inside the stupa.</div> </li> </ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center" style="background:#DEB887"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stupa_3_-_Sanchi_Hill_2013-02-21_4268.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Stupa_3_-_Sanchi_Hill_2013-02-21_4268.JPG/200px-Stupa_3_-_Sanchi_Hill_2013-02-21_4268.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Stupa_3_-_Sanchi_Hill_2013-02-21_4268.JPG/300px-Stupa_3_-_Sanchi_Hill_2013-02-21_4268.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Stupa_3_-_Sanchi_Hill_2013-02-21_4268.JPG/400px-Stupa_3_-_Sanchi_Hill_2013-02-21_4268.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a></span><br />Stupa No 3<br />(Stupa and balustrades only are Shunga). </td> <td> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:005_Stairway_Railing_(33364948500).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Stairway and railing."><img alt="Stairway and railing." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/005_Stairway_Railing_%2833364948500%29.jpg/120px-005_Stairway_Railing_%2833364948500%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/005_Stairway_Railing_%2833364948500%29.jpg/180px-005_Stairway_Railing_%2833364948500%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/005_Stairway_Railing_%2833364948500%29.jpg/240px-005_Stairway_Railing_%2833364948500%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Stairway and railing.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:006_Floral_Design_(33749716585).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lotus medallions."><img alt="Lotus medallions." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/006_Floral_Design_%2833749716585%29.jpg/80px-006_Floral_Design_%2833749716585%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/006_Floral_Design_%2833749716585%29.jpg/120px-006_Floral_Design_%2833749716585%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/006_Floral_Design_%2833749716585%29.jpg/160px-006_Floral_Design_%2833749716585%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="6000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Lotus medallions.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:007_Floral_Design_(33620496811).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Floral designs."><img alt="Floral designs." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/007_Floral_Design_%2833620496811%29.jpg/80px-007_Floral_Design_%2833620496811%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/007_Floral_Design_%2833620496811%29.jpg/120px-007_Floral_Design_%2833620496811%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/007_Floral_Design_%2833620496811%29.jpg/160px-007_Floral_Design_%2833620496811%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="6000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Floral designs.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Post_relief_Stupa_3_Sanchi.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Post relief.[44]"><img alt="Post relief.[44]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Post_relief_Stupa_3_Sanchi.jpg/41px-Post_relief_Stupa_3_Sanchi.jpg" decoding="async" width="41" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Post_relief_Stupa_3_Sanchi.jpg/62px-Post_relief_Stupa_3_Sanchi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Post_relief_Stupa_3_Sanchi.jpg/83px-Post_relief_Stupa_3_Sanchi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="277" data-file-height="795" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Post relief.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sanchi_Stupa_No_3_relics.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Relics of Sariputra and Mahamoggallana."><img alt="Relics of Sariputra and Mahamoggallana." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Sanchi_Stupa_No_3_relics.jpg/110px-Sanchi_Stupa_No_3_relics.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Sanchi_Stupa_No_3_relics.jpg/166px-Sanchi_Stupa_No_3_relics.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Sanchi_Stupa_No_3_relics.jpg/221px-Sanchi_Stupa_No_3_relics.jpg 2x" data-file-width="847" data-file-height="920" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Relics_of_Sariputra_and_Mahamoggallana" class="mw-redirect" title="Relics of Sariputra and Mahamoggallana">Relics of Sariputra and Mahamoggallana</a>.</div> </li> </ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Warfare">Warfare</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shunga_Empire&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Warfare"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Shunga%E2%80%93Greek_War" title="Shunga–Greek War">Shunga–Greek War</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="locmap noviewer noresize thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:302px;border-color:lightgrey"><div style="position:relative;width:300px;border:1px solid lightgray"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_Asia_physical_(continental).png" class="mw-file-description" title="Shunga Empire is located in Continental Asia"><img alt="Shunga Empire is located in Continental Asia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png/300px-Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png/450px-Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png/600px-Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png 2x" data-file-width="3196" data-file-height="1840" /></a></span><div id="annotation_275x03" style="position:absolute; left:275px; top:03px; font-size:10px; font-weight:bold; font-size:10; line-height:12px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=BCE_100&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="BCE 100 (page does not exist)"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">-100</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_125x89" style="position:absolute; left:125px; top:89px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Indo-Greeks" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Greeks"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">INDO-<br />GREEKS</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_99x95" style="position:absolute; left:99px; top:95px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Sakastan" class="mw-redirect" title="Sakastan"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">SAKAS</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_115x27" style="position:absolute; 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left:135px; top:125px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Satavahana_dynasty" title="Satavahana dynasty"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">SATAVA-<br />HANAS</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_235x94" style="position:absolute; left:235px; top:94px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">HAN<br />DYNASTY</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_200x52" style="position:absolute; left:200px; top:52px; font-size:8px; font-weight:bold; font-size:8; line-height:10px;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#4F311CFF;"><a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">XIONGNU</span></a></span></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_Asia_physical_(continental).png" title="File:Map Asia physical (continental).png">class=notpageimage| </a></div><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Main polities in Asia, circa -100.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></div></div> <p>War and conflict characterised the Shunga period. They are known to have warred with the <a href="/wiki/Kalinga_(historical_kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalinga (historical kingdom)">Kalingas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Satavahana" class="mw-redirect" title="Satavahana">Satavahanas</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Greeks" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Greeks">Indo-Greeks</a>, and possibly the <a href="/wiki/Panchalas" class="mw-redirect" title="Panchalas">Panchalas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mathura" title="Mathura">Mathuras</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The Shunga empire's wars with the Indo-Greek kingdom figure greatly in the history of this period. From around 180 BCE the <a href="/wiki/Greco-Bactrian" class="mw-redirect" title="Greco-Bactrian">Greco-Bactrian</a> ruler <a href="/wiki/Demetrius_I_of_Bactria" title="Demetrius I of Bactria">Demetrius</a> conquered the Kabul Valley and is theorised to have advanced into the trans-Indus to confront the Shungas.<sup id="cite_ref-books.google.fr_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.google.fr-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Indo-Greek <a href="/wiki/Menander_I" title="Menander I">Menander I</a> is credited with either joining or leading a campaign to <a href="/wiki/Pataliputra" title="Pataliputra">Pataliputra</a> with other Indian rulers; however, very little is known about the exact nature and success of the campaign. The net result of these wars remains uncertain.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bharhut_Yavana.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Bharhut_Yavana.jpg/170px-Bharhut_Yavana.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="501" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Bharhut_Yavana.jpg/255px-Bharhut_Yavana.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Bharhut_Yavana.jpg/340px-Bharhut_Yavana.jpg 2x" data-file-width="880" data-file-height="2591" /></a><figcaption>Vedika pillar with "<a href="/wiki/Yavana" class="mw-redirect" title="Yavana">Yavana</a>" <a href="/wiki/Indo-Greeks" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Greeks">Greek warrior</a>. Bharhut, Madhya Pradesh, Shunga Period, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 100</span>-80 BC. Reddish brown sandstone.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Indian_Museum" title="Indian Museum">Indian Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Calcutta" class="mw-redirect" title="Calcutta">Calcutta</a>.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literary_evidence">Literary evidence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shunga_Empire&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Literary evidence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Several works, such as the <a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Yuga_Purana" title="Yuga Purana">Yuga Purana</a> describe the conflict between the Shungas and the Indo-Greeks. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military_expeditions_of_the_Shungas">Military expeditions of the Shungas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shunga_Empire&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Military expeditions of the Shungas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Scriptures such as the <i><a href="/wiki/Ashokavadana" title="Ashokavadana">Ashokavadana</a></i> claim that Pushyamitra toppled Emperor <a href="/wiki/Brihadratha_Maurya" title="Brihadratha Maurya">Brihadratha</a> and killed many Buddhist monks.<sup id="cite_ref-John1989_292_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-John1989_292-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Then it describes how Pushyamitra sent an army to <a href="/wiki/Pataliputra" title="Pataliputra">Pataliputra</a> and as far as Sakala (<a href="/wiki/Sialkot" title="Sialkot">Sialkot</a>), in the <a href="/wiki/Punjab_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjab region">Punjab</a>, to persecute Buddhist monks.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="War_with_the_Yavanas_(Greeks)"><span id="War_with_the_Yavanas_.28Greeks.29"></span>War with the Yavanas (Greeks)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shunga_Empire&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: War with the Yavanas (Greeks)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Indo-Greeks" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Greeks">Indo-Greeks</a>, called <a href="/wiki/Yavanas" class="mw-redirect" title="Yavanas">Yavanas</a> in Indian sources, either led by <a href="/wiki/Demetrius_I_of_Bactria" title="Demetrius I of Bactria">Demetrius I</a> or <a href="/wiki/Menander_I" title="Menander I">Menander I</a>, then invaded India, possibly receiving the help of Buddhists.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Menander in particular is described as a convert to Buddhism in the <i><a href="/wiki/Milindapanha" class="mw-redirect" title="Milindapanha">Milindapanha</a></i>. </p><p>The Hindu text of the <i><a href="/wiki/Yuga_Purana" title="Yuga Purana">Yuga Purana</a></i>, which describes Indian historical events in the form of a prophecy,<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> relates the attack of the Indo-Greeks on the Shunga capital <a href="/wiki/Pataliputra" title="Pataliputra">Pataliputra</a>, a magnificent fortified city with 570 towers and 64 gates according to <a href="/wiki/Megasthenes" title="Megasthenes">Megasthenes</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and describes the impending war for city: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Then, after having approached <a href="/wiki/Saketa" class="mw-redirect" title="Saketa">Saketa</a> together with the <a href="/wiki/Panchala" class="mw-redirect" title="Panchala">Panchalas</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Mathura,_Uttar_Pradesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Mathura, Uttar Pradesh">Mathuras</a>, the Yavanas, valiant in battle, will reach Kusumadhvaja "the town of the flower-standard", <a href="/wiki/Pataliputra" title="Pataliputra">Pataliputra</a>. Then, once Puspapura (another name of Pataliputra) has been reached and its celebrated mud-walls cast down, all the realm will be in disorder</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><i><a href="/wiki/Yuga_Purana" title="Yuga Purana">Yuga Purana</a></i>, Paragraph 47–48, 2002 edition)</cite></div></blockquote> <p>However, the Yuga Purana indicates that the Yavanas (Indo-Greeks) did not remain for long in Pataliputra, as they were faced with a civil war in <a href="/wiki/Greco-Bactrian_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Greco-Bactrian kingdom">Bactria</a>. </p><p>Western sources also suggest that this new offensive of the Greeks into India led them as far as the capital <a href="/wiki/Pataliputra" title="Pataliputra">Pataliputra</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Those who came after <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander</a> went to the <a href="/wiki/Ganges" title="Ganges">Ganges</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pataliputra" title="Pataliputra">Pataliputra</a></p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a>, 15.698</cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Battle_on_the_Sindhu_river">Battle on the Sindhu river</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shunga_Empire&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Battle on the Sindhu river"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An account of a direct battle between the Greeks and the Shunga is also found in the <i><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81lavik%C4%81gnimitram" title="Mālavikāgnimitram">Mālavikāgnimitram</a></i>, a play by <a href="/wiki/K%C4%81lid%C4%81sa" class="mw-redirect" title="Kālidāsa">Kālidāsa</a> which describes a battle between a squadron of Greek cavalrymen and <a href="/wiki/Vasumitra" title="Vasumitra">Vasumitra</a>, the grandson of <a href="/wiki/Pushyamitra" class="mw-redirect" title="Pushyamitra">Pushyamitra</a>, accompanied by a hundred soldiers on the "Sindhu river", in which the Indians defeated a squadron of Greeks and Pushyamitra successfully completed the <a href="/wiki/Ashvamedha" title="Ashvamedha">Ashvamedha</a> Yagna.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This river may be the <a href="/wiki/Indus_River" title="Indus River">Indus River</a> in the northwest, but such expansion by the Shungas is unlikely, and it is more probable that the river mentioned in the text is the <a href="/wiki/Sindh_River" title="Sindh River">Sindh River</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Kali_Sindh_River" title="Kali Sindh River">Kali Sindh River</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Ganges_Basin" title="Ganges Basin">Ganges Basin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Epigraphic_and_archaeological_evidence">Epigraphic and archaeological evidence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shunga_Empire&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Epigraphic and archaeological evidence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dhanadeva-Ayodhya_inscription">Dhanadeva-Ayodhya inscription</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shunga_Empire&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Dhanadeva-Ayodhya inscription"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ultimately, Shunga rule seems to have extended to the area of Ayodhya. Shunga inscriptions are known as far as <a href="/wiki/Ayodhya" title="Ayodhya">Ayodhya</a> in northern central India;<sup id="cite_ref-NA_24-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NA-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in particular, the <a href="/wiki/Dhanadeva-Ayodhya_inscription" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhanadeva-Ayodhya inscription">Dhanadeva-Ayodhya inscription</a> refers to a local king <a href="/wiki/Dhanadeva" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhanadeva">Dhanadeva</a>, who claimed to be the sixth descendant of Pushyamitra. The inscription also records that Pushyamitra performed two <a href="/wiki/Ashvamedha" title="Ashvamedha">Ashvamedhas</a> (victory sacrifices) in Ayodhya.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Yavanarajya_inscription">Yavanarajya inscription</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shunga_Empire&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Yavanarajya inscription"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yavanarajya_inscription.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Yavanarajya_inscription.jpg/350px-Yavanarajya_inscription.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="61" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/06/Yavanarajya_inscription.