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subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History_and_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Possible_antecedents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Possible_antecedents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Possible antecedents</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Possible_antecedents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Creation_by_Mashtots" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Creation_by_Mashtots"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Creation by Mashtots</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Creation_by_Mashtots-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Later development</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alphabet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alphabet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Alphabet</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Alphabet-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Alphabet subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Alphabet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cursive_forms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cursive_forms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Cursive forms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cursive_forms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ligatures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ligatures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Ligatures</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ligatures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Punctuation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Punctuation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Punctuation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Punctuation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Punctuation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Punctuation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Armenian_punctuation_marks_outside_a_word" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Armenian_punctuation_marks_outside_a_word"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Armenian punctuation marks outside a word</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Armenian_punctuation_marks_outside_a_word-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Armenian_punctuation_marks_used_inside_a_word" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Armenian_punctuation_marks_used_inside_a_word"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Armenian punctuation marks used inside a word</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Armenian_punctuation_marks_used_inside_a_word-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transliteration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transliteration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Transliteration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transliteration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Use_for_other_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Use_for_other_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Use for other languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Use_for_other_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Character_encodings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Character_encodings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Character encodings</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Character_encodings-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Character encodings subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Character_encodings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Keyboard_layouts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Keyboard_layouts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Keyboard layouts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Keyboard_layouts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Gallery subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Armenian_scripts_in_various_churches" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Armenian_scripts_in_various_churches"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Armenian scripts in various churches</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Armenian_scripts_in_various_churches-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Armenian_scripts_in_various_gospels_and_manuscripts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Armenian_scripts_in_various_gospels_and_manuscripts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Armenian scripts in various gospels and manuscripts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Armenian_scripts_in_various_gospels_and_manuscripts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Armenian alphabet</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 77 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-77" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">77 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armeense_alfabet" title="Armeense alfabet – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Armeense alfabet" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%A8%D8%AC%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A3%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="أبجدية أرمنية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أبجدية أرمنية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabetu_armeniu" title="Alfabetu armeniu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Alfabetu armeniu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B1%D0%B0" title="Армен алипба – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Армен алипба" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erm%C9%99ni_%C9%99lifbas%C4%B1" title="Erməni əlifbası – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Erməni əlifbası" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenia-j%C4%AB" title="Armenia-jī – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Armenia-jī" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%82" title="Армянскі алфавіт – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Армянскі алфавіт" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Арменска азбука – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Арменска азбука" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armensko_pismo_i_njegovi_kulturni_izrazi" title="Armensko pismo i njegovi kulturni izrazi – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Armensko pismo i njegovi kulturni izrazi" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lizherenneg_armeniek" title="Lizherenneg armeniek – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Lizherenneg armeniek" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabet_armeni" title="Alfabet armeni – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Alfabet armeni" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arm%C3%A9nsk%C3%A9_p%C3%ADsmo" title="Arménské písmo – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Arménské písmo" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yr_wyddor_Armeneg" title="Yr wyddor Armeneg – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Yr wyddor Armeneg" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenske_alfabet" title="Armenske alfabet – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Armenske alfabet" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenisches_Alphabet" title="Armenisches Alphabet – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Armenisches Alphabet" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armeenia_kiri" title="Armeenia kiri – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Armeenia kiri" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%81%CE%BC%CE%B5%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CE%B1%CE%BB%CF%86%CE%AC%CE%B2%CE%B7%CF%84%CE%BF" title="Αρμενικό αλφάβητο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αρμενικό αλφάβητο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabeto_armenio" title="Alfabeto armenio – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Alfabeto armenio" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armena_alfabeto" title="Armena alfabeto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Armena alfabeto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armeniar_alfabeto" title="Armeniar alfabeto – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Armeniar alfabeto" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%A8%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%86%DB%8C" title="الفبای ارمنی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="الفبای ارمنی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphabet_arm%C3%A9nien" title="Alphabet arménien – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Alphabet arménien" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabeto_armenio" title="Alfabeto armenio – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Alfabeto armenio" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%EB%A5%B4%EB%A9%94%EB%8B%88%EC%95%84_%EB%AC%B8%EC%9E%90" title="아르메니아 문자 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="아르메니아 문자" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%AB_%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%A2%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A2%D5%A5%D5%B6" title="Հայերենի այբուբեն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հայերենի այբուբեն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armensko_pismo" title="Armensko pismo – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Armensko pismo" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabet_Armenia" title="Alfabet Armenia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Alfabet Armenia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphabeto_armenie" title="Alphabeto armenie – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Alphabeto armenie" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenska_stafr%C3%B3fi%C3%B0" title="Armenska stafrófið – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Armenska stafrófið" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabeto_armeno" title="Alfabeto armeno – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Alfabeto armeno" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%85%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%BF" title="ಅರಾಮೇಯಿಕ್ ಲಿಪಿ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಅರಾಮೇಯಿಕ್ ಲಿಪಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%AE%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%AC%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%90" title="სომხური დამწერლობა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სომხური დამწერლობა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%8F%D0%BD_%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%83%D1%83%D1%81%D1%83" title="Армян жазуусу – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Армян жазуусу" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphabetum_Armenium" title="Alphabetum Armenium – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Alphabetum Armenium" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arm%C4%93%C5%86u_alfab%C4%93ts" title="Armēņu alfabēts – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Armēņu alfabēts" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arm%C4%97n%C5%B3_ra%C5%A1tas" title="Armėnų raštas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Armėnų raštas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfab%C3%AAto_arm%C3%AAno" title="Alfabêto armêno – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Alfabêto armêno" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabeta_haieren" title="Alfabeta haieren – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Alfabeta haieren" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96rm%C3%A9ny_%C3%A1b%C3%A9c%C3%A9" title="Örmény ábécé – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Örmény ábécé" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Ерменска азбука – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Ерменска азбука" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abidy_armeniana" title="Abidy armeniana – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Abidy armeniana" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%AE%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%AD%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%90" title="სომეხური ჭარალუა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="სომეხური ჭარალუა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abjad_Armenia" title="Abjad Armenia – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Abjad Armenia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%91%EA%AF%94%EA%AF%83%EA%AF%A6%EA%AF%85%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%8C%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%9F_%EA%AF%83%EA%AF%8C%EA%AF%A6%EA%AF%9B" title="ꯑꯔꯃꯦꯅꯤꯌꯥꯟ ꯃꯌꯦꯛ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯑꯔꯃꯦꯅꯤꯌꯥꯟ ꯃꯌꯦꯛ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armeens_alfabet" title="Armeens alfabet – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Armeens alfabet" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AB%E3%83%A1%E3%83%8B%E3%82%A2%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97" title="アルメニア文字 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アルメニア文字" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Эрмалойн абат – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Эрмалойн абат" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armeensk_Skraft" title="Armeensk Skraft – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Armeensk Skraft" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Det_armenske_alfabetet" title="Det armenske alfabetet – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Det armenske alfabetet" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Det_armenske_alfabetet" title="Det armenske alfabetet – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Det armenske alfabetet" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arman_yozuvi" title="Arman yozuvi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Arman yozuvi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%86%DB%8C_%DA%98%D8%A8%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%A8%D8%A7" title="ارمنی ژبي الفبا – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ارمنی ژبي الفبا" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabet_ormia%C5%84ski" title="Alfabet ormiański – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Alfabet ormiański" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabeto_arm%C3%AAnio" title="Alfabeto armênio – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Alfabeto armênio" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabetul_armenesc" title="Alfabetul armenesc – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Alfabetul armenesc" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Армянский алфавит – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Армянский алфавит" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabeti_armen" title="Alfabeti armen – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Alfabeti armen" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_alphabet" title="Armenian alphabet – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Armenian alphabet" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arm%C3%A9nske_p%C3%ADsmo" title="Arménske písmo – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Arménske písmo" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenska_abeceda" title="Armenska abeceda – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Armenska abeceda" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%88%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%BE" title="Јерменско писмо – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Јерменско писмо" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenski_alfabet" title="Armenski alfabet – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Armenski alfabet" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenialaiset_aakkoset" title="Armenialaiset aakkoset – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Armenialaiset aakkoset" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armeniska_alfabetet" title="Armeniska alfabetet – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Armeniska alfabetet" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpabetong_Armenyo" title="Alpabetong Armenyo – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Alpabetong Armenyo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" title="ชุดตัวอักษรอาร์มีเนีย – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ชุดตัวอักษรอาร์มีเนีย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B8_%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D3%A3" title="Алифбои арманӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Алифбои арманӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ermeni_alfabesi" title="Ermeni alfabesi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ermeni alfabesi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Вірменська абетка – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Вірменська абетка" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%95%D8%B1%D9%85%DB%95%D9%86%D9%89%D9%8A_%D8%A6%DB%90%D9%84%D9%89%D9%BE%D8%A8%DB%95%D8%B3%D9%89" title="ئەرمەنىي ئېلىپبەسى – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ئەرمەنىي ئېلىپبەسى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%E1%BA%A3ng_ch%E1%BB%AF_c%C3%A1i_Armenia" title="Bảng chữ cái Armenia – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Bảng chữ cái Armenia" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E7%BE%8E%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A%E5%AD%97%E6%AF%8D" title="亚美尼亚字母 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="亚美尼亚字母" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E7%BE%8E%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9E%E5%AD%97%E6%AF%8D" title="亞美尼亞字母 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="亞美尼亞字母" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a 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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="padding:0.25em; background:lightblue;">Armenian<br /><div style="font-weight:normal"></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="padding-top:0.4em;padding-bottom:0.4em;"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Armenian_Alphabet_Uppercase_lowercase_and_transcription.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Armenian_Alphabet_Uppercase_lowercase_and_transcription.svg/300px-Armenian_Alphabet_Uppercase_lowercase_and_transcription.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Armenian_Alphabet_Uppercase_lowercase_and_transcription.svg/450px-Armenian_Alphabet_Uppercase_lowercase_and_transcription.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Armenian_Alphabet_Uppercase_lowercase_and_transcription.svg/600px-Armenian_Alphabet_Uppercase_lowercase_and_transcription.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2680" data-file-height="1080" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Script type</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Alphabet" title="Alphabet">Alphabet</a> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Creator</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mesrop_Mashtots" title="Mesrop Mashtots">Mesrop Mashtots</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Time period</div></th><td class="infobox-data">AD 405 to present<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Direction</th><td class="infobox-data">Left-to-right <span class="penicon autoconfirmed-show"><span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11932?uselang=en#P1406" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Official script</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd">Related scripts</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Parent systems</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="padding-top:0.15em;"><a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek</a><sup id="cite_ref-Sanjian_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sanjian-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><ul><li>Armenian</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Child systems</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caucasian_Albanian_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Caucasian Albanian alphabet">Caucasian Albanian</a></li></ul></div><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Sister systems</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Coptic alphabet">Coptic</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyrillic alphabet">Cyrillic</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd">ISO 15924</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><a href="/wiki/ISO_15924" title="ISO 15924">ISO 15924</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886049734">.mw-parser-output .monospaced{font-family:monospace,monospace}</style><span class="monospaced">Armn</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">(230)</span>, Armenian</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd"><a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Unicode alias</div></th><td class="infobox-data">Armenian</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Unicode_range" class="mw-redirect" title="Unicode range">Unicode range</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist nowrap"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0530.pdf">U+0530–U+058F</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">Armenian</span></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/UFB00.pdf">U+FB00–U+FB17</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">Alphabetic Pres. Forms</span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="text-align:left; background:#eee;"><span style="font-size:90%"> This article contains <b><a href="/wiki/Phonetic_transcription" title="Phonetic transcription">phonetic transcriptions</a> in the <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a> (IPA)</b>. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>. For the distinction between <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ ]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ /</span> and ⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"> </span>⟩, see <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet#Brackets_and_transcription_delimiters" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters</a>.</span></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background: #eee; font-size: 125%;">Armenian letter art and its cultural expressions</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader category"><div style="padding-bottom:0.4em; text-align:center; font-size:110%;"><b><a href="/wiki/UNESCO_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_Lists" title="UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists">UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage</a></b></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="border-top: 1px #aaa solid; padding-top:0.4em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Armenian_manuscripts.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Armenian_manuscripts.jpg/300px-Armenian_manuscripts.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Armenian_manuscripts.jpg/450px-Armenian_manuscripts.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Armenian_manuscripts.jpg/600px-Armenian_manuscripts.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="535" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reference</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/01513">01513</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Region</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Template:UNESCO_Representative_List_of_the_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_of_Humanity/ENA" title="Template:UNESCO Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity/ENA">Europe and North America</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#eee; font-size:110%;">Inscription history</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Inscription</th><td class="infobox-data">2019 (14 session)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Masterpieces_of_the_Oral_and_Intangible_Heritage_of_Humanity" title="Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity">List</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Representative</td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Armenian_letters_cross-stones,_S._Mesrop_Mashtots_church,_Oshakan,_Armenia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Armenian_letters_cross-stones%2C_S._Mesrop_Mashtots_church%2C_Oshakan%2C_Armenia.jpg/220px-Armenian_letters_cross-stones%2C_S._Mesrop_Mashtots_church%2C_Oshakan%2C_Armenia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Armenian_letters_cross-stones%2C_S._Mesrop_Mashtots_church%2C_Oshakan%2C_Armenia.jpg/330px-Armenian_letters_cross-stones%2C_S._Mesrop_Mashtots_church%2C_Oshakan%2C_Armenia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Armenian_letters_cross-stones%2C_S._Mesrop_Mashtots_church%2C_Oshakan%2C_Armenia.jpg/440px-Armenian_letters_cross-stones%2C_S._Mesrop_Mashtots_church%2C_Oshakan%2C_Armenia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4368" data-file-height="1984" /></a><figcaption>Armenian <a href="/wiki/Khachkars" class="mw-redirect" title="Khachkars">khachkars</a> in the form of individual Armenian letters in <a href="/wiki/Oshakan" title="Oshakan">Oshakan</a>, Armenia</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Armenian alphabet</b> (<a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a>: <span lang="hy">Հայոց գրեր</span>, <span title="Armenian-language text"><i lang="hy-Latn">Hayocʼ grer</i></span> or <span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">Հայոց այբուբեն</span></span>, <span title="Armenian-language text"><i lang="hy-Latn">Hayocʼ aybuben</i></span>) or, more broadly, the <b>Armenian script</b>, is an <a href="/wiki/Alphabet" title="Alphabet">alphabetic</a> writing system developed for <a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a> and occasionally used to write other languages. It was developed around 405 CE by <a href="/wiki/Mesrop_Mashtots" title="Mesrop Mashtots">Mesrop Mashtots</a>, an Armenian linguist and ecclesiastical leader. The script originally had 36 letters. Eventually, two more were adopted in the 13th century. In <a href="/wiki/Armenian_orthography_reform" title="Armenian orthography reform">reformed Armenian orthography</a> (1920s), the ligature <span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D6%87" class="extiw" title="wikt:և">և</a></span></span> <span title="Armenian-language romanization"><i lang="hy-Latn">ev</i></span> is also treated as a letter, bringing the total number of letters to 39. </p><p> The Armenian word for 'alphabet' is <span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%A2%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A2%D5%A5%D5%B6" class="extiw" title="wikt:այբուբեն">այբուբեն</a></span></span> (<i><span title="Armenian-language romanization"><i lang="hy-Latn">aybuben</i></span></i>), named after the first two letters of the Armenian alphabet: <span class="nowrap">⟨<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1094882035">.mw-parser-output .script-Cprt{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Segoe UI Historic","Noto Sans Cypriot",Code2001}.mw-parser-output .script-Hano{font-size:125%;font-family:"Noto Sans Hanunoo",FreeSerif,Quivira}.mw-parser-output .script-Latf,.mw-parser-output .script-de-Latf{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Breitkopf Fraktur",UnifrakturCook,UniFrakturMaguntia,MarsFraktur,"MarsFraktur OT",KochFraktur,"KochFraktur OT",OffenbacherSchwabOT,"LOB.AlteSchwabacher","LOV.AlteSchwabacher","LOB.AtlantisFraktur","LOV.AtlantisFraktur","LOB.BreitkopfFraktur","LOV.BreitkopfFraktur","LOB.FetteFraktur","LOV.FetteFraktur","LOB.Fraktur3","LOV.Fraktur3","LOB.RochFraktur","LOV.RochFraktur","LOB.PostFraktur","LOV.PostFraktur","LOB.RuelhscheFraktur","LOV.RuelhscheFraktur","LOB.RungholtFraktur","LOV.RungholtFraktur","LOB.TheuerbankFraktur","LOV.TheuerbankFraktur","LOB.VinetaFraktur","LOV.VinetaFraktur","LOB.WalbaumFraktur","LOV.WalbaumFraktur","LOB.WeberMainzerFraktur","LOV.WeberMainzerFraktur","LOB.WieynckFraktur","LOV.WieynckFraktur","LOB.ZentenarFraktur","LOV.ZentenarFraktur"}.mw-parser-output .script-en-Latf{font-size:1.25em;font-family:Cankama,"Old English Text MT","Textura Libera","Textura Libera Tenuis",London}.mw-parser-output .script-it-Latf{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Rotunda Pommerania",Rotunda,"Typographer Rotunda"}.mw-parser-output .script-Lina{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Noto Sans Linear A"}.mw-parser-output .script-Linb{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Noto Sans Linear B"}.mw-parser-output .script-Ugar{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Segoe UI Historic","Noto Sans Ugaritic",Aegean}.mw-parser-output .script-Xpeo{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Segoe UI Historic","Noto Sans Old Persian",Artaxerxes,Xerxes,Aegean}</style><span class="Unicode"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D4%B1" class="extiw" title="wikt:Ա">Ա</a></span>⟩</span> <a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a>: <span lang="hy">այբ</span> <i><span title="Armenian-language romanization"><i lang="hy-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Ayb_(letter)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayb (letter)">ayb</a></i></span></i> and <span class="nowrap">⟨<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D4%B2" class="extiw" title="wikt:Բ">Բ</a></span>⟩</span> <a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a>: <span lang="hy">բեն</span> <i><span title="Armenian-language romanization"><i lang="hy-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Ben_(letter)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ben (letter)">ben</a></i></span></i>. Armenian is written <a href="/wiki/Writing_system#Directionality" title="Writing system">horizontally, left to right</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-omniglot_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-omniglot-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1092331828">@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .contains-special-characters{width:22em}}</style></p><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right contains-special-characters noprint selfref"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Armenian_language_in_the_Armenian_alphabet.svg/40px-Armenian_language_in_the_Armenian_alphabet.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Armenian_language_in_the_Armenian_alphabet.svg/60px-Armenian_language_in_the_Armenian_alphabet.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Armenian_language_in_the_Armenian_alphabet.svg/80px-Armenian_language_in_the_Armenian_alphabet.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="142" data-file-height="42" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><b>This article contains <a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a> text.</b> Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:Multilingual_support#Armenian" title="Help:Multilingual support">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of Armenian letters.</div></div> </div> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_and_development">History and development</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Armenian_alphabet&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History and development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · 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a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-top-image"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Language" title="Armenian Language"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Armenian_manuscripts.jpg/170px-Armenian_manuscripts.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Armenian_manuscripts.jpg/255px-Armenian_manuscripts.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Armenian_manuscripts.jpg/340px-Armenian_manuscripts.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="535" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Armenian_language#History" title="Armenian language">History</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian language</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Armenian_hypothesis" title="Armenian hypothesis">Armenian hypothesis</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Proto-Armenian_language" title="Proto-Armenian language">Proto-Armenian</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Classical_Armenian" title="Classical Armenian">Classical Armenian</a></b> (from 405)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Middle_Armenian" title="Middle Armenian">Middle Armenian</a></b> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1100</span> – 1700)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Modern Armenian</a></b> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1700</span> – present)<br /><small><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Armenian" title="Eastern Armenian">Eastern</a>, <a href="/wiki/Western_Armenian" title="Western Armenian">Western</a>, <a href="/wiki/Homshetsi_dialect" title="Homshetsi dialect">Homshetsi</a> (mixed)</small></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Armenian alphabet</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Armenian" title="Romanization of Armenian">Romanization of Armenian</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Armenian_alphabet" title="History of the Armenian alphabet">History of the Armenian alphabet</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1223039320">.mw-parser-output .abchis-body{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .abchis-title{text-align:center}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1116488514"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks abchis-body"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_alphabet" title="History of the alphabet">History of the alphabet</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><span style="text-decoration-color:gray; text-decoration-line:line-through;"><i><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyphs" title="Egyptian hieroglyphs">Egyptian hieroglyphs</a></i></span> 32nd <abbr title="century">c.