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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Indian Bengali theologian, journalist and freedom fighter</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Brahmabandhav Upadhyay</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Brahmabandhab_Upadhyay.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Brahmabandhab_Upadhyay.jpg/220px-Brahmabandhab_Upadhyay.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="306" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Brahmabandhab_Upadhyay.jpg/330px-Brahmabandhab_Upadhyay.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/34/Brahmabandhab_Upadhyay.jpg 2x" data-file-width="379" data-file-height="527" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1861-02-11</span>)</span>11 February 1861<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace">Khanyan, District - Hooghly, <a href="/wiki/Bengal_Presidency" title="Bengal Presidency">Bengal</a>, British India</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">27 October 1907<span style="display:none">(1907-10-27)</span> (aged 46)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Calcutta" class="mw-redirect" title="Calcutta">Calcutta</a>, Bengal, British India</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data category">Indian</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation(s)</th><td class="infobox-data role">Theologian and Nationalist leader)</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Brahmabandhav Upadhyay</b> (born <i><b>Bhavani Charan Bandyopadhyay</b></i>) (11 February 1861 – 27 October 1907) was an <a href="/wiki/Bengalis" title="Bengalis">Indian Bengali</a> theologian, journalist and freedom fighter.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBhattacharya2008_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBhattacharya2008-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was closely attached with <a href="/wiki/Keshub_Chandra_Sen" title="Keshub Chandra Sen">Keshub Chandra Sen</a>, classmate of <a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Swami Vivekananda</a> and close acquaintance of <a href="/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore" title="Rabindranath Tagore">Rabindranath Tagore</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZacharias193329-30_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZacharias193329-30-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brahmabandhav_Upadhyay&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Brahmabandhab Upadhyay was born as <i>Bhavani Charan Bandyopadhyay</i> in a <i>Kulin</i> Brahmin family.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnimananda1908_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnimananda1908-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His father, Debi Charan Bandyopadhyay was a police officer of the British regime. Debicharan had three sons. The eldest was Hari Charan, who became a doctor in Calcutta, the second was Parbati Charan who practiced as a pleader, and the third was Bhavani Charan. He was born in village Khannyan in Hooghly district of undivided Bengal (presently in West Bengal). Bhavani Charan lost his mother Radha Kumari when he was only one year of age and was raised by one of his grand mothers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChandrakunnel2005_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChandrakunnel2005-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bhavani Charan received his education in institutions such as Scottish Mission School, Hooghly Collegiate School, Metropolitan Institution (now <a href="/wiki/Vidyasagar_College" title="Vidyasagar College">Vidyasagar College</a>), and the General Assembly's Institution (now <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Church_College" title="Scottish Church College">Scottish Church College</a> in Calcutta.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERao2001195–200_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERao2001195–200-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESen2005_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESen2005-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the General Assembly's Institution, during 1880s, he was in the same class with Narendranath Dutta, who, at a later date, became <a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Swami Vivekananda</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBhattacharya200889–90_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBhattacharya200889–90-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was a friend of Rabindranath Tagore. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Varied_religious_orientations">Varied religious orientations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brahmabandhav_Upadhyay&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Varied religious orientations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Born_a_Brahmin">Born a Brahmin</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brahmabandhav_Upadhyay&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Born a Brahmin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bhavani Charan hailed from a religious Hindu Brahmin family. At 13 he had undergone the Upanayana ceremony, the investiture of the sacred thread necessary to mark the coming of age of a Brahmin boy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChandrakunnel2005_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChandrakunnel2005-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Adoption_of_Brahmoism">Adoption of Brahmoism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brahmabandhav_Upadhyay&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Adoption of Brahmoism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While he was in the college, he was inclined to Brahmoism, under the influence of Keshub Chandra Sen and Debendranath Tagore, the father of Rabindranath Tagore. In 1881 he adopted Brahmoism and became a preacher. He went to Hyderabad town of the province of Sindh (presently in Pakistan) as a school teacher of a Brahmo school.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERao2001195–200_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERao2001195–200-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Deeply_Christian">Deeply Christian</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brahmabandhav_Upadhyay&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Deeply Christian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When Keshub Chandra Sen died in the year 1884, Bhavani Charan came back and slowly got inclined to Christianity. In February 1891, he was baptized a Christian by the Reverend Heaton of Bishop's college,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERao2001195–200_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERao2001195–200-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> an Anglican clergyman, and six months later, conditionally, in the Catholic Church of Karachi. It was a remarkable journey in his life exploring the theological beliefs and ideologies which did not end there being converted to Catholicism, though, during this phase, he was successful in attracting a large number of educated Bengali Hindu youth to be converted to Christianity.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESebastian200851_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESebastian200851-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1894, Bhavani Charan adopted this name, <i><b>Brahmabandhab Upadhyay</b></i>, declaring himself as a Christian Sannyasi (Monk).