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="469" data-file-height="82" /></a><figcaption>The <i><a href="/wiki/Yavanarajya_inscription" title="Yavanarajya inscription">Yavanarajya inscription</a></i>, dated to "year 116 of <a href="/wiki/Yavana" class="mw-redirect" title="Yavana">Yavana</a> hegemony", probably 70 or 69 BCE, was discovered in <a href="/wiki/Mathura" title="Mathura">Mathura</a>. <a href="/wiki/Mathura_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Mathura Museum">Mathura Museum</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Greeks seem to have maintained control of Mathura. The <a href="/wiki/Yavanarajya_inscription" title="Yavanarajya inscription">Yavanarajya inscription</a>, also called the "Maghera inscription", discovered in <a href="/wiki/Mathura" title="Mathura">Mathura</a>, suggests that the Indo-Greeks were in control of Mathura during the 1st century BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-Rhie_254_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rhie_254-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The inscription is important in that it mentions the date of its dedication as "The last day of year 116 of <a href="/wiki/Yavana" class="mw-redirect" title="Yavana">Yavana</a> hegemony (<i>Yavanarajya</i>)". It is considered that this inscription is attesting the control of the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Greeks" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Greeks">Indo-Greeks</a> in the 2nd and 1st centuries BCE in Mathura, a fact that is also confirmed by numismatic and literary evidence.<sup id="cite_ref-Rhie_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rhie-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moreover, it does not seem that the Shungas ever ruled in Mathura or <a href="/wiki/Surasena" title="Surasena">Surasena</a> since no Shunga coins or inscriptions have been found there.<sup id="cite_ref-Rhie_25-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rhie-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Anushasana_Parva" title="Anushasana Parva">Anushasana Parva</a></i> of the <a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a> affirms that the city of Mathura was under the joint control of the <a href="/wiki/Yavana" class="mw-redirect" title="Yavana">Yavanas</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Kambojas" title="Kambojas">Kambojas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Later however, it seems the city of Mathura was retaken from them, if not by the Shungas themselves, then probably by other indigenous rulers such as the <a href="/wiki/Datta_dynasty" title="Datta dynasty">Datta dynasty</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Mitra_dynasty_(Mathura)" title="Mitra dynasty (Mathura)">Mitra dynasty</a>, or more probably by the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Scythian" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Scythian">Indo-Scythian</a> <a href="/wiki/Northern_Satraps" title="Northern Satraps">Northern Satraps</a> under <a href="/wiki/Rajuvula" title="Rajuvula">Rajuvula</a>. In the region of Mathura, the <a href="/wiki/Arjunayana" class="mw-redirect" title="Arjunayana">Arjunayanas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yaudheya" title="Yaudheya">Yaudheyas</a> mention military victories on their coins ("Victory of the Arjunayanas", "Victory of the Yaudheyas"), and during the 1st century BCE, the <a href="/wiki/Trigartas" class="mw-redirect" title="Trigartas">Trigartas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Audumbaras" title="Audumbaras">Audumbaras</a> and finally the <a href="/wiki/Kuninda" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuninda">Kunindas</a> also started to mint their own coins, thus affirming independence from the Indo-Greeks, although the style of their coins was often derived from that of the Indo-Greeks. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Heliodorus_pillar">Heliodorus pillar</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shunga_Empire&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Heliodorus pillar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Heliodorus_pillar_with_elevation.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Heliodorus_pillar_with_elevation.jpg/330px-Heliodorus_pillar_with_elevation.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="326" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Heliodorus_pillar_with_elevation.jpg/495px-Heliodorus_pillar_with_elevation.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Heliodorus_pillar_with_elevation.jpg/660px-Heliodorus_pillar_with_elevation.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2829" data-file-height="2796" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Heliodorus_pillar" title="Heliodorus pillar">Heliodorus pillar</a> was built in <a href="/wiki/Vidisha" title="Vidisha">Vidisha</a> under the Shungas, at the instigation of <a href="/wiki/Heliodorus" title="Heliodorus">Heliodorus</a>, ambassador of the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Greek">Indo-Greek</a> king <a href="/wiki/Antialcidas" title="Antialcidas">Antialcidas</a>. The pillar originally supported a statue of <a href="/wiki/Garuda" title="Garuda">Garuda</a>. Established circa 100 BCE.</figcaption></figure> <p>Very little can be said with great certainty. However, what does appear clear is that the two realms appeared to have established normalised diplomatic relations in the succeeding reigns of their respective rulers. The Indo-Greeks and the Shungas seem to have reconciled and exchanged diplomatic missions around 110 BCE, as indicated by the <a href="/wiki/Heliodorus_pillar" title="Heliodorus pillar">Heliodorus pillar</a>, which records the dispatch of a Greek ambassador named <a href="/wiki/Heliodorus_(votive_erector)" class="mw-redirect" title="Heliodorus (votive erector)">Heliodorus</a>, from the court of the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Greek">Indo-Greek</a> king <a href="/wiki/Antialcidas" title="Antialcidas">Antialcidas</a>, to the court of the Shunga emperor <a href="/wiki/Bhagabhadra" title="Bhagabhadra">Bhagabhadra</a> at the site of <a href="/wiki/Vidisha" title="Vidisha">Vidisha</a> in central <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Decline">Decline</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shunga_Empire&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Decline"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> After the death of Agnimitra, the second king of the dynasty, the empire rapidly disintegrated:<sup id="cite_ref-books.google.com_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.google.com-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> inscriptions and coins indicate that much of northern and central India consisted of small kingdoms and city-states that were independent of any Shunga hegemony.<sup id="cite_ref-Bhandare,_Shailendra_2006_p.96_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bhandare,_Shailendra_2006_p.96-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:East-Hem_100bc.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/East-Hem_100bc.jpg/220px-East-Hem_100bc.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/East-Hem_100bc.jpg/330px-East-Hem_100bc.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/East-Hem_100bc.jpg/440px-East-Hem_100bc.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3240" data-file-height="1903" /></a><figcaption>The Sunga territory circa 100 BCE, greatly reduced to the region of <a href="/wiki/Magadha" title="Magadha">Magadha</a> only, with many independent, petty kingdoms such as such as <a href="/wiki/Mathura" title="Mathura">Mathura</a> and <a href="/wiki/Panchala#Post-Maruyan_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Panchala">Panchala</a> </figcaption></figure> <p>The last king of Sungas, <a href="/wiki/Devabhuti" title="Devabhuti">Devabhuti</a> was assassinated by his minister <a href="/wiki/Vasudeva_Kanva" title="Vasudeva Kanva">Vasudeva Kanva</a>, who then established <a href="/wiki/Kanva_dynasty" title="Kanva dynasty">Kanva dynasty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThapar2013296_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThapar2013296-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the Puranas: "The <a href="/wiki/Satavahanas" class="mw-redirect" title="Satavahanas">Andhra</a> <a href="/wiki/Simuka" title="Simuka">Simuka</a> will assail the <a href="/wiki/Kanva_dynasty" title="Kanva dynasty">Kanvayanas</a> and Susarman, and destroy the remains of the Sungas' power and will obtain this earth."<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Satavahanas" class="mw-redirect" title="Satavahanas">Andhras</a> did indeed destroy the last remains of the Sunga state in central India somewhere around Vidisha,<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> probably as a feeble rump state. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Art">Art</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shunga_Empire&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Art"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Shunga art style differed somewhat from imperial <a href="/wiki/Mauryan_art" title="Mauryan art">Mauryan art</a>, which was influenced by <a href="/wiki/Persian_art" title="Persian art">Persian art</a>. In both, continuing elements of folk art and cults of the <a href="/wiki/Mother_goddess" title="Mother goddess">Mother goddess</a> appear in popular art, but are now produced with more skill in more monumental forms. The Shunga style was thus seen as 'more Indian' and is often described as the more indigenous.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Art, education, philosophy, and other learning flowered during this period. Most notably, Patanjali's Yoga Sutras and Mahabhashya were composed in this period. It is also noted for its subsequent mention in the Malavikaagnimitra. This work was composed by Kalidasa in the later Gupta period, and romanticised the love of Malavika and King Agnimitra, with a background of court intrigue. </p><p>Artistry on the subcontinent also progressed with the rise of the Mathura school, which is considered the indigenous counterpart to the more Hellenistic Gandhara school (<a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhist_art" title="Greco-Buddhist art">Greco-Buddhist art</a>) of Afghanistan and North-Western frontier of India (modern day Pakistan). </p><p>During the historical Shunga period (185 to 73 BCE), Buddhist activity also managed to survive somewhat in central India (<a href="/wiki/Madhya_Pradesh" title="Madhya Pradesh">Madhya Pradesh</a>) as suggested by some architectural expansions that were done at the <a href="/wiki/Stupa" title="Stupa">stupas</a> of <a href="/wiki/Sanchi" title="Sanchi">Sanchi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bharhut" title="Bharhut">Bharhut</a>, originally started under Emperor Ashoka. It remains uncertain whether these works were due to the weakness of the control of the Shungas in these areas, or a sign of tolerance on their part. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="font-size: 80%; width: 100%;" align="center" cellpadding="3"> <tbody><tr> <td align="center" colspan="1" style="background:#CD853F; font-size: 100%;"><b>Shunga statuettes and reliefs</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chandraketugarth,_epoca_sunga,_dea_della_fecondit%C3%A0,_II-I_sec._ac._02.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Chandraketugarth, goddess of fecundity."><img alt="Chandraketugarth, goddess of fecundity." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Chandraketugarth%2C_epoca_sunga%2C_dea_della_fecondit%C3%A0%2C_II-I_sec._ac._02.JPG/88px-Chandraketugarth%2C_epoca_sunga%2C_dea_della_fecondit%C3%A0%2C_II-I_sec._ac._02.JPG" decoding="async" width="88" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Chandraketugarth%2C_epoca_sunga%2C_dea_della_fecondit%C3%A0%2C_II-I_sec._ac._02.JPG/132px-Chandraketugarth%2C_epoca_sunga%2C_dea_della_fecondit%C3%A0%2C_II-I_sec._ac._02.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Chandraketugarth%2C_epoca_sunga%2C_dea_della_fecondit%C3%A0%2C_II-I_sec._ac._02.JPG/176px-Chandraketugarth%2C_epoca_sunga%2C_dea_della_fecondit%C3%A0%2C_II-I_sec._ac._02.JPG 2x" data-file-width="945" data-file-height="1287" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Chandraketugarth, goddess of fecundity.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chandraketugarth,_epoca_sunga,_yakshi,_II-I_sec._ac._02.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Chandraketugarth."><img alt="Chandraketugarth." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Chandraketugarth%2C_epoca_sunga%2C_yakshi%2C_II-I_sec._ac._02.JPG/93px-Chandraketugarth%2C_epoca_sunga%2C_yakshi%2C_II-I_sec._ac._02.JPG" decoding="async" width="93" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Chandraketugarth%2C_epoca_sunga%2C_yakshi%2C_II-I_sec._ac._02.JPG/140px-Chandraketugarth%2C_epoca_sunga%2C_yakshi%2C_II-I_sec._ac._02.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Chandraketugarth%2C_epoca_sunga%2C_yakshi%2C_II-I_sec._ac._02.JPG/187px-Chandraketugarth%2C_epoca_sunga%2C_yakshi%2C_II-I_sec._ac._02.JPG 2x" data-file-width="880" data-file-height="1131" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Chandraketugarth.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SungaYakshi2-1CenturyBCE.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Shunga Yakshi, 2nd–1st century BCE."><img alt="Shunga Yakshi, 2nd–1st century BCE." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/SungaYakshi2-1CenturyBCE.jpg/59px-SungaYakshi2-1CenturyBCE.jpg" decoding="async" width="59" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/SungaYakshi2-1CenturyBCE.jpg/89px-SungaYakshi2-1CenturyBCE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/SungaYakshi2-1CenturyBCE.jpg/119px-SungaYakshi2-1CenturyBCE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="724" data-file-height="1455" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Shunga Yakshi, 2nd–1st century BCE.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SungaMasculine.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Shunga masculine figurine (molded plate). 2nd–1st century BCE."><img alt="Shunga masculine figurine (molded plate). 2nd–1st century BCE." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/SungaMasculine.jpg/66px-SungaMasculine.jpg" decoding="async" width="66" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/SungaMasculine.jpg/99px-SungaMasculine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/SungaMasculine.jpg/132px-SungaMasculine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="724" data-file-height="1315" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Shunga masculine figurine (molded plate). 2nd–1st century BCE.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SungaWithChild.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Shunga woman with child. 2nd–1st century BCE."><img alt="Shunga woman with child. 2nd–1st century BCE." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/SungaWithChild.jpg/92px-SungaWithChild.jpg" decoding="async" width="92" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/SungaWithChild.jpg/137px-SungaWithChild.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/SungaWithChild.jpg/183px-SungaWithChild.jpg 2x" data-file-width="770" data-file-height="1008" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Shunga woman with child. 2nd–1st century BCE.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SungaYaksa.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Shunga Yaksha. 2nd–1st century BCE."><img alt="Shunga Yaksha. 2nd–1st century BCE." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/SungaYaksa.JPG/76px-SungaYaksa.JPG" decoding="async" width="76" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/SungaYaksa.JPG/114px-SungaYaksa.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/SungaYaksa.JPG/152px-SungaYaksa.JPG 2x" data-file-width="949" data-file-height="1496" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Shunga Yaksha. 2nd–1st century BCE.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mother_figure,_Sunga_art.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Shunga mother figure, with attendant. 2nd–1st century BCE."><img alt="Shunga mother figure, with attendant. 2nd–1st century BCE." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Mother_figure%2C_Sunga_art.jpg/60px-Mother_figure%2C_Sunga_art.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Mother_figure%2C_Sunga_art.jpg/91px-Mother_figure%2C_Sunga_art.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Mother_figure%2C_Sunga_art.jpg/121px-Mother_figure%2C_Sunga_art.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1899" data-file-height="3764" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Shunga mother figure, with attendant. 2nd–1st century BCE.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SungaFecondity2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Shunga fecundity deity. 2nd–1st century BCE."><img alt="Shunga fecundity deity. 2nd–1st century BCE." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/SungaFecondity2.jpg/70px-SungaFecondity2.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/SungaFecondity2.jpg/105px-SungaFecondity2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/SungaFecondity2.jpg/140px-SungaFecondity2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="699" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Shunga fecundity deity. 2nd–1st century BCE.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SungaAtalante.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Baluster-holding yakṣa, Madhya Pradesh, Shunga period (2nd–1st century BCE). Guimet Museum."><img alt="Baluster-holding yakṣa, Madhya Pradesh, Shunga period (2nd–1st century BCE). Guimet Museum." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/SungaAtalante.JPG/77px-SungaAtalante.JPG" decoding="async" width="77" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/SungaAtalante.JPG/115px-SungaAtalante.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/SungaAtalante.JPG/154px-SungaAtalante.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1015" data-file-height="1584" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Baluster" title="Baluster">Baluster</a>-holding <a href="/wiki/Yaksha" title="Yaksha">yakṣa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madhya_Pradesh" title="Madhya Pradesh">Madhya Pradesh</a>, Shunga period (2nd–1st century BCE). <a href="/wiki/Guimet_Museum" title="Guimet Museum">Guimet Museum</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_family_Sunga_West_Bengal_1st_century_BCE.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Royal family, Shunga, West Bengal 1st century BCE."><img alt="Royal family, Shunga, West Bengal 1st century BCE." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Royal_family_Sunga_West_Bengal_1st_century_BCE.jpg/92px-Royal_family_Sunga_West_Bengal_1st_century_BCE.jpg" decoding="async" width="92" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Royal_family_Sunga_West_Bengal_1st_century_BCE.jpg/138px-Royal_family_Sunga_West_Bengal_1st_century_BCE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Royal_family_Sunga_West_Bengal_1st_century_BCE.jpg/184px-Royal_family_Sunga_West_Bengal_1st_century_BCE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1558" data-file-height="2029" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Royal family, Shunga, West Bengal 1st century BCE.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Amourous_royal_couple_Sunga_1st_century_BCE_West_Bengal.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Amorous royal couple. Shunga, 1st century BCE, West Bengal."><img alt="Amorous royal couple. Shunga, 1st century BCE, West Bengal." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Amourous_royal_couple_Sunga_1st_century_BCE_West_Bengal.jpg/93px-Amourous_royal_couple_Sunga_1st_century_BCE_West_Bengal.jpg" decoding="async" width="93" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Amourous_royal_couple_Sunga_1st_century_BCE_West_Bengal.jpg/139px-Amourous_royal_couple_Sunga_1st_century_BCE_West_Bengal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Amourous_royal_couple_Sunga_1st_century_BCE_West_Bengal.jpg/186px-Amourous_royal_couple_Sunga_1st_century_BCE_West_Bengal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1517" data-file-height="1960" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Amorous royal couple. Shunga, 1st century BCE, West Bengal.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SungaLoveScene.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Erotic art from Shunga period."><img alt="Erotic art from Shunga period." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/SungaLoveScene.jpg/120px-SungaLoveScene.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/SungaLoveScene.jpg/180px-SungaLoveScene.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/SungaLoveScene.jpg/240px-SungaLoveScene.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1669" data-file-height="1528" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Erotic art from Shunga period.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:India,_periodo_sunga,_vaghi_di_collana_a_forma_di_pesce,_e_due_a_forma_di_triratna,_185-72_ac_ca.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fragments of gold ornament, 185-72 BCE."><img alt="Fragments of gold ornament, 185-72 BCE." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/India%2C_periodo_sunga%2C_vaghi_di_collana_a_forma_di_pesce%2C_e_due_a_forma_di_triratna%2C_185-72_ac_ca.jpg/120px-India%2C_periodo_sunga%2C_vaghi_di_collana_a_forma_di_pesce%2C_e_due_a_forma_di_triratna%2C_185-72_ac_ca.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/India%2C_periodo_sunga%2C_vaghi_di_collana_a_forma_di_pesce%2C_e_due_a_forma_di_triratna%2C_185-72_ac_ca.jpg/180px-India%2C_periodo_sunga%2C_vaghi_di_collana_a_forma_di_pesce%2C_e_due_a_forma_di_triratna%2C_185-72_ac_ca.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/India%2C_periodo_sunga%2C_vaghi_di_collana_a_forma_di_pesce%2C_e_due_a_forma_di_triratna%2C_185-72_ac_ca.jpg/240px-India%2C_periodo_sunga%2C_vaghi_di_collana_a_forma_di_pesce%2C_e_due_a_forma_di_triratna%2C_185-72_ac_ca.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2424" data-file-height="1868" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Fragments of gold ornament, 185-72 BCE.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:India,_periodo_sunga,_pendenti_a_testa_di_bue,_oro,_185-72_ac_ca.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fragments of gold ornament, 185-72 BCE."><img alt="Fragments of gold ornament, 185-72 BCE." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/India%2C_periodo_sunga%2C_pendenti_a_testa_di_bue%2C_oro%2C_185-72_ac_ca.jpg/36px-India%2C_periodo_sunga%2C_pendenti_a_testa_di_bue%2C_oro%2C_185-72_ac_ca.jpg" decoding="async" width="36" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/India%2C_periodo_sunga%2C_pendenti_a_testa_di_bue%2C_oro%2C_185-72_ac_ca.jpg/55px-India%2C_periodo_sunga%2C_pendenti_a_testa_di_bue%2C_oro%2C_185-72_ac_ca.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/India%2C_periodo_sunga%2C_pendenti_a_testa_di_bue%2C_oro%2C_185-72_ac_ca.jpg/73px-India%2C_periodo_sunga%2C_pendenti_a_testa_di_bue%2C_oro%2C_185-72_ac_ca.jpg 2x" data-file-width="828" data-file-height="2711" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Fragments of gold ornament, 185-72 BCE. </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:India,_periodo_sunga,_pendente_a_elefante_inj_oro,_185-72_ac_ca.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fragment of gold ornament, 185-72 BCE."><img alt="Fragment of gold ornament, 185-72 BCE." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/India%2C_periodo_sunga%2C_pendente_a_elefante_inj_oro%2C_185-72_ac_ca.jpg/120px-India%2C_periodo_sunga%2C_pendente_a_elefante_inj_oro%2C_185-72_ac_ca.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/India%2C_periodo_sunga%2C_pendente_a_elefante_inj_oro%2C_185-72_ac_ca.jpg/180px-India%2C_periodo_sunga%2C_pendente_a_elefante_inj_oro%2C_185-72_ac_ca.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/India%2C_periodo_sunga%2C_pendente_a_elefante_inj_oro%2C_185-72_ac_ca.jpg/240px-India%2C_periodo_sunga%2C_pendente_a_elefante_inj_oro%2C_185-72_ac_ca.jpg 2x" data-file-width="379" data-file-height="326" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Fragment of gold ornament, 185-72 BCE.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:India,_periodo_sunga,_braccialetti,_oro,_185-72_ac_ca.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gold bracelet from Shunga period, 185-72 BCE."><img alt="Gold bracelet from Shunga period, 185-72 BCE." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/India%2C_periodo_sunga%2C_braccialetti%2C_oro%2C_185-72_ac_ca.jpg/120px-India%2C_periodo_sunga%2C_braccialetti%2C_oro%2C_185-72_ac_ca.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/India%2C_periodo_sunga%2C_braccialetti%2C_oro%2C_185-72_ac_ca.jpg/180px-India%2C_periodo_sunga%2C_braccialetti%2C_oro%2C_185-72_ac_ca.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/India%2C_periodo_sunga%2C_braccialetti%2C_oro%2C_185-72_ac_ca.jpg/240px-India%2C_periodo_sunga%2C_braccialetti%2C_oro%2C_185-72_ac_ca.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1720" data-file-height="1440" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Gold bracelet from Shunga period, 185-72 BCE.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:MET_DP158770.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ivory bowl fragment, 2nd–1st century B.C."><img alt="Ivory bowl fragment, 2nd–1st century B.C." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/MET_DP158770.jpg/120px-MET_DP158770.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/MET_DP158770.jpg/180px-MET_DP158770.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/MET_DP158770.jpg/240px-MET_DP158770.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1214" data-file-height="1034" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> Ivory bowl fragment, 2nd–1st century B.C.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:MET_2001_588_Strm1_(vertical).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Shunga pottery with decorative figurine motifes."><img alt="Shunga pottery with decorative figurine motifes." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/MET_2001_588_Strm1_%28vertical%29.jpg/77px-MET_2001_588_Strm1_%28vertical%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="77" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/MET_2001_588_Strm1_%28vertical%29.jpg/116px-MET_2001_588_Strm1_%28vertical%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/MET_2001_588_Strm1_%28vertical%29.jpg/154px-MET_2001_588_Strm1_%28vertical%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1390" data-file-height="2160" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> Shunga pottery with decorative figurine motifes.</div> </li> </ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Script">Script</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shunga_Empire&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Script"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The script used by the Shunga was a variant of <a href="/wiki/Br%C4%81hm%C4%AB_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Brāhmī script">Brahmi</a>, and was used to write the Sanskrit language. The script is thought to be an intermediary between the <a href="/wiki/Maurya" class="mw-redirect" title="Maurya">Maurya</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Kalinga_(historical_kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalinga (historical kingdom)">Kalinga</a> Brahmi scripts.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="font-size: 80%; width: 100%;" align="center" cellpadding="3"> <tbody><tr> <td align="center" colspan="1" style="background:#CD853F; font-size: 100%;"><b>Shunga coinage</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 237.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 235.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SungaCoin.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Bronze coin of the Shunga period, Eastern India. 2nd–1st century BCE."><img alt="Bronze coin of the Shunga period, Eastern India. 2nd–1st century BCE." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/SungaCoin.JPG/353px-SungaCoin.JPG" decoding="async" width="236" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/SungaCoin.JPG/530px-SungaCoin.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/SungaCoin.JPG/706px-SungaCoin.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1887" data-file-height="963" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Bronze coin of the Shunga period, Eastern India. 2nd–1st century BCE.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 233.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 231.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Shunga.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Another Shunga coin"><img alt="Another Shunga coin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/5d/Shunga.JPG/347px-Shunga.JPG" decoding="async" width="232" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/5d/Shunga.JPG/520px-Shunga.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/5/5d/Shunga.JPG 2x" data-file-width="548" data-file-height="285" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Another Shunga coin</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 210px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 208px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:I16_14karshapana_Ujjain_MACW4626v_1ar_(8486491422).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A copper coin of 1/4 karshapana of Ujjain in Malwa."><img alt="A copper coin of 1/4 karshapana of Ujjain in Malwa." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/I16_14karshapana_Ujjain_MACW4626v_1ar_%288486491422%29.jpg/312px-I16_14karshapana_Ujjain_MACW4626v_1ar_%288486491422%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="208" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/I16_14karshapana_Ujjain_MACW4626v_1ar_%288486491422%29.jpg/468px-I16_14karshapana_Ujjain_MACW4626v_1ar_%288486491422%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/I16_14karshapana_Ujjain_MACW4626v_1ar_%288486491422%29.jpg/624px-I16_14karshapana_Ujjain_MACW4626v_1ar_%288486491422%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2265" data-file-height="1308" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A copper coin of 1/4 <a href="/wiki/Karshapana" title="Karshapana">karshapana</a> of Ujjain in Malwa.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 247.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 245.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sunga_coin_circa_150_BC_100_AD.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Shunga coin."><img alt="Shunga coin." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4e/Sunga_coin_circa_150_BC_100_AD.jpg" decoding="async" width="246" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="325" data-file-height="159" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Shunga coin.</div> </li> </ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output 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sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="padding-bottom:0.5em; font-size:130%;"><a href="/wiki/South_Asia#History" title="South Asia">History of South Asia</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:South_Asia_(orthographic_projection)_without_national_boundaries.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="South Asia (orthographic projection)"><img alt="South Asia (orthographic projection)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/South_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29_without_national_boundaries.svg/150px-South_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29_without_national_boundaries.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/South_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29_without_national_boundaries.svg/225px-South_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29_without_national_boundaries.svg.png 1.5x, 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Age">Palaeolithic</a> <span class="nobold">(2,500,000–250,000 BC)</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Madrasian_culture" title="Madrasian culture">Madrasian culture</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Soanian" title="Soanian">Soanian culture</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;text-align:left;padding-right:4em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Stone_Age" title="South Asian Stone Age">Neolithic</a> <span class="nobold">(10,800–3300 BC)</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Bhirrana" title="Bhirrana">Bhirrana culture</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (7570–6200 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Mehrgarh" title="Mehrgarh">Mehrgarh culture</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (7000–3300 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Edakkal_Caves" class="mw-redirect" title="Edakkal Caves">Edakkal culture</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (5000–3000 BC)</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;text-align:left;padding-right:4em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Chalcolithic" title="Chalcolithic">Chalcolithic</a> <span class="nobold">(3500–1500 BC)</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Anarta_tradition" title="Anarta tradition">Anarta tradition</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 3950</span>–1900 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Ahar%E2%80%93Banas_culture" title="Ahar–Banas culture">Ahar-Banas culture</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (3000–1500 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Pandu_culture" title="Pandu culture">Pandu culture</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1600–750 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Malwa_culture" title="Malwa culture">Malwa culture</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1600–1300 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Jorwe_culture" title="Jorwe culture">Jorwe culture</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1400–700 BC)</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;text-align:left;padding-right:4em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_India" title="Bronze Age India">Bronze Age</a> <span class="nobold">(3300–1300 BC)</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilisation" title="Indus Valley Civilisation">Indus Valley Civilisation</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">(3300–1300 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  – <a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilisation#Early_Harappan" title="Indus Valley Civilisation">Early Harappan culture</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">(3300–2600 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  – <a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilisation#Mature_Harappan" title="Indus Valley Civilisation">Mature Harappan culture</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">(2600–1900 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  – <a href="/wiki/Cemetery_H_culture" title="Cemetery H culture">Late Harappan culture</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">(1900–1300 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Vedic_period" title="Vedic period">Vedic Civilisation</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">(2000–500 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  – <a href="/wiki/Ochre_Coloured_Pottery_culture" title="Ochre Coloured Pottery culture">Ochre Coloured Pottery culture</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">(2000–1600 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  – <a href="/wiki/Gandhara_grave_culture" title="Gandhara grave culture">Swat culture</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">(1600–500 BC)</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;text-align:left;padding-right:4em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age_in_India" title="Iron Age in India">Iron Age</a> <span class="nobold">(1500–200 BC)</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Vedic_period" title="Vedic period">Vedic Civilisation</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">(1500–500 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  – <a href="/wiki/Janapada" title="Janapada">Janapadas</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1500–600 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  – <a href="/wiki/Black_and_red_ware" title="Black and red ware">Black and Red ware culture</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">(1300–1000 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  – <a href="/wiki/Painted_Grey_Ware_culture" title="Painted Grey Ware culture">Painted Grey Ware culture</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1200–600 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  – <a href="/wiki/Northern_Black_Polished_Ware" title="Northern Black Polished Ware">Northern Black Polished Ware</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (700–200 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Pradyota_dynasty" title="Pradyota dynasty">Pradyota dynasty</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (799–684 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Haryanka_dynasty" title="Haryanka dynasty">Haryanka dynasty</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (684–424 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Three_Crowned_Kings" title="Three