</abbr> BCE <ul><li><span style="text-decoration-color:gray; text-decoration-line:line-through;"><i><a href="/wiki/Hieratic" title="Hieratic">Hieratic</a></i></span> 32nd c. BCE <ul><li><span style="text-decoration-color:gray; text-decoration-line:line-through;"><i><a href="/wiki/Demotic_(Egyptian)" title="Demotic (Egyptian)">Demotic</a></i></span> 7th c. BCE <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meroitic_script" title="Meroitic script">Meroitic</a> 3rd c. BCE</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><span style="text-decoration-color:gray; text-decoration-line:line-through;"><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Sinaitic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Sinaitic">Proto-Sinaitic</a></i></span> 19th c. BCE <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ugaritic_alphabet" title="Ugaritic alphabet">Ugaritic</a> 15th c. BCE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_South_Arabian_script" title="Ancient South Arabian script">Ancient South Arabian</a> 9th c. BCE <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ge%CA%BDez_script" title="Geʽez script">Geʽez</a> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 5th c. BCE</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenician_alphabet" title="Phoenician alphabet">Phoenician</a> 12th c. BCE <ul><li>(<span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference selfref">see <a href="#tp-abchistory-phx">below</a></span>)</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul">Hangul</a> 1443</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaana" title="Thaana">Thaana</a> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1601</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adlam_script" title="Adlam script">Adlam</a> 1989</li></ul> </div> <hr /> <div class="treeview"><span class="anchor" id="tp-abchistory-phx"></span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phoenician_alphabet" title="Phoenician alphabet">Phoenician</a> 12th c. BCE <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Hebrew" class="mw-redirect" title="Paleo-Hebrew">Paleo-Hebrew</a> 10th c. BCE <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samaritan_script" title="Samaritan script">Samaritan</a> 6th c. BCE</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aramaic_alphabet" title="Aramaic alphabet">Aramaic</a> 8th c. BCE <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kharosthi" title="Kharosthi">Kharosthi</a> 3rd c. BCE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmi" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmi">Brahmi</a> 3rd c. BCE <ul><li>(<i><a href="/wiki/Brahmic_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmic family">Brahmic</a></i>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pallava_script" title="Pallava script">Pallava</a> 4th century <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cham_script" title="Cham script">Cham</a> 4th century</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhives_Akuru" title="Dhives Akuru">Dhives Akuru</a> 6th century</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_script" title="Khmer script">Khmer</a> 611</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_script" title="Tibetan script">Tibetan</a> 7th century <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%CA%BCPhags-pa" class="mw-redirect" title="ʼPhags-pa">ʼPhags-pa</a> 1269</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a> 10th century <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Aboriginal_syllabics" title="Canadian Aboriginal syllabics">Canadian Aboriginal</a> 1840</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_alphabet" title="Hebrew alphabet">Hebrew</a> 3rd c. BCE <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Neo-Aramaic#Square_Aramaic_Alphabet" title="Western Neo-Aramaic">Square Aramaic</a> 2007</li></ul></li> <li><span style="text-decoration-color:gray; text-decoration-line:line-through;"><i><a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_scripts" title="Pahlavi scripts">Pahlavi</a></i></span> 3rd c. BCE <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avestan_alphabet" title="Avestan alphabet">Avestan</a> 4th century</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmyrene_alphabet" title="Palmyrene alphabet">Palmyrene</a> 2nd c. BCE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabataean_script" title="Nabataean script">Nabataean</a> 2nd c. BCE <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_alphabet" title="Arabic alphabet">Arabic</a> 4th century <ul><li><a href="/wiki/N%27Ko_script" title="N'Ko script">N'Ko</a> 1949</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_alphabet" title="Syriac alphabet">Syriac</a> 2nd c. BCE <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sogdian_alphabet" title="Sogdian alphabet">Sogdian</a> 2nd c. BCE <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Turkic_script" title="Old Turkic script">Old Turkic</a> 6th century <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Hungarian_script" title="Old Hungarian script">Old Hungarian</a> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 650</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Uyghur_alphabet" title="Old Uyghur alphabet">Old Uyghur</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_script" title="Mongolian script">Mongolian</a> 1204</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandaic_alphabet" title="Mandaic alphabet">Mandaic</a> 2nd century</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek</a> 8th c. BCE <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Italic_scripts" title="Old Italic scripts">Etruscan</a> 8th c. BCE <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Latin</a> 7th c. BCE <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deseret_alphabet" title="Deseret alphabet">Deseret</a> 1854</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_Algonquian_syllabics" title="Great Lakes Algonquian syllabics">Great Lakes Algonquian</a> 19th century</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackfoot_language#Syllabic_writing_system" title="Blackfoot language">Blackfoot</a> 1888</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraser_script" title="Fraser script">Fraser</a> 1915</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saanich_dialect#Writing_system" title="Saanich dialect">Saanich</a> 1978</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osage_script" title="Osage script">Osage</a> 2006</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runic" class="mw-redirect" title="Runic">Runic</a> 2nd century</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogham" title="Ogham">Ogham</a> 4th century</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lycian_alphabet" title="Lycian alphabet">Lycian</a> 5th c. BCE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Coptic alphabet">Coptic</a> 3rd century</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_alphabet" title="Gothic alphabet">Gothic</a> 3rd century</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Armenian</a> 405 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caucasian_Albanian_script" title="Caucasian Albanian script">Caucasian Albanian</a> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 420</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_scripts" title="Georgian scripts">Georgian</a> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 430</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glagolitic" class="mw-redirect" title="Glagolitic">Glagolitic</a> 862</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillic" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyrillic">Cyrillic</a> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 940</span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Permic" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Permic">Old Permic</a> 1372</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyco-Berber" class="mw-redirect" title="Libyco-Berber">Libyco-Berber</a> 10th c. BCE <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tifinagh" title="Tifinagh">Tifinagh</a> 4th century <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tifinagh#Neo-Tifinagh" title="Tifinagh">Neo-Tifinagh</a> 1970</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleohispanic_scripts" title="Paleohispanic scripts">Paleohispanic</a> 7th c. BCE</li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Possible_antecedents">Possible antecedents</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Armenian_alphabet&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Possible antecedents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Armenian_alphabet" title="Special:EditPage/Armenian alphabet">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Armenian+alphabet%22">"Armenian alphabet"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Armenian+alphabet%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Armenian+alphabet%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Armenian+alphabet%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Armenian+alphabet%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Armenian+alphabet%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>One of the classical accounts of the existence of an Armenian alphabet before Mesrop Mashtots comes from <a href="/wiki/Philo_of_Alexandria" class="mw-redirect" title="Philo of Alexandria">Philo of Alexandria</a> (20 BC – AD 50), who in his writings notes that the work of the <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_philosophy" title="Hellenistic philosophy">Greek philosopher</a> and historian <a href="/wiki/Metrodorus_of_Scepsis" title="Metrodorus of Scepsis">Metrodorus of Scepsis</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 145 BC – 70 BC</span>), <i>On Animals</i>, was translated into Armenian.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Metrodorus was a close friend and a court historian of the Armenian emperor <a href="/wiki/Tigranes_the_Great" title="Tigranes the Great">Tigranes the Great</a> and also wrote his biography. A third century Roman theologian, <a href="/wiki/Hippolytus_of_Rome" title="Hippolytus of Rome">Hippolytus of Rome</a> (170–235), in his <i>Chronicle</i>, while writing about his contemporary, Emperor <a href="/wiki/Severus_Alexander" title="Severus Alexander">Severus Alexander</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 222–235</span>), mentions that the Armenians are amongst those nations who have their own distinct alphabet.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <p><a href="/wiki/Philostratus" title="Philostratus">Philostratus the Athenian</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Sophist" title="Sophist">sophist</a> of the second and third centuries, wrote:<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>And they say that a leopardess was once caught in <a href="/wiki/Pamphylia" title="Pamphylia">Pamphylia</a> which was wearing a chain round its neck, and the chain was of gold, and on it was inscribed in Armenian lettering: "The <a href="/wiki/Arsacid_dynasty_of_Armenia" title="Arsacid dynasty of Armenia">king Arsaces</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Nagara_(ancient_city)" title="Nagara (ancient city)">Nysian</a> god".<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>According to the fifth-century Armenian historian <a href="/wiki/Movses_Khorenatsi" title="Movses Khorenatsi">Movses Khorenatsi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bardesanes_of_Edessa" class="mw-redirect" title="Bardesanes of Edessa">Bardesanes of Edessa</a> (AD 154–222), who founded the <a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnostic</a> current of the <a href="/wiki/Bardaisanites" class="mw-redirect" title="Bardaisanites">Bardaisanites</a>, went to the Armenian castle of <a href="/wiki/Kemah,_Erzincan" title="Kemah, Erzincan">Ani</a> and there read the work of a pre-Christian Armenian priest named Voghyump, written in the Mithraic<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> script of the Armenian temples, named after <a href="/wiki/Mihr_(Armenian_deity)" title="Mihr (Armenian deity)">Mihr</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_mythology" title="Armenian mythology">Armenian national god</a> of light, truth, and the sun. In Voghyump's work, amongst other histories, an episode was noted of the Armenian King <a href="/wiki/Tigranes_VII" class="mw-redirect" title="Tigranes VII">Tigranes VII</a> (who reigned from 144 to 161, and again from AD 164–186) erecting a monument on the tomb of his brother, the Mithraic High Priest of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Armenia_(antiquity)" title="Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)">Kingdom of Greater Armenia</a>, Mazhan. Movses of Khoren notes that Bardesanes translated this Armenian book into <a href="/wiki/Syriac_language" title="Syriac language">Syriac</a> (<a href="/wiki/Aramaic" title="Aramaic">Aramaic</a>), and later also into <a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Greek</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Another important evidence for the existence of a pre-Mashtotsian alphabet is the fact that the pantheon of the ancient Armenians included <a href="/wiki/Tir_(god)" title="Tir (god)">Tir</a>, who was the patron god of writing and science. </p><p>A 13th-century Armenian historian, <a href="/wiki/Vardan_Areveltsi" title="Vardan Areveltsi">Vardan Areveltsi</a>, in his <i>History</i>, notes "that an Armenian script existed of old is attested" during the reign of King <a href="/wiki/Leo_I,_King_of_Armenia" title="Leo I, King of Armenia">Leo the Magnificent</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1187–1219</span>), after coins naming idolatrous kings were found stamped with the script.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The evidence that the Armenian scholars of the Middle Ages knew about the existence of a pre-Mashtotsian alphabet can also be found in other medieval works, including the first book composed in the Mashtotsian alphabet by the pupil of Mashtots, Koriwn, in the first half of the fifth century. Koriwn notes that Mashtots was told of the existence of ancient Armenian letters which he was initially trying to integrate into his own alphabet.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Creation_by_Mashtots">Creation by Mashtots</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Armenian_alphabet&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Creation by Mashtots"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Sinai_Armenian_inscriptions" title="Sinai Armenian inscriptions">Sinai Armenian inscriptions</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yereruyk_basilica_cathedral_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Yereruyk_basilica_cathedral_02.jpg/200px-Yereruyk_basilica_cathedral_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Yereruyk_basilica_cathedral_02.jpg/300px-Yereruyk_basilica_cathedral_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Yereruyk_basilica_cathedral_02.jpg/400px-Yereruyk_basilica_cathedral_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3296" data-file-height="2472" /></a><figcaption>Armenian alphabet letters from <a href="/wiki/Yererouk" title="Yererouk">Yererouk Basilica</a>, 5th century</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Armenian_cross_from_Jerusalem.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Armenian_cross_from_Jerusalem.jpg/200px-Armenian_cross_from_Jerusalem.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Armenian_cross_from_Jerusalem.jpg/300px-Armenian_cross_from_Jerusalem.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Armenian_cross_from_Jerusalem.jpg/400px-Armenian_cross_from_Jerusalem.jpg 2x" data-file-width="439" data-file-height="558" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Armenian_cross" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian cross">Armenian cross</a> found from <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> 5-6th centuries</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Armenian_mosaic-inscr_at_Jerusalem.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Armenian_mosaic-inscr_at_Jerusalem.jpg/200px-Armenian_mosaic-inscr_at_Jerusalem.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/ff/Armenian_mosaic-inscr_at_Jerusalem.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="296" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Birds_Mosaic_(Jerusalem)" title="Birds Mosaic (Jerusalem)">Armenian script-puzzle</a> in <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>. It is dated to the second half of the <a href="/wiki/VII_century" class="mw-redirect" title="VII century">VII century</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Armenian alphabet was introduced by <a href="/wiki/Mesrop_Mashtots" title="Mesrop Mashtots">Mesrop Mashtots</a> and <a href="/wiki/Isaac_of_Armenia" title="Isaac of Armenia">Isaac of Armenia</a> (Sahak Partev) in AD 405. Medieval Armenian sources also claim that Mashtots invented the <a href="/wiki/Georgian_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgian alphabet">Georgian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Caucasian_Albanian_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Caucasian Albanian alphabet">Caucasian Albanian</a> alphabets around the same time. However, most scholars link the creation of the Georgian script to the process of <a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Iberia" title="Christianization of Iberia">Christianization of Iberia</a>, a core Georgian kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Kartli" title="Kartli">Kartli</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hewitt_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hewitt-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The alphabet was therefore most probably created between the conversion of Iberia under <a href="/wiki/Mirian_III_of_Iberia" class="mw-redirect" title="Mirian III of Iberia">Mirian III</a> (326 or 337) and the <a href="/wiki/Bir_el_Qutt_inscriptions" title="Bir el Qutt inscriptions">Bir el Qutt inscriptions</a> of 430,<sup id="cite_ref-Hewitt_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hewitt-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> contemporaneously with the Armenian alphabet.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Traditionally, the following phrase translated from Solomon's <i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Proverbs" title="Book of Proverbs">Book of Proverbs</a></i> is said to be the first sentence to be written down in Armenian by Mashtots: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p><span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D5%B3%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%B9%D5%A5%D5%AC_%D5%A6%D5%AB%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%AB%D6%82%D5%B6_%D5%A5%D6%82_%D5%A6%D5%AD%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%BF,_%D5%AB%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AC_%D5%A6%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%BD_%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B3%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%B5" class="extiw" title="wikt:ճանաչել զիմաստութիւն եւ զխրատ, իմանալ զբանս հանճարոյ">Ճանաչել զիմաստութիւն եւ զխրատ, իմանալ զբանս հանճարոյ</a>:</span></span><br /><span title="Armenian-language romanization"><i lang="hy-Latn">Čanačʿel zimastutʿiun yev zxrat, imanal zbans hančaroy.</i></span><br />To know wisdom and instruction; to perceive the words of understanding.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Proverbs" title="Book of Proverbs">Book of Proverbs</a></i>, 1:2.</cite></div></blockquote> <p>Various scripts have been credited with being the prototype for the Armenian alphabet. <a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_scripts" title="Pahlavi scripts">Pahlavi</a> was the priestly script in Armenia before the introduction of Christianity, and <a href="/wiki/Syriac_alphabet" title="Syriac alphabet">Syriac</a>, along with Greek, was one of the alphabets of Christian scripture. Armenian shows some similarities to both. However, the general consensus is that Armenian is modeled after the <a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek alphabet</a>, supplemented with letters from a different source or sources for Armenian sounds not found in Greek. This is suggested by the Greek order of the Armenian alphabet; the <i>ow</i> ligature for the vowel <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a>/</span>, as in Greek; the similarity of the letter <span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">ի</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/i/</span> in shape and sound value to <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyrillic">Cyrillic</a> <a href="/wiki/%D0%98" class="mw-redirect" title="И">И</a><a href="/wiki/%D0%98" class="mw-redirect" title="И">и</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet#Sound_values" title="Greek alphabet">(Modern) Greek</a> <a href="/wiki/%CE%97" class="mw-redirect" title="Η">Η</a><a href="/wiki/%CE%97" class="mw-redirect" title="Η">η</a>; and the shapes of letters which "seem derived from a variety of cursive Greek", including Greek/Armenian pairs <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1180947483">.mw-parser-output .polytonic{font-family:"SBL BibLit","SBL Greek","New Athena Unicode","EB Garamond","EB Garamond 12","Foulis Greek","Garamond Libre","Noto Sans","Noto Serif","Cardo","Gentium Plus","Gentium Book Plus","Garamond","Palatino Linotype","DejaVu Sans","DejaVu Serif","FreeSerif","FreeSans","Arial Unicode MS","Lucida Sans Unicode","Lucida Grande","Code2000",sans-serif}</style><span class="polytonic">Θ</span>/<span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">թ</span></span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1180947483"><span class="polytonic">Φ</span>/<span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">փ</span></span>, and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1180947483"><span class="polytonic">Β</span>/<span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">բ</span></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sanjian_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sanjian-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been speculated by some scholars in African studies, following Dimitri Olderogge, that the <a href="/wiki/Ge%27ez_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Ge'ez script">Ge'ez script</a> had an influence on certain letter shapes,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but this has not been supported by any experts in Armenian studies. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2014_Prowincja_Kotajk,_Klasztor_Geghard_(06).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/2014_Prowincja_Kotajk%2C_Klasztor_Geghard_%2806%29.jpg/200px-2014_Prowincja_Kotajk%2C_Klasztor_Geghard_%2806%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/2014_Prowincja_Kotajk%2C_Klasztor_Geghard_%2806%29.jpg/300px-2014_Prowincja_Kotajk%2C_Klasztor_Geghard_%2806%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/2014_Prowincja_Kotajk%2C_Klasztor_Geghard_%2806%29.jpg/400px-2014_Prowincja_Kotajk%2C_Klasztor_Geghard_%2806%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4323" data-file-height="2882" /></a><figcaption>Armenian alphabet letter in <a href="/wiki/Geghard_Monastery" class="mw-redirect" title="Geghard Monastery">Geghard Monastery</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Inscription_on_gavit_door.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Inscription_on_gavit_door.JPG/200px-Inscription_on_gavit_door.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Inscription_on_gavit_door.JPG/300px-Inscription_on_gavit_door.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Inscription_on_gavit_door.JPG/400px-Inscription_on_gavit_door.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Armenian alphabet latter in <a href="/wiki/Kecharis_Monastery" title="Kecharis Monastery">Kecharis Monastery</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Makaravanq_Monastery_09.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Makaravanq_Monastery_09.jpg/200px-Makaravanq_Monastery_09.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Makaravanq_Monastery_09.jpg/300px-Makaravanq_Monastery_09.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Makaravanq_Monastery_09.jpg/400px-Makaravanq_Monastery_09.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>Armenian alphabet letter in <a href="/wiki/Makaravank_Monastery" class="mw-redirect" title="Makaravank Monastery">Makaravank Monastery</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Moses_of_Chorene_(manuscript_X-XIth_centuries).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Moses_of_Chorene_%28manuscript_X-XIth_centuries%29.jpg/200px-Moses_of_Chorene_%28manuscript_X-XIth_centuries%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="273" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Moses_of_Chorene_%28manuscript_X-XIth_centuries%29.jpg/300px-Moses_of_Chorene_%28manuscript_X-XIth_centuries%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Moses_of_Chorene_%28manuscript_X-XIth_centuries%29.jpg/400px-Moses_of_Chorene_%28manuscript_X-XIth_centuries%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1672" data-file-height="2280" /></a><figcaption>Armenian manuscript of the 10th or 11th century. <a href="/wiki/History_of_Armenia_(book)" title="History of Armenia (book)">History of Armenia</a> of <a href="/wiki/Movses_Khorenatsi" title="Movses Khorenatsi">Movses Khorenatsi</a> </figcaption></figure> <p>There are four principal calligraphic <a href="/wiki/Hand_(writing_style)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hand (writing style)">hands</a> of the script. <span title="Armenian-language romanization"><i lang="hy-Latn">Erkatagir</i></span>, or 'ironclad letters', seen as Mesrop's original, was used in manuscripts from the 5th to 13th century and is still preferred for epigraphic inscriptions. <span title="Armenian-language romanization"><i lang="hy-Latn">Bolorgir</i></span>, or 'cursive', was invented in the 10th century and became popular in the 13th. It has been the standard printed form since the 16th century. <span title="Armenian-language romanization"><i lang="hy-Latn">Notrgir</i></span>, or 'minuscule', invented initially for speed, was extensively used in the Armenian diaspora in the 16th to 18th centuries, and later became popular in printing. <span title="Armenian-language romanization"><i lang="hy-Latn">Sheghagir</i></span>, or 'slanted writing', is now the most common form. </p><p>The earliest known example of the script's usage was a dedicatory inscription over the west door of the <a href="/wiki/Tekor_Basilica" class="mw-redirect" title="Tekor Basilica">church of Saint Sarkis in Tekor</a>. Based on the known individuals mentioned in the inscription, it has been dated to the 480s.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (March 2023)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The earliest known surviving example of usage outside of Armenia is a mid-6th century mosaic inscription in the chapel of St Polyeuctos in Jerusalem.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (March 2023)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> A papyrus discovered in 1892 at <a href="/wiki/Fayyum" class="mw-redirect" title="Fayyum">Fayyum</a> and containing Greek words written in Armenian script has been dated on historical grounds to after the creation of the script, i.e. after 400, and on paleographic grounds between the 5th and 7th centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is now in the <a href="/wiki/Bibliotheque_Nationale_de_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibliotheque Nationale de France">Bibliotheque Nationale de France</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earliest surviving manuscripts written in Armenian using Armenian script date from the 9th–10th century.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Later_development">Later development</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Armenian_alphabet&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Later development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Armenian_alphabet" title="Special:EditPage/Armenian alphabet">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Armenian+alphabet%22">"Armenian alphabet"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Armenian+alphabet%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Armenian+alphabet%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Armenian+alphabet%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Armenian+alphabet%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Armenian+alphabet%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Armenian_Alphabet.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Armenian_Alphabet.jpg/200px-Armenian_Alphabet.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Armenian_Alphabet.jpg/300px-Armenian_Alphabet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Armenian_Alphabet.jpg/400px-Armenian_Alphabet.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1098" data-file-height="582" /></a><figcaption>The monument to the Armenian alphabet at the <a href="/wiki/Melkonian_Educational_Institute" title="Melkonian Educational Institute">Melkonian Educational Institute</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nicosia" title="Nicosia">Nicosia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D4%BC%D5%A5%D5%BE%D5%B8%D5%B6_%D4%B1_%D5%84%D5%A5%D5%AE%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%AE.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/%D4%BC%D5%A5%D5%BE%D5%B8%D5%B6_%D4%B1_%D5%84%D5%A5%D5%AE%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%AE.jpg/200px-%D4%BC%D5%A5%D5%BE%D5%B8%D5%B6_%D4%B1_%D5%84%D5%A5%D5%AE%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%AE.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/%D4%BC%D5%A5%D5%BE%D5%B8%D5%B6_%D4%B1_%D5%84%D5%A5%D5%AE%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%AE.jpg/300px-%D4%BC%D5%A5%D5%BE%D5%B8%D5%B6_%D4%B1_%D5%84%D5%A5%D5%AE%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%AE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/%D4%BC%D5%A5%D5%BE%D5%B8%D5%B6_%D4%B1_%D5%84%D5%A5%D5%AE%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%AE.jpg/400px-%D4%BC%D5%A5%D5%BE%D5%B8%D5%B6_%D4%B1_%D5%84%D5%A5%D5%AE%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%AE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="399" /></a><figcaption>Gold Coin of King <a href="/wiki/Leo_I,_King_of_Armenia" title="Leo I, King of Armenia">Leo II</a> of <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Kingdom_of_Cilicia" title="Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia">Cilicia</a></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D4%BC%D5%A5%D5%BE%D5%B8%D5%B6_%D4%B1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/%D4%BC%D5%A5%D5%BE%D5%B8%D5%B6_%D4%B1.jpg/200px-%D4%BC%D5%A5%D5%BE%D5%B8%D5%B6_%D4%B1.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/%D4%BC%D5%A5%D5%BE%D5%B8%D5%B6_%D4%B1.jpg/300px-%D4%BC%D5%A5%D5%BE%D5%B8%D5%B6_%D4%B1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/%D4%BC%D5%A5%D5%BE%D5%B8%D5%B6_%D4%B1.jpg/400px-%D4%BC%D5%A5%D5%BE%D5%B8%D5%B6_%D4%B1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="376" /></a><figcaption>Silver Coin of King <a href="/wiki/Leo_I,_King_of_Armenia" title="Leo I, King of Armenia">Leo II</a> of <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Kingdom_of_Cilicia" title="Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia">Cilicia</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Certain shifts in the language were at first not reflected in the orthography. The digraph <span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">աւ</span></span> (<i>au</i>) followed by a consonant used to be pronounced [au] (as in <i>lu<b>au</b></i>) in <a href="/wiki/Classical_Armenian" title="Classical Armenian">Classical Armenian</a>, but due to a <a href="/wiki/Sound_shift" class="mw-redirect" title="Sound shift">sound shift</a> it came to be pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[o]</span>, and has since the 13th century been written <span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">օ</span></span> (<i>ō</i>). For example, classical <span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D5%A1%D6%82%D6%80" class="extiw" title="wikt:աւր">աւր</a></span></span> (<span title="Armenian-language romanization"><i lang="hy-Latn">awr</i></span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="hy-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[auɹ]</span>, 'day') became pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="hy-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[oɹ]</span>, and is now written <span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D6%85%D6%80" class="extiw" title="wikt:օր">օր</a></span></span> (<span title="Armenian-language romanization"><i lang="hy-Latn">ōr</i></span>). (One word has kept <i>aw</i>, now pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/av/</span>: <span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D5%A1%D5%B2%D5%A1%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%AB" class="extiw" title="wikt:աղաւնի">աղաւնի</a></span></span> (<span title="Armenian-language romanization"><i lang="hy-Latn">ałavni</i></span>) 'pigeon', and there are a few proper names still having <i>aw</i> before a consonant: <span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">Տաւրոս</span></span> Tauros, <span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">Փաւստոս</span></span> Faustos, etc.) For this reason, today there are native Armenian words beginning with the letter <span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">օ</span></span> (<i>ō</i>) although this letter was taken from the Greek alphabet to write foreign words beginning with <i>o</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[o]</span>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikipedia_puzzle_globe_on_the_wall_of_the_Wikimedia_Foundation,_2010-10-26.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Wikipedia_puzzle_globe_on_the_wall_of_the_Wikimedia_Foundation%2C_2010-10-26.jpg/220px-Wikipedia_puzzle_globe_on_the_wall_of_the_Wikimedia_Foundation%2C_2010-10-26.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Wikipedia_puzzle_globe_on_the_wall_of_the_Wikimedia_Foundation%2C_2010-10-26.jpg/330px-Wikipedia_puzzle_globe_on_the_wall_of_the_Wikimedia_Foundation%2C_2010-10-26.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Wikipedia_puzzle_globe_on_the_wall_of_the_Wikimedia_Foundation%2C_2010-10-26.jpg/440px-Wikipedia_puzzle_globe_on_the_wall_of_the_Wikimedia_Foundation%2C_2010-10-26.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3563" data-file-height="2373" /></a><figcaption>The Armenian letter <span class="nowrap">⟨Վ⟩</span> is on the <a href="/wiki/Logo_of_Wikipedia" class="mw-redirect" title="Logo of Wikipedia">Wikipedia logo</a> (up left)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bibliotheca_Alexandrina_--_Wall_detail_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Bibliotheca_Alexandrina_--_Wall_detail_2.jpg/220px-Bibliotheca_Alexandrina_--_Wall_detail_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Bibliotheca_Alexandrina_--_Wall_detail_2.jpg/330px-Bibliotheca_Alexandrina_--_Wall_detail_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Bibliotheca_Alexandrina_--_Wall_detail_2.jpg/440px-Bibliotheca_Alexandrina_--_Wall_detail_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3712" data-file-height="2088" /></a><figcaption>Armenian script in facade of <a href="/wiki/Bibliotheca_Alexandrina" title="Bibliotheca Alexandrina">Bibliotheca Alexandrina</a> (right down) with <i><a href="/wiki/Ben_(Armenian_letter)" title="Ben (Armenian letter)">Բ</a> <a href="/wiki/Tsa_(Armenian_letter)" title="Tsa (Armenian letter)">Ծ</a> <a href="/wiki/Yech_(Armenian_letter)" title="Yech (Armenian letter)">Ե</a> <a href="/wiki/Gim_(Armenian_letter)" title="Gim (Armenian letter)">Գ</a> <a href="/wiki/Ho_(Armenian_letter)" title="Ho (Armenian letter)">Հ</a> <a href="/wiki/Ini_(Armenian_letter)" title="Ini (Armenian letter)">Ի</a> <a href="/wiki/Dza_(Armenian_letter)" title="Dza (Armenian letter)">Ձ</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p>The number and order of the letters have changed over time. In the Middle Ages, two new letters (<span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">օ</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[o]</span>, <span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">ֆ</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[f]</span>) were introduced in order to better represent foreign sounds; this increased the number of letters from 36 to 38. From 1922 to 1924, <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Armenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Armenia">Soviet Armenia</a> adopted a <a href="/wiki/Spelling_reform_of_the_Armenian_language_1922%E2%80%931924" class="mw-redirect" title="Spelling reform of the Armenian language 1922–1924">reformed spelling</a> of the Armenian language. The reform changed the digraph <span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">ու</span></span> and the ligature <span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">և</span></span> into two new letters, but it generally did not change the pronunciation of individual letters (<a href="#Chart_notes">see the footnotes of the chart</a>). Those outside of the (former) <a href="/wiki/Post-Soviet_states" title="Post-Soviet states">Soviet sphere</a>, including all Western Armenians as well as Eastern Armenians in <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, have rejected the reformed spellings and continue to use the <a href="/wiki/Classical_Armenian_orthography" title="Classical Armenian orthography">traditional Armenian orthography</a>. They criticize some aspects of the reforms and allege political motives behind them.