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id="toc-Pictorial_scheme" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pictorial_scheme"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Pictorial scheme </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Pictorial_scheme-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Pictorial scheme subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Pictorial_scheme-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nine_scenes_from_the_Book_of_Genesis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nine_scenes_from_the_Book_of_Genesis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Nine scenes from the Book of Genesis </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nine_scenes_from_the_Book_of_Genesis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Creation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Creation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.1 Creation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Creation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adam_and_Eve" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adam_and_Eve"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.2 Adam and Eve </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adam_and_Eve-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Noah" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Noah"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.3 Noah </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Noah-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medallions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medallions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.4 Medallions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medallions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Twelve_prophetic_figures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Twelve_prophetic_figures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Twelve prophetic figures </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Twelve_prophetic_figures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Prophets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prophets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.1 Prophets </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prophets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sibyls" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sibyls"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.2 Sibyls </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sibyls-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spandrels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spandrels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Spandrels </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spandrels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ancestors_of_Christ" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancestors_of_Christ"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Ancestors of Christ </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancestors_of_Christ-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ignudi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ignudi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Ignudi </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ignudi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stylistic_analysis_and_artistic_legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stylistic_analysis_and_artistic_legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Stylistic analysis and artistic legacy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stylistic_analysis_and_artistic_legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Damage_and_restoration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Damage_and_restoration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Damage and restoration </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Damage_and_restoration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Quotations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Quotations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Quotations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Quotations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Reference_images" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reference_images"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Reference images </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reference_images-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biblical_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biblical_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 Biblical sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biblical_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.3 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Sistine Chapel ceiling</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 29 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-29" aria-hidden="true" > 29 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plafon_van_die_Sixtynse_kapel" title="Plafon van die Sixtynse kapel – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Plafon van die Sixtynse kapel" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%82%D9%81_%D9%83%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%A9_%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A7" title="سقف كنيسة سيستينا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سقف كنيسة سيستينا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikstin_kapellas%C4%B1n%C4%B1n_tavan%C4%B1" title="Sikstin kapellasının tavanı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Sikstin kapellasının tavanı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volta_de_la_Capella_Sixtina" title="Volta de la Capella Sixtina – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Volta de la Capella Sixtina" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stropn%C3%AD_fresky_v_Sixtinsk%C3%A9_kapli" title="Stropní fresky v Sixtinské kapli – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Stropní fresky v Sixtinské kapli" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sixtinische_Kapelle#Deckengemälde" title="Sixtinische Kapelle – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Sixtinische Kapelle" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%B3veda_de_la_Capilla_Sixtina" title="Bóveda de la Capilla Sixtina – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Bóveda de la Capilla Sixtina" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%82%D9%81_%DA%A9%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%86" title="سقف کلیسای سیستین – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سقف کلیسای سیستین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plafond_de_la_chapelle_Sixtine" title="Plafond de la chapelle Sixtine – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Plafond de la chapelle Sixtine" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%B3veda_da_Capela_Sistina" title="Bóveda da Capela Sistina – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Bóveda da Capela Sistina" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%AB%D6%84%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%BA%D5%A5%D5%AC%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB_%D5%A1%D5%BC%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B2" title="Սիքստինյան կապելլայի առաստաղ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սիքստինյան կապելլայի առաստաղ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langit-langit_Kapel_Sistina" title="Langit-langit Kapel Sistina – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Langit-langit Kapel Sistina" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volta_della_Cappella_Sistina" title="Volta della Cappella Sistina – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Volta della Cappella Sistina" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%A7%D7%A4%D7%9C%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%AA" title="תקרת הקפלה הסיסטינית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תקרת הקפלה הסיסטינית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siksto_koply%C4%8Dios_lub%C5%B3_freskos" title="Siksto koplyčios lubų freskos – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Siksto koplyčios lubų freskos" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Sixtus-k%C3%A1polna_mennyezetfresk%C3%B3ja" title="A Sixtus-kápolna mennyezetfreskója – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="A Sixtus-kápolna mennyezetfreskója" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B7%E3%82%B9%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E3%83%BC%E3%83%8A%E7%A4%BC%E6%8B%9D%E5%A0%82%E5%A4%A9%E4%BA%95%E7%94%BB" title="システィーナ礼拝堂天井画 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="システィーナ礼拝堂天井画" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taket_i_det_sixtinske_kapell" title="Taket i det sixtinske kapell – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Taket i det sixtinske kapell" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teto_da_Capela_Sistina" title="Teto da Capela Sistina – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Teto da Capela Sistina" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BA_%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%8B" title="Потолок Сикстинской капеллы – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Потолок Сикстинской капеллы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strop_Sikstinske_kapele" title="Strop Sikstinske kapele – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Strop Sikstinske kapele" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sixtinska_kapellets_takfresker" title="Sixtinska kapellets takfresker – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Sixtinska kapellets takfresker" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%88" title="சிசுடைன் சிற்றாலய உட்கூரை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சிசுடைன் சிற்றாலய உட்கூரை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%96%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%99" title="เพดานโบสถ์น้อยซิสทีน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เพดานโบสถ์น้อยซิสทีน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistina_%C5%9Eapeli_tavan%C4%B1" title="Sistina Şapeli tavanı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Sistina Şapeli tavanı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8F_%D0%A1%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%97_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Стеля Сікстинської капели – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Стеля Сікстинської капели" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_nh%C3%A0_nguy%E1%BB%87n_Sistina" title="Trần nhà nguyện Sistina – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Trần nhà nguyện Sistina" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%88%9B%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA%EF%BC%88%E5%A3%81%E7%94%BB%EF%BC%89" title="创世纪（壁画） – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="创世纪（壁画）" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a 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.geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Sistine_Chapel_ceiling&params=41_54_11_N_12_27_16_E_region:VA_type:landmark">41°54′11″N 12°27′16″E / 41.90306°N 12.45444°E / 41.90306; 12.45444</a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Cycle of frescoes by Michelangelo</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a collection of images, see <a href="/wiki/Gallery_of_Sistine_Chapel_ceiling" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallery of Sistine Chapel ceiling">Gallery of Sistine Chapel ceiling</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="width: 22em; line-height: 1.4em; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="font-size: 125%; font-weight: bold;">Sistine Chapel ceiling</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Sistine_Chapel_ceiling_02_(brightened).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Sistine_Chapel_ceiling_02_%28brightened%29.jpg/220px-Sistine_Chapel_ceiling_02_%28brightened%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="332" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Sistine_Chapel_ceiling_02_%28brightened%29.jpg/330px-Sistine_Chapel_ceiling_02_%28brightened%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Sistine_Chapel_ceiling_02_%28brightened%29.jpg/440px-Sistine_Chapel_ceiling_02_%28brightened%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="4928" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">The interior of the <a href="/wiki/Sistine_Chapel" title="Sistine Chapel">Sistine Chapel</a> showing the ceiling in relation to the other frescoes. Michelangelo's <a href="/wiki/The_Creation_of_Adam" title="The Creation of Adam">The Creation of Adam</a> is near the top of the photo.</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container center" style="width: 270px; height: 200px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="270" data-height="200" data-zoom="14" data-overlays="["_7587a7f432fe39323d54714d3e8924695db02f64"]"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,14,a,a,270x200.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Sistine_Chapel_ceiling&revid=1282332499&groups=_7587a7f432fe39323d54714d3e8924695db02f64" width="270" height="200" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,14,a,a,270x200@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Sistine_Chapel_ceiling&revid=1282332499&groups=_7587a7f432fe39323d54714d3e8924695db02f64 2x" alt="Map" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Click on the map for a fullscreen view</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Artist</th><td class="infobox-data attendee"><a href="/wiki/Michelangelo" title="Michelangelo">Michelangelo</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Location</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sistine_Chapel" title="Sistine Chapel">Sistine Chapel</a>, part of <a href="/wiki/Vatican_Museums" title="Vatican Museums">Vatican Museums</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Sistine_Chapel_ceiling&params=41_54_11_N_12_27_16_E_region:VA_type:landmark">41°54′11″N 12°27′16″E / 41.90306°N 12.45444°E / 41.90306; 12.45444</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Followed by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/The_Last_Judgment_(Michelangelo)" title="The Last Judgment (Michelangelo)">The Last Judgment</a></td></tr></tbody></table> The Sistine Chapel ceiling (<a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>: Soffitto della Cappella Sistina), painted in <a href="/wiki/Fresco" title="Fresco">fresco</a> by <a href="/wiki/Michelangelo" title="Michelangelo">Michelangelo</a> between 1508 and 1512, is a cornerstone work of <a href="/wiki/High_Renaissance" title="High Renaissance">High Renaissance</a> <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_art" title="Renaissance art">art</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Sistine_Chapel" title="Sistine Chapel">Sistine Chapel</a> is the large papal chapel built within the <a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican</a> between 1477 and 1480 by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Sixtus_IV" title="Pope Sixtus IV">Pope Sixtus IV</a>, for whom the chapel is named. The ceiling was painted at the commission of <a href="/wiki/Pope_Julius_II" title="Pope Julius II">Pope Julius II</a>. The ceiling's various painted elements form part of a larger scheme of decoration within the chapel. Prior to Michelangelo's contribution, the walls were painted by several leading artists of the late 15th century including <a href="/wiki/Sandro_Botticelli" title="Sandro Botticelli">Sandro Botticelli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Domenico_Ghirlandaio" title="Domenico Ghirlandaio">Domenico Ghirlandaio</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pietro_Perugino" title="Pietro Perugino">Pietro Perugino</a>. After the ceiling was painted, <a href="/wiki/Raphael" title="Raphael">Raphael</a> created <a href="/wiki/Raphael_Cartoons" title="Raphael Cartoons">a set of large tapestries</a> (1515–1516) to cover the lower portion of the wall. Michelangelo returned to the chapel to create <a href="/wiki/The_Last_Judgment_(Michelangelo)" title="The Last Judgment (Michelangelo)">The Last Judgment</a>, a large wall fresco situated behind the altar. The chapel's decoration illustrates much of the doctrine of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>, serving as the location for <a href="/wiki/Papal_conclave" title="Papal conclave">papal conclaves</a> and many other important services.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShearman198622–36,_38–87-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Malley198692–148-2">[2]</a> Central to the ceiling decoration are nine scenes from the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Book of Genesis</a>, including <a href="/wiki/The_Creation_of_Adam" title="The Creation of Adam">The Creation of Adam</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:5-3">[3]</a> The complex design includes several sets of figures, some clothed and some <a href="/wiki/Nude_(art)" title="Nude (art)">nude</a>, allowing Michelangelo to demonstrate his skill in depicting the human figure in a variety of poses. The ceiling was immediately well-received and imitated by other artists, continuing to the present. It has been <a href="/wiki/Restoration_of_the_Sistine_Chapel_frescoes" title="Restoration of the Sistine Chapel frescoes">restored several times</a>, most recently from 1980 to 1994. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Context_and_creation">Context and creation</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sistine_Chapel_ceiling&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Context and creation">edit</a>]</div> The walls of the <a href="/wiki/Sistine_Chapel" title="Sistine Chapel">Sistine Chapel</a> had been decorated 20 years before <a href="/wiki/Michelangelo" title="Michelangelo">Michelangelo</a>'s work on the ceiling. Following this, <a href="/wiki/Raphael" title="Raphael">Raphael</a> designed <a href="/wiki/Raphael_Cartoons" title="Raphael Cartoons">a set of tapestries</a> (1515–1516) to cover the lowest of three levels;<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> the surviving tapestries are still hung on special occasions. The middle level contains a complex scheme of <a href="/wiki/Fresco" title="Fresco">frescoes</a> illustrating the <a href="/wiki/Life_of_Christ_in_art" title="Life of Christ in art">Life of Christ</a> on the right side and the Life of <a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a> on the left side. It was carried out by some of the most renowned <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_art" title="Renaissance art">Renaissance</a> painters: <a href="/wiki/Sandro_Botticelli" title="Sandro Botticelli">Sandro Botticelli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Domenico_Ghirlandaio" title="Domenico Ghirlandaio">Domenico Ghirlandaio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pietro_Perugino" title="Pietro Perugino">Pietro Perugino</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pinturicchio" title="Pinturicchio">Pinturicchio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luca_Signorelli" title="Luca Signorelli">Luca Signorelli</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cosimo_Rosselli" title="Cosimo Rosselli">Cosimo Rosselli</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShearman198645–47-5">[5]</a> The upper level of the walls contains the windows, between which are painted pairs of <a href="/wiki/Illusionism_(art)" title="Illusionism (art)">illusionistic</a> niches with representations of the first 32 popes.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cappella_sistina,_ricostruzione_dell%27interno_prima_degli_interventi_di_Michelangelo,_stampa_del_XIX_secolo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Cappella_sistina%2C_ricostruzione_dell%27interno_prima_degli_interventi_di_Michelangelo%2C_stampa_del_XIX_secolo.jpg/250px-Cappella_sistina%2C_ricostruzione_dell%27interno_prima_degli_interventi_di_Michelangelo%2C_stampa_del_XIX_secolo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Cappella_sistina%2C_ricostruzione_dell%27interno_prima_degli_interventi_di_Michelangelo%2C_stampa_del_XIX_secolo.jpg/330px-Cappella_sistina%2C_ricostruzione_dell%27interno_prima_degli_interventi_di_Michelangelo%2C_stampa_del_XIX_secolo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Cappella_sistina%2C_ricostruzione_dell%27interno_prima_degli_interventi_di_Michelangelo%2C_stampa_del_XIX_secolo.jpg/500px-Cappella_sistina%2C_ricostruzione_dell%27interno_prima_degli_interventi_di_Michelangelo%2C_stampa_del_XIX_secolo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="962" data-file-height="680" /></a><figcaption>The ceiling as it may have looked before Michelangelo painted it</figcaption></figure> The original ceiling painting was by <a href="/wiki/Pier_Matteo_d%27Amelia" class="mw-redirect" title="Pier Matteo d'Amelia">Pier Matteo d'Amelia</a>, and had depicted stars over a blue background<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParis200986-7">[7]</a> like the ceiling of the <a href="/wiki/Arena_Chapel" class="mw-redirect" title="Arena Chapel">Arena Chapel</a> decorated by <a href="/wiki/Giotto" title="Giotto">Giotto</a> at <a href="/wiki/Padua" title="Padua">Padua</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShearman198629–30-8">[8]</a> For six months in 1504, a diagonal crack in the chapel's <a href="/wiki/Vault_(architecture)" title="Vault (architecture)">vault</a> had made the chapel unusable, and <a href="/wiki/Pope_Julius_II" title="Pope Julius II">Pope Julius II</a> (Giuliano della Rovere) had the damaged painting removed by Piero Roselli, a friend of Michelangelo.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParis200986-7">[7]</a> Julius II was a "warrior pope"<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> who in his papacy undertook an aggressive campaign for political control to unite and empower Italy under the leadership of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>. He invested in symbolism to display his temporal power, such as his procession, in which he (in the <a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">Classical</a> manner) rode a chariot through a triumphal arch after one of his many military victories. Julius II's project to rebuild <a href="/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Basilica" title="St. Peter's Basilica">St. Peter's Basilica</a> would distinguish it as the most potent symbol of the source of papal power;<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> he ultimately demolished and replaced <a href="/wiki/Old_St._Peter%27s_Basilica" title="Old St. Peter's Basilica">the original basilica</a> with a grander one intended to house <a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Pope_Julius_II" title="Tomb of Pope Julius II">his own tomb</a>.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> The pope summoned Michelangelo to Rome in early 1505 and commissioned him to design his tomb, forcing the artist to leave <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a> with his planned <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cascina_(Michelangelo)" title="Battle of Cascina (Michelangelo)">Battle of Cascina</a> painting unfinished.<a href="#cite_note-:0-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-14">[14]</a> By this time, Michelangelo was established as an artist;<a href="#cite_note-16">[a]</a> both he and Julius II had hot tempers and soon argued.<a href="#cite_note-:1-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-14">[14]</a> On 17 April 1506, Michelangelo left Rome in secret for Florence, remaining there until the Florentine government pressed him to return to the pope.<a href="#cite_note-:2-14">[14]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tomb_of_Pope_Julius_II_-_Adriano_Marinazzo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Tomb_of_Pope_Julius_II_-_Adriano_Marinazzo.jpg/250px-Tomb_of_Pope_Julius_II_-_Adriano_Marinazzo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Tomb_of_Pope_Julius_II_-_Adriano_Marinazzo.jpg/330px-Tomb_of_Pope_Julius_II_-_Adriano_Marinazzo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Tomb_of_Pope_Julius_II_-_Adriano_Marinazzo.jpg/500px-Tomb_of_Pope_Julius_II_-_Adriano_Marinazzo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3168" data-file-height="2500" /></a><figcaption>Hypothetical reconstruction of the first project for the tomb of Julius II (1505) according to an interpretation by Adriano Marinazzo (2018)<a href="#cite_note-:10-17">[16]</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Adriano_Marinazzo_Michelangelo_first_drawing_Sistine_Ceiling.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Adriano_Marinazzo_Michelangelo_first_drawing_Sistine_Ceiling.jpg/220px-Adriano_Marinazzo_Michelangelo_first_drawing_Sistine_Ceiling.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="307" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Adriano_Marinazzo_Michelangelo_first_drawing_Sistine_Ceiling.jpg/330px-Adriano_Marinazzo_Michelangelo_first_drawing_Sistine_Ceiling.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Adriano_Marinazzo_Michelangelo_first_drawing_Sistine_Ceiling.jpg/440px-Adriano_Marinazzo_Michelangelo_first_drawing_Sistine_Ceiling.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1575" data-file-height="2195" /></a><figcaption>Michelangelo's structural sketch (Archivio Buonarroti, XIII, 175v) overlaid on the Chapel ceiling<a href="#cite_note-:9-18">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[18]</a></figcaption></figure> In 1506, the same year the foundation stone was laid for the new St. Peter's,<a href="#cite_note-20">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[b]</a> Julius II conceived a programme to paint the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel.<a href="#cite_note-Gold-23">[21]</a> It is probable that, because the chapel was the site of regular meetings and Masses of an elite body of officials known as the <a href="/wiki/Papal_court#Papal_Chapel" class="mw-redirect" title="Papal court">Papal Chapel</a> (who would observe the decorations and interpret their theological and temporal significance), it was Julius II's intention and expectation that the <a href="/wiki/Iconography" title="Iconography">iconography</a> of the ceiling was to be read with many layers of meaning.<a href="#cite_note-24">[22]</a> The scheme proposed by the pope was for twelve large figures of the <a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles</a> to occupy the <a href="/wiki/Spandrel" title="Spandrel">spandrel</a>s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPfisterer201853–56-25">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Malley1986104-26">[24]</a> Michelangelo negotiated for a grander, much more complex scheme and was finally permitted, in his own words, "to do as I liked".<a href="#cite_note-27">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[c]</a> It has been suggested that <a href="/wiki/Augustinian_friar" class="mw-redirect" title="Augustinian friar">Augustinian friar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_(Catholic_Church)" title="Cardinal (Catholic Church)">cardinal</a> <a href="/wiki/Giles_of_Viterbo" title="Giles of Viterbo">Giles of Viterbo</a> could have influenced the ceiling's theological layout.<a href="#cite_note-29">[26]</a> Many writers consider that Michelangelo had the intellect, the biblical knowledge, and the powers of invention to have devised the scheme himself. This is supported by Michelangelo's biographer <a href="/wiki/Ascanio_Condivi" title="Ascanio Condivi">Ascanio Condivi</a>'s statement that the artist read and reread the <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a> while he was painting the ceiling, drawing his inspiration from the words of the scripture, rather than from the established traditions of sacral art.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraham-Dixon2008181ff-30">[27]</a> On 10 May 1506, Piero Roselli wrote to Michelangelo on behalf of the pope.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParis200984-31">[28]</a> In this letter, Roselli mentions that papal court architect <a href="/wiki/Donato_Bramante" title="Donato Bramante">Donato Bramante</a> doubted that Michelangelo could take on such a large fresco project, as he had limited experience in the medium.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParis200984-31">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[d]</a> According to Bramante, Michelangelo stated his refusal.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHartt196458–59-34">[30]</a> In November 1506 Michelangelo went to <a href="/wiki/Bologna" title="Bologna">Bologna</a>, where he received a commission from the pope to construct a colossal bronze statue of him conquering the Bolognese.<a href="#cite_note-:2-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[e]</a> After he completed this in early 1508, Michelangelo returned to Rome expecting to resume work on the papal tomb, but this had been quietly set aside.<a href="#cite_note-:10-17">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[f]</a> Michelangelo was instead commissioned for a cycle of frescoes on the vault and upper walls of the Sistine Chapel.<a href="#cite_note-:1-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-14">[14]</a> Michelangelo, who was not primarily a painter but a sculptor, was reluctant to take on the work; he suggested that his young rival Raphael take it on instead.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParis200969–70,_84-37">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVasari1991439-38">[32]</a> The pope was persistent; according to <a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Vasari" title="Giorgio Vasari">Giorgio Vasari</a>, he was provoked by Bramante to insist that Michelangelo take on the project, leaving him little choice but to accept.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVasari1991439-38">[32]</a> The contract was signed on 8 May 1508, with a promised fee of 3,000 <a href="/wiki/Ducat" title="Ducat">ducats</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParis200984-31">[28]</a> (approximately US$600,000 in gold in 2021). At the pope's behest, Bramante built the initial <a href="/wiki/Scaffolding" title="Scaffolding">scaffolding</a>, hung via ropes from holes in the ceiling. This method displeased Michelangelo as it would force him to paint around the holes, and he had freestanding scaffolding constructed instead.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVasari1991439-38">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECondivi199999,_101-39">[33]</a> This was built by Piero Roselli, who subsequently roughcasted the ceiling.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParis200986-7">[7]</a> Michelangelo initially sought to engage assistants who were more well-versed in fresco-painting, but he was unable to find suitable candidates and determined to paint the whole ceiling alone.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVasari1991440-40">[34]</a> Among the Florentine artists whom Michelangelo brought to Rome in the hope of assisting in the fresco, Vasari names <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Granacci" title="Francesco Granacci">Francesco Granacci</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giuliano_Bugiardini" title="Giuliano Bugiardini">Giuliano Bugiardini</a>, Jacopo di Sandro, <a href="/wiki/Jacopo_Torni" title="Jacopo Torni">l'Indaco the Elder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agnolo_di_Domenico_del_Mazziere" title="Agnolo di Domenico del Mazziere">Agnolo di Domenico</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bastiano_da_Sangallo" title="Bastiano da Sangallo">Aristotile</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVasari1991440-40">[34]</a> Michelangelo soon began his work, starting at the west end with the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.michelangelo.org/drunkenness-of-noah.jsp">Drunkenness of Noah</a> and the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.michelangelo.org/zacharias.jsp">Prophet Zechariah</a> and working backwards through the narrative to the Creation of Eve, in the vault's fifth <a href="/wiki/Bay_(architecture)" title="Bay (architecture)">bay</a>, finished in September 1510.<a href="#cite_note-:2-14">[14]</a> The first half of the ceiling was unveiled with a preliminary showing on 14 August 1511<a href="#cite_note-Gold-23">[21]</a> and an official viewing the next day.<a href="#cite_note-:2-14">[14]</a> A long hiatus in painting occurred as new scaffolding was made ready.<a href="#cite_note-:2-14">[14]</a> The second half of the ceiling's frescoes were done swiftly, and the finished work was revealed on 31 October 1512, <a href="/wiki/Halloween" title="Halloween">All Hallows' Eve</a>,<a href="#cite_note-:2-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-13">[13]</a> being shown to the public by the next day, <a href="/wiki/All_Saints%27_Day" title="All Saints' Day">All Saints' Day</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVasari1991442-41">[35]</a> Michelangelo's final scheme for the ceiling includes over 300 figures.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGardner1970469-42">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[g]</a> Vasari states that "When the chapel was uncovered, people from everywhere [rushed] to see it, and the sight of it alone was sufficient to leave them amazed and speechless."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVasari1991450-45">[38]</a> At the age of 37, Michelangelo's reputation rose such that he was called il divino,<a href="#cite_note-:1-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-14">[14]</a> and he was henceforth regarded as the greatest artist of his time, who had elevated the status of the arts themselves, a recognition that lasted the rest of his long life.<a href="#cite_note-:0-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-:3-21">[20]</a> The ceiling was immediately considered one of the greatest masterpieces of all time, a distinction which continues to endure.<a href="#cite_note-:0-12">[12]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Method">Method</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sistine_Chapel_ceiling&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Method">edit</a>]</div> Michelangelo probably began working on the plans and sketches for the design from April 1508.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPfisterer201847–52-46">[39]</a> The preparatory work on the ceiling was complete in late July the same year and on 4 February 1510, <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Albertini" title="Francesco Albertini">Francesco Albertini</a> recorded that Michelangelo had "decorated the upper, arched part with very beautiful pictures and gold".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPfisterer201847–52-46">[39]</a> The main design was largely finished in August 1510, as Michelangelo's texts suggest.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPfisterer201847–52-46">[39]</a> From September 1510 until February, June, or September 1511, Michelangelo did no work on the ceiling on account of a dispute over payments for work done; in August 1510 the pope left Rome for the Papal States' campaign to reconquer Bologna and despite two visits there by Michelangelo, resolution only came months after the pope's return to Rome in June 1511. On 14 August 1511, Julius held a papal mass in the chapel and saw the progress of the work so far for the first time.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPfisterer201847–52-46">[39]</a> This was the vigil for <a href="/wiki/Assumption_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="Assumption Day">Assumption Day</a> on 15 August, the Sistine Chapel's patronal feast.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPfisterer201847–52-46">[39]</a> The whole design was revealed to visitors on 31 October 1512 with a formal papal mass the following day, the feast of All Saints.<a href="#cite_note-:7-47">[40]</a> Clerical use of the chapel continued throughout, exempting when the work on the scaffolding necessitated its closure, and disruption to the rites was minimized by beginning the work at the west end, furthest from the liturgical centre around the altar at the east wall.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPfisterer201847–52-46">[39]</a> Debate exists on what sequence the parts of the ceiling were painted in and over how the scaffold that allowed the artists to reach the ceiling was arranged. There are two main proposals. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Achim_detail.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Achim_detail.jpg/220px-Achim_detail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Achim_detail.jpg/330px-Achim_detail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Achim_detail.jpg/440px-Achim_detail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="453" data-file-height="501" /></a><figcaption>The mark of the scaffolding used for painting the ceiling is evident on the lower right of this <a href="/wiki/Lunette" title="Lunette">lunette</a></figcaption></figure> The majority theory is that the ceiling's main frescoes were applied and painted in phases, with the scaffolding each time dismantled and moved to another part of the room, beginning at the chapel's west end.<a href="#cite_note-:7-47">[40]</a> The first phase, including the central life of <a href="/wiki/Noah" title="Noah">Noah</a>, was completed in September 1509 and the scaffolding removed; only then were the scenes visible from the floor level.<a href="#cite_note-:7-47">[40]</a> The next phase, in the middle of the chapel, completed the Creation of Eve and the Fall and Expulsion from Paradise. The Cumaean Sibyl and Ezekiel were also painted in this phase.<a href="#cite_note-:7-47">[40]</a> Michelangelo painted the figures at a larger scale than in the previous section; this is attributed to the artist's ability to effectively judge the foreshortening and composition from ground level for the first time.<a href="#cite_note-:7-47">[40]</a> The figures of the third phase, at the east end, were at still grander scale than the second; <a href="/wiki/The_Creation_of_Adam" title="The Creation of Adam">The Creation of Adam</a><a href="#cite_note-:5-3">[3]</a> and the other Creation panels were finished at this stage, which took place in 1511.<a href="#cite_note-:7-47">[40]</a> The lunettes above the windows were painted last, using a small movable scaffold.<a href="#cite_note-:7-47">[40]</a> In this scheme, proposed by <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Wilde" title="Johannes Wilde">Johannes Wilde</a>, the vault's first and second registers, above and below the fictive architectural cornice, were painted together in stages as the scaffolding moved eastwards, with a stylistic and chronological break westwards and eastwards of the Creation of Eve.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPfisterer201847–52-46">[39]</a> After the central vault the main scaffold was replaced by a smaller contraption that allowed the painting of the lunettes, window vaults, and spandrels.