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<span>Mythology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mythology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_ritual" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_ritual"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>In ritual</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-In_ritual-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle In ritual subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-In_ritual-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Offerings_and_festivals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Offerings_and_festivals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Offerings and festivals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Offerings_and_festivals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Healing_texts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Healing_texts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Healing texts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Healing_texts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Symbol" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Symbol"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Symbol</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Symbol-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Symbol subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Symbol-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Amulets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Amulets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Amulets</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Amulets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Other uses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hieroglyphic_form" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hieroglyphic_form"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Hieroglyphic form</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hieroglyphic_form-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Works cited</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Eye of Horus</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 48 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-48" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">48 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oog_van_Horus" title="Oog van Horus – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Oog van Horus" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%AD%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%B3" title="عين حورس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="عين حورس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BCeyu_d%27Horus" title="Güeyu d'Horus – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Güeyu d'Horus" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horun_g%C3%B6z%C3%BC" title="Horun gözü – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Horun gözü" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%96" title="হোরাসের চোখ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="হোরাসের চোখ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ull_d%27Horus" title="Ull d'Horus – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ull d'Horus" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ved%C5%BEat" title="Vedžat – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Vedžat" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horus%27_%C3%B8je" title="Horus' øje – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Horus' øje" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horusauge" title="Horusauge – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Horusauge" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%AC%CF%84%CE%B9_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%8F%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%85" title="Μάτι του Ώρου – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μάτι του Ώρου" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ojo_de_Horus" title="Ojo de Horus – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ojo de Horus" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/U%C4%9Dato" title="Uĝato – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Uĝato" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%B4%D9%85_%D8%AD%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%B3" title="چشم حورس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="چشم حورس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%92il_oudjat" title="Œil oudjat – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Œil oudjat" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%98%B8%EB%A3%A8%EC%8A%A4%EC%9D%98_%EB%88%88" title="호루스의 눈 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="호루스의 눈" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%88%D6%82%D5%A1%D5%BB%D5%A5%D5%BF" title="Ուաջետ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ուաջետ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horusovo_oko" title="Horusovo oko – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Horusovo oko" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mata_Horus" title="Mata Horus – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Mata Horus" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occhio_di_Horo" title="Occhio di Horo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Occhio di Horo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%9F_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%94%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A1" title="העין של הורוס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="העין של הורוס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hora_acs" title="Hora acs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Hora acs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horo_akis" title="Horo akis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Horo akis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE" title="Хорово око – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Хорово око" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B9%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%86_%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82" title="ഹോറസ്സിന്റെ നേത്രം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഹോറസ്സിന്റെ നേത്രം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%AD%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%B3" title="عين حورس – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="عين حورس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oog_van_Horus" title="Oog van Horus – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Oog van Horus" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9B%E3%83%AB%E3%82%B9%E3%81%AE%E7%9B%AE" title="ホルスの目 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ホルスの目" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horus%E2%80%99_%C3%B8ye" title="Horus’ øye – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Horus’ øye" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oko_Horusa" title="Oko Horusa – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Oko Horusa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olho_de_H%C3%B3rus" title="Olho de Hórus – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Olho de Hórus" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ochiul_lui_Horus" title="Ochiul lui Horus – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Ochiul lui Horus" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Уаджет – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Уаджет" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syri_i_Horusit" title="Syri i Horusit – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Syri i Horusit" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%84%E0%B7%9C%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%9A_%E0%B6%87%E0%B7%83" title="හොරස්ගේ ඇස – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="හොරස්ගේ ඇස" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eye_of_Horus" title="Eye of Horus – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Eye of Horus" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horovo_oko" title="Horovo oko – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Horovo oko" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horovo_oko" title="Horovo oko – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Horovo oko" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%9F%D0%B0%D1%82_%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE" title="Уџат око – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Уџат око" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horusovo_oko" title="Horusovo oko – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Horusovo oko" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horuksen_silm%C3%A4" title="Horuksen silmä – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Horuksen silmä" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horus%C3%B6gat" title="Horusögat – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Horusögat" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a 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Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected."><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ancient Egyptian symbol of protection, royal power and good health</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the ancient Egyptian symbol. For the video game, see <a href="/wiki/Eye_of_Horus_(video_game)" title="Eye of Horus (video game)"><i>Eye of Horus</i> (video game)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eye_of_Horus_bw.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Eye_of_Horus_bw.svg/220px-Eye_of_Horus_bw.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Eye_of_Horus_bw.svg/330px-Eye_of_Horus_bw.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Eye_of_Horus_bw.svg/440px-Eye_of_Horus_bw.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>The left <i>wedjat</i> eye, symbolizing the Eye of Horus</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Eye of Horus</b>, also known as <b>left <i>wedjat</i> eye</b> or <b><i>udjat</i> eye</b>, specular to the <a href="/wiki/Eye_of_Ra" title="Eye of Ra">Eye of Ra</a> (right <i>wedjat</i> eye), is a concept and symbol in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_religion" title="Ancient Egyptian religion">ancient Egyptian religion</a> that represents well-being, healing, and protection. It derives from the <a href="/wiki/Osiris_myth#Conflict_of_Horus_and_Set" title="Osiris myth">mythical conflict</a> between the god <a href="/wiki/Horus" title="Horus">Horus</a> with his rival <a href="/wiki/Set_(deity)" title="Set (deity)">Set</a>, in which Set tore out or destroyed one or both of Horus's eyes and the eye was subsequently healed or returned to Horus with the assistance of another deity, such as <a href="/wiki/Thoth" title="Thoth">Thoth</a>. Horus subsequently offered the eye to his deceased father <a href="/wiki/Osiris" title="Osiris">Osiris</a>, and its revitalizing power sustained Osiris in the afterlife. The Eye of Horus was thus equated with funerary offerings, as well as with all the offerings given to deities in <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_temple" title="Egyptian temple">temple</a> ritual. It could also represent other concepts, such as the moon, whose waxing and waning was likened to the injury and restoration of the eye. </p><p>The Eye of Horus symbol, a stylized eye with distinctive markings, was believed to have <a href="/wiki/Apotropaic_magic" title="Apotropaic magic">protective magical power</a> and appeared frequently in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Egyptian art">ancient Egyptian art</a>. It was one of the most common motifs for amulets, remaining in use from the <a href="/wiki/Old_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Old Kingdom of Egypt">Old Kingdom</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 2686–2181 BC</span>) to the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Egypt" title="Roman Egypt">Roman period</a> (30 BC – 641 AD). Pairs of Horus eyes were painted on coffins during the <a href="/wiki/First_Intermediate_Period_of_Egypt" title="First Intermediate Period of Egypt">First Intermediate Period</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 2181–2055 BC</span>) and <a href="/wiki/Middle_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Middle Kingdom of Egypt">Middle Kingdom</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 2055–1650 BC</span>). Other contexts where the symbol appeared include on carved stone <a href="/wiki/Stelae" class="mw-redirect" title="Stelae">stelae</a> and on the bows of boats. To some extent the symbol was adopted by the people of regions neighboring Egypt, such as <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canaan" title="Canaan">Canaan</a>, and especially <a href="/wiki/Nubia" title="Nubia">Nubia</a>. </p><p>The eye symbol was also rendered as a <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyphs" title="Egyptian hieroglyphs">hieroglyph</a> (<span style="font-size:120%">𓂀</span>). Egyptologists have long believed that hieroglyphs representing pieces of the symbol stand for fractions in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_mathematics" title="Ancient Egyptian mathematics">ancient Egyptian mathematics</a>, although this hypothesis has been challenged.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERitter2002297–311_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERitter2002297–311-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins">Origins</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tutankhamun_pendant_with_Wadjet.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Tutankhamun_pendant_with_Wadjet.jpg/220px-Tutankhamun_pendant_with_Wadjet.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Tutankhamun_pendant_with_Wadjet.jpg/330px-Tutankhamun_pendant_with_Wadjet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Tutankhamun_pendant_with_Wadjet.jpg/440px-Tutankhamun_pendant_with_Wadjet.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="667" /></a><figcaption>Amulet from the <a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Tutankhamun" title="Tomb of Tutankhamun">tomb of Tutankhamun</a>, fourteenth century BC, incorporating the Eye of Horus beneath a disk and crescent symbol representing the moon<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkinson199242–43_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinson199242–43-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_god" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Egyptian god">ancient Egyptian god</a> <a href="/wiki/Horus" title="Horus">Horus</a> was a sky deity, and many Egyptian texts say that Horus's right eye was the sun and his left eye the moon.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkinson199243,_83_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinson199243,_83-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The solar eye and lunar eye were sometimes equated with the <a href="/wiki/Deshret" title="Deshret">red</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hedjet" title="Hedjet">white crown</a> of Egypt, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinch2002131_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinch2002131-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some texts treat the Eye of Horus seemingly interchangeably with the <a href="/wiki/Eye_of_Ra" title="Eye of Ra">Eye of Ra</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKrauss2002193–194_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrauss2002193–194-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which in other contexts is an extension of the power of the sun god <a href="/wiki/Ra" title="Ra">Ra</a> and is often personified as a goddess.