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Alphabet">Alphabet</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Armenian_alphabet&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Alphabet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="3">Forms </th> <th colspan="5">Name </th> <th colspan="5">Letter </th> <th rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Armenian_numerals" title="Armenian numerals">Numerical<br />value</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Classical_Armenian_orthography" title="Classical Armenian orthography">Classical</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Spelling_reform_of_the_Armenian_language_1922-1924" class="mw-redirect" title="Spelling reform of the Armenian language 1922-1924">Reformed</a> </th> <th colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Armenian" title="Help:IPA/Armenian">Pronunciation</a> </th> <th colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Armenian" title="Help:IPA/Armenian">Pronunciation</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Armenian" title="Romanization of Armenian">Transliteration</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th>Classical </th> <th>Eastern </th> <th>Western </th> <th>Classical </th> <th>Eastern </th> <th>Western </th> <th>Classical </th> <th><a href="/wiki/ISO_9985" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 9985">ISO 9985</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:133%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/Ayb_(letter)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayb (letter)">Ա</a> • ա</span> </td> <td colspan="2"><span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">այբ</span></span> <span title="Armenian-language romanization"><i lang="hy-Latn">ayb</i></span> </td> <td colspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="hy-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɑjb/</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="hy-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɑjpʰ/</span> </td> <td colspan="3"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)"><a href="/wiki/Open_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Open back unrounded vowel">/ɑ/</a></span> </td> <td colspan="2"><span title="Armenian-language romanization"><i lang="hy-Latn">a</i></span> </td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:133%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/Ben_(letter)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ben (letter)">Բ</a> • բ</span> </td> <td colspan="2"><span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">բեն</span></span> <span title="Armenian-language romanization"><i lang="hy-Latn">ben</i></span> </td> <td colspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="hy-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/bɛn/</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="hy-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/pʰɛn/</span> </td> <td colspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">/b/</a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)"><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">/pʰ/</a></span> </td> <td colspan="2"><span title="Armenian-language romanization"><i lang="hy-Latn">b</i></span> </td> <td>2 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:133%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/Gim_(Armenian_letter)" title="Gim (Armenian letter)">Գ</a> • գ</span> </td> <td colspan="2"><span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">գիմ</span></span> <span title="Armenian-language romanization"><i lang="hy-Latn">gim</i></span> </td> <td colspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="hy-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɡim/</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="hy-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/kʰim/</span> </td> <td colspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">/ɡ/</a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)"><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">/kʰ/</a></span> </td> <td colspan="2"><span title="Armenian-language romanization"><i lang="hy-Latn">g</i></span> </td> <td>3 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:133%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/Da_(Armenian_letter)" title="Da (Armenian letter)">Դ</a> • դ</span> </td> <td colspan="2"><span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">դա</span></span> <span title="Armenian-language romanization"><i lang="hy-Latn">da</i></span> </td> <td colspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="hy-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/dɑ/</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="hy-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/tʰɑ/</span> </td> <td colspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_and_alveolar_plosives" title="Voiced dental and alveolar plosives">/d/</a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)"><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">/tʰ/</a></span> </td> <td colspan="2"><span title="Armenian-language romanization"><i lang="hy-Latn">d</i></span> </td> <td>4 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:133%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/%D4%B5" class="mw-redirect" title="Ե">Ե</a> • ե</span> </td> <td colspan="2"><span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">եչ</span></span> <span title="Armenian-language romanization"><i lang="hy-Latn">yečʼ</i></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="hy-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɛtʃʰ/</span> </td> <td colspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="hy-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/jɛtʃʰ/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">/ɛ/</a></span> </td> <td colspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">/ɛ/</a></span>, word-initially <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/jɛ/</span><sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_f"><a href="#endnote_f">6</a></sup> </td> <td colspan="2"><span title="Armenian-language romanization"><i lang="hy-Latn">e</i></span> </td> <td>5 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:133%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/Za_(Armenian_letter)" title="Za (Armenian letter)">Զ</a> • զ</span> </td> <td colspan="2"><span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">զա</span></span> <span title="Armenian-language romanization"><i lang="hy-Latn">za</i></span> </td> <td colspan="3"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="hy-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/zɑ/</span> </td> <td colspan="3"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">/z/</a></span> </td> <td colspan="2"><span title="Armenian-language romanization"><i lang="hy-Latn">z</i></span> </td> <td>6 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:133%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/Eh_(Armenian_letter)" title="Eh (Armenian letter)">Է</a> • է</span> </td> <td colspan="2"><span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">է</span></span> <span title="Armenian-language romanization"><i lang="hy-Latn">ē</i></span><sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_a"><a href="#endnote_a">1</a></sup> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="hy-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/e/</span></td> <td colspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="hy-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɛ/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">/e/</a></span></td> <td colspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɛ/</span> </td> <td><span title="Armenian-language romanization"><i lang="hy-Latn">ê</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Armenian-language romanization"><i lang="hy-Latn">ē</i></span> </td> <td>7 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:133%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/%D4%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="Ը">Ը</a> • ը</span><sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_g"><a href="#endnote_g">7</a></sup> </td> <td colspan="2"><span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">ըթ</span></span> <span title="Armenian-language romanization"><i lang="hy-Latn">ëtʼ</i></span> </td> <td colspan="3"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="hy-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ətʰ/</span> </td> <td colspan="3"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)"><a href="/wiki/Mid_central_vowel" title="Mid central vowel">/ə/</a></span> </td> <td><span title="Armenian-language romanization"><i lang="hy-Latn">ə</i></span></td> <td><span title="Armenian-language romanization"><i lang="hy-Latn">ë</i></span> </td> <td>8 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:133%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/%D4%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="Թ">Թ</a> • թ</span> </td> <td><span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">թօ</span></span> <span title="Armenian-language romanization"><i lang="hy-Latn">tʼò</i></span><sup id="cite_ref-ZarehMelkonian-Alphabet_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZarehMelkonian-Alphabet-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">թո</span></span> <span title="Armenian-language romanization"><i lang="hy-Latn">t'o</i></span> </td> <td colspan="3"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="hy-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/tʰɔ/</span> </td> <td colspan="3"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)"><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">/tʰ/</a></span> </td> <td><span title="Armenian-language romanization"><i lang="hy-Latn"><span class="nowrap">t̔, tʿ</span></i></span></td> <td><span title="Armenian-language romanization"><i lang="hy-Latn">tʼ</i></span> </td> <td>9 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:133%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/Zhe_(Armenian_letter)" title="Zhe (Armenian letter)">Ժ</a> • ժ</span> </td> <td><span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">ժէ</span></span> <span title="Armenian-language romanization"><i lang="hy-Latn">žē</i></span></td> <td><span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">ժե</span></span> <span title="Armenian-language romanization"><i lang="hy-Latn">že</i></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="hy-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʒe/</span></td> <td colspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="hy-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʒɛ/</span> </td> <td colspan="3"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiced postalveolar fricative">/ʒ/</a></span> </td> <td colspan="2"><span title="Armenian-language romanization"><i lang="hy-Latn">ž</i></span> </td> <td>10 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:133%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/%D4%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="Ի">Ի</a> • ի</span> </td> <td colspan="2"><span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">ինի</span></span> <span title="Armenian-language romanization"><i lang="hy-Latn">ini</i></span> </td> <td colspan="3"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="hy-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ini/</span> </td> <td colspan="3"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)"><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">/i/</a></span> </td> <td colspan="2"><span title="Armenian-language romanization"><i lang="hy-Latn">i</i></span> </td> <td>20 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:133%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/Lyun_(Armenian_letter)" title="Lyun (Armenian letter)">Լ</a> • լ</span> </td> <td><span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">լիւն</span></span> <span title="Armenian-language romanization"><i lang="hy-Latn">liwn</i></span></td> <td><span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">լյուն</span></span> <span title="Armenian-language romanization"><i lang="hy-Latn">lyun</i></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="hy-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/liwn/</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="hy-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ljun/</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="hy-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/lʏn/</span> </td> <td colspan="3"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental,_alveolar_and_postalveolar_lateral_approximants" title="Voiced dental, alveolar and postalveolar lateral approximants">/l/</a></span> </td> <td colspan="2"><span title="Armenian-language romanization"><i lang="hy-Latn">l</i></span> </td> <td>30 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:133%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/Xe_(Armenian_letter)" title="Xe (Armenian letter)">Խ</a> • խ</span> </td> <td><span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">խէ</span></span> <span title="Armenian-language romanization"><i lang="hy-Latn">xē</i></span></td> <td><span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">խե</span></span> <span title="Armenian-language romanization"><i lang="hy-Latn">xe</i></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="hy-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/χe/</span></td> <td colspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="hy-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/χɛ/</span> </td> <td colspan="3"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_fricative" title="Voiceless uvular fricative">/χ/</a></span> </td> <td colspan="2"><span title="Armenian-language romanization"><i lang="hy-Latn">x</i></span> </td> <td>40 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:133%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/Tsa_(Armenian_letter)" title="Tsa (Armenian letter)">Ծ</a> • ծ</span> </td> <td colspan="2"><span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">ծա</span></span> <span title="Armenian-language romanization"><i lang="hy-Latn">ca</i></span> </td> <td colspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="hy-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/tsɑ/</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="hy-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/dzɑ/</span> </td> <td colspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolar affricate">/ts/</a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiced alveolar affricate">/dz/</a></span> </td> <td><span title="Armenian-language romanization"><i lang="hy-Latn">c</i></span></td> <td><span title="Armenian-language romanization"><i lang="hy-Latn">ç</i></span> </td> <td>50 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:133%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/Ken_(Armenian_letter)" title="Ken (Armenian letter)">Կ</a> • կ</span> </td> <td colspan="2"><span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">կեն</span></span> <span title="Armenian-language romanization"><i lang="hy-Latn">ken</i></span> </td> <td colspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="hy-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/kɛn/</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="hy-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɡɛn/</span> </td> <td colspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">/k/</a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">/ɡ/</a></span> </td> <td colspan="2"><span title="Armenian-language romanization"><i lang="hy-Latn">k</i></span> </td> <td>60 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:133%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/Ho_(Armenian_letter)" title="Ho (Armenian letter)">Հ</a> • հ</span> </td> <td><span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">հօ</span></span> <span title="Armenian-language romanization"><i lang="hy-Latn">hò</i></span><sup id="cite_ref-ZarehMelkonian-Alphabet_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZarehMelkonian-Alphabet-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">հո</span></span> <span title="Armenian-language romanization"><i lang="hy-Latn">ho</i></span> </td> <td colspan="3"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="hy-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ho/</span> </td> <td colspan="3"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">/h/</a></span> </td> <td colspan="2"><span title="Armenian-language romanization"><i lang="hy-Latn">h</i></span> </td> <td>70 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:133%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/Dza_(Armenian_letter)" title="Dza (Armenian letter)">Ձ</a> • ձ</span> </td> <td colspan="2"><span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">ձա</span></span> <span title="Armenian-language romanization"><i lang="hy-Latn">ja</i></span> </td> <td colspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="hy-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/dzɑ/</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="hy-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/tsʰɑ/</span> </td> <td colspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiced alveolar affricate">/dz/</a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)"><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">/tsʰ/</a></span> </td> <td colspan="2"><span title="Armenian-language romanization"><i lang="hy-Latn">j</i></span> </td> <td>80 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:133%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/Ghat_(Armenian_letter)" title="Ghat (Armenian letter)">Ղ</a> • ղ</span> </td> <td colspan="2"><span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">ղադ</span></span> <span title="Armenian-language romanization"><i lang="hy-Latn">ġat</i></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="hy-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɫɑt/</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="hy-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʁɑt/</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="hy-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʁɑd/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental,_alveolar_and_postalveolar_lateral_approximants" title="Voiced dental, alveolar and postalveolar lateral approximants">/ɫ/</a></span></td> <td colspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_fricative" title="Voiced uvular fricative">/ʁ/</a></span> </td> <td><span title="Armenian-language romanization"><i lang="hy-Latn">ł</i></span></td> <td><span title="Armenian-language romanization"><i lang="hy-Latn">ġ</i></span> </td> <td>90 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:133%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/Che_(Armenian_letter)" title="Che (Armenian letter)">Ճ</a> • ճ</span> </td> <td><span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">ճէ</span></span> <span title="Armenian-language romanization"><i lang="hy-Latn">čē</i></span></td> <td><span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">ճե</span></span> <span title="Armenian-language romanization"><i lang="hy-Latn">če</i></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="hy-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/tʃe/</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="hy-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/tʃɛ/</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="hy-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/dʒɛ/</span> </td> <td colspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless postalveolar affricate">/tʃ/</a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiced alveolar affricate">/dʒ/</a></span> </td> <td><span title="Armenian-language romanization"><i lang="hy-Latn">č</i></span></td> <td><span title="Armenian-language romanization"><i lang="hy-Latn">č̣</i></span> </td> <td>100 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:133%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/Men_(Armenian_letter)" title="Men (Armenian letter)">Մ</a> • մ</span> </td> <td colspan="2"><span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">մեն</span></span> <span title="Armenian-language romanization"><i lang="hy-Latn">men</i></span> </td> <td colspan="3"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="hy-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/mɛn/</span> </td> <td colspan="3"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">/m/</a></span> </td> <td colspan="2"><span title="Armenian-language romanization"><i lang="hy-Latn">m</i></span> </td> <td>200 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:133%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/Hi_(Armenian_letter)" title="Hi (Armenian letter)">Յ</a> • յ</span> </td> <td><span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">յի</span></span> <span title="Armenian-language romanization"><i lang="hy-Latn">yi</i></span></td> <td><span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">հի</span></span> <span title="Armenian-language romanization"><i lang="hy-Latn">hi</i></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="hy-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ji/</span></td> <td colspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="hy-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/hi/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">/j/</a></span></td> <td colspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">/h/</a></span><sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_a"><a href="#endnote_a">1</a></sup>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">/j/</a></span> </td> <td colspan="2"><span title="Armenian-language romanization"><i lang="hy-Latn">y</i></span> </td> <td>300 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:133%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/Nu_(Armenian_letter)" title="Nu (Armenian letter)">Ն</a> • ն</span> </td> <td colspan="2"><span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">նու</span></span> <span title="Armenian-language romanization"><i lang="hy-Latn">nu</i></span> </td> <td colspan="3"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="hy-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/nu/</span> </td> <td colspan="3"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental,_alveolar_and_postalveolar_nasals" title="Voiced dental, alveolar and postalveolar nasals">/n/</a>,<span class="wrap"> </span><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal" title="Voiced velar nasal">/ŋ/</a></span> </td> <td colspan="2"><span title="Armenian-language romanization"><i lang="hy-Latn">n</i></span> </td> <td>400 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:133%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/Sha_(Armenian_letter)" title="Sha (Armenian letter)">Շ</a> • շ</span> </td> <td colspan="2"><span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">շա</span></span> <span title="Armenian-language romanization"><i lang="hy-Latn">ša</i></span> </td> <td colspan="3"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="hy-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʃɑ/</span> </td> <td colspan="3"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">/ʃ/</a></span> </td> <td colspan="2"><span title="Armenian-language romanization"><i lang="hy-Latn">š</i></span> </td> <td>500 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:133%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/Vo_(letter)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vo (letter)">Ո</a> • ո</span> </td> <td colspan="2"><span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">ո</span></span> <span title="Armenian-language romanization"><i lang="hy-Latn">vo</i></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="hy-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɔ/</span></td> <td colspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="hy-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʋɔ/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back rounded vowel">/ɔ/</a></span> </td> <td colspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back rounded vowel">/ɔ/</a></span>, word-initially <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʋɔ/</span><sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_b"><a href="#endnote_b">2</a></sup> </td> <td colspan="2"><span title="Armenian-language romanization"><i lang="hy-Latn">o</i></span> </td> <td>600 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:133%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/Cha_(Armenian_letter)" title="Cha (Armenian letter)">Չ</a> • չ</span> </td> <td colspan="2"><span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">չա</span></span> <span title="Armenian-language romanization"><i lang="hy-Latn">čʼa</i></span> </td> <td colspan="3"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="hy-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/tʃʰɑ/</span> </td> <td colspan="3"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)"><a href="/wiki/Palato-alveolar_ejective_affricate" title="Palato-alveolar ejective affricate">/tʃʰ/</a></span> </td> <td><span title="Armenian-language romanization"><i lang="hy-Latn"><span class="nowrap">č̔, čʿ</span></i></span></td> <td><span title="Armenian-language romanization"><i lang="hy-Latn">č</i></span> </td> <td>700 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:133%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/%D5%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="Պ">Պ</a> • պ</span> </td> <td><span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">պէ</span></span> <span title="Armenian-language romanization"><i lang="hy-Latn">pē</i></span></td> <td><span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">պե</span></span> <span title="Armenian-language romanization"><i lang="hy-Latn">pe</i></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="hy-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/pe/</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="hy-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/pɛ/</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="hy-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/bɛ/</span> </td> <td colspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">/p/</a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">/b/</a></span> </td> <td colspan="2"><span title="Armenian-language romanization"><i lang="hy-Latn">p</i></span> </td> <td>800 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:133%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/Je_(Armenian_letter)" title="Je (Armenian letter)">Ջ</a> • ջ</span> </td> <td><span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">ջէ</span></span> <span title="Armenian-language romanization"><i lang="hy-Latn">ǰē</i></span></td> <td><span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">ջե</span></span> <span title="Armenian-language romanization"><i lang="hy-Latn">ǰe</i></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="hy-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/dʒe/</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="hy-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/dʒɛ/</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="hy-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/tʃʰɛ/</span> </td> <td colspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiced postalveolar affricate">/dʒ/</a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)"><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">/tʃʰ/</a></span> </td> <td colspan="2"><span title="Armenian-language romanization"><i lang="hy-Latn">ǰ</i></span> </td> <td>900 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:133%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/Ra_(Armenian_letter)" title="Ra (Armenian letter)">Ռ</a> • ռ</span> </td> <td colspan="2"><span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">ռա</span></span> <span title="Armenian-language romanization"><i lang="hy-Latn">ṙa</i></span> </td> <td colspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="hy-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/rɑ/</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="hy-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɾɑ/</span> </td> <td colspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental,_alveolar_and_postalveolar_trills" title="Voiced dental, alveolar and postalveolar trills">/r/</a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_and_alveolar_taps_and_flaps" title="Voiced dental and alveolar taps and flaps">/ɾ/</a></span> </td> <td colspan="2"><span title="Armenian-language romanization"><i lang="hy-Latn">ṙ</i></span> </td> <td>1000 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:133%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/%D5%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Ս">Ս</a> • ս</span> </td> <td><span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">սէ</span></span> <span title="Armenian-language romanization"><i lang="hy-Latn">sē</i></span></td> <td><span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">սե</span></span> <span title="Armenian-language romanization"><i lang="hy-Latn">se</i></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="hy-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/se/</span></td> <td colspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="hy-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/sɛ/</span> </td> <td colspan="3"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">/s/</a></span> </td> <td colspan="2"><span title="Armenian-language romanization"><i lang="hy-Latn">s</i></span> </td> <td>2000 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:133%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/Vev_(Armenian_letter)" title="Vev (Armenian letter)">Վ</a> • վ</span> </td> <td><span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">վեւ</span></span> <span title="Armenian-language romanization"><i lang="hy-Latn">vew</i></span></td> <td><span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">վեվ</span></span> <span title="Armenian-language romanization"><i lang="hy-Latn">vev</i></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="hy-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/wɛw/</span> </td> <td colspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="hy-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/vɛv/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial-velar_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced labial-velar approximant">/w/</a></span> </td> <td colspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiced labiodental fricative">/v/</a></span> </td> <td colspan="2"><span title="Armenian-language romanization"><i lang="hy-Latn">v</i></span> </td> <td>3000 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:133%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/%D5%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="Տ">Տ</a> • տ</span> </td> <td><span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">տիւն</span></span> <span title="Armenian-language romanization"><i lang="hy-Latn">tiwn</i></span></td> <td><span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">տյուն</span></span> <span title="Armenian-language romanization"><i lang="hy-Latn">tyun</i></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="hy-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/tiwn/</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="hy-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/tjun/</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="hy-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/dʏn/</span> </td> <td colspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_and_alveolar_plosives" title="Voiceless dental and alveolar plosives">/t/</a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_and_alveolar_plosives" title="Voiced dental and alveolar plosives">/d/</a></span> </td> <td colspan="2"><span title="Armenian-language romanization"><i lang="hy-Latn">t</i></span> </td> <td>4000 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:133%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Re_(Armenian_letter)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Re (Armenian letter) (page does not exist)">Ր</a> • ր</span> </td> <td><span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">րէ</span></span> <span title="Armenian-language romanization"><i lang="hy-Latn">rē</i></span></td> <td><span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">րե</span></span> <span title="Armenian-language romanization"><i lang="hy-Latn">re</i></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="hy-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɹe/</span> </td> <td colspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="hy-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɾɛ/</span><sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_c"><a href="#endnote_c">3</a></sup> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_and_postalveolar_approximants" title="Voiced alveolar and postalveolar approximants">/ɹ/</a></span> </td> <td colspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_and_alveolar_taps_and_flaps" title="Voiced dental and alveolar taps and flaps">/ɾ/</a></span><sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_c"><a href="#endnote_c">3</a></sup> </td> <td colspan="2"><i>r</i> </td> <td>5000 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:133%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/Co_(Armenian_letter)" title="Co (Armenian letter)">Ց</a> • ց</span> </td> <td><span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">ցօ</span></span> <span title="Armenian-language romanization"><i lang="hy-Latn">cʼò</i></span><sup id="cite_ref-ZarehMelkonian-Alphabet_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZarehMelkonian-Alphabet-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">ցո</span></span> <span title="Armenian-language romanization"><i lang="hy-Latn">cʼo</i></span> </td> <td colspan="3"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="hy-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/tsʰɔ/</span> </td> <td colspan="3"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)"><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">/tsʰ/</a></span> </td> <td><span title="Armenian-language romanization"><i lang="hy-Latn"><span class="nowrap">c̔, cʿ</span></i></span></td> <td><span title="Armenian-language romanization"><i lang="hy-Latn">cʼ</i></span> </td> <td>6000 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:133%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hyun_(Armenian_letter)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hyun (Armenian letter) (page does not exist)">Ւ</a> • ւ</span> </td> <td><span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">հիւն</span></span> <span title="Armenian-language romanization"><i lang="hy-Latn">hiwn</i></span></td> <td><span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">հյուն</span></span> <span title="Armenian-language romanization"><i lang="hy-Latn">hyun</i></span>, <span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">վյուն</span></span> <span title="Armenian-language romanization"><i lang="hy-Latn">vyun</i></span><sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_e"><a href="#endnote_e">5</a></sup> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="hy-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/hiwn/</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="hy-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/hjun/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="hy-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/vjun/</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="hy-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/hʏn/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">/w/</a></span></td> <td>—</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiced labiodental fricative">/v/</a></span><sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_e"><a href="#endnote_e">5</a></sup> </td> <td colspan="2"><span title="Armenian-language romanization"><i lang="hy-Latn">w</i></span> </td> <td>7000 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:133%;" width="100%"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/w/index.php?title=U_(Armenian_letter)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="U (Armenian letter) (page does not exist)">Ու</a> • ու</span> </td> <td>—</td> <td><span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">ու</span></span><sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_d"><a href="#endnote_d">4</a></sup> <span title="Armenian-language romanization"><i lang="hy-Latn">u</i></span> </td> <td>—</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="hy-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/u/</span></td> <td>— </td> <td>—</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)"><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">/u/</a></span></td> <td>— </td> <td><span title="Armenian-language romanization"><i lang="hy-Latn">u</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Armenian-language romanization"><i lang="hy-Latn">ow</i></span> </td> <td>-<sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_i"><a href="#endnote_i">9</a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:133%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/%D5%93" class="mw-redirect" title="Փ">Փ</a> • փ</span> </td> <td><span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">փիւր</span></span> <span title="Armenian-language romanization"><i lang="hy-Latn">pʼiwr</i></span></td> <td><span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">փյուր</span></span> <span title="Armenian-language romanization"><i lang="hy-Latn">p'yur</i></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="hy-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/pʰiwɹ/</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="hy-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/pʰjuɹ/</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="hy-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/pʰʏɾ/</span> </td> <td colspan="3"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)"><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">/pʰ/</a></span> </td> <td><span title="Armenian-language romanization"><i lang="hy-Latn"><span class="nowrap">p̔, pʿ</span></i></span></td> <td><span title="Armenian-language romanization"><i lang="hy-Latn">pʼ</i></span> </td> <td>8000 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:133%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/Ke_(Armenian_letter)" title="Ke (Armenian letter)">Ք</a> • ք</span> </td> <td><span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">քէ</span></span> <span title="Armenian-language romanization"><i lang="hy-Latn">kʼē</i></span></td> <td><span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">քե</span></span> <span title="Armenian-language romanization"><i lang="hy-Latn">kʼe</i></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="hy-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/kʰe/</span></td> <td colspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="hy-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/kʰɛ/</span> </td> <td colspan="3"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)"><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">/kʰ/</a></span> </td> <td><span title="Armenian-language romanization"><i lang="hy-Latn"><span class="nowrap">k̔, kʿ</span></i></span></td> <td><span title="Armenian-language romanization"><i lang="hy-Latn">kʼ</i></span> </td> <td>9000 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:133%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/O_(Armenian_letter)" title="O (Armenian letter)">Օ</a> • օ</span> </td> <td colspan="2"><span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">օ</span></span> <span title="Armenian-language romanization"><i lang="hy-Latn">ò</i></span><sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_a"><a href="#endnote_a">1</a></sup> </td> <td>—</td> <td colspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="hy-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/o/</span> </td> <td>—</td> <td colspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">/o/</a></span> </td> <td><span title="Armenian-language romanization"><i lang="hy-Latn">ô</i></span></td> <td><span title="Armenian-language romanization"><i lang="hy-Latn">ò</i></span> </td> <td>-<sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_i"><a href="#endnote_i">9</a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:133%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/Fe_(Armenian_letter)" title="Fe (Armenian letter)">Ֆ</a> • ֆ</span> </td> <td><span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">ֆէ</span></span> <span title="Armenian-language romanization"><i lang="hy-Latn">fē</i></span></td> <td><span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">ֆե</span></span> <span title="Armenian-language romanization"><i lang="hy-Latn">fe</i></span> </td> <td>—</td> <td colspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="hy-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/fɛ/</span> </td> <td>—</td> <td colspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">/f/</a></span> </td> <td colspan="2"><span title="Armenian-language romanization"><i lang="hy-Latn">f</i></span> </td> <td>-<sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_i"><a href="#endnote_i">9</a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:133%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/Yew_(Armenian_letter)" title="Yew (Armenian letter)">և</a></span> </td> <td>—</td> <td><span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">և</span></span><sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_d"><a href="#endnote_d">4</a></sup><sup>,</sup><sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_h"><a href="#endnote_h">8</a></sup> <span title="Armenian-language romanization"><i lang="hy-Latn">yew</i></span> </td> <td>—</td> <td colspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="hy-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/jɛv/</span> </td> <td>—</td> <td colspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="hy-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɛv/</span>, word-initially <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="hy-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/jɛv/</span> </td> <td colspan="2"><span title="Armenian-language romanization"><i lang="hy-Latn">ew</i></span> </td> <td>-<sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_i"><a href="#endnote_i">9</a></sup> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <ul><li>Listen to the pronunciation of the letters in <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/4\/4d\/Armenian_alphabet_%28Eastern_Armenian%29.ogg\/Armenian_alphabet_%28Eastern_Armenian%29.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"Eastern Armenian"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Armenian alphabet (Eastern Armenian).ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/4d/Armenian_alphabet_%28Eastern_Armenian%29.ogg/Armenian_alphabet_%28Eastern_Armenian%29.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label">Eastern Armenian</span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Armenian_alphabet_(Eastern_Armenian).ogg" title="File:Armenian alphabet (Eastern Armenian).ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span> or in <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-2" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/5\/57\/Armenian_alphabet_%28Western_Armenian%29.ogg\/Armenian_alphabet_%28Western_Armenian%29.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"Western Armenian"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Armenian alphabet (Western Armenian).ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/57/Armenian_alphabet_%28Western_Armenian%29.ogg/Armenian_alphabet_%28Western_Armenian%29.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label">Western Armenian</span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Armenian_alphabet_(Western_Armenian).ogg" title="File:Armenian alphabet (Western Armenian).ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span>.