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFirth-Smith2011_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFirth-Smith2011-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Latinized form of the Greek name Θεοφιλος (Theophilos), taken from Bhabani Charan's baptised name Theophilus, which meant "friend of god", derived from θεος (theos) "god" and φιλος (philos) "friend". "Upadhyay" is close to mean a Teacher.<sup id="cite_ref-wiki1_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wiki1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Wikipedia_and_sources_that_mirror_or_use_it" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="This claim cites another Wikipedia article. Articles need references to reliable third-party sources. (November 2017)">circular reference</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In January 1894, Brahmabandhav started editing "Sophia", an apologetical journal, in Karachi.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZacharias1933_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZacharias1933-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At one time, he shifted his base to Jabalpur in Central Province (now Madhya Pradesh). There he established a Kasthalik Math, a hermitage for the converts. He also initiated the Concord Club and initiated a religious journal titled "Concord."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESen2005_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESen2005-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When he shifted his base to Calcutta in 1900, Brahmabandhab lived in a rented house at Beadon Street, Calcutta. Within a short distance was Bethune Row, where he had established his office to run his weekly magazine "Sophia". He published a series of articles through which he defended the Catholic Church and its manifestations. </p><p>Brahmabandhab claimed himself to be called a <i>Hindu Catholic</i>, and wore saffron clothes, walked barefoot and used to wear an ebony cross around his neck.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERao2001195–200_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERao2001195–200-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1898 he argued in an article titled "Are we Hindus?", "By birth, we are Hindu and shall remain Hindu till death. .. We are Hindus so far as our physical and mental constitution is concerned, but in regard to our immortal souls we are Catholic. We are Hindu Catholic."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELipner1999209_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipner1999209-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Brahmabandhab envisioned an indigenous church in India embracing the fundamental manifestation of Indian living. He is identified as one of the first Christians propagating <i>Sannyasi</i> lifestyle in Ashram.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins2007209_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins2007209-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Brahmabandhab toured England and Europe during 1902-3. The Archbishop of Calcutta gave him a recommendation: "By means of this statement we declare Brahmabandhav (Theophilus) Upadhyay, a Calcutta Brahmin, to be a Catholic of sound morals, burning with zeal for the conversion of his compatriots."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELipner1999294_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipner1999294-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Socially_remaining_a_Hindu">Socially remaining a Hindu</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brahmabandhav_Upadhyay&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Socially remaining a Hindu"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In course of time, Brahmabandhab's attachment to Hinduism became evident. In August 1907, two months before his untimely death, he declared to undergo <i><a href="/wiki/Pr%C4%81ya%C5%9Bcitta" title="Prāyaścitta">prāyaścitta</a></i> (expression of reparation in Hindu custom) through a public ceremony for the purpose of readmission into the Hindu society (<i>Samaj</i>), completing a full circle in his religious voyage throughout his life,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELipner1999_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipner1999-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while explicitly remaining a Catholic Christian by his faith.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Social_activities">Social activities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brahmabandhav_Upadhyay&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Social activities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While Bramhabandhab was in Brahmosamaj, he initiated a boys' school in Sindh in the year 1888. He also taught for some time in Union Academy,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESen2005_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESen2005-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which was established 1887 as the "Bengalee Boys High School" founded in Shimla under the chairmanship of <a href="/wiki/Nripendra_Nath_Sircar" title="Nripendra Nath Sircar">Sir Nripendra Nath Sircar</a>. He brought out a monthly journal titled The Twentieth Century in association with Nagendranath Gupta (1861-1940).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESen2005_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESen2005-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Brahmabandhab and his disciple Animananda started a school in Kolkata in 1901. The aim of the school was to teach and propagate the Vedic and Vedantic ideas of life along with modern education among the elite class of the society. Rabindranath Tagore was very much attracted to this idea of reviving the old Indian ideal of paedagogy and offered them to shift their school to Santiniketan in his father's estate.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZacharias193329-30_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZacharias193329-30-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This way Tagore's school at Shantiniketan was conceived, which later became known and famous as Viswa Bharati. There were three teachers, namely Reba Chand, Jagadananda Roy, and Shibdhan Vidyarnab, apart from Rabindranath and Brahmabandhab, and there were five students, namely, Rathindranath Tagore, Gourgobinda Gupta, Premkumar Gupta, Ashok Kumar Gupta and Sudhir Chandra Nun.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDesai2010_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDesai2010-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This collaboration could not continue for long and in 1902 Brahmabandhab and Animananda left Shantiniketan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZacharias193329-30_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZacharias193329-30-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From 1902 to 1903 Brahmabandhab toured Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESen2005_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESen2005-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He lectured at Oxford and Cambridge Universities and preached Vedantism. When he came back, he saw Bengal as a hot seat of political activities, and he too fervently plunged into the political doldrums. He was gradually coming to the conclusion that before India could become Catholic, she must be politically free. His journal "Sofia" soon became the strongest critique of the British imperialism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZacharias1933_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZacharias1933-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Patriotic_activities">Patriotic activities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brahmabandhav_Upadhyay&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Patriotic activities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When he was in high school, Bhavani Charan became inclined toward the Indian nationalist movement for freedom, and during his college education, he plunged into the freedom movement. His biographer, <a href="/wiki/Julius_Lipner" class="mw-redirect" title="Julius Lipner">Julius Lipner</a>, says that Brahmabandhab "made a significant contribution to the shaping of the new India whose identity began to emerge from the first half of the nineteenth century".