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinch200264,_128_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinch200264,_128-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Egyptologist <a href="/wiki/Richard_H._Wilkinson" title="Richard H. Wilkinson">Richard H. Wilkinson</a> believes the two eyes of Horus gradually became distinguished as the lunar Eye of Horus and the solar Eye of Ra.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkinson199243_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinson199243-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other Egyptologists, however, argue that no text clearly equates the eyes of Horus with the sun and moon until the <a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="New Kingdom of Egypt">New Kingdom</a> (c. 1550–1070 BC);<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEaton2011238_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEaton2011238-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rolf Krauss argues that the Eye of Horus originally represented <a href="/wiki/Venus" title="Venus">Venus</a> as the <a href="/wiki/Venus_in_culture" title="Venus in culture">morning star and evening star</a> and only later became equated with the moon.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKrauss2002193–195_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrauss2002193–195-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Katja Goebs argues that the myths surrounding the Eye of Horus and the Eye of Ra are based around the same <a href="/wiki/Mytheme" title="Mytheme">mytheme</a>, or core element of a myth, and that "rather than postulating a single, original myth of one cosmic body, which was then merged with others, it might be more fruitful to think in terms of a (flexible) myth based on the structural relationship of an Object that is missing, or located far from its owner". In the myths surrounding the Eye of Ra, the goddess flees Ra and is brought back by another deity. In the case of the Eye of Horus, the eye is usually missing because of Horus's conflict with his arch-rival, the god <a href="/wiki/Set_(deity)" title="Set (deity)">Set</a>, in their struggle for the kingship of Egypt after the death of Horus's father <a href="/wiki/Osiris" title="Osiris">Osiris</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoebs200245,_57_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoebs200245,_57-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mythology">Mythology</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Osiris_myth#Conflict_of_Horus_and_Set" title="Osiris myth">Osiris myth § Conflict of Horus and Set</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Egyptian_-_Thoth-Baboon_-_Walters_481543_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Egyptian_-_Thoth-Baboon_-_Walters_481543_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Egyptian_-_Thoth-Baboon_-_Walters_481543_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Egyptian_-_Thoth-Baboon_-_Walters_481543_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Egyptian_-_Thoth-Baboon_-_Walters_481543_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Egyptian_-_Thoth-Baboon_-_Walters_481543_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Egyptian_-_Thoth-Baboon_-_Walters_481543_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1198" data-file-height="1245" /></a><figcaption>Figurine of <a href="/wiki/Thoth" title="Thoth">Thoth</a>, in the form of a baboon, holding the <i>wedjat</i> eye, seventh to fourth century BC</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Pyramid_Texts" title="Pyramid Texts">Pyramid Texts</a>, which date to the late <a href="/wiki/Old_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Old Kingdom of Egypt">Old Kingdom</a> (c. 2686–2181 BC), are one of the earliest sources for Egyptian myth.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinch20029,_11_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinch20029,_11-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They prominently feature the conflict between Horus and Set,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGriffiths19601_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriffiths19601-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Eye of Horus is mentioned in about a quarter of the utterances that make up the Pyramid Texts.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEaton2011238_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEaton2011238-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In these texts, Set is said to have stolen the Eye of Horus, and sometimes to have trampled and eaten it. Horus nevertheless takes back the eye, usually by force. The texts often mention the theft of Horus's eye along with the loss of Set's testicles, an injury that is also healed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGriffiths19602–4_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriffiths19602–4-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The conflict over the eye is mentioned and elaborated in many texts from later times. In most of these texts, the eye is restored by another deity, most commonly <a href="/wiki/Thoth" title="Thoth">Thoth</a>, who was said to have made peace between Horus and Set. In some versions, Thoth is said to have reassembled the eye after Set tore it to pieces.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinch2002131–132_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinch2002131–132-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_the_Dead" title="Book of the Dead">Book of the Dead</a> from the New Kingdom, Set is said to have taken the form of a black boar when striking Horus's eye.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGriffiths196030–31_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriffiths196030–31-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In "<a href="/wiki/The_Contendings_of_Horus_and_Set" class="mw-redirect" title="The Contendings of Horus and Set">The Contendings of Horus and Set</a>", a text from the late New Kingdom that relates the conflict as a short narrative, Set tears out both of Horus's eyes and buries them, and the next morning they grow into lotuses. Here it is the goddess <a href="/wiki/Hathor" title="Hathor">Hathor</a> who restores Horus's eyes, by anointing them with the milk of a <a href="/wiki/Gazelle" title="Gazelle">gazelle</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinch2002131–132_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinch2002131–132-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Papyrus Jumilhac, a mythological text from early in the <a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_Period" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemaic Period">Ptolemaic Period</a> (332–30 BC), Horus's mother <a href="/wiki/Isis" title="Isis">Isis</a> waters the buried pair of eyes, causing them to grow into the first grape vines.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurner201355–56_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurner201355–56-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The restoration of the eye was often referred to as "filling" the eye. Hathor filled Horus's eye sockets with the gazelle's milk,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEaton2011239_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEaton2011239-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while texts from temples of the Greco-Roman era said that Thoth, together with a group of fourteen other deities, filled the eye with specific plants and minerals.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaper2001481_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaper2001481-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The process of filling the Eye of Horus was likened to the waxing of the moon, and the fifteen deities in the Greco-Roman texts represented the fifteen days from the new moon to the full moon.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaper2001481_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaper2001481-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Egyptologist Herman te Velde suggests that the Eye of Horus is linked with another episode in the conflict between the two gods, in which Set subjects Horus to a sexual assault and, in retaliation, Isis and Horus cause Set to ingest Horus's semen. This episode is narrated most clearly in "The Contendings of Horus and Set", in which Horus's semen appears on Set's forehead as a golden disk, which Thoth places on his own head. Other references in Egyptian texts imply that in some versions of the myth it was Thoth himself who came forth from Set's head after Set was impregnated by Horus's semen, and a passage in the Pyramid Texts says the Eye of Horus came from Set's forehead. Te Velde argues that the disk that emerges from Set's head is the Eye of Horus. If so, the episodes of mutilation and sexual abuse would form a single story, in which Set assaults Horus and loses semen to him, Horus retaliates and impregnates Set, and Set comes into possession of Horus's eye when it appears on Set's head. Because Thoth is a moon deity in addition to his other functions, it would make sense, according to te Velde, for Thoth to emerge in the form of the eye and step in to make peace between the feuding deities.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEte_Velde196743–46_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEte_Velde196743–46-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Beginning in the New Kingdom,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaper2001481_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaper2001481-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Eye of Horus was known as the <i>wḏꜣt</i> (often rendered as <i>wedjat</i> or <i>udjat</i>), meaning the "whole", "completed", or "uninjured" eye.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinch2002131_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinch2002131-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaulkner199174–75_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaulkner199174–75-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is unclear whether the term <i>wḏꜣt</i> refers to the eye that was destroyed and restored, or to the one that Set left unharmed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrews199443_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrews199443-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Personified_Eye_of_Horus.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Personified_Eye_of_Horus.svg/220px-Personified_Eye_of_Horus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Personified_Eye_of_Horus.svg/330px-Personified_Eye_of_Horus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Personified_Eye_of_Horus.svg/440px-Personified_Eye_of_Horus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="974" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>A personified Eye of Horus offers incense, based of a painting from the tomb of <a href="/wiki/Pashedu" title="Pashedu">Pashedu</a>, thirteenth century BC<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkinson199242–43_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinson199242–43-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Upon becoming king after Set's defeat, Horus gives offerings to his deceased father, thus reviving and sustaining him in the afterlife. This act was the mythic prototype for the offerings to the dead that were a major part of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_funerary_customs" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Egyptian funerary customs">ancient Egyptian funerary customs</a>. It also influenced the conception of offering rites that were performed on behalf of deities in <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_temple" title="Egyptian temple">temples</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAssmann200150–51_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAssmann200150–51-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among the offerings Horus gives is his own eye, which Osiris consumes. The eye, as part of Osiris's son, is ultimately derived from Osiris himself. Therefore, the eye in this context represents the Egyptian conception of offerings. The gods were responsible for the existence of all the goods that they were offered, so offerings were part of the gods' own substance. In receiving offerings, deities were replenished by their own life force, as Osiris was when he consumed the Eye of Horus. In the Egyptian worldview, life was a force that originated with the gods and circulated through the world, so that by returning this force to the gods, offering rites maintained the flow of life.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrandsen198997–98_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrandsen198997–98-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShafer199723–24_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShafer199723–24-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The offering of the eye to Osiris is another instance of the mytheme in which a deity in need receives an eye and is restored to well-being.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoebs200246–47_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoebs200246–47-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The eye's restorative power meant the Egyptians considered it a symbol of <a href="/wiki/Apotropaic_magic" title="Apotropaic magic">protection against evil</a>, in addition to its other meanings.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrews199443_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrews199443-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_ritual">In ritual</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Offerings_and_festivals">Offerings and festivals</h3></div> <p>In the Osiris myth, the offering of the Eye of Horus to Osiris was the prototype of all funerary offerings, and indeed of all offering rites, as the human giving an offering to a deity was likened to Horus and the deity receiving it was likened to Osiris.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAssmann200149–50_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAssmann200149–50-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moreover, the Egyptian word for "eye", <i>jrt</i>, resembled <i>jrj</i>, the word for "act", and through wordplay the Eye of Horus could thus be equated with any ritual act. For these reasons, the Eye of Horus symbolized all the sustenance given to the gods in the temple cult.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELorton1999136–137_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELorton1999136–137-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The versions of the myth in which flowers or grapevines grow from the buried eyes reinforce the eye's relationship with ritual offerings, as the perfumes, food, and drink that were derived from these plants were commonly used in offering rites.