</li></ul> <p><span class="anchor" id="Chart_notes"></span><b>Notes:</b> </p> <ol><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_a"><b><a href="#ref_a">^</a></b></span> Primarily used in classical orthography; after the reform used word-initially and in some compound words.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_b"><b><a href="#ref_b">^</a></b></span> Except in <span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">ով</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="hy-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɔv/</span> 'who' and <span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">ովքեր</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="hy-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɔvkʰer/</span> 'those (people)' in Eastern Armenian.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_c"><b><a href="#ref_c">^</a></b></span> <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Armenians" title="Iranian Armenians">Iranian Armenians</a> (who speak a subbranch of Eastern Armenian) pronounce the sound represented by this letter with a retracted tongue body <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɹ̠]</span>: post-alveolar rather than alveolar. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_d"><b><a href="#ref_d">^</a></b></span> In classical orthography, <span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">ու</span></span> and <span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">և</span></span> are considered a digraph (<span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">ո</span></span> + <span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">ւ</span></span>) and a ligature (<span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">ե</span></span> + <span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">ւ</span></span>), respectively. In reformed orthography, they are separate letters of the alphabet: <span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">և</span></span> is the 37th letter of the alphabet, and <span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">ու</span></span> is the 34th letter, taking the place of <span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">ւ</span></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_e"><b><a href="#ref_e">^</a></b></span> In reformed orthography, the letter <span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">ւ</span></span> appears only as a component of <span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">ու</span></span>. In classical orthography, the letter usually represents <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/v/</span>, except in the digraph <span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">իւ</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ju/</span>. The spelling reform in Soviet Armenia replaced <span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">իւ</span></span> with the trigraph <span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">յու</span></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_f"><b><a href="#ref_f">^</a></b></span> Except in the present tense of 'to be': <span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">եմ</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="hy-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɛm/</span> 'I am', <span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">ես</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="hy-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɛs/</span> 'you are (sing.)', <span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">ենք</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="hy-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɛnkʰ/</span> 'we are', <span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">եք</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="hy-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɛkʰ/</span> 'you are (pl.)', <span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">են</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="hy-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɛn/</span> 'they are'.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_g"><b><a href="#ref_g">^</a></b></span> The letter <span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">ը</span></span> is generally used only at the start or end of a word, and so the sound <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ə/</span> is typically unwritten between consonants. One exception is <span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">մըն</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="hy-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/mən/</span> (Western Armenian indefinite article, when followed by a word beginning with a vowel), e.g., <span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">մէյ մըն ալ</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="hy-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/mɛj<span class="wrap"> </span>mən<span class="wrap"> </span>ɑl/</span> 'one more time'.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_h"><b><a href="#ref_h">^</a></b></span> The ligature <span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">և</span></span> has no majuscule form; when capitalized it is written as two letters <span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">Եւ</span></span> (classical) or <span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">Եվ</span></span> (reformed).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_i"><b><a href="#ref_i">^</a></b></span> By the time this lowercase was included (Armenian alphabet reform of 1922-24 in the Soviet Union) in the alphabet, counting was conducted with Arabic numbers.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Numbers over 9999 were achieved by putting a line over smaller letters-numerals</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cursive_forms">Cursive forms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Armenian_alphabet&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Cursive forms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In cursive, the upper- and lower-case letters look more similar than they do in print, and the stroke order is more apparent. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248256098">@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{width:100%!important}}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{display:table}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-default{background:transparent;margin-top:4px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-center{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-none{float:none}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-collapsible{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div{display:table-cell;padding:0 4px 4px;text-align:center;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main>div{display:table-cell}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallery{line-height:1.35em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div{display:table-cell;padding:4px;text-align:right;font-size:85%;line-height:1em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div *,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div *{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallerybox img{background:none!important}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .bordered-images .thumb img{border:solid var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0)1px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb{background:var(--background-color-base,#fff)!important}</style><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default"><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional nochecker bordered-images whitebg"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D4%B1_handwritten.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="ա"><img alt="ա" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/%D4%B1_handwritten.svg/180px-%D4%B1_handwritten.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/%D4%B1_handwritten.svg/270px-%D4%B1_handwritten.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/%D4%B1_handwritten.svg/360px-%D4%B1_handwritten.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">ա</span></span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D4%B2_handwritten.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="բ"><img alt="բ" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/%D4%B2_handwritten.svg/180px-%D4%B2_handwritten.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/%D4%B2_handwritten.svg/270px-%D4%B2_handwritten.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/%D4%B2_handwritten.svg/360px-%D4%B2_handwritten.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">բ</span></span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D4%B3_handwritten.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="գ"><img alt="գ" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/%D4%B3_handwritten.svg/180px-%D4%B3_handwritten.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/%D4%B3_handwritten.svg/270px-%D4%B3_handwritten.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/%D4%B3_handwritten.svg/360px-%D4%B3_handwritten.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">գ</span></span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D4%B4_handwritten.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="դ"><img alt="դ" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/%D4%B4_handwritten.svg/180px-%D4%B4_handwritten.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/%D4%B4_handwritten.svg/270px-%D4%B4_handwritten.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/%D4%B4_handwritten.svg/360px-%D4%B4_handwritten.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">դ</span></span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D4%B5_handwritten.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="ե"><img alt="ե" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/%D4%B5_handwritten.svg/180px-%D4%B5_handwritten.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/%D4%B5_handwritten.svg/270px-%D4%B5_handwritten.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/%D4%B5_handwritten.svg/360px-%D4%B5_handwritten.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">ե</span></span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D4%B6_handwritten.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="զ"><img alt="զ" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/%D4%B6_handwritten.svg/180px-%D4%B6_handwritten.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/%D4%B6_handwritten.svg/270px-%D4%B6_handwritten.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/%D4%B6_handwritten.svg/360px-%D4%B6_handwritten.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">զ</span></span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D4%B7_handwritten.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="է"><img alt="է" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/%D4%B7_handwritten.svg/180px-%D4%B7_handwritten.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/%D4%B7_handwritten.svg/270px-%D4%B7_handwritten.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/%D4%B7_handwritten.svg/360px-%D4%B7_handwritten.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">է</span></span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D4%B8_handwritten.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="ը"><img alt="ը" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/%D4%B8_handwritten.svg/180px-%D4%B8_handwritten.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/%D4%B8_handwritten.svg/270px-%D4%B8_handwritten.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/%D4%B8_handwritten.svg/360px-%D4%B8_handwritten.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">ը</span></span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D4%B9_handwritten.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="թ"><img alt="թ" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/%D4%B9_handwritten.svg/180px-%D4%B9_handwritten.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/%D4%B9_handwritten.svg/270px-%D4%B9_handwritten.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/%D4%B9_handwritten.svg/360px-%D4%B9_handwritten.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">թ</span></span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D4%BA_handwritten.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="ժ"><img alt="ժ" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/%D4%BA_handwritten.svg/180px-%D4%BA_handwritten.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/%D4%BA_handwritten.svg/270px-%D4%BA_handwritten.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/%D4%BA_handwritten.svg/360px-%D4%BA_handwritten.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">ժ</span></span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D4%BB_handwritten.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="ի"><img alt="ի" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/%D4%BB_handwritten.svg/180px-%D4%BB_handwritten.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/%D4%BB_handwritten.svg/270px-%D4%BB_handwritten.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/%D4%BB_handwritten.svg/360px-%D4%BB_handwritten.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">ի</span></span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D4%BC_handwritten.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="լ"><img alt="լ" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/%D4%BC_handwritten.svg/180px-%D4%BC_handwritten.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/%D4%BC_handwritten.svg/270px-%D4%BC_handwritten.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/%D4%BC_handwritten.svg/360px-%D4%BC_handwritten.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">լ</span></span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D4%BD_handwritten.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="խ"><img alt="խ" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/%D4%BD_handwritten.svg/180px-%D4%BD_handwritten.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/%D4%BD_handwritten.svg/270px-%D4%BD_handwritten.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/%D4%BD_handwritten.svg/360px-%D4%BD_handwritten.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">խ</span></span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D4%BE_handwritten.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="ծ"><img alt="ծ" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/%D4%BE_handwritten.svg/180px-%D4%BE_handwritten.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/%D4%BE_handwritten.svg/270px-%D4%BE_handwritten.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/%D4%BE_handwritten.svg/360px-%D4%BE_handwritten.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">ծ</span></span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D4%BF_handwritten.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="կ"><img alt="կ" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/%D4%BF_handwritten.svg/180px-%D4%BF_handwritten.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/%D4%BF_handwritten.svg/270px-%D4%BF_handwritten.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/%D4%BF_handwritten.svg/360px-%D4%BF_handwritten.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">կ</span></span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D5%80_handwritten.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="հ"><img alt="հ" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/%D5%80_handwritten.svg/180px-%D5%80_handwritten.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/%D5%80_handwritten.svg/270px-%D5%80_handwritten.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/%D5%80_handwritten.svg/360px-%D5%80_handwritten.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">հ</span></span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D5%81_handwritten.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="ձ"><img alt="ձ" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/%D5%81_handwritten.svg/180px-%D5%81_handwritten.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/%D5%81_handwritten.svg/270px-%D5%81_handwritten.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/%D5%81_handwritten.svg/360px-%D5%81_handwritten.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">ձ</span></span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D5%82_handwritten.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="ղ"><img alt="ղ" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/%D5%82_handwritten.svg/180px-%D5%82_handwritten.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/%D5%82_handwritten.svg/270px-%D5%82_handwritten.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/%D5%82_handwritten.svg/360px-%D5%82_handwritten.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">ղ</span></span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D5%83_handwritten.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="ճ"><img alt="ճ" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/%D5%83_handwritten.svg/180px-%D5%83_handwritten.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/%D5%83_handwritten.svg/270px-%D5%83_handwritten.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/%D5%83_handwritten.svg/360px-%D5%83_handwritten.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">ճ</span></span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D5%84_handwritten.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="մ"><img alt="մ" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/%D5%84_handwritten.svg/180px-%D5%84_handwritten.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/%D5%84_handwritten.svg/270px-%D5%84_handwritten.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/%D5%84_handwritten.svg/360px-%D5%84_handwritten.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">մ</span></span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D5%85_handwritten.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="յ"><img alt="յ" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/%D5%85_handwritten.svg/180px-%D5%85_handwritten.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/%D5%85_handwritten.svg/270px-%D5%85_handwritten.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/%D5%85_handwritten.svg/360px-%D5%85_handwritten.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">յ</span></span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D5%86_handwritten.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="ն"><img alt="ն" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/%D5%86_handwritten.svg/180px-%D5%86_handwritten.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/%D5%86_handwritten.svg/270px-%D5%86_handwritten.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/%D5%86_handwritten.svg/360px-%D5%86_handwritten.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">ն</span></span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D5%87_handwritten.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="շ"><img alt="շ" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/%D5%87_handwritten.svg/180px-%D5%87_handwritten.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/%D5%87_handwritten.svg/270px-%D5%87_handwritten.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/%D5%87_handwritten.svg/360px-%D5%87_handwritten.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">շ</span></span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D5%88_handwritten.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="ո"><img alt="ո" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/%D5%88_handwritten.svg/180px-%D5%88_handwritten.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/%D5%88_handwritten.svg/270px-%D5%88_handwritten.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/%D5%88_handwritten.svg/360px-%D5%88_handwritten.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">ո</span></span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D5%89_handwritten.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="չ"><img alt="չ" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/%D5%89_handwritten.svg/180px-%D5%89_handwritten.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/%D5%89_handwritten.svg/270px-%D5%89_handwritten.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/%D5%89_handwritten.svg/360px-%D5%89_handwritten.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">չ</span></span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D5%8A_handwritten.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="պ"><img alt="պ" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/%D5%8A_handwritten.svg/180px-%D5%8A_handwritten.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/%D5%8A_handwritten.svg/270px-%D5%8A_handwritten.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/%D5%8A_handwritten.svg/360px-%D5%8A_handwritten.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">պ</span></span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D5%8B_handwritten.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="ջ"><img alt="ջ" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/%D5%8B_handwritten.svg/180px-%D5%8B_handwritten.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/%D5%8B_handwritten.svg/270px-%D5%8B_handwritten.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/%D5%8B_handwritten.svg/360px-%D5%8B_handwritten.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">ջ</span></span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D5%8C_handwritten.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="ռ"><img alt="ռ" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/%D5%8C_handwritten.svg/180px-%D5%8C_handwritten.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/%D5%8C_handwritten.svg/270px-%D5%8C_handwritten.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/%D5%8C_handwritten.svg/360px-%D5%8C_handwritten.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">ռ</span></span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D5%8D_handwritten.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="ս"><img alt="ս" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/%D5%8D_handwritten.svg/180px-%D5%8D_handwritten.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/%D5%8D_handwritten.svg/270px-%D5%8D_handwritten.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/%D5%8D_handwritten.svg/360px-%D5%8D_handwritten.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">ս</span></span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D5%8E_handwritten.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="վ"><img alt="վ" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/%D5%8E_handwritten.svg/180px-%D5%8E_handwritten.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/%D5%8E_handwritten.svg/270px-%D5%8E_handwritten.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/%D5%8E_handwritten.svg/360px-%D5%8E_handwritten.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">վ</span></span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D5%8F_handwritten.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="տ"><img alt="տ" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/%D5%8F_handwritten.svg/180px-%D5%8F_handwritten.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/%D5%8F_handwritten.svg/270px-%D5%8F_handwritten.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/%D5%8F_handwritten.svg/360px-%D5%8F_handwritten.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">տ</span></span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D5%90_handwritten.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="ր"><img alt="ր" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/%D5%90_handwritten.svg/180px-%D5%90_handwritten.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/%D5%90_handwritten.svg/270px-%D5%90_handwritten.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/%D5%90_handwritten.svg/360px-%D5%90_handwritten.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">ր</span></span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D5%91_handwritten.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="ց"><img alt="ց" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/%D5%91_handwritten.svg/180px-%D5%91_handwritten.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/%D5%91_handwritten.svg/270px-%D5%91_handwritten.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/%D5%91_handwritten.svg/360px-%D5%91_handwritten.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">ց</span></span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D5%88%D6%82_handwritten.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="ու"><img alt="ու" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/%D5%88%D6%82_handwritten.svg/180px-%D5%88%D6%82_handwritten.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/%D5%88%D6%82_handwritten.svg/270px-%D5%88%D6%82_handwritten.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/%D5%88%D6%82_handwritten.svg/360px-%D5%88%D6%82_handwritten.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">ու</span></span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D5%93_handwritten.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="փ"><img alt="փ" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/%D5%93_handwritten.svg/180px-%D5%93_handwritten.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/%D5%93_handwritten.svg/270px-%D5%93_handwritten.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/%D5%93_handwritten.svg/360px-%D5%93_handwritten.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">փ</span></span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D5%94_handwritten.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="ք"><img alt="ք" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/%D5%94_handwritten.svg/180px-%D5%94_handwritten.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/%D5%94_handwritten.svg/270px-%D5%94_handwritten.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/%D5%94_handwritten.svg/360px-%D5%94_handwritten.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">ք</span></span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D5%95_handwritten.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="օ"><img alt="օ" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/%D5%95_handwritten.svg/180px-%D5%95_handwritten.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/%D5%95_handwritten.svg/270px-%D5%95_handwritten.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/%D5%95_handwritten.svg/360px-%D5%95_handwritten.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">օ</span></span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D5%96_handwritten.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="ֆ"><img alt="ֆ" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/%D5%96_handwritten.svg/180px-%D5%96_handwritten.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/%D5%96_handwritten.svg/270px-%D5%96_handwritten.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/%D5%96_handwritten.svg/360px-%D5%96_handwritten.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">ֆ</span></span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D4%B5%D6%82_handwritten.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="և"><img alt="և" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/%D4%B5%D6%82_handwritten.svg/180px-%D4%B5%D6%82_handwritten.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/%D4%B5%D6%82_handwritten.svg/270px-%D4%B5%D6%82_handwritten.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/%D4%B5%D6%82_handwritten.svg/360px-%D4%B5%D6%82_handwritten.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">և</span></span></div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ligatures">Ligatures</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Armenian_alphabet&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Ligatures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ancient Armenian manuscripts used many <a href="/wiki/Typographic_ligature" class="mw-redirect" title="Typographic ligature">ligatures</a>. A commonly used ligature is <span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">և</span></span> (composed of <span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">ե</span></span> and <span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">ւ</span></span>). Armenian print typefaces also include many ligatures. In the new orthography, the character <span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">և</span></span> is no longer a typographical ligature, but a distinct letter, placed in the new alphabetic sequence, before "o". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Punctuation">Punctuation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Armenian_alphabet&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Punctuation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D4%B1%D5%AE%D5%9F.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/%D4%B1%D5%AE%D5%9F.svg/200px-%D4%B1%D5%AE%D5%9F.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/%D4%B1%D5%AE%D5%9F.svg/300px-%D4%B1%D5%AE%D5%9F.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/%D4%B1%D5%AE%D5%9F.svg/400px-%D4%B1%D5%AE%D5%9F.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="21" data-file-height="16" /></a><figcaption>The word <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A1%D5%AE" class="extiw" title="wikt:աստուած">Աստուած</a> <span title="Armenian-language romanization"><i lang="hy-Latn">Astuac</i></span> 'God' abbreviated. Only the first and last letters, and the abbreviation mark ՟, are written.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Armenian_punctuation_marks_outside_a_word">Armenian punctuation marks outside a word</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Armenian_alphabet&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Armenian punctuation marks outside a word"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><big style="font-size:133%;line-height:normal">« »</big> – The <span title="Armenian-language romanization"><i lang="hy-Latn">čakertner</i></span> are used as ordinary <a href="/wiki/Quotation_mark" title="Quotation mark">quotation marks</a>. They are placed like French <a href="/wiki/Guillemet" title="Guillemet">guillemets</a>, just above the baseline (preferably vertically centered in the middle of the x-height of Armenian lowercase letters). They can be angled or rounded. The computer-induced use of English-style single or double quotes (vertical, diagonal or curly forms, placed above the baseline near the M-height of uppercase or tall lowercase letters and at the same level as accents) is strongly discouraged in Armenian as they look too much like other – unrelated – Armenian punctuation marks.</li> <li><big style="font-size:133%;line-height:normal">,</big> – The <span title="Armenian-language romanization"><i lang="hy-Latn">storaket</i></span> is used as a <a href="/wiki/Comma" title="Comma">comma</a>, and placed as in English.</li> <li><big style="font-size:133%;line-height:normal">՝</big> – The <span title="Armenian-language romanization"><i lang="hy-Latn">but'</i></span> (which looks like a comma-shaped reversed apostrophe) is used as a short stop, and placed in the same manner as the <a href="/wiki/Semicolon_(punctuation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Semicolon (punctuation)">semicolon</a> to indicate a pause that is longer than that of a comma, but shorter than that of a colon; in many texts it is replaced by the single opening single quote (a 6-shaped, or mirrored 9-shaped, or descending-wedge-shaped elevated comma), or by a spacing grave accent.</li> <li><big style="font-size:133%;line-height:normal">․</big> – The <span title="Armenian-language romanization"><i lang="hy-Latn">mijaket</i></span> (whose single dot on the baseline looks like a Latin full stop) is used like an ordinary <a href="/wiki/Colon_(punctuation)" title="Colon (punctuation)">colon</a>, mainly to separate two closely related (but still independent) clauses, or when a long list of items follows.</li> <li><big style="font-size:133%;line-height:normal"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D6%89" class="extiw" title="wikt:։">։</a></big> – The <span title="Armenian-language romanization"><i lang="hy-Latn">verjaket</i></span> (whose vertically-stacked two dots look like a Latin colon) is used as the ordinary <a href="/wiki/Full_stop" title="Full stop">full stop</a>, and placed at the end of the sentence (many texts in Armenian replace the <span title="Armenian-language romanization"><i lang="hy-Latn">verjaket</i></span> by the Latin colon as the difference is almost invisible at low resolution for normal texts, but the difference may be visible in headings and titles as the dots are often thicker to match the same optical weight as vertical strokes of letters, the dots filling the common x-height of Armenian letters).</li></ul> <p>The following Armenian punctuation marks are placed above and slightly to the right of the vowel whose tone is modified in order to reflect intonation: </p> <ul><li><big style="font-size:133%;line-height:normal"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D5%9C" class="extiw" title="wikt:՜">՜</a></big> – The <span title="Armenian-language romanization"><i lang="hy-Latn">yerkaratsman nshan</i></span> (which looks like a diagonally rising <a href="/wiki/Tilde" title="Tilde">tilde</a>) is used as an <a href="/wiki/Exclamation_mark" title="Exclamation mark">exclamation mark</a>.</li> <li><big style="font-size:133%;line-height:normal"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D5%9B" class="extiw" title="wikt:՛">՛</a></big> – The <span title="Armenian-language romanization"><i lang="hy-Latn">shesht</i></span> (which looks like a non-spacing <a href="/wiki/Acute_accent" title="Acute accent">acute accent</a>) is used as an <a href="/wiki/Emphasis_(typography)#Punctuation_marks" title="Emphasis (typography)">emphasis mark</a>.</li> <li><big style="font-size:133%;line-height:normal"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D5%9E" class="extiw" title="wikt:՞">՞</a></big> – The <span title="Armenian-language romanization"><i lang="hy-Latn">hartsakan nshan</i></span> is used as a <a href="/wiki/Question_mark" title="Question mark">question mark</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Armenian_punctuation_marks_used_inside_a_word">Armenian punctuation marks used inside a word</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Armenian_alphabet&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Armenian punctuation marks used inside a word"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><big style="font-size:133%;line-height:normal"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D6%8A" class="extiw" title="wikt:֊">֊</a></big><span class="nowrap"> </span><span class="nowrap"> </span> – The <span title="Armenian-language romanization"><i lang="hy-Latn">yent'amna</i></span> is used as the ordinary Armenian <a href="/wiki/Hyphen" title="Hyphen">hyphen</a>.</li> <li><big style="font-size:133%;line-height:normal"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D5%9F" class="extiw" title="wikt:՟">՟</a></big><span class="nowrap"> </span> – The <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%BE" class="extiw" title="wikt:պատիվ"><span title="Armenian-language romanization"><i lang="hy-Latn">pativ</i></span></a></i> used to be used as an Armenian <a href="/wiki/Abbreviation" title="Abbreviation">abbreviation</a> mark, and was placed on top of an abbreviated word to indicate that it was abbreviated. It is now obsolete.</li> <li><big style="font-size:133%;line-height:normal">՚</big> – The <span title="Armenian-language romanization"><i lang="hy-Latn">apat'arts</i></span> is used as a spacing apostrophe (which looks either like a vertical stick or wedge pointing down, or like an elevated 9-shaped comma, or like a small, superscript left-to-right closing parenthesis or half ring) in Western Armenian only, to indicate elision of a vowel, usually <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ə/</span>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transliteration">Transliteration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Armenian_alphabet&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Transliteration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Armenian" title="Romanization of Armenian">Romanization of Armenian</a></div><p><a href="/wiki/ISO_9985" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 9985">ISO 9985</a> (1996) transliterates the Armenian alphabet for modern Armenian as follows: </p><table class="wikitable" style="line-height:normal;text-align:center"> <tbody><tr style="font-size:1.4em"> <th>ա</th> <th>բ</th> <th>գ</th> <th>դ</th> <th>ե</th> <th>զ</th> <th>է</th> <th>ը</th> <th>թ</th> <th>ժ</th> <th>ի</th> <th>լ</th> <th>խ</th> <th>ծ</th> <th>կ</th> <th>հ</th> <th>ձ</th> <th>ղ</th> <th>ճ</th> <th>մ </th></tr> <tr style="font-size:1.2em"> <td>a</td> <td>b</td> <td>g</td> <td>d</td> <td>e</td> <td>z</td> <td>ē</td> <td>ë</td> <td>tʼ</td> <td>ž</td> <td>i</td> <td>l</td> <td>x</td> <td>ç</td> <td>k</td> <td>h</td> <td>j</td> <td>ġ</td> <td>č̣</td> <td>m </td></tr> <tr style="font-size:1.4em"> <th>յ</th> <th>ն</th> <th>շ</th> <th>ո</th> <th>չ</th> <th>պ</th> <th>ջ</th> <th>ռ</th> <th>ս</th> <th>վ</th> <th>տ</th> <th>ր</th> <th>ց</th> <th>ւ</th> <th>փ</th> <th>ք</th> <th>օ</th> <th>ֆ</th> <th>ու</th> <th>և </th></tr> <tr style="font-size:1.2em"> <td>y</td> <td>n</td> <td>š</td> <td>o</td> <td>č</td> <td>p</td> <td>ǰ</td> <td>ṙ</td> <td>s</td> <td>v</td> <td>t</td> <td>r</td> <td>cʼ</td> <td>w</td> <td>pʼ</td> <td>kʼ</td> <td>ò</td> <td>f</td> <td>ow</td> <td>ew </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In the linguistic literature on Classical Armenian, slightly different systems are in use. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="line-height:normal;text-align:center"> <tbody><tr style="font-size:1.4em"> <th>ա</th> <th>բ</th> <th>գ</th> <th>դ</th> <th>ե</th> <th>զ</th> <th>է</th> <th>ը</th> <th>թ</th> <th>ժ</th> <th>ի</th> <th>լ</th> <th>խ</th> <th>ծ</th> <th>կ</th> <th>հ</th> <th>ձ</th> <th>ղ</th> <th>ճ</th> <th>մ </th></tr> <tr style="font-size:1.2em"> <td>a</td> <td>b</td> <td>g</td> <td>d</td> <td>e</td> <td>z</td> <td>ê</td> <td>ə</td> <td>tʽ</td> <td>ž</td> <td>i</td> <td>l</td> <td>x</td> <td>c</td> <td>k</td> <td>h</td> <td>j</td> <td>ł</td> <td>č</td> <td>m </td></tr> <tr style="font-size:1.4em"> <th>յ</th> <th>ն</th> <th>շ</th> <th>ո</th> <th>չ</th> <th>պ</th> <th>ջ</th> <th>ռ</th> <th>ս</th> <th>վ</th> <th>տ</th> <th>ր</th> <th>ց</th> <th>ւ</th> <th>փ</th> <th>ք</th> <th>օ</th> <th>եւ</th> <th>ու</th> <th>ֆ </th></tr> <tr style="font-size:1.2em"> <td>y</td> <td>n</td> <td>š</td> <td>o</td> <td>čʽ</td> <td>p</td> <td>ǰ</td> <td>ṙ</td> <td>s</td> <td>v</td> <td>t</td> <td>r</td> <td>cʽ</td> <td>w</td> <td>pʽ</td> <td>kʽ</td> <td>ô</td> <td>ew</td> <td>u</td> <td>f </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Use_for_other_languages">Use for other languages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Armenian_alphabet&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Use for other languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Armeno-Turkish_alphabet" title="Armeno-Turkish alphabet">Armeno-Turkish alphabet</a></div> <p>For about 250 years, from the early 18th century until around 1950, more than 2,000 books in the Turkish language were printed using the Armenian alphabet. Not only did Armenians read this Turkish in Armenian script, so did the non-Armenian (including the Ottoman Turkish) elite. An American correspondent in Marash in 1864 calls the alphabet "Armeno-Turkish", describing it as consisting of 31 Armenian letters and "infinitely superior" to the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Turkish_alphabet" title="Ottoman Turkish alphabet">Arabic</a> or <a href="/wiki/Karamanli_Turkish" title="Karamanli Turkish">Greek alphabets</a> for rendering Turkish.