<a href="#cite_note-:7-47">[40]</a> This view supplanted an older view that the central vault formed the first part of the work and was completed before work began on the other parts of Michelangelo's plan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPfisterer201847–52-46">[39]</a> Another theory is that the scaffolding must have spanned the entire chapel for years at a time.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPfisterer201847–52-46">[39]</a> To remove the existing decoration of the ceiling, the entire area had to be accessible for workmen to chisel away the starry-sky fresco before any new work was done.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPfisterer201847–52-46">[39]</a> On 10 June 1508, the cardinals complained of the intolerable dust and noise generated by the work; by 27 July 1508, the process was complete and the corner spandrels of the chapel had been converted into the doubled-spandrel triangular <a href="/wiki/Pendentive" title="Pendentive">pendentive</a>s of the finished design.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPfisterer201847–52-46">[39]</a> Then the frame of the new designs had to be marked out on the surface when frescoeing began; this too demanded access to the whole ceiling.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPfisterer201847–52-46">[39]</a> This thesis is supported by the discovery during <a href="/wiki/Restoration_of_the_Sistine_Chapel_frescoes" title="Restoration of the Sistine Chapel frescoes">the modern restoration</a> of the exact numbers of the giornate employed in the frescoes; if the ceiling was painted in two stages, the first spanning two years and extending to the Creation of Eve and the second lasting just one year, then Michelangelo would have to have painted 270 giornate in the yearlong second phase, compared with 300 painted in the first two years, which is scarcely possible.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPfisterer201847–52-46">[39]</a> By contrast, if the ceiling's first register – with the nine scenes on rectangular fields, the medallions, and the ignudi – was painted in the first two years, and in the second phase, Michelangelo painted only their border in the second register with the Prophets and Sibyls, then the giornate finished in each year are divided almost equally.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPfisterer201847–52-46">[39]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ulrich_Pfisterer_(art_historian)" title="Ulrich Pfisterer (art historian)">Ulrich Pfisterer</a>, advancing this theory, interprets Albertini's remark on "the upper, arched part with very beautiful pictures and gold" in February 1510 as referring only to the upper part of the vault – the first register with its nine picture fields, its gnudi, and its medallions embellished with gold – and not to the vault as a whole since the fictive architectural <a href="/wiki/Attic_style" class="mw-redirect" title="Attic style">attic</a> with its prophets and prophetesses were yet to be started.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPfisterer201847–52-46">[39]</a> The scaffolding needed to protect the chapel's existing wall frescoes and other decorations from falling debris and allow the religious services to continue below, but also to allow in air and some light from the windows below.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPfisterer201847–52-46">[39]</a> The chapel's cornice, running around the room below the lunettes at the springing of the window arches themselves, supported the structure's oblique beams, while the carrying beams were set into the wall above the cornice using <a href="/wiki/Putlog_hole" title="Putlog hole">putlog holes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPfisterer201847–52-46">[39]</a> This open structure supported <a href="/wiki/Catwalk_(theater)" title="Catwalk (theater)">catwalks</a> and the movable working platform itself, whose likely stepped design followed the contour of the vault. Beneath was a false ceiling that protected the chapel.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPfisterer201847–52-46">[39]</a> Though some sunlight would have entered the workspace between the ceiling and the scaffolding, artificial light would have been required for painting, candlelight possibly influencing the appearance of the vivid colors used.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPfisterer201847–52-46">[39]</a> Restoration overseer Fabrizio Mancinelli speculates that Michelangelo may have only installed scaffolding platforms in one half of the room at a time to cut the cost of timber and to allow light to pass through the uncovered windows.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMancinelli1986229–230-48">[41]</a> The areas of the wall covered by the scaffolding still appear as unpainted areas at the base of the lunettes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMancinelli1986236-49">[42]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ignudo_02_detail.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Ignudo_02_detail.jpg/220px-Ignudo_02_detail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="242" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Ignudo_02_detail.jpg/330px-Ignudo_02_detail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/44/Ignudo_02_detail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="386" data-file-height="425" /></a><figcaption>The evidence of the plaster laid for a day's work can be seen around the head and arm of this ignudo.</figcaption></figure> The entire ceiling is a fresco, which is an ancient method for painting <a href="/wiki/Mural" title="Mural">murals</a> that relies upon a chemical reaction between damp lime plaster and water-based pigments to permanently fuse the work into the wall.<a href="#cite_note-50">[43]</a> Michelangelo had been an apprentice in the workshop of Domenico Ghirlandaio, one of the most competent and prolific of Florentine fresco painters, at the time that the latter was employed on a fresco cycle at <a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_Novella" title="Santa Maria Novella">Santa Maria Novella</a> and whose work was represented on the walls of the Sistine Chapel.<a href="#cite_note-51">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShearman198645-52">[45]</a> At the outset, the plaster, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/intonaco" class="extiw" title="wikt:intonaco">intonaco</a>, began to grow <a href="/wiki/Mildew" title="Mildew">mildew</a> or <a href="/wiki/Mould" class="mw-redirect" title="Mould">mould</a> because it was too wet.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECondivi199957-53">[46]</a> When Michelangelo despaired of continuing, the pope sent <a href="/wiki/Giuliano_da_Sangallo" title="Giuliano da Sangallo">Giuliano da Sangallo</a>, who explained how to remove the fungus.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVasari1991441-54">[47]</a> Because Michelangelo was painting alfresco, the plaster was laid in a new section every day, called a <a href="/wiki/Giornata" title="Giornata">giornata</a>. At the beginning of each session, the edges would be scraped away and a new area laid down.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMancinelli1986-55">[48]</a> The work commenced at the end of the building furthest from the altar with the last chronological part of the narrative and progressed towards the altar with the scenes of the Creation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartzKönig201354-56">[49]</a> The first three scenes, from The Drunkenness of Noah, contain crowded compositions of smaller figures than other panels, evidently, because Michelangelo misjudged the ceiling's size.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGardner1970470-57">[50]</a> Also painted in the early stages was the Slaying of Goliath.<a href="#cite_note-58">[51]</a> After painting the Creation of Eve adjacent to the marble screen which divided the chapel,<a href="#cite_note-60">[h]</a> Michelangelo paused in his work to move the scaffolding to the other side. After having seen his completed work so far, he returned to work with the Temptation and Fall, followed by the Creation of Adam.<a href="#cite_note-great-59">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-gardners9th-61">[53]</a> As the scale of the work got larger, Michelangelo's style became broader; the final narrative scene of God in the act of creation was painted in a single day.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartzKönig201355-62">[54]</a> According to Vasari, the ceiling was unveiled before it could be reworked with <a href="/wiki/A_secco" class="mw-redirect" title="A secco">a secco</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gold_leaf" title="Gold leaf">gold</a> to give it "a finer appearance" as had been done with the chapel's wall frescoes. Both Michelangelo and Pope Julius II wanted these details to be added, but this never took place, in part because Michelangelo did not want to rebuild the scaffolding; he also argued that "in those days men did not wear gold, and those who are painted ... were holy men who despised wealth."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVasari1991442-41">[35]</a> Julius II died only months after the ceiling's completion, in February 1513.<a href="#cite_note-:7-47">[40]</a> According to Vasari and Condivi, Michelangelo painted in a standing position, not lying on his back, as another biographer, <a href="/wiki/Paolo_Giovio" title="Paolo Giovio">Paolo Giovio</a>, imagined.<a href="#cite_note-:8-63">[55]</a> Vasari wrote: "These frescos were done with the greatest discomfort, for he had to stand there working with his head tilted backwards."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVasari1991443-64">[56]</a> Michelangelo may have described his physical discomfort in a poem, accompanied by a sketch in the margin, which was probably addressed to the humanist academician Giovanni di Benedetto da Pistoia, a friend with whom Michelangelo corresponded.<a href="#cite_note-:8-63">[55]</a> <a href="/wiki/Leonard_Barkan" title="Leonard Barkan">Leonard Barkan</a> compared the posture of Michelangelo's <a href="/wiki/Marginalia" title="Marginalia">marginalia</a> self-portrait to the <a href="/wiki/Roman_sculpture" title="Roman sculpture">Roman sculptures</a> of Marsyas Bound in the <a href="/wiki/Uffizi_Gallery" class="mw-redirect" title="Uffizi Gallery">Uffizi Gallery</a>; Barkan further connects the flayed <a href="/wiki/Marsyas" title="Marsyas">Marsyas</a> with Michelangelo's purported self-portrait decades later on the flayed skin of <a href="/wiki/St_Bartholomew" class="mw-redirect" title="St Bartholomew">St Bartholomew</a> in his Last Judgment but cautions that there is no certainty the sketch represents the process of painting the chapel ceiling.<a href="#cite_note-65">[57]</a> Michelangelo wrote the poem describing the arduous conditions under which he worked. Michelangelo's illustrated poem reads: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:254px;max-width:254px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:252px;max-width:252px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Michelangelo_painting_God.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Michelangelo_painting_God.JPG/250px-Michelangelo_painting_God.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="466" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Michelangelo_painting_God.JPG/375px-Michelangelo_painting_God.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/67/Michelangelo_painting_God.JPG 2x" data-file-width="414" data-file-height="771" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Michelangelo's illustration to his poem shows him painting the ceiling.</div></div></div></div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1157697682">.mw-parser-output .verse_translation .translated{padding-left:2em!important}@media only screen and (max-width:43.75em){.mw-parser-output .verse_translation.wrap_when_small td{display:block;padding-left:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .verse_translation.wrap_when_small .translated{padding-left:0.5em!important}}</style> <table role="presentation" class="verse_translation" style="margin-left:1em !important"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td><div style="font-style:italic;text-align:left" lang="it" class="poem"> I’ ho già fatto un gozzo in questo stento, coma fa l’acqua a’ gatti in Lombardia o ver d’altro paese che si sia, c’a forza ’l ventre appicca sotto ’l mento.   La barba al cielo, e la memoria sento in sullo scrigno, e ’l petto fo d’arpia, e ’l pennel sopra ’l viso tuttavia mel fa, gocciando, un ricco pavimento.   E’ lombi entrati mi son nella peccia, e fo del cul per contrapeso groppa, e’ passi senza gli occhi muovo invano.   Dinanzi mi s’allunga la corteccia, e per piegarsi adietro si ragroppa, e tendomi com’arco sorïano.       Però fallace e strano surge il iudizio che la mente porta, ché mal si tra’ per cerbottana torta.       La mia pittura morta difendi orma’, Giovanni, e ’l mio onore, non sendo in loco bon, né io pittore.<a href="#cite_note-66">[58]</a> </div> </td> <td class="translated"><div style="font-style:roman;text-align:left" lang="en" class="poem"> I've grown a goitre by dwelling in this den– As cats from stagnant streams in Lombardy, Or in what other land they hap to be– Which drives the belly close beneath the chin: My beard turns up to heaven; my nape falls in, Fixed on my spine: my breast-bone visibly Grows like a harp: a rich embroidery Bedews my face from brush-drops thick and thin. My loins into my paunch like levers grind: My buttock like a crupper bears my weight; My feet unguided wander to and fro; In front my skin grows loose and long; behind, By bending it becomes more taut and strait; Crosswise I strain me like a Syrian bow: Whence false and quaint, I know, Must be the fruit of squinting brain and eye; For ill can aim the gun that bends awry. Come then, Giovanni, try To succour my dead pictures and my fame; Since foul I fare and painting is my shame.<a href="#cite_note-67">[59]</a> </div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;font-size:90%"> <td style="padding-left:1.6em;text-align:left">—№ 5. "A Giovanni quel propio da Pistoia" </td> <td style="padding-left:3.6em;text-align:left">—№ 5: To Giovanni a Pistoia – On the Painting of the Sistine Chapel, trans. <a href="/wiki/John_Addington_Symonds" title="John Addington Symonds">John Addington Symonds</a>, 1878 </td></tr></tbody></table> Jelbert has suggested that the physical pain described in this poem, and the pose of Michelangelo in his illustration for it, resonate with the agonised postures of the Vatican's 'Laocoön Group'.<a href="#cite_note-68">[60]</a> In the illustration, suggests Jelbert, Michelangelo appears to have drawn himself as the dying son on the right-hand side of the group (his arm sheered at the wrist), and the figure he is painting has the raised knees, wild eyes and broken right arm of Laocoön himself. Michelangelo's reference to the 'Laocoön Group' in the 'Brazen Serpent' has been noted above, but the artist also alluded to this sculpture in other areas of the Sistine ceiling, including the 'Punishment of Haman',<a href="#cite_note-69">[61]</a> and a pair of ignudi between the 'Sacrifice of Noah' and the 'Prophet Isiah'.<a href="#cite_note-70">[62]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Content">Content</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sistine_Chapel_ceiling&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Content">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sixtinische-Kappele-Fresko.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Sixtinische-Kappele-Fresko.JPG/250px-Sixtinische-Kappele-Fresko.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Sixtinische-Kappele-Fresko.JPG/330px-Sixtinische-Kappele-Fresko.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Sixtinische-Kappele-Fresko.JPG/500px-Sixtinische-Kappele-Fresko.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Detail showing intersection of first and second registers, with: a prophet, a lunette, a sibyl, ignudi, medallions, bronze figures, and telamones</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hands_of_God_and_Adam.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Hands_of_God_and_Adam.jpg/220px-Hands_of_God_and_Adam.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Hands_of_God_and_Adam.jpg/330px-Hands_of_God_and_Adam.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d8/Hands_of_God_and_Adam.jpg 2x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="234" /></a><figcaption>Detail from <a href="/wiki/The_Creation_of_Adam" title="The Creation of Adam">The Creation of Adam</a>, portraying the creation of mankind by God.<a href="#cite_note-:5-3">[3]</a> The two index fingers are separated by a small gap [<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>3⁄4 inch (1.9 cm)]: some scholars think that it represents <a href="/wiki/Apophatic_theology" title="Apophatic theology">the unattainability of divine perfection by man</a>.<a href="#cite_note-71">[63]</a></figcaption></figure> Michelangelo's frescoes form the <a href="/wiki/Backstory" title="Backstory">backstory</a> to the 15th-century narrative cycles of the lives of Moses and <a href="/wiki/Jesus_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesus Christ">Jesus Christ</a> by Perugino and Botticelli on the chapel's walls.<a href="#cite_note-:0-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-:3-21">[20]</a> While the main central scenes depict incidents in the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Book of Genesis</a>, the first book of the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a>, much debate exists on the multitudes of figures' exact interpretation.<a href="#cite_note-:3-21">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-12">[12]</a> The Sistine Chapel's ceiling is a shallow barrel vault around 35 metres (118 feet) long and around 14 m (46 ft) broad.<a href="#cite_note-:2-14">[14]</a> The chapel's windows cut into the vault's curve, producing a row of <a href="/wiki/Lunette" title="Lunette">lunettes</a> alternating with <a href="/wiki/Spandrel" title="Spandrel">spandrels</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:2-14">[14]</a> Though Michelangelo claimed he eventually had a free hand in the artistic scheme, this claim was also made by <a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Ghiberti" title="Lorenzo Ghiberti">Lorenzo Ghiberti</a> about his monumental bronze doors for the <a href="/wiki/Florence_Baptistery" title="Florence Baptistery">Florence Baptistery</a>, for which it is known Ghiberti was constrained by stipulations on how the Old Testament scenes should appear and was able to decide merely the forms and number of the picture fields. It is likely that Michelangelo was free to choose forms and presentation of the design, but that the subjects and themes themselves were decided by the patron.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPfisterer201853–56-25">[23]</a> The central, almost flat <a href="/wiki/Field_(heraldry)" title="Field (heraldry)">field</a> of the ceiling is delineated by a fictive architectural <a href="/wiki/Cornice" title="Cornice">cornice</a> and divided into four large rectangles and five smaller ones by five pairs of painted <a href="/wiki/Rib_vault" title="Rib vault">ribs</a> which cut laterally across the central rectangular field. Michelangelo painted these rectangles, which appear open to the sky, with scenes from the Old Testament.<a href="#cite_note-:2-14">[14]</a> The narrative begins at the chapel's east end, with the first scene above the <a href="/wiki/Altar_(Catholic_Church)" title="Altar (Catholic Church)">altar</a>, focus of the <a href="/wiki/Eucharist_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Eucharist in the Catholic Church">Eucharistic ceremonies</a> performed by the <a href="/wiki/Clergy" title="Clergy">clergy</a>. The small rectangular field directly above the altar depicts the Primal Act of Creation. The last of the nine central fields, at the west end, shows the Drunkenness of Noah; below this scene is the door used by the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_laity" title="Catholic laity">laity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:2-14">[14]</a> Furthest from the altar, the Drunkenness of Noah represents the sinful nature of man.<a href="#cite_note-:2-14">[14]</a> Above the cornice, at the four corners of each of the five smaller central fields, are <a href="/wiki/Nude_(art)" title="Nude (art)">nude</a> male youths, called <a href="#Ignudi">ignudi</a>, whose precise significance is unknown.<a href="#cite_note-:2-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-:3-21">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-12">[12]</a> Close to the sacred scenes in the uppermost register and unlike the figures of the lower register shown in perspective, they are not <a href="/wiki/Foreshortened" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreshortened">foreshortened</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:2-14">[14]</a> They probably represent the <a href="/wiki/Platonic_Academy_(Florence)" title="Platonic Academy (Florence)">Florentine Neoplatonists</a>' view of humanity's ideal <a href="/wiki/Theory_of_forms" title="Theory of forms">Platonic form</a>, without the mar of <a href="/wiki/Original_sin" title="Original sin">Original Sin</a>, to which the lower figures are all subject.<a href="#cite_note-:2-14">[14]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Clark" title="Kenneth Clark">Kenneth Clark</a> wrote that "their physical beauty is an image of divine perfection; their alert and vigorous movements an expression of divine energy".<a href="#cite_note-72">[64]</a> Below the painted cornice around the central rectangular area is a lower <a href="/wiki/Register_(art)" title="Register (art)">register</a> depicting a continuation of the chapel's walls as a <a href="/wiki/Trompe-l%27%C5%93il" title="Trompe-l'œil">trompe-l'œil</a> architectural framework against which figures press, with powerful <a href="/wiki/Composition_(visual_arts)" title="Composition (visual arts)">modelling</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:2-14">[14]</a> The figures are drastically foreshortened and are at larger <a href="/wiki/Scale_(ratio)" title="Scale (ratio)">scale</a> than the figures in the central scenes, which according to Harold Osborne and Hugh Brigstocke creates "a sense of spatial disequilibrium".<a href="#cite_note-:2-14">[14]</a> The ceiling at the chapel's four corners forms a doubled spandrel painted with <a href="/wiki/Salvation_in_Christianity" title="Salvation in Christianity">salvific</a> scenes from the Old Testament: The Brazen Serpent, The Crucifixion of Haman, Judith and Holofernes, and David and Goliath.<a href="#cite_note-:2-14">[14]</a> On the crescent-shaped areas, or lunettes, above each of the chapel's windows are tablets listing the <a href="/wiki/Ancestors_of_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancestors of Christ">ancestors of Christ</a> and accompanying figures. Above them, in the triangular spandrels, a further eight groups of figures are shown, but these have not been identified with specific biblical characters. The scheme is completed by four corner doubled-spandrels, also referred to less accurately as <a href="/wiki/Pendentive" title="Pendentive">pendentives</a>, each illustrating a dramatic biblical story.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGardner1970469-42">[36]</a> Each of the chapel's window arches cuts into the curved vault, creating above each a triangular area of vaulting. The arch of each window is separated from the next by these triangular spandrels, in each of which are enthroned <a href="/wiki/Prophet" title="Prophet">Prophets</a> alternating with the <a href="/wiki/Sibyl" title="Sibyl">Sibyls</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:2-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-:3-21">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-12">[12]</a> These figures, seven Old Testament prophets and five of the Graeco-Roman sibyls, were notable in Christian tradition for their prophesies of the <a href="/wiki/Messiah" title="Messiah">Messiah</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Nativity of Jesus">Nativity of Jesus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:2-14">[14]</a> The lunettes above the windows are themselves painted with scenes of the "purely human" Ancestors of Christ, as are the spaces either side of each window. Their position is both the lowest in the vault and the darkest, in contrast with the airy upper vault.<a href="#cite_note-:2-14">[14]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Interpretation">Interpretation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sistine_Chapel_ceiling&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Interpretation">edit</a>]</div> The overt subject matter of the ceiling is the Christian doctrine of humanity's need for <a href="/wiki/Salvation" title="Salvation">salvation</a> as offered by <a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">God</a> through Jesus. It is a visual metaphor of humankind's need for a <a href="/wiki/Covenant_(religion)" title="Covenant (religion)">covenant</a> with God. The <a href="/wiki/Old_Covenant" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Covenant">Old Covenant</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Children_of_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Children of Israel">Children of Israel</a> through Moses and the <a href="/wiki/New_Covenant" title="New Covenant">New Covenant</a> through Christ had already been represented around the walls of the chapel.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShearman198638–87-73">[65]</a> Some experts, including <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Blech" title="Benjamin Blech">Benjamin Blech</a> and Vatican art historian Enrico Bruschini, have also noted less overt subject matter, which they describe as being "concealed" and "forbidden."<a href="#cite_note-74">[66]</a> The main scheme of the ceiling illustrates God creating the perfect world prior to creating humanity, which causes <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_man" title="Fall of man">its own fall into disgrace</a> and is punished by being made mortal;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGardner1970469-42">[36]</a> humanity then sinks further into sin and disgrace, and is punished by the <a href="/wiki/Genesis_flood_narrative" title="Genesis flood narrative">Great Flood</a>. The ceiling's creation narrative ends with <a href="/wiki/Noah%27s_drunkenness" class="mw-redirect" title="Noah's drunkenness">Noah's drunkenness</a>, which <a href="/wiki/Jesuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesuit">Jesuit</a> theologian <a href="/wiki/John_W._O%27Malley" title="John W. O'Malley">John W. O'Malley</a> says could be interpreted as focusing on the separation of <a href="/wiki/Gentile" title="Gentile">Gentiles</a> from <a href="/wiki/Jews_as_the_chosen_people" title="Jews as the chosen people">Jews as the chosen people</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Malley1986130-75">[67]</a> Then, through a lineage of ancestors – from <a href="/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham">Abraham</a> to <a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph" title="Saint Joseph">Joseph</a> – God sends the saviour of humanity, Jesus, whose coming is <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament_messianic_prophecies_quoted_in_the_New_Testament" title="Old Testament messianic prophecies quoted in the New Testament">claimed in the New Testament to have been prophesied</a> by prophets of Israel (to whom Michelangelo adds sibyls of the Classical world) and whose <a href="/wiki/Second_coming" class="mw-redirect" title="Second coming">second coming</a> the same artist returned to paint on the altar wall in his <a href="/wiki/The_Last_Judgment_(Michelangelo)" title="The Last Judgment (Michelangelo)">Last Judgment</a>. The prophet <a href="/wiki/Jonah" title="Jonah">Jonah</a>, recognizable over the altar by the great fish beside him,<a href="#cite_note-Pro_Jon-76">[Fig 1]</a> is cited by Jesus in the <a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">gospels</a> as being related to <a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">his own coming death</a> and <a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">resurrection</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Malley1986107,_119–120-77">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[Src 1]</a> which <a href="/wiki/Staale_Sinding-Larsen" title="Staale Sinding-Larsen">Staale Sinding-Larsen</a> says "activates the <a href="/wiki/Passion_of_Jesus" title="Passion of Jesus">Passion</a> motif".<a href="#cite_note-Jaritz-79">[69]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_John" title="Gospel of John">Gospel of John</a>, moreover, Jesus compares his being raised (i.e. his crucifixion)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Malley1986134-80">[70]</a> to Moses lifting <a href="/wiki/Nehushtan" title="Nehushtan">the Brazen Serpent</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[Src 2]</a> to heal Israelites from <a href="/wiki/Fiery_flying_serpent" title="Fiery flying serpent">fiery serpent</a> bites;<a href="#cite_note-fiery-82">[Src 3]</a> the latter is painted on the doubled spandrel/pendentive above the altar to the left, opposite the Punishment of <a href="/wiki/Haman" title="Haman">Haman</a>, depicted as a crucifixion instead of a hanging.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Malley1986134-80">[70]</a> Of the three <a href="/wiki/Twelve_Minor_Prophets" title="Twelve Minor Prophets">Twelve Minor Prophets</a> depicted on the ceiling, O'Malley discusses Jonah and <a href="/wiki/Zechariah_(Hebrew_prophet)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zechariah (Hebrew prophet)">Zechariah</a> as carrying a particular significance.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Malley1986107,_120-83">[71]</a> In addition to Jonah's connection to Jesus, O'Malley points out that he is a spokesman to the Gentiles.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Malley1986107,_119–120-77">[68]</a> Zechariah prophesied that the <a href="/wiki/The_Messiah%27s_Donkey" title="The Messiah's Donkey">Messiah would arrive on a donkey</a>.<a href="#cite_note-84">[Src 4]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Malley1986106–107-85">[72]</a> His place in the chapel is directly above the doorway across from the altar, through which the pope is carried in procession on <a href="/wiki/Palm_Sunday" title="Palm Sunday">Palm Sunday</a>, the day on which <a href="/wiki/Triumphal_entry_into_Jerusalem" title="Triumphal entry into Jerusalem">Jesus rode a donkey</a> into <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Malley1986120–122-86">[73]</a> Much of the symbolism of the ceiling dates from the early church, but the ceiling also has elements that express the specifically Renaissance thinking that sought to reconcile Christian theology with the philosophy of <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_humanism" title="Renaissance humanism">Renaissance humanism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Malley1986112-87">[74]</a> During the 15th century in Italy, and in Florence in particular, there was a strong interest in <a href="/wiki/Classics" title="Classics">Classical literature</a> and the philosophies of <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> and other Classical writers. Michelangelo, as a young man, had spent time at the Platonic Academy established by the <a href="/wiki/Medici" class="mw-redirect" title="Medici">Medici</a> family in Florence. He was familiar with early humanist-inspired sculptural works such as <a href="/wiki/Donatello" title="Donatello">Donatello</a>'s bronze <a href="/wiki/David_(Donatello,_bronze)" title="David (Donatello, bronze)">David</a> and had himself responded by carving the enormous nude marble <a href="/wiki/David_(Michelangelo)" title="David (Michelangelo)">David</a>, which was placed in the <a href="/wiki/Piazza_della_Signoria" title="Piazza della Signoria">Piazza della Signoria</a> near the <a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Vecchio" title="Palazzo Vecchio">Palazzo Vecchio</a>, the home of Florence's council.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGardner1970466–467-88">[75]</a> The humanist view of spirituality was that it is rooted in human nature and independent from intermediaries such as the Church,<a href="#cite_note-89">[76]</a> which emphasized humanity as essentially sinful and flawed. A synthesis, with man dignified and created <a href="/wiki/Image_of_God" title="Image of God">in God's image</a>, was epitomized by <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Pico_Della_Mirandola" class="mw-redirect" title="Giovanni Pico Della Mirandola">Giovanni Pico Della Mirandola</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Oration_on_the_Dignity_of_Man" title="Oration on the Dignity of Man">Oration on the Dignity of Man</a>, which was referenced in sermons given at the papal court.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Malley1986122-90">[77]</a> The iconography of the ceiling has had various interpretations in the past, some elements of which have been contradicted by modern scholarship.<a href="#cite_note-93">[i]</a> Others, such as the identity of the figures in the lunettes and spandrels poppets, continue to defy interpretation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Malley1986102–110-94">[80]</a> Modern scholars have sought, as yet unsuccessfully, to determine a written source of the theological program of the ceiling and have questioned whether or not it was entirely devised by Michelangelo, who was both an avid reader of the Bible and is considered to be a genius.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Malley1986105-95">[81]</a> Art historian <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Bertram" title="Anthony Bertram">Anthony Bertram</a> argues that the artist expressed his inner turmoil in the work, saying: "The principal opposed forces in this conflict were his passionate admiration for classical beauty and his profound, almost mystical Catholicism, his [presumed] homosexuality, and his horror of <a href="/wiki/Sexual_intercourse" title="Sexual intercourse">carnal sin</a> combined with a lofty <a href="/wiki/Platonic_love" title="Platonic love">Platonic concept of love</a>."<a href="#cite_note-96">[82]</a> <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Wind" title="Edgar Wind">Edgar Wind</a> postulated that the ten medallions represented violations of the <a href="/wiki/Ten_Commandments" title="Ten Commandments">Ten Commandments</a>, with the obscured one above the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Sibyl" title="Persian Sibyl">Persian Sibyl</a> standing for <a href="/wiki/Adultery" title="Adultery">adultery</a>. O'Malley points out that, if this is the case, the infractions of the commandments are arranged out of order.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Malley1986130-75">[67]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Architectural_scheme">Architectural scheme</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sistine_Chapel_ceiling&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Architectural scheme">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vatican_Museums-6_(263).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Vatican_Museums-6_%28263%29.jpg/330px-Vatican_Museums-6_%28263%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="270" height="408" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Vatican_Museums-6_%28263%29.jpg/500px-Vatican_Museums-6_%28263%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Vatican_Museums-6_%28263%29.jpg/960px-Vatican_Museums-6_%28263%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="4928" /></a><figcaption>The ceiling's west end (above the entrance)</figcaption></figure> The Sistine Chapel is about 35 m (118 ft) long and 14 m (46 ft) wide,<a href="#cite_note-:2-14">[14]</a> with the ceiling rising to about 20 m (66 ft) above the main floor.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShearman198628-97">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Malley1986128-98">[84]</a> The vault is of quite a complex design and it is unlikely that it was originally intended to have such elaborate decoration. The chapel walls have three horizontal tiers with six arched windows in the upper tier on each side. There were also two windows at each end; however, these were closed up above the altar when Michelangelo's The Last Judgment was painted, obliterating two <a href="/wiki/Lunette" title="Lunette">lunette</a>s. Between the windows are large spandrels that support the vault. Above each window, the ceiling features triangular spandrels that rise from the tops of the <a href="/wiki/Pilaster" title="Pilaster">pilaster</a>s between the windows. At each corner of the chapel, there are doubled spandrels, also referred to as pendentives, which depict scenes of the miraculous salvation of the people of Israel: The Brazen Serpent, The Punishment of Haman, David and Goliath, and Judith and Holofernes.<a href="#cite_note-99">[85]</a> Above the height of these spandrels, the ceiling forms a flattened cross vault (or <a href="/wiki/Groin_vault" title="Groin vault">groin vault</a>), springing from a continuous <a href="/wiki/String_Course" class="mw-redirect" title="String Course">string course</a> that encircles the walls at the level of the window arches.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShearman198629–30-8">[8]</a> The first element in Michelangelo's scheme of painted architecture is the visual clarification of the real architectural structure, achieved by accentuating the junctions between the vault and the supporting elements—namely, the triangular window spandrels and the four larger corner doubled spandrels (sometimes referred to as pendentives).<a href="#cite_note-100">[86]</a> Michelangelo achieved this by painting illusionistic architectural frames that both delineate and integrate these structural features into the overall compositional logic of the ceiling.<a href="#cite_note-101">[87]</a> Michelangelo painted these as decorative courses that look like sculpted stone <a href="/wiki/Molding_(decorative)" title="Molding (decorative)">mouldings</a>.<a href="#cite_note-102">[j]</a> These have two repeating motifs:<a href="#cite_note-103">[k]</a> the acorn and the scallop shell. The acorn is the symbol of the family of both Pope Sixtus IV, who built the chapel, and Julius II, who commissioned Michelangelo's work.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Malley1986100-104">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-Rovere-105">[l]</a> The scallop shell is one of the symbols of the <a href="/wiki/Madonna_(art)" title="Madonna (art)">Madonna</a>, to whose Assumption the chapel was dedicated in 1483.