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinch2002132_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinch2002132-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The eye was often equated with <i><a href="/wiki/Maat" title="Maat">maat</a></i>, the Egyptian concept of cosmic order, which was dependent on the continuation of the temple cult and could likewise be equated with offerings of any kind.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShafer199723–24_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShafer199723–24-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Egyptians observed several festivals in the course of each month that were based on the phases of the moon, such as the Blacked-out Moon Festival (the first of the month), the Monthly Festival (the second day), and the Half-Month Festival. During these festivals, living people gave offerings to the deceased. The festivals were frequently mentioned in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_funerary_texts" title="Ancient Egyptian funerary texts">funerary texts</a>. Beginning in the time of the Coffin Texts from the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Middle Kingdom of Egypt">Middle Kingdom</a> (c. 2055–1650 BC), funerary texts parallel the progression of these festivals, and hence the waxing of the moon, with the healing of the Eye of Horus.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEaton2011232,_238–239_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEaton2011232,_238–239-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Healing_texts">Healing texts</h3></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_medicine" title="Ancient Egyptian medicine">Ancient Egyptian medicine</a> involved both practical treatments and rituals that invoked divine powers, and <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_medical_papyri" title="Egyptian medical papyri">Egyptian medical papyri</a> do not clearly distinguish the two. Healing rituals frequently equate patients with Horus, so the patient may be healed as Horus was in myth.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinch2006133–135,_140_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinch2006133–135,_140-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For this reason, the Eye of Horus is frequently mentioned in such spells. The <a href="/wiki/Hearst_papyrus" title="Hearst papyrus">Hearst papyrus</a>, for instance, equates the physician performing the ritual to "Thoth, the physician of the Eye of Horus" and equates the instrument with which the physician measures the medicine with "the measure with which Horus measured his eye". The Eye of Horus was particularly invoked as protection against eye disease.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGriffiths196033–34_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriffiths196033–34-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One text, Papyrus Leiden I 348, equates each part of a person's body with a deity in order to protect it. The left eye is equated with the Eye of Horus.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinch2006142_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinch2006142-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Symbol">Symbol</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Model_Throw_stick_fragment,_eye_MET_23.3.82_EGDP010801.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Model_Throw_stick_fragment%2C_eye_MET_23.3.82_EGDP010801.jpg/220px-Model_Throw_stick_fragment%2C_eye_MET_23.3.82_EGDP010801.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Model_Throw_stick_fragment%2C_eye_MET_23.3.82_EGDP010801.jpg/330px-Model_Throw_stick_fragment%2C_eye_MET_23.3.82_EGDP010801.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Model_Throw_stick_fragment%2C_eye_MET_23.3.82_EGDP010801.jpg/440px-Model_Throw_stick_fragment%2C_eye_MET_23.3.82_EGDP010801.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1745" /></a><figcaption>Shard of a <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_faience" title="Egyptian faience">faience</a> <a href="/wiki/Throwing_stick" title="Throwing stick">throwing stick</a> painted with the <i>wedjat</i> eye</figcaption></figure> <p>Horus was represented as a <a href="/wiki/Falcon" title="Falcon">falcon</a>, such as a <a href="/wiki/Lanner_falcon" title="Lanner falcon">lanner</a> or <a href="/wiki/Peregrine_falcon" title="Peregrine falcon">peregrine falcon</a>, or as a human with a falcon head.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBailleul-LeSuer201233,_174_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBailleul-LeSuer201233,_174-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Eye of Horus is a stylized human or falcon eye. The symbol often includes an eyebrow, a dark line extending behind the rear corner of the eye, a cheek marking below the center or forward corner of the eye, and a line extending below and toward the rear of the eye that ends in a curl or spiral. The cheek marking resembles that found on many falcons. The Egyptologist <a href="/wiki/Richard_H._Wilkinson" title="Richard H. Wilkinson">Richard H. Wilkinson</a> suggests that the curling line is derived from the facial markings of the <a href="/wiki/Cheetah" title="Cheetah">cheetah</a>, which the Egyptians associated with the sky because the spots in its coat were likened to stars.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkinson199242–43_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinson199242–43-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The stylized eye symbol was used interchangeably to represent the Eye of Ra. Egyptologists often simply refer to this symbol as the <i>wedjat</i> eye.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinch200629_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinch200629-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Amulets">Amulets</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wedjat_collection.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Wedjat_collection.jpg/330px-Wedjat_collection.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="295" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Wedjat_collection.jpg/495px-Wedjat_collection.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Wedjat_collection.jpg/660px-Wedjat_collection.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2796" data-file-height="2502" /></a><figcaption>A variety of <i>wedjat</i> eye amulets</figcaption></figure> <p>Amulets in the shape of the <i>wedjat</i> eye first appeared in the late Old Kingdom and continued to be produced up to Roman times.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrews199443_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrews199443-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ancient Egyptians were usually buried with amulets, and the Eye of Horus was one of the most consistently popular forms of amulet. It is one of the few types commonly found on Old Kingdom <a href="/wiki/Mummies" class="mw-redirect" title="Mummies">mummies</a>, and it remained in widespread use over the next two thousand years, even as the number and variety of funerary amulets greatly increased. Up until the New Kingdom, funerary <i>wedjat</i> amulets tended to be placed on the chest, whereas during and after the New Kingdom they were commonly placed over the incision through which the body's internal organs had been removed during the mummification process.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIkramDodson1998138–140,_143_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIkramDodson1998138–140,_143-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Wedjat</i> amulets were made from a wide variety of materials, including <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_faience" title="Egyptian faience">Egyptian faience</a>, glass, gold, and semiprecious stones such as <a href="/wiki/Lapis_lazuli" title="Lapis lazuli">lapis lazuli</a>. Their form also varied greatly. These amulets could represent right or left eyes, and the eye could be formed of openwork, incorporated into a plaque, or reduced to little more than an outline of the eye shape, with minimal decoration to indicate the position of the pupil and brow. In the New Kingdom, elaborate forms appeared: a <a href="/wiki/Uraeus" title="Uraeus">uraeus</a>, or rearing cobra, could appear at the front of the eye; the rear spiral could become a bird's tail feathers; and the cheek mark could be a bird's leg or a human arm.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrews199444_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrews199444-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cobras and felines often represented the Eye of Ra, so Eye of Horus amulets that incorporate uraei or feline body parts may represent the relationship between the two eyes, as may amulets that bear the <i>wedjat</i> eye on one side and the figure of a goddess on the other.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarnell199736–38_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarnell199736–38-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Third_Intermediate_Period" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Intermediate Period">Third Intermediate Period</a> (c. 1070–664 BC) saw still more complex designs, in which multiple small figures of animals or deities were inserted in the gaps between the parts of the eye, or in which the eyes were grouped into sets of four.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrews199444_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrews199444-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The eye symbol could also be incorporated into larger pieces of jewelry alongside other protective symbols, such as the <i><a href="/wiki/Ankh" title="Ankh">ankh</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Djed" title="Djed">djed</a></i> signs and various emblems of deities.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinch2006111,_116_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinch2006111,_116-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beginning in the thirteenth century BC, glass beads bearing eye-like spots were strung on necklaces together with <i>wedjat</i> amulets, which may be the origin of the modern <a href="/wiki/Nazar_(amulet)" title="Nazar (amulet)">nazar</a>, a type of bead meant to ward off the <a href="/wiki/Evil_eye" title="Evil eye">evil eye</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPotts198220–25_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPotts198220–25-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sometimes temporary amulets were created for protective purposes in especially dangerous situations, such as illness or childbirth. Rubrics for ritual spells often instruct the practitioner to draw the <i>wedjat</i> eye on linen or papyrus to serve as a temporary amulet.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinch2006105,_110_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinch2006105,_110-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Collier_amulette_faience_bleue_et_or_2019.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wedjat amulet with a cobra, Cairo Museum"><img alt="Wedjat amulet with a cobra, Cairo Museum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Collier_amulette_faience_bleue_et_or_2019.jpg/137px-Collier_amulette_faience_bleue_et_or_2019.jpg" decoding="async" width="137" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Collier_amulette_faience_bleue_et_or_2019.jpg/206px-Collier_amulette_faience_bleue_et_or_2019.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Collier_amulette_faience_bleue_et_or_2019.jpg/274px-Collier_amulette_faience_bleue_et_or_2019.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2717" data-file-height="3566" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Wedjat</i> amulet with a cobra, <a href="/wiki/Cairo_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Cairo Museum">Cairo Museum</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Eye_of_Ra_pendant.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Amulet of the wedjat with the goddesses Nekhbet and Wadjet"><img alt="Amulet of the wedjat with the goddesses Nekhbet and Wadjet" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Eye_of_Ra_pendant.jpg/180px-Eye_of_Ra_pendant.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Eye_of_Ra_pendant.jpg/270px-Eye_of_Ra_pendant.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Eye_of_Ra_pendant.jpg/360px-Eye_of_Ra_pendant.jpg 2x" data-file-width="866" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Amulet of the <i>wedjat</i> with the goddesses <a href="/wiki/Nekhbet" title="Nekhbet">Nekhbet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wadjet" title="Wadjet">Wadjet</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wedjat_eye_Amulet_MET_DP164714_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wedjat amulet with a cobra and the wing and legs of a bird"><img alt="Wedjat amulet with a cobra and the wing and legs of a bird" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Wedjat_eye_Amulet_MET_DP164714_%28cropped%29.jpg/180px-Wedjat_eye_Amulet_MET_DP164714_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Wedjat_eye_Amulet_MET_DP164714_%28cropped%29.jpg/270px-Wedjat_eye_Amulet_MET_DP164714_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Wedjat_eye_Amulet_MET_DP164714_%28cropped%29.jpg/360px-Wedjat_eye_Amulet_MET_DP164714_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2253" data-file-height="1916" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Wedjat</i> amulet with a cobra and the wing and legs of a bird</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_uses">Other uses</h3></div> <p><i>Wedjat</i> eyes appeared in a wide variety of contexts in Egyptian art. Coffins of the <a href="/wiki/First_Intermediate_Period_of_Egypt" title="First Intermediate Period of Egypt">First Intermediate Period</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 2181–2055 BC</span>) and Middle Kingdom often included a pair of <i>wedjat</i> eyes painted on the left side. Mummies at this time were often turned to face left, suggesting that the eyes were meant to allow the deceased to see outside the coffin, but the eyes were probably also meant to ward off danger. Similarly, eyes of Horus were often painted on the bows of boats, which may have been meant to both protect the vessel and allow it to see the way ahead. <i>Wedjat</i> eyes were sometimes portrayed with wings, hovering protectively over kings or deities.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkinson199243_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinson199243-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Stelae" class="mw-redirect" title="Stelae">Stelae</a>, or carved stone slabs, were often inscribed with <i>wedjat</i> eyes. In some periods of Egyptian history, only deities or kings could be portrayed directly beneath the <a href="/wiki/Winged_sun" title="Winged sun">winged sun</a> symbol that often appeared in the lunettes of stelae, and Eyes of Horus were placed above figures of common people.