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This Armenian script was used alongside the Arabic script on official documents of the Ottoman Empire written in Ottoman Turkish. For instance, the first <a href="/wiki/Novel" title="Novel">novel</a> to be written in Turkish in the Ottoman Empire was <a href="/wiki/Vartan_Pasha" title="Vartan Pasha">Hovsep Vartanian</a>'s 1851 <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Akabi_Hikayesi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Akabi Hikayesi (page does not exist)">Akabi Hikayesi</a></i> (Akabi's Story), written in the Armenian script. When the Armenian <a href="/w/index.php?title=Duzian_family&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Duzian family (page does not exist)">Duzian family</a> managed the Ottoman mint during the reign of Abdülmecid I, they kept records in Armenian script but in the Turkish language.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> From the middle of the 19th century, the Armenian alphabet was also used for books written in the Kurdish language in the Ottoman Empire. </p><p>The Armenian script was also used by Turkish-speaking assimilated Armenians between the 1840s and 1890s.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Constantinople was the main center of Armenian-scripted Turkish press. This portion of the Armenian press declined in the early twentieth century but continued until the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">Armenian genocide</a> of 1915.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In areas inhabited by both Armenians and <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_people" title="Assyrian people">Assyrians</a>, Syriac texts were occasionally written in the Armenian script, although the opposite phenomenon, Armenian texts written in <a href="/wiki/Syriac_alphabet" title="Syriac alphabet">Serto</a>, the Western Syriac script, is more common.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Kipchak_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kipchak language">Kipchak</a>-speaking Armenian Christians of <a href="/wiki/Podolia" title="Podolia">Podolia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Galicia_(Central_Europe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Galicia (Central Europe)">Galicia</a> used an Armenian alphabet to produce an extensive amount of literature between 1524 and 1669.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Armenian script, along with the <a href="/wiki/Georgian_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgian script">Georgian</a>, was used by the poet <a href="/wiki/Sayat-Nova" title="Sayat-Nova">Sayat-Nova</a> in his Armenian poems.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An Armenian alphabet was an official script for the <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_language" title="Kurdish language">Kurdish language</a> in 1921–1928 in <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Armenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Armenia">Soviet Armenia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Armeno-Tats" title="Armeno-Tats">Armeno-Tats</a>, who've historically spoken <a href="/wiki/Tat_language_(Caucasus)" title="Tat language (Caucasus)">Tat</a>, wrote their language in the Armenian alphabet.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Character_encodings">Character encodings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Armenian_alphabet&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Character encodings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Armenian_(Unicode_block)" title="Armenian (Unicode block)">Armenian (Unicode block)</a></div> <p>The Armenian alphabet was added to the Unicode Standard in version 1.0, in October 1991. It is assigned the range U+0530–058F. Five Armenian <a href="/wiki/Typographic_ligature" class="mw-redirect" title="Typographic ligature">ligatures</a> are encoded in the "Alphabetic presentation forms" block (code point range U+FB13–FB17). </p><p>On 15 June 2011, the Unicode Technical Committee (UTC) accepted the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_dram_sign" title="Armenian dram sign">Armenian dram sign</a> for inclusion in the future versions of the Unicode Standard and assigned a code for the sign – U+058F (֏). In 2012 the sign was finally adopted in the Armenian block of ISO and Unicode international standards.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Armenian_eternity_sign" title="Armenian eternity sign">Armenian eternity sign</a>, since 2013, is assigned Unicode U+058D (֍ – RIGHT-FACING ARMENIAN ETERNITY SIGN) and, for its left-facing variant, U+058E (֎ – LEFT-FACING ARMENIAN ETERNITY SIGN).<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><br /> </p> <table class="wikitable nounderlines Unicode" style="border-collapse:collapse;background:var(--background-color-base,#fff);color:inherit;font-size:large;text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="17" style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small"><b><a href="/wiki/Armenian_(Unicode_block)" title="Armenian (Unicode block)">Armenian</a></b><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_U0530_as_of_Unicode_version"><a href="#endnote_U0530_as_of_Unicode_version">[1]</a></sup><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_U0530_grey"><a href="#endnote_U0530_grey">[2]</a></sup><br /><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0530.pdf">Official Unicode Consortium code chart</a> (PDF) </td></tr> <tr style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small"> <td style="width:45pt"> </td> <td style="width:20pt">0</td> <td style="width:20pt">1</td> <td style="width:20pt">2</td> <td style="width:20pt">3</td> <td style="width:20pt">4</td> <td style="width:20pt">5</td> <td style="width:20pt">6</td> <td style="width:20pt">7</td> <td style="width:20pt">8</td> <td style="width:20pt">9</td> <td style="width:20pt">A</td> <td style="width:20pt">B</td> <td style="width:20pt">C</td> <td style="width:20pt">D</td> <td style="width:20pt">E</td> <td style="width:20pt">F </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+053x </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="U+0531: ARMENIAN CAPITAL LETTER AYB">Ա </td> <td title="U+0532: ARMENIAN CAPITAL LETTER BEN">Բ </td> <td title="U+0533: ARMENIAN CAPITAL LETTER GIM">Գ </td> <td title="U+0534: ARMENIAN CAPITAL LETTER DA">Դ </td> <td title="U+0535: ARMENIAN CAPITAL LETTER ECH">Ե </td> <td title="U+0536: ARMENIAN CAPITAL LETTER ZA">Զ </td> <td title="U+0537: ARMENIAN CAPITAL LETTER EH">Է </td> <td title="U+0538: ARMENIAN CAPITAL LETTER ET">Ը </td> <td title="U+0539: ARMENIAN CAPITAL LETTER TO">Թ </td> <td title="U+053A: ARMENIAN CAPITAL LETTER ZHE">Ժ </td> <td title="U+053B: ARMENIAN CAPITAL LETTER INI">Ի </td> <td title="U+053C: ARMENIAN CAPITAL LETTER LIWN">Լ </td> <td title="U+053D: ARMENIAN CAPITAL LETTER XEH">Խ </td> <td title="U+053E: ARMENIAN CAPITAL LETTER CA">Ծ </td> <td title="U+053F: ARMENIAN CAPITAL LETTER KEN">Կ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+054x </td> <td title="U+0540: ARMENIAN CAPITAL LETTER HO">Հ </td> <td title="U+0541: ARMENIAN CAPITAL LETTER JA">Ձ </td> <td title="U+0542: ARMENIAN CAPITAL LETTER GHAD">Ղ </td> <td title="U+0543: ARMENIAN CAPITAL LETTER CHEH">Ճ </td> <td title="U+0544: ARMENIAN CAPITAL LETTER MEN">Մ </td> <td title="U+0545: ARMENIAN CAPITAL LETTER YI">Յ </td> <td title="U+0546: ARMENIAN CAPITAL LETTER NOW">Ն </td> <td title="U+0547: ARMENIAN CAPITAL LETTER SHA">Շ </td> <td title="U+0548: ARMENIAN CAPITAL LETTER VO">Ո </td> <td title="U+0549: ARMENIAN CAPITAL LETTER CHA">Չ </td> <td title="U+054A: ARMENIAN CAPITAL LETTER PEH">Պ </td> <td title="U+054B: ARMENIAN CAPITAL LETTER JHEH">Ջ </td> <td title="U+054C: ARMENIAN CAPITAL LETTER RA">Ռ </td> <td title="U+054D: ARMENIAN CAPITAL LETTER SEH">Ս </td> <td title="U+054E: ARMENIAN CAPITAL LETTER VEW">Վ </td> <td title="U+054F: ARMENIAN CAPITAL LETTER TIWN">Տ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+055x </td> <td title="U+0550: ARMENIAN CAPITAL LETTER REH">Ր </td> <td title="U+0551: ARMENIAN CAPITAL LETTER CO">Ց </td> <td title="U+0552: ARMENIAN CAPITAL LETTER YIWN">Ւ </td> <td title="U+0553: ARMENIAN CAPITAL LETTER PIWR">Փ </td> <td title="U+0554: ARMENIAN CAPITAL LETTER KEH">Ք </td> <td title="U+0555: ARMENIAN CAPITAL LETTER OH">Օ </td> <td title="U+0556: ARMENIAN CAPITAL LETTER FEH">Ֆ </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="U+0559: ARMENIAN MODIFIER LETTER LEFT HALF RING">ՙ </td> <td title="U+055A: ARMENIAN APOSTROPHE">՚ </td> <td title="U+055B: ARMENIAN EMPHASIS MARK">՛ </td> <td title="U+055C: ARMENIAN EXCLAMATION MARK">՜ </td> <td title="U+055D: ARMENIAN COMMA">՝ </td> <td title="U+055E: ARMENIAN QUESTION MARK">՞ </td> <td title="U+055F: ARMENIAN ABBREVIATION MARK">՟ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+056x </td> <td title="U+0560: ARMENIAN SMALL LETTER TURNED AYB">ՠ </td> <td title="U+0561: ARMENIAN SMALL LETTER AYB">ա </td> <td title="U+0562: ARMENIAN SMALL LETTER BEN">բ </td> <td title="U+0563: ARMENIAN SMALL LETTER GIM">գ </td> <td title="U+0564: ARMENIAN SMALL LETTER DA">դ </td> <td title="U+0565: ARMENIAN SMALL LETTER ECH">ե </td> <td title="U+0566: ARMENIAN SMALL LETTER ZA">զ </td> <td title="U+0567: ARMENIAN SMALL LETTER EH">է </td> <td title="U+0568: ARMENIAN SMALL LETTER ET">ը </td> <td title="U+0569: ARMENIAN SMALL LETTER TO">թ </td> <td title="U+056A: ARMENIAN SMALL LETTER ZHE">ժ </td> <td title="U+056B: ARMENIAN SMALL LETTER INI">ի </td> <td title="U+056C: ARMENIAN SMALL LETTER LIWN">լ </td> <td title="U+056D: ARMENIAN SMALL LETTER XEH">խ </td> <td title="U+056E: ARMENIAN SMALL LETTER CA">ծ </td> <td title="U+056F: ARMENIAN SMALL LETTER KEN">կ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+057x </td> <td title="U+0570: ARMENIAN SMALL LETTER HO">հ </td> <td title="U+0571: ARMENIAN SMALL LETTER JA">ձ </td> <td title="U+0572: ARMENIAN SMALL LETTER GHAD">ղ </td> <td title="U+0573: ARMENIAN SMALL LETTER CHEH">ճ </td> <td title="U+0574: ARMENIAN SMALL LETTER MEN">մ </td> <td title="U+0575: ARMENIAN SMALL LETTER YI">յ </td> <td title="U+0576: ARMENIAN SMALL LETTER NOW">ն </td> <td title="U+0577: ARMENIAN SMALL LETTER SHA">շ </td> <td title="U+0578: ARMENIAN SMALL LETTER VO">ո </td> <td title="U+0579: ARMENIAN SMALL LETTER CHA">չ </td> <td title="U+057A: ARMENIAN SMALL LETTER PEH">պ </td> <td title="U+057B: ARMENIAN SMALL LETTER JHEH">ջ </td> <td title="U+057C: ARMENIAN SMALL LETTER RA">ռ </td> <td title="U+057D: ARMENIAN SMALL LETTER SEH">ս </td> <td title="U+057E: ARMENIAN SMALL LETTER VEW">վ </td> <td title="U+057F: ARMENIAN SMALL LETTER TIWN">տ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+058x </td> <td title="U+0580: ARMENIAN SMALL LETTER REH">ր </td> <td title="U+0581: ARMENIAN SMALL LETTER CO">ց </td> <td title="U+0582: ARMENIAN SMALL LETTER YIWN">ւ </td> <td title="U+0583: ARMENIAN SMALL LETTER PIWR">փ </td> <td title="U+0584: ARMENIAN SMALL LETTER KEH">ք </td> <td title="U+0585: ARMENIAN SMALL LETTER OH">օ </td> <td title="U+0586: ARMENIAN SMALL LETTER FEH">ֆ </td> <td title="U+0587: ARMENIAN SMALL LIGATURE ECH YIWN">և </td> <td title="U+0588: ARMENIAN SMALL LETTER YI WITH STROKE">ֈ </td> <td title="U+0589: ARMENIAN FULL STOP">։ </td> <td title="U+058A: ARMENIAN HYPHEN">֊ </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="U+058D: RIGHT-FACING ARMENIAN ETERNITY SIGN">֍ </td> <td title="U+058E: LEFT-FACING ARMENIAN ETERNITY SIGN">֎ </td> <td title="U+058F: ARMENIAN DRAM SIGN">֏ </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="17" style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small;text-align:left"><b>Notes</b> <dl><dd>1.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_U0530_as_of_Unicode_version"><b><a href="#ref_U0530_as_of_Unicode_version">^</a></b></span> As of Unicode version 16.0</dd> <dd>2.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_U0530_grey"><b><a href="#ref_U0530_grey">^</a></b></span> Grey areas indicate non-assigned code points</dd></dl> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable nounderlines" style="border-collapse:collapse;background:var(--background-color-base,#fff);color:inherit;font-size:large;text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="17" style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">Armenian subset of <b><a href="/wiki/Alphabetic_Presentation_Forms" title="Alphabetic Presentation Forms">Alphabetic Presentation Forms</a></b><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_UFB00_as_of_Unicode_version"><a href="#endnote_UFB00_as_of_Unicode_version">[1]</a></sup><br /><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/UFB00.pdf">Official Unicode Consortium code chart</a> (PDF) </td></tr> <tr style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small"> <td style="width:45pt"> </td> <td style="width:20pt">0</td> <td style="width:20pt">1</td> <td style="width:20pt">2</td> <td style="width:20pt">3</td> <td style="width:20pt">4</td> <td style="width:20pt">5</td> <td style="width:20pt">6</td> <td style="width:20pt">7</td> <td style="width:20pt">8</td> <td style="width:20pt">9</td> <td style="width:20pt">A</td> <td style="width:20pt">B</td> <td style="width:20pt">C</td> <td style="width:20pt">D</td> <td style="width:20pt">E</td> <td style="width:20pt">F </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+FB1x </td> <td colspan="3"> </td> <td title="U+FB13: ARMENIAN SMALL LIGATURE MEN NOW">ﬓ </td> <td title="U+FB14: ARMENIAN SMALL LIGATURE MEN ECH">ﬔ </td> <td title="U+FB15: ARMENIAN SMALL LIGATURE MEN INI">ﬕ </td> <td title="U+FB16: ARMENIAN SMALL LIGATURE VEW NOW">ﬖ </td> <td title="U+FB17: ARMENIAN SMALL LIGATURE MEN XEH">ﬗ </td> <td colspan="8" style="font-size:small">(U+FB00–FB12, U+FB18–FB4F omitted) </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="17" style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small;text-align:left"><b>Notes</b> <dl><dd>1.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_UFB00_as_of_Unicode_version"><b><a href="#ref_UFB00_as_of_Unicode_version">^</a></b></span> As of Unicode version 16.0</dd></dl> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legacy">Legacy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Armenian_alphabet&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/ArmSCII" title="ArmSCII">ArmSCII</a> <a href="/wiki/Character_encoding" title="Character encoding">character encoding</a>, developed between 1991 and 1999, was widely used in <a href="/wiki/Windows_9x" title="Windows 9x">Windows 9x</a> operating systems but has become obsolete due to the advent of Unicode. Similarly, Arasan-compatible fonts, based on Hrant Papazian's original Arasan font encoding from 1986, replaced ASCII's Latin characters with Armenian ones, like using the <a href="/wiki/ASCII" title="ASCII">ASCII</a> code for <span class="nowrap">⟨+⟩</span> (43) to represent the Armenian <span class="nowrap">⟨Չ⟩</span>. These fonts, once popular on <a href="/wiki/Windows_9x" title="Windows 9x">Windows 9x</a>, have also been deprecated in favor of <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Keyboard_layouts">Keyboard layouts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Armenian_alphabet&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Keyboard layouts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Phonetic_keyboard_layout" title="Phonetic keyboard layout">phonetic keyboard layout</a> is the most common Armenian keyboard layout, enjoying broad support across modern operating systems. Because there are more characters in the Armenian alphabet (39) than in Latin (26), some Armenian characters appear on non-alphabetic keys on a conventional QWERTY keyboard (for example, <span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">շ</span></span> maps to <i>,</i>). </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Keyboard_Layout_Armenian.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Keyboard_Layout_Armenian.png/660px-Keyboard_Layout_Armenian.png" decoding="async" width="660" height="327" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Keyboard_Layout_Armenian.png/990px-Keyboard_Layout_Armenian.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b3/Keyboard_Layout_Armenian.png 2x" data-file-width="1028" data-file-height="509" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a> phonetic keyboard layout.</figcaption></figure> <p>The phonetic layout is not very performant, due to the letter frequency difference between the Armenian and English languages, although it is easier to learn and use.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Armenian_alphabet&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Armenian_scripts_in_various_churches">Armenian scripts in various churches</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Armenian_alphabet&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Armenian scripts in various churches"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 648px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 646px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Avan_Cathedral_bilingual_inscription.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bilingual Armenian-Greek inscription now kept at the History Museum of Armenia, 6th century"><img alt="Bilingual Armenian-Greek inscription now kept at the History Museum of Armenia, 6th century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Avan_Cathedral_bilingual_inscription.jpg/969px-Avan_Cathedral_bilingual_inscription.jpg" decoding="async" width="646" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Avan_Cathedral_bilingual_inscription.jpg/1455px-Avan_Cathedral_bilingual_inscription.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Avan_Cathedral_bilingual_inscription.jpg/1937px-Avan_Cathedral_bilingual_inscription.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3211" data-file-height="746" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Bilingual Armenian-Greek inscription now kept at the <a href="/wiki/History_Museum_of_Armenia" title="History Museum of Armenia">History Museum of Armenia</a>, 6th century</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 227.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 225.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:2014_Prowincja_Sjunik,_Klasztor_Tatew_(53).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tatev Monastery, 8th century"><img alt="Tatev Monastery, 8th century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/2014_Prowincja_Sjunik%2C_Klasztor_Tatew_%2853%29.jpg/338px-2014_Prowincja_Sjunik%2C_Klasztor_Tatew_%2853%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="226" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/2014_Prowincja_Sjunik%2C_Klasztor_Tatew_%2853%29.jpg/507px-2014_Prowincja_Sjunik%2C_Klasztor_Tatew_%2853%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/2014_Prowincja_Sjunik%2C_Klasztor_Tatew_%2853%29.jpg/675px-2014_Prowincja_Sjunik%2C_Klasztor_Tatew_%2853%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4185" data-file-height="2790" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Tatev_Monastery" title="Tatev Monastery">Tatev Monastery</a>, 8th century</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 202px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:2023.03.26_Sanahin_121.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sanahin Monastery, 10th century"><img alt="Sanahin Monastery, 10th century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/2023.03.26_Sanahin_121.jpg/300px-2023.03.26_Sanahin_121.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/2023.03.26_Sanahin_121.jpg/451px-2023.03.26_Sanahin_121.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/2023.03.26_Sanahin_121.jpg/600px-2023.03.26_Sanahin_121.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Sanahin_Monastery" title="Sanahin Monastery">Sanahin Monastery</a>, 10th century</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 142px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 140px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ani,_rovine,_cattedrale,_989-1064,_esterno,_portale_fiancata_dx_08_iscrizione.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ani Cathedral, 10th century"><img alt="Ani Cathedral, 10th century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Ani%2C_rovine%2C_cattedrale%2C_989-1064%2C_esterno%2C_portale_fiancata_dx_08_iscrizione.jpg/210px-Ani%2C_rovine%2C_cattedrale%2C_989-1064%2C_esterno%2C_portale_fiancata_dx_08_iscrizione.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Ani%2C_rovine%2C_cattedrale%2C_989-1064%2C_esterno%2C_portale_fiancata_dx_08_iscrizione.jpg/315px-Ani%2C_rovine%2C_cattedrale%2C_989-1064%2C_esterno%2C_portale_fiancata_dx_08_iscrizione.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Ani%2C_rovine%2C_cattedrale%2C_989-1064%2C_esterno%2C_portale_fiancata_dx_08_iscrizione.jpg/420px-Ani%2C_rovine%2C_cattedrale%2C_989-1064%2C_esterno%2C_portale_fiancata_dx_08_iscrizione.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3552" data-file-height="3808" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Ani_Cathedral" class="mw-redirect" title="Ani Cathedral">Ani Cathedral</a>, 10th century</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 227.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 225.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:2014_Prowincja_Szirak,_Klasztor_Marmaszen_(27).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Marmashen Monastery, 11th century"><img alt="Marmashen Monastery, 11th century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/2014_Prowincja_Szirak%2C_Klasztor_Marmaszen_%2827%29.jpg/338px-2014_Prowincja_Szirak%2C_Klasztor_Marmaszen_%2827%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="226" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/2014_Prowincja_Szirak%2C_Klasztor_Marmaszen_%2827%29.jpg/507px-2014_Prowincja_Szirak%2C_Klasztor_Marmaszen_%2827%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/2014_Prowincja_Szirak%2C_Klasztor_Marmaszen_%2827%29.jpg/675px-2014_Prowincja_Szirak%2C_Klasztor_Marmaszen_%2827%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4743" data-file-height="3162" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Marmashen_Monastery" title="Marmashen Monastery">Marmashen Monastery</a>, 11th century</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 227.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 225.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gavit_tympanum.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Goshavank, 12th century"><img alt="Goshavank, 12th century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Gavit_tympanum.jpg/338px-Gavit_tympanum.jpg" decoding="async" width="226" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Gavit_tympanum.jpg/507px-Gavit_tympanum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Gavit_tympanum.jpg/675px-Gavit_tympanum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3157" data-file-height="2104" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Goshavank" title="Goshavank">Goshavank</a>, 12th century</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 227.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 225.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Haghartsin_123.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Haghartsin Monastery, 13th century"><img alt="Haghartsin Monastery, 13th century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Haghartsin_123.jpg/338px-Haghartsin_123.jpg" decoding="async" width="226" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Haghartsin_123.jpg/507px-Haghartsin_123.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Haghartsin_123.jpg/675px-Haghartsin_123.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Haghartsin_Monastery" title="Haghartsin Monastery">Haghartsin Monastery</a>, 13th century</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 227.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 225.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Noravank_monastery,_13th-century_(43).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Noravank, 13th century"><img alt="Noravank, 13th century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Noravank_monastery%2C_13th-century_%2843%29.jpg/338px-Noravank_monastery%2C_13th-century_%2843%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="226" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Noravank_monastery%2C_13th-century_%2843%29.jpg/507px-Noravank_monastery%2C_13th-century_%2843%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Noravank_monastery%2C_13th-century_%2843%29.jpg/675px-Noravank_monastery%2C_13th-century_%2843%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Noravank" title="Noravank">Noravank</a>, 13th century</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Armenian_scripts_in_various_gospels_and_manuscripts">Armenian scripts in various gospels and manuscripts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Armenian_alphabet&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Armenian scripts in various gospels and manuscripts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 118.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 116.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Armenian_manuscript_fragment_(5th_century).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Page from 5th century Manuscript"><img alt="Page from 5th century Manuscript" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Armenian_manuscript_fragment_%285th_century%29.jpg/175px-Armenian_manuscript_fragment_%285th_century%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="117" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Armenian_manuscript_fragment_%285th_century%29.jpg/263px-Armenian_manuscript_fragment_%285th_century%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Armenian_manuscript_fragment_%285th_century%29.jpg/350px-Armenian_manuscript_fragment_%285th_century%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="404" data-file-height="519" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Page from 5th century Manuscript</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 110.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 108.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:GrecoArmenianPapyrus1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Armenian Greek inscription 5-7th centuryes"><img alt="Armenian Greek inscription 5-7th centuryes" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/GrecoArmenianPapyrus1.jpg/163px-GrecoArmenianPapyrus1.jpg" decoding="async" width="109" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/GrecoArmenianPapyrus1.jpg/245px-GrecoArmenianPapyrus1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/GrecoArmenianPapyrus1.jpg/326px-GrecoArmenianPapyrus1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="766" data-file-height="1056" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Armenian Greek inscription 5-7th centuryes</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 122.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D4%BC%D5%A1%D5%A6%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BF%D5%AB_%D4%B1%D6%82%D5%A5%D5%BF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B6,_887%D5%A9,_73.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Armenian Manuscript, 887"><img alt="Armenian Manuscript, 887" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/%D4%BC%D5%A1%D5%A6%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BF%D5%AB_%D4%B1%D6%82%D5%A5%D5%BF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B6%2C_887%D5%A9%2C_73.jpg/181px-%D4%BC%D5%A1%D5%A6%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BF%D5%AB_%D4%B1%D6%82%D5%A5%D5%BF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B6%2C_887%D5%A9%2C_73.jpg" decoding="async" width="121" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/%D4%BC%D5%A1%D5%A6%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BF%D5%AB_%D4%B1%D6%82%D5%A5%D5%BF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B6%2C_887%D5%A9%2C_73.jpg/271px-%D4%BC%D5%A1%D5%A6%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BF%D5%AB_%D4%B1%D6%82%D5%A5%D5%BF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B6%2C_887%D5%A9%2C_73.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/%D4%BC%D5%A1%D5%A6%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BF%D5%AB_%D4%B1%D6%82%D5%A5%D5%BF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B6%2C_887%D5%A9%2C_73.jpg/361px-%D4%BC%D5%A1%D5%A6%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BF%D5%AB_%D4%B1%D6%82%D5%A5%D5%BF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B6%2C_887%D5%A9%2C_73.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2743" data-file-height="3417" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Armenian Manuscript, 887</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 114px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 112px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D4%B1%D6%82%D5%A5%D5%BF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B6_(%D5%A3%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%B9_%D5%85%D5%B8%D5%BE%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B6%D5%A7%D5%BD),_974%D5%A9,_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Armenian Manuscript, 974"><img alt="Armenian Manuscript, 974" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/%D4%B1%D6%82%D5%A5%D5%BF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B6_%28%D5%A3%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%B9_%D5%85%D5%B8%D5%BE%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B6%D5%A7%D5%BD%29%2C_974%D5%A9%2C_1.jpg/168px-%D4%B1%D6%82%D5%A5%D5%BF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B6_%28%D5%A3%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%B9_%D5%85%D5%B8%D5%BE%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B6%D5%A7%D5%BD%29%2C_974%D5%A9%2C_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="112" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/%D4%B1%D6%82%D5%A5%D5%BF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B6_%28%D5%A3%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%B9_%D5%85%D5%B8%D5%BE%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B6%D5%A7%D5%BD%29%2C_974%D5%A9%2C_1.jpg/253px-%D4%B1%D6%82%D5%A5%D5%BF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B6_%28%D5%A3%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%B9_%D5%85%D5%B8%D5%BE%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B6%D5%A7%D5%BD%29%2C_974%D5%A9%2C_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/%D4%B1%D6%82%D5%A5%D5%BF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B6_%28%D5%A3%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%B9_%D5%85%D5%B8%D5%BE%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B6%D5%A7%D5%BD%29%2C_974%D5%A9%2C_1.jpg/336px-%D4%B1%D6%82%D5%A5%D5%BF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B6_%28%D5%A3%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%B9_%D5%85%D5%B8%D5%BE%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B6%D5%A7%D5%BD%29%2C_974%D5%A9%2C_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2874" data-file-height="3843" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Armenian Manuscript, 974</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 115.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 113.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D4%B1%D6%82%D5%A5%D5%BF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B6_(%D4%B1%D5%B0%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%BE%D5%B6_%D5%AF%D6%80%D6%85%D5%B6%D5%A1%D6%82%D5%B8%D6%80),_1099%D5%A9,_273.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Armenian Manuscript, 1099"><img alt="Armenian Manuscript, 1099" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/%D4%B1%D6%82%D5%A5%D5%BF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B6_%28%D4%B1%D5%B0%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%BE%D5%B6_%D5%AF%D6%80%D6%85%D5%B6%D5%A1%D6%82%D5%B8%D6%80%29%2C_1099%D5%A9%2C_273.jpg/170px-%D4%B1%D6%82%D5%A5%D5%BF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B6_%28%D4%B1%D5%B0%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%BE%D5%B6_%D5%AF%D6%80%D6%85%D5%B6%D5%A1%D6%82%D5%B8%D6%80%29%2C_1099%D5%A9%2C_273.jpg" decoding="async" width="114" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/%D4%B1%D6%82%D5%A5%D5%BF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B6_%28%D4%B1%D5%B0%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%BE%D5%B6_%D5%AF%D6%80%D6%85%D5%B6%D5%A1%D6%82%D5%B8%D6%80%29%2C_1099%D5%A9%2C_273.jpg/255px-%D4%B1%D6%82%D5%A5%D5%BF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B6_%28%D4%B1%D5%B0%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%BE%D5%B6_%D5%AF%D6%80%D6%85%D5%B6%D5%A1%D6%82%D5%B8%D6%80%29%2C_1099%D5%A9%2C_273.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/%D4%B1%D6%82%D5%A5%D5%BF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B6_%28%D4%B1%D5%B0%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%BE%D5%B6_%D5%AF%D6%80%D6%85%D5%B6%D5%A1%D6%82%D5%B8%D6%80%29%2C_1099%D5%A9%2C_273.jpg/339px-%D4%B1%D6%82%D5%A5%D5%BF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B6_%28%D4%B1%D5%B0%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%BE%D5%B6_%D5%AF%D6%80%D6%85%D5%B6%D5%A1%D6%82%D5%B8%D6%80%29%2C_1099%D5%A9%2C_273.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2009" data-file-height="2664" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Armenian Manuscript, 1099</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 219.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 217.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Armenian_document_(1198)_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="List of invitees to the enthronement of King Levon I, 1198"><img alt="List of invitees to the enthronement of King Levon I, 1198" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Armenian_document_%281198%29_%282%29.jpg/326px-Armenian_document_%281198%29_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="218" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Armenian_document_%281198%29_%282%29.jpg/489px-Armenian_document_%281198%29_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Armenian_document_%281198%29_%282%29.jpg/651px-Armenian_document_%281198%29_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="732" data-file-height="506" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">List of invitees to the enthronement of King <a href="/wiki/Leo_I,_King_of_Armenia" title="Leo I, King of Armenia">Levon I</a>, 1198</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 72.666666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 70.666666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Levon_III_document.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Document of Leo III of Armenia connoting the granting of special privilages and rights to Genoese merchant community, 1288"><img alt="Document of Leo III of Armenia connoting the granting of special privilages and rights to Genoese merchant community, 1288" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Levon_III_document.jpg/106px-Levon_III_document.jpg" decoding="async" width="71" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Levon_III_document.jpg/160px-Levon_III_document.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Levon_III_document.jpg/213px-Levon_III_document.jpg 2x" data-file-width="426" data-file-height="900" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Document of <a href="/wiki/Leo_II,_King_of_Armenia" title="Leo II, King of Armenia">Leo III of Armenia</a> connoting the granting of special privilages and rights to Genoese merchant community, 1288</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 115.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 113.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D4%B1%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A1%D5%AE%D5%A1%D5%B7%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%B9_(%D5%8D%D5%BF%D5%A5%D6%83%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D5%BD),_1318%D5%A9,_103.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Armenian Manuscript, 1318"><img alt="Armenian Manuscript, 1318" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/%D4%B1%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A1%D5%AE%D5%A1%D5%B7%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%B9_%28%D5%8D%D5%BF%D5%A5%D6%83%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D5%BD%29%2C_1318%D5%A9%2C_103.jpg/170px-%D4%B1%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A1%D5%AE%D5%A1%D5%B7%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%B9_%28%D5%8D%D5%BF%D5%A5%D6%83%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D5%BD%29%2C_1318%D5%A9%2C_103.jpg" decoding="async" width="114" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/%D4%B1%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A1%D5%AE%D5%A1%D5%B7%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%B9_%28%D5%8D%D5%BF%D5%A5%D6%83%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D5%BD%29%2C_1318%D5%A9%2C_103.jpg/255px-%D4%B1%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A1%D5%AE%D5%A1%D5%B7%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%B9_%28%D5%8D%D5%BF%D5%A5%D6%83%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D5%BD%29%2C_1318%D5%A9%2C_103.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/%D4%B1%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A1%D5%AE%D5%A1%D5%B7%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%B9_%28%D5%8D%D5%BF%D5%A5%D6%83%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D5%BD%29%2C_1318%D5%A9%2C_103.jpg/340px-%D4%B1%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A1%D5%AE%D5%A1%D5%B7%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%B9_%28%D5%8D%D5%BF%D5%A5%D6%83%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D5%BD%29%2C_1318%D5%A9%2C_103.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2391" data-file-height="3162" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Armenian Manuscript, 1318</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 106px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 104px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Biblioteca_Apostolica_Vaticana,_Vat._Arm._7,_f._31v.