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<span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Works cited</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Four sons of Horus</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 40 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-40" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">40 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vier_seuns_van_Horus" title="Vier seuns van Horus – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Vier seuns van Horus" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%AD%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%B3" title="أولاد حورس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أولاد حورس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horusovi_sinovi" title="Horusovi sinovi – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Horusovi sinovi" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bugale_Horus" title="Bugale Horus – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Bugale Horus" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quatre_fills_d%27Horus" title="Quatre fills d'Horus – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Quatre fills d'Horus" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synov%C3%A9_Horovi" title="Synové Horovi – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Synové Horovi" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horus%27_s%C3%B8nner" title="Horus' sønner – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Horus' sønner" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horuss%C3%B6hne" title="Horussöhne – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Horussöhne" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%AD%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%B5%CE%B9%CF%82_%CE%B3%CE%B9%CE%BF%CE%B9_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%8F%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%85" title="Τέσσερεις γιοι του Ώρου – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τέσσερεις γιοι του Ώρου" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filoj_de_Horuso" title="Filoj de Horuso – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Filoj de Horuso" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%AF_%D8%AD%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3" title="چهار فرزند حوروس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="چهار فرزند حوروس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enfants_d%27Horus" title="Enfants d'Horus – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Enfants d'Horus" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%98%B8%EB%A3%A8%EC%8A%A4%EC%9D%98_%EC%95%84%EB%93%A4%EB%93%A4" title="호루스의 아들들 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="호루스의 아들들" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cetiri_Horusova_sina" title="Četiri Horusova sina – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Četiri Horusova sina" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empat_putra_Horus" title="Empat putra Horus – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Empat putra Horus" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synir_H%C3%B3rusar" title="Synir Hórusar – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Synir Hórusar" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Figli_di_Horo" title="Figli di Horo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Figli di Horo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%A2%D7%AA_%D7%91%D7%A0%D7%99_%D7%94%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A1" title="ארבעת בני הורוס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ארבעת בני הורוס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B3rusz-fiak" title="Hórusz-fiak – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Hórusz-fiak" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%A5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Четири Хорови синови – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Четири Хорови синови" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%AD%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%B3" title="اولاد حورس – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اولاد حورس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empat_anak_Horus" title="Empat anak Horus – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Empat anak Horus" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vier_zonen_van_Horus" title="Vier zonen van Horus – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Vier zonen van Horus" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9B%E3%83%AB%E3%82%B9%E3%81%AE4%E4%BA%BA%E3%81%AE%E6%81%AF%E5%AD%90" title="ホルスの4人の息子 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ホルスの4人の息子" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horus%E2%80%99_fire_s%C3%B8nner" title="Horus’ fire sønner – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Horus’ fire sønner" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filhos_de_H%C3%B3rus" title="Filhos de Hórus – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Filhos de Hórus" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%B5_%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Четыре сына Гора – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Четыре сына Гора" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_sons_of_Horus" title="Four sons of Horus – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Four sons of Horus" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%B3_%D8%AC%D8%A7_%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D9%BE%D9%BD" title="حورس جا چار پٽ – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="حورس جا چار پٽ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0tyria_Horovi_synovia" title="Štyria Horovi synovia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Štyria Horovi synovia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horovi_sinovi" title="Horovi sinovi – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Horovi sinovi" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%A5%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Четири Хорусова сина – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Четири Хорусова сина" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cetiri_Horusova_sina" title="Četiri Horusova sina – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Četiri Horusova sina" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horus-lapset" title="Horus-lapset – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Horus-lapset" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horus%27un_d%C3%B6rt_o%C4%9Flu" title="Horus'un dört oğlu – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Horus'un dört oğlu" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Чотири сини Гора – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Чотири сини Гора" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%B3_%DA%A9%DB%92_%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%B9%DB%92" title="حورس کے چار بیٹے – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="حورس کے چار بیٹے" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%E1%BB%91n_ng%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Di_con_c%E1%BB%A7a_Horus" title="Bốn người con của Horus – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Bốn người con của Horus" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8D%B7%E9%AD%AF%E6%96%AF%E5%98%85%E5%9B%9B%E5%80%8B%E4%BB%94" title="荷魯斯嘅四個仔 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="荷魯斯嘅四個仔" data-language-autonym="粵語" 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Click here for more information."><img alt="This is a good article. Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Four_Sons_of_Horus&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Four Sons of Horus">Four Sons of Horus</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ancient Egyptian gods</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Four_sons_of_Horus.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Four_sons_of_Horus.svg/300px-Four_sons_of_Horus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="269" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Four_sons_of_Horus.svg/450px-Four_sons_of_Horus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Four_sons_of_Horus.svg/600px-Four_sons_of_Horus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="825" data-file-height="740" /></a><figcaption>The four sons of Horus, from left: Imsety, Duamutef, Hapy, and Qebehsenuef</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>four sons of Horus</b> were a group of four <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_deities" title="Ancient Egyptian deities">deities</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_religion" title="Ancient Egyptian religion">ancient Egyptian religion</a> who were believed to protect deceased people in the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_afterlife_beliefs" title="Ancient Egyptian afterlife beliefs">afterlife</a>. Beginning in the <a href="/wiki/First_Intermediate_Period" class="mw-redirect" title="First Intermediate Period">First Intermediate Period</a> of Egyptian history (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 2181–2055 BC), <b>Imsety</b>, <b>Hapy</b>, <b>Duamutef</b>, and <b>Qebehsenuef</b> were especially connected with the four <a href="/wiki/Canopic_jar" title="Canopic jar">canopic jars</a> that housed the internal organs that were removed from the body of the deceased during the process of <a href="/wiki/Mummification" class="mw-redirect" title="Mummification">mummification</a>. Most commonly, Imsety protected the liver, Hapy the lungs, Duamutef the stomach, and Qebehsenuef the intestines, but this pattern often varied. The canopic jars were given lids that represented the heads of the sons of Horus. Although they were originally portrayed as humans, in the latter part of the <a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="New Kingdom of Egypt">New Kingdom</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1550–1070 BC), they took on their most distinctive iconography, in which Imsety is portrayed as a human, Hapy as a baboon, Duamutef as a jackal, and Qebehsenuef as a falcon. The four sons were also linked with stars in the sky, with regions of Egypt, and with the <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_directions" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardinal directions">cardinal directions</a>. </p><p>The worship of the sons of Horus was almost entirely restricted to the funerary sphere. They were first mentioned late in the <a href="/wiki/Old_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Old Kingdom of Egypt">Old Kingdom</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 2686–2181 BC) in the <a href="/wiki/Pyramid_Texts" title="Pyramid Texts">Pyramid Texts</a> and continued to be invoked in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_funerary_texts" title="Ancient Egyptian funerary texts">funerary texts</a> throughout ancient Egyptian history. Their connection with the canopic jars was established in the First Intermediate Period, and afterward they became ubiquitous in the decoration of <a href="/wiki/Canopic_chest" title="Canopic chest">canopic chests</a>, coffins, and <a href="/wiki/Sarcophagi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarcophagi">sarcophagi</a>. Although they were increasingly closely associated with the internal organs, they continued to appear in burial equipment even after the use of canopic jars was abandoned in the <a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_Period" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemaic Period">Ptolemaic Period</a> (303–30 BC), disappearing only in the fourth century AD with the extinction of the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_funerary_tradition" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Egyptian funerary tradition">ancient Egyptian funerary tradition</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Names_and_origins">Names and origins</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Four_sons_of_Horus&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Names and origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="font-size:100%; width:180px; border-collapse:collapse; border:1px solid #993300 [[Category:Egypt portal]]; background: #FFFFDE [[Category:Egypt portal]]; color: #993300 [[Category:Egypt portal]]; line-height:inherit;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; background-color: #FFE39B [[Category:Egypt