Crowned Kings">Three Crowned Kingdoms</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 600 BC</span> – AD 1600)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Mahajanapadas" title="Mahajanapadas">Maha Janapadas</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 600</span>–300 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (550–330 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> Ror Dynasty</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (450 BC – AD 489)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Shaishunaga_dynasty" title="Shaishunaga dynasty">Shaishunaga dynasty</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (424–345 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Nanda_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanda Empire">Nanda Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (380–321 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Macedonian Empire">Macedonian Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (330–323 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Maurya_Empire" title="Maurya Empire">Maurya Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (321–184 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid India</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (312–303 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Sangam_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Sangam period">Sangam period</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 300 BC</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 300 AD</span>)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Pandya_dynasty" title="Pandya dynasty">Pandya Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 300 BC</span> – AD 1345)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Chera_dynasty" title="Chera dynasty">Chera Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 300 BC</span> – AD 1102)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Chola_dynasty" title="Chola dynasty">Chola Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 300 BC</span> – AD 1279)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Pallava_dynasty" title="Pallava dynasty">Pallava Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 250 AD</span> – AD 800)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Mahameghavahana_dynasty" title="Mahameghavahana dynasty">Maha-Megha-Vahana Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 250 BC</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> AD 500</span>)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (247 BC – AD 224)</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;text-align:left;padding-right:4em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Middle_kingdoms_of_India" title="Middle kingdoms of India">Middle Kingdoms</a> <span class="nobold">(230 BC – AD 1206)</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Satavahana_dynasty" title="Satavahana dynasty">Satavahana Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (230 BC – AD 220)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kuninda_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuninda Kingdom">Kuninda Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (200 BC – AD 300)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Mitra_dynasty_(Mathura)" title="Mitra dynasty (Mathura)">Mitra Dynasty</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 150</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 50 BC</span>)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Shunga Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (185–73 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Indo-Greek_Kingdom" title="Indo-Greek Kingdom">Indo-Greek Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (180 BC – AD 10)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kanva_dynasty" title="Kanva dynasty">Kanva Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (75–26 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Indo-Scythians" title="Indo-Scythians">Indo-Scythian Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (50 BC – AD 400)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Indo-Parthian_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Parthian Kingdom">Indo-Parthian Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (AD 21 – <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 130</span>)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Western_Satraps" title="Western Satraps">Western Satrap Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (AD 35–405 )</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (AD 60–240)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Nagas_of_Padmavati" title="Nagas of Padmavati">Bharshiva Dynasty</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (170–350)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Nagas_of_Padmavati" title="Nagas of Padmavati">Nagas of Padmavati</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (210–340)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (224–651)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kushano-Sasanian_Kingdom" title="Kushano-Sasanian Kingdom">Indo-Sassanid Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (230–360)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Vakataka_dynasty" title="Vakataka dynasty">Vakataka Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 250</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 500</span>)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kalabhra_dynasty" title="Kalabhra dynasty">Kalabhras Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 250</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 600</span>)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Gupta_Empire" title="Gupta Empire">Gupta Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (280–550)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kadamba_dynasty" title="Kadamba dynasty">Kadamba Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (345–525)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Western_Ganga_dynasty" title="Western Ganga dynasty">Western Ganga Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (350–1000)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kamarupa" title="Kamarupa">Kamarupa Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (350–1100)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Vishnukundina_dynasty" title="Vishnukundina dynasty">Vishnukundina Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (420–624)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Maitraka_dynasty" title="Maitraka dynasty">Maitraka Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (475–767)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Huna_people" title="Huna people">Huna Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (475–576)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Rai_dynasty" title="Rai dynasty">Rai Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (489–632)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Hindu_Shahis" title="Hindu Shahis">Kabul Shahi Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 500</span> – 1026)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Chalukya_dynasty" title="Chalukya dynasty">Chalukya Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (543–753)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Maukhari_dynasty" title="Maukhari dynasty">Maukhari Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 550</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 700</span>)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Harsha" title="Harsha">Harsha Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (606–647)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Empire" title="Tibetan Empire">Tibetan Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (618–841)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Chalukyas" title="Eastern Chalukyas">Eastern Chalukya Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (624–1075)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Rashidun Caliphate">Rashidun Caliphate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (632–661)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Gurjara-Pratihara_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty">Gurjara-Pratihara Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (650–1036)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad Caliphate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (661–750)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Mallabhum_kingdom" title="Mallabhum kingdom">Mallabhum kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (694–1947)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Bhauma-Kara_dynasty" title="Bhauma-Kara dynasty">Bhauma-Kara Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (736–916)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Pala_Empire" title="Pala Empire">Pala Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (750–1174)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Rashtrakuta_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Rashtrakuta dynasty">Rashtrakuta Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (753–982)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Paramara_dynasty" title="Paramara dynasty">Paramara Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (800–1327)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Seuna_(Yadava)_dynasty" title="Seuna (Yadava) dynasty">Yadava Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (850–1334)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Somavamshi_dynasty" title="Somavamshi dynasty">Somavamshi Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (882–1110)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Chaulukya_dynasty" title="Chaulukya dynasty">Chaulukya Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (942–1244)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Western_Chalukya_Empire" title="Western Chalukya Empire">Western Chalukya Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (973–1189)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Lohara_dynasty" title="Lohara dynasty">Lohara Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1003–1320)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Hoysala_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoysala Empire">Hoysala Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1040–1347)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Sena_dynasty" title="Sena dynasty">Sena Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1070–1230)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Ganga_dynasty" title="Eastern Ganga dynasty">Eastern Ganga Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1078–1434)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kakatiya_dynasty" title="Kakatiya dynasty">Kakatiya Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1083–1323)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Zamorin" title="Zamorin">Zamorin Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1102–1766)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kalachuris_of_Tripuri" title="Kalachuris of Tripuri">Kalachuris of Tripuri</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (675–1210)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kalachuris_of_Kalyani" title="Kalachuris of Kalyani">Kalachuris of Kalyani</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1156–1184)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Chutia_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Chutia Kingdom">Chutiya Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1187–1673)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Deva_dynasty" title="Deva dynasty">Deva Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1200</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1300</span>)</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;text-align:left;padding-right:4em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Medieval_India" title="Medieval India">Late medieval period</a> <span class="nobold">(1206–1526)</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Ghaznavids" title="Ghaznavids">Ghaznavid Dynasty</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (977–1186)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Ghurid_dynasty" title="Ghurid dynasty">Ghurid Dynasty</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1170–1206)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate" title="Delhi Sultanate">Delhi Sultanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1206–1526)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  – <a href="/wiki/Mamluk_dynasty_(Delhi)" title="Mamluk dynasty (Delhi)">Mamluk Sultanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1206–1290)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  – <a href="/wiki/Khalji_dynasty" title="Khalji dynasty">Khalji Sultanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1290–1320)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  – <a href="/wiki/Tughlaq_dynasty" title="Tughlaq dynasty">Tughlaq Sultanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1320–1414)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  – <a href="/wiki/Sayyid_dynasty" title="Sayyid dynasty">Sayyid Sultanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1414–1451)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  – <a href="/wiki/Lodi_dynasty" title="Lodi dynasty">Lodi Sultanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1451–1526)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Ahom_kingdom" title="Ahom kingdom">Ahom Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1228–1826)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Nayakas_of_Chitradurga" title="Nayakas of Chitradurga">Chitradurga Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1300–1779)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Reddi_Kingdom" title="Reddi Kingdom">Reddy Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1325–1448)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Vijayanagara_Empire" title="Vijayanagara Empire">Vijayanagara Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1336–1646)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Bengal_Sultanate" title="Bengal Sultanate">Bengal Sultanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1352–1576)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Garhwal_Kingdom" title="Garhwal Kingdom">Garhwal Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1358–1803)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mysore" title="Kingdom of Mysore">Mysore Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1399–1947)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Gajapati_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Gajapati Empire">Gajapati Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1434–1541)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Namgyal_dynasty_of_Ladakh" title="Namgyal dynasty of Ladakh">Ladakh Kingdom </a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1470–1842)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Deccan_sultanates" title="Deccan sultanates">Deccan sultanates</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1490–1596)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  – <a href="/wiki/Ahmadnagar_Sultanate" title="Ahmadnagar Sultanate">Ahmadnagar Sultanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1490–1636)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  – <a href="/wiki/Berar_sultanate" title="Berar sultanate">Berar sultanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1490–1574)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  – <a href="/wiki/Bidar_Sultanate" title="Bidar Sultanate">Bidar Sultanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1492–1619)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  – <a href="/wiki/Bijapur_Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Bijapur Sultanate">Bijapur Sultanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1492–1686)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  – <a href="/wiki/Golkonda_Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Golkonda Sultanate">Golkonda Sultanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1518–1687)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Nayakas_of_Keladi" title="Nayakas of Keladi">Keladi Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1499–1763)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Koch_dynasty" title="Koch dynasty">Koch Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1515–1947)</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;text-align:left;padding-right:4em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_period" title="Early modern period">Early modern period</a> <span class="nobold">(1526–1858)</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1526–1858)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Sur_Empire" title="Sur Empire">Sur Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1540–1556)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Madurai_Nayak_dynasty" title="Madurai Nayak dynasty">Madurai Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1529–1736)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Thanjavur_Nayak_kingdom" title="Thanjavur Nayak kingdom">Thanjavur Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1532–1673)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Bhoi_dynasty" title="Bhoi dynasty">Bhoi dynasty</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1541–1804)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Bengal_Subah" title="Bengal Subah">Bengal Subah</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1576–1757)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Ramnad_estate" title="Ramnad estate">Marava Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1600–1750)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sikkim" title="Kingdom of Sikkim">Sikkim Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1642–1975)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Tondaiman" title="Tondaiman">Thondaiman Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1650–1948)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Maratha_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Maratha Empire">Maratha Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1674–1818)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Misl" class="mw-redirect" title="Misl">Sikh Confederacy</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1707–1799)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Travancore" title="Travancore">Travancore Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1729–1947)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Sikh_Empire" title="Sikh