<a href="#cite_note-106">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-107">[m]</a> The crown of the wall then rises above the spandrels, to a strongly projecting painted cornice that runs right around the ceiling, separating the pictorial areas of the biblical scenes from the figures of prophets, sibyls, and ancestors, who literally and figuratively support the narratives. Ten broad painted cross-ribs of <a href="/wiki/Travertine" title="Travertine">travertine</a> cross the ceiling and divide it into alternately wide and narrow pictorial spaces, a grid that gives all the figures their defined place.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Malley198695-108">[90]</a> A great number of small figures are integrated with the painted architecture, their purpose apparently purely decorative. These include pilasters with capitals supported by pairs of infant <a href="/wiki/Atlas_(architecture)" title="Atlas (architecture)">telamones</a>, rams' skulls are placed at the apex of each spandrel like <a href="/wiki/Bucrania" class="mw-redirect" title="Bucrania">bucrania</a>; bronze nude figures in varying poses, hiding in the shadows, propped between the spandrels and the ribs like animated bookends; and more putti, both clothed and unclothed, strike a variety of poses as they support the nameplates of the Prophets and Sibyls.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Malley1986104–105,_160–161-109">[91]</a> Above the cornice and to either side of the smaller scenes are an array of medallions, or round shields. They are framed by a total of 20 more figures, the so-called ignudi, which are not part of the architecture but sit on <a href="/wiki/Plinth" class="mw-redirect" title="Plinth">plinths</a>, their feet planted convincingly on the fictive cornice. Pictorially, the ignudi appear to occupy a space between the narrative spaces and the space of the chapel itself. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1275594942">@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{width:100%!important}}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{display:table}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-default{background:transparent;margin-top:4px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-center{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-none{float:none}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-center .gallery{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-left .gallery{justify-content:left}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-right .gallery{justify-content:right}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-collapsible{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery 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img{background:none!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb img:not([alt*="\200b \200b \200b "]):not([alt*="\200b \200b \200c "]){background:white!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .mod-gallery img[alt*="\200b \200b \200b "]{filter:invert(1)hue-rotate(180deg)}}</style><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default mod-gallery-center"><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed nochecker bordered-images whitebg"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 504px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 502px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Michelangelo,_pennacchi.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The ceiling's west end (detail), showing pendentives and the Prophet Zechariah"><img alt="The ceiling's west end (detail), showing pendentives and the Prophet Zechariah" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Michelangelo%2C_pennacchi.jpg/960px-Michelangelo%2C_pennacchi.jpg" decoding="async" width="502" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Michelangelo%2C_pennacchi.jpg/1130px-Michelangelo%2C_pennacchi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Michelangelo%2C_pennacchi.jpg/1506px-Michelangelo%2C_pennacchi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1589" data-file-height="570" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The ceiling's west end (detail), showing pendentives and the Prophet Zechariah</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 611.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 609.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Michelangelo_-_Sistine_Chapel_ceiling_-_1st_bay.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Separation of Light from Darkness, showing illusionary architecture and flanking Prophets"><img alt="Separation of Light from Darkness, showing illusionary architecture and flanking Prophets" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Michelangelo_-_Sistine_Chapel_ceiling_-_1st_bay.jpg/960px-Michelangelo_-_Sistine_Chapel_ceiling_-_1st_bay.jpg" decoding="async" width="610" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Michelangelo_-_Sistine_Chapel_ceiling_-_1st_bay.jpg/1371px-Michelangelo_-_Sistine_Chapel_ceiling_-_1st_bay.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/19/Michelangelo_-_Sistine_Chapel_ceiling_-_1st_bay.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1726" data-file-height="510" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Separation of Light from Darkness, showing illusionary architecture and flanking Prophets</div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pictorial_scheme">Pictorial scheme</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sistine_Chapel_ceiling&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Pictorial scheme">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Gallery_of_Sistine_Chapel_ceiling" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallery of Sistine Chapel ceiling">Gallery of Sistine Chapel ceiling</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:7_Estancia_del_Sello_(B%C3%B3veda).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/7_Estancia_del_Sello_%28B%C3%B3veda%29.jpg/220px-7_Estancia_del_Sello_%28B%C3%B3veda%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/7_Estancia_del_Sello_%28B%C3%B3veda%29.jpg/330px-7_Estancia_del_Sello_%28B%C3%B3veda%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/7_Estancia_del_Sello_%28B%C3%B3veda%29.jpg/440px-7_Estancia_del_Sello_%28B%C3%B3veda%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3992" data-file-height="3493" /></a><figcaption>The ceiling of the <a href="/wiki/Stanza_della_Segnatura" class="mw-redirect" title="Stanza della Segnatura">Stanza della Segnatura</a> in the Vatican Palace, commissioned by Julius in 1508</figcaption></figure> Like many Renaissance patrons, Pope Julius wanted the ceiling to follow a design he specified, and in early 1508 Michelangelo was presented with a scheme, which has not survived. The ceiling was to be divided into "an interlocking geometric pattern of squares and circles", and images were to include the <a href="/wiki/Twelve_Apostles" class="mw-redirect" title="Twelve Apostles">Twelve Apostles</a> on the spandrels. Other commissions by Julius in the same year, for ceilings in <a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_del_Popolo" title="Santa Maria del Popolo">Santa Maria del Popolo</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Stanza_della_Segnatura" class="mw-redirect" title="Stanza della Segnatura">Stanza della Segnatura</a> in the Vatican Palace, also had geometric frameworks, all probably influenced by the Imperian Roman remains of <a href="/wiki/Hadrian%27s_Villa,_Tivoli" class="mw-redirect" title="Hadrian's Villa, Tivoli">Hadrian's Villa, Tivoli</a>.<a href="#cite_note-110">[92]</a> Michelangelo worked on drawings following the Pope's scheme, but eventually decided that it did not allow for sufficient numbers of human figures, his main interest in the commission. At a meeting later in the year, Julius allowed Michelangelo to change the design; according to Michelangelo's later account "he gave me a new commission, to do what I liked", a claim many art historians suspect is rather overstated.<a href="#cite_note-111">[93]</a> The artist almost certainly worked with one or more specialist theologians, perhaps including <a href="/wiki/Egidio_da_Viterbo" class="mw-redirect" title="Egidio da Viterbo">Egidio da Viterbo</a>, and perhaps the aristocratic papal diplomat Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Alidosi" title="Francesco Alidosi">Francesco Alidosi</a>, who Michelangelo used to help him dealing with Julius.<a href="#cite_note-112">[94]</a> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:660px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize thumbimage" style="overflow:auto"><a href="/wiki/File:CAPPELLA_SISTINA_Ceiling.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The ceiling of the Sistine Chapel"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/CAPPELLA_SISTINA_Ceiling.jpg/960px-CAPPELLA_SISTINA_Ceiling.jpg" decoding="async" width="650" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/CAPPELLA_SISTINA_Ceiling.jpg/975px-CAPPELLA_SISTINA_Ceiling.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/CAPPELLA_SISTINA_Ceiling.jpg/1300px-CAPPELLA_SISTINA_Ceiling.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3129" data-file-height="1125" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:CAPPELLA_SISTINA_Ceiling.jpg" title="File:CAPPELLA SISTINA Ceiling.jpg"> </a></div><div class="center">The ceiling of the Sistine Chapel</div></div></div></div> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:710px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize thumbimage" style="overflow:auto"><a href="/wiki/File:Sistine_Chapel_ceiling_diagram_overlay_composite.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Plan of the pictorial elements of the ceiling showing the division of the narrative scenes into three-part themes"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Sistine_Chapel_ceiling_diagram_overlay_composite.png/700px-Sistine_Chapel_ceiling_diagram_overlay_composite.png" decoding="async" width="700" height="384" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Sistine_Chapel_ceiling_diagram_overlay_composite.png/1050px-Sistine_Chapel_ceiling_diagram_overlay_composite.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Sistine_Chapel_ceiling_diagram_overlay_composite.png/1400px-Sistine_Chapel_ceiling_diagram_overlay_composite.png 2x" data-file-width="3426" data-file-height="1880" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Sistine_Chapel_ceiling_diagram_overlay_composite.png" title="File:Sistine Chapel ceiling diagram overlay composite.png"> </a></div>Plan of the pictorial elements of the ceiling showing the division of the narrative scenes into three-part themes</div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nine_scenes_from_the_Book_of_Genesis">Nine scenes from the Book of Genesis</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sistine_Chapel_ceiling&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Nine scenes from the Book of Genesis">edit</a>]</div> Along the central section of the ceiling, Michelangelo depicted nine scenes from the Book of Genesis, organized into three groups of three related scenes. The scenes alternate between smaller and larger pictures, with the former framed by two pairs of ignudi flanking a medallion.<a href="#cite_note-Paoletti-113">[95]</a> The first group depicts God <a href="/wiki/Genesis_creation_narrative" title="Genesis creation narrative">creating the Heavens and the Earth</a>. The second group shows God creating the first man and woman, <a href="/wiki/Adam_and_Eve" title="Adam and Eve">Adam and Eve</a>, and their disobedience of God and consequent expulsion from the <a href="/wiki/Garden_of_Eden" title="Garden of Eden">Garden of Eden</a>. The third group shows the plight of humanity and in particular the family of Noah. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti" /><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Vaticano_2011_(52).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Vaticano_2011_%2852%29.JPG/250px-Vaticano_2011_%2852%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Vaticano_2011_%2852%29.JPG/330px-Vaticano_2011_%2852%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Vaticano_2011_%2852%29.JPG/500px-Vaticano_2011_%2852%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Separation of Light from Darkness</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Creation_of_the_Sun_and_the_Moon,_Michelangelo_(1508-1512).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/The_Creation_of_the_Sun_and_the_Moon%2C_Michelangelo_%281508-1512%29.jpg/250px-The_Creation_of_the_Sun_and_the_Moon%2C_Michelangelo_%281508-1512%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/The_Creation_of_the_Sun_and_the_Moon%2C_Michelangelo_%281508-1512%29.jpg/330px-The_Creation_of_the_Sun_and_the_Moon%2C_Michelangelo_%281508-1512%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/The_Creation_of_the_Sun_and_the_Moon%2C_Michelangelo_%281508-1512%29.jpg/500px-The_Creation_of_the_Sun_and_the_Moon%2C_Michelangelo_%281508-1512%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2016" data-file-height="1477" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Creation of the Sun, Moon, and Plants</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Michelangelo,_Separation_of_the_Earth_from_the_Waters_00.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Michelangelo%2C_Separation_of_the_Earth_from_the_Waters_00.jpg/200px-Michelangelo%2C_Separation_of_the_Earth_from_the_Waters_00.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Michelangelo%2C_Separation_of_the_Earth_from_the_Waters_00.jpg/300px-Michelangelo%2C_Separation_of_the_Earth_from_the_Waters_00.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Michelangelo%2C_Separation_of_the_Earth_from_the_Waters_00.jpg/400px-Michelangelo%2C_Separation_of_the_Earth_from_the_Waters_00.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1085" data-file-height="820" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Separation of Land and Water</div></div></div></div></div> The pictures within the three groups link to one another, in the same way as was usual in <a href="/wiki/Medieval_art" title="Medieval art">Mediaeval paintings</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stained_glass" title="Stained glass">stained glass</a>.<a href="#cite_note-poorman-114">[n]</a> The nine scenes are oriented to be viewed while facing the altar, chronologically unfolding towards the chapel entrance<a href="#cite_note-Paoletti-113">[95]</a> (except for the second and third scenes, and the seventh and eighth, which are each transposed).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Malley1986130-75">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-115">[Src 5]</a> John T. Paoletti and Gary M. Radke suggest that this reversed progression symbolises a return to a state of <a href="/wiki/Divine_grace" title="Divine grace">grace</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Paoletti-113">[95]</a> The scenes, from the altar towards the main door, are as follows: <ol><li>The Separation of Light from Darkness</li> <li>The Creation of the Sun, Moon and Plants</li> <li>The Separation of Land and Water</li> <li>The Creation of Adam</li> <li>The Creation of Eve</li> <li>The Fall and Expulsion</li> <li>The Sacrifice of Noah</li> <li>The Great Flood</li> <li>The Drunkenness of Noah</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Creation">Creation</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sistine_Chapel_ceiling&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Creation">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Separation_of_Light_from_Darkness" title="Separation of Light from Darkness">Separation of Light from Darkness</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Creation_of_the_Sun,_Moon_and_Plants" class="mw-redirect" title="The Creation of the Sun, Moon and Plants">The Creation of the Sun, Moon and Plants</a></div> The three creation pictures show scenes from the first chapter of Genesis, which relates that God created the Earth and its inhabitants in six days, resting on the seventh day. In the first scene, the First Day of Creation, God creates light and separates light from darkness.<a href="#cite_note-116">[Fig 2]</a> Chronologically, the next scene takes place in the third panel, in which, on the Second Day, God divides the waters from the heavens.<a href="#cite_note-117">[Fig 3]</a> In the central scene, the largest of the three, there are two representations of God: on the Third Day, God creates the Earth and makes it sprout plants; on the Fourth Day, God puts the Sun and the Moon in place to govern the night and the day, the time and the seasons of the year.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Malley1986132–133-118">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-119">[Fig 4]</a><a href="#cite_note-121">[o]</a> These three scenes, completed in the third stage of painting, are the most broadly conceived, the most broadly painted and the most dynamic of all the pictures. Of the first scene Vasari says, "Michelangelo depicted God dividing the light from the darkness ... where He is seen in all His majesty as He sustains Himself alone with open arms in a demonstration of love and creative energy."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVasari1991444-122">[97]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti" /><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Creaci%C3%B3n_de_Ad%C3%A1n.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Creaci%C3%B3n_de_Ad%C3%A1n.jpg/250px-Creaci%C3%B3n_de_Ad%C3%A1n.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Creaci%C3%B3n_de_Ad%C3%A1n.jpg/330px-Creaci%C3%B3n_de_Ad%C3%A1n.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Creaci%C3%B3n_de_Ad%C3%A1n.jpg/500px-Creaci%C3%B3n_de_Ad%C3%A1n.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4256" data-file-height="2843" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Creation of Adam</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Michelangelo,_Creation_of_Eve_00.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Michelangelo%2C_Creation_of_Eve_00.jpg/250px-Michelangelo%2C_Creation_of_Eve_00.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Michelangelo%2C_Creation_of_Eve_00.jpg/330px-Michelangelo%2C_Creation_of_Eve_00.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Michelangelo%2C_Creation_of_Eve_00.jpg/500px-Michelangelo%2C_Creation_of_Eve_00.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1101" data-file-height="810" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Creation of Eve</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Expulsion_del_para%C3%ADso.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Expulsion_del_para%C3%ADso.jpg/250px-Expulsion_del_para%C3%ADso.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Expulsion_del_para%C3%ADso.jpg/330px-Expulsion_del_para%C3%ADso.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Expulsion_del_para%C3%ADso.jpg/500px-Expulsion_del_para%C3%ADso.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4315" data-file-height="2884" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">The Fall and Expulsion from Paradise</div></div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Adam_and_Eve">Adam and Eve</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sistine_Chapel_ceiling&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Adam and Eve">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/The_Creation_of_Adam" title="The Creation of Adam">The Creation of Adam</a></div> For the central section of the ceiling, Michelangelo took four episodes from the story of Adam and Eve as told in the first, second and third chapters of Genesis. In this sequence of three, two of the panels are large and one small. In the first of the pictures, one of the most widely recognized images in the history of painting, Michelangelo shows God reaching out to touch <a href="/wiki/Adam" title="Adam">Adam</a>. Vasari describes Adam as "a figure whose beauty, pose, and contours are of such a quality that he seems newly created by his Supreme and First Creator rather than by the brush and design of a mere mortal."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVasari1991445-92">[79]</a> From beneath the sheltering arm of God, <a href="/wiki/Eve" title="Eve">Eve</a> looks out somewhat apprehensively.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGardner1970471-123">[98]</a> Correspondingly, Adam reaches out to the creator, who <a href="/wiki/Walter_Pater" title="Walter Pater">Walter Pater</a> states "comes with the forms of things to be, woman and her progeny, in the fold of his garment".<a href="#cite_note-Pater-15">[15]</a> Pater wrote of the depiction of Adam in the Creation:<a href="#cite_note-Pater-15">[15]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">Fair as the young men of the <a href="/wiki/Elgin_marbles" class="mw-redirect" title="Elgin marbles">Elgin marbles</a>, the Adam of the Sistine Chapel is unlike them in a total absence of that balance and completeness which express so well the sentiment of a self-contained, independent life. In that languid figure there is something rude and <a href="/wiki/Satyr" title="Satyr">satyr</a>-like, something akin to the rugged hillside on which it lies. His whole form is gathered into an expression of mere expectation and reception; he has hardly strength enough to lift his finger to touch the finger of the creator; yet a touch of the finger-tips will suffice.</blockquote> The central scene, of God creating Eve from the side of the sleeping Adam<a href="#cite_note-124">[Fig 5]</a> has been taken in its composition directly from another creation sequence, the relief panels that surround the door of the <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_San_Petronio" class="mw-redirect" title="Basilica of San Petronio">Basilica of San Petronio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bologna" title="Bologna">Bologna</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Jacopo_della_Quercia" title="Jacopo della Quercia">Jacopo della Quercia</a>, whose work Michelangelo had studied in his youth.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartzKönig201354-56">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGardner1970467-125">[99]</a> In the final panel of this sequence, Michelangelo combines two contrasting scenes into one panel,<a href="#cite_note-126">[Fig 6]</a> that of Adam and Eve taking fruit from the <a href="/wiki/Tree_of_the_knowledge_of_good_and_evil" title="Tree of the knowledge of good and evil">forbidden tree</a> (a <a href="/wiki/Common_fig" class="mw-redirect" title="Common fig">fig</a> and not an <a href="/wiki/Apple_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Apple tree">apple tree</a> as <a href="/wiki/Tree_of_the_knowledge_of_good_and_evil#Christianity" title="Tree of the knowledge of good and evil">commonly depicted in Western Christian art</a>),<a href="#cite_note-127">[100]</a> Eve trustingly taking it from the hand of the <a href="/wiki/Serpent_(symbolism)#Judaic_and_Christian_symbolism" class="mw-redirect" title="Serpent (symbolism)">Serpent</a> (depicted as <a href="/wiki/Lilith" title="Lilith">Lilith</a>) and Adam eagerly picking it for himself, as well as their banishment from the Garden of Eden, where they have lived in the company of God, to the world outside where they have to fend for themselves and experience death.<a href="#cite_note-Gold-23">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-128">[Src 7]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti" /><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Michelangelo,_Sacrifice_of_Noah_00.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Michelangelo%2C_Sacrifice_of_Noah_00.jpg/250px-Michelangelo%2C_Sacrifice_of_Noah_00.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Michelangelo%2C_Sacrifice_of_Noah_00.jpg/330px-Michelangelo%2C_Sacrifice_of_Noah_00.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Michelangelo%2C_Sacrifice_of_Noah_00.jpg/500px-Michelangelo%2C_Sacrifice_of_Noah_00.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1149" data-file-height="770" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Sacrifice of Noah</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Deluge,_Michelangelo.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Deluge%2C_Michelangelo.png/200px-Deluge%2C_Michelangelo.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Deluge%2C_Michelangelo.png/300px-Deluge%2C_Michelangelo.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Deluge%2C_Michelangelo.png/400px-Deluge%2C_Michelangelo.png 2x" data-file-width="3643" data-file-height="2394" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">The Flood</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Michelangelo,_Drunkenness_of_Noah_00.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Michelangelo%2C_Drunkenness_of_Noah_00.jpg/250px-Michelangelo%2C_Drunkenness_of_Noah_00.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Michelangelo%2C_Drunkenness_of_Noah_00.jpg/330px-Michelangelo%2C_Drunkenness_of_Noah_00.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Michelangelo%2C_Drunkenness_of_Noah_00.jpg/500px-Michelangelo%2C_Drunkenness_of_Noah_00.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1148" data-file-height="800" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Drunkenness of Noah</div></div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Noah">Noah</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sistine_Chapel_ceiling&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Noah">edit</a>]</div> As with the first sequence of pictures, the three panels concerning Noah, taken from the sixth to ninth chapters of Genesis are thematic rather than chronological. In the first scene is shown the sacrifice of a sheep.<a href="#cite_note-129">[Fig 7]</a> Both Vasari and Condivi mistake this scene for the sacrifices by <a href="/wiki/Cain_and_Abel" title="Cain and Abel">Cain and Abel</a>, in which Abel's sacrifice was acceptable to God and Cain's was not.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Malley1986102-91">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVasari1991445-92">[79]</a> What this image almost certainly depicts is the sacrifice made by the family of Noah, after their safe deliverance from the Great Flood which destroyed the rest of humanity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Malley1986130-75">[67]</a> The central, larger, scene shows the Great Flood.<a href="#cite_note-130">[Fig 8]</a> <a href="/wiki/Noah%27s_Ark" title="Noah's Ark">The Ark</a> in which Noah's family escaped floats at the rear of the picture while the rest of humanity tries frantically to scramble to some point of safety. A <a href="/wiki/Lightning_strike" title="Lightning strike">lightning bolt</a>, which according to Condivi illustrated God's wrath, was smitten from the ceiling when the chapel was damaged in 1797.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParis2009106–107-131">[101]</a> The final scene is the story of Noah's drunkenness.<a href="#cite_note-132">[Fig 9]</a> After the Flood, Noah tills the soil and grows vines. He is shown doing so in the background of the picture. He becomes drunk and inadvertently exposes himself. His youngest son, <a href="/wiki/Ham_(son_of_Noah)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ham (son of Noah)">Ham</a>, brings his two brothers <a href="/wiki/Shem" title="Shem">Shem</a> and <a href="/wiki/Japheth" title="Japheth">Japheth</a> to see the sight but they discreetly cover their father with a cloak. Ham is later <a href="/wiki/Curse_of_Ham" title="Curse of Ham">cursed by Noah</a> and told that the <a href="/wiki/Generations_of_Noah" title="Generations of Noah">descendants of Ham's son</a> Canaan will serve Shem and Japheth's descendants forever.<a href="#cite_note-133">[Src 8]</a> Since Michelangelo executed the nine biblical scenes in reverse chronological order, some analyses of the frescoes of the vault commence with the Drunkenness of Noah. <a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Tolnay" title="Charles de Tolnay">Charles de Tolnay</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Neoplatonic" class="mw-redirect" title="Neoplatonic">neoplatonic</a> interpretation sees the story of Noah at the beginning and the act of creation by God as the conclusion of the process of deificatio and the return from physical to spiritual being.<a href="#cite_note-134">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-135">[103]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Medallions">Medallions</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sistine_Chapel_ceiling&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Medallions">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Medallion_detail.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Medallion_detail.jpg/250px-Medallion_detail.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Medallion_detail.jpg/330px-Medallion_detail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Medallion_detail.jpg/340px-Medallion_detail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="429" data-file-height="514" /></a><figcaption>Detail of The Idol of <a href="/wiki/Baal" title="Baal">Baal</a>, showing the linear use of black paint and gold leaf defining forms</figcaption></figure> Adjacent to the smaller biblical scenes in the first register and supported by the paired ignudi are ten medallions. In four of the five most highly finished, the space is crowded with figures in violent action, similar to Michelangelo's cartoon for the Battle of Cascina. The subjects depicted are somewhat ambiguous,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Malley1986102–103-136">[104]</a> with Vasari merely saying they are taken from the <a href="/wiki/Books_of_Kings" title="Books of Kings">Book of Kings</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraham-Dixon2008134-137">[105]</a> According to Ulrich Pfisterer, Michelangelo adapted the medallions from woodcut illustrations in the 1490 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Malermi_Bible&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Malermi Bible (page does not exist)">Malermi Bible</a>, the first Italian-language Bible, named after its translator, <a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%B2_Malermi" title="Nicolò Malermi">Nicolò Malermi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPfisterer201861-138">[106]</a> The medallions have been interpreted as depicting: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham">Abraham</a> about to sacrifice his son <a href="/wiki/Isaac" title="Isaac">Isaac</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraham-Dixon2008134-137">[105]</a></li> <li>The Destruction of the Statue of <a href="/wiki/Baal" title="Baal">Baal</a></li> <li>The worshippers of Baal being brutally slaughtered</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uriah_the_Hittite" title="Uriah the Hittite">Uriah</a> being beaten to death<a href="#cite_note-139">[Fig 10]</a></li> <li>Nathan the priest condemning King <a href="/wiki/David" title="David">David</a> for murder and adultery</li> <li>King David's traitorous son <a href="/wiki/Absalom" title="Absalom">Absalom</a> caught by his hair in a tree while trying to escape and beheaded by David's troops</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joab" title="Joab">Joab</a> sneaking up on <a href="/wiki/Abner" title="Abner">Abner</a> to murder him</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehoram_of_Israel" title="Jehoram of Israel">Joram</a> being hurled from a chariot onto his head</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elijah" title="Elijah">Elijah</a> being carried up to Heaven<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraham-Dixon2008134-137">[105]</a></li> <li>A subject which was either obliterated or left incomplete<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Malley1986130-75">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-140">[Fig 11]</a></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sistine_jonah.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Sistine_jonah.jpg/250px-Sistine_jonah.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Sistine_jonah.jpg/330px-Sistine_jonah.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Sistine_jonah.jpg/340px-Sistine_jonah.jpg 2x" data-file-width="483" data-file-height="570" /></a><figcaption>The Prophet Jonah</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%27Isaiah_Sistine_Chapel_ceiling%27_by_Michelangelo_JBU36FXD.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/%27Isaiah_Sistine_Chapel_ceiling%27_by_Michelangelo_JBU36FXD.jpg/170px-%27Isaiah_Sistine_Chapel_ceiling%27_by_Michelangelo_JBU36FXD.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/%27Isaiah_Sistine_Chapel_ceiling%27_by_Michelangelo_JBU36FXD.jpg/255px-%27Isaiah_Sistine_Chapel_ceiling%27_by_Michelangelo_JBU36FXD.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/%27Isaiah_Sistine_Chapel_ceiling%27_by_Michelangelo_JBU36FXD.jpg/340px-%27Isaiah_Sistine_Chapel_ceiling%27_by_Michelangelo_JBU36FXD.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="5184" /></a><figcaption>The Prophet Isaiah</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Twelve_prophetic_figures">Twelve prophetic figures</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sistine_Chapel_ceiling&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Twelve prophetic figures">edit</a>]</div> On the five spandrels along each side and the two at either end, Michelangelo painted the largest figures on the ceiling: twelve people who prophesied a Messiah. These twelve are seven male prophets of Israel and five Sibyls, prophetesses of <a href="/wiki/Classical_mythology" title="Classical mythology">classical mythology</a>. Jonah is placed above the altar and Zechariah at the opposite end. The other five Prophets and Sibyls alternate down each long side, each being identified by an inscription on a painted marble tablet supported by a <a href="/wiki/Putto" title="Putto">putto</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Malley1986104–105-141">[107]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jonah" title="Jonah">Jonah</a> (IONAS) – above the altar<a href="#cite_note-Pro_Jon-76">[Fig 1]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremiah_(prophet)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jeremiah (prophet)">Jeremiah</a> (HIEREMIAS)<a href="#cite_note-Pro_Jer-142">[Fig 12]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Sibyl" title="Persian Sibyl">Persian Sibyl</a> (PERSICHA)<a href="#cite_note-Sib_P-143">[Fig 13]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezekiel" title="Ezekiel">Ezekiel</a> (EZECHIEL)<a href="#cite_note-Pro_Eze-144">[Fig 14]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erythraean_Sibyl" title="Erythraean Sibyl">Erythraean Sibyl</a> (ERITHRAEA)<a href="#cite_note-Sib_E-145">[Fig 15]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joel_(prophet)" title="Joel (prophet)">Joel</a> (IOEL)<a href="#cite_note-Pro_Joel-146">[Fig 16]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zechariah_(Hebrew_prophet)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zechariah (Hebrew prophet)">Zechariah</a> (ZACHERIAS) – above the main door of the chapel<a href="#cite_note-Pro_Zec-147">[Fig 17]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delphic_Sibyl" title="Delphic Sibyl">Delphic Sibyl</a> (DELPHICA)<a href="#cite_note-Sib_D-148">[Fig 18]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah" title="Isaiah">Isaiah</a> (ESAIAS)<a href="#cite_note-Pro_Isa-149">[Fig 19]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumaean_Sibyl" title="Cumaean Sibyl">Cumaean Sibyl</a> (CVMAEA)<a href="#cite_note-Sib_C-150">[Fig 20]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_(biblical_figure)" title="Daniel (biblical figure)">Daniel</a> (DANIEL)<a href="#cite_note-Pro_Dan-151">[Fig 21]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_Sibyl" title="Libyan Sibyl">Libyan Sibyl</a> (LIBICA)<a href="#cite_note-Sib_L-152">[Fig 22]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Prophets">Prophets</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sistine_Chapel_ceiling&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Prophets">edit</a>]</div> Seven prophets of Israel are depicted on the ceiling, including the four so-called <a href="/wiki/Major_prophet" title="Major prophet">major prophets</a> – <a href="/wiki/Isaiah" title="Isaiah">Isaiah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jeremiah" title="Jeremiah">Jeremiah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ezekiel" title="Ezekiel">Ezekiel</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Daniel_(biblical_figure)" title="Daniel (biblical figure)">Daniel</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Malley1986112,_118–120,_126-153">[108]</a> – and three of the Twelve Minor Prophets: <a href="/wiki/Joel_(prophet)" title="Joel (prophet)">Joel</a>, Zechariah, and Jonah.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Malley1986106–107,_110,_128–129-154">[109]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Joel" title="Book of Joel">Book of Joel</a> prophesies the triumph of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Judah" title="Kingdom of Judah">Judah</a> over its enemies, and includes the words, "Your sons and your daughters shall prophesy, your old men shall dream dreams [and] your young men shall see visions."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Malley1986110-155">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-156">[Src 9]</a> Zechariah was the first Prophet to be painted.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Malley1986106–107-85">[72]</a> Condivi praises Jonah, including its foreshortening.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Malley1986118-157">[111]</a> In Vasari's description of the Prophets and Sibyls he is particularly high in his praise of Isaiah, saying, "anyone who examines this figure will see details taken from Nature herself, the true mother of the art of painting, and will see a figure that with close study can in broad terms teach all the precepts of good painting."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVasari1991447-158">[112]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Michelangelo_the_libyan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Michelangelo_the_libyan.jpg/170px-Michelangelo_the_libyan.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Michelangelo_the_libyan.jpg/255px-Michelangelo_the_libyan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Michelangelo_the_libyan.jpg/340px-Michelangelo_the_libyan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="623" data-file-height="650" /></a><figcaption>The Libyan Sibyl</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sibyls">Sibyls</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sistine_Chapel_ceiling&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Sibyls">edit</a>]</div> The Sibyls were prophetic women who were resident at shrines or temples throughout the Classical world. These women were similar to Christian prophets in the sense that they were "spokeswomen for the divine oracles" and served as an "mouthpiece of the gods".