portal]]"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546">Four sons of Horus<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHart2005150_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHart2005150-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyphs" title="Egyptian hieroglyphs">hieroglyphs</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="vertical-align:middle; background-color: #FFFFDE [[Category:Egypt portal]]; color: #993300 [[Category:Egypt portal]]; border: #993300 [[Category:Egypt portal]] 1px solid; padding: 0.4em;"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_Aa15.png?721ae" height="8" title="Aa15" alt="Aa15" /><br /><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_S29.png?58979" height="31" title="S29 [s]" alt="s" /></td> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_O34.png?63e15" height="6" title="O34" alt="O34" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_U33.png?bde2c" height="38" title="U33" alt="U33" /></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></div><br />Imsety</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="vertical-align:middle; background-color: #FFFFDE [[Category:Egypt portal]]; color: #993300 [[Category:Egypt portal]]; border: #993300 [[Category:Egypt portal]] 1px solid; padding: 0.4em;"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_Aa5.png?da67f" height="32" title="Aa5" alt="Aa5" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_Q3.png?42130" height="15" title="Q3 [p]" alt="p" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_Z4.png?dbdf8" height="14" title="Z4 [y]" alt="y" /></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></div><br />Hapy</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="vertical-align:middle; background-color: #FFFFDE [[Category:Egypt portal]]; color: #993300 [[Category:Egypt portal]]; border: #993300 [[Category:Egypt portal]] 1px solid; padding: 0.4em;"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_N14.png?0bf87" height="22" title="N14" alt="N14" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_G14.png?834b8" height="38" title="G14" alt="G14" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_X1.png?f2a8c" height="11" title="X1 [t]" alt="t" /><br /><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_I9.png?fe540" height="12" title="I9 [f]" alt="f" /></td> </tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></div><br />Duamutef</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="vertical-align:middle; background-color: #FFFFDE [[Category:Egypt portal]]; color: #993300 [[Category:Egypt portal]]; border: #993300 [[Category:Egypt portal]] 1px solid; padding: 0.4em;"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_W15.png?1aaff" height="38" title="W15" alt="W15" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_T22.png?8e516" height="38" title="T22" alt="T22" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_T22.png?8e516" height="38" title="T22" alt="T22" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_T22.png?8e516" height="38" title="T22" alt="T22" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_I9.png?fe540" height="12" title="I9 [f]" alt="f" /></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></div><br />Qebehsenuef</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><th colspan="2"> </th></tr></tbody></table> <p>Imsety (<i>jmstj</i>), Hapy (<i>ḥpy</i>), Duamutef (<i>dwꜣ-mwt.f</i>), and Qebehsenuef (<i>qbḥ-snw.f</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDodson2001561_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDodson2001561-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are first mentioned in the <a href="/wiki/Pyramid_Texts" title="Pyramid Texts">Pyramid Texts</a>, the earliest <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_funerary_texts" title="Ancient Egyptian funerary texts">ancient Egyptian funerary texts</a>, in the late <a href="/wiki/Old_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Old Kingdom of Egypt">Old Kingdom</a> (24th and 23rd centuries BC).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkinson200388_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinson200388-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In numerous sources, such as Spell 541 of the Pyramid Texts, they are stated to be the children of <a href="/wiki/Horus" title="Horus">Horus</a>, one of the major deities of the Egyptian pantheon.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDodson2001562_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDodson2001562-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen2015175_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen2015175-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a few of these texts they are instead called the children of the god <a href="/wiki/Atum" title="Atum">Atum</a>, the god <a href="/wiki/Geb" title="Geb">Geb</a>, or the goddess <a href="/wiki/Nut_(goddess)" title="Nut (goddess)">Nut</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMathieu20088–9_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMathieu20088–9-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A passage in the <a href="/wiki/Coffin_Texts" title="Coffin Texts">Coffin Texts</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Middle Kingdom of Egypt">Middle Kingdom</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 2055–1650 BC) says they are the offspring of the goddess <a href="/wiki/Isis" title="Isis">Isis</a> and a form of Horus known as Horus the Elder.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaulkner1973135_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaulkner1973135-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the Pyramid Texts, the sons of Horus are said to assist the deceased king in the afterlife.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDodson2001561–562_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDodson2001561–562-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Spell 688, for example, they "make firm a ladder" for the king to ascend into the sky, while in Spell 338 they protect him from hunger and thirst.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen201578,_286_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen201578,_286-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Egyptologists often treat the protection of the deceased as their primary role, though <a href="/wiki/Maarten_Raven" title="Maarten Raven">Maarten Raven</a> argues that the four sons originated as celestial deities, given that the Pyramid Texts frequently connect them with the sky and that Horus himself was a sky deity.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaven200542_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERaven200542-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The name of Duamutef means "He who praises his mother",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoberson201320_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoberson201320-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while Qebehsenuef means "He who purifies his brother by means of libation".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIkramDodson1998291–292_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIkramDodson1998291–292-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Egyptologist <a href="/wiki/James_Peter_Allen" title="James Peter Allen">James P. Allen</a> translates Hapy's name as "He of Haste" and Imsety as "He of the <a href="/wiki/Dill" title="Dill">Dill</a>";<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen2015357–358_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen2015357–358-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> another Egyptologist, Joshua Roberson, believes Imsety originated as a personification of this herb.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoberson201339_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoberson201339-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Imsety's name also resembled the Egyptian word for "liver" (<i>mjst</i>), which may be the reason why he became specifically linked with the liver.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMathieu200811_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMathieu200811-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The name of Imsety incorporates the <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_language" title="Egyptian language">Egyptian</a> <a href="/wiki/Dual_(grammatical_number)" title="Dual (grammatical number)">grammatical dual</a> ending (-<i>ty</i> or -<i>wy</i>), and the name of Hapy may have originally done so as well, incorporating a <i>w</i> that was later lost. For this reason, the Egyptologist John Taylor argues that these two sons were originally two male and female pairs of deities.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor200165_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor200165-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Roles">Roles</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Four_sons_of_Horus&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Roles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Protectors_of_the_deceased">Protectors of the deceased</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Four_sons_of_Horus&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Protectors of the deceased"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Canopic_jar" title="Canopic jar">Canopic jar</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ancient_Egypt_Alabaster_Canopic_Jars_(27799088613).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Ancient_Egypt_Alabaster_Canopic_Jars_%2827799088613%29.jpg/280px-Ancient_Egypt_Alabaster_Canopic_Jars_%2827799088613%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Ancient_Egypt_Alabaster_Canopic_Jars_%2827799088613%29.jpg/420px-Ancient_Egypt_Alabaster_Canopic_Jars_%2827799088613%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Ancient_Egypt_Alabaster_Canopic_Jars_%2827799088613%29.jpg/560px-Ancient_Egypt_Alabaster_Canopic_Jars_%2827799088613%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Animal-headed <a href="/wiki/Canopic_jars" class="mw-redirect" title="Canopic jars">canopic jars</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Twenty-sixth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt">Twenty-sixth Dynasty</a> (664–525 BC)</figcaption></figure> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 282px;"> <div class="thumbimage" style="width: 280px; height: 120px; overflow: hidden;"> <div style="position: relative; top: -px; left: -420px; width: 700px"><div class="noresize"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bookofthedeadspell17.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A vignette in the Book of the Dead of Ani (c. 1250 BC) depicts a personified canopic chest flanked by the sons of Horus.[17]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Bookofthedeadspell17.jpg/700px-Bookofthedeadspell17.jpg" decoding="async" width="700" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0b/Bookofthedeadspell17.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="322" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Bookofthedeadspell17.jpg" title="File:Bookofthedeadspell17.jpg"> </a></div>A vignette in the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_the_Dead_of_Ani" class="mw-redirect" title="Book of the Dead of Ani">Book of the Dead of Ani</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1250 BC) depicts a personified <a href="/wiki/Canopic_chest" title="Canopic chest">canopic chest</a> flanked by the sons of Horus.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoeletFaulknerAndrewsGunther2015169_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoeletFaulknerAndrewsGunther2015169-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </div> </div> </div> <p>Texts from later periods continue to invoke the sons of Horus for protection in the afterlife as the Pyramid Texts do. In many texts they were said to protect <a href="/wiki/Osiris" title="Osiris">Osiris</a>, the funerary deity whose <a href="/wiki/Osiris_myth" title="Osiris myth">mythological death and resurrection</a> served as the template for <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_funerary_practices" title="Ancient Egyptian funerary practices">ancient Egyptian funerary practices</a>. Some texts even refer to them as the sons of Osiris rather than Horus.