Empire">Sikh Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1799–1849)</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;text-align:left;padding-right:4em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Colonial_India" title="Colonial India">Colonial states</a> <span class="nobold">(1510–1961)</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_India" title="Portuguese India">Portuguese India</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1510–1961)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Dutch_India" title="Dutch India">Dutch India</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1605–1825)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Danish_India" title="Danish India">Danish India</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1620–1869)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/French_India" title="French India">French India</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1759–1954)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Company_rule_in_India" title="Company rule in India">Company Raj</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1757–1858)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1858–1947)</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;text-align:left;padding-right:4em;;color: var(--color-base)">National histories</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Afghanistan" title="History of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bangladesh" title="History of Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bhutan" title="History of Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_India_(1947%E2%80%93present)" title="History of India (1947–present)">India</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Maldives" title="History of the Maldives">Maldives</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nepal" title="History of Nepal">Nepal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Pakistan" title="History of Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sri_Lanka" title="History of Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;text-align:left;padding-right:4em;;color: var(--color-base)">Regional histories</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Assam" title="History of Assam">Assam</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Balochistan" title="History of Balochistan">Balochistan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bengal" title="History of Bengal">Bengal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bihar" title="History of Bihar">Bihar</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Gujarat" title="History of Gujarat">Gujarat</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Himachal_Pradesh" title="History of Himachal Pradesh">Himachal Pradesh</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kabul" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Kabul">Kabul</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Karnataka" title="History of Karnataka">Karnataka</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kashmir" title="History of Kashmir">Kashmir</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" title="History of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa">Khyber Pakhtunkhwa</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Rajasthan" title="History of Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Maharashtra" title="History of Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Uttar_Pradesh" title="History of Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Punjab" title="History of Punjab">Punjab</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Odisha" title="History of Odisha">Odisha</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sindh" title="History of Sindh">Sindh</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_India" title="History of South India">South India</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="History of Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Tibet" title="History of Tibet">Tibet</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;text-align:left;padding-right:4em;;color: var(--color-base)">Specialised histories</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="History of agriculture in the Indian subcontinent">Agriculture</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_India" title="Architecture of India">Architecture</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Coinage_of_India" title="Coinage of India">Coinage</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_India#History" title="Demographics of India">Demographics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_monarchs" title="List of Indian monarchs">Dynasties</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_India" title="Economic history of India">Economy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_education_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="History of education in the Indian subcontinent">Education</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Indology" title="Indology">Indology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Indian_influence_on_Southeast_Asia" title="History of Indian influence on Southeast Asia">Influence on Southeast Asia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_history_of_India" title="Linguistic history of India">Language</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_literature" title="Indian literature">Literature</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_maritime_history" title="Indian maritime history">Maritime</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_metallurgy_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="History of metallurgy in the Indian subcontinent">Metallurgy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_India" title="Military history of India">Military</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">Partition of India</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_studies" title="Pakistan studies">Pakistan studies</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_philosophy" title="Indian philosophy">Philosophy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_religions#History" title="Indian religions">Religion</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_science_and_technology_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" class="mw-redirect" title="History of science and technology in the Indian subcontinent">Science and technology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Indian_history" title="Timeline of Indian history">Timeline</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_South_Asia" title="Template:History of South Asia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_South_Asia" title="Template talk:History of South Asia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_South_Asia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of South Asia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><span class="anchor" id="Rulers"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_Shunga_emperors">List of Shunga emperors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shunga_Empire&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: List of Shunga emperors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Emperor</th> <th>Reign </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pushyamitra_Shunga" title="Pushyamitra Shunga">Pushyamitra</a></td> <td>185–149 BCE </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Agnimitra" title="Agnimitra">Agnimitra</a></td> <td>149–141 BCE </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Vasujyeshtha" title="Vasujyeshtha">Vasujyeshtha</a></td> <td>141–131 BCE </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Vasumitra" title="Vasumitra">Vasumitra</a></td> <td>131–124 BCE </td></tr> <tr> <td>Bhadraka</td> <td>124–122 BCE </td></tr> <tr> <td>Pulindaka</td> <td>122–119 BCE </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ghosha or Vajramitra</td> <td>119–114 BCE </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bhagabhadra" title="Bhagabhadra">Bhagabhadra</a></td> <td>114–83 BCE </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Devabhuti" title="Devabhuti">Devabhuti</a></td> <td>83–73 BCE </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shunga_Empire&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_India" title="History of India">History of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurya_empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Maurya empire">Maurya empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satavahana_dynasty" title="Satavahana dynasty">Satavahana dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hinduism" title="History of Hinduism">History of Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raj_Darbhanga" title="Raj Darbhanga">Khandwala Dynasty</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shunga_Empire&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Formerly, scholars doubted the validity of the Yuga Purana, because manuscripts of it have been highly corrupted over its history; however, Sanskrit scholar <a href="/wiki/Ludo_Rocher" title="Ludo Rocher">Ludo Rocher</a> says that recent "research has [...] been concerned with establishing a more acceptable text," and "The Yuga [Purana] is important primarily as a historical document. It is a matter-of-fact chronicle [...] of the Magadha empire, down to the breakdown of the Sungas and the arrival of the Sakas. It is unique in its description of the invasion and retirement of the Yavanas in Magadha."<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shunga_Empire&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shunga_Empire&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSchwartzberg1978" class="citation book cs1">Schwartzberg, Joseph E. (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=182"><i>A Historical atlas of South Asia</i></a>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 145, map XIV.1 (c). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0226742210" title="Special:BookSources/0226742210"><bdi>0226742210</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Historical+atlas+of+South+Asia&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=145%2C+map+XIV.1+%28c%29&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=0226742210&rft.aulast=Schwartzberg&rft.aufirst=Joseph+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdsal.uchicago.edu%2Freference%2Fschwartzberg%2Fpager.html%3Fobject%3D182&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShunga+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStadtner1975" class="citation journal cs1">Stadtner, Donald (1975). "A Śuṅga Capital from Vidiśā". <i>Artibus Asiae</i>. <b>37</b> (1/2): 101–104. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3250214">10.2307/3250214</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3250214">3250214</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Artibus+Asiae&rft.atitle=A+%C5%9Au%E1%B9%85ga+Capital+from+Vidi%C5%9B%C4%81&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=1%2F2&rft.pages=101-104&rft.date=1975&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3250214&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3250214%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Stadtner&rft.aufirst=Donald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShunga+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMani2005" class="citation book cs1">Mani, Chandra Mauli (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HSoE8qR-5BgC&pg=PA38"><i>A Journey Through India's Past</i></a>. Northern Book Centre. p. 38. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7211-194-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7211-194-6"><bdi>978-81-7211-194-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Journey+Through+India%27s+Past&rft.pages=38&rft.pub=Northern+Book+Centre&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-81-7211-194-6&rft.aulast=Mani&rft.aufirst=Chandra+Mauli&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHSoE8qR-5BgC%26pg%3DPA38&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShunga+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSen1999" class="citation book cs1">Sen, Sailendra Nath (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Wk4_ICH_g1EC&pg=PA170"><i>Ancient Indian History and Civilization</i></a>. New Age International. p. 170. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-224-1198-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-224-1198-0"><bdi>978-81-224-1198-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Indian+History+and+Civilization&rft.pages=170&rft.pub=New+Age+International&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-81-224-1198-0&rft.aulast=Sen&rft.aufirst=Sailendra+Nath&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWk4_ICH_g1EC%26pg%3DPA170&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShunga+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaychaudhuri1923" class="citation book cs1">Raychaudhuri, Hem Channdra (1923). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/politicalhistory00raycuoft"><i>Political history of ancient India, from the accession of Parikshit to the extinction of the Gupta dynasty</i></a>. Robarts - University of Toronto. Calcutta, Univ. of Calcutta. p. 205.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Political+history+of+ancient+India%2C+from+the+accession+of+Parikshit+to+the+extinction+of+the+Gupta+dynasty&rft.pages=205&rft.pub=Calcutta%2C+Univ.+of+Calcutta&rft.date=1923&rft.aulast=Raychaudhuri&rft.aufirst=Hem+Channdra&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpoliticalhistory00raycuoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShunga+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-books.google.com-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-books.google.com_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-books.google.com_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">K.A. Nilkantha Shastri (1970), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=E3tDAAAAYAAJ"><i>A Comprehensive History of India: Volume 2</i></a>, p.108: "Soon after Agnimitra there was no 'Sunga empire'."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bhandare,_Shailendra_2006_p.96-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bhandare,_Shailendra_2006_p.96_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bhandare,_Shailendra_2006_p.96_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bhandare, Shailendra. "Numismatics and History: The Maurya-Gupta Interlude in the Gangetic Plain". in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=efaOR_-YsIcC"><i>Between the Empires: Society in India, 300 to 400</i></a>, ed. Patrick Olivelle (2006), p.96</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RSS-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RSS_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RSS_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RSS_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RSS_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalomon1998" class="citation book cs1">Salomon, Richard (10 December 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XYrG07qQDxkC&pg=PA141"><i>Indian Epigraphy: A Guide to the Study of Inscriptions in Sanskrit, Prakrit, and the other Indo-Aryan Languages</i></a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 141–142. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-535666-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-535666-3"><bdi>978-0-19-535666-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+Epigraphy%3A+A+Guide+to+the+Study+of+Inscriptions+in+Sanskrit%2C+Prakrit%2C+and+the+other+Indo-Aryan+Languages&rft.pages=141-142&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1998-12-10&rft.isbn=978-0-19-535666-3&rft.aulast=Salomon&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXYrG07qQDxkC%26pg%3DPA141&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShunga+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-About_INC-ICOM-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-About_INC-ICOM_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303235552/http://www.inc-icom.org/newgal_bharut.html">"Bharhut Gallery"</a>. <i>INC-ICOM Galleries</i>. Indian National Committee of the International Council of Museums. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.inc-icom.org/newgal_bharut.html">the original</a> on 3 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=INC-ICOM+Galleries&rft.atitle=Bharhut+Gallery&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.inc-icom.org%2Fnewgal_bharut.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShunga+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-academia.edu-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-academia.edu_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-academia.edu_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKumar2014" class="citation journal cs1">Kumar, Ajit (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/10237709">"Bharhut Sculptures and their untenable Sunga Association"</a>. <i>Heritage: Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies in Archaeology</i>. <b>2</b>: 230.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Heritage%3A+Journal+of+Multidisciplinary+Studies+in+Archaeology&rft.atitle=Bharhut+Sculptures+and+their+untenable+Sunga+Association&rft.volume=2&rft.pages=230&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Kumar&rft.aufirst=Ajit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F10237709&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShunga+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlivelle2006" class="citation book cs1">Olivelle, Patrick (13 July 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=efaOR_-YsIcC&pg=PA58"><i>Between the Empires: Society in India 300 BCE to 400 CE</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 58. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-977507-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-977507-1"><bdi>978-0-19-977507-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Between+the+Empires%3A+Society+in+India+300+BCE+to+400+CE&rft.pages=58&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006-07-13&rft.isbn=978-0-19-977507-1&rft.aulast=Olivelle&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DefaOR_-YsIcC%26pg%3DPA58&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShunga+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalomon1998" class="citation book cs1">Salomon, Richard (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XYrG07qQDxkC&pg=PA141"><i>Indian Epigraphy: A Guide to the Study of Inscriptions in Sanskrit, Prakrit, and the other Indo-Aryan Languages</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 141. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-535666-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-535666-3"><bdi>978-0-19-535666-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+Epigraphy%3A+A+Guide+to+the+Study+of+Inscriptions+in+Sanskrit%2C+Prakrit%2C+and+the+other+Indo-Aryan+Languages&rft.pages=141&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-19-535666-3&rft.aulast=Salomon&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXYrG07qQDxkC%26pg%3DPA141&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShunga+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLuders1963" class="citation book cs1">Luders, H. (1963). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/corpusinscriptio014676mbp"><i>CORPUS INSCRIPTIONS INDICARUM VOL II PART II</i></a>. India Archaeological Society. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/corpusinscriptio014676mbp/page/n60">11</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=CORPUS+INSCRIPTIONS+INDICARUM+VOL+II+PART+II&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=India+Archaeological+Society&rft.date=1963&rft.aulast=Luders&rft.aufirst=H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcorpusinscriptio014676mbp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShunga+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Stupa of Bharhut, Alexander Cunningham, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/cu31924016181111">p.128</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SRQ-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SRQ_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SRQ_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SRQ_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuintanilla2007" class="citation book cs1">Quintanilla, Sonya Rhie (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=X7Cb8IkZVSMC&pg=PA8"><i>History of Early Stone Sculpture at Mathura: Ca. 150 BCE - 100 CE</i></a>. BRILL. pp. 8–9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004155374" title="Special:BookSources/9789004155374"><bdi>9789004155374</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Early+Stone+Sculpture+at+Mathura%3A+Ca.+150+BCE+-+100+CE&rft.pages=8-9&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9789004155374&rft.aulast=Quintanilla&rft.aufirst=Sonya+Rhie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DX7Cb8IkZVSMC%26pg%3DPA8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShunga+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SRQ13-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SRQ13_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SRQ13_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuintanilla2007" class="citation book cs1">Quintanilla, Sonya Rhie (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=X7Cb8IkZVSMC&pg=PA13"><i>History of Early Stone Sculpture at Mathura: Ca. 150 BCE - 100 CE</i></a>. BRILL. p. 13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004155374" title="Special:BookSources/9789004155374"><bdi>9789004155374</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Early+Stone+Sculpture+at+Mathura%3A+Ca.+150+BCE+-+100+CE&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9789004155374&rft.aulast=Quintanilla&rft.aufirst=Sonya+Rhie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DX7Cb8IkZVSMC%26pg%3DPA13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShunga+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gE7udqBkACwC&pg=PA93"><i>A Comprehensive History Of Ancient India (3 Vol. Set)</i></a>. Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd. 1 December 2003. p. 93. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-207-2503-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-207-2503-4"><bdi>978-81-207-2503-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Comprehensive+History+Of+Ancient+India+%283+Vol.+Set%29&rft.pages=93&rft.pub=Sterling+Publishers+Pvt.+Ltd&rft.date=2003-12-01&rft.isbn=978-81-207-2503-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgE7udqBkACwC%26pg%3DPA93&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShunga+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MazdaWXQFuQC&pg=PA254"><i>Indian History</i></a>. Allied Publishers. 22 January 1988. p. 254. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-8424-568-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-8424-568-4"><bdi>978-81-8424-568-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+History&rft.pages=254&rft.pub=Allied+Publishers&rft.date=1988-01-22&rft.isbn=978-81-8424-568-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMazdaWXQFuQC%26pg%3DPA254&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShunga+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"Book Four: The Royal Dynasties". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv1sjwpmj.10"><i>The Visnu Purana: Ancient Annals of the God with Lotus Eyes</i></a>. Translated by Taylor, McComas. ANU Press. 2021. p. 330. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctv1sjwpmj.10">10.2307/j.ctv1sjwpmj.10</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv1sjwpmj.10">j.ctv1sjwpmj.10</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:244448788">244448788</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Book+Four%3A+The+Royal+Dynasties&rft.btitle=The+Visnu+Purana%3A+Ancient+Annals+of+the+God+with+Lotus+Eyes&rft.pages=330&rft.pub=ANU+Press&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A244448788%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctv1sjwpmj.10%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2Fj.ctv1sjwpmj.10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctv1sjwpmj.10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShunga+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThe_story_of_Ancient_India1947" class="citation book cs1">The story of Ancient India (1947). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TNoqSCBJk80C&q=Shungas+vidisha"><i>The Story of Ancient India</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Story+of+Ancient+India&rft.date=1947&rft.au=The+story+of+Ancient+India&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTNoqSCBJk80C%26q%3DShungas%2Bvidisha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShunga+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Pushyamitra is said in the Puranas to have been the <i>senānī</i> or army-commander of the last Maurya emperor Brihadratha" The Yuga Purana, Mitchener, 2002.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThapar2013296-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThapar2013296_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThapar2013296_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThapar2013">Thapar 2013</a>, p. 296.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=efaOR_-YsIcC&q=brahmin+dynasties">Between the Empires: Society in India 300 BCE to 400 CE By Patrick Olivelle, Oxford University Press, Page 147-152</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NA-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NA_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NA_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NA_24-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NA_24-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Wk4_ICH_g1EC&pg=PA169">Ancient Indian History and Civilization, Sailendra Nath Sen, New Age International, 1999, p.169</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rhie-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rhie_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rhie_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rhie_25-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rhie_25-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">History of Early Stone Sculpture at Mathura: Ca. 150 BCE - 100 CE, Sonya Rhie Quintanilla, BRILL, 2007, p.8-10 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=X7Cb8IkZVSMC&pg=PA8">[1]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-John1989-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-John1989_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_S._Strong1989" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_S._Strong" title="John S. Strong">John S. Strong</a> (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Kp9uaQTQ8h8C&pg=PA232"><i>The Legend of King Aśoka: A Study and Translation of the Aśokāvadāna</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Motilal_Banarsidass" title="Motilal Banarsidass">Motilal Banarsidass</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0616-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0616-0"><bdi>978-81-208-0616-0</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 October</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Legend+of+King+A%C5%9Boka%3A+A+Study+and+Translation+of+the+A%C5%9Bok%C4%81vad%C4%81na&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-81-208-0616-0&rft.au=John+S.+Strong&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKp9uaQTQ8h8C%26pg%3DPA232&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShunga+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMishra2012" class="citation journal cs1">Mishra, Ram Kumar (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/44156189">"Pushyamitra Sunga and the Buddhists"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the Indian History Congress</i>. <b>73</b>: 50–57. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2249-1937">2249-1937</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/44156189">44156189</a>. <q>Pushyamitra Sunga, himself a Brahmana,...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Indian+History+Congress&rft.atitle=Pushyamitra+Sunga+and+the+Buddhists&rft.volume=73&rft.pages=50-57&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F44156189%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=2249-1937&rft.aulast=Mishra&rft.aufirst=Ram+Kumar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F44156189&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShunga+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sarvastivada-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sarvastivada_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sarvastivada_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sarvastivada_28-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Sarvastivada pg 38–39</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-books.google.fr-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-books.google.fr_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-books.google.fr_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-books.google.fr_29-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HSoE8qR-5BgC&pg=PA38">A Journey Through India's Past Chandra Mauli Mani, Northern Book Centre, 2005, p.38</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_S._Strong1989" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_S._Strong" title="John S. Strong">John S. Strong</a> (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Kp9uaQTQ8h8C&pg=PA293"><i>The Legend of King Aśoka: A Study and Translation of the Aśokāvadāna</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Motilal_Banarsidass" title="Motilal Banarsidass">Motilal Banarsidass</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0616-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0616-0"><bdi>978-81-208-0616-0</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 October</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Legend+of+King+A%C5%9Boka%3A+A+Study+and+Translation+of+the+A%C5%9Bok%C4%81vad%C4%81na&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-81-208-0616-0&rft.au=John+S.+Strong&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKp9uaQTQ8h8C%26pg%3DPA293&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShunga+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Akira Hirakawa, Paul Groner, "A History of Indian Buddhism: From Sakyamuni to Early Mahayana", Motilal Banarsidass Publ., 1996, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-208-0955-6" title="Special:BookSources/81-208-0955-6">81-208-0955-6</a> pg 223</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sir john Marshall, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.278482">A Guide to Sanchi</a>", 1918</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Buddhist Landscapes in Central India: Sanchi Hill and Archaeologies of Religious and Social Change, c. Third Century BC to Fifth Century AD Julia Shaw, Routledge, 2016 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IUbUDAAAQBAJ&pg=PR58">p.58</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Asoka, Mookerji Radhakumud, Motilal Banarsidass Publishers, 1962 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uXyftdtE1ygC&pg=PA152">p.152</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-p.58-59-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-p.58-59_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-p.58-59_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Between the Empires: Society in India 300 BCE to 400 CE Patrick Olivelle, Oxford University Press, 2006 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=efaOR_-YsIcC&pg=PA58">p.58-59</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Between the Empires: Society in India 300 BCE to 400 CE Patrick Olivelle, Oxford University Press, 2006 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=efaOR_-YsIcC&pg=PA75">p.75</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ccbs.ntu.edu.tw-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ccbs.ntu.edu.tw_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(Barua, B.M., '<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ccbs.ntu.edu.tw/FULLTEXT/JR-ENG/bar.htm"><i>Old Buddhist Shrines at Bodh-Gaya Inscriptions</i></a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.buddhanet.net/bodh_gaya/bodh_gaya02.htm">"Bodh Gaya from 500 BCE to 500 CE"</a>. <i>buddhanet.net</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=buddhanet.net&rft.atitle=Bodh+Gaya+from+500+BCE+to+500+CE&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.buddhanet.net%2Fbodh_gaya%2Fbodh_gaya02.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShunga+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Who was responsible for the wanton destruction of the original brick stupa of <a href="/wiki/Ashoka" title="Ashoka">Ashoka</a> and when precisely the great work of reconstruction was carried out is not known, but it seems probable that the author of the former was <a href="/wiki/Pushyamitra_Shunga" title="Pushyamitra Shunga">Pushyamitra</a>, the first of the Shunga kings (184-148 BC), who was notorious for his hostility to Buddhism, and that the restoration was affected by <a href="/wiki/Agnimitra" title="Agnimitra">Agnimitra</a> or his immediate successor." in John Marshall, <i>A Guide to Sanchi,</i> p. 38. Calcutta: Superintendent, Government Printing (1918).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShaw2016" class="citation book cs1">Shaw, Julia (12 August 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IUbUDAAAQBAJ&pg=PR58"><i>Buddhist Landscapes in Central India: Sanchi Hill and Archaeologies of Religious and Social Change, c. Third Century BC to Fifth Century AD</i></a>. Routledge. p. 58. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-315-43263-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-315-43263-2"><bdi>978-1-315-43263-2</bdi></a>. <q>It is inaccurate to refer to the post-Mauryan monuments at Sanchi as Sunga. Not only was Pusyamitra reputedly animical to Buddhism, but most of the donative inscriptions during this period attest to predominantly collective and nonroyal modes of sponsorship.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buddhist+Landscapes+in+Central+India%3A+Sanchi+Hill+and+Archaeologies+of+Religious+and+Social+Change%2C+c.+Third+Century+BC+to+Fifth+Century+AD&rft.pages=58&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016-08-12&rft.isbn=978-1-315-43263-2&rft.aulast=Shaw&rft.aufirst=Julia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIUbUDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPR58&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShunga+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shaw_88-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Shaw_88_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shaw_88_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shaw_88_41-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shaw_88_41-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Buddhist Landscapes in Central India: Sanchi Hill and Archaeologies of Religious and Social Change, C. Third Century BC to Fifth Century AD, Julia Shaw, Left Coast Press, 2013 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jzkyBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA88">p.88ff</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marshall <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.459148">p.81</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shaw_90-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Shaw_90_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shaw_90_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shaw_90_43-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shaw_90_43-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shaw_90_43-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Buddhist Landscapes in Central India: Sanchi Hill and Archaeologies of Religious and Social Change, C. Third Century BC to Fifth Century AD, Julia Shaw, Left Coast Press, 2013 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jzkyBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA90">p.90</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marshall <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.459148">p.82</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoatsworthColeHanaganPerdue2015" class="citation book cs1">Coatsworth, John; Cole, Juan; Hanagan, Michael P.; Perdue, Peter C.; Tilly, Charles; Tilly, Louise (16 March 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=w5vlBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA138"><i>Global Connections: Volume 1, To 1500: Politics, Exchange, and Social Life in World History</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 138. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-316-29777-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-316-29777-3"><bdi>978-1-316-29777-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Global+Connections%3A+Volume+1%2C+To+1500%3A+Politics%2C+Exchange%2C+and+Social+Life+in+World+History&rft.pages=138&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2015-03-16&rft.isbn=978-1-316-29777-3&rft.aulast=Coatsworth&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Cole%2C+Juan&rft.au=Hanagan%2C+Michael+P.