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELipner1999xv_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipner1999xv-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was contemporary to and friend of the poet <a href="/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore" title="Rabindranath Tagore">Rabindranath Tagore</a> and Vivekananda. According to Lipner, "Vivekananda lit the sacrificial flame or revolution, Brahmabandhab in fuelling it, safeguarded and fanned the sacrifice."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELipner1999xv_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipner1999xv-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Brahmabandhab Upadhyay acted as editor of <i>Sandhya</i>, till the last day of his life. After the movement of partition of Bengal in 1905, there was a boost in nationalist ideologies and several publications took active and fierce role in propagating them, including Sandhya.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPatel2008_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPatel2008-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In March 1907, Sandhya elaborated its motto, "If death comes in the striving, the death will be converted to immortality."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPatel2008_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPatel2008-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In May 1907, <i>Sandhya</i> reported, "People are soundly thrashing a <i>feringhi</i> whenever they are coming across one. And here whenever a <i>feringhi</i> is seen the boys throw a <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/brickbat" class="extiw" title="wikt:brickbat">brickbat</a> at him. And thrashing of European soldiers are continuing..." Further it added, "Listen and you will hear the Mother's trumpet are sounding. Mother's son do not tarry, but to get ready; go about from village to village and prepare the Indians for death."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPatel2008_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPatel2008-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In September 1907 <i>Sandhya</i> wrote, "God gives opportunities to all nations to to [<i><a href="/wiki/Sic" title="Sic">sic</a></i>] free themselves from their stupor and strength to make the necessary beginning."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPatel2008_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPatel2008-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bramhabandhab wrote in <i>Sandhya</i> on 26 October 1907, a day before his death, "I will not got to the jail of the feringhi to work as a prisoner.. I had never been at any one's beck and call. I obeyed none. At the fag end of my old age they will send me to jail for law's sake, and I will work for nothing. Impossible! I won't go to jail, I have been called."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPatel2008_19-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPatel2008-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Arrest,_trial_and_death"><span id="Arrest.2C_trial_and_death"></span>Arrest, trial and death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brahmabandhav_Upadhyay&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Arrest, trial and death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 10 September 1907, Bramhabandhab was arrested and prosecuted on a charge of sedition. His articles were found to be inflammatory. Bramhabandhab refused to defend himself in the court, and on 23 September 1907 a statement was submitted through his counsel to the court, Barrister <a href="/wiki/Chittaranjan_Das" title="Chittaranjan Das">Chittaranjan Das</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnimananda1908_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnimananda1908-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>I accept the entire responsibility of the publication, management and conduct of the newspaper Sandhya and I say that I am the writer of the article, <i>Ekhan theke gechi premer dai</i> which appeared in the Sandhya on the 13th August 1907, being one of the articles forming the subject matter of this prosecution. But I do not want to take part in the trial, because I do not believe that, in carrying out my humble share of the God appointed mission of Swaraj, I am in any way accountable to the alien people, who happen to rule over us and whose interest is, and necessarily be, in the way of our true national development.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnimananda1908_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnimananda1908-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>During the trial, Brahmabandhab reported pain in his abdomen and was admitted to the <a href="/wiki/Nil_Ratan_Sircar_Medical_College_and_Hospital" title="Nil Ratan Sircar Medical College and Hospital">Campbell Hospital</a> of Calcutta.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESen2005_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESen2005-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He had undergone a hernia operation but could not overcome his sufferings and succumbed to death on 27 October 1907 under a precarious situation at the age of 46 only.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERao2001195–200_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERao2001195–200-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A detailed account of the last moments of Brahmabandhab Upadhyay and the funeral procession to the cremation ground can be found in Animananda, The Blade<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnimananda1946_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnimananda1946-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (p. 173-178): </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The news of his death spread fast and crowds began to gather at the Campbell Hospital. Due to the increasing number of people and mounting excitement, hospital authorities decided to remove the body from the hospital premises. Upadhyay's body was carried from the hospital and was placed on the roadside under a tree while further preparations were made. His friends and relatives carried the body in a flower-decked bier towards the Sandhya office, occasionally stopping on the way. Nearly five thousand people had gathered when the funeral process started from the Sandhya office at around 4 p.m. The procession, chanting bande mataram, proceeded to the cremation ground. When the body reached the cremation ground, patriotic songs were sung and a number of poignant speeches were made. Since Upadhyay had no offspring, the funeral pyre was lit by his nephew, following Hindu custom. Songs continued to be sung and people came up to the pyre to pay homage till well into the night.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnimananda1946_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnimananda1946-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Primary_bibliography_(Writings)"><span id="Primary_bibliography_.28Writings.29"></span>Primary bibliography (Writings)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brahmabandhav_Upadhyay&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Primary bibliography (Writings)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:B.Upadhyay%27s_collected_writings.