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinch2002204_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinch2002204-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a Middle Kingdom ritual, recorded in the <a href="/wiki/Dramatic_Ramesseum_Papyrus" title="Dramatic Ramesseum Papyrus">Dramatic Ramesseum Papyrus</a>, the sons of Horus aid Osiris in his rejuvenation after death, fight the followers of his enemy <a href="/wiki/Set_(deity)" title="Set (deity)">Set</a>, and restore the lost <a href="/wiki/Eye_of_Horus" title="Eye of Horus">Eye of Horus</a> to their father.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeisen2018240_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeisen2018240-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Spell 137 of the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_the_Dead" title="Book of the Dead">Book of the Dead</a> from the <a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="New Kingdom of Egypt">New Kingdom</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1550–1070 BC) says to them, "as you spread your protection over your father Osiris-<a href="/wiki/Khentiamentiu" class="mw-redirect" title="Khentiamentiu">Khentiamentiu</a>, so spread your protection over [the deceased person]". In the tenth section of the New Kingdom <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Gates" title="Book of Gates">Book of Gates</a>, a funerary text that depicts the underworld in detail, the four sons are portrayed holding chains that bind the malign beings called "<i>wmmtj</i>-snakes".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDodson2001562_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDodson2001562-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The four sons developed a specialized connection with the internal organs of the deceased. During the <a href="/wiki/Mummification" class="mw-redirect" title="Mummification">mummification</a> process, four internal organs—the lungs, liver, stomach, and intestines—were removed from the body and dried before being placed in the burial, usually separately from the body. In the late Old Kingdom, these organs began to be placed in a set of jars known as <a href="/wiki/Canopic_jars" class="mw-redirect" title="Canopic jars">canopic jars</a>, and during the <a href="/wiki/First_Intermediate_Period" class="mw-redirect" title="First Intermediate Period">First Intermediate Period</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 2181–2055 BC), the jars began to be inscribed with texts invoking the sons of Horus.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIkramDodson1998276,_278_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIkramDodson1998276,_278-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> No text specifies which of the sons protect which organ. Burials in which the jars and organs survive show that the most common arrangement was for Imsety to guard the liver, Hapy the lungs, Duamutef the stomach, and Qebehsenuef the intestines, but many variations are known.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor200166_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor200166-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For instance, in some cases Hapy protected the stomach and Duamutef the lungs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDodson2001562_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDodson2001562-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The sons of Horus themselves were thought to be under the protection of four goddesses, usually Isis for Imsety, <a href="/wiki/Nephthys" title="Nephthys">Nephthys</a> for Hapy, <a href="/wiki/Neith" title="Neith">Neith</a> for Duamutef, and <a href="/wiki/Serqet" class="mw-redirect" title="Serqet">Serqet</a> for Qebehsenuef.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDodson2001562_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDodson2001562-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the Middle Kingdom, this scheme could vary and sometimes included different goddesses, so that <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sendjet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sendjet (page does not exist)">Sendjet</a> guarded Duamutef and <a href="/wiki/Renenutet" title="Renenutet">Renenutet</a> guarded Qebehsenuef.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIkramDodson1998278_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIkramDodson1998278-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some inscriptions from Middle Kingdom coffins, the goddesses are invoked to protect the son of Horus "who is in you [the deceased]", suggesting that the sons were equated with the internal organs as well as being their protectors.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaven200544_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERaven200544-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Directions_and_regions_of_the_cosmos">Directions and regions of the cosmos</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Four_sons_of_Horus&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Directions and regions of the cosmos"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The sons of Horus were also connected with the sky or parts of the cosmos as the Egyptians envisioned it. In the New Kingdom, they were sometimes thought of as stars in the northern sky<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkinson200389_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinson200389-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or as birds flying to the four corners of the world.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaven200542_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERaven200542-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Mathieu" title="Bernard Mathieu">Bernard Mathieu</a> suggests that they were equated with the four stars at the corners of the constellation <a href="/wiki/Orion_(constellation)" title="Orion (constellation)">Orion</a> (<a href="/wiki/Saiph" title="Saiph">Saiph</a>, <a href="/wiki/Betelgeuse" title="Betelgeuse">Betelgeuse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bellatrix" title="Bellatrix">Bellatrix</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rigel" title="Rigel">Rigel</a>) and with four of the stars in <a href="/wiki/Ursa_Major" title="Ursa Major">Ursa Major</a> (<a href="/wiki/Megrez" title="Megrez">Megrez</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phecda" title="Phecda">Phecda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Merak_(star)" title="Merak (star)">Merak</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dubhe" title="Dubhe">Dubhe</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMathieu200813_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMathieu200813-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several Egyptologists have suggested that the four sons were equated with the four pillars that supported the vault of the sky in Egyptian cosmology.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaven200542_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERaven200542-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were also connected with regions of Egypt: they were sometimes equated with the <a href="/wiki/Souls_of_Nekhen_and_Pe" class="mw-redirect" title="Souls of Nekhen and Pe">Souls of Nekhen and Pe</a>, a set of deities that represented the <a href="/wiki/Predynastic_Period_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Predynastic Period of Egypt">Predynastic</a> rulers of <a href="/wiki/Upper_Egypt" title="Upper Egypt">Upper Egypt</a> in the south and <a href="/wiki/Lower_Egypt" title="Lower Egypt">Lower Egypt</a> in the north.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinch2002204_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinch2002204-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hapy and Duamutef were linked with the Lower Egyptian city of <a href="/wiki/Buto" title="Buto">Buto</a>, and Imsety and Qebehsenuef with the Upper Egyptian city of <a href="/wiki/Nekhen" class="mw-redirect" title="Nekhen">Nekhen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDodson2001562_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDodson2001562-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Egyptian beliefs drew analogies between the human body and the cosmos, and these analogies were particularly visible in burial customs. In Middle Kingdom burials, bodies were laid out with the head to the north and the feet to the south. The texts that decorated coffins in this period placed some deities in consistent locations, thus linking them with particular directions. Imsety and Hapy were invoked at the head of the coffin, with Imsety on the left and Hapy on the right, thus placing Imsety in the northeast and Hapy in the northwest. Duamutef and Qebehsenuef were invoked at the foot of the coffin, with Duamutef on the left and Qebehsenuef on the right, thus placing Duamutef in the southeast and Qebehsenuef in the southwest. Canopic chests of the time placed each deity in equivalent positions. These orientations suggest that the sons of Horus were linked with the four corners of the Egyptian cosmos. Their orientation may be related to the positions of each organ: the lungs and liver sit higher in the body, thus fitting the northerly position of Imsety and Hapy, while the stomach and intestines are lower down, matching the southerly position of Duamutef and Qebehsenuef.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaven200541–43,_47,_52_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERaven200541–43,_47,_52-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The sons' positions shifted in the New Kingdom, when burials came to be laid out with the head to the west and the feet in the east. On some coffins, Imsety and Hapy remained at the head and Duamutef and Qebehsenuef at the foot, but in each pair, the deity who had been on the left side was moved to the right, and vice versa. In other cases, each of the sons of Horus appeared on a side wall of the coffin or canopic chest: Imsety in the south, Hapy in the north, Duamutef in the east, and Qebehsenuef in the west. The latter placement, with the sons of Horus on four sides rather than four corners, links the four deities with the <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_directions" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardinal directions">cardinal directions</a> rather than the corners of the cosmos. The coexistence of the two systems of orientation suggests that the Egyptians did not sharply distinguish the four corners from the four directions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaven200543,_52_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERaven200543,_52-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Iconography">Iconography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Four_sons_of_Horus&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Iconography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The lids of canopic jars began to be sculpted in the shape of heads at the end of the First Intermediate Period, at the same time that the jars' inscriptions began to invoke the sons of Horus. These lids are therefore probably meant to represent the four sons rather than the organs' deceased owner.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor200167_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor200167-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some of the earliest examples, the lids have falcon heads, but in the Middle Kingdom, human heads became the norm.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIkramDodson1998278_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIkramDodson1998278-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some of these cases, Imsety, unlike the others, is portrayed as a woman.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor200168_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor200168-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Eighteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt">Eighteenth Dynasty</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1550–1292 BC), a few canopic jars were given varying heads: Imsety was portrayed as a man, Hapy as a baboon, Duamutef as a jackal and Qebehsenuef as a falcon.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIkramDodson1998284_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIkramDodson1998284-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This iconography became standard during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Ramesses_II" title="Ramesses II">Ramesses II</a> in the thirteenth century BC<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor200168_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor200168-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and remained so for the rest of ancient Egyptian history, although in the Third Intermediate Period the animal forms were frequently confused. For instance, Duamutef was often portrayed as a falcon and Qebehsenuef as a jackal.