&rft.au=Perdue%2C+Peter+C.&rft.au=Tilly%2C+Charles&rft.au=Tilly%2C+Louise&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dw5vlBgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA138&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShunga+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ffZy5tDjaUkC&pg=PA51"><i>Atlas of World History</i></a>. Oxford University Press. 2002. p. 51. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-521921-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-521921-0"><bdi>978-0-19-521921-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Atlas+of+World+History&rft.pages=51&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-19-521921-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DffZy5tDjaUkC%26pg%3DPA51&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShunga+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFauve2021" class="citation book cs1">Fauve, Jeroen (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KPBIEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA406"><i>The European Handbook of Central Asian Studies</i></a>. Ibidem Press. p. 403. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8382-1518-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8382-1518-1"><bdi>978-3-8382-1518-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+European+Handbook+of+Central+Asian+Studies&rft.pages=403&rft.pub=Ibidem+Press&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-3-8382-1518-1&rft.aulast=Fauve&rft.aufirst=Jeroen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKPBIEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA406&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShunga+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTörök2023" class="citation journal cs1">Török, Tibor (July 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10379071">"Integrating Linguistic, Archaeological and Genetic Perspectives Unfold the Origin of Ugrians"</a>. <i>Genes</i>. <b>14</b> (7): Figure 1. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fgenes14071345">10.3390/genes14071345</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2073-4425">2073-4425</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10379071">10379071</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37510249">37510249</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Genes&rft.atitle=Integrating+Linguistic%2C+Archaeological+and+Genetic+Perspectives+Unfold+the+Origin+of+Ugrians&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=Figure+1&rft.date=2023-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10379071%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=2073-4425&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F37510249&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Fgenes14071345&rft.aulast=T%C3%B6r%C3%B6k&rft.aufirst=Tibor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10379071&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShunga+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">D.N. Jha,"Early India: A Concise History"p.150, plate 17</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-John1989_292-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-John1989_292_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_S._Strong1989" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_S._Strong" title="John S. Strong">John S. Strong</a> (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Kp9uaQTQ8h8C&pg=PA292"><i>The Legend of King Aśoka: A Study and Translation of the Aśokāvadāna</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Motilal_Banarsidass" title="Motilal Banarsidass">Motilal Banarsidass</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0616-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0616-0"><bdi>978-81-208-0616-0</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 October</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Legend+of+King+A%C5%9Boka%3A+A+Study+and+Translation+of+the+A%C5%9Bok%C4%81vad%C4%81na&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-81-208-0616-0&rft.au=John+S.+Strong&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKp9uaQTQ8h8C%26pg%3DPA292&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShunga+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Pushyamitra equipped a fourfold army, and intending to destroy the Buddhist religion, he went to the <a href="/wiki/Kukkutarama" title="Kukkutarama">Kukkutarama</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Pataliputra" title="Pataliputra">Pataliputra</a>). ... Pushyamitra therefore destroyed the <a href="/wiki/Sangharama" title="Sangharama">sangharama</a>, killed the monks there, and departed. ... After some time, he arrived in <a href="/wiki/Sagala" title="Sagala">Sakala</a>, and proclaimed that he would give a ... reward to whoever brought him the head of a Buddhist monk."<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_S._Strong1989" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_S._Strong" title="John S. Strong">John S. Strong</a> (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Kp9uaQTQ8h8C&pg=PA293"><i>The Legend of King Aśoka: A Study and Translation of the Aśokāvadāna</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Motilal_Banarsidass" title="Motilal Banarsidass">Motilal Banarsidass</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0616-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0616-0"><bdi>978-81-208-0616-0</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 October</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Legend+of+King+A%C5%9Boka%3A+A+Study+and+Translation+of+the+A%C5%9Bok%C4%81vad%C4%81na&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-81-208-0616-0&rft.au=John+S.+Strong&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKp9uaQTQ8h8C%26pg%3DPA293&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShunga+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HSoE8qR-5BgC&pg=PA39">A Journey Through India's Past Chandra Mauli Mani, Northern Book Centre, 2005, p.39</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"For any scholar engaged in the study of the presence of the Indo-Greeks or Indo-Scythians before the Christian Era, the <i>Yuga Purana</i> is an important source material" Dilip Coomer Ghose, General Secretary, <a href="/wiki/Asiatic_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Asiatic Society">The Asiatic Society</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Kolkata</a>, 2002</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRocher1986" class="citation book cs1">Rocher, Ludo (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=n0-4RJh5FgoC&pg=PA254"><i>The Purāṇas</i></a>. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 253–254. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783447025225" title="Special:BookSources/9783447025225"><bdi>9783447025225</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pur%C4%81%E1%B9%87as&rft.pages=253-254&rft.pub=Otto+Harrassowitz+Verlag&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=9783447025225&rft.aulast=Rocher&rft.aufirst=Ludo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dn0-4RJh5FgoC%26pg%3DPA254&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShunga+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081210080315/http://www.mssu.edu/projectsouthasia/history/primarydocs/Foreign_Views/GreekRoman/Megasthenes-Indika.htm">"Megasthenes: <i>Indika</i>"</a>. <i>Project South Asia</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mssu.edu/projectsouthasia/history/primarydocs/Foreign_Views/GreekRoman/Megasthenes-Indika.htm">the original</a> on 10 December 2008. <q>The greatest city in India is that which is called Palimbothra, in the dominions of the Prasians [...] Megasthenes informs us that this city stretched in the inhabited quarters to an extreme length on each side of eighty stadia, and that its breadth was fifteen stadia, and that a ditch encompassed it all round, which was six hundred feet in breadth and thirty cubits in depth, and that the wall was crowned with 570 towers and had four-and-sixty gates. (Arr. Ind. 10. 'Of Pataliputra and the Manners of the Indians')</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Project+South+Asia&rft.atitle=Megasthenes%3A+Indika&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mssu.edu%2Fprojectsouthasia%2Fhistory%2Fprimarydocs%2FForeign_Views%2FGreekRoman%2FMegasthenes-Indika.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShunga+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MazdaWXQFuQC&pg=SL1-PA298">Indian History Allied Publishers</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/cu31924022967578#page/n113">The Malavikágnimitra : a Sanskrit play by Kālidāsa; Tawney, C. H. p.91</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Indo-Greek, Indo-Scythian and Indo-Parthian coins in the Smithsonian institution", <a href="/wiki/Bopearachchi" class="mw-redirect" title="Bopearachchi">Bopearachchi</a>, p16. Also: "Kalidasa recounts in his Mālavikāgnimitra (5.15.14–24) that <a href="/wiki/Pushyamitra_Shunga" title="Pushyamitra Shunga">Puṣpamitra</a> appointed his grandson Vasumitra to guard his sacrificial horse, which wandered on the right bank of the Sindhu river and was seized by Yavana cavalrymen- the latter being thereafter defeated by Vasumitra. The "Sindhu" referred to in this context may refer the river <a href="/wiki/Indus_River" title="Indus River">Indus</a>: but such an extension of Shunga power seems unlikely, and it is more probable that it denotes one of two rivers in central India -either the Sindhu river which is a tributary of the <a href="/wiki/Yamuna" title="Yamuna">Yamuna</a>, or the Kali-Sindhu river which is a tributary of the <a href="/wiki/Chambal_River" title="Chambal River">Chambal</a>." T<i>he Yuga Purana</i>, Mitchener, 2002.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBakker1982" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hans_T._Bakker" title="Hans T. Bakker">Bakker, Hans</a> (1982). "The rise of Ayodhya as a place of pilgrimage". <i>Indo-Iranian Journal</i>. <b>24</b> (2): 103–126. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F000000082790081267">10.1163/000000082790081267</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161957449">161957449</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Indo-Iranian+Journal&rft.atitle=The+rise+of+Ayodhya+as+a+place+of+pilgrimage&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=103-126&rft.date=1982&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F000000082790081267&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A161957449%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Bakker&rft.aufirst=Hans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShunga+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rhie_254-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rhie_254_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSonya_Rhie_Quintanilla2007" class="citation book cs1">Sonya Rhie Quintanilla (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=X7Cb8IkZVSMC&pg=PA254"><i>History of Early Stone Sculpture at Mathura: Ca. 150 BCE - 100 CE</i></a>. BRILL. p. 254. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-15537-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-15537-4"><bdi>978-90-04-15537-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Early+Stone+Sculpture+at+Mathura%3A+Ca.+150+BCE+-+100+CE&rft.pages=254&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-90-04-15537-4&rft.au=Sonya+Rhie+Quintanilla&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DX7Cb8IkZVSMC%26pg%3DPA254&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShunga+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShankar_Goyal2004" class="citation book cs1">Shankar Goyal, ed. (2004). <i>India's ancient past</i>. Jaipur: Book Enclave. p. 189. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788181520012" title="Special:BookSources/9788181520012"><bdi>9788181520012</bdi></a>. <q>Some Newly Discovered Inscriptions from Mathura : The Meghera Well Stone Inscription of Yavanarajya Year 160 Recently a stone inscription was acquired in the Government Museum, Mathura.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India%27s+ancient+past&rft.place=Jaipur&rft.pages=189&rft.pub=Book+Enclave&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9788181520012&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShunga+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"tatha Yavana Kamboja Mathuram.abhitash cha ye./ ete ashava.yuddha.kushaladasinatyasi charminah."//5 — (MBH 12/105/5, Kumbhakonam Ed)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaychaudhuri1923" class="citation book cs1">Raychaudhuri, Hem Channdra (1923). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/politicalhistory00raycuoft"><i>Political history of ancient India, from the accession of Parikshit to the extinction of the Gupta dynasty</i></a>. Calcutta, Univ. of Calcutta. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/politicalhistory00raycuoft/page/216">216</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Political+history+of+ancient+India%2C+from+the+accession+of+Parikshit+to+the+extinction+of+the+Gupta+dynasty&rft.pages=216&rft.pub=Calcutta%2C+Univ.+of+Calcutta&rft.date=1923&rft.aulast=Raychaudhuri&rft.aufirst=Hem+Channdra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpoliticalhistory00raycuoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShunga+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSen1999" class="citation book cs1">Sen, Sailendra Nath (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Wk4_ICH_g1EC&pg=PA170"><i>Ancient Indian History and Civilization</i></a>. New Age International, 1999. p. 170. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8-12241-198-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-8-12241-198-0"><bdi>978-8-12241-198-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Indian+History+and+Civilization&rft.pages=170&rft.pub=New+Age+International%2C+1999&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-8-12241-198-0&rft.aulast=Sen&rft.aufirst=Sailendra+Nath&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWk4_ICH_g1EC%26pg%3DPA170&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShunga+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKulkeRothermund2004" class="citation book cs1">Kulke, Hermann; Rothermund, Dietmar (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RoW9GuFJ9GIC&q=shunga+vidisha&pg=PA73"><i>A History of India</i></a>. Psychology Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415329200" title="Special:BookSources/9780415329200"><bdi>9780415329200</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+India&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9780415329200&rft.aulast=Kulke&rft.aufirst=Hermann&rft.au=Rothermund%2C+Dietmar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRoW9GuFJ9GIC%26q%3Dshunga%2Bvidisha%26pg%3DPA73&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShunga+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.proel.org/index.php?pagina=alfabetos/sunga">"Silabario Sunga"</a>. <i>proel.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=proel.org&rft.atitle=Silabario+Sunga&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.proel.org%2Findex.php%3Fpagina%3Dalfabetos%2Fsunga&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShunga+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shunga_Empire&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThapar2013" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Romila_Thapar" title="Romila Thapar">Thapar, Romila</a> (2013), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aei9AAAAQBAJ"><i>The Past Before Us</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-72651-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-72651-2"><bdi>978-0-674-72651-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Past+Before+Us&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-674-72651-2&rft.aulast=Thapar&rft.aufirst=Romila&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Daei9AAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShunga+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>"The Legend of King Ashoka, A study and translation of the Ashokavadana", John Strong, Princeton Library of Asian translations, 1983, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-01459-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-691-01459-0">0-691-01459-0</a></li> <li>"Dictionary of Buddhism" by Damien KEOWN (Oxford University Press, 2003) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-860560-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-860560-9">0-19-860560-9</a></li> <li><i>Aśoka and the Decline of the Mauryas</i>, <a href="/wiki/Romila_Thapar" title="Romila Thapar">Romila Thapar</a>, 1961 (revision 1998); Oxford University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-564445-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-564445-X">0-19-564445-X</a></li> <li>"The Yuga Purana", John E. Mitchiner, <a href="/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Kolkata</a>, The Asiatic Society, 2002, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-7236-124-6" title="Special:BookSources/81-7236-124-6">81-7236-124-6</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shunga_Empire&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Shunga_Empire" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Shunga Empire">Shunga Empire</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051120174324/http://ignca.nic.in/asp/showbig.asp?projid=rar26">Medallions from Barhut</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arthistory.upenn.edu/104/caves.html">Shunga art in North India (Bharhut and Bodgaya)</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Maurya_Empire" title="Maurya Empire">Maurya dynasty</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Magadha_(Mahajanapada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Magadha (Mahajanapada)">Magadha dynasties</a> </b> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Kanva_dynasty" title="Kanva dynasty">Kanva dynasty</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output 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<tbody><tr> <td rowspan="2">Timeline and<br />cultural period </td> <td rowspan="2">Northwestern India<br />(<a href="/wiki/Punjab" title="Punjab">Punjab</a>-<a href="/wiki/Sapta_Sindhu" class="mw-redirect" title="Sapta Sindhu">Sapta Sindhu</a>) </td> <td colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Indo-Gangetic_Plain" title="Indo-Gangetic Plain">Indo-Gangetic Plain</a> </td> <td rowspan="2">Central India </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/South_India" title="South India">Southern