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobins2008143–144_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobins2008143–144-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The symbol could also be incorporated into tattoos, as demonstrated by the mummy of a woman from the late New Kingdom that was decorated with elaborate tattoos, including several <i>wedjat</i> eyes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatson2016_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatson2016-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some cultures neighboring Egypt adopted the <i>wedjat</i> symbol for use in their own art. Some Egyptian artistic motifs became widespread in art from <a href="/wiki/Canaan" title="Canaan">Canaan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Bronze_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Bronze Age">Middle Bronze Age</a>. Art of this era sometimes incorporated the <i>wedjat</i>, though it was much more rare than other Egyptian symbols such as the <i>ankh</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETeissier1996xii,_49_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETeissier1996xii,_49-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In contrast, the <i>wedjat</i> appeared frequently in art of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kush" title="Kingdom of Kush">Kingdom of Kush</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nubia" title="Nubia">Nubia</a>, in the first millennium BC and early first millennium AD, demonstrating Egypt's heavy influence upon Kush.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElhassan200413_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElhassan200413-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Down to the present day, eyes are painted on the bows of ships in many Mediterranean countries, a custom that may descend from the use of the <i>wedjat</i> eye on boats.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPotts198219_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPotts198219-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ignota_prov.,_sarcofago_di_Irinimenpu,_XII-XIII_dinastia,_1938-1640_ac._04.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Wedjat eyes on the coffin of Irinimenpu, twentieth to seventeenth century BC"><img alt="Wedjat eyes on the coffin of Irinimenpu, twentieth to seventeenth century BC" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Ignota_prov.%2C_sarcofago_di_Irinimenpu%2C_XII-XIII_dinastia%2C_1938-1640_ac._04.JPG/180px-Ignota_prov.%2C_sarcofago_di_Irinimenpu%2C_XII-XIII_dinastia%2C_1938-1640_ac._04.JPG" decoding="async" width="180" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Ignota_prov.%2C_sarcofago_di_Irinimenpu%2C_XII-XIII_dinastia%2C_1938-1640_ac._04.JPG/270px-Ignota_prov.%2C_sarcofago_di_Irinimenpu%2C_XII-XIII_dinastia%2C_1938-1640_ac._04.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Ignota_prov.%2C_sarcofago_di_Irinimenpu%2C_XII-XIII_dinastia%2C_1938-1640_ac._04.JPG/360px-Ignota_prov.%2C_sarcofago_di_Irinimenpu%2C_XII-XIII_dinastia%2C_1938-1640_ac._04.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2820" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Wedjat</i> eyes on the coffin of Irinimenpu, twentieth to seventeenth century BC</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Inner_Coffin_of_Henettawy_(F)_MET_25.3.183a_b_EGDP022934.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Winged wedjat eyes on the coffin of Henettawy, tenth century BC"><img alt="Winged wedjat eyes on the coffin of Henettawy, tenth century BC" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Inner_Coffin_of_Henettawy_%28F%29_MET_25.3.183a_b_EGDP022934.jpg/120px-Inner_Coffin_of_Henettawy_%28F%29_MET_25.3.183a_b_EGDP022934.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Inner_Coffin_of_Henettawy_%28F%29_MET_25.3.183a_b_EGDP022934.jpg/180px-Inner_Coffin_of_Henettawy_%28F%29_MET_25.3.183a_b_EGDP022934.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Inner_Coffin_of_Henettawy_%28F%29_MET_25.3.183a_b_EGDP022934.jpg/240px-Inner_Coffin_of_Henettawy_%28F%29_MET_25.3.183a_b_EGDP022934.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2667" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Winged <i>wedjat</i> eyes on the coffin of Henettawy, tenth century BC</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Uhemmenu_pouring_dring_for_Iat-C_90-IMG_0080-gradient.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wedjat eyes atop the stela of Uhemmenu, sixteenth century BC"><img alt="Wedjat eyes atop the stela of Uhemmenu, sixteenth century BC" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Uhemmenu_pouring_dring_for_Iat-C_90-IMG_0080-gradient.jpg/180px-Uhemmenu_pouring_dring_for_Iat-C_90-IMG_0080-gradient.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Uhemmenu_pouring_dring_for_Iat-C_90-IMG_0080-gradient.jpg/270px-Uhemmenu_pouring_dring_for_Iat-C_90-IMG_0080-gradient.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Uhemmenu_pouring_dring_for_Iat-C_90-IMG_0080-gradient.jpg/360px-Uhemmenu_pouring_dring_for_Iat-C_90-IMG_0080-gradient.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="6000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Wedjat</i> eyes atop the stela of Uhemmenu, sixteenth century BC</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_post-Meroitic_era_Nubian_royal_crown_from_Ballana_Tomb_118_by_John_Campana.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Crown from the post-Meroitic period in Nubia, c. 350–600 AD, incorporating multiple wedjat eyes"><img alt="Crown from the post-Meroitic period in Nubia, c. 350–600 AD, incorporating multiple wedjat eyes" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/A_post-Meroitic_era_Nubian_royal_crown_from_Ballana_Tomb_118_by_John_Campana.jpg/180px-A_post-Meroitic_era_Nubian_royal_crown_from_Ballana_Tomb_118_by_John_Campana.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/A_post-Meroitic_era_Nubian_royal_crown_from_Ballana_Tomb_118_by_John_Campana.jpg/270px-A_post-Meroitic_era_Nubian_royal_crown_from_Ballana_Tomb_118_by_John_Campana.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/A_post-Meroitic_era_Nubian_royal_crown_from_Ballana_Tomb_118_by_John_Campana.jpg/360px-A_post-Meroitic_era_Nubian_royal_crown_from_Ballana_Tomb_118_by_John_Campana.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Crown from the post-Meroitic period in Nubia, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 350–600 AD</span>, incorporating multiple <i>wedjat</i> eyes </div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hieroglyphic_form">Hieroglyphic form</h3></div> <table style="font-size: 88%; border-collapse: collapse; border: 1px solid blue; margin: 0.5em 1em; text-align: center; clear: right; float: right; margin-right: 0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding:0.75em; background-color: var(--background-color-base); color:var( --color-base ); text-align: center"><table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_D10.png?8da3f" height="30" title="D10" alt="D10" /></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background: navajowhite; color:black; border-bottom: 1px solid peru; padding: 0.5em"><i>wedjat</i> or Eye of Horus<br />in <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyphs" title="Egyptian hieroglyphs">hieroglyphs</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gardiner%27s_sign_list" title="Gardiner's sign list">Gardiner</a>: D10 </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyph" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptian hieroglyph">hieroglyphic</a> version of the <i>wedjat</i> symbol, labeled D10 in the <a href="/wiki/Gardiner%27s_sign_list" title="Gardiner's sign list">list of hieroglyphic signs</a> drawn up by the Egyptologist <a href="/wiki/Alan_Gardiner" title="Alan Gardiner">Alan Gardiner</a>, was used in writing as a <a href="/wiki/Determinative" title="Determinative">determinative</a> or <a href="/wiki/Ideogram" title="Ideogram">ideogram</a> for the Eye of Horus.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen2014472_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen2014472-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Egyptians sometimes used signs that represented pieces of the <i>wedjat</i> eye hieroglyph. In 1911, the Egyptologist <a href="/wiki/Georg_M%C3%B6ller" title="Georg Möller">Georg Möller</a> noted that on New Kingdom "votive cubits", inscribed stone objects with a length of one <a href="/wiki/Cubit" title="Cubit">cubit</a>, these hieroglyphs were inscribed together with similarly shaped symbols in the <a href="/wiki/Hieratic" title="Hieratic">hieratic</a> writing system, a cursive writing system whose signs derived from hieroglyphs. The hieratic signs stood for fractions of a <i><a href="/wiki/Hekat" title="Hekat">hekat</a></i>, the basic Egyptian measure of volume. Möller hypothesized that the Horus-eye hieroglyphs were the original hieroglyphic forms of the hieratic fraction signs, and that the inner corner of the eye stood for 1/2, the pupil for 1/4, the eyebrow for 1/8, the outer corner for 1/16, the curling line for 1/32, and the cheek mark for 1/64. In 1923, <a href="/wiki/T._Eric_Peet" title="T. Eric Peet">T. Eric Peet</a> pointed out that the hieroglyphs representing pieces of the eye are not found before the New Kingdom, and he suggested that the hieratic fraction signs had a separate origin but were reinterpreted during the New Kingdom to have a connection with the Eye of Horus. In the same decade, Möller's hypothesis was included in standard reference works on the Egyptian language, such as <i>Ägyptische Grammatik</i> by <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Erman" title="Adolf Erman">Adolf Erman</a> and <i><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Grammar" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptian Grammar">Egyptian Grammar</a></i> by Alan Gardiner. Gardiner's treatment of the subject suggested that the parts of the eye were used to represent fractions because in myth the eye was torn apart by Set and later made whole. Egyptologists accepted Gardiner's interpretation for decades afterward.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERitter2002297–302,_307_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERitter2002297–302,_307-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Jim Ritter, a historian of science and mathematics, analyzed the shape of the hieratic signs through Egyptian history in 2002. He concluded that "the further back we go the further the hieratic signs diverge from their supposed Horus-eye counterparts", thus undermining Möller's hypothesis. He also reexamined the votive cubits and argued that they do not clearly equate the Eye of Horus signs with the hieratic fractions, so even Peet's weaker form of the hypothesis was unlikely to be correct.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERitter2002306,_309–311_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERitter2002306,_309–311-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, the 2014 edition of <a href="/wiki/James_Peter_Allen" title="James Peter Allen">James P. Allen</a>'s <i>Middle Egyptian</i>, an introductory book on the Egyptian language, still lists the pieces of the <i>wedjat</i> eye as representing fractions of a <i>hekat</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen2014472_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen2014472-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The hieroglyph for the Eye of Horus is listed in the <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Hieroglyphs_(Unicode_block)" title="Egyptian Hieroglyphs (Unicode block)">Egyptian Hieroglyphs</a> block of the <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> standard for encoding symbols in computing, as U+13080 (<span style="font-size:120%">𓂀</span>). The hieroglyphs for parts of the eye (<span style="font-size:120%">𓂁</span>, <span style="font-size:120%">𓂂</span>, <span style="font-size:120%">𓂃</span>, <span style="font-size:120%">𓂄</span>, <span style="font-size:120%">𓂅</span>, <span style="font-size:120%">𓂆</span>, <span style="font-size:120%">𓂇</span>) are listed as U+13081 through U+13087.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUnicode2020_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUnicode2020-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><br /> </p> <table class="wikitable template-charmap" style="text-align:right"> <caption>Character information </caption> <tbody><tr style="text-align:center"> <th scope="row">Preview</th> <th colspan="2" style="font-size:150%">𓂀</th> <th colspan="2" style="font-size:150%">𓂁</th> <th colspan="2" style="font-size:150%">𓂂</th> <th colspan="2" style="font-size:150%">𓂃</th> <th colspan="2" style="font-size:150%">𓂄</th> <th colspan="2" style="font-size:150%">𓂅</th> <th colspan="2" style="font-size:150%">𓂆</th> <th colspan="2" style="font-size:150%">𓂇 </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <th><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273787049">.mw-parser-output table.template-charmap tr:first-child{height:50px}.mw-parser-output table.template-charmap tr:first-child th[colspan]{height:100%}.mw-parser-output table.template-charmap tr:first-child th[colspan]>div{height:100%;display:flex;justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output table.template-charmap tr:first-child th[colspan]>div>div{display:flex;flex-direction:column;padding:0 0.5em}.mw-parser-output table.template-charmap tr:first-child th[colspan]>div>div>span:nth-child(2){margin:auto;padding:10px 0;font-size:150%;font-family:monospace;line-height:1}.mw-parser-output table.template-charmap .smallcaps-cm{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output table.template-charmap td:first-child{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output table.template-charmap .template-charmap-numchr td:nth-child(n/**/+2){font-size:90%;font-family:monospace;padding:2px}</style>Unicode name </th> <td colspan="2" class="smallcaps-cm">EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH D010 </td> <td colspan="2" class="smallcaps-cm">EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH D011 </td> <td colspan="2" class="smallcaps-cm">EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH D012 </td> <td colspan="2" class="smallcaps-cm">EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH D013 </td> <td colspan="2" class="smallcaps-cm">EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH D014 </td> <td colspan="2" class="smallcaps-cm">EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH D015 </td> <td colspan="2" class="smallcaps-cm">EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH D016 </td> <td colspan="2" class="smallcaps-cm">EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH D017 </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left;">Encodings</th> <th>decimal</th> <th>hex</th> <th>dec</th> <th>hex</th> <th>dec</th> <th>hex</th> <th>dec</th> <th>hex</th> <th>dec</th> <th>hex</th> <th>dec</th> <th>hex</th> <th>dec</th> <th>hex</th> <th>dec</th> <th>hex </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a></td> <td>77952</td> <td>U+13080</td> <td>77953</td> <td>U+13081</td> <td>77954</td> <td>U+13082</td> <td>77955</td> <td>U+13083</td> <td>77956</td> <td>U+13084</td> <td>77957</td> <td>U+13085</td> <td>77958</td> <td>U+13086</td> <td>77959</td> <td>U+13087 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/UTF-8" title="UTF-8">UTF-8</a></td> <td>240 147 130 128</td> <td>F0 93 82 80</td> <td>240 147 130 129</td> <td>F0 93 82 81</td> <td>240 147 130 130</td> <td>F0 93 82 82</td> <td>240 147 130 131</td> <td>F0 93 82 83</td> <td>240 147 130 132</td> <td>F0 93 82 84</td> <td>240 147 130 133</td> <td>F0 93 82 85</td> <td>240 147 130 134</td> <td>F0 93 82 86</td> <td>240 147 130 135</td> <td>F0 93 82 87 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/UTF-16" title="UTF-16">UTF-16</a></td> <td>55308 56448</td> <td>D80C DC80</td> <td>55308 56449</td> <td>D80C DC81</td> <td>55308 56450</td> <td>D80C DC82</td> <td>55308 56451</td> <td>D80C DC83</td> <td>55308 56452</td> <td>D80C DC84</td> <td>55308 56453</td> <td>D80C DC85</td> <td>55308 56454</td> <td>D80C DC86</td> <td>55308 56455</td> <td>D80C DC87 </td></tr> <tr class="template-charmap-numchr"> <td><a href="/wiki/Numeric_character_reference" title="Numeric character reference">Numeric character reference</a></td> <td>&#77952;<wbr /></td> <td>&#x13080;<wbr /></td> <td>&#77953;<wbr /></td> <td>&#x13081;<wbr /></td> <td>&#77954;<wbr /></td> <td>&#x13082;<wbr /></td> <td>&#77955;<wbr /></td> <td>&#x13083;<wbr /></td> <td>&#77956;<wbr /></td> <td>&#x13084;<wbr /></td> <td>&#77957;<wbr /></td> <td>&#x13085;<wbr /></td> <td>&#77958;<wbr /></td> <td>&#x13086;<wbr /></td> <td>&#77959;<wbr /></td> <td>&#x13087;<wbr /> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERitter2002297–311-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERitter2002297–311_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRitter2002">Ritter (2002)</a>, pp. 297–311.