<a href="#cite_note-159">[113]</a> Furthermore, the Sibyls embodied feminine figures that received messages from the gods and prophesized said messages to the ancient Greeks and Romans who heavily regarded their divinatory practices. Their prophecies predate those of the Christian prophets and were contextually paganistic due to the commonly known beliefs at that time. Authors from antiquity utilized the Greco-Roman Sibyls to legitimize Christianity. The papal court generally regarded antiquity as setting the stage for Christianity. The text <a href="/wiki/The_Divine_Institutes" title="The Divine Institutes">Divine Institutes</a> by <a href="/wiki/Lactantius" title="Lactantius">Lactanitus</a>, a Christian author that was an advisor to Emperor Constantine in 280, was one of the first texts composed to legitimize Christianity and convert pagans and gentiles to the religion. In Divine Institutions, Lactantius states “Another Sibyl ... conveyed the word of God to man and said ‘I am the only god and there is no other.’”, validating monotheism from the written account of a pagan Sibyl.<a href="#cite_note-160">[114]</a> Additionally, the <a href="/wiki/Cumaean_Sibyl" title="Cumaean Sibyl">Cumaean Sibyl</a> is quoted by 1st-century BC Roman poet <a href="/wiki/Virgil" title="Virgil">Virgil</a> in his <a href="/wiki/Eclogue_4" title="Eclogue 4">Fourth Eclogue</a> as declaring that "a new progeny of Heaven" would bring about a return of the "<a href="/wiki/Golden_Age" title="Golden Age">Golden Age</a>". Many people during the Renaissance interpreted this as foretelling the birth of Jesus.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Malley1986116–117-161">[115]</a> This association of the Sibyls with Christianity also progresses into Christian worship in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, as they appeared in the <a href="/wiki/Dies_irae" title="Dies irae">Dies Irae</a> Latin hymn produced by either the <a href="/wiki/Franciscans" title="Franciscans">Franciscan</a> or <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Order" title="Dominican Order">Dominican</a> monastic order. The hymn utilizes the pagan Sybil as a witness to <a href="/wiki/David" title="David">David</a>'s lineage to Christ and uses these figures from Greco-Roman antiquity to support the Christian beliefs of the coming of Christ from an era before the prophets.<a href="#cite_note-162">[116]</a> There was an increasing interest in the remains of <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_ancient_Rome" title="Religion in ancient Rome">Rome's pagan past</a> within the Catholic Church; scholars had turned from reading Mediaeval <a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_Latin" title="Ecclesiastical Latin">ecclesiastical Latin</a> texts to <a href="/wiki/Classical_Latin" title="Classical Latin">classical Latin</a> and the philosophies of the Classical world were studied along with the writings of <a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">St Augustine</a>. Thus, the presence of five pagan prophets in the Sistine Chapel is not surprising.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Malley1986107–117-163">[117]</a> Furthermore, this is not the first appearance of Sibyls within a Christian church. Michelangelo's mentor <a href="/wiki/Domenico_Ghirlandaio" title="Domenico Ghirlandaio">Domenico Ghirlandaio</a> painted Sibyls on the ceiling of <a href="/wiki/Santa_Trinita" title="Santa Trinita">Santa Trinita</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Sassetti_Chapel" title="Sassetti Chapel">Sassetti Chapel</a> approximately 20 years prior to the start of the Sistine Chapel ceiling. It is not known why Michelangelo selected the five particular Sibyls that were depicted, given that there were ten possibilities. O'Malley suggests that the four besides the Cumaean Sibyl were selected for a wide geographic coverage, as they come from <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ionia" title="Ionia">Ionia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Malley1986116-164">[118]</a> Vasari says of the Erythraean Sibyl:<a href="#cite_note-Sib_E-145">[Fig 15]</a> "This figure is extraordinarily beautiful owing to the expression of its face, the arrangement of its hair, and the style of its garments, not to mention its bare arms, which are as beautiful as the rest of the body."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVasari1991447-158">[112]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti" /><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:232px;max-width:232px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:230px;max-width:230px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:163px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Punishment_of_Haman.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/The_Punishment_of_Haman.png/228px-The_Punishment_of_Haman.png" decoding="async" width="228" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/The_Punishment_of_Haman.png/342px-The_Punishment_of_Haman.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/The_Punishment_of_Haman.png/456px-The_Punishment_of_Haman.png 2x" data-file-width="1490" data-file-height="1068" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Punishment of Haman (east end, left)</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:230px;max-width:230px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:162px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Brazen_Serpent_(1).png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/The_Brazen_Serpent_%281%29.png/228px-The_Brazen_Serpent_%281%29.png" decoding="async" width="228" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/The_Brazen_Serpent_%281%29.png/342px-The_Brazen_Serpent_%281%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/The_Brazen_Serpent_%281%29.png/456px-The_Brazen_Serpent_%281%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1493" data-file-height="1065" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">The Brazen Serpent (east end, right)</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:230px;max-width:230px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:152px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:%27Judith_and_Holofernes%27_by_Michelangelo_JBU31.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/%27Judith_and_Holofernes%27_by_Michelangelo_JBU31.JPG/250px-%27Judith_and_Holofernes%27_by_Michelangelo_JBU31.JPG" decoding="async" width="228" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/%27Judith_and_Holofernes%27_by_Michelangelo_JBU31.JPG/500px-%27Judith_and_Holofernes%27_by_Michelangelo_JBU31.JPG 1.5x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Judith and Holofernes (west end, left)</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:230px;max-width:230px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:163px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:David_and_Goliath_(1).png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/David_and_Goliath_%281%29.png/228px-David_and_Goliath_%281%29.png" decoding="async" width="228" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/David_and_Goliath_%281%29.png/342px-David_and_Goliath_%281%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/David_and_Goliath_%281%29.png/456px-David_and_Goliath_%281%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1491" data-file-height="1066" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">David and Goliath (west end, right)</div></div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spandrels">Spandrels</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sistine_Chapel_ceiling&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Spandrels">edit</a>]</div> In each corner of the chapel is a large triangular doubled spandrel, sometimes referred to less accurately as a pendentive, filling the space between the walls and the arch of the vault and forming a doubled spandrel above the windows nearest the corners. On these curving shapes Michelangelo has painted four scenes from biblical stories that are associated with the salvation of Israel by four great male and female heroes of the <a href="/wiki/Jew" class="mw-redirect" title="Jew">Jews</a>: Moses, <a href="/wiki/Esther" title="Esther">Esther</a>, <a href="/wiki/David" title="David">David</a> and <a href="/wiki/Judith" class="mw-redirect" title="Judith">Judith</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Paoletti-113">[95]</a> The first two stories were both seen in <a href="/wiki/Medieval_theology#Medieval_Christian_theology" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval theology">Mediaeval</a> and Renaissance theology as prefiguring the Crucifixion of Jesus. The other two stories, those of David and Judith, were often linked in Renaissance art, particularly by Florentine artists as they demonstrated the overthrow of tyrants, a popular subject in the Republic. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haman" title="Haman">The Punishment of Haman</a> – seen to the left when facing east, towards the altar</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nehushtan" title="Nehushtan">The Brazen Serpent</a> – seen to the right when facing east, towards the altar</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judith_beheading_Holofernes" title="Judith beheading Holofernes">Judith and Holofernes</a> – seen to the left when facing west, towards the rear</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goliath" title="Goliath">David and Goliath</a> – seen to the right when facing west, towards the rear<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Malley1986134-80">[70]</a></li></ul> In the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Esther" title="Book of Esther">Book of Esther</a>, it is related that Haman, a public servant, plots to get Esther's husband, the king of Persia, to slay all the Jewish people in his land. The king, who is going over his books during a sleepless night, realizes something is amiss. Esther, discovering the plot, denounces Haman, and her husband orders his execution on a scaffold he has built. The king's eunuchs promptly carry this out.<a href="#cite_note-165">[Src 10]</a> Michelangelo shows Haman crucified (instead of hanged as in the original story)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Malley1986134-80">[70]</a> with Esther looking at him from a doorway and the king giving orders in the background.<a href="#cite_note-166">[Fig 23]</a> The composition shows Haman at the table with Esther, as well as being crucified.<a href="#cite_note-OM6-167">[119]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mordechai" class="mw-redirect" title="Mordechai">Mordechai</a> sits on the steps, linking the scenes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartzKönig201356-168">[120]</a> In the story of the Brazen Serpent, the people of Israel become dissatisfied and grumble at God. As punishment, they receive a plague of venomous snakes. God offers the people relief by instructing Moses to make a snake of brass and set it up on a pole, the sight of which gives miraculous healing.<a href="#cite_note-fiery-82">[Src 3]</a> The composition is crowded with figures and separate incidents as the various individuals who have been attacked by snakes struggle and die or turn toward the icon that will save them. This is the most <a href="/wiki/Mannerist" class="mw-redirect" title="Mannerist">Mannerist</a> of Michelangelo's earlier compositions at the chapel.<a href="#cite_note-OM6-167">[119]</a> Writing in the 19th century, English art critic <a href="/wiki/John_Ruskin" title="John Ruskin">John Ruskin</a> compares The Brazen Serpent<a href="#cite_note-169">[Fig 24]</a> favourably to the canonical classical statue group <a href="/wiki/Laoco%C3%B6n_and_His_Sons" title="Laocoön and His Sons">Laocoön and His Sons</a>, which Michelangelo saw upon its discovery in 1506.<a href="#cite_note-:02-170">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-171">[122]</a> Both works are crowded compositions of figures attacked by supernatural reptiles: the "fiery serpents" of the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Numbers" title="Book of Numbers">book of Numbers</a> and the sea monsters of Virgil's <a href="/wiki/Aeneid" title="Aeneid">Aeneid</a>. Ruskin states that he prefers the <a href="/wiki/Sublime_(philosophy)" title="Sublime (philosophy)">sublimity</a> expressed by Michelangelo's "gigantic intellect" in "the grandeur of the plague itself, in its multitudinous grasp, and its mystical salvation" and his "awfulness and quietness" to the "meagre lines and contemptible tortures of the Laocoön" and argued that "the grandeur of this treatment results, not merely from choice, but from a greater knowledge and more faithful rendering of truth".<a href="#cite_note-:02-170">[121]</a> Attacking the sculpture's unnaturalistic snakes as "pieces of tape with heads to them" and criticizing the unrealistic struggle, he praises the painting<a href="#cite_note-:02-170">[121]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote">in the rendering of these circumstances; the binding of the arms to the body, and the knotting of the whole mass of agony together, until we hear the crashing of the bones beneath the grisly sliding of the engine folds. Note also the expression in all the figures of another circumstance, the torpor and cold numbness of the limbs induced by the serpent venom, which, though justifiably over-looked by the sculptor of the Laocoön, as well as by Virgil – in consideration of the rapidity of the death by crushing, adds infinitely to the power of the Florentine's conception.</blockquote> Judith and Holofernes depicts the episode in the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Judith" title="Book of Judith">Book of Judith</a>. As Judith loads the enemy's head onto a basket carried by her maid and covers it with a cloth, she looks towards the tent,<a href="#cite_note-OM6-167">[119]</a> apparently distracted by the limbs of the decapitated corpse flailing about.<a href="#cite_note-172">[Fig 25]</a> The composition is vertically split, not unlike the Punishment of Haman at the opposite corner of the chapel. In David and Goliath, the shepherd boy, David, has brought down the towering Goliath with his <a href="/wiki/Sling_(weapon)" title="Sling (weapon)">sling</a>, but the giant is alive and is trying to rise as David forces his head down to chop it off.<a href="#cite_note-OM6-167">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-173">[Fig 26]</a> David and Goliath is a relatively simple composition, with the two protagonists centrally placed and the only other figures being background observers. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancestors_of_Christ">Ancestors of Christ</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sistine_Chapel_ceiling&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Ancestors of Christ">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Gallery_of_Sistine_Chapel_ceiling#Ancestors" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallery of Sistine Chapel ceiling">Gallery of Sistine Chapel ceiling § Ancestors</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tree_of_Jesse" title="Tree of Jesse">Tree of Jesse</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jacob_a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Jacob_a.jpg/330px-Jacob_a.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Jacob_a.jpg/500px-Jacob_a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Jacob_a.jpg/960px-Jacob_a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1155" data-file-height="650" /></a><figcaption>The lunette of Jacob and his son <a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph" title="Saint Joseph">Joseph</a>, the husband of Mary. The suspicious old man is thought to be Jacob,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMancinelli1986228-174">[123]</a> but resembles depictions of Joseph.<a href="#cite_note-175">[p]</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ezechias_Spandrel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Ezechias_Spandrel.jpg/170px-Ezechias_Spandrel.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Ezechias_Spandrel.jpg/255px-Ezechias_Spandrel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Ezechias_Spandrel.jpg/340px-Ezechias_Spandrel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="822" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption>Ezekias spandrel</figcaption></figure> Either side of the chapel has six windows, as well as two closed windows at the rear, and two above the altar which were covered by The Last Judgment. Above each window is an arched shape, referred to as a lunette. Above each of the eight most central side lunettes is a triangular spandrel (topped by symmetrical pairs of bronze nudes);<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Malley1986101-176">[124]</a> the other six lunettes are below the corner spandrels, sometimes referred to as pendentives as noted earlier. These regions link the walls and the ceiling;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMancinelli1986240-177">[125]</a> the figures painted on them are intermediate in size (approximately 2 m tall), between the very large prophets on the ceiling and the much smaller papal portraits which had been painted on either side of each window in the 15th century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMancinelli1986238-178">[126]</a> Michelangelo chose the ancestors of Christ as the subject of these images,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Malley1986170–174-179">[127]</a> thus juxtaposing Jesus' physical lineage with the popes, his spiritual successors according to the Church.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraham-Dixon2008137-180">[128]</a> Centrally placed above each window is a faux marble tablet with a decorative frame. On each is painted the names of the male line by which Jesus, through his earthly father, Joseph, is descended from Abraham, according to the Gospel of Matthew.<a href="#cite_note-181">[Src 11]</a><a href="#cite_note-182">[q]</a> However, the genealogy is now incomplete, since the two lunettes of the windows in the altar wall were destroyed by Michelangelo when he returned to the chapel in 1537 to paint The Last Judgment.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraham-Dixon2008138-183">[129]</a> Only engravings, based on a drawing that has since been lost, remain of them.<a href="#cite_note-184">[Fig 27]</a> The sequence of tablets seems somewhat erratic as one plaque has four names, most have three or two, and two plaques have only one. Moreover, the progression moves from one side of the building to the other, but not consistently, and the figures the lunettes contain do not coincide closely with the listed names. These figures vaguely suggest various family relationships; most lunettes contain one or more infants, and many depict a man and a woman, often sitting on opposing sides of the painted plaque that separates them. O'Malley describes them as "simply representative figures, almost ciphers".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Malley1986170–174-179">[127]</a> The figures in the lunettes appear to be families, but in every case they are families that are divided. The figures in them are physically divided by the name tablet but they are also divided by a range of human emotions that turn them outward or in on themselves and sometimes towards their partner with jealousy, suspicion, rage or simply boredom. In them Michelangelo has portrayed the anger and unhappiness of the human condition, painting, in <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Graham-Dixon" title="Andrew Graham-Dixon">Andrew Graham-Dixon</a>'s words, "the daily round of merely domestic life as if it were a curse".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraham-Dixon2008141-185">[130]</a> In their constraining niches, Gabriele Bartz and Eberhard König say, the ancestors "sit, squat and wait".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartzKönig201344-186">[131]</a> Of the 14 lunettes, the two that were probably painted first,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMancinelli1986226-187">[132]</a> the families of Eleazar and Mathan<a href="#cite_note-188">[Fig 28]</a><a href="#cite_note-189">[r]</a> and of Jacob and his son Joseph, are the most detailed. They become progressively broader towards the altar end, as Michelangelo painted faster and more furiously.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMancinelli1986254-190">[133]</a> Because of the constraints of the triangular shape, in each spandrel the figures are seated on the ground. Six include groups of figures, mostly adults with a child. Of the two remaining, one shows a woman with shears trimming the neck of a garment she is making while her toddler looks on.<a href="#cite_note-191">[Fig 29]</a> The biblical woman who is recorded as making a new garment for her child is <a href="/wiki/Hannah_(Bible)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hannah (Bible)">Hannah</a>, the mother of <a href="/wiki/Samuel_(Bible)" class="mw-redirect" title="Samuel (Bible)">Samuel</a>, whose child went to live in the temple; the male figure in the background is wearing a distinctive hat that might suggest that of a priest.<a href="#cite_note-192">[Src 12]</a> Another female figure sits staring out of the picture.<a href="#cite_note-:0-193">[Fig 30]</a> In the restoration process, the figure of <a href="/wiki/Amminadab" title="Amminadab">Amminadab</a> was shown to be wearing a contemporary <a href="/wiki/Jewish_badge" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish badge">Jewish badge</a>, the wearing of which was being rigorously enforced at the time. Depictions normally occur in a pejorative context, and seem to link this figure from the Jewish past to the Renaissance present. In this case, it appears to place Amminadab as permanently exiled from salvation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWisch2003164-6-194">[134]</a> Prior to restoration, of all the paintings in the chapel, the lunettes and spandrels were the dirtiest.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMancinelli1986234–236-195">[135]</a> Added to this, there has always been a problem of poor daytime visibility of the panels nearest the windows because of halination, the effect of bright areas blurring over less bright ones.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ignudi">Ignudi</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sistine_Chapel_ceiling&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Ignudi">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Gallery_of_Sistine_Chapel_ceiling#Ignudi" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallery of Sistine Chapel ceiling">Gallery of Sistine Chapel ceiling § Ignudi</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%27Ignudo%27_by_Michelangelo_JBU33.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/%27Ignudo%27_by_Michelangelo_JBU33.jpg/170px-%27Ignudo%27_by_Michelangelo_JBU33.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/%27Ignudo%27_by_Michelangelo_JBU33.jpg/255px-%27Ignudo%27_by_Michelangelo_JBU33.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/%27Ignudo%27_by_Michelangelo_JBU33.jpg/340px-%27Ignudo%27_by_Michelangelo_JBU33.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2214" data-file-height="2953" /></a><figcaption>An ignudo commonly reproduced by other artists</figcaption></figure> The ignudi<a href="#cite_note-196">[s]</a> are the 20 athletic, nude males that Michelangelo painted as supporting figures at each corner of the five smaller creation scenes on the ceiling, each pair enclosing a medallion supported by ribands above the Prophets and Sibyls.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Malley198697-197">[136]</a> The figures hold, are draped with, or lean on items like ribbons, pillows, and large garlands of acorns,<a href="#cite_note-Rovere-105">[l]</a> in widely varying postures.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Malley198697-197">[136]</a> Mostly decorative, they provided Michelangelo a prime opportunity to express himself.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Malley1986101-176">[124]</a> The poses were copied by other Renaissance artists, including <a href="/wiki/Bartolommeo_Bandinelli" class="mw-redirect" title="Bartolommeo Bandinelli">Bartolommeo Bandinelli</a> and the workshop of Raphael (for <a href="/wiki/The_Baptism_of_Constantine" title="The Baptism of Constantine">The Baptism of Constantine</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHersey199358–59,_170–171-198">[137]</a> Some have suggested that the ignudi could represent <a href="/wiki/Angel" title="Angel">angels</a>, similar to <a href="/wiki/Cherub" title="Cherub">cherubs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Malley1986100,_104-199">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHersey1993197–198-200">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-201">[t]</a> O'Malley compares them to sculptures of <a href="/wiki/Atlas_(mythology)" title="Atlas (mythology)">Atlas</a> or Michelangelo's Slaves from Julius II's tomb.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Malley1986101-176">[124]</a> In their reflection of classical antiquity they resonate with Pope Julius's aspirations to lead Italy towards a new 'age of gold'; at the same time, they staked Michelangelo's claim to greatness.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraham-Dixon2008136-202">[140]</a> Contrarily, a number of critics were angered by their presence and nudity, including <a href="/wiki/Pope_Adrian_VI" title="Pope Adrian VI">Pope Adrian VI</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHersey199325-203">[141]</a><div style="clear:left;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Stylistic_analysis_and_artistic_legacy">Stylistic analysis and artistic legacy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sistine_Chapel_ceiling&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Stylistic analysis and artistic legacy">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1275594942" /><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default mod-gallery-center"><div class="title"><div>Possible influences on Michelangelo for the ceiling</div></div><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed nochecker bordered-images whitebg"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 127.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 125.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Monreale_creation_earth.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Creation of the Sun, Moon, and Stars mosaic (12th century), Monreale Cathedral"><img alt="Creation of the Sun, Moon, and Stars mosaic (12th century), Monreale Cathedral" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Monreale_creation_earth.jpg/250px-Monreale_creation_earth.jpg" decoding="async" width="126" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Monreale_creation_earth.jpg/330px-Monreale_creation_earth.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Monreale_creation_earth.jpg/500px-Monreale_creation_earth.jpg 2x" data-file-width="653" data-file-height="938" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Creation of the Sun, Moon, and Stars mosaic (12th century), <a href="/wiki/Monreale_Cathedral" title="Monreale Cathedral">Monreale Cathedral</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 130px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 128px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Monreale_creation_Adam.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Creation of Adam mosaic, Monreale Cathedral"><img alt="Creation of Adam mosaic, Monreale Cathedral" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Monreale_creation_Adam.jpg/250px-Monreale_creation_Adam.jpg" decoding="async" width="128" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Monreale_creation_Adam.jpg/330px-Monreale_creation_Adam.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Monreale_creation_Adam.jpg/500px-Monreale_creation_Adam.jpg 2x" data-file-width="684" data-file-height="963" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Creation of Adam mosaic, Monreale Cathedral</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 258.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 256.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Monreale_creation_Eva.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Creation of Eve, Monreale Cathedral"><img alt="Creation of Eve, Monreale Cathedral" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Monreale_creation_Eva.jpg/500px-Monreale_creation_Eva.jpg" decoding="async" width="257" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Monreale_creation_Eva.jpg/577px-Monreale_creation_Eva.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/df/Monreale_creation_Eva.jpg 2x" data-file-width="678" data-file-height="476" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Creation of Eve, Monreale Cathedral</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 152.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Jacopo_della_quercia,_02.creazione_di_eva.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Creation of Eve relief, Jacopo della Quercia (c. 1374–1438), Bologna Cathedral"><img alt="Creation of Eve relief, Jacopo della Quercia (c. 1374–1438), Bologna Cathedral" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Jacopo_della_quercia%2C_02.creazione_di_eva.jpg/250px-Jacopo_della_quercia%2C_02.creazione_di_eva.jpg" decoding="async" width="151" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Jacopo_della_quercia%2C_02.creazione_di_eva.jpg/500px-Jacopo_della_quercia%2C_02.creazione_di_eva.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="895" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Creation of Eve relief, <a href="/wiki/Jacopo_della_Quercia" title="Jacopo della Quercia">Jacopo della Quercia</a> (c. 1374–1438), <a href="/wiki/Bologna_Cathedral" title="Bologna Cathedral">Bologna Cathedral</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 203.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Creation-and-the-expulsion-from-the-paradise-11291.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Creation and Expulsion from Paradise (1445), Giovanni di Paolo"><img alt="Creation and Expulsion from Paradise (1445), Giovanni di Paolo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Creation-and-the-expulsion-from-the-paradise-11291.jpg/305px-Creation-and-the-expulsion-from-the-paradise-11291.jpg" decoding="async" width="204" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Creation-and-the-expulsion-from-the-paradise-11291.jpg/458px-Creation-and-the-expulsion-from-the-paradise-11291.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Creation-and-the-expulsion-from-the-paradise-11291.jpg/611px-Creation-and-the-expulsion-from-the-paradise-11291.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3791" data-file-height="3353" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Creation and Expulsion from Paradise (1445), <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_di_Paolo" title="Giovanni di Paolo">Giovanni di Paolo</a></div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> Michelangelo was the artistic heir to the great 15th-century sculptors and painters of Florence. He learned his trade first under the direction of a masterly fresco painter, Domenico Ghirlandaio, known for two great fresco cycles in the <a href="/wiki/Sassetti_Chapel" title="Sassetti Chapel">Sassetti Chapel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tornabuoni_Chapel" title="Tornabuoni Chapel">Tornabuoni Chapel</a>, and for his contribution to the cycle of paintings on the walls of the Sistine Chapel. As a student Michelangelo studied and drew from the works of some of the most renowned Florentine fresco painters of the early Renaissance, including Giotto and perhaps <a href="/wiki/Masaccio" title="Masaccio">Masaccio</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGardner1970392,_467-204">[142]</a> Masaccio's figures of Adam and Eve being expelled from the Garden of Eden had a profound effect on the depiction of the nude in general, and in particular on its use to convey human feeling.<a href="#cite_note-205">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-206">[Fig 31]</a> <a href="/wiki/Helen_Gardner_(art_historian)" title="Helen Gardner (art historian)">Helen Gardner</a> says that in the hands of Michelangelo, "the body is simply the manifestation of the soul, or of a state of mind and character."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGardner1970471-123">[98]</a> Michelangelo was also almost certainly influenced by the paintings of Luca Signorelli,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGardner1970444-207">[144]</a> whose paintings, particularly the Death and Resurrection Cycle in <a href="/wiki/Orvieto_Cathedral" title="Orvieto Cathedral">Orvieto Cathedral</a>, contain a great number of nudes and inventive figurative compositions.<a href="#cite_note-208">[Fig 32]</a> In Bologna, Michelangelo saw the relief sculptures of Jacopo della Quercia around the Porta Magna of the <a href="/wiki/San_Petronio_Basilica" class="mw-redirect" title="San Petronio Basilica">minor basilica</a>. In Michelangelo's depiction of the Creation of Eve the whole composition, the form of the figures and the relatively conservative concept of the relationship between Eve and her Creator adheres closely to Jacopo's design.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartzKönig201354-56">[49]</a> Other panels on the ceiling, most particularly the iconic Creation of Adam show what Bartz and König call "unprecedented invention";<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartzKönig201354-56">[49]</a> the pair call the ceiling in general "an artistic vision without precedent".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartzKönig201338-209">[145]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Raffaello,_profeta_isaia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Raffaello%2C_profeta_isaia.jpg/250px-Raffaello%2C_profeta_isaia.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="296" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Raffaello%2C_profeta_isaia.jpg/330px-Raffaello%2C_profeta_isaia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Raffaello%2C_profeta_isaia.jpg/500px-Raffaello%2C_profeta_isaia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="862" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Raphael" title="Raphael">Raphael</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Prophet_Isaiah_(Raphael)" title="The Prophet Isaiah (Raphael)">The Prophet Isaiah</a>, painted in imitation of Michelangelo's prophets</figcaption></figure> Older depictions of the creation scenes had depicted God as mostly immobile, <a href="/wiki/God_the_Father_in_Western_art" title="God the Father in Western art">a static, enthroned image</a> whose activity was indicated by a gesture of the hand, as in the creation scenes of the mediaeval Byzantine-style mosaics of <a href="/wiki/Monreale_Cathedral" title="Monreale Cathedral">Monreale Cathedral</a>.<a href="#cite_note-210">[146]</a> Michelangelo, influenced by the <a href="/wiki/Paradiso_(Dante)" title="Paradiso (Dante)">Paradiso</a> of <a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante Alighieri</a>, shows God in full-bodied movement, an innovation <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_di_Paolo" title="Giovanni di Paolo">Giovanni di Paolo</a> had made in his Creation and Expulsion from Paradise. <a href="/wiki/Paolo_Uccello" title="Paolo Uccello">Paolo Uccello</a> also had shown some movement in his scene of the creation of Adam and Eve in the <a href="/wiki/Cloister" title="Cloister">cloister</a> of Santa Maria Novella.<a href="#cite_note-:4-211">[147]</a> In di Paolo's painting, as in Michelangelo's fresco, God is accompanied and apparently carried aloft by attendant putti.<a href="#cite_note-:4-211">[147]</a> Raphael employed movement somewhat more in his contemporary The Prime Mover, next door to the Sistine Chapel in the <a href="/wiki/Stanza_della_segnatura" class="mw-redirect" title="Stanza della segnatura">stanza della segnatura</a> and painted 1509–11; Perugino's slightly earlier Creator in fresco, in the room named for Raphael's <a href="/wiki/The_Fire_in_the_Borgo" title="The Fire in the Borgo">Incendio del Borgo</a>, shows a seated, static divinity.<a href="#cite_note-:4-211">[147]</a> The Sistine Chapel ceiling was to have a profound effect upon other artists, even before it was completed. Vasari, in his "Life of Raphael", tells us that Bramante, who had the keys to the chapel, let Raphael in to examine the paintings in Michelangelo's absence; on seeing Michelangelo's prophets, Raphael went back to the picture of Isaiah that he was painting on a column in the <a href="/wiki/Sant%27Agostino,_Rome" title="Sant'Agostino, Rome">Church of Sant'Agostino</a> and, although it was finished, he scraped it off the wall and repainted it in a much more powerful manner in imitation of Michelangelo.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVasari1991318-212">[148]</a> O'Malley points out that even earlier than the Isaiah is Raphael's inclusion of the figure of <a href="/wiki/Heraclitus" title="Heraclitus">Heraclitus</a> in the <a href="/wiki/School_of_Athens" class="mw-redirect" title="School of Athens">School of Athens</a>, a brooding figure similar to Michelangelo's Jeremiah, but with the countenance of Michelangelo himself, and leaning on a block of marble.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Malley1986156–158-213">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-214">[Fig 33]</a> Bartz and König state of the ignudi, "There is no image that has had a more lasting effect on following generations than this. Henceforth similar figures disported themselves in innumerable decorative works, be they painted, formed in stucco or even sculpted."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartzKönig201345,_52-215">[150]</a> In January 2007, it was claimed that as many as 10,000 visitors passed through the <a href="/wiki/Vatican_Museums" title="Vatican Museums">Vatican Museums</a> in a day, double the quantity of the previous decade.<a href="#cite_note-:11-216">[151]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Damage_and_restoration">Damage and restoration</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sistine_Chapel_ceiling&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Damage and restoration">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Restoration_of_the_Sistine_Chapel_frescoes" title="Restoration of the Sistine Chapel frescoes">Restoration of the Sistine Chapel frescoes</a></div> The ceiling had suffered a degree of damage as early as the mid-16th century. In 1797, a gunpowder explosion in the <a href="/wiki/Castel_Sant%27Angelo" title="Castel Sant'Angelo">Castel Sant'Angelo</a> damaged part of the Flood fresco and one of the ignudi (the latter being preserved by a drawing by a pupil of Michelangelo).<a href="#cite_note-Gold-23">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-217">[152]</a> Over the centuries after the ceiling's painting, it became so aged by candle smoke and layers of <a href="/wiki/Varnish" title="Varnish">varnish</a> as to significantly mute the original colours.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMancinelli1986218-218">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-gardners9th-61">[53]</a> Some restorations took place in the early and mid-20th century.<a href="#cite_note-Gold-23">[21]</a> After preliminary tests taking place in 1979, the ceiling was restored between 1980 and 1992.