India</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#cdcdcd"> <td>Upper Gangetic Plain <br />(<a href="/wiki/Doab" title="Doab">Ganga-Yamuna doab</a>) </td> <td>Middle Gangetic Plain </td> <td>Lower Gangetic Plain </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;background-color:#CED4F2"> <td colspan="7"><b><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Iron Age India">IRON AGE</a></b> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#F8F8FF"> <td><i><b>Culture</b></i> </td> <td colspan="1"><b>Late <a href="/wiki/Vedic_Period" class="mw-redirect" title="Vedic Period">Vedic Period</a></b> </td> <td colspan="1"><b>Late <a href="/wiki/Vedic_Period" class="mw-redirect" title="Vedic Period">Vedic Period</a></b><br />(<a href="/wiki/Srauta" class="mw-redirect" title="Srauta">Srauta</a> culture)<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Painted_Grey_Ware_culture" title="Painted Grey Ware culture">Painted Grey Ware culture</a> </td> <td colspan="2"><b>Late <a href="/wiki/Vedic_Period" class="mw-redirect" title="Vedic Period">Vedic Period</a></b><br />(<a href="/wiki/%C5%9Arama%E1%B9%87a" title="Śramaṇa">Shramanic culture</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Northern_Black_Polished_Ware" title="Northern Black Polished Ware">Northern Black Polished Ware</a> </td> <td colspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_India#Prehistoric_era" title="History of India">Pre-history</a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b> 6th century BCE</b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gandhara" title="Gandhara">Gandhara</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kuru_kingdom" title="Kuru kingdom">Kuru</a>-<a href="/wiki/Panchala" class="mw-redirect" title="Panchala">Panchala</a> </td> <td>Magadha </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Adivasi" title="Adivasi">Adivasi (tribes)</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Assaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Assaka">Assaka</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#F8F8FF"> <td><i><b>Culture</b></i> </td> <td colspan="1"><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_India#Persian_and_Greek_conquests" title="History of India">Persian-Greek influences</a></b> </td> <td colspan="3"><b>"<a href="/wiki/History_of_India#"Second_urbanisation"_(800-200_BCE)" title="History of India">Second Urbanisation</a>"</b><br /><a href="/wiki/Shramana" class="mw-redirect" title="Shramana">Rise of Shramana movements</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a> - <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> - <a href="/wiki/%C4%80j%C4%ABvika" title="Ājīvika">Ājīvika</a> - <a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a> </td> <td colspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_India#Prehistoric_era" title="History of India">Pre-history</a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b> 5th century BCE</b> </td> <td colspan="1">(<a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_conquest_of_the_Indus_Valley" title="Achaemenid conquest of the Indus Valley">Persian conquests</a>) </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Shaishunaga_dynasty" title="Shaishunaga dynasty">Shaishunaga dynasty</a> </td> <td> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Adivasi" title="Adivasi">Adivasi (tribes)</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Assaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Assaka">Assaka</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b> 4th century BCE</b> </td> <td colspan="1">(<a href="/wiki/Greek_conquests_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek conquests in India">Greek conquests</a>) </td> <td colspan="3"><b><a href="/wiki/Nanda_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanda Dynasty">Nanda empire</a></b> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#CED4F2"> <td colspan="7"><b><a href="/wiki/Ancient_history" title="Ancient history">HISTORICAL AGE</a></b> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#F8F8FF"> <td><i><b>Culture</b></i> </td> <td colspan="4"><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism_in_India" title="History of Buddhism in India">Spread of Buddhism</a></b> </td> <td><b>Pre-history</b> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b> 3rd century BCE</b> </td> <td colspan="5"><b><a href="/wiki/Maurya_Empire" title="Maurya Empire">Maurya Empire</a></b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Satavahana_dynasty" title="Satavahana dynasty">Satavahana dynasty</a><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Sangam_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Sangam period">Sangam period</a></b><br />(300 BCE – 200 CE)<br /><a href="/wiki/Early_Cholas" title="Early Cholas">Early Cholas</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Early_Pandyan_kingdom" title="Early Pandyan kingdom">Early Pandyan kingdom</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Chera_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Chera Dynasty">Cheras</a><br /> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#F8F8FF"> <td><i><b>Culture</b></i> </td> <td colspan="5"><b>Preclassical Hinduism</b><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> - <b>"Hindu Synthesis"</b><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (ca. 200 BC - 300 CE)<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Indian_epic_poetry" title="Indian epic poetry">Epics</a> - <a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a> - <a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a> - <a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a> - <a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a> - <a href="/wiki/Brahma_Sutras" title="Brahma Sutras">Brahma Sutras</a> - <a href="/wiki/Smarta_Tradition" class="mw-redirect" title="Smarta Tradition">Smarta Tradition</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Mahayana_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahayana Buddhism">Mahayana Buddhism</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b> 2nd century BCE</b> </td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Indo-Greeks" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Greeks">Indo-Greek Kingdom</a> </td> <td colspan="3" rowspan="2"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Shunga Empire</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Maha-Meghavahana_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Maha-Meghavahana Dynasty">Maha-Meghavahana Dynasty</a> </td> <td rowspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Satavahana_dynasty" title="Satavahana dynasty">Satavahana dynasty</a><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Sangam_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Sangam period">Sangam period</a></b><br />(300 BCE – 200 CE)<br /><a href="/wiki/Early_Cholas" title="Early Cholas">Early Cholas</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Early_Pandyan_kingdom" title="Early Pandyan kingdom">Early Pandyan kingdom</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Chera_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Chera Dynasty">Cheras</a><br /> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b> 1st century BCE</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b> 1st century CE</b> </td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="1"> <p><a href="/wiki/Indo-Scythians" title="Indo-Scythians">Indo-Scythians</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Indo-Parthian_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Parthian Kingdom">Indo-Parthians</a> </p> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kuninda_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuninda Kingdom">Kuninda Kingdom</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b> 2nd century</b> </td> <td colspan="5" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan Empire</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b> 3rd century</b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kushano-Sasanian_Kingdom" title="Kushano-Sasanian Kingdom">Kushano-Sasanian Kingdom</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan Empire</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Western_Satraps" title="Western Satraps">Western Satraps</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kamarupa" title="Kamarupa">Kamarupa</a> kingdom </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Adivasi" title="Adivasi">Adivasi (tribes)</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#F8F8FF"> <td><i><b>Culture</b></i> </td> <td colspan="6"><b>"Golden Age of Hinduism"</b>(ca. CE 320-650)<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a><br />Co-existence of Hinduism and Buddhism </td></tr> <tr> <td><b> 4th century</b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kidarites" title="Kidarites">Kidarites</a> </td> <td colspan="4" rowspan="1"><b><a href="/wiki/Gupta_Empire" title="Gupta Empire">Gupta Empire</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Varman_dynasty" title="Varman dynasty">Varman dynasty</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Andhra_Ikshvakus" class="mw-redirect" title="Andhra Ikshvakus">Andhra Ikshvakus</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Kalabhra_dynasty" title="Kalabhra dynasty">Kalabhra dynasty</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Kadamba_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Kadamba Dynasty">Kadamba Dynasty</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Western_Ganga_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Ganga Dynasty">Western Ganga Dynasty</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b> 5th century</b> </td> <td colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Hephthalite_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Hephthalite Empire">Hephthalite Empire</a> </td> <td colspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Alchon_Huns" title="Alchon Huns">Alchon Huns</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vishnukundina" class="mw-redirect" title="Vishnukundina">Vishnukundina</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Kalabhra_dynasty" title="Kalabhra dynasty">Kalabhra dynasty</a><br /> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b> 6th century</b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nezak_Huns" title="Nezak Huns">Nezak Huns</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Turk_Shahis" title="Turk Shahis">Kabul Shahi</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Maitraka" class="mw-redirect" title="Maitraka">Maitraka</a> </td> <td> </td> <td rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Adivasi" title="Adivasi">Adivasi (tribes)</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vishnukundina" class="mw-redirect" title="Vishnukundina">Vishnukundina</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Badami_Chalukyas" class="mw-redirect" title="Badami Chalukyas">Badami Chalukyas</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Kalabhra_dynasty" title="Kalabhra dynasty">Kalabhra dynasty</a><br /> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#F8F8FF"> <td><i><b>Culture</b></i> </td> <td colspan="6"><b>Late-Classical Hinduism</b> (ca. CE 650-1100)<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>h<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita Vedanta</a> - <a href="/wiki/Tantra" title="Tantra">Tantra</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Decline_of_Buddhism_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Decline of Buddhism in India">Decline of Buddhism in India</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b> 7th century</b> </td> <td colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Indo-Sassanids" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Sassanids">Indo-Sassanids</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vakataka_dynasty" title="Vakataka dynasty">Vakataka dynasty</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Harsha" class="mw-redirect" title="Empire of Harsha">Empire of Harsha</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mlechchha_dynasty" title="Mlechchha dynasty">Mlechchha dynasty</a> </td> <td rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Adivasi" title="Adivasi">Adivasi (tribes)</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Badami_Chalukyas" class="mw-redirect" title="Badami Chalukyas">Badami Chalukyas</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Chalukyas" title="Eastern Chalukyas">Eastern Chalukyas</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Pandyan_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Pandyan kingdom">Pandyan kingdom (revival)</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Pallava_dynasty" title="Pallava dynasty">Pallava</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b> 8th century</b> </td> <td colspan="1" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Turk_Shahis" title="Turk Shahis">Kabul Shahi</a> </td> <td> </td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Pala_Empire" title="Pala Empire">Pala Empire</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Chalukyas" title="Eastern Chalukyas">Eastern Chalukyas</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Pandyan_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Pandyan kingdom">Pandyan kingdom</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Kalachuris_of_Mahishmati" title="Kalachuris of Mahishmati">Kalachuri</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b> 9th century</b> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gurjara-Pratihara" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurjara-Pratihara">Gurjara-Pratihara</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rashtrakuta_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Rashtrakuta dynasty">Rashtrakuta dynasty</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Chalukyas" title="Eastern Chalukyas">Eastern Chalukyas</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Pandyan_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Pandyan kingdom">Pandyan kingdom</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Cholas" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval Cholas">Medieval Cholas</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Chera_Dynasty#Chera_Perumals_of_Makkotai" class="mw-redirect" title="Chera Dynasty">Chera Perumals of Makkotai</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>10th century</b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ghaznavids" title="Ghaznavids">Ghaznavids</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pala_dynasty_(Kamarupa)" title="Pala dynasty (Kamarupa)">Pala dynasty</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Kamboja-Pala_Dynasty_of_Bengal" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamboja-Pala Dynasty of Bengal">Kamboja-Pala dynasty</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kalyani_Chalukyas" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalyani Chalukyas">Kalyani Chalukyas</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Chalukyas" title="Eastern Chalukyas">Eastern Chalukyas</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Cholas" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval Cholas">Medieval Cholas</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Chera_dynasty" title="Chera dynasty">Chera Perumals of Makkotai</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Rashtrakuta_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Rashtrakuta dynasty">Rashtrakuta</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="7"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214851843">.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center;">References and sources for table</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> <p><b>References</b> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-lower-alpha" style="column-width: 15em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Samuel</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Samuel</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michaels (2004) p.39</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hiltebeitel (2002)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michaels (2004) p.39</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hiltebeitel (2002)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michaels (2004) p.40</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michaels (2004) p.41</span> </li> </ol></div> <p><b>Sources</b> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Flood, Gavin D. (1996), <i>An Introduction to Hinduism</i>, Cambridge University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Hinduism&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Flood&rft.aufirst=Gavin+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShunga+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Alf_Hiltebeitel" title="Alf Hiltebeitel">Hiltebeitel, Alf</a> (2002), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.nl/books?id=kfyzAAAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&hl=nl#v=onepage&q&f=false"><i>Hinduism. In: Joseph Kitagawa, "The Religious Traditions of Asia: Religion, History, and Culture"</i></a>, Routledge</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hinduism.+In%3A+Joseph+Kitagawa%2C+%22The+Religious+Traditions+of+Asia%3A+Religion%2C+History%2C+and+Culture%22&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Hiltebeitel&rft.aufirst=Alf&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.nl%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkfyzAAAAQBAJ%26printsec%3Dfrontcover%26hl%3Dnl%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShunga+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Michaels, Axel (2004), <i>Hinduism. Past and present</i>, Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hinduism.+Past+and+present&rft.place=Princeton%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Michaels&rft.aufirst=Axel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShunga+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Samuel, Geoffrey (2010), <i>The Origins of Yoga and Tantra. Indic Religions to the Thirteenth Century</i>, Cambridge University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origins+of+Yoga+and+Tantra.+Indic+Religions+to+the+Thirteenth+Century&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Samuel&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShunga+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div></div></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shunga_Empire&oldid=1259181020">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shunga_Empire&oldid=1259181020</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" 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