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Page of a letter from King Gagik I of Vaspurakan to Romanos I Lekapenos, 14th-century manuscript (Vatican Apostolic Library)"><img alt="Page of a letter from King Gagik I of Vaspurakan to Romanos I Lekapenos, 14th-century manuscript (Vatican Apostolic Library)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Biblioteca_Apostolica_Vaticana%2C_Vat._Arm._7%2C_f._31v.jpg/156px-Biblioteca_Apostolica_Vaticana%2C_Vat._Arm._7%2C_f._31v.jpg" decoding="async" width="104" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Biblioteca_Apostolica_Vaticana%2C_Vat._Arm._7%2C_f._31v.jpg/234px-Biblioteca_Apostolica_Vaticana%2C_Vat._Arm._7%2C_f._31v.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Biblioteca_Apostolica_Vaticana%2C_Vat._Arm._7%2C_f._31v.jpg/312px-Biblioteca_Apostolica_Vaticana%2C_Vat._Arm._7%2C_f._31v.jpg 2x" data-file-width="574" data-file-height="827" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Page of a letter from <a href="/wiki/Gagik_I_Artsruni" title="Gagik I Artsruni">King Gagik I</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Vaspurakan" title="Kingdom of Vaspurakan">Vaspurakan</a> to <a href="/wiki/Romanos_I_Lekapenos" title="Romanos I Lekapenos">Romanos I Lekapenos</a>, 14th-century manuscript (<a href="/wiki/Vatican_Apostolic_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="Vatican Apostolic Library">Vatican Apostolic Library</a>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 114px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 112px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D5%84%D5%84_2335,_7%D5%A1.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Armenian linguistic manuscript, 1476"><img alt="Armenian linguistic manuscript, 1476" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/%D5%84%D5%84_2335%2C_7%D5%A1.png/168px-%D5%84%D5%84_2335%2C_7%D5%A1.png" decoding="async" width="112" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/%D5%84%D5%84_2335%2C_7%D5%A1.png/253px-%D5%84%D5%84_2335%2C_7%D5%A1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/%D5%84%D5%84_2335%2C_7%D5%A1.png/336px-%D5%84%D5%84_2335%2C_7%D5%A1.png 2x" data-file-width="1469" data-file-height="1965" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Armenian linguistic manuscript, 1476</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 101.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 99.333333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Armenian_manuscript_1544.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Manuscript page of the Alexander Romance, 1544"><img alt="Manuscript page of the Alexander Romance, 1544" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Armenian_manuscript_1544.jpg/149px-Armenian_manuscript_1544.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Armenian_manuscript_1544.jpg/223px-Armenian_manuscript_1544.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Armenian_manuscript_1544.jpg/297px-Armenian_manuscript_1544.jpg 2x" data-file-width="439" data-file-height="664" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Manuscript page of the <i><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Romance" title="Alexander Romance">Alexander Romance</a></i>, 1544</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 112.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 110.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D4%B1%D5%A2%D6%80%D5%B8_%D4%B2%D5%A1%D5%A3%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82_%D4%B1%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A1%D5%AE%D5%A1%D5%B7%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%B9%D5%A8,_1647%D5%A9,_4.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Armenian Manuscript, 1647"><img alt="Armenian Manuscript, 1647" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/%D4%B1%D5%A2%D6%80%D5%B8_%D4%B2%D5%A1%D5%A3%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82_%D4%B1%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A1%D5%AE%D5%A1%D5%B7%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%B9%D5%A8%2C_1647%D5%A9%2C_4.jpg/166px-%D4%B1%D5%A2%D6%80%D5%B8_%D4%B2%D5%A1%D5%A3%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82_%D4%B1%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A1%D5%AE%D5%A1%D5%B7%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%B9%D5%A8%2C_1647%D5%A9%2C_4.jpg" decoding="async" width="111" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/%D4%B1%D5%A2%D6%80%D5%B8_%D4%B2%D5%A1%D5%A3%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82_%D4%B1%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A1%D5%AE%D5%A1%D5%B7%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%B9%D5%A8%2C_1647%D5%A9%2C_4.jpg/250px-%D4%B1%D5%A2%D6%80%D5%B8_%D4%B2%D5%A1%D5%A3%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82_%D4%B1%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A1%D5%AE%D5%A1%D5%B7%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%B9%D5%A8%2C_1647%D5%A9%2C_4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/%D4%B1%D5%A2%D6%80%D5%B8_%D4%B2%D5%A1%D5%A3%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82_%D4%B1%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A1%D5%AE%D5%A1%D5%B7%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%B9%D5%A8%2C_1647%D5%A9%2C_4.jpg/333px-%D4%B1%D5%A2%D6%80%D5%B8_%D4%B2%D5%A1%D5%A3%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82_%D4%B1%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A1%D5%AE%D5%A1%D5%B7%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%B9%D5%A8%2C_1647%D5%A9%2C_4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2368" data-file-height="3202" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Armenian Manuscript, 1647</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 100.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 98.666666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ArmenianGrammatica.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Armenian grammar, 1675"><img alt="Armenian grammar, 1675" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/ArmenianGrammatica.jpg/148px-ArmenianGrammatica.jpg" decoding="async" width="99" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/ArmenianGrammatica.jpg/222px-ArmenianGrammatica.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/ArmenianGrammatica.jpg/296px-ArmenianGrammatica.jpg 2x" data-file-width="329" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Armenian grammar</i>, 1675</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 107.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 105.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Letter_of_Armenian_catholicos_Khachatur_and_Armenian_clerics_to_Louis_XIV_of_France.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Letter from Catholicos Khachatur to Louis XIV, 1672 (Bibliothèque nationale de France)"><img alt="Letter from Catholicos Khachatur to Louis XIV, 1672 (Bibliothèque nationale de France)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Letter_of_Armenian_catholicos_Khachatur_and_Armenian_clerics_to_Louis_XIV_of_France.jpg/158px-Letter_of_Armenian_catholicos_Khachatur_and_Armenian_clerics_to_Louis_XIV_of_France.jpg" decoding="async" width="106" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Letter_of_Armenian_catholicos_Khachatur_and_Armenian_clerics_to_Louis_XIV_of_France.jpg/238px-Letter_of_Armenian_catholicos_Khachatur_and_Armenian_clerics_to_Louis_XIV_of_France.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Letter_of_Armenian_catholicos_Khachatur_and_Armenian_clerics_to_Louis_XIV_of_France.jpg/317px-Letter_of_Armenian_catholicos_Khachatur_and_Armenian_clerics_to_Louis_XIV_of_France.jpg 2x" data-file-width="658" data-file-height="935" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Letter from Catholicos Khachatur to <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV" title="Louis XIV">Louis XIV</a>, 1672 (<a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France" title="Bibliothèque nationale de France">Bibliothèque nationale de France</a>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 108px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 106px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D5%8D%D5%AB%D5%B4%D5%A7%D5%B8%D5%B6_%D5%BE%D6%80%D5%A4._%D5%8B%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B2%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%A5%D6%81%D6%82%D5%B8%D5%B5_%D5%94%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%AB%D6%82%D5%B6.jpeg" class="mw-file-description" title="Page from Simeon Jughaetsi gospel, 18th century"><img alt="Page from Simeon Jughaetsi gospel, 18th century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/%D5%8D%D5%AB%D5%B4%D5%A7%D5%B8%D5%B6_%D5%BE%D6%80%D5%A4._%D5%8B%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B2%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%A5%D6%81%D6%82%D5%B8%D5%B5_%D5%94%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%AB%D6%82%D5%B6.jpeg/159px-%D5%8D%D5%AB%D5%B4%D5%A7%D5%B8%D5%B6_%D5%BE%D6%80%D5%A4._%D5%8B%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B2%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%A5%D6%81%D6%82%D5%B8%D5%B5_%D5%94%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%AB%D6%82%D5%B6.jpeg" decoding="async" width="106" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/%D5%8D%D5%AB%D5%B4%D5%A7%D5%B8%D5%B6_%D5%BE%D6%80%D5%A4._%D5%8B%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B2%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%A5%D6%81%D6%82%D5%B8%D5%B5_%D5%94%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%AB%D6%82%D5%B6.jpeg/239px-%D5%8D%D5%AB%D5%B4%D5%A7%D5%B8%D5%B6_%D5%BE%D6%80%D5%A4._%D5%8B%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B2%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%A5%D6%81%D6%82%D5%B8%D5%B5_%D5%94%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%AB%D6%82%D5%B6.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/%D5%8D%D5%AB%D5%B4%D5%A7%D5%B8%D5%B6_%D5%BE%D6%80%D5%A4._%D5%8B%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B2%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%A5%D6%81%D6%82%D5%B8%D5%B5_%D5%94%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%AB%D6%82%D5%B6.jpeg/318px-%D5%8D%D5%AB%D5%B4%D5%A7%D5%B8%D5%B6_%D5%BE%D6%80%D5%A4._%D5%8B%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B2%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%A5%D6%81%D6%82%D5%B8%D5%B5_%D5%94%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%AB%D6%82%D5%B6.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="762" data-file-height="1079" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Page from Simeon Jughaetsi gospel, 18th century</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 113.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 111.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D4%B2%D5%A1%D5%BC%D5%A3%D5%AB%D6%80%D6%84_%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%A6%D5%A5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%AC%D5%A5%D5%A6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AB.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cover of the book Dictionary of the Armenian Language by Mkhitar Sebastatsi, published in 1769, Venice"><img alt="Cover of the book Dictionary of the Armenian Language by Mkhitar Sebastatsi, published in 1769, Venice" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/%D4%B2%D5%A1%D5%BC%D5%A3%D5%AB%D6%80%D6%84_%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%A6%D5%A5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%AC%D5%A5%D5%A6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AB.jpg/167px-%D4%B2%D5%A1%D5%BC%D5%A3%D5%AB%D6%80%D6%84_%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%A6%D5%A5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%AC%D5%A5%D5%A6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AB.jpg" decoding="async" width="112" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/%D4%B2%D5%A1%D5%BC%D5%A3%D5%AB%D6%80%D6%84_%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%A6%D5%A5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%AC%D5%A5%D5%A6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AB.jpg/251px-%D4%B2%D5%A1%D5%BC%D5%A3%D5%AB%D6%80%D6%84_%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%A6%D5%A5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%AC%D5%A5%D5%A6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AB.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/%D4%B2%D5%A1%D5%BC%D5%A3%D5%AB%D6%80%D6%84_%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%A6%D5%A5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%AC%D5%A5%D5%A6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AB.jpg/334px-%D4%B2%D5%A1%D5%BC%D5%A3%D5%AB%D6%80%D6%84_%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%A6%D5%A5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%AC%D5%A5%D5%A6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AB.jpg 2x" data-file-width="414" data-file-height="557" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Cover of the book <i>Dictionary of the Armenian Language</i> by <a href="/wiki/Mkhitar_Sebastatsi" title="Mkhitar Sebastatsi">Mkhitar Sebastatsi</a>, published in 1769, <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Armenian_alphabet&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Globe_of_letters.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/28px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/42px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/56px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Language" title="Portal:Language">Language portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_braille" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian braille">Armenian braille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_calendar" title="Armenian calendar">Armenian calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_numerals" title="Armenian numerals">Armenian numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Armenian_orthography" title="Classical Armenian orthography">Classical Armenian orthography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_Armenian_orthography" class="mw-redirect" title="Reformed Armenian orthography">Reformed Armenian orthography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Armenian" title="Romanization of Armenian">Romanization of Armenian</a> (includes <a href="/wiki/ISO_9985" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 9985">ISO 9985</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Armenian_alphabet&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alternatively, Mehean or Mihrean.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Armenian_alphabet&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMaarten_van_Lint2012" class="citation book cs1">Maarten van Lint, Theo (2012). "From Reciting to Writing and Interpretation: Tendencies, themes, and demarcations of Armenian historical writing". In Sarah Foot; Chase F. Robinson (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bzmBxU39PGMC"><i>The Oxford History of Historical Writing: Volume 2: 400–1400</i></a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 180–200. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-923642-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-923642-8"><bdi>978-0-19-923642-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=From+Reciting+to+Writing+and+Interpretation%3A+Tendencies%2C+themes%2C+and+demarcations+of+Armenian+historical+writing&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+History+of+Historical+Writing%3A+Volume+2%3A+400%E2%80%931400&rft.pages=180-200&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-19-923642-8&rft.aulast=Maarten+van+Lint&rft.aufirst=Theo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbzmBxU39PGMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+alphabet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sanjian-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sanjian_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sanjian_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSanjian1996" class="citation book cs1">Sanjian, Avedis (1996). "The Armenian Alphabet". In Daniels; Bright (eds.). <i>The World's Writing Systems</i>. pp. 356–357.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Armenian+Alphabet&rft.btitle=The+World%27s+Writing+Systems&rft.pages=356-357&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Sanjian&rft.aufirst=Avedis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+alphabet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Jost_Gippert" title="Jost Gippert">Jost Gippert</a> (2011).<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://titus.fkidg1.uni-frankfurt.de/personal/jg/pdf/jg2011b.pdf">"The script of the Caucasian Albanians in the light of the Sinai palimpsests"</a>. In Werner Seibt and Johannes Preiser-Kapeller, eds. <i>Die Entstehung der kaukasischen Alphabete als kulturhistorisches Phänomen</i> [<i>The Creation of the Caucasian Alphabets as Phenomenon of Cultural History</i>]. Referate des Internationalen Symposiums (1–4 December 2005). Vienna: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRayfield2000" class="citation book cs1">Rayfield, Donald (2000). <i>The Literature of Georgia: a history</i>. Caucasus world (2nd ed.). Richmond: Curzon. p. 19. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7007-1163-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7007-1163-5"><bdi>978-0-7007-1163-5</bdi></a>. <q>The Georgian alphabet seems unlikely to have a pre-Christian origin, for the major archaeological monument of the first century 4IX the bilingual Armazi gravestone commemorating Serafua, daughter of the Georgian viceroy of Mtskheta, is inscribed in Greek and Aramaic only. It has been believed, and not only in Armenia, that all the Caucasian alphabets – Armenian, Georgian and Caucaso-Albanian – were invented in the fourth century by the Armenian scholar Mesrop Mashtots. ... The Georgian chronicles <i>The Life of Kanli</i> assert that a Georgian script was invented two centuries before Christ, an assertion unsupported by archaeology. There is a possibility that the Georgians, like many minor nations of the area, wrote in a foreign language – Persian, Aramaic, or Greek – and translated back as they read.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Literature+of+Georgia%3A+a+history&rft.place=Richmond&rft.series=Caucasus+world&rft.pages=19&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Curzon&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-7007-1163-5&rft.aulast=Rayfield&rft.aufirst=Donald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+alphabet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-omniglot-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-omniglot_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimon_Ager2010" class="citation web cs1">Simon Ager (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.omniglot.com/writing/armenian.htm">"Armenian alphabet"</a>. <i>Omniglot: writing systems & languages of the world</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100102062010/http://omniglot.com/writing/armenian.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2 January 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-01-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Omniglot%3A+writing+systems+%26+languages+of+the+world&rft.atitle=Armenian+alphabet&rft.date=2010&rft.au=Simon+Ager&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.omniglot.com%2Fwriting%2Farmenian.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+alphabet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHilkens2020" class="citation journal cs1">Hilkens, Andy (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/43332985">"Language, Literacy and Historical Apologetics: Hippolytus of Rome's lists of literate peoples in the Syriac tradition"</a>. <i>Journal of Eastern Christian Studies</i>. <b>72</b> (1–2): 1–32.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Eastern+Christian+Studies&rft.atitle=Language%2C+Literacy+and+Historical+Apologetics%3A+Hippolytus+of+Rome%27s+lists+of+literate+peoples+in+the+Syriac+tradition&rft.volume=72&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=1-32&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=Hilkens&rft.aufirst=Andy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F43332985&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+alphabet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Philostratus, <i>The Life of Apollonius of Tyana</i>, Book II, Chapter II, pp. 120–121, tr. by F. C. Conybeare, 1912</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArewelts'iThomson1989" class="citation book cs1">Arewelts'i, Vardan; Thomson, Robert W. (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ThomsonVardanAreweltsi"><i>The Historical Compilation of Vardan Arewelts'i</i></a> (Vol. 43 ed.). Dumbarton Oaks Papers. pp. 167–168.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Historical+Compilation+of+Vardan+Arewelts%27i&rft.pages=167-168&rft.edition=Vol.+43&rft.pub=Dumbarton+Oaks+Papers&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Arewelts%27i&rft.aufirst=Vardan&rft.au=Thomson%2C+Robert+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FThomsonVardanAreweltsi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+alphabet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scribd.com/document/236975940/%D4%B3%D4%BB%D5%90%D5%94">"ԳԻՐՔ"</a>. <i>Scribd</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Scribd&rft.atitle=%D4%B3%D4%BB%D5%90%D5%94&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scribd.com%2Fdocument%2F236975940%2F%25D4%25B3%25D4%25BB%25D5%2590%25D5%2594&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+alphabet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hewitt-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hewitt_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hewitt_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHewitt1995" class="citation book cs1">Hewitt, B. G. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MUBtUcqOF-AC&pg=PA4"><i>Georgian: A Structural Reference Grammar</i></a>. John Benjamins Publishing. p. 4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-272-3802-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-272-3802-3"><bdi>978-90-272-3802-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Georgian%3A+A+Structural+Reference+Grammar&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=John+Benjamins+Publishing&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-90-272-3802-3&rft.aulast=Hewitt&rft.aufirst=B.+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMUBtUcqOF-AC%26pg%3DPA4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+alphabet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarbara_A._WestOceania2010" class="citation book cs1">Barbara A. West; Oceania (19 May 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pCiNqFj3MQsC"><i>Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia</i></a>. Infobase. p. 230. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781438119137" title="Special:BookSources/9781438119137"><bdi>9781438119137</bdi></a>. <q>Archaeological work in the last decade has confirmed that a Georgian alphabet did exist very early in Georgia's history, with the first examples being dated from the <b>fifth century</b> C.E.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+Peoples+of+Asia&rft.pages=230&rft.pub=Infobase&rft.date=2010-05-19&rft.isbn=9781438119137&rft.au=Barbara+A.+West&rft.au=Oceania&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpCiNqFj3MQsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+alphabet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPankhurst1998" class="citation book cs1">Pankhurst, Richard (1998). <i>The Ethiopians: A History</i>. p. 25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ethiopians%3A+A+History&rft.pages=25&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Pankhurst&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+alphabet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonabedianThierry1989" class="citation book cs1">Donabedian, Patrick; Thierry, Jean-Michel (1989). <i>Armenian Art</i>. New York: H.N. Abrams in association with Prelacy of the Armenian Apostolic Church of America-Catholicosate of Cilicia. p. 584. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8109-0625-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8109-0625-2"><bdi>0-8109-0625-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/19555773">19555773</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Armenian+Art&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=584&rft.pub=H.N.+Abrams+in+association+with+Prelacy+of+the+Armenian+Apostolic+Church+of+America-Catholicosate+of+Cilicia&rft.date=1989&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F19555773&rft.isbn=0-8109-0625-2&rft.aulast=Donabedian&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft.au=Thierry%2C+Jean-Michel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+alphabet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNersessian2001" class="citation cs2">Nersessian, Vreg (2001), <i>Treasure From the Ark</i>, London: The British Library, pp. 36–37</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Treasure+From+the+Ark&rft.place=London&rft.pages=36-37&rft.pub=The+British+Library&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Nersessian&rft.aufirst=Vreg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+alphabet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClackson2000" class="citation journal cs1">Clackson, James (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200719223141/http://www.uni-koeln.de/phil-fak/ifa/zpe/downloads/2000/129pdf/129223.pdf">"A Greek Papyrus in Armenian Script"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik</i> (129). Dr R. Habelt Gmbh. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uni-koeln.de/phil-fak/ifa/zpe/downloads/2000/129pdf/129223.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on July 19, 2020 – via University of Köln.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zeitschrift+f%C3%BCr+Papyrologie+und+Epigraphik&rft.atitle=A+Greek+Papyrus+in+Armenian+Script&rft.issue=129&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Clackson&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uni-koeln.de%2Fphil-fak%2Fifa%2Fzpe%2Fdownloads%2F2000%2F129pdf%2F129223.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+alphabet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKouymjian1996" class="citation book cs1">Kouymjian, Dickran (1996). "Unique Armenian Papyrus". <i>Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Armenian Linguistics</i>. pp. 381–386.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Unique+Armenian+Papyrus&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+Fifth+International+Conference+on+Armenian+Linguistics&rft.pages=381-386&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Kouymjian&rft.aufirst=Dickran&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+alphabet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Armenian-alphabet">"Armenian alphabet | writing system | Britannica"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. 11 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Armenian+alphabet+%26%23124%3B+writing+system+%26%23124%3B+Britannica&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.date=2024-06-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FArmenian-alphabet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+alphabet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ZarehMelkonian-Alphabet-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ZarehMelkonian-Alphabet_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ZarehMelkonian-Alphabet_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ZarehMelkonian-Alphabet_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMelkonian1990" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Melkonian, Zareh (1990). <i>Gorçnakan K̕erakanowt̕iwn — Ardi Hayerēn Lezowi (Miǰin ew Barjragoyn Dasënt̕ac̕k̕)</i> <bdi lang="hy">Գործնական Քերականութիւն — Արդի Հայերէն Լեզուի (Միջին եւ Բարձրագոյն Դասընթացք)</bdi> (in Armenian) (Fourth ed.). Los Angeles. p. 6.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gor%C3%A7nakan+K%CC%95erakanowt%CC%95iwn+%E2%80%94+Ardi+Hayer%C4%93n+Lezowi+%28Mi%C7%B0in+ew+Barjragoyn+Das%C3%ABnt%CC%95ac%CC%95k%CC%95%29+%D4%B3%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%AE%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6+%D5%94%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%AB%D6%82%D5%B6+%E2%80%94+%D4%B1%D6%80%D5%A4%D5%AB+%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A7%D5%B6+%D4%BC%D5%A5%D5%A6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AB+%28%D5%84%D5%AB%D5%BB%D5%AB%D5%B6+%D5%A5%D6%82+%D4%B2%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%B8%D5%B5%D5%B6+%D4%B4%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%A8%D5%B6%D5%A9%D5%A1%D6%81%D6%84%29&rft.place=Los+Angeles&rft.pages=6&rft.edition=Fourth&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=Melkonian&rft.aufirst=Zareh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+alphabet" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tapemark.narod.ru/les/045a.html">"Армянское письмо"</a>. <i>tapemark.narod.ru</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-02-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=tapemark.narod.ru&rft.atitle=%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5+%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%BE&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftapemark.narod.ru%2Fles%2F045a.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+alphabet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sites.google.com/princeton.edu/mela-conc/cataloging-manuals/armenian/armnum">"MELA ConC - Numerals & Dates"</a>. <i>sites.google.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-02-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sites.google.com&rft.atitle=MELA+ConC+-+Numerals+%26+Dates&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsites.google.com%2Fprinceton.edu%2Fmela-conc%2Fcataloging-manuals%2Farmenian%2Farmnum&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+alphabet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPratt1866" class="citation journal cs1">Pratt, Andrew T. (1866). "On the Armeno-Turkish Alphabet". <i>Journal of the American Oriental Society</i>. <b>8</b>: 374–376. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F592244">10.2307/592244</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/592244">592244</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Oriental+Society&rft.atitle=On+the+Armeno-Turkish+Alphabet&rft.volume=8&rft.pages=374-376&rft.date=1866&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F592244&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F592244%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Pratt&rft.aufirst=Andrew+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+alphabet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See Bedross Der Matossian, "The Development of Armeno-Turkish (<i>Hayatar T'rk'erēn</i>) in the 19th Century Ottoman Empire: Marking and Crossing Ethnoreligious Boundaries," <i>Intellectual History of the Islamicate World</i> (2019): pp. 1-34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKharatian1995" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kharatian, A. A. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150226064954/http://lraber.asj-oa.am/2731/">"Հայատառ թուրքերեն մամուլը (1840—1890–ական թթ.) [Armenian periodicals in Turkish letters (1840-1890s)]"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Lraber_Hasarakakan_Gitutyunneri" title="Lraber Hasarakakan Gitutyunneri">Lraber Hasarakakan Gitutyunneri</a></i> (in Armenian) (2): 72–85. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lraber.asj-oa.am/2731/">the original</a> on 2015-02-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-02-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Lraber+Hasarakakan+Gitutyunneri&rft.atitle=%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%BC+%D5%A9%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%D6%84%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%B6+%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AC%D5%A8+%281840%E2%80%941890%E2%80%93%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6+%D5%A9%D5%A9.%29+%5BArmenian+periodicals+in+Turkish+letters+%281840-1890s%29%5D&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=72-85&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Kharatian&rft.aufirst=A.+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flraber.asj-oa.am%2F2731%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+alphabet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ester Petrosian, "Manuscript Cairo Syriac 11," Matenadaran Bulletin 24, p. 70.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in Russian)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unesco.kz/qypchaq/Turkic_Languages_Rus.htm">Qypchaq languages</a>. <i>Unesco.kz</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDowsett1997" class="citation book cs1">Dowsett, Charles James Frank (1997). <i>Sayatʿ-Nova: an 18th-century troubadour a biographical and literary study</i>. Corpus scriptorum Christianorum Orientalium. 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cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.krugosvet.ru/enc/gumanitarnye_nauki/lingvistika/KURDSKI_YAZIK.html"><bdi lang="ru">Курдский язык</bdi></a> (in Russian). <a href="/wiki/Krugosvet" title="Krugosvet">Krugosvet</a>. <q>...в Армении на основе русского алфавита с 1946 (с 1921 на основе армянской графики, с 1929 на основе латиницы).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA&rft.pub=Krugosvet&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.krugosvet.ru%2Fenc%2Fgumanitarnye_nauki%2Flingvistika%2FKURDSKI_YAZIK.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+alphabet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Armen Hakobian. <i>Characteristics of the Identity of Tat-Speaking Armenians in the Past Hundred Years and Modern Tendencies of Its Expression</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/Unicode-6.1/">"Unicode 6.1 Versioned Charts Index"</a>. unicode.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Unicode+6.1+Versioned+Charts+Index&rft.pub=unicode.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicode.org%2Fcharts%2FPDF%2FUnicode-6.1%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+alphabet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://std.dkuug.dk/jtc1/sc2/wg2/docs/n4387.pdf">"ISO/IEC 10646:2012/Amd.1: 2013 (E)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ISO%2FIEC+10646%3A2012%2FAmd.1%3A+2013+%28E%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstd.dkuug.dk%2Fjtc1%2Fsc2%2Fwg2%2Fdocs%2Fn4387.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+alphabet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://armenianchat.net/blog/armenian-letter-frequency/">"Armenian vs English: Letter frequency distribution"</a>. <i>ArmenianChat.Net</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ArmenianChat.Net&rft.atitle=Armenian+vs+English%3A+Letter+frequency+distribution&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farmenianchat.net%2Fblog%2Farmenian-letter-frequency%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+alphabet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Armenian_alphabet&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://բառարան.հայ">բառարան.հայ</a> – Armenian dictionary.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://360.aua.am/explore-armenia/monument-of-armenian-alphabet/">Monument of Armenian Alphabet</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.armenianchurchlibrary.com">Armenian Apostolic (Orthodox) Church Library Online (in English, Armenian, and Russian)</a></li></ul> <p><b>Armenian Transliteration</b> </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.Hayadar.com/">English / French script to Armenian Transliteration</a> Hayadar.com – Online, Latin to Armenian transliteration engine.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://am.translit.cc/">Latin-Armenian Transliteration</a> Converts Latin letters into Armenian and vice versa. Supports multiple transliteration tables and spell checking.