<a href="#cite_note-gardners9th-61">[53]</a> The first stage of restoration, the work upon Michelangelo's lunettes, was performed between June 1980 and October 1984.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPietrangeli19946-219">[154]</a> The work then proceeded to the ceiling, completed on 31 December 1989, and from there to The Last Judgment.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPietrangeli19947-220">[155]</a> The restoration was unveiled by <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a> on 8 April 1994.<a href="#cite_note-PJPII-221">[156]</a> The restoration of the ceiling was directed by Fabrizio Mancinelli and performed by <a href="/wiki/Gianluigi_Colalucci" title="Gianluigi Colalucci">Gianluigi Colalucci</a>, Maurizio Rossi, Pier Giorgio Bonetti, and Bruno Baratti.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPietrangeli19946-219">[154]</a> The restoration has removed the filter of grime to reveal colours closer to the paintings at the time of their completion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPietrangeli19946-219">[154]</a> The ceiling now appears to depict daytime scenes and a springlike atmosphere with bright saturated colours.<a href="#cite_note-222">[u]</a> The restoration was met with both praise and criticism. Critics assert that much original work by Michelangelo – in particular <a href="/wiki/Pentimenti" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentimenti">pentimenti</a>, highlights and shadows, and other detailing painted a secco – was lost in the removal of various accretions.<a href="#cite_note-223">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-193">[Fig 30]</a> In 2007, the Vatican, anxious at the possibility that the newly restored frescoes would suffer damage, announced plans to reduce visiting hours and raise the price in an attempt to discourage visitors.<a href="#cite_note-:11-216">[151]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Quotations">Quotations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sistine_Chapel_ceiling&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Quotations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote">This work has been and truly is the beacon of our art, and it has brought such benefit and enlightenment to the art of painting that it was sufficient to illuminate a world which for so many hundreds of years had remained in the state of darkness. And, to tell the truth, anyone who is a painter no longer needs to concern himself about seeing innovations and inventions, new ways of painting poses, clothing on figures, and various awe-inspiring details, for Michelangelo gave to this work all the perfection that can be given to such details.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVasari1991443–44-224">[158]</a><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Vasari, "Life of Michelangelo"</cite></div></blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote">Without having seen the Sistine Chapel one can form no appreciable idea of what one man is capable of achieving.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_Goethe" class="mw-redirect" title="Johann Wolfgang Goethe">Johann Wolfgang Goethe</a>, 23 August 1787<a href="#cite_note-225">[159]</a></cite></div></blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote">It seems that Michelangelo, in his own way, allowed himself to be guided by the evocative words of the Book of Genesis which, as regards the creation of the human being, male and female, reveals: "The man and his wife were both naked, yet they felt no shame". The Sistine Chapel is precisely – if one may say so – the sanctuary of the theology of the human body. In witnessing to the beauty of man created by God as male and female, it also expresses in a certain way, the hope of a world transfigured, the world inaugurated by the Risen Christ.<a href="#cite_note-PJPII-221">[156]</a><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Pope John Paul II</cite></div></blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote">In a world where all experience was based in the glorious lost past of Antiquity, he made a new beginning. Michelangelo, more even than Raphael or Leonardo, embodies a standard of artistic genius which reveals a radically changed image of human beings and their potential ...<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartzKönig20136-226">[160]</a><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Gabriele Bartz and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eberhard_K%C3%B6nig_(art_historian)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eberhard König (art historian) (page does not exist)">Eberhard König</a></cite></div></blockquote> The art critic and television producer <a href="/wiki/Waldemar_Januszczak" title="Waldemar Januszczak">Waldemar Januszczak</a> wrote that when the Sistine Chapel ceiling was recently cleaned, he "was able to persuade the man at the Vatican who was in charge of Japanese TV access to let me climb the scaffold while the cleaning was in progress." <blockquote>I sneaked up there a few times. And under the bright, unforgiving lights of television, I was able to encounter the real Michelangelo. I was so close to him I could see the bristles from his brushes caught in the paint; and the mucky thumbprints he'd left along his margins. The first thing that impressed me was his speed. Michelangelo worked at <a href="/wiki/Michael_Schumacher" title="Michael Schumacher">Schumacher</a> pace. ... I also enjoyed his sense of humour, which, from close up, turned out to be refreshingly puerile. If you look closely at the angels who attend the scary prophetess on the Sistine ceiling known as the Cumaean Sibyl, you will see that one of them has stuck his thumb between his fingers in that <a href="/wiki/Fig_sign" title="Fig sign">mysteriously obscene gesture</a> that visiting fans are still treated to today at Italian football matches.<a href="#cite_note-227">[161]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sistine_Chapel_ceiling&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_works_by_Michelangelo" title="List of works by Michelangelo">List of works by Michelangelo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Vatican_City%E2%80%93related_articles" title="Index of Vatican City–related articles">Index of Vatican City–related articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Agony_and_the_Ecstasy_(film)" title="The Agony and the Ecstasy (film)">The Agony and the Ecstasy</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sistine_Chapel_ceiling&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Walter_Pater" title="Walter Pater">Walter Pater</a> writes, "Michelangelo was now thirty years old, and his reputation was established. Three great works fill the remainder of his life – three works often interrupted, carried on through a thousand hesitations, a thousand disappointments, quarrels with his patrons, quarrels with his family, quarrels perhaps most of all with himself – the Sistine Chapel, the Mausoleum of Julius the Second, and the <a href="/wiki/San_Lorenzo,_Florence#New_Sacristy" class="mw-redirect" title="San Lorenzo, Florence">Sacristy of San Lorenzo</a>".<a href="#cite_note-Pater-15">[15]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> This engaged Julius II's attention and by February 1513, when he died, little work had been done on his tomb.<a href="#cite_note-:3-21">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-13">[13]</a> It had been a grand commission, with 40 large figures to be carved.<a href="#cite_note-:1-13">[13]</a> Its original design was never begun.<a href="#cite_note-:2-14">[14]</a> Ultimately Michelangelo finished only three figures for the completed monument of 1545, reduced successively to a series of more modest designs, and built finally in the <a href="/wiki/San_Pietro_in_Vincoli" title="San Pietro in Vincoli">Church of San Pietro in Vincoli</a>, including the <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1515 statue of <a href="/wiki/Moses_(Michelangelo)" title="Moses (Michelangelo)">Moses</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:3-21">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-12">[12]</a> The tomb commission lasted decades, and Michelangelo lamented, "I have wasted all my youth chained to this tomb."<a href="#cite_note-:3-21">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-12">[12]</a> Michelangelo's pupil and biographer <a href="/wiki/Ascanio_Condivi" title="Ascanio Condivi">Ascanio Condivi</a> described the affair as the "Tragedy of the Tomb".<a href="#cite_note-:2-14">[14]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> It is unknown and the subject of speculation among art historians whether Michelangelo was really able to paint the ceiling completely as he wished.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Malley1986104-26">[24]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> Seeming to contradict Roselli's letter, Ascanio Condivi theorized that Bramante put Michelangelo's name forward for the project in a scheme to humiliate him, as he was more skilled as a sculptor.<a href="#cite_note-32">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParis200984-31">[28]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> The Bolognese destroyed the bronze in 1511.<a href="#cite_note-:2-14">[14]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> The tomb project, which Michelangelo would return to, was reinvigorated by <a href="/wiki/Della_Rovere" title="Della Rovere">Julius II's family</a> after the pope's 1513 death.<a href="#cite_note-:1-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-14">[14]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> By one count, there are 343 figures.<a href="#cite_note-43">[37]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> It now stands further from the altar.<a href="#cite_note-great-59">[52]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> Both Vasari and Condivi mistake the Sacrifice of Noah for the sacrifices by <a href="/wiki/Cain_and_Abel" title="Cain and Abel">Cain and Abel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Malley1986102-91">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVasari1991445-92">[79]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> These are not marked on the drawn plan but are clearly visible in the photographs. </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> This evokes a formula common in <a href="/wiki/Classical_architecture" title="Classical architecture">Classical architecture</a>, e.g. '<a href="/wiki/Egg_and_dart" class="mw-redirect" title="Egg and dart">egg and dart</a>' and '<a href="/wiki/Bead_and_reel" title="Bead and reel">bead and reel</a>'. </li> <li id="cite_note-Rovere-105">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rovere_105-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rovere_105-1">b</a> Sixtus IV and Julius II were both of the <a href="/wiki/Della_Rovere" title="Della Rovere">Della Rovere</a> family. "<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/rovere" class="extiw" title="wikt:rovere">Rovere</a>" in Italian means '<a href="/wiki/Oak" title="Oak">oak</a>'.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Malley1986100-104">[88]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> The scallop shell (and pearl) is a symbol of the doctrine of <a href="/wiki/Incarnation_(Christianity)" title="Incarnation (Christianity)">the Incarnation</a> in Renaissance and baroque art. </li> <li id="cite_note-poorman-114"><a href="#cite_ref-poorman_114-0">^</a> For instance, <a href="/wiki/Poor_Man%27s_Bible" title="Poor Man's Bible">Poor Man's Bibles</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> According to Genesis, on the fifth day, God created the birds of the air and fish and creatures of the deep, but this is not depicted, nor is God's creation of the creatures of the earth on the sixth day.<a href="#cite_note-120">[Src 6]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> In accordance with <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Ante-Nicene_Fathers/Volume_VIII/Apocrypha_of_the_New_Testament/The_Protevangelium_of_James" class="extiw" title="s:Ante-Nicene Fathers/Volume VIII/Apocrypha of the New Testament/The Protevangelium of James">chapter 9</a> of the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament_apocrypha" title="New Testament apocrypha">apocryphal</a> <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_James" title="Gospel of James">Gospel of James</a>, where Joseph says "I am an old man", Renaissance art used to depict him in this way. See also <a href="/wiki/The_Cherry-Tree_Carol" title="The Cherry-Tree Carol">The Cherry-Tree Carol</a>: "Joseph was an old man, and a bad old man was he, when he wedded Mary in the land of Galilee" (English 15th century). Traditionally, he is often dressed in a blue garment with a yellow cloak, e.g. <a href="/wiki/Fra_Angelico" title="Fra Angelico">Fra Angelico</a>'s <a href="/wiki/File:Fra_Angelico_013.jpg" title="File:Fra Angelico 013.jpg">Adoration</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> The lunettes specifically follow the <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Matthew#Chapter_1" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Matthew">genealogy according to Matthew</a>, not the somewhat longer <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Luke#3:23" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Luke">genealogy according to Luke</a>. Over large stretches, the two genealogies differ, and choosing Matthew's over Luke's has interesting theological implications. </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> Mancinelli notes that <a href="/wiki/File:Michelangelo_-_Sistine_Chapel_-_Lunette_Eleazar_-_detail_Eleazar_with_wife.jpg" title="File:Michelangelo - Sistine Chapel - Lunette Eleazar - detail Eleazar with wife.jpg">Eleazar</a> is executed similarly to the ignudi.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMancinelli1986226-187">[132]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a> Singular: Ignudo; from the Italian adjective nudo, meaning "naked" </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a> Michelangelo later included over forty angels in The Last Judgment, which it has been claimed resemble the ignudi.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-222"><a href="#cite_ref-222">^</a> Sources showing the work before the restoration was complete feature colours which are more saturated than they are in the final product.<a href="#cite_note-gardners9th-61">[53]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sistine_Chapel_ceiling&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShearman198622–36,_38–87-1"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShearman198622–36,_38–87_1-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFShearman1986">Shearman 1986</a>, pp. 22–36, 38–87. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Malley198692–148-2"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Malley198692–148_2-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFO'Malley1986">O'Malley 1986</a>, pp. 92–148. </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_3-2">c</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMarinazzo2022" class="citation journal cs1">Marinazzo, Adriano (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/102248857">"Michelangelo as the Creator. The self-portrait of the Buonarroti Archive, XIII, 111 r"</a>. Critica d'Arte (13–14): 99–107.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Critica+d%27Arte&rft.atitle=Michelangelo+as+the+Creator.+The+self-portrait+of+the+Buonarroti+Archive%2C+XIII%2C+111+r&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E13%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E14&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E99-%3C%2Fspan%3E107&rft.date=2022&rft.aulast=Marinazzo&rft.aufirst=Adriano&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F102248857&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASistine+Chapel+ceiling" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110515005649/http://www.vam.ac.uk/content/articles/t/raphael-cartoons/">"The Raphael Cartoons"</a>. Victoria and Albert Museum. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vam.ac.uk/content/articles/t/raphael-cartoons/">the original</a> on 15 May 2011. Retrieved 17 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Victoria+and+Albert+Museum&rft.atitle=The+Raphael+Cartoons&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vam.ac.uk%2Fcontent%2Farticles%2Ft%2Fraphael-cartoons%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASistine+Chapel+ceiling" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShearman198645–47-5"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShearman198645–47_5-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFShearman1986">Shearman 1986</a>, pp. 45–47. </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> Partridge, 1996, p. 10. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEParis200986-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParis200986_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParis200986_7-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParis200986_7-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFParis2009">Paris 2009</a>, p. 86. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShearman198629–30-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShearman198629–30_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShearman198629–30_8-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFShearman1986">Shearman 1986</a>, pp. 29–30. </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFShaw1996" class="citation book cs1">Shaw, Christine (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/juliusiiwarriorp00shaw">Julius II: The Warrior Pope</a>. Oxford: Blackwell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-631-20282-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-631-20282-0"><bdi>978-0-631-20282-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Julius+II%3A+The+Warrior+Pope&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Blackwell&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-631-20282-0&rft.aulast=Shaw&rft.aufirst=Christine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjuliusiiwarriorp00shaw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASistine+Chapel+ceiling" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> Partridge 1996, p. 15. </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBambach2014" class="citation web cs1">Bambach, Carmen C. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/334655">"Michelangelo Buonarroti | Design for the Tomb of Pope Julius II della Rovere"</a>. The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Retrieved 13 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art&rft.atitle=Michelangelo+Buonarroti+%7C+Design+for+the+Tomb+of+Pope+Julius+II+della+Rovere&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Bambach&rft.aufirst=Carmen+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.metmuseum.org%2Fart%2Fcollection%2Fsearch%2F334655&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASistine+Chapel+ceiling" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_12-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_12-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_12-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_12-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_12-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_12-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_12-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_12-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_12-9">j</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChilvers2009" class="citation book cs1">Chilvers, Ian, ed. (2009). "Michelangelo (Michelangelo Buonarroti)". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199532940.001.0001/acref-9780199532940">The Oxford Dictionary of Art and Artists</a> (4th ed.). 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(2005). "Michelangelo Buonarroti or Michelagnolo Buonarroti". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780198601753.001.0001/acref-9780198601753">The Oxford Dictionary of the Renaissance</a> (Online ed.). 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London: Batsford. p. 471.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Architecture+on+the+Comparative+Method&rft.place=London&rft.pages=471&rft.pub=Batsford&rft.date=1905&rft.aulast=Fletcher&rft.aufirst=Banister&rft.au=Fletcher%2C+Banister+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofarchite00flet%2Fpage%2F471%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASistine+Chapel+ceiling" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-21">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_21-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_21-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_21-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_21-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_21-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_21-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_21-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_21-7">h</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChilvers2004" class="citation book cs1">Chilvers, Ian, ed. (2004). 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Retrieved 25 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic&rft.atitle=Michelangelo%27s+Sistine+splendor%2C+story+of+a+Renaissance+icon&rft.date=2018-12-24&rft.aulast=Fedi&rft.aufirst=Laura&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalgeographic.com%2Fhistory%2Fmagazine%2F2018%2F11-12%2Fmichelangelo-renaissance-art-sistine-chapel%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASistine+Chapel+ceiling" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHartt196458–59-34"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHartt196458–59_34-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHartt1964">Hartt 1964</a>, pp. 58–59. sfn error: no target: CITEREFHartt1964 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEParis200969–70,_84-37"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParis200969–70,_84_37-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFParis2009">Paris 2009</a>, pp. 69–70, 84. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVasari1991439-38">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVasari1991439_38-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVasari1991439_38-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVasari1991439_38-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFVasari1991">Vasari 1991</a>, p. 439. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECondivi199999,_101-39"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECondivi199999,_101_39-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCondivi1999">Condivi 1999</a>, pp. 99, 101. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVasari1991440-40">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVasari1991440_40-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVasari1991440_40-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFVasari1991">Vasari 1991</a>, p. 440. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVasari1991442-41">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVasari1991442_41-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVasari1991442_41-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFVasari1991">Vasari 1991</a>, p. 442. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGardner1970469-42">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGardner1970469_42-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGardner1970469_42-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGardner1970469_42-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFGardner1970">Gardner 1970</a>, p. 469. </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFZara1950" class="citation book cs1">Zara, Louis, ed. (1950). Masterpieces (The Home Collection of Great Art), Volume I. 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Grand Rapids, Michigan: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/humanistsreforme0000thom/page/266">266</a>–267. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-6348-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-6348-5"><bdi>978-0-8028-6348-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Humanists+and+Reformers%3A+A+History+of+the+Renaissance+and+Reformation&rft.place=Grand+Rapids%2C+Michigan&rft.pages=266-267&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-6348-5&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=Bard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhumanistsreforme0000thom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASistine+Chapel+ceiling" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMancinelli1986229–230-48"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMancinelli1986229–230_48-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMancinelli1986">Mancinelli 1986</a>, pp. 229–230. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMancinelli1986236-49"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMancinelli1986236_49-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMancinelli1986">Mancinelli 1986</a>, p. 236. </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.artsy.net/gene/fresco">"Fresco | Artsy"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Artsy_(website)" title="Artsy (website)">Artsy</a>. 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Phaidon. p. 13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Michelangelo%3A+Drawings&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=Phaidon&rft.date=1966&rft.aulast=Goldscheider&rft.aufirst=Ludwig&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmichelangelodraw0000unse%2Fpage%2F13%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASistine+Chapel+ceiling" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShearman198645-52"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShearman198645_52-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFShearman1986">Shearman 1986</a>, p. 45. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECondivi199957-53"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECondivi199957_53-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCondivi1999">Condivi 1999</a>, p. 57. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVasari1991441-54"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVasari1991441_54-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVasari1991">Vasari 1991</a>, p. 441. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMancinelli1986-55"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMancinelli1986_55-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMancinelli1986">Mancinelli 1986</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartzKönig201354-56">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartzKönig201354_56-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartzKönig201354_56-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartzKönig201354_56-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartzKönig201354_56-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFBartzKönig2013">Bartz & König 2013</a>, p. 54. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGardner1970470-57"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGardner1970470_57-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGardner1970">Gardner 1970</a>, p. 470. </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRamsden1978" class="citation book cs1">Ramsden, E. H. (1978) [1963]. Michelangelo (The Great Artists: A library of their lives, times and paintings). New York: Funk & Wagnalls. p. xiii.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Michelangelo+%28The+Great+Artists%3A+A+library+of+their+lives%2C+times+and+paintings%29&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=xiii&rft.pub=Funk+%26+Wagnalls&rft.date=1978&rft.aulast=Ramsden&rft.aufirst=E.+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASistine+Chapel+ceiling" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-great-59">^ <a href="#cite_ref-great_59-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-great_59-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRamsden1978" class="citation book cs1">Ramsden, E. H. (1978) [1963]. Michelangelo (The Great Artists: A library of their lives, times and paintings. New York: Funk & Wagnalls. p. 3.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Michelangelo+%28The+Great+Artists%3A+A+library+of+their+lives%2C+times+and+paintings&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Funk+%26+Wagnalls&rft.date=1978&rft.aulast=Ramsden&rft.aufirst=E.+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASistine+Chapel+ceiling" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-gardners9th-61">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gardners9th_61-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-gardners9th_61-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-gardners9th_61-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-gardners9th_61-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDe_La_CroixTanseyKirkpatrick1991" class="citation book cs1">De La Croix, Horst; Tansey, Richard G.; Kirkpatrick, Diane (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mYPuAAAAMAAJ">Gardner's Art Through the Ages</a> (9th ed.). Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. pp. 655–657. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-15-503769-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-15-503769-2"><bdi>0-15-503769-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gardner%27s+Art+Through+the+Ages&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E655-%3C%2Fspan%3E657&rft.edition=9th&rft.pub=Harcourt+Brace+Jovanovich&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-15-503769-2&rft.aulast=De+La+Croix&rft.aufirst=Horst&rft.au=Tansey%2C+Richard+G.&rft.au=Kirkpatrick%2C+Diane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmYPuAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASistine+Chapel+ceiling" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartzKönig201355-62"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartzKönig201355_62-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBartzKönig2013">Bartz & König 2013</a>, p. 55. </li> <li id="cite_note-:8-63">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:8_63-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_63-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBarkan2011" class="citation book cs1">Barkan, Leonard (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5PeRBgAAQBAJ">Michelangelo: A Life on Paper</a>. Princeton University Press. pp. 87–92. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-14766-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-14766-6"><bdi>978-0-691-14766-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Michelangelo%3A+A+Life+on+Paper&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E87-%3C%2Fspan%3E92&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-691-14766-6&rft.aulast=Barkan&rft.aufirst=Leonard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5PeRBgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASistine+Chapel+ceiling" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVasari1991443-64"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVasari1991443_64-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVasari1991">Vasari 1991</a>, p. 443. </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBarkan2011" class="citation book cs1">Barkan, Leonard (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5PeRBgAAQBAJ">Michelangelo: A Life on Paper</a>. 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Abrams. p. 23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780810935192" title="Special:BookSources/9780810935192"><bdi>9780810935192</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Michelangelo%3A+The+Frescoes+of+the+Sistine+Chapel&rft.pages=23&rft.pub=Harry+N.+Abrams&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Hall&rft.aufirst=Marcia+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASistine+Chapel+ceiling" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: Check <code class="cs1-code">|isbn=</code> value: checksum (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#bad_isbn" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Malley1986100-104">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Malley1986100_104-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Malley1986100_104-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFO'Malley1986">O'Malley 1986</a>, p. 100. </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> Partridge 1996, p. 9 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Malley198695-108"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Malley198695_108-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFO'Malley1986">O'Malley 1986</a>, p. 95. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Malley1986104–105,_160–161-109"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Malley1986104–105,_160–161_109-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFO'Malley1986">O'Malley 1986</a>, pp. 104–105, 160–161. </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> King, 53-54, 54 quoted </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> King, 55-58, 56 quoted </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> King, 36-37, 56-57 </li> <li id="cite_note-Paoletti-113">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Paoletti_113-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Paoletti_113-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Paoletti_113-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Paoletti_113-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPaolettiRadke1997" class="citation book cs1">Paoletti, John T.; Radke, Gary M. 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Upper Saddle River, NJ: <a href="/wiki/Prentice_Hall" title="Prentice Hall">Prentice Hall</a>. pp. 345–346. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-13-596925-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-13-596925-5"><bdi>0-13-596925-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Art+in+Renaissance+Italy&rft.place=Upper+Saddle+River%2C+NJ&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E345-%3C%2Fspan%3E346&rft.pub=Prentice+Hall&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-13-596925-5&rft.aulast=Paoletti&rft.aufirst=John+T.&rft.au=Radke%2C+Gary+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fartinrenaissance0000paol%2Fpage%2F345%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASistine+Chapel+ceiling" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Malley1986132–133-118"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Malley1986132–133_118-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFO'Malley1986">O'Malley 1986</a>, pp. 132–133. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVasari1991444-122"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVasari1991444_122-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVasari1991">Vasari 1991</a>, p. 444. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGardner1970471-123">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGardner1970471_123-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGardner1970471_123-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFGardner1970">Gardner 1970</a>, p. 471. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGardner1970467-125"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGardner1970467_125-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGardner1970">Gardner 1970</a>, p. 467. </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRupp2014" class="citation news cs1">Rupp, Rebecca (22 July 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180618131549/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/people-and-culture/food/the-plate/2014/07/22/history-of-apples/">"The History of the "Forbidden" Fruit"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Geographic" title="National Geographic">National Geographic</a>. 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Chasqui. 27 (1): 11–22. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F29741396">10.2307/29741396</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0145-8973">0145-8973</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/29741396">29741396</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chasqui&rft.atitle=From+Sibyl+to+Witch+and+beyond%3A+Feminine+Archetype+in+the+Poetry+of+Olga+Orozco&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E11-%3C%2Fspan%3E22&rft.date=1998&rft.issn=0145-8973&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F29741396%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F29741396&rft.aulast=Nicholson&rft.aufirst=Melanie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F29741396&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASistine+Chapel+ceiling" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLactantius2003" class="citation book cs1">Lactantius (2003) [c.240-c.320]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/lactantiusdivine0000lact">Lactantius : Divine institutes</a>. 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id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraham-Dixon2008137-180"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraham-Dixon2008137_180-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGraham-Dixon2008">Graham-Dixon 2008</a>, p. 137. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraham-Dixon2008138-183"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraham-Dixon2008138_183-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGraham-Dixon2008">Graham-Dixon 2008</a>, p. 138. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraham-Dixon2008141-185"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraham-Dixon2008141_185-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGraham-Dixon2008">Graham-Dixon 2008</a>, p. 141. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartzKönig201344-186"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartzKönig201344_186-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBartzKönig2013">Bartz & König 2013</a>, p. 44. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMancinelli1986226-187">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMancinelli1986226_187-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMancinelli1986226_187-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMancinelli1986">Mancinelli 1986</a>, p. 226. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMancinelli1986254-190"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMancinelli1986254_190-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMancinelli1986">Mancinelli 1986</a>, p. 254. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWisch2003164-6-194"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWisch2003164-6_194-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWisch2003">Wisch 2003</a>, p. 164-6. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMancinelli1986234–236-195"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMancinelli1986234–236_195-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMancinelli1986">Mancinelli 1986</a>, pp. 234–236. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Malley198697-197">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Malley198697_197-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Malley198697_197-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFO'Malley1986">O'Malley 1986</a>, p. 97. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHersey199358–59,_170–171-198"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHersey199358–59,_170–171_198-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHersey1993">Hersey 1993</a>, pp. 58–59, 170–171. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Malley1986100,_104-199"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Malley1986100,_104_199-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFO'Malley1986">O'Malley 1986</a>, pp. 100, 104. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHersey1993197–198-200"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHersey1993197–198_200-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHersey1993">Hersey 1993</a>, pp. 197–198. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraham-Dixon2008136-202"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraham-Dixon2008136_202-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGraham-Dixon2008">Graham-Dixon 2008</a>, p. 136. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHersey199325-203"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHersey199325_203-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHersey1993">Hersey 1993</a>, p. 25. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGardner1970392,_467-204"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGardner1970392,_467_204-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGardner1970">Gardner 1970</a>, pp. 392, 467. </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKnight2018" class="citation web cs1">Knight, Christopher (10 November 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nydailynews.com/la-et-cm-renaissance-nude-20181108-htmlstory.html">"Review: In 'The Renaissance Nude,' bare skin speaks with startling eloquence"</a>. <a href="/wiki/New_York_Daily_News" title="New York Daily News">New York Daily News</a>. Retrieved 22 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+York+Daily+News&rft.atitle=Review%3A+In+%27The+Renaissance+Nude%2C%27+bare+skin+speaks+with+startling+eloquence&rft.date=2018-11-10&rft.aulast=Knight&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nydailynews.com%2Fla-et-cm-renaissance-nude-20181108-htmlstory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASistine+Chapel+ceiling" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGardner1970444-207"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGardner1970444_207-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGardner1970">Gardner 1970</a>, p. 444. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartzKönig201338-209"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartzKönig201338_209-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBartzKönig2013">Bartz & König 2013</a>, p. 38. </li> <li id="cite_note-210"><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBoitani2016" class="citation book cs1">Boitani, Piero (2016). "The unmoved mover begins to move: literary and artistic renderings of the Christian Bible". In Cohen, Mordechai Z.; Berlin, Adele (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TdSgDAAAQBAJ">Interpreting Scriptures in Judaism, Christianity and Islam: Overlapping Inquiries</a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 97–99. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-316-54616-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-316-54616-1"><bdi>978-1-316-54616-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+unmoved+mover+begins+to+move%3A+literary+and+artistic+renderings+of+the+Christian+Bible&rft.btitle=Interpreting+Scriptures+in+Judaism%2C+Christianity+and+Islam%3A+Overlapping+Inquiries&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E97-%3C%2Fspan%3E99&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-316-54616-1&rft.aulast=Boitani&rft.aufirst=Piero&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTdSgDAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASistine+Chapel+ceiling" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-211">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_211-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_211-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_211-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBoitani2016" class="citation book cs1">Boitani, Piero (2016). "The unmoved mover begins to move: literary and artistic renderings of the Christian Bible". In Cohen, Mordechai Z.; Berlin, Adele (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TdSgDAAAQBAJ">Interpreting Scriptures in Judaism, Christianity and Islam: Overlapping Inquiries</a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 106–112. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-316-54616-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-316-54616-1"><bdi>978-1-316-54616-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+unmoved+mover+begins+to+move%3A+literary+and+artistic+renderings+of+the+Christian+Bible&rft.btitle=Interpreting+Scriptures+in+Judaism%2C+Christianity+and+Islam%3A+Overlapping+Inquiries&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E106-%3C%2Fspan%3E112&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-316-54616-1&rft.aulast=Boitani&rft.aufirst=Piero&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTdSgDAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASistine+Chapel+ceiling" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVasari1991318-212"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVasari1991318_212-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVasari1991">Vasari 1991</a>, p. 318. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Malley1986156–158-213"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Malley1986156–158_213-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFO'Malley1986">O'Malley 1986</a>, pp. 156–158. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartzKönig201345,_52-215"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartzKönig201345,_52_215-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBartzKönig2013">Bartz & König 2013</a>, pp. 45, 52. </li> <li id="cite_note-:11-216">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:11_216-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:11_216-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOwen2007" class="citation web cs1">Owen, Richard (6 January 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070512203242/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/article1289890.ece">"Vatican puts a squeeze on visitors"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/article1289890.ece">the original</a> on 12 May 2007. Retrieved 15 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=Vatican+puts+a+squeeze+on+visitors&rft.date=2007-01-06&rft.aulast=Owen&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesonline.co.uk%2Ftol%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Farticle1289890.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASistine+Chapel+ceiling" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-217"><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wga.hu/html_m/m/michelan/3sistina/1genesis/1drunken/01_2ce1f.html">"Drunkenness of Noah (with ignudi and medallions) by MICHELANGELO Buonarroti"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Web_Gallery_of_Art" title="Web Gallery of Art">Web Gallery of Art</a>. Retrieved 29 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Web+Gallery+of+Art&rft.atitle=Drunkenness+of+Noah+%28with+ignudi+and+medallions%29+by+MICHELANGELO+Buonarroti&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wga.hu%2Fhtml_m%2Fm%2Fmichelan%2F3sistina%2F1genesis%2F1drunken%2F01_2ce1f.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASistine+Chapel+ceiling" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMancinelli1986218-218"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMancinelli1986218_218-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMancinelli1986">Mancinelli 1986</a>, p. 218. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPietrangeli19946-219">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPietrangeli19946_219-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPietrangeli19946_219-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPietrangeli19946_219-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFPietrangeli1994">Pietrangeli 1994</a>, p. 6. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPietrangeli19947-220"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPietrangeli19947_220-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPietrangeli1994">Pietrangeli 1994</a>, p. 7. </li> <li id="cite_note-PJPII-221">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PJPII_221-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PJPII_221-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Paul_II1994" class="citation web cs1">John Paul II (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/homilies/1994/documents/hf_jp-ii_hom_19940408_restauri-sistina_en.html">"Homily of His Holiness John Paul II, 8 April 1994"</a>. Homily preached at the mass of to celebrate the unveiling of the restorations of Michelangelo's frescoes in the Sistine Chapel. <a href="/wiki/Vatican_Publishing_House" title="Vatican Publishing House">Vatican Publishing House</a>. Retrieved 6 April 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Homily+preached+at+the+mass+of+to+celebrate+the+unveiling+of+the+restorations+of+Michelangelo%27s+frescoes+in+the+Sistine+Chapel&rft.atitle=Homily+of+His+Holiness+John+Paul+II%2C+8+April+1994&rft.date=1994&rft.au=John+Paul+II&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Fholy_father%2Fjohn_paul_ii%2Fhomilies%2F1994%2Fdocuments%2Fhf_jp-ii_hom_19940408_restauri-sistina_en.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASistine+Chapel+ceiling" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-223"><a href="#cite_ref-223">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBeckDaley1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Beck_(art_historian)" title="James Beck (art historian)">Beck, James</a>; Daley, Michael (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/artrestorationcu0000beck/page/168/">Art Restoration: The Culture, the Business and the Scandal</a>. W.W. Norton. pp. 168, 189–190. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7195-4635-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-7195-4635-4"><bdi>0-7195-4635-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Art+Restoration%3A+The+Culture%2C+the+Business+and+the+Scandal&rft.pages=168%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E189-%3C%2Fspan%3E190&rft.pub=W.W.+Norton&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-7195-4635-4&rft.aulast=Beck&rft.aufirst=James&rft.au=Daley%2C+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fartrestorationcu0000beck%2Fpage%2F168%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASistine+Chapel+ceiling" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVasari1991443–44-224"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVasari1991443–44_224-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVasari1991">Vasari 1991</a>, pp. 443–44. </li> <li id="cite_note-225"><a href="#cite_ref-225">^</a> Letter. Original: (in German) Ich kann euch nicht ausdrücken, wie sehr ich euch zu mir gewünscht habe, damit ihr nur einen Begriff hättet, was ein einziger und ganzer Mensch machen und ausrichten kann; ohne die Sixtinische Kapelle gesehen zu haben, kann man sich keinen anschauenden Begriff machen, was ein Mensch vermag. <a href="/wiki/Italian_Journey" title="Italian Journey">Italian Journey</a>, 2nd journey to Rome.<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fulltextarchive.com/page/Italienische-Reise-Teil-21/#p195">Italienische Reise, Teil 21</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200713125644/https://www.fulltextarchive.com/page/Italienische-Reise-Teil-21/#p195">Archived</a> 13 July 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartzKönig20136-226"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartzKönig20136_226-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBartzKönig2013">Bartz & König 2013</a>, p. 6. </li> <li id="cite_note-227"><a href="#cite_ref-227">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJanuszczak2006" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Waldemar_Januszczak" title="Waldemar Januszczak">Januszczak, Waldemar</a> (5 March 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/the-michelangelo-code-rjwc5hcqmvn">"The Michelangelo code"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Sunday_Times" title="The Sunday Times">The Sunday Times</a>. London. Retrieved 30 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Sunday+Times&rft.atitle=The+Michelangelo+code&rft.date=2006-03-05&rft.aulast=Januszczak&rft.aufirst=Waldemar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thetimes.co.uk%2Farticle%2Fthe-michelangelo-code-rjwc5hcqmvn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASistine+Chapel+ceiling" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reference_images">Reference images</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sistine_Chapel_ceiling&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Reference images">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Pro_Jon-76">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pro_Jon_76-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pro_Jon_76-1">b</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Sistine_jonah.jpg" title="File:Sistine jonah.jpg">The prophet Jonah</a> (restored) </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <a href="/wiki/File:First_Day_of_Creation.jpg" title="File:First Day of Creation.jpg">First Day of Creation</a>, in context with medallions and Ignudi (restored) </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Michelangelo,_Separation_of_the_Earth_from_the_Waters_00.jpg" title="File:Michelangelo, Separation of the Earth from the Waters 00.jpg">Dividing Water and Heavens</a>, in context with medallions and Ignudi (restored) </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <a href="/wiki/File:The_Creation_of_the_Sun_and_the_Moon,_Michelangelo_(1508-1512).jpg" title="File:The Creation of the Sun and the Moon, Michelangelo (1508-1512).jpg">Creation of the Earth and the celestial bodies</a>, (restored) </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Creation_of_Eve.jpg" title="File:Creation of Eve.jpg">God creating Eve from the side of the sleeping Adam</a>, in context with medallions and Ignudi (before restoration) </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Forbidden_fruit.jpg" title="File:Forbidden fruit.jpg">Adam and Eve: temptation and banishment</a> (restored) </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Sacrifice_of_Noah_michaelangelo.jpg" title="File:Sacrifice of Noah michaelangelo.jpg">The Sacrifice of Noah</a> (restored) </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Michelangelo_Buonarroti_020.jpg" title="File:Michelangelo Buonarroti 020.jpg">The Great Flood</a> (before restoration) </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Michelangelo_Buonarroti_021.jpg" title="File:Michelangelo Buonarroti 021.jpg">Noah's drunkenness</a> in context, with medallions and Ignudi (before restoration) </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Medallion_Death_of_Uriah.jpg" title="File:Medallion Death of Uriah.jpg">The "Uriah" medallion</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Michelangelo,_Separation_of_the_Earth_from_the_Waters_00.jpg" title="File:Michelangelo, Separation of the Earth from the Waters 00.jpg">The incomplete medallion</a> on the left-hand side of the "Separation of the Waters" panel </li> <li id="cite_note-Pro_Jer-142"><a href="#cite_ref-Pro_Jer_142-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Michelangelo_Buonarroti_027.jpg" title="File:Michelangelo Buonarroti 027.jpg">The prophet Jeremiah</a> (restored) </li> <li id="cite_note-Sib_P-143"><a href="#cite_ref-Sib_P_143-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/File:PersianSibylByMichelangelo.jpg" title="File:PersianSibylByMichelangelo.jpg">The Persian Sibyl</a> (restored) </li> <li id="cite_note-Pro_Eze-144"><a href="#cite_ref-Pro_Eze_144-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Ezekiel.jpg" title="File:Ezekiel.jpg">The prophet Ezekiel</a> (restored) </li> <li id="cite_note-Sib_E-145">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sib_E_145-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sib_E_145-1">b</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Michelangelo_Buonarroti_033.jpg" title="File:Michelangelo Buonarroti 033.jpg">The Erithraean Sibyl</a> (before restoration) </li> <li id="cite_note-Pro_Joel-146"><a href="#cite_ref-Pro_Joel_146-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Michelangelo_Buonarroti_029.jpg" title="File:Michelangelo Buonarroti 029.jpg">The prophet Joel</a> (before restoration) </li> <li id="cite_note-Pro_Zec-147"><a href="#cite_ref-Pro_Zec_147-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Michelangelo_Buonarroti_031.jpg" title="File:Michelangelo Buonarroti 031.jpg">The prophet Zechariah</a> (before restoration) </li> <li id="cite_note-Sib_D-148"><a href="#cite_ref-Sib_D_148-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/File:DelphicSibylByMichelangelo.jpg" title="File:DelphicSibylByMichelangelo.jpg">The Delphic Sibyl</a> (restored) </li> <li id="cite_note-Pro_Isa-149"><a href="#cite_ref-Pro_Isa_149-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Isaiah-Michelangelo.jpg" title="File:Isaiah-Michelangelo.jpg">The prophet Isaiah</a> (restored) </li> <li id="cite_note-Sib_C-150"><a href="#cite_ref-Sib_C_150-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/File:CumaeanSibylByMichelangelo.jpg" title="File:CumaeanSibylByMichelangelo.jpg">The Cumean Sibyl</a> (restored) </li> <li id="cite_note-Pro_Dan-151"><a href="#cite_ref-Pro_Dan_151-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Michelangelo_Buonarroti_026.jpg" title="File:Michelangelo Buonarroti 026.jpg">The prophet Daniel</a> (before restoration) </li> <li id="cite_note-Sib_L-152"><a href="#cite_ref-Sib_L_152-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/File:LibyanSibyl_SistineChapel.jpg" title="File:LibyanSibyl SistineChapel.jpg">The Libyan Sibyl</a> (restored) </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Michelangelo_Buonarroti_034.jpg" title="File:Michelangelo Buonarroti 034.jpg">The crucifixion of Haman</a> (Before restoration) </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Michelangelo_Buonarroti_024.jpg" title="File:Michelangelo Buonarroti 024.jpg">The Brazen Serpent</a> (Before restoration) </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Michelangelo_Buonarroti_038.jpg" title="File:Michelangelo Buonarroti 038.jpg">Judith carrying the head of Holofernes</a> (Before restoration) </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Michelangelo_Buonarroti_025.jpg" title="File:Michelangelo Buonarroti 025.jpg">David slaying Goliath</a> (Before restoration) </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a> The destroyed lunettes: <a href="/wiki/File:Abraham_-_Isaac_-_Jacob_-_Judah.jpg" title="File:Abraham - Isaac - Jacob - Judah.jpg">Abraham / Isaac / Jacob / Judah</a> and <a href="/wiki/File:Perez_-_Hezron_-_Ram.jpg" title="File:Perez - Hezron - Ram.jpg">Pharez / Hezron / Ram</a>, engravings by <a href="/wiki/William_Young_Ottley" title="William Young Ottley">William Young Ottley</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Michelangelo_-_Sistine_Chapel_-_Lunette_Eleazar_and_Mathan_-_WGA.jpg" title="File:Michelangelo - Sistine Chapel - Lunette Eleazar and Mathan - WGA.jpg">Eleazar and Mathan</a> lunette (before restoration) </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Salmon_Spandrel.jpg" title="File:Salmon Spandrel.jpg">Woman cutting garment</a>, the "Salmon Spandrel" (restored) </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-193">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_193-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_193-1">b</a> Woman looking from a spandrel <a href="/wiki/File:Michelangelo_Buonarroti_037.jpg" title="File:Michelangelo Buonarroti 037.jpg">before</a> and <a href="/wiki/File:Jesse_Spandrel.jpg" title="File:Jesse Spandrel.jpg">after</a> restoration </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a> Masaccio: <a href="/wiki/File:Masaccio_expulsion-1427.jpg" title="File:Masaccio expulsion-1427.jpg">The Expulsion from the Garden of Eden</a> fresco, 208 cm × 88 cm (82 in × 35 in) Cappella Brancacci, Santa Maria del Carmine, Florence </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a> Luca Signorelli: <a href="/wiki/File:Signorelli_Resurrection.jpg" title="File:Signorelli Resurrection.jpg">Resurrection of the Flesh</a> (1499–1502) Chapel of San Brizio, Duomo, Orvieto </li> <li id="cite_note-214"><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a> Raphael (c. 1509) <a href="/wiki/File:Raphael_School_of_Athens_Michelangelo.jpg" title="File:Raphael School of Athens Michelangelo.jpg">Heraclitus detail</a> from the <a href="/wiki/School_of_Athens" class="mw-redirect" title="School of Athens">School of Athens</a>, a portrait of Michelangelo </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biblical_sources">Biblical sources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sistine_Chapel_ceiling&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Biblical sources">edit</a>]</div> Unless stated otherwise, sourced from <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)">The Holy Bible</a>, <a href="/wiki/King_James_Version" title="King James Version">King James Version</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Gospel of Matthew">Gospel of Matthew</a> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Matthew#12:39" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Matthew">12:39–40</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> Gospel of John <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/John#3:14" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/John">3:14–15</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-fiery-82">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fiery_82-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fiery_82-1">b</a> Numbers <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Numbers#21:4" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Numbers">21:4–9</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Zechariah" title="Book of Zechariah">Zechariah</a>, chapter 9, verse 9; <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Gospel of Matthew">Matthew</a>, chapter 21, verses 4–5 </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> Genesis, chapters 1, 8–9 </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> Genesis, chapter 1 </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> Genesis, chapters 1–3 </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> Genesis, chapters 6–9 </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> Joel, chapter 2, verse 28. </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> The Book of Esther </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> Gospel of Matthew <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Matthew%201:16&version=nrsv">1:16</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a> First Book of <a href="/wiki/1_Samuel" class="mw-redirect" title="1 Samuel">Samuel</a>, chapter 2:18 </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sistine_Chapel_ceiling&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBartzKönig2013" class="citation book cs1">Bartz, Gabriele; König, Eberhard (2013) [1998]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/michelangelo0000bart/">Masters of Italian Art: Michelangelo</a>. Köln: H.F. Ullmann. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8480-0557-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8480-0557-4"><bdi>978-3-8480-0557-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Masters+of+Italian+Art%3A+Michelangelo&rft.place=K%C3%B6ln&rft.pub=H.F.+Ullmann&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-3-8480-0557-4&rft.aulast=Bartz&rft.aufirst=Gabriele&rft.au=K%C3%B6nig%2C+Eberhard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmichelangelo0000bart%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASistine+Chapel+ceiling" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCampbell1949" class="citation web cs1">Campbell, Paul E. (1949). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catholicculture.org/culture/library/view.cfm?recnum=7527.">""Library : Dies Irae, Masterpiece of Latin Poetry." Library"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22Library+%3A+Dies+Irae%2C+Masterpiece+of+Latin+Poetry.%22+Library&rft.date=1949&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=Paul+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.catholicculture.org%2Fculture%2Flibrary%2Fview.cfm%3Frecnum%3D7527.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASistine+Chapel+ceiling" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCondivi1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ascanio_Condivi" title="Ascanio Condivi">Condivi, Ascanio</a> (1999). Wohl, Hellmut (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sWNZ7njz2MkC&pg=PA57">The Life of Michelangelo</a>. Translated by Wohl, Alice Sedgwick. <a href="/wiki/Penn_State_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Penn State Press">Penn State Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-271-04483-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-271-04483-5"><bdi>978-0-271-04483-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life+of+Michelangelo&rft.pub=Penn+State+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-271-04483-5&rft.aulast=Condivi&rft.aufirst=Ascanio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsWNZ7njz2MkC%26pg%3DPA57&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASistine+Chapel+ceiling" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGardner1970" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Helen_Gardner_(art_historian)" title="Helen Gardner (art historian)">Gardner, Helen</a> (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gardnersartthro000gard">Art Through the Ages</a> (5th ed.). Harcourt, Brace and World. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-15-508315-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-15-508315-8"><bdi>978-0-15-508315-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Art+Through+the+Ages&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=Harcourt%2C+Brace+and+World&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=978-0-15-508315-8&rft.aulast=Gardner&rft.aufirst=Helen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgardnersartthro000gard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASistine+Chapel+ceiling" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Giacometti, Massimo, ed. (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sistinechapelart0000unse">The Sistine Chapel: The Art, the History, and the Restoration</a>, by Carlo Pietrangeli, <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Chastel" title="André Chastel">André Chastel</a>, John Shearman, John O'Malley S.J., Pierluigi de Vecchi, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Hirst_(art_historian)" title="Michael Hirst (art historian)">Michael Hirst</a>, Fabrizio Mancinelli, <a href="/wiki/Gianluigi_Colalucci" title="Gianluigi Colalucci">Gianluigi Colalucci</a>, and Franco Bernabei. New York: <a href="/wiki/Harmony_Books" title="Harmony Books">Harmony Books</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-517-56274-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-517-56274-X">0-517-56274-X</a> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFShearman1986" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Shearman" title="John Shearman">Shearman, John</a> (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sistinechapelart0000unse/page/22">"The Chapel of Sixtus IV"</a>. Harmony Books. pp. 22–91. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-517-56274-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-517-56274-1"><bdi>978-0-517-56274-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22The+Chapel+of+Sixtus+IV%22&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E22-%3C%2Fspan%3E91&rft.pub=Harmony+Books&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-517-56274-1&rft.aulast=Shearman&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsistinechapelart0000unse%2Fpage%2F22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASistine+Chapel+ceiling" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFO'Malley1986" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_W._O%27Malley" title="John W. O'Malley">O'Malley, John</a> (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sistinechapelart0000unse/page/92">"The Theology Behind Michelangelo's Ceiling"</a>. Harmony Books. pp. 92–148. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-517-56274-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-517-56274-1"><bdi>978-0-517-56274-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22The+Theology+Behind+Michelangelo%27s+Ceiling%22&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E92-%3C%2Fspan%3E148&rft.pub=Harmony+Books&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-517-56274-1&rft.aulast=O%27Malley&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsistinechapelart0000unse%2Fpage%2F92&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASistine+Chapel+ceiling" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMancinelli1986" class="citation book cs1">Mancinelli, Fabrizio (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sistinechapelart0000unse/page/218">"Michelangelo at Work: The Painting of the Ceiling"</a>. Harmony Books. pp. 218–259. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-517-56274-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-517-56274-1"><bdi>978-0-517-56274-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22Michelangelo+at+Work%3A+The+Painting+of+the+Ceiling%22&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E218-%3C%2Fspan%3E259&rft.pub=Harmony+Books&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-517-56274-1&rft.aulast=Mancinelli&rft.aufirst=Fabrizio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsistinechapelart0000unse%2Fpage%2F218&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASistine+Chapel+ceiling" class="Z3988"></li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGraham-Dixon2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Graham-Dixon" title="Andrew Graham-Dixon">Graham-Dixon, Andrew</a> (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/michelangelosist0000grah/">Michelangelo and the Sistine Chapel</a>. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-297-85365-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-297-85365-7"><bdi>978-0-297-85365-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Michelangelo+and+the+Sistine+Chapel&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Weidenfeld+%26+Nicolson&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-297-85365-7&rft.aulast=Graham-Dixon&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmichelangelosist0000grah%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASistine+Chapel+ceiling" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHersey1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_L._Hersey" title="George L. Hersey">Hersey, George L.</a> (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/highrenaissancea0000hers/">High Renaissance Art in St. Peter's and the Vatican</a>. University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-32782-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-32782-5"><bdi>0-226-32782-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=High+Renaissance+Art+in+St.+Peter%27s+and+the+Vatican&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-226-32782-5&rft.aulast=Hersey&rft.aufirst=George+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhighrenaissancea0000hers%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASistine+Chapel+ceiling" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ross_King_(author)" title="Ross King (author)">King, Ross</a>, Michelangelo and the Pope's Ceiling, 2002, Chatto & Windus, ISBN 071171197</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLactanitius2003" class="citation book cs1">Lactanitius (2003) [c.240-c.320]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lactantiusdivine0000lact/page/4/mode/2up?q=sibyl.">Divine Institutes</a>. Liverpool University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85323-988-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85323-988-8"><bdi>978-0-85323-988-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Divine+Institutes&rft.pub=Liverpool+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-85323-988-8&rft.au=Lactanitius&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flactantiusdivine0000lact%2Fpage%2F4%2Fmode%2F2up%3Fq%3Dsibyl.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASistine+Chapel+ceiling" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNicholson1998" class="citation journal cs1">Nicholson, Melanie (1998). "From Sibyl to Witch and beyond: Feminine Archetype in the Poetry of Olga Orozco". Chasqui. 27 (1) (vol. 27, no. 1 ed.): 11–22. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F29741396">10.2307/29741396</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/29741396">29741396</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chasqui&rft.atitle=From+Sibyl+to+Witch+and+beyond%3A+Feminine+Archetype+in+the+Poetry+of+Olga+Orozco.&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E11-%3C%2Fspan%3E22&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F29741396&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F29741396%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Nicholson&rft.aufirst=Melanie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASistine+Chapel+ceiling" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFParis2009" class="citation book cs1">Paris, Yvonne (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/362400828">Michelangelo: 1475–1564</a>. Translated by Leighton, Sophie. Bath: Parragon. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4075-4271-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4075-4271-3"><bdi>978-1-4075-4271-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/362400828">362400828</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Michelangelo%3A+1475%E2%80%931564&rft.place=Bath&rft.pub=Parragon&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F362400828&rft.isbn=978-1-4075-4271-3&rft.aulast=Paris&rft.aufirst=Yvonne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F362400828&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASistine+Chapel+ceiling" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPartridge1996" class="citation book cs1">Partridge, Loren (1996). Michelangelo. The Sistine Chapel Ceiling, Rome. New York: George Braziller. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8076-1315-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8076-1315-0"><bdi>0-8076-1315-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Michelangelo.+The+Sistine+Chapel+Ceiling%2C+Rome&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=George+Braziller&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-8076-1315-0&rft.aulast=Partridge&rft.aufirst=Loren&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASistine+Chapel+ceiling" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPfisterer2018" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ulrich_Pfisterer_(art_historian)" title="Ulrich Pfisterer (art historian)">Pfisterer, Ulrich</a> (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CnFlDwAAQBAJ">The Sistine Chapel: Paradise in Rome</a>. Los Angeles: <a href="/wiki/Getty_Publications" class="mw-redirect" title="Getty Publications">Getty Publications</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60606-553-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60606-553-2"><bdi>978-1-60606-553-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sistine+Chapel%3A+Paradise+in+Rome&rft.place=Los+Angeles&rft.pub=Getty+Publications&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-60606-553-2&rft.aulast=Pfisterer&rft.aufirst=Ulrich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCnFlDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASistine+Chapel+ceiling" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVasari1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Vasari" title="Giorgio Vasari">Vasari, Giorgio</a> (1991) [1568]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/livesofartists0000vasa_k5j0">The Lives of the Artists</a>. Oxford World's Classics. Translated by Bondanella, Peter; Bondanella, Julia Conway. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-283410-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-283410-X"><bdi>0-19-283410-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Lives+of+the+Artists&rft.series=Oxford+World%27s+Classics&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-19-283410-X&rft.aulast=Vasari&rft.aufirst=Giorgio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flivesofartists0000vasa_k5j0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASistine+Chapel+ceiling" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Vecchi, Pierluigi de (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780810938403/">The Sistine Chapel: A Glorious Restoration</a>, by Carlo Pietrangeli, Michael Hirst, Gianluigi Colalucci, Fabrizio Mancinelli, John Shearman, Matthias Winner, Edward Maeder, Pierluigi de Vecchi, Nazzareno Gabrielli, and Piernicola Pagliara. New York: <a href="/wiki/Harry_N._Abrams" class="mw-redirect" title="Harry N. Abrams">Harry N. Abrams</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8109-3840-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8109-3840-5">0-8109-3840-5</a> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPietrangeli1994" class="citation book cs1">Pietrangeli, Carlo (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780810938403/page/n5/">"Introduction: An Account of the Restoration"</a>. pp. 6–7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8109-3840-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8109-3840-3"><bdi>978-0-8109-3840-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22Introduction%3A+An+Account+of+the+Restoration%22&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E6-%3C%2Fspan%3E7&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-8109-3840-3&rft.aulast=Pietrangeli&rft.aufirst=Carlo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780810938403%2Fpage%2Fn5%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASistine+Chapel+ceiling" class="Z3988"></li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWisch2003" class="citation journal cs1">Wisch, Barbara (2003). "Vested Interest: Redressing Jews on Michelangelo's Sistine Ceiling". Artibus et Historiae. 