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/B.Upadhyay%27s_collected_writings.JPG/220px-B.Upadhyay%27s_collected_writings.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/B.Upadhyay%27s_collected_writings.JPG/330px-B.Upadhyay%27s_collected_writings.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/B.Upadhyay%27s_collected_writings.JPG/440px-B.Upadhyay%27s_collected_writings.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>The collected writings of Bramhabandhab Upadhyay (in Goethals Library, Kolkata)</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Hundreds of articles in Bengali and English in short-lived journals and magazines of Bengal such as <i>Sophia</i>, <i>Jote</i>, <i>Sandhya</i>, <i>The Twentieth Century</i>, <i>Swaraj</i>, etc.</li> <li><i>The Writings of Brahmabandhab Upadhyay</i> (ed. by J.Lipner and G.Gispert-Sauch), 2 vols., Bangalore, 1991 and 2001.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Secondary_bibliography">Secondary bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brahmabandhav_Upadhyay&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Secondary bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output 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Eugene, Oregon, 2019.</li> <li>Spendlove, Gregory Blake. <i>A Critical Study of the Life and Thought of Brahmabandhab Upadhyay.</i> Deerfield: Trinity International University, 2005.</li> <li>Tennent, Timothy C. <i>Building Christianity on Indian Foundations: The Legacy of Brahmabāndhav Upādhyāy.</i> Delhi: ISPCK, 2000.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brahmabandhav_Upadhyay&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBhattacharya2008-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBhattacharya2008_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBhattacharya2008">Bhattacharya (2008)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZacharias193329-30-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZacharias193329-30_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZacharias193329-30_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZacharias193329-30_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZacharias1933">Zacharias (1933)</a>, p. 29-30</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnimananda1908-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnimananda1908_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnimananda1908_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnimananda1908_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnimananda1908">Animananda (1908)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChandrakunnel2005-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChandrakunnel2005_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChandrakunnel2005_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChandrakunnel2005">Chandrakunnel (2005)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERao2001195–200-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERao2001195–200_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERao2001195–200_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERao2001195–200_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERao2001195–200_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERao2001195–200_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRao2001">Rao (2001)</a>, pp. 195–200</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESen2005-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESen2005_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESen2005_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESen2005_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESen2005_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESen2005_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESen2005_6-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSen2005">Sen (2005)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBhattacharya200889–90-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBhattacharya200889–90_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBhattacharya2008">Bhattacharya (2008)</a>, pp. 89–90</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESebastian200851-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESebastian200851_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSebastian2008">Sebastian (2008)</a>, pp. 51</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFirth-Smith2011-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFirth-Smith2011_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFirth-Smith2011">Firth-Smith (2011)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wiki1-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wiki1_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Theophilus_(biblical)" title="Theophilus (biblical)">Theophilus (biblical)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZacharias1933-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZacharias1933_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZacharias1933_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZacharias1933">Zacharias (1933)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELipner1999209-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELipner1999209_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLipner1999">Lipner (1999)</a>, p. 209</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins2007209-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins2007209_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCollins2007">Collins (2007)</a>, p. 209</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELipner1999294-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELipner1999294_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLipner1999">Lipner (1999)</a>, p. 294</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELipner1999-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELipner1999_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLipner1999">Lipner (1999)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Christian Lavarenne, <i>Swâmi Brahmabandhab Upadhyay (1861-1907) : Théologie chrétienne et pensée du Védânta</i>, Lille : ANRT, 1992, p. 316-317.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDesai2010-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDesai2010_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDesai2010">Desai (2010)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELipner1999xv-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELipner1999xv_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELipner1999xv_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLipner1999">Lipner (1999)</a>, p. xv</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPatel2008-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPatel2008_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPatel2008_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPatel2008_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPatel2008_19-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPatel2008_19-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPatel2008">Patel (2008)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnimananda1946-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnimananda1946_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnimananda1946_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnimananda1946">Animananda (1946)</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brahmabandhav_Upadhyay&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vidyajyoti.in">Vidyajyoti College of Theology</a></li></ul> <div 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