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://transliteration.eki.ee/pdf/Armenian.pdf">Transliteration schemes for the Armenian alphabet</a> (transliteration.eki.ee)</li></ul> <p><b>Armenian Orthography converters</b> </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nayiri.com/">Nayiri.com</a> (integrated orthography converter: reformed to classical)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Armenia_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Armenia_topics" title="Template:Armenia topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Armenia_topics" title="Template talk:Armenia topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Armenia_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Armenia topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Armenia_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Armenia-related_articles" title="Index of Armenia-related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Armenia" title="History of Armenia">History</a> <br /><span class="nobold">(<a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Armenian_history" title="Timeline of Armenian history">timeline</a>)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Early</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_the_Armenians" title="Origin of the Armenians">Origins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Name_of_Armenia" title="Name of Armenia">Name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shulaveri%E2%80%93Shomu_culture" title="Shulaveri–Shomu culture">Shulaveri–Shomu culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kura%E2%80%93Araxes_culture" title="Kura–Araxes culture">Kura–Araxes culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayk" title="Hayk">Hayk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayasa-Azzi" title="Hayasa-Azzi">Hayasa-Azzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitanni" title="Mitanni">Mitanni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nairi_(Armenian_usages)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nairi (Armenian usages)">Nairi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mushki" title="Mushki">Mushki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urumeans" title="Urumeans">Urumeans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diauehi" title="Diauehi">Diauehi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etiuni" title="Etiuni">Etiuni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urartu" title="Urartu">Kingdom of Urartu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medes" title="Medes">Median kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orontid_dynasty" title="Orontid dynasty">Orontid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Satrapy_of_Armenia" title="Satrapy of Armenia">Satrapy of Armenia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Armenia_(antiquity)" title="Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)">Kingdom of Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Armenia" title="Roman Armenia">Roman Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Armenia" title="Byzantine Armenia">Byzantine Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Armenia" title="Sasanian Armenia">Sasanian Armenia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Middle</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arminiya" title="Arminiya">Arminiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sajid_dynasty" title="Sajid dynasty">Sajids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagratid_Armenia" title="Bagratid Armenia">Bagratid Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Kingdom_of_Cilicia" title="Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia">Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sallarid_dynasty" title="Sallarid dynasty">Sallarids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilkhanate" title="Ilkhanate">Ilkhanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chobanids" title="Chobanids">Chobanids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aq_Qoyunlu" title="Aq Qoyunlu">Aq Qoyunlu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kara_Koyunlu" class="mw-redirect" title="Kara Koyunlu">Kara Koyunlu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Armenians in the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Armenia_(1502%E2%80%931828)" title="Iranian Armenia (1502–1828)">1508–1828 Iranian Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safavid_Iran" title="Safavid Iran">Safavid Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afsharid_Iran" title="Afsharid Iran">Afsharid Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qajar_dynasty" title="Qajar dynasty">Qajar Iran</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erivan_Khanate" title="Erivan Khanate">Erivan Khanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karabakh_Khanate" title="Karabakh Khanate">Karabakh Khanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Turkmenchay" title="Treaty of Turkmenchay">Treaty of Turkmenchay</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Armenia" title="Russian Armenia">Russian Armenia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Republic_of_Armenia" title="First Republic of Armenia">First Republic of Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic">Soviet Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Armenia#Independent_Armenia_(1991-today)" title="History of Armenia">Independent Armenia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">Armenian genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagorno-Karabakh_conflict" title="Nagorno-Karabakh conflict">Nagorno-Karabakh conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_national_movement" title="Armenian national movement">Armenian national movement</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Armenia" title="Category:History of Armenia">more...</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia"><img alt="Armenia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Arms_of_Armenia.svg/80px-Arms_of_Armenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Arms_of_Armenia.svg/120px-Arms_of_Armenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Arms_of_Armenia.svg/160px-Arms_of_Armenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="170" data-file-height="192" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Armenia" title="Geography of Armenia">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ararat_Plain" title="Ararat Plain">Ararat Plain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_highlands" title="Armenian highlands">Armenian highlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Armenia" title="List of cities and towns in Armenia">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Armenia" title="Climate of Armenia">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Armenia" title="List of earthquakes in Armenia">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_points_of_Armenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Extreme points of Armenia">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Sevan" title="Lake Sevan">Lake Sevan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountains_of_Armenia" title="Mountains of Armenia">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Armenia" title="Municipalities of Armenia">Municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Armenia" title="List of rivers of Armenia">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Armenia" title="List of lakes of Armenia">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shikahogh_State_Reserve" title="Shikahogh State Reserve">Shikahogh State Reserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirak_Plain" title="Shirak Plain">Shirak Plain</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Geography_of_Armenia" title="Category:Geography of Armenia">more...</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Armenia" title="Politics of Armenia">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Armenia" title="Administrative divisions of Armenia">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Armenia" title="Constitution of Armenia">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Armenia" title="Corruption in Armenia">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Armenia" title="Elections in Armenia">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Armenia" title="Foreign relations of Armenia">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Armenia" title="Government of Armenia">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Armenia" title="Human rights in Armenia">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Armenia" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Armenia">LGBT rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Armenia" title="Judiciary of Armenia">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_Armenia" title="Armed Forces of Armenia">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Armenia)" title="National Assembly (Armenia)">National Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Service_(Armenia)" title="National Security Service (Armenia)">National Security Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_of_Armenia" title="Police of Armenia">Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Armenia" title="List of political parties in Armenia">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Armenia" title="President of Armenia">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Armenia" title="Prime Minister of Armenia">Prime Minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_National_Assembly_of_Armenia" title="President of the National Assembly of Armenia">President of the National Assembly</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Government_of_Armenia" title="Category:Government of Armenia">more on government</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Politics_of_Armenia" title="Category:Politics of Armenia">on politics</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Armenia" title="Economy of Armenia">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Armenia" title="Agriculture in Armenia">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Stock_Exchange" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian Stock Exchange">AMX (stock exchange)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Armenia" title="Central Bank of Armenia">Central Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Depository_of_Armenia" title="Central Depository of Armenia">Central Depository </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_dram" title="Armenian dram">Dram (currency)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Armenia" title="Energy in Armenia">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mineral_industry_of_Armenia" title="Mineral industry of Armenia">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pensions_in_Armenia" title="Pensions in Armenia">Pension reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Armenia" title="Taxation in Armenia">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Armenia" title="Telecommunications in Armenia">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Armenia" title="Tourism in Armenia">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Armenia" title="Waste management in Armenia">Waste management</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Armenia" title="Transport in Armenia">Transport</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Caucasus_Railway" title="South Caucasus Railway">South Caucasus Railway</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Armenia" title="Culture of Armenia">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_architecture" title="Armenian architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_art" title="Armenian art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Armenia" title="Cinema of Armenia">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_cuisine" title="Armenian cuisine">Cuisine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Armenian_wine" title="Armenian wine">wine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_dance" title="Armenian dance">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Language</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Armenian" title="Eastern Armenian">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Armenian" title="Western Armenian">Western</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_literature" title="Armenian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Armenia" title="Music of Armenia">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Armenia" title="Sport in Armenia">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theater_of_Armenia" title="Theater of Armenia">Theatre</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Culture_of_Armenia" title="Category:Culture of Armenia">more...</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Armenia" title="Demographics of Armenia">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Census_in_Armenia" title="Census in Armenia">Census</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Armenia" title="Crime in Armenia">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Armenia" title="Education in Armenia">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_minorities_in_Armenia" title="Ethnic minorities in Armenia">Ethnic minorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Armenia" title="Health in Armenia">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenians" title="Armenians">People</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_diaspora" title="Armenian diaspora">diaspora</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_issues_in_Armenia" title="Social issues in Armenia">Social issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Armenia" title="Women in Armenia">Women</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Demographics_of_Armenia" title="Category:Demographics of Armenia">more...</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Armenia" title="Religion in Armenia">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Apostolic_Church" title="Armenian Apostolic Church">Armenian Apostolic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Catholic_Church" title="Armenian Catholic Church">Armenian Catholic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Evangelical_Church" title="Armenian Evangelical Church">Armenian Evangelical Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Brotherhood_Church" title="Armenian Brotherhood Church">Armenian Brotherhood Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Armenia" title="History of the Jews in Armenia">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Armenia" title="Islam in Armenia">Islam</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Religion_in_Armenia" title="Category:Religion in Armenia">more...</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Armenia" title="National symbols of Armenia">Symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Cross" title="Armenian Cross">Armenian Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_eternity_sign" title="Armenian eternity sign">Armenian eternity sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Armenia" title="Coat of arms of Armenia">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Armenia" title="Flag of Armenia">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Ararat" title="Mount Ararat">Mount Ararat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mer_Hayrenik" title="Mer Hayrenik">National anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apricot" title="Apricot">Apricot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grape" title="Grape">Grape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomegranate" title="Pomegranate">Pomegranate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Armenia" title="Outline of Armenia">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Armenia-related_articles" title="Index of Armenia-related articles">Index</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Armenia" title="Category:Armenia">Category</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="UNESCO_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_elements_in_Armenia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_in_Armenia" title="Template:Intangible Cultural Heritage in Armenia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_in_Armenia" title="Template talk:Intangible Cultural Heritage in Armenia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_in_Armenia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Intangible Cultural Heritage in Armenia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="UNESCO_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_elements_in_Armenia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_elements_in_Armenia" title="List of Intangible Cultural Heritage elements in Armenia">UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage elements in Armenia</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duduk" title="Duduk">Duduk and its music</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khachkar" title="Khachkar">Armenian cross-stones art. Symbolism and craftsmanship of Khachkars</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daredevils_of_Sassoun" title="Daredevils of Sassoun">Performance of the Armenian epic of 'Daredevils of Sassoun' or 'David of Sassoun</a>' (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lavash" title="Lavash">Lavash, the preparation, meaning and appearance of traditional bread as an expression of culture in Armenia</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kochari" title="Kochari">Kochari, traditional group dance</a> (2017)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Armenian letter art and its cultural expressions</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pilgrimage" title="Pilgrimage">Pilgrimage</a> to the <a href="/wiki/St._Thaddeus_Apostle_Monastery" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Thaddeus Apostle Monastery">St. Thaddeus Apostle Monastery</a> (2020)</li> <li>Tradition of blacksmithing in Gyumri (2023)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Types_of_writing_systems" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:List_of_writing_systems" title="Template:List of writing systems"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:List_of_writing_systems" title="Template talk:List of writing systems"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:List_of_writing_systems" title="Special:EditPage/Template:List of writing systems"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Types_of_writing_systems" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_writing_systems" title="List of writing systems">Types</a> of <a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">writing systems</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Overview</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_writing" title="History of writing">History of writing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grapheme" title="Grapheme">Grapheme</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_writing_systems" title="List of writing systems">Writing systems</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Undeciphered_writing_systems" title="Undeciphered writing systems">undeciphered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_creators_of_writing_systems" title="List of creators of writing systems">inventors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_constructed_scripts" title="List of constructed scripts">constructed</a></li></ul></li> <li>Languages by writing system / <a href="/wiki/List_of_languages_by_first_written_accounts" class="mw-redirect" title="List of languages by first written accounts">by first written accounts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Types" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_writing_systems" title="List of writing systems">Types</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Abjads" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Abjad" title="Abjad">Abjads</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Abjad_numerals" title="Abjad numerals">Numerals</a></i></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aramaic_alphabet" title="Aramaic alphabet">Aramaic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hatran_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Hatran alphabet">Hatran</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elifba_alphabet" title="Elifba alphabet">Elifba</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyphs" title="Egyptian hieroglyphs">Egyptian hieroglyphs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elymaic" title="Elymaic">Elymaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_alphabet" title="Hebrew alphabet">Hebrew</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ktav_Ashuri" title="Ktav Ashuri">Ashuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cursive_Hebrew" title="Cursive Hebrew">Cursive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashi_script" title="Rashi script">Rashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solitreo" title="Solitreo">Solitreo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tifinagh" title="Tifinagh">Tifinagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandaic_alphabet" title="Mandaic alphabet">Mandaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manichaean_script" title="Manichaean script">Manichaean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabataean_script" title="Nabataean script">Nabataean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_North_Arabian" title="Ancient North Arabian">Ancient North Arabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_scripts" title="Pahlavi scripts">Pahlavi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_Pahlavi" class="mw-redirect" title="Book Pahlavi">Book</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inscriptional_Pahlavi" title="Inscriptional Pahlavi">Inscriptional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inscriptional_Parthian" title="Inscriptional Parthian">Inscriptional Parthian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalter_Pahlavi" title="Psalter Pahlavi">Psalter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pegon_script" title="Pegon script">Pegon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenician_alphabet" title="Phoenician alphabet">Phoenician</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Hebrew_alphabet" title="Paleo-Hebrew alphabet">Paleo-Hebrew</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitman_shorthand" title="Pitman shorthand">Pitman shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Sinaitic_script" title="Proto-Sinaitic script">Proto-Sinaitic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Punic alphabet">Punic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritan_script" title="Samaritan script">Samaritan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_South_Arabian_script" title="Ancient South Arabian script">South Arabian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_South_Arabian_script#Zabur_script" title="Ancient South Arabian script">Zabur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_South_Arabian_script#Musnad" title="Ancient South Arabian script">Musnad</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sogdian_alphabet" title="Sogdian alphabet">Sogdian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_alphabet" title="Syriac alphabet">Syriac</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_alphabet#Classical_ʾEsṭrangēlā" title="Syriac alphabet">ʾEsṭrangēlā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_alphabet#West_Syriac_Serṭā" title="Syriac alphabet">Serṭā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_alphabet#East_Syriac_Maḏnḥāyā" title="Syriac alphabet">Maḏnḥāyā</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teeline_Shorthand" class="mw-redirect" title="Teeline Shorthand">Teeline Shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugaritic_alphabet" title="Ugaritic alphabet">Ugaritic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Abugidas" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Abugida" title="Abugida">Abugidas</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/Brahmic_scripts" title="Brahmic scripts">Brahmic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Northern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali%E2%80%93Assamese_script" title="Bengali–Assamese script">Bengali–Assamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhaiksuki_script" title="Bhaiksuki script">Bhaiksuki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmi_script" title="Brahmi script">Brahmi script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogri_script" title="Dogri script">Dogri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_script" title="Gujarati script">Gujarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gupta_script" title="Gupta script">Gupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurmukhi" title="Gurmukhi">Gurmukhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaithi" title="Kaithi">Kaithi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalinga_script" title="Kalinga script">Kalinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khema_script" title="Khema script">Khema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khojki_script" title="Khojki script">Khojki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khudabadi_script" title="Khudabadi script">Khudabadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8D%C4%81_scripts" title="Laṇḍā scripts">Laṇḍā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lepcha_script" title="Lepcha script">Lepcha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahajani" title="Mahajani">Mahajani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marchen_script" title="Marchen script">Marchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meitei_script" title="Meitei script">Meitei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modi_script" title="Modi script">Modi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multani_script" title="Multani script">Multani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81gar%C4%AB_script" title="Nāgarī script">Nagari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nandinagari" title="Nandinagari">Nandinagari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_scripts" title="Nepalese scripts">Nepalese scripts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhujimol_script" title="Bhujimol script">Bhujimol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Golmol_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Golmol script (page does not exist)">Golmol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Himmol_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Himmol script (page does not exist)">Himmol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kummol_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kummol script (page does not exist)">Kummol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kvemmol_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kvemmol script (page does not exist)">Kvemmol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pachumol_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pachumol script (page does not exist)">Pachumol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pracalit_script" title="Pracalit script">Pracalit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranjana_script" title="Ranjana script">Ranjana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamyig_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamyig script">Tamyig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirhuta_script" title="Tirhuta script">Tirhuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limbu_script" title="Limbu script">Limbu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_scripts" title="Nepalese scripts">Litumol</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odia_script" title="Odia script">Odia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karani_script" title="Karani script">Karani</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CA%BCPhags-pa_script" title="ʼPhags-pa script">ʼPhags-pa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharada_script" title="Sharada script">Sharada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddha%E1%B9%83_script" title="Siddhaṃ script">Siddhaṃ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyombo_script" title="Soyombo script">Soyombo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylheti_Nagri" title="Sylheti Nagri">Sylheti Nagri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takri_script" title="Takri script">Takri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_script" title="Tibetan script">Tibetan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uchen_script" title="Uchen script">Uchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Um%C3%AA_script" title="Umê script">Umê</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tocharian_script" title="Tocharian script">Tocharian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zanabazar_square_script" title="Zanabazar square script">Zanabazar square</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahom_script" title="Ahom script">Ahom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balinese_script" title="Balinese script">Balinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batak_script" title="Batak script">Batak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baybayin" title="Baybayin">Baybayin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhattiprolu_script" title="Bhattiprolu script">Bhattiprolu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buda_script" title="Buda script">Buda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buhid_script" title="Buhid script">Buhid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakma_script" title="Chakma script">Chakma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cham_script" title="Cham script">Cham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fakkham_script" title="Fakkham script">Fakkham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grantha_script" title="Grantha script">Grantha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goykanadi" title="Goykanadi">Goykanadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanunoo_script" title="Hanunoo script">Hanunoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javanese_script" title="Javanese script">Javanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadamba_script" title="Kadamba script">Kadamba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannada_script" title="Kannada script">Kannada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%27gaw_Karen_alphabet" title="S'gaw Karen alphabet">Karen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawi_script" title="Kawi script">Kawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_script" title="Khmer script">Khmer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khom_Thai_script" title="Khom Thai script">Khom Thai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kulitan" title="Kulitan">Kulitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Tham_script" title="Tai Tham script">Lanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langdi" title="Langdi">Langdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lao_script" title="Lao script">Lao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leke_script" title="Leke script">Leke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lontara_script" title="Lontara script">Lontara</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lontara_Bilang-bilang_script" title="Lontara Bilang-bilang script">Bilang-bilang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makasar_script" title="Makasar script">Makasar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayalam_script" title="Malayalam script">Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldivian_writing_systems" title="Maldivian writing systems">Old Maldivian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dhives_Akuru" title="Dhives Akuru">Dhives Akuru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eveyla_Akuru" class="mw-redirect" title="Eveyla Akuru">Eveyla Akuru</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mon%E2%80%93Burmese_script" title="Mon–Burmese script">Mon–Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pallava_script" title="Pallava script">Pallava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyu_script" title="Pyu script">Pyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saurashtra_script" title="Saurashtra script">Saurashtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shan_alphabet" title="Shan alphabet">Shan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhala_script" title="Sinhala script">Sinhala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukhothai_script" title="Sukhothai script">Sukhothai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundanese_script" title="Sundanese script">Sundanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Sundanese_script" title="Old Sundanese script">Old Sundanese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagbanwa_script" title="Tagbanwa script">Tagbanwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Le_script" title="Tai Le script">Tai Le</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Tai_Lue_alphabet" title="New Tai Lue alphabet">New Tai Lue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Noi_script" title="Tai Noi script">Tai Noi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Tham_script" title="Tai Tham script">Tai Tham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Viet_script" title="Tai Viet script">Tai Viet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lai_Tay_script" title="Lai Tay script">Lai Tay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_script" title="Tamil script">Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil-Brahmi" title="Tamil-Brahmi">Tamil-Brahmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanchangya_script" title="Tanchangya script">Tanchangya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telugu_script" title="Telugu script">Telugu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_script" title="Thai script">Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tigalari_script" title="Tigalari script">Tigalari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulu_scripts" title="Ulu scripts">Ulu scripts</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Incung_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Incung script (page does not exist)">Incung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lampung_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Lampung script">Lampung</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lembak_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lembak script (page does not exist)">Lembak</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ogan_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ogan script (page does not exist)">Ogan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pasemah_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pasemah script (page does not exist)">Pasemah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rejang_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Rejang script">Rejang</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serawai_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Serawai script (page does not exist)">Serawai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatteluttu" title="Vatteluttu">Vatteluttu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kolezhuthu" class="mw-redirect" title="Kolezhuthu">Kolezhuthu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayanma" title="Malayanma">Malayanma</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bharati_script" title="Bharati script">Bharati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boyd%27s_syllabic_shorthand" title="Boyd's syllabic shorthand">Boyd's syllabic shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Aboriginal_syllabics" title="Canadian Aboriginal syllabics">Canadian syllabics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blackfoot_language#Writing_system" title="Blackfoot language">Blackfoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carrier_syllabics" title="Carrier syllabics">Déné syllabics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dham_script" title="Dham script">Dham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_language#Writing_systems" title="Fox language">Fox I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ge%CA%BDez_script" title="Geʽez script">Geʽez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunjala_Gondi_script" title="Gunjala Gondi script">Gunjala Gondi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Braille" title="Japanese Braille">Japanese Braille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarati" title="Sarati">Sarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunwar_language#Writing_Systems" title="Sunwar language">Jenticha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharosthi" title="Kharosthi">Kharosthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandombe_script" title="Mandombe script">Mandombe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gondi_writing" title="Gondi writing">Masaram Gondi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meroitic_script" title="Meroitic script">Meroitic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollard_script" title="Pollard script">Miao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mwangwego_script" title="Mwangwego script">Mwangwego</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahawh_Hmong" title="Pahawh Hmong">Pahawh Hmong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorang_Sompeng_script" title="Sorang Sompeng script">Sorang Sompeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tengwar" title="Tengwar">Tengwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaana" title="Thaana">Thaana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Natural_Shorthand" title="Thomas Natural Shorthand">Thomas Natural Shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warang_Citi" title="Warang Citi">Warang Citi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mwangwego_script" title="Mwangwego script">Mwangwego</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiang_language" title="Qiang language">Rma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Alphabets" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Alphabet" title="Alphabet">Alphabets</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Linear</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adlam_script" title="Adlam script">Adlam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariyaka_script" title="Ariyaka script">Ariyaka</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avestan_alphabet" title="Avestan alphabet">Avestan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pazend" title="Pazend">Pazend</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avoiuli" title="Avoiuli">Avoiuli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bassa_Vah_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Bassa Vah script">Bassa Vah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carian_alphabets" title="Carian alphabets">Carian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasian_Albanian_script" title="Caucasian Albanian script">Caucasian Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cirth" title="Cirth">Cirth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coelbren_y_Beirdd" title="Coelbren y Beirdd">Coelbren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coorgi%E2%80%93Cox_alphabet" title="Coorgi–Cox alphabet">Coorgi–Cox alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Coptic alphabet">Coptic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_Cyrillic" title="Bosnian Cyrillic">Bosnian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Cyrillic_alphabet" title="Early Cyrillic alphabet">Early</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deseret_alphabet" title="Deseret alphabet">Deseret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duployan_shorthand" title="Duployan shorthand">Duployan shorthand</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duployan_shorthand#Chinook_writing" title="Duployan shorthand">Chinook</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eclectic_shorthand" title="Eclectic shorthand">Eclectic shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elbasan_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Elbasan script">Elbasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enochian" title="Enochian">Enochian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_alphabet" title="Etruscan alphabet">Etruscan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Psalmanazar#Pseudo-lexicographer" title="George Psalmanazar">Formosan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_language#Writing_systems" title="Fox language">Fox II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraser_script" title="Fraser script">Fraser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabelsberger_shorthand" title="Gabelsberger shorthand">Gabelsberger shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gadabuursi_Somali_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Gadabuursi Somali script">Gadabuursi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garay_alphabet" title="Garay alphabet">Garay alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_scripts" title="Georgian