24 (48). IRSA: 143–172. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1483735">10.2307/1483735</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1483735">1483735</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Artibus+et+Historiae&rft.atitle=Vested+Interest%3A+Redressing+Jews+on+Michelangelo%27s+Sistine+Ceiling&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=48&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E143-%3C%2Fspan%3E172&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1483735&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1483735%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Wisch&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASistine+Chapel+ceiling" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sistine_Chapel_ceiling&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316" /><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEfetov2006" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Efetov" title="Konstantin Efetov">Efetov, Konstantin</a> (2006), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://efetov.wordpress.com/">A shocking secret of the Sistine Chapel</a>, Simferopol: CSMU Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/966-2969-17-9" title="Special:BookSources/966-2969-17-9"><bdi>966-2969-17-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+shocking+secret+of+the+Sistine+Chapel&rft.place=Simferopol&rft.pub=CSMU+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=966-2969-17-9&rft.aulast=Efetov&rft.aufirst=Konstantin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fefetov.wordpress.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASistine+Chapel+ceiling" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Freidenthal, Richard (1963). Letters of the Great Artists, 1963, Thames and Hudson</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Rigby_Hale" title="John Rigby Hale">Hale, J. R.</a> (1979). Renaissance Europe, 1480–1520, Fontana/Collins. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-00-632435-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-00-632435-5">0-00-632435-5</a></li> <li>Hartt, Frederick and David G. Wilkins (2007). "Michelangelo 1505–1516". History of Italian Renaissance Art (7th ed.). Pearson Education, Inc. pp. 496–512. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-205-70581-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-205-70581-8">978-0-205-70581-8</a>.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sistine_Chapel_ceiling&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style 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ceiling</a> (<a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Sistine_Chapel_ceiling" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Sistine Chapel ceiling">category</a>)</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mv.vatican.va/3_EN/pages/CSN/CSN_Volta.html">Vatican Museum</a> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.museivaticani.va/content/museivaticani/en/collezioni/musei/cappella-sistina/tour-virtuale.html">3-D interior view</a></li></ul></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://beckydaroff.com/arthistory/scc/">Visual/Interactive Tour of the Sistine Chapel Ceiling and upper walls, with identifications and detail images</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://smarthistory.khanacademy.org/sistine-chapel-ceiling.html">Michelangelo's Ceiling of the Sistine Chapel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Smarthistory" title="Smarthistory">Smarthistory</a> video (22:03)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.michelangelomodels.com/">Models of wax and clay used by Michelangelo in making his sculpture and paintings</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.michelangelo.org/sistine-chapel-ceiling.jsp">Sistine Chapel Panoramas View</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://issuu.com/akenpapers/docs/sistine">The Sistine Ceiling and the Holy Spirit</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Michelangelo98" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #EAEAAE; text-align: center;;background: #EEDD82"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Michelangelo" title="Template:Michelangelo"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Michelangelo" title="Template talk:Michelangelo"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Michelangelo" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Michelangelo"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Michelangelo98" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Michelangelo" title="Michelangelo">Michelangelo</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #EAEAAE; text-align: center;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_works_by_Michelangelo" title="List of works by Michelangelo">List of works</a></li> <li>✻ attributed</li> <li>†lost</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #EAEAAE; text-align: center;"><div id="Sculptures98" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Sculptures</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EAEAAE; text-align: center">Florence, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1488–1492</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Head_of_a_Faun" title="Head of a Faun">Head of a Faun</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madonna_of_the_Stairs" title="Madonna of the Stairs">Madonna of the Stairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Centaurs_(Michelangelo)" title="Battle of the Centaurs (Michelangelo)">Battle of the Centaurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifix_(Michelangelo)" title="Crucifix (Michelangelo)">Crucifix</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EAEAAE; text-align: center">Bologna, 1494–1495</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Additions to the <a href="/wiki/Arca_di_San_Domenico" title="Arca di San Domenico">Arca di San Domenico</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Petronius_(Michelangelo)" title="Saint Petronius (Michelangelo)">Saint Petronius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Proculus_(Michelangelo)" title="Saint Proculus (Michelangelo)">Saint Proculus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angel_(Michelangelo)" title="Angel (Michelangelo)">Angel</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EAEAAE; text-align: center">Rome, 1496–1500</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sleeping_Cupid_(Michelangelo)" title="Sleeping Cupid (Michelangelo)">Sleeping Cupid</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bacchus_(Michelangelo)" title="Bacchus (Michelangelo)">Bacchus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sleeping_Cupid_(Michelangelo)" title="Sleeping Cupid (Michelangelo)">Standing Cupid</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piet%C3%A0_(Michelangelo)" title="Pietà (Michelangelo)">Pietà</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EAEAAE; text-align: center">Florence, 1501–1505</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/David_(Michelangelo)" title="David (Michelangelo)">David</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madonna_of_Bruges" title="Madonna of Bruges">Madonna of Bruges</a></li> <li>Additions to the <a href="/wiki/Piccolomini_Altarpiece" title="Piccolomini Altarpiece">Piccolomini Altarpiece</a> <ul><li>Saints Peter, Paul, Pius and Gregory</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitti_Tondo" title="Pitti Tondo">Pitti Tondo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taddei_Tondo" title="Taddei Tondo">Taddei Tondo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Matthew_(Michelangelo)" title="Saint Matthew (Michelangelo)">Saint Matthew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rothschild_Bronzes" title="Rothschild Bronzes">Rothschild Bronzes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EAEAAE; text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Pope_Julius_II" title="Tomb of Pope Julius II">Tomb of Julius II</a>, 1505–1545</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moses_(Michelangelo)" title="Moses (Michelangelo)">Moses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebellious_Slave" title="Rebellious Slave">Rebellious Slave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dying_Slave" title="Dying Slave">Dying Slave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Slave" title="Young Slave">Young Slave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bearded_Slave" title="Bearded Slave">Bearded Slave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlas_Slave" title="Atlas Slave">Atlas Slave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awakening_Slave" title="Awakening Slave">Awakening Slave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Genius_of_Victory" title="The Genius of Victory">The Genius of Victory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rachel_(sculpture)" title="Rachel (sculpture)">Rachel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leah_(sculpture)" title="Leah (sculpture)">Leah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EAEAAE; text-align: center">Florence, 1516–1534</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Risen_Christ_(Michelangelo,_Santa_Maria_sopra_Minerva)" title="Risen Christ (Michelangelo, Santa Maria sopra Minerva)">Christ Carrying the Cross</a></li> <li>Medici Chapel <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portrait_of_Giuliano_de%27_Medici,_Duke_of_Nemours" title="Portrait of Giuliano de' Medici, Duke of Nemours">Giuliano de' Medici, Duke of Nemours</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night_(Michelangelo)" class="mw-redirect" title="Night (Michelangelo)">Night</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Day_(Michelangelo)" class="mw-redirect" title="Day (Michelangelo)">Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dusk_(Michelangelo)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dusk (Michelangelo)">Dusk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawn_(Michelangelo)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dawn (Michelangelo)">Dawn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medici_Madonna" title="Medici Madonna">Medici Madonna</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_(Michelangelo)" title="Apollo (Michelangelo)">Apollo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crouching_Boy" title="Crouching Boy">Crouching Boy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EAEAAE; text-align: center">Rome, 1534–1564</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brutus_(Michelangelo)" title="Brutus (Michelangelo)">Brutus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Deposition_(Michelangelo)" title="The Deposition (Michelangelo)">Florentine Pietà</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestrina_Piet%C3%A0" title="Palestrina Pietà">Palestrina Pietà</a> ✻</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rondanini_Piet%C3%A0" title="Rondanini Pietà">Rondanini Pietà</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #EAEAAE; text-align: center;"><div id="Paintings98" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Paintings</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EAEAAE; text-align: center">Panel paintings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Torment_of_Saint_Anthony" title="The Torment of Saint Anthony">The Torment of Saint Anthony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchester_Madonna" title="Manchester Madonna">Manchester Madonna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Entombment_(Michelangelo)" title="The Entombment (Michelangelo)">The Entombment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doni_Tondo" title="Doni Tondo">Doni Tondo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leda_and_the_Swan_(Michelangelo)" title="Leda and the Swan (Michelangelo)">Leda and the Swan</a>†</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EAEAAE; text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Vecchio#Salone_dei_Cinquecento" title="Palazzo Vecchio">Salone dei Cinquecento</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cascina_(Michelangelo)" title="Battle of Cascina (Michelangelo)">Battle of Cascina</a>†</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EAEAAE; text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/Sistine_Chapel" title="Sistine Chapel">Sistine Chapel</a> <a href="/wiki/Gallery_of_Sistine_Chapel_ceiling" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallery of Sistine Chapel ceiling">(ceiling gallery)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ceiling</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_Light_from_Darkness" title="Separation of Light from Darkness">Separation of Light from Darkness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Creation_of_the_Sun,_Moon,_and_Plants" title="The Creation of the Sun, Moon, and Plants">The Creation of the Sun, Moon, and Plants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Creation_of_Adam" title="The Creation of Adam">The Creation of Adam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophet_Daniel_(Michelangelo)" title="Prophet Daniel (Michelangelo)">Prophet Daniel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophet_Isaiah_(Michelangelo)" title="Prophet Isaiah (Michelangelo)">Prophet Isaiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophet_Jeremiah_(Michelangelo)" title="Prophet Jeremiah (Michelangelo)">Prophet Jeremiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophet_Joel_(Michelangelo)" title="Prophet Joel (Michelangelo)">Prophet Joel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophet_Jonah_(Michelangelo)" title="Prophet Jonah (Michelangelo)">Prophet Jonah</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Last_Judgment_(Michelangelo)" title="The Last Judgment (Michelangelo)">The Last Judgment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EAEAAE; text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/Cappella_Paolina" title="Cappella Paolina">Pauline Chapel</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Crucifixion_of_Saint_Peter_(Michelangelo)" title="The Crucifixion of Saint Peter (Michelangelo)">The Crucifixion of Saint Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Conversion_of_Saul_(Michelangelo)" title="The Conversion of Saul (Michelangelo)">The Conversion of Saul</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #EAEAAE; text-align: center;"><div id="Architecture98" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Architecture</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#EAEAAE; text-align: center">Florence</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sagrestia_Nuova" title="Sagrestia Nuova">New Sacristy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Laurentian_Library" title="Laurentian Library">Laurentian Library</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_San_Lorenzo,_Florence" title="Basilica of San Lorenzo, Florence">Basilica of San Lorenzo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#EAEAAE; text-align: center">Rome</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capitoline_Museums" title="Capitoline Museums">Capitoline Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitoline_Hill#Piazza" title="Capitoline Hill">Piazza del Campidoglio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Farnese" title="Palazzo Farnese">Palazzo Farnese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Basilica" title="St. Peter's Basilica">St. Peter's Basilica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tor_San_Michele_(Rome)" title="Tor San Michele (Rome)">Tor San Michele</a> ✻</li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Giovanni_dei_Fiorentini" title="San Giovanni dei Fiorentini">San Giovanni dei Fiorentini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porta_Pia" title="Porta Pia">Porta Pia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_degli_Angeli_e_dei_Martiri" title="Santa Maria degli Angeli e dei Martiri">Santa Maria degli Angeli e dei Martiri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #EAEAAE; text-align: center;"><div id="Works_on_paper,_milieu,_etc.98" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Works on paper, milieu, etc.</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#EAEAAE; text-align: center">Works on paper</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Study_of_a_Kneeling_Nude_Girl_for_The_Entombment" title="Study of a Kneeling Nude Girl for The Entombment">Study of a Kneeling Nude Girl for The Entombment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Male_Back_with_a_Flag" title="Male Back with a Flag">Male Back with a Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Studies_for_the_Libyan_Sibyl" title="Studies for the Libyan Sibyl">Studies for the Libyan Sibyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Punishment_of_Tityus_(Michelangelo)" title="The Punishment of Tityus (Michelangelo)">The Punishment of Tityus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Fall_of_Phaeton_(Michelangelo)" title="The Fall of Phaeton (Michelangelo)">The Fall of Phaeton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piet%C3%A0_for_Vittoria_Colonna" title="Pietà for Vittoria Colonna">Pietà for Vittoria Colonna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epifania" title="Epifania">Epifania</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#EAEAAE; text-align: center">Milieu</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cecchino_dei_Bracci" title="Cecchino dei Bracci">Cecchino dei Bracci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tommaso_dei_Cavalieri" title="Tommaso dei Cavalieri">Tommaso dei Cavalieri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vittoria_Colonna" title="Vittoria Colonna">Vittoria Colonna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascanio_Condivi" title="Ascanio Condivi">Ascanio Condivi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gherardo_Perini" class="mw-redirect" title="Gherardo Perini">Gherardo Perini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebastiano_del_Piombo" title="Sebastiano del Piombo">Sebastiano del Piombo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Febo_di_Poggio" title="Febo di Poggio">Febo di Poggio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_del_Riccio" title="Luigi del Riccio">Luigi del Riccio</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#EAEAAE; text-align: center">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_patronage_of_Julius_II" title="Art patronage of Julius II">Art patronage of Julius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casa_Buonarroti" title="Casa Buonarroti">Casa Buonarroti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lives_of_the_Most_Excellent_Painters,_Sculptors,_and_Architects" title="Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects">Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michelangelo_and_the_Medici" title="Michelangelo and the Medici">Michelangelo and the Medici</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Replicas_of_Michelangelo%27s_David" title="Replicas of Michelangelo's David">Replicas of David</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Replicas_of_Michelangelo%27s_Piet%C3%A0" title="Replicas of Michelangelo's Pietà">Replicas of the Pietà</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restoration_of_the_Sistine_Chapel_frescoes" title="Restoration of the Sistine Chapel frescoes">Restoration of the Sistine Chapel frescoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Titan:_Story_of_Michelangelo" title="The Titan: Story of Michelangelo">The Titan: Story of Michelangelo (1950 documentary)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Agony_and_the_Ecstasy_(novel)" title="The Agony and the Ecstasy (novel)">The Agony and the Ecstasy (1961 novel,</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Agony_and_the_Ecstasy_(film)" title="The Agony and the Ecstasy (film)">1965 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Season_of_Giants" title="A Season of Giants">A Season of Giants (1990 TV film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michelangelo_(crater)" title="Michelangelo (crater)">Michelangelo (crater)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michelangelo_quadrangle" title="Michelangelo quadrangle">Michelangelo quadrangle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="High_Renaissance71" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:High_Renaissance" title="Template:High Renaissance"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:High_Renaissance" title="Template talk:High Renaissance"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:High_Renaissance" title="Special:EditPage/Template:High Renaissance"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="High_Renaissance71" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/High_Renaissance" title="High Renaissance">High Renaissance</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Principal proponents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Donato_Bramante" title="Donato Bramante">Donato Bramante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giorgione" title="Giorgione">Giorgione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michelangelo" title="Michelangelo">Michelangelo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raphael" title="Raphael">Raphael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titian" title="Titian">Titian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci">Leonardo da Vinci</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mariotto_Albertinelli" title="Mariotto Albertinelli">Mariotto Albertinelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pellegrino_Aretusi" title="Pellegrino Aretusi">Pellegrino Aretusi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fra_Bartolomeo" title="Fra Bartolomeo">Fra Bartolomeo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludovico_Beretta" title="Ludovico Beretta">Ludovico Beretta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moretto_da_Brescia" title="Moretto da Brescia">Moretto da Brescia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gasparo_Cairano" title="Gasparo Cairano">Gasparo Cairano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giulio_Clovio" title="Giulio Clovio">Giulio Clovio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_da_Correggio" title="Antonio da Correggio">Antonio da Correggio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piero_di_Cosimo" title="Piero di Cosimo">Piero di Cosimo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernardino_delle_Croci" title="Bernardino delle Croci">Bernardino delle Croci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girolamo_Genga" title="Girolamo Genga">Girolamo Genga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Lotto" title="Lorenzo Lotto">Lorenzo Lotto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maffeo_Olivieri" title="Maffeo Olivieri">Maffeo Olivieri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baldassare_Peruzzi" title="Baldassare Peruzzi">Baldassare Peruzzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebastiano_del_Piombo" title="Sebastiano del Piombo">Sebastiano del Piombo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_da_Sangallo_the_Younger" title="Antonio da Sangallo the Younger">Antonio da Sangallo the Younger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrea_del_Sarto" title="Andrea del Sarto">Andrea del Sarto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Il_Sodoma" title="Il Sodoma">Il Sodoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamagnino" title="Tamagnino">Tamagnino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palma_Vecchio" title="Palma Vecchio">Palma Vecchio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Vassilacchi" title="Antonio Vassilacchi">Antonio Vassilacchi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Last_Supper_(Leonardo)" title="The Last Supper (Leonardo)">The Last Supper</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1492–1498)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piet%C3%A0_(Michelangelo)" title="Pietà (Michelangelo)">Pietà</a> (1498–1499)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Pietro_in_Montorio" title="San Pietro in Montorio">San Pietro in Montorio</a> (1500)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_(Michelangelo)" title="David (Michelangelo)">David</a> (1501–1504)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mona_Lisa" title="Mona Lisa">Mona Lisa</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1502–1516)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Basilica" title="St. Peter's Basilica">St. Peter's Basilica</a> (1506–1513)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sistine Chapel ceiling</a> (1508–1512)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raphael_Rooms" title="Raphael Rooms">Raphael Rooms</a> (1509–1524)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfiguration_(Raphael)" title="Transfiguration (Raphael)">Transfiguration</a> (1516–1520)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Last_Judgment_(Michelangelo)" title="The Last Judgment (Michelangelo)">The Last Judgment</a> (1536–1541)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_patronage_of_Julius_II" title="Art patronage of Julius II">Art patronage of Julius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Burckhardt" title="Jacob Burckhardt">Jacob Burckhardt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Joachim_Winckelmann" title="Johann Joachim Winckelmann">Johann Joachim Winckelmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonardeschi" title="Leonardeschi">Leonardeschi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Vasari" title="Giorgio Vasari">Giorgio Vasari</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lives_of_the_Most_Excellent_Painters,_Sculptors,_and_Architects" title="Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects">The Lives</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Art_of_the_Sistine_Chapel898" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background: gold"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sistine_Chapel" title="Template:Sistine Chapel"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sistine_Chapel" title="Template talk:Sistine Chapel"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sistine_Chapel" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sistine Chapel"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Art_of_the_Sistine_Chapel898" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Art of the <a href="/wiki/Sistine_Chapel" title="Sistine Chapel">Sistine Chapel</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: gold;width:1%">Life of <a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moses_Leaving_for_Egypt_(Perugino)" class="mw-redirect" title="Moses Leaving for Egypt (Perugino)">Moses Leaving for Egypt</a> 1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_of_Moses" title="Youth of Moses">The Youth of Moses</a> 2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Crossing_of_the_Red_Sea_(Sistine_Chapel)" title="The Crossing of the Red Sea (Sistine Chapel)">The Crossing of the Red Sea</a> 3/4/5</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Descent_from_Mount_Sinai_(Sistine_Chapel)" title="Descent from Mount Sinai (Sistine Chapel)">The Descent from Mount Sinai</a> 3/6</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punishment_of_the_Sons_of_Korah" title="Punishment of the Sons of Korah">The Punishment of the Sons of Korah</a> 2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testament_and_Death_of_Moses" title="Testament and Death of Moses">Testament and Death of Moses</a> 7/8</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Hands_of_God_and_Adam.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Hands_of_God_and_Adam.jpg/100px-Hands_of_God_and_Adam.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="66" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Hands_of_God_and_Adam.jpg/150px-Hands_of_God_and_Adam.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Hands_of_God_and_Adam.jpg/200px-Hands_of_God_and_Adam.jpg 2x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="234" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: gold;width:1%">Life of <a href="/wiki/Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Christ">Christ</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_Christ_(Perugino,_Rome)" title="Baptism of Christ (Perugino, Rome)">The Baptism of Christ</a> 1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temptations_of_Christ_(Botticelli)" title="Temptations of Christ (Botticelli)">The Temptations of Christ</a> 2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vocation_of_the_Apostles" title="Vocation of the Apostles">The Vocation of the Apostles</a> 4</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sermon_on_the_Mount" title="Sermon on the Mount">The Sermon on the Mount</a> 3</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delivery_of_the_Keys_(Perugino)" class="mw-redirect" title="Delivery of the Keys (Perugino)">The Delivery of the Keys</a> 1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_Supper_(Rosselli)" title="Last Supper (Rosselli)">The Last Supper</a> 3/5</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: gold;width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ceiling</a> 9 (<a href="/wiki/Gallery_of_Sistine_Chapel_ceiling" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallery of Sistine Chapel ceiling">Gallery</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: gold">Scenes from Genesis</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_Light_from_Darkness" title="Separation of Light from Darkness">The Separation of Light from Darkness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Creation_of_the_Sun,_Moon,_and_Plants" title="The Creation of the Sun, Moon, and Plants">The Creation of the Sun, Moon, and Plants</a></li> <li>The Separation of Land and Water</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Creation_of_Adam" title="The Creation of Adam">The Creation of Adam</a></li> <li>The Creation of Eve</li> <li>The Fall and Expulsion from the Garden of Eden</li> <li>The Sacrifice of Noah</li> <li>The Flood</li> <li>The Drunkenness of Noah</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: gold">Prophets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prophet_Jonah_(Michelangelo)" title="Prophet Jonah (Michelangelo)">Jonah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophet_Jeremiah_(Michelangelo)" title="Prophet Jeremiah (Michelangelo)">Jeremiah</a></li> <li>Ezekiel</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophet_Joel_(Michelangelo)" title="Prophet Joel (Michelangelo)">Joel</a></li> <li>Zechariah</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophet_Isaiah_(Michelangelo)" title="Prophet Isaiah (Michelangelo)">Isaiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophet_Daniel_(Michelangelo)" title="Prophet Daniel (Michelangelo)">Daniel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: gold">Sibyls</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Sibyl" title="Persian Sibyl">Persian Sibyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erythraean_Sibyl" title="Erythraean Sibyl">Erythraean Sibyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delphic_Sibyl" title="Delphic Sibyl">Delphic Sibyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumaean_Sibyl" title="Cumaean Sibyl">Cumaean Sibyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_Sibyl" title="Libyan Sibyl">Libyan Sibyl</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: gold;width:1%">Altar wall</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Last_Judgment_(Michelangelo)" title="The Last Judgment (Michelangelo)">The Last Judgment</a> 9</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: gold;width:1%">Tapestries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Raphael_Cartoons" title="Raphael Cartoons">Raphael Cartoons</a> 10</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: gold;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_patronage_of_Julius_II" title="Art patronage of Julius II">Art patronage of Julius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restoration_of_the_Sistine_Chapel_frescoes" title="Restoration of the Sistine Chapel frescoes">Restoration of the Sistine Chapel frescoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sistine_Chapel_Choir" title="Sistine Chapel Choir">Sistine Chapel Choir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Room_of_Tears" title="Room of Tears">Room of Tears</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Agony_and_the_Ecstasy_(film)" title="The Agony and the Ecstasy (film)">The Agony and the Ecstasy</a> (1965 film)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background: gold"><div> <ul><li>Key: 1 <a href="/wiki/Pietro_Perugino" title="Pietro Perugino">Pietro Perugino</a></li> <li>2 <a href="/wiki/Sandro_Botticelli" title="Sandro Botticelli">Sandro Botticelli</a></li> <li>3 <a href="/wiki/Cosimo_Rosselli" title="Cosimo Rosselli">Cosimo Rosselli</a></li> <li>4 <a href="/wiki/Domenico_Ghirlandaio" title="Domenico Ghirlandaio">Domenico Ghirlandaio</a></li> <li>5 <a href="/wiki/Biagio_d%27Antonio" title="Biagio d'Antonio">Biagio d'Antonio</a> </li> <li>6 <a href="/wiki/Piero_di_Cosimo" title="Piero di Cosimo">Piero di Cosimo</a></li> <li>7 <a href="/wiki/Luca_Signorelli" title="Luca Signorelli">Luca Signorelli</a></li> <li>8 <a href="/wiki/Bartolomeo_della_Gatta" title="Bartolomeo della Gatta">Bartolomeo della Gatta</a></li> <li>9 <a href="/wiki/Michelangelo" title="Michelangelo">Michelangelo</a></li> <li>10 <a href="/wiki/Raphael" title="Raphael">Raphael</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sixtus_IV" title="Pope Sixtus IV">Pope Sixtus IV</a></li></ul> <ul><li><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Vatican_City" title="Portal:Vatican City">Vatican City portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/20px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="17" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/40px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Catholicism">Catholicism portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Vatican_City_articles854" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#fff200"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Vatican_City_topics" title="Template:Vatican City topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Vatican_City_topics" title="Template talk:Vatican City topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Vatican_City_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Vatican City topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Vatican_City_articles854" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Vatican_City%E2%80%93related_articles" title="Index of Vatican City–related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#fff200;hlist"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Vatican_City%E2%80%93related_articles" title="Index of Vatican City–related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Vatican_City" title="Outline of Vatican City">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Properties_of_the_Holy_See" title="Properties of the Holy See">Properties</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Pope</a>: <a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Francis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereigns_of_Vatican_City_State" class="mw-redirect" title="List of sovereigns of Vatican City State">List of sovereigns</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicar_General_for_Vatican_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Vicar General for Vatican City">Vicar General for Vatican City</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#fff200;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City#History" title="Vatican City">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_papacy" title="History of the papacy">History of the papacy</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Prisoner_in_the_Vatican" title="Prisoner in the Vatican">Prisoner in the Vatican</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circus_of_Nero" title="Circus of Nero">Circus of Nero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_St._Peter%27s_Basilica" title="Old St. Peter's Basilica">Old St. Peter's Basilica</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papal_tombs_in_Old_St._Peter%27s_Basilica" title="Papal tombs in Old St. Peter's Basilica">Papal tombs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonine_City" title="Leonine City">Leonine City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cortile_del_Belvedere" title="Cortile del Belvedere">Cortile del Belvedere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santo_Stefano_degli_Ungheresi" title="Santo Stefano degli Ungheresi">Santo Stefano degli Ungheresi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lateran_Treaty" title="Lateran Treaty">Lateran Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borgo_Nuovo_(Rome)" title="Borgo Nuovo (Rome)">Borgo Nuovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borgo_Vecchio_(Rome)" title="Borgo Vecchio (Rome)">Borgo Vecchio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piazza_Scossacavalli" title="Piazza Scossacavalli">Piazza Scossacavalli</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#fff200;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Vatican_City" title="Geography of Vatican City">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#fff200;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Major_basilica" class="mw-redirect" title="Major basilica">Major basilica</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="St._Peter&#039;s_Basilica24" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#fff200;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Basilica" title="St. Peter's Basilica">St. Peter's Basilica</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chair_of_Saint_Peter" title="Chair of Saint Peter">Chair of Saint Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Baldachin" title="St. Peter's Baldachin">St. Peter's Baldachin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piet%C3%A0_(Michelangelo)" title="Pietà (Michelangelo)">Pietà</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Necropolis" title="Vatican Necropolis">Vatican Necropolis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter%27s_tomb" title="Saint Peter's tomb">Saint Peter's tomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extant_papal_tombs" title="List of extant papal tombs">Papal tombs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_the_Julii" title="Tomb of the Julii">Tomb of the Julii</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Grottoes" title="Vatican Grottoes">Vatican Grottoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monument_to_the_Royal_Stuarts" title="Monument to the Royal Stuarts">Monument to the Royal Stuarts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#fff200;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Palace" title="Apostolic Palace">Apostolic Palace</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Redemptoris_Mater_Chapel" title="Redemptoris Mater Chapel">Redemptoris Mater