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDodson2001562_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDodson2001562-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> In addition to the jars themselves, the four sons were often portrayed on the canopic chests that housed the jars, as well as on coffins and other burial equipment.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkinson200388_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinson200388-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the vignette that accompanies Spell 125 of the Book of the Dead, they appear as small figures standing on a lotus flower in front of the throne of Osiris.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDodson2001562_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDodson2001562-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In an exceptional portrayal, in the wall decoration in <a href="/wiki/WV23" title="WV23">WV23</a>, the tomb of <a href="/wiki/Ay_(pharaoh)" title="Ay (pharaoh)">Ay</a> from the late Eighteenth Dynasty, the four sons are portrayed as fully human,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkinson200388_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinson200388-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with Imsety and Hapy wearing the <a href="/wiki/Red_crown" class="mw-redirect" title="Red crown">red crown</a> of Lower Egypt and Duamutef and Qebehsenuef wearing the <a href="/wiki/White_crown" class="mw-redirect" title="White crown">white crown</a> of Upper Egypt.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDodson2001562_4-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDodson2001562-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 161.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 159.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ignota_prov.,_cista_con_vasi_canopi,_XII-XIII_dinastia,_1938-1640_ac..JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="A canopic chest with human-headed jars, from the Middle Kingdom (c. 2055–1650 BC)"><img alt="A canopic chest with human-headed jars, from the Middle Kingdom (c. 2055–1650 BC)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Ignota_prov.%2C_cista_con_vasi_canopi%2C_XII-XIII_dinastia%2C_1938-1640_ac..JPG/239px-Ignota_prov.%2C_cista_con_vasi_canopi%2C_XII-XIII_dinastia%2C_1938-1640_ac..JPG" decoding="async" width="160" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Ignota_prov.%2C_cista_con_vasi_canopi%2C_XII-XIII_dinastia%2C_1938-1640_ac..JPG/358px-Ignota_prov.%2C_cista_con_vasi_canopi%2C_XII-XIII_dinastia%2C_1938-1640_ac..JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Ignota_prov.%2C_cista_con_vasi_canopi%2C_XII-XIII_dinastia%2C_1938-1640_ac..JPG/477px-Ignota_prov.%2C_cista_con_vasi_canopi%2C_XII-XIII_dinastia%2C_1938-1640_ac..JPG 2x" data-file-width="2476" data-file-height="2180" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A canopic chest with human-headed jars, from the Middle Kingdom (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 2055–1650 BC)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 212px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Canopic_Jar_of_Ruiu_MET_LC-35_3_33_EGDP025315.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Human-headed canopic jars from the early Eighteenth Dynasty, c. 1504–1447 BC"><img alt="Human-headed canopic jars from the early Eighteenth Dynasty, c. 1504–1447 BC" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Canopic_Jar_of_Ruiu_MET_LC-35_3_33_EGDP025315.jpg/315px-Canopic_Jar_of_Ruiu_MET_LC-35_3_33_EGDP025315.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Canopic_Jar_of_Ruiu_MET_LC-35_3_33_EGDP025315.jpg/473px-Canopic_Jar_of_Ruiu_MET_LC-35_3_33_EGDP025315.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Canopic_Jar_of_Ruiu_MET_LC-35_3_33_EGDP025315.jpg/630px-Canopic_Jar_of_Ruiu_MET_LC-35_3_33_EGDP025315.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2667" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Human-headed canopic jars from the early <a href="/wiki/Eighteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt">Eighteenth Dynasty</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1504–1447 BC</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 188.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 186.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tomb_of_Nefertari_2022_42.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Qebehsenuef (center) and Hapy (right), depicted in the tomb of Nefertari (QV66), c. 1250 BC"><img alt="Qebehsenuef (center) and Hapy (right), depicted in the tomb of Nefertari (QV66), c. 1250 BC" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Tomb_of_Nefertari_2022_42.jpg/280px-Tomb_of_Nefertari_2022_42.jpg" decoding="async" width="187" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Tomb_of_Nefertari_2022_42.jpg/420px-Tomb_of_Nefertari_2022_42.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Tomb_of_Nefertari_2022_42.jpg/560px-Tomb_of_Nefertari_2022_42.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Qebehsenuef (center) and Hapy (right), depicted in the tomb of Nefertari (<a href="/wiki/QV66" class="mw-redirect" title="QV66">QV66</a>), <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1250 BC</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 150.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 148.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Canopic_jars_BM_4SoH.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Animal-headed canopic jars from the Twenty-fifth Dynasty (c. 744–664 BC)"><img alt="Animal-headed canopic jars from the Twenty-fifth Dynasty (c. 744–664 BC)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Canopic_jars_BM_4SoH.jpg/223px-Canopic_jars_BM_4SoH.jpg" decoding="async" width="149" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Canopic_jars_BM_4SoH.jpg/334px-Canopic_jars_BM_4SoH.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Canopic_jars_BM_4SoH.jpg/446px-Canopic_jars_BM_4SoH.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1025" data-file-height="966" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Animal-headed canopic jars from the <a href="/wiki/Twenty-fifth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt">Twenty-fifth Dynasty</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 744–664 BC)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 212px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Egyptian_Sons_of_Horus_Amulets_(36600473015).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Amulets of the four sons of Horus from the Third Intermediate Period (c. 1070–664 BC)"><img alt="Amulets of the four sons of Horus from the Third Intermediate Period (c. 1070–664 BC)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Egyptian_Sons_of_Horus_Amulets_%2836600473015%29.jpg/315px-Egyptian_Sons_of_Horus_Amulets_%2836600473015%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Egyptian_Sons_of_Horus_Amulets_%2836600473015%29.jpg/473px-Egyptian_Sons_of_Horus_Amulets_%2836600473015%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Egyptian_Sons_of_Horus_Amulets_%2836600473015%29.jpg/630px-Egyptian_Sons_of_Horus_Amulets_%2836600473015%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Amulets of the four sons of Horus from the <a href="/wiki/Third_Intermediate_Period" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Intermediate Period">Third Intermediate Period</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1070–664 BC)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Worship">Worship</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Four_sons_of_Horus&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Worship"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Temple_of_Deir_el-Medina_22.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Temple_of_Deir_el-Medina_22.JPG/220px-Temple_of_Deir_el-Medina_22.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Temple_of_Deir_el-Medina_22.JPG/330px-Temple_of_Deir_el-Medina_22.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Temple_of_Deir_el-Medina_22.JPG/440px-Temple_of_Deir_el-Medina_22.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4410" data-file-height="3305" /></a><figcaption>The sons of Horus portrayed on a lotus flower before the throne of <a href="/wiki/Osiris" title="Osiris">Osiris</a>, from the <a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_Period" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemaic Period">Ptolemaic</a> temple at <a href="/wiki/Deir_el-Medina" title="Deir el-Medina">Deir el-Medina</a>, third century BC</figcaption></figure> <p>The four sons did not receive the regular cultic worship that major Egyptian deities did, and they appeared exclusively in funerary contexts.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDodson2001562_4-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDodson2001562-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They play a minor role in the ritual from the Dramatic Ramesseum Papyrus, whose purpose is uncertain but has commonalities with funerary rites,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeisen2018279–280_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeisen2018279–280-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but they were found most commonly in the tomb itself.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDodson2001562_4-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDodson2001562-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From the Middle Kingdom onward, they were almost always portrayed or invoked in the decoration of coffins, <a href="/wiki/Sarcophagi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarcophagi">sarcophagi</a>, and canopic equipment.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDodson2001562_4-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDodson2001562-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the late New Kingdom, jars that contained <a href="/wiki/Shabti" class="mw-redirect" title="Shabti">shabtis</a>, a common type of funerary figurine, were given lids shaped like the heads of the sons of Horus, similar to the lids of canopic jars.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor2001127_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor2001127-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Twentieth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twentieth Dynasty of Egypt">Twentieth Dynasty</a> of the New Kingdom (1189–1077 BC), embalmers began placing wax figurines of the sons of Horus inside the body cavity.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDodson2001563_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDodson2001563-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Soon afterward, at the beginning of the Third Intermediate Period, Egyptians ceased to store organs in canopic jars and instead embalmed each organ separately, wrapping them together with the corresponding wax figurines and returning them to the body cavity. Wealthy burials continued to include canopic jars with no organs inside.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIkramDodson1998289_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIkramDodson1998289-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Toward the end of this period, the four sons were also portrayed in faience amulets attached to the exterior wrappings of the mummy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDodson2001562–563_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDodson2001562–563-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During this period, the decoration of human-shaped coffins placed the four sons near the abdomen of the mummy rather than distributing them around the coffin, a sign that their connection with the internal organs was overshadowing their other roles.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaven200543_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERaven200543-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The use of canopic jars ceased in the early <a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_Period" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemaic Period">Ptolemaic Period</a> (303–30 BC), and the use of canopic chests died out in the middle of that period.