scripts">Georgian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asomtavruli" class="mw-redirect" title="Asomtavruli">Asomtavruli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuskhuri" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuskhuri">Nuskhuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mkhedruli" class="mw-redirect" title="Mkhedruli">Mkhedruli</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veso_Bey_alphabet" title="Veso Bey alphabet">Veso Bey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glagolitic_script" title="Glagolitic script">Glagolitic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_alphabet" title="Gothic alphabet">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregg_shorthand" title="Gregg shorthand">Gregg shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek</a> (<a href="/wiki/Archaic_Greek_alphabets" title="Archaic Greek alphabets">Archaic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Iberian_alphabet" title="Greco-Iberian alphabet">Greco-Iberian alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul">Hangul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanifi_Rohingya_script" title="Hanifi Rohingya script">Hanifi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunwar_language#Writing_Systems" title="Sunwar language">Jenticha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaddare_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaddare script">Kaddare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayah_Li_alphabet" title="Kayah Li alphabet">Kayah Li</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klingon_scripts" title="Klingon scripts">Klingon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beneventan_script" title="Beneventan script">Beneventan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackletter" title="Blackletter">Blackletter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carolingian_minuscule" title="Carolingian minuscule">Carolingian minuscule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraktur" title="Fraktur">Fraktur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_type" title="Gaelic type">Gaelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insular_script" title="Insular script">Insular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interlac" class="mw-redirect" title="Interlac">Interlac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurrent" title="Kurrent">Kurrent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merovingian_script" title="Merovingian script">Merovingian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scribal_abbreviation" title="Scribal abbreviation">Sigla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCtterlin" title="Sütterlin">Sütterlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tironian_notes" title="Tironian notes">Tironian notes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visigothic_script" title="Visigothic script">Visigothic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luo_script" title="Luo script">Luo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lycian_alphabet" title="Lycian alphabet">Lycian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lydian_alphabet" title="Lydian alphabet">Lydian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchu_alphabet" title="Manchu alphabet">Manchu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medefaidrin" title="Medefaidrin">Medefaidrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molodtsov_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Molodtsov alphabet">Molodtsov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mru_language#Script" title="Mru language">Mru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mundari_Bani" title="Mundari Bani">Mundari Bani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%27Ko_script" title="N'Ko script">N'Ko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogham" title="Ogham">Ogham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ol_Chiki_script" title="Ol Chiki script">Ol Chiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Hungarian_script" title="Old Hungarian script">Old Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Italic_scripts" title="Old Italic scripts">Old Italic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Permic_script" title="Old Permic script">Old Permic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Turkic_script" title="Old Turkic script">Orkhon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Uyghur_alphabet" title="Old Uyghur alphabet">Old Uyghur</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_script" title="Mongolian script">Mongolian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evenki_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Evenki alphabet">Evenki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galik_alphabet" title="Galik alphabet">Galik alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchu_alphabet" title="Manchu alphabet">Manchu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clear_Script" title="Clear Script">Oirat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vagindra_script" title="Vagindra script">Vagindra</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ol_Onal" title="Ol Onal">Ol Onal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osage_script" title="Osage script">Osage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osmanya_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Osmanya script">Osmanya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pau_Cin_Hau_script" title="Pau Cin Hau script">Pau Cin Hau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrygian_alphabet" title="Phrygian alphabet">Phrygian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pisidian_language" title="Pisidian language">Pisidian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runes" class="mw-redirect" title="Runes">Runic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_runes" title="Anglo-Saxon runes">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cipher_runes" title="Cipher runes">Cipher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalecarlian_runes" title="Dalecarlian runes">Dalecarlian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elder_Futhark" title="Elder Futhark">Elder Futhark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Younger_Futhark" title="Younger Futhark">Younger Futhark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_runic_inscriptions" title="Gothic runic inscriptions">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcomannic_runes" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcomannic runes">Marcomannic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_runes" title="Medieval runes">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staveless_runes" title="Staveless runes">Staveless</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shavian_alphabet" title="Shavian alphabet">Shavian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidetic_language" title="Sidetic language">Sidetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorang_Sompeng_script" title="Sorang Sompeng script">Sorang Sompeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunuwar_alphabet" title="Sunuwar alphabet">Sunuwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tifinagh" title="Tifinagh">Tifinagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Todhri_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Todhri script">Todhri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurukh_language#Writing_systems" title="Kurukh language">Tolong Siki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vellara_alphabet" title="Vellara alphabet">Vellara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visible_Speech" title="Visible Speech">Visible Speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vithkuqi_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Vithkuqi script">Vithkuqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wancho_language#Orthography" title="Wancho language">Wancho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warang_Citi" title="Warang Citi">Warang Citi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_alphabets#Yezidi" title="Kurdish alphabets">Yezidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaghawa_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Zaghawa script">Zaghawa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Non-linear</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Braille" title="Braille">Braille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_maritime_signal_flags" title="International maritime signal flags">Maritime flags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telegraph_code" title="Telegraph code">Telegraph code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Point" title="New York Point">New York Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_semaphore" title="Flag semaphore">Flag semaphore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moon_type" title="Moon type">Moon type</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Ideograms" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ideogram" title="Ideogram">Ideograms</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adinkra_symbols" title="Adinkra symbols">Adinkra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_script" title="Aztec script">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blissymbols" title="Blissymbols">Blissymbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dongba_symbols" title="Dongba symbols">Dongba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ersu_Shaba_script" title="Ersu Shaba script">Ersu Shaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emoji" title="Emoji">Emoji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isotype_(picture_language)" title="Isotype (picture language)">Isotype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaid%C4%81_glyphs" title="Kaidā glyphs">Kaidā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mi%EA%9E%8Ckmaw_hieroglyphic_writing" class="mw-redirect" title="Miꞌkmaw hieroglyphic writing">Miꞌkmaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixtec_writing" title="Mixtec writing">Mixtec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Epoch_Notation_Painting" class="mw-redirect" title="New Epoch Notation Painting">New Epoch Notation Painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nsibidi" title="Nsibidi">Nsibidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ojibwe_writing_systems#Ojibwe_"hieroglyphs"" title="Ojibwe writing systems">Ojibwe Hieroglyphs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olmec_hieroglyphs" title="Olmec hieroglyphs">Olmec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siglas_poveiras" title="Siglas poveiras">Siglas poveiras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testerian" title="Testerian">Testerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yerkish" title="Yerkish">Yerkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zapotec_script" title="Zapotec script">Zapotec</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Logograms" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Logogram" title="Logogram">Logograms</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_family_of_scripts" title="Chinese family of scripts">Chinese family of scripts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_characters" title="Chinese characters">Chinese characters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oracle_bone_script" title="Oracle bone script">Oracle bone script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_bronze_inscriptions" title="Chinese bronze inscriptions">Bronze scripts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seal_script" title="Seal script">Seal script</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Large_seal_script" title="Large seal script">large</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_seal_script" title="Small seal script">small</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bird-worm_seal_script" title="Bird-worm seal script">bird-worm</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanja" title="Hanja">Hanja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanji" title="Kanji">Kanji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%E1%BB%AF_N%C3%B4m" title="Chữ Nôm">Chữ Nôm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawndip" title="Sawndip">Sawndip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bowen_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Bowen script">Bowen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Chinese-influenced</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jurchen_script" title="Jurchen script">Jurchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khitan_large_script" title="Khitan large script">Khitan large script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sui_script" title="Sui script">Sui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangut_script" title="Tangut script">Tangut</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Cuneiform" title="Cuneiform">Cuneiform</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akkadian_cuneiform" class="mw-redirect" title="Akkadian cuneiform">Akkadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_cuneiform" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrian cuneiform">Assyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elamite_cuneiform" title="Elamite cuneiform">Elamite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hittite_cuneiform" title="Hittite cuneiform">Hittite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuneiform_Luwian" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuneiform Luwian">Luwian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuneiform" title="Cuneiform">Sumerian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Other logosyllabic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_hieroglyphs" title="Anatolian hieroglyphs">Anatolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagam_script" title="Bagam script">Bagam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_hieroglyphs" title="Cretan hieroglyphs">Cretan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isthmian_script" title="Isthmian script">Isthmian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_script" title="Maya script">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Elamite_script" title="Proto-Elamite script">Proto-Elamite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenevil" title="Tenevil">Tenevil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yi_script#Classical_Yi" title="Yi script">Yi (Classical)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Logoconsonantal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demotic_(Egyptian)" title="Demotic (Egyptian)">Demotic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hieratic" title="Hieratic">Hieratic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyphs" title="Egyptian hieroglyphs">Hieroglyphs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Numerals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu%E2%80%93Arabic_numeral_system" title="Hindu–Arabic numeral system">Hindu-Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abjad_numerals" title="Abjad numerals">Abjad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attic_numerals" title="Attic numerals">Attic (Greek)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muisca_numerals" title="Muisca numerals">Muisca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_numerals" title="Roman numerals">Roman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sitelen_Pona" title="Sitelen Pona">Sitelen Pona</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Semi-syllabaries" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Semi-syllabaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-syllabaries">Semi-syllabaries</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Full</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linear_Elamite" title="Linear Elamite">Linear Elamite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtiberian_script" title="Celtiberian script">Celtiberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_Iberian_script" title="Northeastern Iberian script">Northeastern Iberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeastern_Iberian_script" title="Southeastern Iberian script">Southeastern Iberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khom_script_(Ong_Kommadam)" title="Khom script (Ong Kommadam)">Khom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunging_script" title="Dunging script">Dunging</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Redundant</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Espanca_script" title="Espanca script">Espanca script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahawh_Hmong" title="Pahawh Hmong">Pahawh Hmong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khitan_small_script" title="Khitan small script">Khitan small script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwest_Paleohispanic_script" title="Southwest Paleohispanic script">Southwest Paleohispanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bopomofo" title="Bopomofo">Bopomofo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_writing_in_Vietnam#Quốc_Âm_Tân_Tự" title="History of writing in Vietnam">Quốc Âm Tân Tự</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Sign_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sign_language" title="Sign language">Sign languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ASLwrite" title="ASLwrite">ASLwrite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SignWriting" title="SignWriting">SignWriting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Si5s" title="Si5s">si5s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stokoe_notation" title="Stokoe notation">Stokoe notation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Syllabaries" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Syllabary" title="Syllabary">Syllabaries</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afaka_syllabary" title="Afaka syllabary">Afaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bamum_script" title="Bamum script">Bamum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9t%C3%A9_syllabary" title="Bété syllabary">Bété</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byblos_syllabary" title="Byblos syllabary">Byblos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Aboriginal_syllabics" title="Canadian Aboriginal syllabics">Canadian Aboriginal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_syllabary" title="Cherokee syllabary">Cherokee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_syllabary" title="Cypriot syllabary">Cypriot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypro-Minoan_syllabary" title="Cypro-Minoan syllabary">Cypro-Minoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ditema_tsa_Dinoko" title="Ditema tsa Dinoko">Ditema tsa Dinoko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eskayan_script" title="Eskayan script">Eskayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geba_syllabary" title="Geba syllabary">Geba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_Algonquian_syllabics" title="Great Lakes Algonquian syllabics">Great Lakes Algonquian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iban_language#Alphabet" title="Iban language">Iban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idu_script" title="Idu script">Idu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kana" title="Kana">Kana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hiragana" title="Hiragana">Hiragana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katakana" title="Katakana">Katakana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man%27y%C5%8Dgana" title="Man'yōgana">Man'yōgana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hentaigana" title="Hentaigana">Hentaigana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C5%8Dgana" title="Sōgana">Sōgana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jindai_moji" title="Jindai moji">Jindai moji</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mende_Kikakui_script" title="Mende Kikakui script">Kikakui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kpelle_syllabary" title="Kpelle syllabary">Kpelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_B" title="Linear B">Linear B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_Elamite" title="Linear Elamite">Linear Elamite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisu_language#Lisu_syllabary" title="Lisu language">Lisu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loma_language#writing_systems" title="Loma language">Loma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%BCshu" title="Nüshu">Nüshu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nwagu_Aneke_script" title="Nwagu Aneke script">Nwagu Aneke script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Persian_cuneiform" title="Old Persian cuneiform">Old Persian cuneiform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuneiform" title="Cuneiform">Sumerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vai_syllabary" title="Vai syllabary">Vai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woleai_script" title="Woleai script">Woleai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yi_script#Modern_Yi" title="Yi script">Yi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugtun_script" title="Yugtun script">Yugtun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Braille" title="Template:Braille"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Braille" title="Template talk:Braille"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Braille" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Braille"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Braille_⠃⠗⠁⠊⠇⠇⠑" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Braille" title="Braille">Braille</a><span style="padding-left:0.5em;"> </span>⠃⠗⠁⠊⠇⠇⠑</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Braille cell</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1829_braille" title="1829 braille">1829 braille</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/International_uniformity_of_braille_alphabets" title="International uniformity of braille alphabets">International uniformity</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_ASCII" title="Braille ASCII">ASCII braille</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_Patterns" title="Braille Patterns">Unicode braille patterns</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Braille scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:French-ordered_braille_alphabets" title="Category:French-ordered braille alphabets">French-ordered</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Braille" title="Albanian Braille">Albanian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Azeri_Braille" class="mw-redirect" title="Azeri Braille">Azerbaijani</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_Braille" title="Cantonese Braille">Cantonese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Catalan_Braille" title="Catalan Braille">Catalan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mainland_Chinese_Braille" title="Mainland Chinese Braille">Chinese (mainland Mandarin)</a> (largely reassigned)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Czech_Braille" title="Czech Braille">Czech</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Braille" title="Dutch Braille">Dutch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/English_Braille" title="English Braille">English</a> (<a href="/wiki/Unified_English_Braille" title="Unified English Braille">Unified English</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Esperanto_Braille" title="Esperanto Braille">Esperanto</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/French_Braille" title="French Braille">French</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_Braille" title="German Braille">German</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ghanaian_braille" title="Ghanaian braille">Ghanaian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Guarani_Braille" title="Guarani Braille">Guarani</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_Braille" title="Hawaiian Braille">Hawaiian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Braille" title="Hungarian Braille">Hungarian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/I%C3%B1upiaq_Braille" title="Iñupiaq Braille">Iñupiaq</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/IPA_Braille" title="IPA Braille">IPA</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Irish_Braille" title="Irish Braille">Irish</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italian_Braille" title="Italian Braille">Italian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Latvian_Braille" title="Latvian Braille">Latvian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Braille" title="Lithuanian Braille">Lithuanian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Luxembourgish_Braille" title="Luxembourgish Braille">Luxembourgish</a> (extended to 8-dot)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Maltese_Braille" title="Maltese Braille">Maltese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_Braille" title="Māori Braille">Māori</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Navajo_Braille" title="Navajo Braille">Navajo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_braille" title="Nigerian braille">Nigerian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Braille" title="Philippine Braille">Philippine</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Polish_Braille" title="Polish Braille">Polish</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Braille" title="Portuguese Braille">Portuguese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Braille" title="Romanian Braille">Romanian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Samoan_Braille" title="Samoan Braille">Samoan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Braille" title="Slovak Braille">Slovak</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/South_African_braille" title="South African braille">South African</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Braille" title="Spanish Braille">Spanish</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Braille" title="Taiwanese Braille">Taiwanese Mandarin</a> (largely reassigned)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Braille" title="Turkish Braille">Turkish</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_Braille" title="Vietnamese Braille">Vietnamese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Braille" title="Welsh Braille">Welsh</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Braille" title="Yugoslav Braille">Yugoslav</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Zambian_Braille" title="Zambian Braille">Zambian</a></span></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nordic family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Estonian_Braille" title="Estonian Braille">Estonian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Faroese_Braille" title="Faroese Braille">Faroese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_Braille" title="Icelandic Braille">Icelandic</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_Braille" title="Scandinavian Braille">Scandinavian</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">Danish</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Finnish</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Greenlandic</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Northern_S%C3%A1mi_Braille" title="Northern Sámi Braille">Northern Sámi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Norwegian</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Swedish</span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Russian lineage family<br />i.e. <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_alphabets" title="Cyrillic alphabets">Cyrillic</a>-mediated scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Braille" title="Belarusian Braille">Belarusian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Braille" title="Bulgarian Braille">Bulgarian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_Braille" title="Kazakh Braille">Kazakh</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_Braille" title="Kyrgyz Braille">Kyrgyz</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Braille" title="Mongolian Braille">Mongolian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Braille" title="Russian Braille">Russian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tatar_Braille" title="Tatar Braille">Tatar</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Braille" title="Ukrainian Braille">Ukrainian</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Egyptian lineage family<br />i.e. <a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic</a>-mediated scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arabic_Braille" title="Arabic Braille">Arabic</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Persian_Braille" title="Persian Braille">Persian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Urdu_Braille" title="Urdu Braille">Urdu</a> (Pakistan)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indian lineage family<br />i.e. <a href="/wiki/Bharati_Braille" title="Bharati Braille">Bharati Braille</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Devanagari_Braille" title="Devanagari Braille">Devanagari (Hindi / Marathi / Nepali)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Braille" title="Bengali Braille">Bengali (Bangla / Assamese)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_Braille" title="Gujarati Braille">Gujarati</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kannada_Braille" title="Kannada Braille">Kannada</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Malayalam_Braille" title="Malayalam Braille">Malayalam</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Odia_Braille" title="Odia Braille">Odia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Braille" title="Punjabi Braille">Punjabi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sinhala_Braille" title="Sinhala Braille">Sinhala</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Braille" title="Tamil Braille">Tamil</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Telugu_Braille" title="Telugu Braille">Telugu</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Urdu_Braille" title="Urdu Braille">Urdu</a> (India)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ge%27ez_Braille" class="mw-redirect" title="Ge'ez Braille">Amharic</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Braille" title="Armenian Braille">Armenian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Burmese_Braille" title="Burmese Braille">Burmese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dzongkha_Braille" title="Dzongkha Braille">Dzongkha</a> (Bhutanese)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Braille" title="Georgian Braille">Georgian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Greek_Braille" title="Greek Braille">Greek</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Braille" title="Hebrew Braille">Hebrew</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Inuktitut_Braille" title="Inuktitut Braille">Inuktitut</a> (reassigned vowels)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Khmer_Braille" title="Khmer Braille">Khmer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thai_and_Lao_Braille" title="Thai and Lao Braille">Thai and Lao</a> (Japanese vowels)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Braille" title="Tibetan Braille">Tibetan</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reordered</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Algerian_Braille" title="Algerian Braille">Algerian Braille</a> (obsolete)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Frequency-based</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/American_Braille" title="American Braille">American Braille</a> (obsolete)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Independent</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">Chinese semi-syllabaries</span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_Braille" title="Cantonese Braille">Cantonese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mainland_Chinese_Braille" title="Mainland Chinese Braille">Mainland Chinese Mandarin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Braille" title="Taiwanese Braille">Taiwanese Mandarin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Two-cell_Chinese_Braille" title="Two-cell Chinese Braille">Two-cell Chinese (Shuangpin)</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Braille" title="Japanese Braille">Japanese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Korean_Braille" title="Korean Braille">Korean</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eight-dot</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Luxembourgish_Braille" title="Luxembourgish Braille">Luxembourgish</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_kanji" title="Braille kanji">Kanji</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gardner%E2%80%93Salinas_braille_codes" title="Gardner–Salinas braille codes">Gardner–Salinas braille codes</a> (GS8)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Symbols in braille</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_music" title="Braille music">Braille music</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Canadian_currency_tactile_feature" title="Canadian currency tactile feature">Canadian currency marks</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Computer_Braille_Code" title="Computer Braille Code">Computer Braille Code</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gardner%E2%80%93Salinas_braille_codes" title="Gardner–Salinas braille codes">Gardner–Salinas braille codes</a> (science; GS8/GS6)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/IPA_Braille" title="IPA Braille">International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nemeth_Braille" title="Nemeth Braille">Nemeth braille code</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Braille_technology" title="Braille technology">Braille technology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_e-book" title="Braille e-book">Braille e-book</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_embosser" title="Braille embosser">Braille embosser</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_translator" title="Braille translator">Braille translator</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_watch" title="Braille watch">Braille watch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mountbatten_Brailler" title="Mountbatten Brailler">Mountbatten Brailler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Optical_braille_recognition" title="Optical braille recognition">Optical braille recognition</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Perforation" title="Perforation">Perforation</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Perkins_Brailler" title="Perkins Brailler">Perkins Brailler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Refreshable_braille_display" title="Refreshable braille display">Refreshable braille display</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Slate_and_stylus" title="Slate and stylus">Slate and stylus</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braigo" title="Braigo">Braigo</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Louis_Braille" title="Louis Braille">Louis Braille</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Barbier" title="Charles Barbier">Charles Barbier</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/R%C3%B3%C5%BCa_Czacka" title="Róża Czacka">Róża Czacka</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Valentin_Ha%C3%BCy" title="Valentin Haüy">Valentin Haüy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Harris_Mowbray" title="Harris Mowbray">Harris Mowbray</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thakur_Vishva_Narain_Singh" title="Thakur Vishva Narain Singh">Thakur Vishva Narain Singh</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sabriye_Tenberken" title="Sabriye Tenberken">Sabriye Tenberken</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Bell_Wait" title="William Bell Wait">William Bell Wait</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_Institute_of_America" title="Braille Institute of America">Braille Institute of America</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_Without_Borders" title="Braille Without Borders">Braille Without Borders</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japan_Braille_Library" title="Japan Braille Library">Japan Braille Library</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/National_Braille_Association" title="National Braille Association">National Braille Association</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Category:Blindness_organizations" title="Category:Blindness organizations">Blindness organizations</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Category:Schools_for_the_blind" title="Category:Schools for the blind">Schools for the blind</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/American_Printing_House_for_the_Blind" title="American Printing House for the Blind">American Printing House for the Blind</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other <a href="/wiki/Tactile_alphabet" title="Tactile alphabet">tactile alphabets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Decapoint" title="Decapoint">Decapoint</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Moon_type" title="Moon type">Moon type</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/New_York_Point" title="New York Point">New York Point</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Night_writing" title="Night writing">Night writing</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vibratese" title="Vibratese">Vibratese</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Accessible_publishing" title="Accessible publishing">Accessible publishing</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_literacy" title="Braille literacy">Braille literacy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/RoboBraille" title="RoboBraille">RoboBraille</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11932#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh2009115579">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Alphabet arménien"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12077575v">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Alphabet arménien"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12077575v">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="arménské písmo"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph744972&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007557102405171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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