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinson199242–43-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkinson199242–43_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkinson199242–43_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkinson199242–43_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilkinson1992">Wilkinson 1992</a>, pp. 42–43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinson199243,_83-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkinson199243,_83_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilkinson1992">Wilkinson 1992</a>, pp. 43, 83.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinch2002131-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinch2002131_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinch2002131_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPinch2002">Pinch 2002</a>, p. 131.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrauss2002193–194-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKrauss2002193–194_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKrauss2002">Krauss 2002</a>, pp. 193–194.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinch200264,_128-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinch200264,_128_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPinch2002">Pinch 2002</a>, pp. 64, 128.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinson199243-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkinson199243_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkinson199243_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilkinson1992">Wilkinson 1992</a>, p. 43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEaton2011238-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEaton2011238_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEaton2011238_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEaton2011">Eaton 2011</a>, p. 238.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrauss2002193–195-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKrauss2002193–195_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKrauss2002">Krauss 2002</a>, pp. 193–195.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoebs200245,_57-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoebs200245,_57_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGoebs2002">Goebs 2002</a>, pp. 45, 57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinch20029,_11-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinch20029,_11_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPinch2002">Pinch 2002</a>, pp. 9, 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriffiths19601-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGriffiths19601_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGriffiths1960">Griffiths 1960</a>, p. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriffiths19602–4-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGriffiths19602–4_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGriffiths1960">Griffiths 1960</a>, pp. 2–4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinch2002131–132-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinch2002131–132_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinch2002131–132_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPinch2002">Pinch 2002</a>, pp. 131–132.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriffiths196030–31-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGriffiths196030–31_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGriffiths1960">Griffiths 1960</a>, pp. 30–31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETurner201355–56-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurner201355–56_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTurner2013">Turner 2013</a>, pp. 55–56.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEaton2011239-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEaton2011239_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEaton2011">Eaton 2011</a>, p. 239.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaper2001481-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaper2001481_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaper2001481_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaper2001481_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKaper2001">Kaper 2001</a>, p. 481.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEte_Velde196743–46-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEte_Velde196743–46_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFte_Velde1967">te Velde 1967</a>, pp. 43–46.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaulkner199174–75-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaulkner199174–75_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFaulkner1991">Faulkner 1991</a>, pp. 74–75.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrews199443-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrews199443_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrews199443_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrews199443_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAndrews1994">Andrews 1994</a>, p. 43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAssmann200150–51-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAssmann200150–51_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAssmann2001">Assmann 2001</a>, pp. 50–51.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrandsen198997–98-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrandsen198997–98_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFrandsen1989">Frandsen 1989</a>, pp. 97–98.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShafer199723–24-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShafer199723–24_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShafer199723–24_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShafer1997">Shafer 1997</a>, pp. 23–24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoebs200246–47-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoebs200246–47_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGoebs2002">Goebs 2002</a>, pp. 46–47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAssmann200149–50-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAssmann200149–50_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAssmann2001">Assmann 2001</a>, pp. 49–50.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELorton1999136–137-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELorton1999136–137_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLorton1999">Lorton 1999</a>, pp. 136–137.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinch2002132-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinch2002132_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPinch2002">Pinch 2002</a>, p. 132.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEaton2011232,_238–239-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEaton2011232,_238–239_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEaton2011">Eaton 2011</a>, pp. 232, 238–239.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinch2006133–135,_140-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinch2006133–135,_140_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPinch2006">Pinch 2006</a>, pp. 133–135, 140.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriffiths196033–34-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGriffiths196033–34_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGriffiths1960">Griffiths 1960</a>, pp. 33–34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinch2006142-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinch2006142_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPinch2006">Pinch 2006</a>, p. 142.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBailleul-LeSuer201233,_174-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBailleul-LeSuer201233,_174_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBailleul-LeSuer2012">Bailleul-LeSuer 2012</a>, pp. 33, 174.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinch200629-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinch200629_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPinch2006">Pinch 2006</a>, p. 29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIkramDodson1998138–140,_143-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIkramDodson1998138–140,_143_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIkramDodson1998">Ikram & Dodson 1998</a>, pp. 138–140, 143.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrews199444-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrews199444_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrews199444_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAndrews1994">Andrews 1994</a>, p. 44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarnell199736–38-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarnell199736–38_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDarnell1997">Darnell1997</a>, pp. 36–38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinch2006111,_116-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinch2006111,_116_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPinch2006">Pinch 2006</a>, pp. 111, 116.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPotts198220–25-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPotts198220–25_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPotts1982">Potts 1982</a>, pp. 20–25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinch2006105,_110-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinch2006105,_110_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPinch2006">Pinch 2006</a>, pp. 105, 110.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERobins2008143–144-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobins2008143–144_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRobins2008">Robins 2008</a>, pp. 143–144.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatson2016-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatson2016_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWatson2016">Watson 2016</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETeissier1996xii,_49-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETeissier1996xii,_49_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTeissier1996">Teissier 1996</a>, pp. xii, 49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEElhassan200413-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElhassan200413_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFElhassan2004">Elhassan 2004</a>, p. 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPotts198219-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPotts198219_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPotts1982">Potts 1982</a>, p. 19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen2014472-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen2014472_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen2014472_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAllen2014">Allen 2014</a>, p. 472.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERitter2002297–302,_307-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERitter2002297–302,_307_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRitter2002">Ritter 2002</a>, pp. 297–302, 307.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERitter2002306,_309–311-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERitter2002306,_309–311_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRitter2002">Ritter 2002</a>, pp. 306, 309–311.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEUnicode2020-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUnicode2020_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFUnicode2020">Unicode 2020</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAllen2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Peter_Allen" title="James Peter Allen">Allen, James P.</a> (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ALLEN2014MiddleEgyptianAnIntroductionToTheLanguageAndCultureOfHieroglyphs/page/n1"><i>Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs, Third Edition</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-05364-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-05364-9"><bdi>978-1-107-05364-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Middle+Egyptian%3A+An+Introduction+to+the+Language+and+Culture+of+Hieroglyphs%2C+Third+Edition&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-107-05364-9&rft.aulast=Allen&rft.aufirst=James+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FALLEN2014MiddleEgyptianAnIntroductionToTheLanguageAndCultureOfHieroglyphs%2Fpage%2Fn1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEye+of+Horus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrews1994" class="citation book cs1">Andrews, Carol (1994). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/amuletsofancient00andr"><i>Amulets of Ancient Egypt</i></a></span>. University of Texas Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-292-70464-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-292-70464-0"><bdi>978-0-292-70464-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Amulets+of+Ancient+Egypt&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-292-70464-0&rft.aulast=Andrews&rft.aufirst=Carol&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Famuletsofancient00andr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEye+of+Horus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAssmann2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jan_Assmann" title="Jan Assmann">Assmann, Jan</a> (2001) [German edition 1984]. <i>The Search for God in Ancient Egypt</i>. Translated by David Lorton. Cornell University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-3786-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-3786-1"><bdi>978-0-8014-3786-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Search+for+God+in+Ancient+Egypt&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-8014-3786-1&rft.aulast=Assmann&rft.aufirst=Jan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEye+of+Horus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBailleul-LeSuer2012" class="citation book cs1">Bailleul-LeSuer, Rozenn, ed. (2012). <i>Between Heaven and Earth: Birds in Ancient Egypt</i>. The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-885923-92-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-885923-92-9"><bdi>978-1-885923-92-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Between+Heaven+and+Earth%3A+Birds+in+Ancient+Egypt&rft.pub=The+Oriental+Institute+of+the+University+of+Chicago&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-885923-92-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEye+of+Horus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDarnell1997" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Coleman_Darnell" title="John Coleman Darnell">Darnell, John Coleman</a> (1997). "The Apotropaic Goddess in the eye". <i>Studien zur Altägyptischen Kultur</i>. <b>24</b>: <span class="nowrap">35–</span>48. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25152728">25152728</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studien+zur+Alt%C3%A4gyptischen+Kultur&rft.atitle=The+Apotropaic+Goddess+in+the+eye&rft.volume=24&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E35-%3C%2Fspan%3E48&rft.date=1997&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25152728%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Darnell&rft.aufirst=John+Coleman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEye+of+Horus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEaton2011" class="citation journal cs1">Eaton, Katherine (2011). "Monthly Lunar Festivals in the Mortuary Realm: Historical Patterns and Symbolic Motifs". <i>Journal of Near Eastern Studies</i>. <b>70</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">229–</span>245. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F661260">10.1086/661260</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/661260">661260</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:163404019">163404019</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Near+Eastern+Studies&rft.atitle=Monthly+Lunar+Festivals+in+the+Mortuary+Realm%3A+Historical+Patterns+and+Symbolic+Motifs&rft.volume=70&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E229-%3C%2Fspan%3E245&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A163404019%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F661260%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F661260&rft.aulast=Eaton&rft.aufirst=Katherine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEye+of+Horus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElhassan2004" class="citation book cs1">Elhassan, Ahmed Abuelgasim (2004). <i>Religious Motifs in Meroitic Painted and Stamped Pottery</i>. Archaeopress. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84171-377-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84171-377-9"><bdi>978-1-84171-377-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religious+Motifs+in+Meroitic+Painted+and+Stamped+Pottery&rft.pub=Archaeopress&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-84171-377-9&rft.aulast=Elhassan&rft.aufirst=Ahmed+Abuelgasim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEye+of+Horus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFaulkner1991" class="citation book cs1">Faulkner, Raymond O. (1991) [1962]. <i>A Concise Dictionary of Middle Egyptian</i>. Griffith Institute. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-900416-32-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-900416-32-3"><bdi>978-0-900416-32-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Concise+Dictionary+of+Middle+Egyptian&rft.pub=Griffith+Institute&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-900416-32-3&rft.aulast=Faulkner&rft.aufirst=Raymond+O.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEye+of+Horus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrandsen1989" class="citation book cs1">Frandsen, Paul John (1989). "Trade and Cult". In Englund, Gertie (ed.). <i>The Religion of the Ancient Egyptians: Cognitive Structures and Popular Expressions</i>. S. Academiae Ubsaliensis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-91-554-2433-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-91-554-2433-6"><bdi>978-91-554-2433-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Trade+and+Cult&rft.btitle=The+Religion+of+the+Ancient+Egyptians%3A+Cognitive+Structures+and+Popular+Expressions&rft.pub=S.+Academiae+Ubsaliensis&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-91-554-2433-6&rft.aulast=Frandsen&rft.aufirst=Paul+John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEye+of+Horus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoebs2002" class="citation journal cs1">Goebs, Katja (2002). "A Functional Approach to Egyptian Myth and Mythemes". <i>Journal of Ancient Near Eastern Religions</i>. <b>2</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">27–</span>59. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F156921202762733879">10.1163/156921202762733879</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Ancient+Near+Eastern+Religions&rft.atitle=A+Functional+Approach+to+Egyptian+Myth+and+Mythemes&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E27-%3C%2Fspan%3E59&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F156921202762733879&rft.aulast=Goebs&rft.aufirst=Katja&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEye+of+Horus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGriffiths1960" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/J._Gwyn_Griffiths" title="J. Gwyn Griffiths">Griffiths, J. Gwyn</a> (1960). <i>The Conflict of Horus and Seth</i>. Liverpool University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Conflict+of+Horus+and+Seth&rft.pub=Liverpool+University+Press&rft.date=1960&rft.aulast=Griffiths&rft.aufirst=J.+Gwyn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEye+of+Horus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIkramDodson1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Salima_Ikram" title="Salima Ikram">Ikram, Salima</a>; Dodson, Aidan (1998). <i>The Mummy in Ancient Egypt: Equipping the Dead for Eternity</i>. Thames & Hudson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-500-05088-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-500-05088-0"><bdi>978-0-500-05088-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mummy+in+Ancient+Egypt%3A+Equipping+the+Dead+for+Eternity&rft.pub=Thames+%26+Hudson&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-500-05088-0&rft.aulast=Ikram&rft.aufirst=Salima&rft.au=Dodson%2C+Aidan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEye+of+Horus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaper2001" class="citation book cs1">Kaper, Olaf E. (2001). "Myths: Lunar Myths". In <a href="/wiki/Donald_B._Redford" title="Donald B. 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Oxford University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">480–</span>482. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-510234-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-510234-5"><bdi>978-0-19-510234-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Myths%3A+Lunar+Myths&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Encyclopedia+of+Ancient+Egypt&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E480-%3C%2Fspan%3E482&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-510234-5&rft.aulast=Kaper&rft.aufirst=Olaf+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEye+of+Horus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrauss2002" class="citation book cs1">Krauss, Rolf (2002). "The Eye of Horus and the Planet Venus: Astronomical and Mythological References". 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Ugarit-Verlag. pp. <span class="nowrap">193–</span>208. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-934628-26-5" title="Special:BookSources/3-934628-26-5"><bdi>3-934628-26-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Eye+of+Horus+and+the+Planet+Venus%3A+Astronomical+and+Mythological+References&rft.btitle=Under+One+Sky%3A+Astronomy+and+Mathematics+in+the+Ancient+Near+East&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E193-%3C%2Fspan%3E208&rft.pub=Ugarit-Verlag&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=3-934628-26-5&rft.aulast=Krauss&rft.aufirst=Rolf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEye+of+Horus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLorton1999" class="citation book cs1">Lorton, David (1999). "The Theology of Cult Statues in Ancient Egypt". 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Eisenbrauns. pp. <span class="nowrap">123–</span>210. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57506-024-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57506-024-8"><bdi>978-1-57506-024-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Theology+of+Cult+Statues+in+Ancient+Egypt&rft.btitle=Born+in+Heaven%2C+Made+on+Earth%3A+The+Making+of+the+Cult+Image+in+the+Ancient+Near+East&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E123-%3C%2Fspan%3E210&rft.pub=Eisenbrauns&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-1-57506-024-8&rft.aulast=Lorton&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEye+of+Horus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPinch2002" class="citation book cs1">Pinch, Geraldine (2002). <i>Egyptian Mythology: A Guide to the Gods, Goddesses, and Traditions of Ancient Egypt</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-517024-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-517024-5"><bdi>978-0-19-517024-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Egyptian+Mythology%3A+A+Guide+to+the+Gods%2C+Goddesses%2C+and+Traditions+of+Ancient+Egypt&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-19-517024-5&rft.aulast=Pinch&rft.aufirst=Geraldine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEye+of+Horus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPinch2006" class="citation book cs1">Pinch, Geraldine (2006). <i>Magic in Ancient Egypt, Revised Edition</i>. University of Texas Press/British Museum Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-292-72262-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-292-72262-0"><bdi>978-0-292-72262-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Magic+in+Ancient+Egypt%2C+Revised+Edition&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press%2FBritish+Museum+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-292-72262-0&rft.aulast=Pinch&rft.aufirst=Geraldine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEye+of+Horus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPotts1982" class="citation book cs1">Potts, Albert M. (1982). <i>The World's Eye</i>. University Press of Kentucky. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8131-1387-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8131-1387-6"><bdi>978-0-8131-1387-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World%27s+Eye&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kentucky&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0-8131-1387-6&rft.aulast=Potts&rft.aufirst=Albert+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEye+of+Horus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRitter2002" class="citation book cs1">Ritter, Jim (2002). "Closing the Eye of Horus: The Rise and Fall of 'Horus-eye Fractions'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". In Steele, John M.; Imhausen, Annette (eds.). <i>Under One Sky: Astronomy and Mathematics in the Ancient Near East</i>. Ugarit-Verlag. pp. <span class="nowrap">297–</span>323. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-934628-26-5" title="Special:BookSources/3-934628-26-5"><bdi>3-934628-26-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Closing+the+Eye+of+Horus%3A+The+Rise+and+Fall+of+%27Horus-eye+Fractions%27&rft.btitle=Under+One+Sky%3A+Astronomy+and+Mathematics+in+the+Ancient+Near+East&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E297-%3C%2Fspan%3E323&rft.pub=Ugarit-Verlag&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=3-934628-26-5&rft.aulast=Ritter&rft.aufirst=Jim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEye+of+Horus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobins2008" class="citation book cs1">Robins, Gay (2008). <i>The Art of Ancient Egypt, Revised Edition</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Unicode+13.0+Character+Code+Charts%3A+Egyptian+Hieroglyphs&rft.pub=Unicode+Consortium&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Funicode.org%2Fcharts%2FPDF%2FU13000.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEye+of+Horus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatson2016" class="citation journal cs1">Watson, Traci (12 May 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature.2016.19864">"Intricate animal and flower tattoos found on Egyptian mummy"</a>. <i>Nature</i>. <b>53</b> (155): 155. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016Natur.533..155W">2016Natur.533..155W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature.2016.19864">10.1038/nature.2016.19864</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27172024">27172024</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4465165">4465165</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Intricate+animal+and+flower+tattoos+found+on+Egyptian+mummy&rft.volume=53&rft.issue=155&rft.pages=155&rft.date=2016-05-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature.2016.19864&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4465165%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27172024&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2016Natur.533..155W&rft.aulast=Watson&rft.aufirst=Traci&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1038%252Fnature.2016.19864&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEye+of+Horus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilkinson1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_H._Wilkinson" title="Richard H. Wilkinson">Wilkinson, Richard H.</a> (1992). <i>Reading Egyptian Art: A Hieroglyphic Guide to Ancient Egyptian Painting and Sculpture</i>. Thames & Hudson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-500-05064-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-500-05064-4"><bdi>978-0-500-05064-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reading+Egyptian+Art%3A+A+Hieroglyphic+Guide+to+Ancient+Egyptian+Painting+and+Sculpture&rft.pub=Thames+%26+Hudson&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-500-05064-4&rft.aulast=Wilkinson&rft.aufirst=Richard+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEye+of+Horus" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Rudnitsky, Günter (1956). <i>Die Aussage über "das Auge des Horus"</i> (in German). Ejnar Munksgaard.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Aussage+%C3%BCber+%22das+Auge+des+Horus%22&rft.pub=Ejnar+Munksgaard&rft.date=1956&rft.aulast=Rudnitsky&rft.aufirst=G%C3%BCnter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEye+of+Horus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Westendorf, Wolfhart (1980). "Horusauge". In Helck, Wolfgang; Otto, Eberhard; Westendorf, Wolfhart (eds.). <i>Lexikon der Ägyptologie</i> (in German). Vol. 3. Harrassowitz. pp. <span class="nowrap">48–</span>51. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-447-02100-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-447-02100-5"><bdi>978-3-447-02100-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Horusauge&rft.btitle=Lexikon+der+%C3%84gyptologie&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E48-%3C%2Fspan%3E51&rft.pub=Harrassowitz&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-3-447-02100-5&rft.aulast=Westendorf&rft.aufirst=Wolfhart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEye+of+Horus" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" 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creation myths">Creation myths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isfet_(Egyptian_mythology)" title="Isfet (Egyptian mythology)">Isfet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maat" title="Maat">Maat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maa_Kheru" title="Maa Kheru">Maa Kheru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_mythology" title="Egyptian mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numbers_in_Egyptian_mythology" title="Numbers in Egyptian mythology">Numerology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osiris_myth" title="Osiris myth">Osiris myth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_philosophy" title="Ancient Egyptian philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_conception_of_the_soul" title="Ancient Egyptian conception of the soul">Soul</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="10" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ankh.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Ankh.svg/100px-Ankh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Ankh.svg/150px-Ankh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Ankh.svg/200px-Ankh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="878" /></a></span><br /><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Djed.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Djed.svg/175px-Djed.svg.png" decoding="async" width="175" height="390" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Djed.svg/263px-Djed.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Djed.svg/350px-Djed.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="175" data-file-height="390" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#decd87;width:1%">Practices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canopic_jar" title="Canopic jar">Canopic jars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Ritual_of_Embalming_Papyrus" title="The Ritual of Embalming Papyrus">Embalming ritual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_funerary_practices" title="Ancient Egyptian funerary practices">Funerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortuary_temple" title="Mortuary temple">Mortuary temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_offering_formula" title="Ancient Egyptian offering formula">Offering formula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opening_of_the_mouth_ceremony" title="Opening of the mouth ceremony">Opening of the mouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_pyramids" title="Egyptian pyramids">Pyramids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_temple" title="Egyptian temple">Temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veneration_of_the_dead" title="Veneration of the dead">Veneration of the dead</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#decd87;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_deities" title="Ancient Egyptian deities">Deities</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Egyptian_deities" title="List of Egyptian deities">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#decd87;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ogdoad_(Egyptian)" title="Ogdoad (Egyptian)">Ogdoad</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amun" title="Amun">Amun</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amunet" title="Amunet">Amunet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heh_(god)" title="Heh (god)">Heh and Hauhet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kek_(mythology)" title="Kek (mythology)">Kek and Kauket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nu_(mythology)" title="Nu (mythology)">Nu and Naunet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#decd87;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ennead" title="Ennead">Ennead</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atum" title="Atum">Atum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geb" title="Geb">Geb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isis" title="Isis">Isis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nephthys" title="Nephthys">Nephthys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nut_(goddess)" title="Nut (goddess)">Nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osiris" title="Osiris">Osiris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Set_(deity)" title="Set (deity)">Set</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shu_(Egyptian_god)" title="Shu (Egyptian god)">Shu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tefnut" title="Tefnut">Tefnut</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#decd87;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Triad_(religion)" title="Triad (religion)">Triads</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theban_Triad" title="Theban Triad">Theban Triad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elephantine#Elephantine_triad" title="Elephantine">Elephantine Triad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>A</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aani" title="Aani">Aani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abtu" title="Abtu">Abtu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aati" title="Aati">Aati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmose-Nefertari#Death_and_deification" title="Ahmose-Nefertari">Ahmose-Nefertari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aker_(deity)" title="Aker (deity)">Aker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akhty_(deity)" title="Akhty (deity)">Akhty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amenhotep_I#Funerary_cult" title="Amenhotep I">Amenhotep I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amenhotep,_son_of_Hapu#Legacy" title="Amenhotep, son of Hapu">Amenhotep, son of Hapu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amesemi" title="Amesemi">Amesemi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Am-heh" title="Am-heh">Am-heh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammit" title="Ammit">Ammit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amu-Aa" title="Amu-Aa">Amu-Aa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anat" title="Anat">Anat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andjety" title="Andjety">Andjety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anhur" title="Anhur">Anhur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anput" title="Anput">Anput</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anubis" title="Anubis">Anubis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anuket" title="Anuket">Anuket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apedemak" title="Apedemak">Apedemak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apep" title="Apep">Apep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apesh" title="Apesh">Apesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apis_(deity)" title="Apis (deity)">Apis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aqen" title="Aqen">Aqen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arensnuphis" title="Arensnuphis">Arensnuphis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ash_(deity)" title="Ash (deity)">Ash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assessors_of_Maat" title="Assessors of Maat">Assessors of Maat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astarte" title="Astarte">Astarte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aten" title="Aten">Aten</a></li> <li><b>B</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baal" title="Baal">Baal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baalat_Gebal" title="Baalat Gebal">Baalat Gebal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babi_(mythology)" title="Babi (mythology)">Babi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banebdjedet" title="Banebdjedet">Banebdjedet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba-Pef" title="Ba-Pef">Ba-Pef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bastet" title="Bastet">Bastet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bat_(goddess)" title="Bat (goddess)">Bat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bata_(god)" title="Bata (god)">Bata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bennu" title="Bennu">Bennu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bes" title="Bes">Bes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beset" class="mw-redirect" title="Beset">Beset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buchis" title="Buchis">Buchis</a></li> <li><b>C</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavern_deities_of_the_underworld" title="Cavern deities of the underworld">Cavern deities of the underworld</a></li> <li><b>D</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dedun" title="Dedun">Dedun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionysus-Osiris" title="Dionysus-Osiris">Dionysus-Osiris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djed#As_deity" title="Djed">Djed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djedefhor" title="Djedefhor">Djedefhor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duamutef" class="mw-redirect" title="Duamutef">Duamutef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duau_(god)" title="Duau (god)">Duau</a></li> <li><b>G</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gate_deities_of_the_underworld" title="Gate deities of the underworld">Gate deities of the underworld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gengen-Wer" title="Gengen-Wer">Gengen-Wer</a></li> <li><b>H</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ha_(mythology)" title="Ha (mythology)">Ha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hapi_(Nile_god)" title="Hapi (Nile god)">Hapi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_sons_of_Horus" title="Four sons of Horus">Hapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harmachis" class="mw-redirect" title="Harmachis">Harmachis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harpocrates" title="Harpocrates">Harpocrates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harsomtus" title="Harsomtus">Harsomtus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hathor" title="Hathor">Hathor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatmehit" title="Hatmehit">Hatmehit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hauron" title="Hauron">Hauron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedetet" title="Hedetet">Hedetet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedjhotep" title="Hedjhotep">Hedjhotep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heka_(god)" title="Heka (god)">Heka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemen" title="Hemen">Hemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemsut" title="Hemsut">Hemsut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henet" title="Henet">Henet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heqaib#Legacy" title="Heqaib">Heqaib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heqet" title="Heqet">Heqet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermanubis" title="Hermanubis">Hermanubis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermes_Trismegistus" title="Hermes Trismegistus">Hermes Trismegistus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heru-ur" class="mw-redirect" title="Heru-ur">Heru-ur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heryshaf" title="Heryshaf">Heryshaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hesat" title="Hesat">Hesat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horus" title="Horus">Horus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu_(mythology)" title="Hu (mythology)">Hu</a></li> <li><b>I</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iabet" title="Iabet">Iabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iah" title="Iah">Iah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iat" title="Iat">Iat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igai_(deity)" title="Igai (deity)">Igai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ihy" title="Ihy">Ihy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikhemu-sek" title="Ikhemu-sek">Ikhemu-sek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imentet" title="Imentet">Imentet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imhotep#Deification" title="Imhotep">Imhotep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imsety" class="mw-redirect" title="Imsety">Imsety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ipy_(goddess)" title="Ipy (goddess)">Ipy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irer" title="Irer">Irer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishtar" class="mw-redirect" title="Ishtar">Ishtar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iunit" title="Iunit">Iunit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iusaaset" title="Iusaaset">Iusaaset</a></li> <li><b>J</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_Ammon" class="mw-redirect" title="Jupiter Ammon">Jupiter Ammon</a></li> <li><b>K</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kagemni_I" title="Kagemni I">Kagemni I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kebechet" title="Kebechet">Kebechet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khensit" title="Khensit">Khensit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khenti-Amentiu" title="Khenti-Amentiu">Khenti-Amentiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khenti-kheti" title="Khenti-kheti">Khenti-kheti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khepri" title="Khepri">Khepri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khereduankh" title="Khereduankh">Khereduankh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kherty" title="Kherty">Kherty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khnum" title="Khnum">Khnum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khonsu" title="Khonsu">Khonsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kneph" title="Kneph">Kneph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolanthes" title="Kolanthes">Kolanthes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kothar-wa-Khasis" title="Kothar-wa-Khasis">Kothar-wa-Khasis</a></li> <li><b>M</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maahes" title="Maahes">Maahes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maat" title="Maat">Maat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mafdet" title="Mafdet">Mafdet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandulis" title="Mandulis">Mandulis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medjed" title="Medjed">Medjed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehen" title="Mehen">Mehen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehet-Weret" title="Mehet-Weret">Mehet-Weret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehit" title="Mehit">Mehit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menhit" title="Menhit">Menhit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meret" title="Meret">Meret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meretseger" title="Meretseger">Meretseger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meskhenet" title="Meskhenet">Meskhenet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Min_(god)" title="Min (god)">Min</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mnevis" title="Mnevis">Mnevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montu" title="Montu">Montu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mut" title="Mut">Mut</a></li> <li><b>N</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebethetepet" title="Nebethetepet">Nebethetepet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebtuwi" title="Nebtuwi">Nebtuwi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nefertem" title="Nefertem">Nefertem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nehebkau" title="Nehebkau">Nehebkau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nehmetawy" title="Nehmetawy">Nehmetawy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neith" title="Neith">Neith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nekhbet" title="Nekhbet">Nekhbet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemty" title="Nemty">Nemty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neper_(mythology)" title="Neper (mythology)">Neper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neper_(mythology)" title="Neper (mythology)">Nepit</a></li> <li><b>P</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakhet" title="Pakhet">Pakhet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perit_(goddess)" title="Perit (goddess)">Perit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petbe" title="Petbe">Petbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptah" title="Ptah">Ptah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptahhotep" title="Ptahhotep">Ptahhotep</a></li> <li><b>Q</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qebehsenuef" class="mw-redirect" title="Qebehsenuef">Qebehsenuef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qebui" title="Qebui">Qebui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qed-her" title="Qed-her">Qed-her</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qetesh" title="Qetesh">Qetesh</a></li> <li><b>R</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ra" title="Ra">Ra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raet-Tawy" title="Raet-Tawy">Raet-Tawy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rekhyt#Deity" title="Rekhyt">Rekhyt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rem_(mythology)" title="Rem (mythology)">Rem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renenutet" title="Renenutet">Renenutet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renpet" title="Renpet">Renpet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renpetneferet" title="Renpetneferet">Renpetneferet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repyt" title="Repyt">Repyt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resheph" title="Resheph">Resheph</a></li> <li><b>S</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sah_(god)" title="Sah (god)">Sah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satis_(goddess)" title="Satis (goddess)">Satis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebiumeker" title="Sebiumeker">Sebiumeker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedjem" title="Sedjem">Sedjem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seker" title="Seker">Seker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sekhmet" title="Sekhmet">Sekhmet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serapis" title="Serapis">Serapis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serket" title="Serket">Serket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seshat" title="Seshat">Seshat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shai" title="Shai">Shai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shed_(deity)" title="Shed (deity)">Shed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shesmetet" title="Shesmetet">Shesmetet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shezmu" title="Shezmu">Shezmu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sia_(god)" title="Sia (god)">Sia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobek" title="Sobek">Sobek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sopdet" title="Sopdet">Sopdet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sopdu" title="Sopdu">Sopdu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Souls_of_Pe_and_Nekhen" title="Souls of Pe and Nekhen">Souls of Pe and Nekhen</a></li> <li><b>T</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ta-Bitjet" title="Ta-Bitjet">Ta-Bitjet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatenen" title="Tatenen">Tatenen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taweret" title="Taweret">Taweret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tayt" title="Tayt">Tayt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teka-her" title="Teka-her">Teka-her</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thoth" title="Thoth">Thoth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tjenenyet" title="Tjenenyet">Tjenenyet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tutu_(Egyptian_god)" title="Tutu (Egyptian god)">Tutu</a></li> <li><b>U</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unut" title="Unut">Unut</a></li> <li><b>W</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadjet" title="Wadjet">Wadjet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadj-wer" title="Wadj-wer">Wadj-wer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weneg_(Egyptian_deity)" title="Weneg (Egyptian deity)">Weneg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wepset" title="Wepset">Wepset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wepwawet" title="Wepwawet">Wepwawet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werethekau" title="Werethekau">Werethekau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wosret" title="Wosret">Wosret</a></li> <li><b>Y</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yam_(god)" title="Yam (god)">Yam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#decd87;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Egyptian_legendary_creatures" title="Category:Egyptian legendary creatures">Creatures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akhekh" title="Akhekh">Akhekh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sphinx#Egypt" title="Sphinx">Criosphinx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Griffin" title="Griffin">Griffin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hieracosphinx" title="Hieracosphinx">Hieracosphinx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medjed_(fish)" title="Medjed (fish)">Medjed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serpopard" title="Serpopard">Serpopard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Set_animal" title="Set animal">Sha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sphinx" title="Sphinx">Sphinx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uraeus" title="Uraeus">Uraeus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#decd87;width:1%">Characters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dedi" title="Dedi">Dedi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djadjaemankh" title="Djadjaemankh">Djadjaemankh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rededjet" title="Rededjet">Rededjet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubaoner" title="Ubaoner">Ubaoner</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#decd87;width:1%">Locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aaru" title="Aaru">Aaru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akhet_(hieroglyph)" title="Akhet (hieroglyph)">Akhet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benben" title="Benben">Benben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duat" title="Duat">Duat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_of_Manu" title="Land of Manu">Land of Manu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Indestructibles" title="The Indestructibles">The Indestructibles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#decd87;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_Egyptian_symbols" title="Category:Ancient Egyptian symbols">Symbols<br />and objects</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ankh" title="Ankh">Ankh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anra_scarab" title="Anra scarab">Anra scarab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atef" title="Atef">Atef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartouche" title="Cartouche">Cartouche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cowroid" title="Cowroid">Cowroid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corn_mummy" title="Corn mummy">Corn mummy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crook_and_flail" title="Crook and flail">Crook and flail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_justification" title="Crown of justification">Crown of justification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deshret" title="Deshret">Deshret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djed" title="Djed">Djed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_obelisk" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptian obelisk">Egyptian obelisk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_pool" title="Egyptian pool">Egyptian pool</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Eye of Horus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eye_of_Ra" title="Eye of Ra">Eye of Ra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedjet" title="Hedjet">Hedjet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemhem_crown" title="Hemhem crown">Hemhem crown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hennu" title="Hennu">Hennu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horus_on_the_Crocodiles" title="Horus on the Crocodiles">Horus on the Crocodiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypocephalus" title="Hypocephalus">Hypocephalus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imiut_fetish" title="Imiut fetish">Imiut fetish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khepresh" title="Khepresh">Khepresh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kneph" title="Kneph">Kneph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menat" title="Menat">Menat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modius_(headdress)" title="Modius (headdress)">Modius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebu" title="Nebu">Nebu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemes" title="Nemes">Nemes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neshmet" title="Neshmet">Neshmet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ouroboros" title="Ouroboros">Ouroboros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pschent" title="Pschent">Pschent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scarab_(artifact)" title="Scarab (artifact)">Scarab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serekh" title="Serekh">Serekh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shen_ring" title="Shen ring">Shen ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_barque" title="Solar barque">Solar barque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyet" title="Tyet">Tyet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ushabti" title="Ushabti">Ushabti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulture_crown" title="Vulture crown">Vulture crown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Was-sceptre" title="Was-sceptre">Was-sceptre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winged_sun#Ancient_Egypt" title="Winged sun">Winged sun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#decd87;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_Egyptian_texts" title="Category:Ancient Egyptian texts">Writings</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amduat" title="Amduat">Amduat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Books_of_Breathing" title="Books of Breathing">Books of Breathing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Caverns" title="Book of Caverns">Book of Caverns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_the_Dead" title="Book of the Dead">Book of the Dead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_the_Earth" title="Book of the Earth">Book of the Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Gates" title="Book of Gates">Book of Gates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_the_Heavenly_Cow" title="Book of the Heavenly Cow">Book of the Heavenly Cow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Traversing_Eternity" title="Book of Traversing Eternity">Book of Traversing Eternity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffin_Texts" title="Coffin Texts">Coffin Texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Contendings_of_Horus_and_Seth" title="The Contendings of Horus and Seth">The Contendings of Horus and Seth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enigmatic_Book_of_the_Netherworld" class="mw-redirect" title="Enigmatic Book of the Netherworld">Enigmatic Book of the Netherworld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Festival_Songs_of_Isis_and_Nephthys" title="Festival Songs of Isis and Nephthys">Festival Songs of Isis and Nephthys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Hymn_to_the_Aten" title="Great Hymn to the Aten">Great Hymn to the Aten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litany_of_the_Eye_of_Horus" title="Litany of the Eye of Horus">Litany of the Eye of Horus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litany_of_Re" title="Litany of Re">Litany of Re</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyramid_Texts" title="Pyramid Texts">Pyramid Texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spell_of_the_Twelve_Caves" title="Spell of the Twelve Caves">Spell of the Twelve Caves</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#decd87;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Festivals_in_ancient_Egypt" title="Category:Festivals in ancient Egypt">Festivals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beautiful_Festival_of_the_Valley" title="Beautiful Festival of the Valley">Beautiful Festival of the Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cattle_count" title="Cattle count">Cattle count</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_the_pharaoh" title="Coronation of the pharaoh">Coronation of the pharaoh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Min_festival" title="Min festival">Min festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysteries_of_Osiris" title="Mysteries of Osiris">Mysteries of Osiris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opet_Festival" title="Opet Festival">Opet Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sed_festival" title="Sed festival">Sed festival</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#decd87;width:1%">Related religions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atenism" title="Atenism">Atenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Most_High_Goddess" class="mw-redirect" title="Church of the Most High Goddess">Church of the Most High Goddess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermeticism" title="Hermeticism">Hermeticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemetic_Orthodoxy" title="Kemetic Orthodoxy">Kemetic Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemetism" title="Kemetism">Kemetism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysteries_of_Isis" title="Mysteries of Isis">Mysteries of Isis</a></li> 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