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIkramDodson1998292_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIkramDodson1998292-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yet in Ptolemaic and <a href="/wiki/Roman_Egypt" title="Roman Egypt">Roman</a> times, the sons of Horus continued to appear on other burial goods, such as decorated stucco casings on wrapped mummies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDodson2001563_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDodson2001563-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A set of instructions for the embalming process, dating to the first or second century AD, calls for four officiants to take on the role of the sons of Horus as the deceased person's hand is wrapped.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith2009217,_222_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2009217,_222-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The last references to the sons of Horus in burial goods date to the fourth century AD, near the end of the ancient Egyptian funerary tradition.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDodson2001563_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDodson2001563-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Four_sons_of_Horus&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHart2005150-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHart2005150_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHart2005">Hart 2005</a>, p. 150.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDodson2001561-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDodson2001561_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDodson2001">Dodson 2001</a>, p. 561.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinson200388-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkinson200388_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkinson200388_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkinson200388_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilkinson2003">Wilkinson 2003</a>, p. 88.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDodson2001562-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDodson2001562_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDodson2001562_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDodson2001562_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDodson2001562_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDodson2001562_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDodson2001562_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDodson2001562_4-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDodson2001562_4-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDodson2001562_4-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDodson2001562_4-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDodson2001562_4-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDodson2001">Dodson 2001</a>, p. 562.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen2015175-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen2015175_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAllen2015">Allen 2015</a>, p. 175.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMathieu20088–9-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMathieu20088–9_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMathieu2008">Mathieu 2008</a>, pp. 8–9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaulkner1973135-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaulkner1973135_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFaulkner1973">Faulkner 1973</a>, p. 135.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDodson2001561–562-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDodson2001561–562_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDodson2001">Dodson 2001</a>, pp. 561–562.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen201578,_286-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen201578,_286_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAllen2015">Allen 2015</a>, pp. 78, 286.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERaven200542-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaven200542_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaven200542_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaven200542_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRaven2005">Raven 2005</a>, p. 42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoberson201320-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoberson201320_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoberson2013">Roberson 2013</a>, p. 20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIkramDodson1998291–292-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIkramDodson1998291–292_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIkramDodson1998">Ikram & Dodson 1998</a>, pp. 291–292.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen2015357–358-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen2015357–358_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAllen2015">Allen 2015</a>, pp. 357–358.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoberson201339-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoberson201339_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoberson2013">Roberson 2013</a>, p. 39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMathieu200811-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMathieu200811_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMathieu2008">Mathieu 2008</a>, p. 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor200165-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor200165_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaylor2001">Taylor 2001</a>, p. 65.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoeletFaulknerAndrewsGunther2015169-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoeletFaulknerAndrewsGunther2015169_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGoeletFaulknerAndrewsGunther2015">Goelet et al. 2015</a>, p. 169.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinch2002204-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinch2002204_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinch2002204_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPinch2002">Pinch 2002</a>, p. 204.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeisen2018240-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeisen2018240_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGeisen2018">Geisen 2018</a>, p. 240.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIkramDodson1998276,_278-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIkramDodson1998276,_278_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIkramDodson1998">Ikram & Dodson 1998</a>, pp. 276, 278.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor200166-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor200166_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaylor2001">Taylor 2001</a>, p. 66.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIkramDodson1998278-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIkramDodson1998278_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIkramDodson1998278_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIkramDodson1998">Ikram & Dodson 1998</a>, p. 278.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERaven200544-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaven200544_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRaven2005">Raven 2005</a>, p. 44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinson200389-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkinson200389_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilkinson2003">Wilkinson 2003</a>, p. 89.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMathieu200813-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMathieu200813_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMathieu2008">Mathieu 2008</a>, p. 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERaven200541–43,_47,_52-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaven200541–43,_47,_52_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRaven2005">Raven 2005</a>, pp. 41–43, 47, 52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERaven200543,_52-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaven200543,_52_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRaven2005">Raven 2005</a>, pp. 43, 52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor200167-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor200167_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaylor2001">Taylor 2001</a>, p. 67.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor200168-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor200168_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor200168_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaylor2001">Taylor 2001</a>, p. 68.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIkramDodson1998284-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIkramDodson1998284_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIkramDodson1998">Ikram & Dodson 1998</a>, p. 284.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeisen2018279–280-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeisen2018279–280_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGeisen2018">Geisen 2018</a>, pp. 279–280.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor2001127-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor2001127_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaylor2001">Taylor 2001</a>, p. 127.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDodson2001563-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDodson2001563_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDodson2001563_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDodson2001563_33-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDodson2001">Dodson 2001</a>, p. 563.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIkramDodson1998289-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIkramDodson1998289_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIkramDodson1998">Ikram & Dodson 1998</a>, p. 289.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDodson2001562–563-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDodson2001562–563_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDodson2001">Dodson 2001</a>, pp. 562–563.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERaven200543-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaven200543_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRaven2005">Raven 2005</a>, p. 43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIkramDodson1998292-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIkramDodson1998292_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIkramDodson1998">Ikram & Dodson 1998</a>, p. 292.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2009217,_222-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith2009217,_222_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith2009">Smith 2009</a>, p. 217, 222.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Four_sons_of_Horus&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Works cited"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAllen2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Peter_Allen" title="James Peter Allen">Allen, James P.</a> (2015). <i>The Ancient Egyptian Pyramid Texts, Second Edition</i>. Society of Biblical Literature. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62837-114-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-62837-114-7"><bdi>978-1-62837-114-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ancient+Egyptian+Pyramid+Texts%2C+Second+Edition&rft.pub=Society+of+Biblical+Literature&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-62837-114-7&rft.aulast=Allen&rft.aufirst=James+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFour+sons+of+Horus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDodson2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Aidan_Dodson" title="Aidan Dodson">Dodson, Aidan</a> (2001). "Four Sons of Horus". In Redford, Donald B. (ed.). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordreference.com/viewbydoi/10.1093/acref/9780195102345.013.0254"><i>The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt</i></a></span>. Vol. 1. Oxford University Press. pp. 561–563. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-510234-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-510234-5"><bdi>978-0-19-510234-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Four+Sons+of+Horus&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Encyclopedia+of+Ancient+Egypt&rft.pages=561-563&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-510234-5&rft.aulast=Dodson&rft.aufirst=Aidan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordreference.com%2Fviewbydoi%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780195102345.013.0254&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFour+sons+of+Horus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFaulkner1973" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Raymond_O._Faulkner" title="Raymond O. Faulkner">Faulkner, Raymond O.</a> (1973). <i>The Ancient Egyptian Coffin Texts, Volume I: Spells 1–354</i>. Aris & Phillips. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85668-005-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85668-005-2"><bdi>978-0-85668-005-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ancient+Egyptian+Coffin+Texts%2C+Volume+I%3A+Spells+1%E2%80%93354&rft.pub=Aris+%26+Phillips&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=978-0-85668-005-2&rft.aulast=Faulkner&rft.aufirst=Raymond+O.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFour+sons+of+Horus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeisen2018" class="citation book cs1">Geisen, Christina (2018). <i>A Commemoration Ritual for Senwosret I: P. BM EA 10610.1–5/P. Ramesseum B (Ramesseum Dramatic Papyrus)</i>. Yale Egyptological Institute. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9740025-9-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9740025-9-0"><bdi>978-0-9740025-9-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Commemoration+Ritual+for+Senwosret+I%3A+P.+BM+EA+10610.1%E2%80%935%2FP.+Ramesseum+B+%28Ramesseum+Dramatic+Papyrus%29&rft.pub=Yale+Egyptological+Institute&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0-9740025-9-0&rft.aulast=Geisen&rft.aufirst=Christina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFour+sons+of+Horus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoeletFaulknerAndrewsGunther2015" class="citation book cs1">Goelet, Ogden; Faulkner, Raymond O.; Andrews, Carol A. R.; Gunther, J. Daniel; <a href="/wiki/James_Wasserman" title="James Wasserman">Wasserman, James</a> (2015). <i>The Egyptian Book of the Dead: The Book of Going forth by Day, Twentieth Anniversary Edition</i>. Chronicle Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4521-4438-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4521-4438-2"><bdi>978-1-4521-4438-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Egyptian+Book+of+the+Dead%3A+The+Book+of+Going+forth+by+Day%2C+Twentieth+Anniversary+Edition&rft.pub=Chronicle+Books&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-4521-4438-2&rft.aulast=Goelet&rft.aufirst=Ogden&rft.au=Faulkner%2C+Raymond+O.&rft.au=Andrews%2C+Carol+A.+R.&rft.au=Gunther%2C+J.+Daniel&rft.au=Wasserman%2C+James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFour+sons+of+Horus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHart2005" class="citation book cs1">Hart, George (2005). <i>The Routledge Dictionary of Egyptian Gods and Goddesses, Second Edition</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-203-02362-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-203-02362-4"><bdi>978-0-203-02362-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Routledge+Dictionary+of+Egyptian+Gods+and+Goddesses%2C+Second+Edition&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-203-02362-4&rft.aulast=Hart&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFour+sons+of+Horus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIkramDodson1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Salima_Ikram" title="Salima Ikram">Ikram, Salima</a>; Dodson, Aidan (1998). <i>The Mummy in Ancient Egypt: Equipping the Dead for Eternity</i>. Thames & Hudson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-500-05088-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-500-05088-0"><bdi>978-0-500-05088-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mummy+in+Ancient+Egypt%3A+Equipping+the+Dead+for+Eternity&rft.pub=Thames+%26+Hudson&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-500-05088-0&rft.aulast=Ikram&rft.aufirst=Salima&rft.au=Dodson%2C+Aidan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFour+sons+of+Horus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMathieu2008" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Mathieu, Bernard (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.enim-egyptologie.fr/revue/2008/2/Mathieu_ENIM-1_p7-14.pdf">"Les Enfants d'Horus, théologie et astronomie"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Égypte Nilotique et Méditerranéenne</i> (in French). <b>1</b>: 7–14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%C3%89gypte+Nilotique+et+M%C3%A9diterran%C3%A9enne&rft.atitle=Les+Enfants+d%27Horus%2C+th%C3%A9ologie+et+astronomie&rft.volume=1&rft.pages=7-14&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Mathieu&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.enim-egyptologie.fr%2Frevue%2F2008%2F2%2FMathieu_ENIM-1_p7-14.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFour+sons+of+Horus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPinch2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Geraldine_Pinch" class="mw-redirect" title="Geraldine Pinch">Pinch, Geraldine</a> (2002). <i>Egyptian Mythology: A Guide to the Gods, Goddesses, and Traditions of Ancient Egypt</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-517024-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-517024-5"><bdi>978-0-19-517024-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Egyptian+Mythology%3A+A+Guide+to+the+Gods%2C+Goddesses%2C+and+Traditions+of+Ancient+Egypt&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-19-517024-5&rft.aulast=Pinch&rft.aufirst=Geraldine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFour+sons+of+Horus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaven2005" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Maarten_Raven" title="Maarten Raven">Raven, Maarten</a> (2005). "Egyptian Concepts on the Orientation of the Human Body". <i>The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology</i>. <b>91</b>: 37–53. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F030751330509100103">10.1177/030751330509100103</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3822392">3822392</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162109010">162109010</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Egyptian+Archaeology&rft.atitle=Egyptian+Concepts+on+the+Orientation+of+the+Human+Body&rft.volume=91&rft.pages=37-53&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162109010%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3822392%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F030751330509100103&rft.aulast=Raven&rft.aufirst=Maarten&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFour+sons+of+Horus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberson2013" class="citation book cs1">Roberson, Joshua Aaron (2013). <i>The Awakening of Osiris and the Transit of the Solar Barques: Royal Apotheosis in a Most Concise Book of the Underworld and Sky</i>. Editions Universitaires Friborg Suisse / Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht Göttingen.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Awakening+of+Osiris+and+the+Transit+of+the+Solar+Barques%3A+Royal+Apotheosis+in+a+Most+Concise+Book+of+the+Underworld+and+Sky&rft.pub=Editions+Universitaires+Friborg+Suisse+%2F+Vandenhoeck+%26+Ruprecht+G%C3%B6ttingen&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Roberson&rft.aufirst=Joshua+Aaron&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFour+sons+of+Horus" class="Z3988"></span> ISBN 978-3-7278-1746-5 / ISBN 978-3-525-54387-0</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2009" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Mark (2009). <i>Traversing Eternity: Texts for the Afterlife from Ptolemaic and Roman Egypt</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-815464-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-815464-8"><bdi>978-0-19-815464-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Traversing+Eternity%3A+Texts+for+the+Afterlife+from+Ptolemaic+and+Roman+Egypt&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-19-815464-8&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFour+sons+of+Horus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor2001" class="citation book cs1">Taylor, John (2001). <i>Death and the Afterlife in Ancient Egypt</i>. University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-79164-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-79164-7"><bdi>978-0-226-79164-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Death+and+the+Afterlife+in+Ancient+Egypt&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-226-79164-7&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFour+sons+of+Horus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilkinson2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_H._Wilkinson" title="Richard H. Wilkinson">Wilkinson, Richard H.</a> (2003). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/completegodsgodd00wilk_0"><i>The Complete Gods and Goddesses of Ancient Egypt</i></a></span>. Thames & Hudson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0500051207" title="Special:BookSources/978-0500051207"><bdi>978-0500051207</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Complete+Gods+and+Goddesses+of+Ancient+Egypt&rft.pub=Thames+%26+Hudson&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0500051207&rft.aulast=Wilkinson&rft.aufirst=Richard+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcompletegodsgodd00wilk_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFour+sons+of+Horus" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Four_sons_of_Horus&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ancient_Egyptian_religion_footer" title="Template:Ancient Egyptian religion footer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ancient_Egyptian_religion_footer" title="Template talk:Ancient Egyptian religion footer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient_Egyptian_religion_footer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient Egyptian religion footer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ancient_Egyptian_religion" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_religion" title="Ancient Egyptian religion">Ancient Egyptian religion</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#decd87;width:1%">Beliefs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_afterlife_beliefs" title="Ancient Egyptian afterlife beliefs">Afterlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_creation_myths" title="Ancient Egyptian creation myths">Creation myths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isfet_(Egyptian_mythology)" title="Isfet (Egyptian mythology)">Isfet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maat" title="Maat">Maat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maa_Kheru" title="Maa Kheru">Maa Kheru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_mythology" title="Egyptian mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numbers_in_Egyptian_mythology" title="Numbers in Egyptian mythology">Numerology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osiris_myth" title="Osiris myth">Osiris myth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_philosophy" title="Ancient Egyptian philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_concept_of_the_soul" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Egyptian concept of the soul">Soul</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="10" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Eye_of_Horus_bw.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Eye_of_Horus_bw.svg/90px-Eye_of_Horus_bw.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="69" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Eye_of_Horus_bw.svg/135px-Eye_of_Horus_bw.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Eye_of_Horus_bw.svg/180px-Eye_of_Horus_bw.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#decd87;width:1%">Practices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canopic_jar" title="Canopic jar">Canopic jars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Ritual_of_Embalming_Papyrus" title="The Ritual of Embalming Papyrus">Embalming ritual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_funerary_practices" title="Ancient Egyptian funerary practices">Funerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortuary_temple" title="Mortuary temple">Mortuary temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_offering_formula" title="Ancient Egyptian offering formula">Offering formula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opening_of_the_mouth_ceremony" title="Opening of the mouth ceremony">Opening of the mouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_pyramids" title="Egyptian pyramids">Pyramids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_temple" title="Egyptian temple">Temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veneration_of_the_dead" title="Veneration of the dead">Veneration of the dead</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#decd87;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_deities" title="Ancient Egyptian deities">Deities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#decd87;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ogdoad_(Egyptian)" title="Ogdoad (Egyptian)">Ogdoad</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amun" title="Amun">Amun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amunet" title="Amunet">Amunet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hauhet" class="mw-redirect" title="Hauhet">Hauhet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heh_(god)" title="Heh (god)">Heh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kauket" class="mw-redirect" title="Kauket">Kauket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kek_(mythology)" title="Kek (mythology)">Kek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naunet" class="mw-redirect" title="Naunet">Naunet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nu_(mythology)" title="Nu (mythology)">Nu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#decd87;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ennead" title="Ennead">Ennead</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atum" title="Atum">Atum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geb" title="Geb">Geb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isis" title="Isis">Isis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nephthys" title="Nephthys">Nephthys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nut_(goddess)" title="Nut (goddess)">Nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osiris" title="Osiris">Osiris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Set_(deity)" title="Set (deity)">Set</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shu_(Egyptian_god)" title="Shu (Egyptian god)">Shu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tefnut" title="Tefnut">Tefnut</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#decd87;;width:1%">Triads</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Theban_Triad" title="Theban Triad">Theban Triad</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>A</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aati" title="Aati">Aati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aker_(deity)" title="Aker (deity)">Aker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akhty_(deity)" title="Akhty (deity)">Akhty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amenhotep,_son_of_Hapu" title="Amenhotep, son of Hapu">Amenhotep, son of Hapu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amesemi" title="Amesemi">Amesemi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammit" title="Ammit">Ammit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Am-heh" title="Am-heh">Am-heh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amu-Aa" title="Amu-Aa">Amu-Aa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anat" title="Anat">Anat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andjety" title="Andjety">Andjety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anhur" title="Anhur">Anhur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anput" title="Anput">Anput</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anubis" title="Anubis">Anubis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anuket" title="Anuket">Anuket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apedemak" title="Apedemak">Apedemak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apep" title="Apep">Apep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apis_(deity)" title="Apis (deity)">Apis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apt_(Egyptian)" title="Apt (Egyptian)">Apt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aqen" title="Aqen">Aqen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arensnuphis" title="Arensnuphis">Arensnuphis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ash_(deity)" title="Ash (deity)">Ash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assessors_of_Maat" title="Assessors of Maat">Assessors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astarte" title="Astarte">Astarte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aten" title="Aten">Aten</a></li> <li><b>B</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babi_(mythology)" title="Babi (mythology)">Babi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banebdjedet" title="Banebdjedet">Banebdjedet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bastet" title="Bastet">Bastet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bat_(goddess)" title="Bat (goddess)">Bat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bata_(god)" title="Bata (god)">Bata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba-Pef" title="Ba-Pef">Ba-Pef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bennu" title="Bennu">Bennu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bes" title="Bes">Bes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buchis" title="Buchis">Buchis</a></li> <li><b>C</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavern_deities_of_the_underworld" title="Cavern deities of the underworld">Cavern deities</a></li> <li><b>D</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dedun" title="Dedun">Dedun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionysus-Osiris" title="Dionysus-Osiris">Dionysus-Osiris</a></li> <li><b>F</b></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Four sons of Horus</a></li> <li><b>G</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gate_deities_of_the_underworld" title="Gate deities of the underworld">Gate deities</a></li> <li><b>H</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ha_(mythology)" title="Ha (mythology)">Ha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hapi_(Nile_god)" title="Hapi (Nile god)">Hapi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hathor" title="Hathor">Hathor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatmehit" title="Hatmehit">Hatmehit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hauron" title="Hauron">Hauron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedetet" title="Hedetet">Hedetet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedjhotep" title="Hedjhotep">Hedjhotep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heka_(god)" title="Heka (god)">Heka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemen" title="Hemen">Hemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemsut" title="Hemsut">Hemsut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henet" title="Henet">Henet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heqet" title="Heqet">Heqet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermanubis" title="Hermanubis">Hermanubis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heryshaf" title="Heryshaf">Heryshaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hesat" title="Hesat">Hesat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horus" title="Horus">Horus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harpocrates" title="Harpocrates">Harpocrates</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu_(mythology)" title="Hu (mythology)">Hu</a></li> <li><b>I</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iabet" title="Iabet">Iabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iah" title="Iah">Iah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iat" title="Iat">Iat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igai_(deity)" title="Igai (deity)">Igai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ihy" title="Ihy">Ihy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikhemu-sek" title="Ikhemu-sek">Ikhemu-sek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imentet" title="Imentet">Imentet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imhotep" title="Imhotep">Imhotep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ipy_(goddess)" title="Ipy (goddess)">Ipy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iunit" title="Iunit">Iunit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iusaaset" title="Iusaaset">Iusaaset</a></li> <li><b>K</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kebechet" title="Kebechet">Kebechet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khensit" title="Khensit">Khensit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khenti-Amentiu" title="Khenti-Amentiu">Khenti-Amentiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khenti-kheti" title="Khenti-kheti">Khenti-kheti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khepri" title="Khepri">Khepri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kherty" title="Kherty">Kherty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khnum" title="Khnum">Khnum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khonsu" title="Khonsu">Khonsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kothar-wa-Khasis" title="Kothar-wa-Khasis">Kothar-wa-Khasis</a></li> <li><b>M</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maahes" title="Maahes">Maahes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maat" title="Maat">Ma'at</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mafdet" title="Mafdet">Mafdet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandulis" title="Mandulis">Mandulis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medjed" title="Medjed">Medjed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehen" title="Mehen">Mehen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehet-Weret" title="Mehet-Weret">Mehet-Weret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehit" title="Mehit">Mehit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menhit" title="Menhit">Menhit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meret" title="Meret">Meret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meretseger" title="Meretseger">Meretseger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meskhenet" title="Meskhenet">Meskhenet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Min_(god)" title="Min (god)">Min</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mnevis" title="Mnevis">Mnevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montu" title="Montu">Montu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mut" title="Mut">Mut</a></li> <li><b>N</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebethetepet" title="Nebethetepet">Nebethetepet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebtuwi" title="Nebtuwi">Nebtuwi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nefertem" title="Nefertem">Nefertem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nehebkau" title="Nehebkau">Nehebkau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nehmetawy" title="Nehmetawy">Nehmetawy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neith" title="Neith">Neith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nekhbet" title="Nekhbet">Nekhbet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemty" title="Nemty">Nemty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neper_(mythology)" title="Neper (mythology)">Neper</a></li> <li><b>P</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakhet" title="Pakhet">Pakhet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perit_(goddess)" title="Perit (goddess)">Perit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petbe" title="Petbe">Petbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptah" title="Ptah">Ptah</a></li> <li><b>Q</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qebui" title="Qebui">Qebui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qed-her" title="Qed-her">Qed-her</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qetesh" title="Qetesh">Qetesh</a></li> <li><b>R</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ra" title="Ra">Ra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raet-Tawy" title="Raet-Tawy">Raet-Tawy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rekhyt" title="Rekhyt">Rekhyt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rem_(mythology)" title="Rem (mythology)">Rem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renenutet" title="Renenutet">Renenutet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renpet" title="Renpet">Renpet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renpetneferet" title="Renpetneferet">Renpetneferet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repyt" title="Repyt">Repyt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resheph" title="Resheph">Resheph</a></li> <li><b>S</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sah_(god)" title="Sah (god)">Sah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satis_(goddess)" title="Satis (goddess)">Satis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebiumeker" title="Sebiumeker">Sebiumeker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seker" title="Seker">Seker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sekhmet" title="Sekhmet">Sekhmet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serapis" title="Serapis">Serapis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serket" title="Serket">Serket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seshat" title="Seshat">Seshat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shai" title="Shai">Shai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shed_(deity)" title="Shed (deity)">Shed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shesmetet" title="Shesmetet">Shesmetet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shezmu" title="Shezmu">Shezmu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sia_(god)" title="Sia (god)">Sia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobek" title="Sobek">Sobek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sopdet" title="Sopdet">Sopdet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sopdu" title="Sopdu">Sopdu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Souls_of_Pe_and_Nekhen" title="Souls of Pe and Nekhen">Souls of Pe and Nekhen</a></li> <li><b>T</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatenen" title="Tatenen">Tatenen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taweret" title="Taweret">Taweret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tayt" title="Tayt">Tayt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ta-Bitjet" title="Ta-Bitjet">Ta-Bitjet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thoth" title="Thoth">Thoth</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hermes_Trismegistus" title="Hermes Trismegistus">Hermes Trismegistus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tjenenyet" title="Tjenenyet">Tjenenyet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tutu_(Egyptian_god)" title="Tutu (Egyptian god)">Tutu</a></li> <li><b>U</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unut" title="Unut">Unut</a></li> <li><b>W</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadjet" title="Wadjet">Wadjet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadj-wer" title="Wadj-wer">Wadj-wer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weneg_(Egyptian_deity)" title="Weneg (Egyptian deity)">Weneg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wepset" title="Wepset">Wepset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wepwawet" title="Wepwawet">Wepwawet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werethekau" title="Werethekau">Werethekau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wosret" title="Wosret">Wosret</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#decd87;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Egyptian_legendary_creatures" title="Category:Egyptian legendary creatures">Creatures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aani" title="Aani">Aani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abtu" title="Abtu">Abtu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Griffin" title="Griffin">Griffin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hieracosphinx" title="Hieracosphinx">Hieracosphinx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medjed_(fish)" title="Medjed (fish)">Medjed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serpopard" title="Serpopard">Serpopard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Set_animal" title="Set animal">Sha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sphinx" title="Sphinx">Sphinx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uraeus" title="Uraeus">Uraeus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#decd87;width:1%">Characters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dedi" title="Dedi">Dedi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djadjaemankh" title="Djadjaemankh">Djadjaemankh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rededjet" title="Rededjet">Rededjet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubaoner" title="Ubaoner">Ubaoner</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#decd87;width:1%">Locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aaru" title="Aaru">Aaru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akhet_(hieroglyph)" title="Akhet (hieroglyph)">Akhet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benben" title="Benben">Benben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duat" title="Duat">Duat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_of_Manu" title="Land of Manu">Land of Manu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Indestructibles" title="The Indestructibles">The Indestructibles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#decd87;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_Egyptian_symbols" title="Category:Ancient Egyptian symbols">Symbols<br />and objects</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ankh" title="Ankh">Ankh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atef" title="Atef">Atef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartouche_(hieroglyph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cartouche (hieroglyph)">Cartouche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corn_mummy" title="Corn mummy">Corn mummy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crook_and_flail" title="Crook and flail">Crook and flail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_justification" title="Crown of justification">Crown of justification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deshret" title="Deshret">Deshret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djed" title="Djed">Djed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_obelisk" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptian obelisk">Egyptian obelisk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_pool" title="Egyptian pool">Egyptian pool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eye_of_Horus" title="Eye of Horus">Eye of Horus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eye_of_Ra" title="Eye of Ra">Eye of Ra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedjet" title="Hedjet">Hedjet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemhem_crown" title="Hemhem crown">Hemhem crown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hennu" title="Hennu">Hennu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horus_on_the_Crocodiles" title="Horus on the Crocodiles">Horus on the Crocodiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypocephalus" title="Hypocephalus">Hypocephalus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imiut_fetish" title="Imiut fetish">Imiut fetish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khepresh" title="Khepresh">Khepresh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kneph" title="Kneph">Kneph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menat" title="Menat">Menat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebu" title="Nebu">Nebu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemes" title="Nemes">Nemes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neshmet" title="Neshmet">Neshmet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ouroboros" title="Ouroboros">Ouroboros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pschent" title="Pschent">Pschent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scarab_(artifact)" title="Scarab (artifact)">Scarab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serekh" title="Serekh">Serekh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shen_ring" title="Shen ring">Shen ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_barque" title="Solar barque">Solar barque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyet" title="Tyet">Tyet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ushabti" title="Ushabti">Ushabti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulture_crown" title="Vulture crown">Vulture crown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Was-sceptre" title="Was-sceptre">Was-sceptre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winged_sun" title="Winged sun">Winged sun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#decd87;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_Egyptian_texts" title="Category:Ancient Egyptian texts">Writings</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amduat" title="Amduat">Amduat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Books_of_Breathing" title="Books of Breathing">Books of Breathing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Caverns" title="Book of Caverns">Book of Caverns</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_the_Dead" title="Book of the Dead">Book of the Dead</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_the_Earth" title="Book of the Earth">Book of the Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Gates" title="Book of Gates">Book of Gates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_the_Heavenly_Cow" title="Book of the Heavenly Cow">Book of the Heavenly Cow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Traversing_Eternity" title="Book of Traversing Eternity">Book of Traversing Eternity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffin_Texts" title="Coffin Texts">Coffin Texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Contendings_of_Horus_and_Seth" title="The Contendings of Horus and Seth">The Contendings of Horus and Seth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enigmatic_Book_of_the_Netherworld" class="mw-redirect" title="Enigmatic Book of the Netherworld">Enigmatic Book of the Netherworld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Hymn_to_the_Aten" title="Great Hymn to the Aten">Great Hymn to the Aten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litany_of_the_Eye_of_Horus" title="Litany of the Eye of Horus">Litany of the Eye of Horus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litany_of_Re" title="Litany of Re">Litany of Re</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyramid_Texts" title="Pyramid Texts">Pyramid Texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spell_of_the_Twelve_Caves" title="Spell of the Twelve Caves">Spell of the Twelve Caves</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#decd87;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Festivals_in_ancient_Egypt" title="Category:Festivals in ancient Egypt">Festivals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beautiful_Festival_of_the_Valley" title="Beautiful Festival of the Valley">Beautiful Festival of the Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cattle_count" title="Cattle count">Cattle count</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_the_pharaoh" title="Coronation of the pharaoh">Coronation of the pharaoh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Min_festival" title="Min festival">Min festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opet_Festival" title="Opet Festival">Opet Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sed_festival" title="Sed festival">Sed festival</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#decd87;width:1%">Related religions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atenism" title="Atenism">Atenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermeticism" title="Hermeticism">Hermeticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemetism" title="Kemetism">Kemetism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysteries_of_Isis" title="Mysteries of Isis">Mysteries of Isis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Set" title="Temple of Set">Temple of Set</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thelema" title="Thelema">Thelema</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background-color:#decd87"><div> <ul><li><span 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