Chapel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borgia_Apartments" title="Borgia Apartments">Borgia Apartments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clementine_Hall" title="Clementine Hall">Clementine Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_apartments" title="Papal apartments">Papal apartments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stufetta_del_cardinal_Bibbiena" title="Stufetta del cardinal Bibbiena">Stufetta del cardinal Bibbiena</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cappella_Paolina" title="Cappella Paolina">Cappella Paolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raphael_Rooms" title="Raphael Rooms">Raphael Rooms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niccoline_Chapel" title="Niccoline Chapel">Niccoline Chapel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sala_Regia_(Vatican)" title="Sala Regia (Vatican)">Sala Regia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scala_Regia_(Vatican)" title="Scala Regia (Vatican)">Scala Regia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sistine_Chapel" title="Sistine Chapel">Sistine Chapel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Last_Judgment_(Michelangelo)" title="The Last Judgment (Michelangelo)">altarpiece</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">ceiling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Room_of_Tears" title="Room of Tears">Room of Tears</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#fff200;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Museums" title="Vatican Museums">Vatican Museums</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Historical_Museum" title="Vatican Historical Museum">Historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinacoteca_Vaticana" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinacoteca Vaticana">Paintings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collection_of_Modern_and_Contemporary_Art,_Vatican_Museums" title="Collection of Modern and Contemporary Art, Vatican Museums">Modern and Contemporary Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Museums#Pio-Clementino_Museum" title="Vatican Museums">Pio-Clementino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Museums#Chiaramonti_Museum" title="Vatican Museums">Chiaramonti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Museums#Gregoriano_Etrusco_Museum" title="Vatican Museums">Gregoriano Etrusco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Museums#Gregoriano_Egiziano_Museum" title="Vatican Museums">Gregoriano Egiziano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museo_Pio_Cristiano" title="Museo Pio Cristiano">Pio Cristiano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anima_Mundi,_Vatican_City" title="Anima Mundi, Vatican City">Ethnographic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bramante_Staircase" title="Bramante Staircase">Bramante Staircase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Gallery_of_Maps" title="Vatican Gallery of Maps">Maps</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gregorian_Tower" title="Gregorian Tower">Gregorian Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casina_Pio_IV" title="Casina Pio IV">Casina Pio IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sant%27Anna_dei_Palafrenieri" title="Sant'Anna dei Palafrenieri">Sant'Anna dei Palafrenieri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domus_Sanctae_Marthae" title="Domus Sanctae Marthae">Domus Sanctae Marthae</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Domus_Sanctae_Marthae" title="Domus Sanctae Marthae">Holy Spirit Chapel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardens_of_Vatican_City" title="Gardens of Vatican City">Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_della_Piet%C3%A0_in_Camposanto_dei_Teutonici" title="Santa Maria della Pietà in Camposanto dei Teutonici">Santa Maria della Pietà in Camposanto dei Teutonici</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Collegio_Teutonico" title="Collegio Teutonico">Collegio Teutonico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teutonic_Cemetery" title="Teutonic Cemetery">Teutonic Cemetery</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mater_Ecclesiae_Monastery" title="Mater Ecclesiae Monastery">Mater Ecclesiae Monastery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sant%27Egidio_in_Borgo" title="Sant'Egidio in Borgo">Sant'Egidio in Borgo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santi_Martino_e_Sebastiano_degli_Svizzeri" title="Santi Martino e Sebastiano degli Svizzeri">Santi Martino e Sebastiano degli Svizzeri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_VI_Audience_Hall" title="Paul VI Audience Hall">Paul VI Audience Hall</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Resurrection_(Fazzini)" title="The Resurrection (Fazzini)">The Resurrection</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passetto_di_Borgo" title="Passetto di Borgo">Passetto di Borgo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Pellegrino_in_Vaticano" title="San Pellegrino in Vaticano">San Pellegrino in Vaticano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Square" title="St. Peter's Square">St. Peter's Square</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Via_della_Conciliazione" title="Via della Conciliazione">Via della Conciliazione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fountains_of_St._Peter%27s_Square" title="Fountains of St. Peter's Square">Fountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porta_San_Pellegrino" title="Porta San Pellegrino">Porta San Pellegrino</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricciolo_d%27Italia" title="Ricciolo d'Italia">Ricciolo d'Italia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_John%27s_Tower_(Vatican_City)" title="Saint John's Tower (Vatican City)">Saint John's Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santo_Stefano_degli_Abissini" class="mw-redirect" title="Santo Stefano degli Abissini">Santo Stefano degli Abissini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Pharmacy" title="Vatican Pharmacy">Vatican Pharmacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Hill" title="Vatican Hill">Vatican Hill</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#fff200;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Vatican_City" title="Politics of Vatican City">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_conclave" title="Papal conclave">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_Holy_See" title="Foreign relations of the Holy See">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicar_General_for_Vatican_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Vicar General for Vatican City">Vicar General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Vatican_City" title="Law of Vatican City">Law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Vatican_City" title="Crime in Vatican City">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamental_Law_of_Vatican_City_State" title="Fundamental Law of Vatican City State">Fundamental Law</a></li></ul></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#fff200;width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Governance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Pope</a> <a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Francis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardinal_Secretary_of_State" title="Cardinal Secretary of State">Cardinal Secretary of State</a> <a href="/wiki/Pietro_Parolin" title="Pietro Parolin">Pietro Parolin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#fff200;width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Vatican_City#Executive" title="Politics of Vatican City">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Curia" title="Roman Curia">Roman Curia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Camera" title="Apostolic Camera">Apostolic Camera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontifical_commission" title="Pontifical commission">Commissions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Commission_for_Vatican_City_State" title="Pontifical Commission for Vatican City State">For Vatican City State</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontifical_council" title="Pontifical council">Councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congregation_(Roman_Curia)" title="Congregation (Roman Curia)">Congregations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dicastery" title="Dicastery">Dicasteries</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#fff200;width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Military_in_Vatican_City" title="Military in Vatican City">Military</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corps_of_Gendarmerie_of_Vatican_City" title="Corps of Gendarmerie of Vatican City">Corps of Gendarmerie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Guard" title="Swiss Guard">Swiss Guard</a></li> <li>See also: <a href="/wiki/Corps_of_Firefighters_of_the_Vatican_City_State" title="Corps of Firefighters of the Vatican City State">Corps of Firefighters</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#fff200;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Vatican_City" title="Economy of Vatican City">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Institute_for_the_Works_of_Religion" title="Institute for the Works of Religion">Banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_euro_coins" title="Vatican euro coins">Vatican euro coins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City#Communications" title="Vatican City">Communications</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/.va" title=".va">.va [Internet domain]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poste_Vaticane" title="Poste Vaticane">Poste Vaticane</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Vatican_City" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Vatican City">Postage stamps and postal history</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_Vatican_City" title="Homelessness in Vatican City">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretariat_for_the_Economy" title="Secretariat for the Economy">Secretariat for the Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Vatican_City" title="Tourism in Vatican City">Tourism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#fff200;width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Infrastructure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Vatican_City" title="Transport in Vatican City">Transport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City_Heliport" title="Vatican City Heliport">Heliport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Railway" title="Vatican Railway">Rail</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#fff200;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City#Culture" title="Vatican City">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Pontifical Academy of Sciences">Academy of Sciences</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Advanced_Technology_Telescope" title="Vatican Advanced Technology Telescope">AT telescope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Observatory" title="Vatican Observatory">observatory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Vatican_City" title="Architecture of Vatican City">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_archives_in_Vatican_City" title="List of archives in Vatican City">Archives</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Apostolic_Archive" title="Vatican Apostolic Archive">Apostolic Archive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Climate_Forest" title="Vatican Climate Forest">Climate Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Vatican_City" title="Demographics of Vatican City">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Vatican_City" title="Languages of Vatican City">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Library" title="Vatican Library">Library</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Film_Library" title="Vatican Film Library">film</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Vatican_City" title="Music of Vatican City">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sistine_Chapel_Choir" title="Sistine Chapel Choir">Sistine Chapel Choir</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philatelic_and_Numismatic_Office_of_the_Vatican_City_State" title="Philatelic and Numismatic Office of the Vatican City State">Philatelic and Numismatic Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Vatican_City" title="Public holidays in Vatican City">Public holidays</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Media46" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#fff200;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Mass_media_in_Vatican_City" title="Category:Mass media in Vatican City">Media</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See_Press_Office" title="Holy See Press Office">Holy See Press Office</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Information_Service" title="Vatican Information Service">Vatican Information Service</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Media" title="Vatican Media">Vatican Media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_News" title="Vatican News">Vatican News</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Radio" title="Vatican Radio">Vatican Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Television_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Vatican Television Center">Vatican Television Center</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_News_App" title="Vatican News App">Vatican News App</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Publishing_House" title="Vatican Publishing House">Vatican Publishing House</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acta_Apostolicae_Sedis" title="Acta Apostolicae Sedis">Acta Apostolicae Sedis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annuario_Pontificio" title="Annuario Pontificio">Annuario Pontificio</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%27Osservatore_Romano" title="L'Osservatore Romano">L'Osservatore Romano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope2you" title="Pope2you">Pope2you</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#fff200;width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Vatican_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Vatican City">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#fff200;width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Symbols</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Anthem" title="Pontifical Anthem">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Vatican_City" title="Coat of arms of Vatican City">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Vatican_City" title="Flag of Vatican City">Flag</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#fff200;width:1%">Sports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Amateur_Sports_Association" title="Vatican Amateur Sports Association">Amateur Sports Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City_cricket_team" title="Vatican City cricket team">Cricket team</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City_national_football_team" title="Vatican City national football team">National football team</a> (Men)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City_women%27s_national_football_team" title="Vatican City women's national football team">National football team</a> (Women)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Athletics" title="Vatican Athletics">Vatican Athletics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#fff200;hlist"><div> <ul><li><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Vatican_City" title="Portal:Vatican City">Vatican City portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/20px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="17" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/40px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Catholicism">Catholicism portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <table class="wikitable" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:95%; clear: both;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;">Preceded by <a href="/wiki/Raphael_Rooms" title="Raphael Rooms">Raphael Rooms</a> </td> <td style="text-align: center;">Landmarks of Rome Sistine Chapel ceiling </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;">Succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Aurelian_Walls" title="Aurelian Walls">Aurelian Walls</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Landmarks_of_Rome677" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Monuments_of_Rome" title="Template:Monuments of Rome"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Monuments_of_Rome" title="Template talk:Monuments of Rome"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Monuments_of_Rome" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Monuments of Rome"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Landmarks_of_Rome677" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_monuments_in_Rome" title="List of ancient monuments in Rome">Landmarks of Rome</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space:normal; line-height:1.1em;">Walls and gates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aurelian_Walls" title="Aurelian Walls">Aurelian Walls</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Porta_Ardeatina" title="Porta Ardeatina">Ardeatina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porta_Asinaria" title="Porta Asinaria">Asinaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porta_Latina" title="Porta Latina">Latina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porta_Maggiore" title="Porta Maggiore">Maggiore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porta_Metronia" title="Porta Metronia">Metronia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porta_Nomentana" title="Porta Nomentana">Nomentana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porta_Pia" title="Porta Pia">Pia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porta_Pinciana" title="Porta Pinciana">Pinciana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porta_del_Popolo" title="Porta del Popolo">Popolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porta_Portese" title="Porta Portese">Portese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porta_San_Pancrazio" title="Porta San Pancrazio">San Pancrazio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porta_San_Paolo" title="Porta San Paolo">San Paolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porta_San_Giovanni_(Rome)" title="Porta San Giovanni (Rome)">San Giovanni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porta_San_Sebastiano" title="Porta San Sebastiano">San Sebastiano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porta_Settimiana" title="Porta Settimiana">Settimiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porta_Tiburtina" title="Porta Tiburtina">Tiburtina</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonine_City" title="Leonine City">Leonine Wall</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Porta_Cavalleggeri" title="Porta Cavalleggeri">Cavalleggeri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porta_Pertusa" title="Porta Pertusa">Pertusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porta_Santo_Spirito" title="Porta Santo Spirito">Santo Spirito</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castra_Praetoria" title="Castra Praetoria">Castra Praetoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janiculum_walls" title="Janiculum walls">Janiculum Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murus_Terreus" title="Murus Terreus">Terreus Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murus_Romuli" title="Murus Romuli">Romuli Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Servian_Wall" title="Servian Wall">Servian Wall</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Porta_Caelimontana" title="Porta Caelimontana">Caelimontana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porta_Capena" title="Porta Capena">Capena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porta_Collina" title="Porta Collina">Collina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arch_of_Dolabella" title="Arch of Dolabella">Dolabella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porta_Esquilina" title="Porta Esquilina">Esquilina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porta_Fontinalis" title="Porta Fontinalis">Fontinalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arch_of_Gallienus" title="Arch of Gallienus">Gallienus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porta_Viminale" title="Porta Viminale">Viminale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porta_Naevia" title="Porta Naevia">Naevia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porta_Querquetulana" title="Porta Querquetulana">Querquetulana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porta_Trigemina" title="Porta Trigemina">Trigemina</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space:normal; line-height:1.1em;">Ancient <a href="/wiki/List_of_obelisks_in_Rome" title="List of obelisks in Rome">obelisks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lateran_Obelisk" title="Lateran Obelisk">Lateran Obelisk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flaminio_Obelisk" title="Flaminio Obelisk">Flaminian Obelisk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elephant_and_Obelisk" title="Elephant and Obelisk">Obelisk of Minerveo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obelisk_of_Montecitorio" title="Obelisk of Montecitorio">Obelisk of Montecitorio</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space:normal; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_monuments_in_Rome" title="List of ancient monuments in Rome">Ancient Roman landmarks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align:right;">Triumphal arches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arch_of_Constantine" title="Arch of Constantine">Arch of Constantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arch_of_Dolabella" title="Arch of Dolabella">Arch of Dolabella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arch_of_Drusus" title="Arch of Drusus">Arch of Drusus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arch_of_Gallienus" title="Arch of Gallienus">Arch of Gallienus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arch_of_Janus" title="Arch of Janus">Arch of Janus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arch_of_Septimius_Severus" title="Arch of Septimius Severus">Arch of Septimius Severus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arch_of_Titus" title="Arch of Titus">Arch of Titus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arcus_Novus" title="Arcus Novus">Arcus Novus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align:right;">Aqueducts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aqua_Appia" title="Aqua Appia">Aqua Appia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aqua_Alexandrina" title="Aqua Alexandrina">Aqua Alexandrina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aqua_Anio_Vetus" title="Aqua Anio Vetus">Aqua Anio Vetus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aqua_Anio_Novus" title="Aqua Anio Novus">Aqua Anio Novus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aqua_Claudia" title="Aqua Claudia">Aqua Claudia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aqua_Julia" title="Aqua Julia">Aqua Julia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aqua_Marcia" title="Aqua Marcia">Aqua Marcia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aqua_Tepula" title="Aqua Tepula">Aqua Tepula</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align:right;">Sewers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cloaca_Maxima" title="Cloaca Maxima">Cloaca Maxima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloaca_Circi_Maximi" title="Cloaca Circi Maximi">Cloaca Circi Maximi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align:right;">Public baths</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baths_of_Agrippa" title="Baths of Agrippa">Baths of Agrippa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baths_of_Caracalla" title="Baths of Caracalla">Baths of Caracalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baths_of_Diocletian" title="Baths of Diocletian">Baths of Diocletian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baths_of_Nero" title="Baths of Nero">Baths of Nero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baths_of_Trajan" title="Baths of Trajan">Baths of Trajan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align:right;">Religious</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ara_Pacis" title="Ara Pacis">Ara Pacis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Antoninus_and_Faustina" title="Temple of Antoninus and Faustina">Temple of Antoninus and Faustina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Apollo_Palatinus" title="Temple of Apollo Palatinus">Temple of Apollo Palatinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Apollo_Sosianus" title="Temple of Apollo Sosianus">Temple of Apollo Sosianus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Hadrian" title="Temple of Hadrian">Temple of Hadrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Hercules_Victor" title="Temple of Hercules Victor">Temple of Hercules Victor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Janus_(Forum_Holitorium)" title="Temple of Janus (Forum Holitorium)">Temple of Janus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Jupiter_Optimus_Maximus" title="Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus">Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Jupiter_Tonans" title="Temple of Jupiter Tonans">Temple of Jupiter Tonans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Minerva_Medica_(nymphaeum)" title="Temple of Minerva Medica (nymphaeum)">Temple of Minerva Medica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Portunus" title="Temple of Portunus">Temple of Portunus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Saturn" title="Temple of Saturn">Temple of Saturn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Vesta" title="Temple of Vesta">Temple of Vesta</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_of_the_Vestals" title="House of the Vestals">House of the Vestals</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Largo_di_Torre_Argentina" title="Largo di Torre Argentina">Largo di Torre Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lupercal" title="Lupercal">Lupercal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantheon,_Rome" title="Pantheon, Rome">Pantheon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porta_Maggiore_Basilica" title="Porta Maggiore Basilica">Porta Maggiore Basilica</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align:right;">Fora</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Forum" title="Roman Forum">Roman Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_fora" title="Imperial fora">Imperial fora</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forum_of_Augustus" title="Forum of Augustus">Forum of Augustus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forum_of_Caesar" title="Forum of Caesar">Forum of Caesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forum_of_Nerva" title="Forum of Nerva">Forum of Nerva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Peace,_Rome" title="Temple of Peace, Rome">Forum of Vespasian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trajan%27s_Forum" title="Trajan's Forum">Trajan's Forum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forum_Boarium" title="Forum Boarium">Forum Boarium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forum_Holitorium" title="Forum Holitorium">Forum Holitorium</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align:right;">Civic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_Argentaria" title="Basilica Argentaria">Basilica Argentaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_Julia" title="Basilica Julia">Basilica Julia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Junius_Bassus" title="Basilica of Junius Bassus">Basilica of Junius Bassus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Maxentius" title="Basilica of Maxentius">Basilica of Maxentius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Neptune" title="Basilica of Neptune">Basilica of Neptune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_Ulpia" title="Basilica Ulpia">Basilica Ulpia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comitium" title="Comitium">Comitium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curia_Julia" title="Curia Julia">Curia Julia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portico_Dii_Consentes" title="Portico Dii Consentes">Portico Dii Consentes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porticus_Octaviae" title="Porticus Octaviae">Porticus Octaviae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabularium" title="Tabularium">Tabularium</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align:right;">Entertainment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circus_Maximus" title="Circus Maximus">Circus Maximus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circus_of_Maxentius" title="Circus of Maxentius">Circus of Maxentius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circus_of_Nero" title="Circus of Nero">Circus of Nero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colosseum" title="Colosseum">Colosseum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ludus_Magnus" title="Ludus Magnus">Ludus Magnus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardens_of_Maecenas" title="Gardens of Maecenas">Gardens of Maecenas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardens_of_Sallust" title="Gardens of Sallust">Gardens of Sallust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stadium_of_Domitian" title="Stadium of Domitian">Stadium of Domitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Marcellus" title="Theatre of Marcellus">Theatre of Marcellus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Pompey" title="Theatre of Pompey">Theatre of Pompey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align:right;">Palaces and villae</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Domus_Augustana" title="Domus Augustana">Domus Augustana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domus_Aurea" title="Domus Aurea">Domus Aurea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domus_Transitoria" title="Domus Transitoria">Domus Transitoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flavian_Palace" title="Flavian Palace">Flavian Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Augustus" title="House of Augustus">House of Augustus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Domitian" title="Palace of Domitian">Palace of Domitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_Gordiani" title="Villa Gordiani">Villa Gordiani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_of_Livia" title="Villa of Livia">Villa of Livia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insula_dell%27Ara_Coeli" title="Insula dell'Ara Coeli">Insula dell'Ara Coeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_of_the_Quintilii" title="Villa of the Quintilii">Villa of the Quintilii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_dei_Sette_Bassi" title="Villa dei Sette Bassi">Villa of the sette bassi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align:right;">Column monuments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Column_of_Antoninus_Pius" title="Column of Antoninus Pius">Column of Antoninus Pius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Column_of_Marcus_Aurelius" title="Column of Marcus Aurelius">Column of Marcus Aurelius</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Column_of_Phocas" title="Column of Phocas">Column of Phocas</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trajan%27s_Column" title="Trajan's Column">Trajan's Column</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five-Columns_Monument" title="Five-Columns Monument">Five-Columns Monument</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align:right;">Commerce</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Porticus_Aemilia" title="Porticus Aemilia">Porticus Aemilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trajan%27s_Market" title="Trajan's Market">Trajan's Market</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align:right;">Tombs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Casal_Rotondo" title="Casal Rotondo">Casal Rotondo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catacombs_of_Domitilla" title="Catacombs of Domitilla">Catacombs of Domitilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catacombs_of_Rome" title="Catacombs of Rome">Catacombs of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catacombs_of_San_Sebastiano" title="Catacombs of San Sebastiano">Catacombs of San Sebastiano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbarium_of_Pomponius_Hylas" title="Columbarium of Pomponius Hylas">Columbarium of Pomponius Hylas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mausoleum_of_Augustus" title="Mausoleum of Augustus">Mausoleum of Augustus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mausoleum_of_Helena" title="Mausoleum of Helena">Mausoleum of Helena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mausoleum_of_Maxentius" title="Mausoleum of Maxentius">Mausoleum of Maxentius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyramid_of_Cestius" title="Pyramid of Cestius">Pyramid of Cestius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Eurysaces_the_Baker" title="Tomb of Eurysaces the Baker">Tomb of Eurysaces the Baker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Hilarus_Fuscus" title="Tomb of Hilarus Fuscus">Tomb of Hilarus Fuscus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_the_Haterii" title="Tomb of the Haterii">Tomb of the Haterii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_the_Scipios" title="Tomb of the Scipios">Tomb of the Scipios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tombs_of_Via_Latina" title="Tombs of Via Latina">Tombs of Via Latina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Priscilla" title="Tomb of Priscilla">Tomb of Priscilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vigna_Randanini" title="Vigna Randanini">Vigna Randanini</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align:right;">Bridges</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pons_Cestius" title="Pons Cestius">Pons Cestius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pons_Fabricius" title="Pons Fabricius">Pons Fabricius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponte_Milvio" title="Ponte Milvio">Ponte Milvio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponte_Sant%27Angelo" title="Ponte Sant'Angelo">Ponte Sant'Angelo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space:normal; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Churches_of_Rome" title="Churches of Rome">Roman Catholic basilicas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archbasilica_of_Saint_John_Lateran" title="Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran">Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_Maggiore" title="Santa Maria Maggiore">Basilica of Saint Mary Major</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Saint_Paul_Outside_the_Walls" title="Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls">Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Basilica" title="St. Peter's Basilica">Basilica of Saint Peter in the Vatican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Lorenzo_fuori_le_mura" title="San Lorenzo fuori le mura">S. Lorenzo fuori le mura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sant%27Agnese_fuori_le_mura" title="Sant'Agnese fuori le mura">S. Agnese fuori le mura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sant%27Agostino,_Rome" title="Sant'Agostino, Rome">S. Agostino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sant%27Anastasia_al_Palatino" title="Sant'Anastasia al Palatino">S. Anastasia al Palatino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sant%27Andrea_delle_Fratte" title="Sant'Andrea delle Fratte">S. Andrea delle Fratte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sant%27Andrea_della_Valle" title="Sant'Andrea della Valle">S. Andrea della Valle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sant%27Antonio_da_Padova_in_Via_Merulana" title="Sant'Antonio da Padova in Via Merulana">S. Antonio da Padova in Via Merulana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sant%27Apollinare,_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="Sant'Apollinare, Rome">S. Apollinare alle Terme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santi_Apostoli,_Rome" title="Santi Apostoli, Rome">Ss. Apostoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Balbina" title="Santa Balbina">S. Balbina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Bartolomeo_all%27Isola" title="San Bartolomeo all'Isola">S. Bartolomeo all'Isola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santi_Bonifacio_ed_Alessio" title="Santi Bonifacio ed Alessio">Ss. Bonifacio ed Alessio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Camillo_de_Lellis" title="San Camillo de Lellis">S. Camillo de Lellis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sant%27Ambrogio_e_Carlo_al_Corso" title="Sant'Ambrogio e Carlo al Corso">S. Carlo al Corso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Cecilia_in_Trastevere" title="Santa Cecilia in Trastevere">S. Cecilia in Trastevere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santi_Celso_e_Giuliano" title="Santi Celso e Giuliano">Ss. Celso e Giuliano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Clemente_al_Laterano" title="San Clemente al Laterano">S. Clemente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santi_Cosma_e_Damiano,_Rome" title="Santi Cosma e Damiano, Rome">Ss. Cosma e Damiano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Crisogono,_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="San Crisogono, Rome">S. Crisogono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Croce_in_Via_Flaminia" title="Santa Croce in Via Flaminia">S. Croce in Via Flaminia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Croce_in_Gerusalemme" title="Santa Croce in Gerusalemme">S. Croce in Gerusalemme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sant%27Eugenio" title="Sant'Eugenio">S. Eugenio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sant%27Eustachio" title="Sant'Eustachio">S. Eustachio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Francesca_Romana" title="Santa Francesca Romana">S. Francesca Romana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Giovanni_a_Porta_Latina" title="San Giovanni a Porta Latina"> S. Giovanni a Porta Latina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Giovanni_dei_Fiorentini" title="San Giovanni dei Fiorentini">S. Giovanni dei Fiorentini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santi_Giovanni_e_Paolo_al_Celio" title="Santi Giovanni e Paolo al Celio">Ss. Giovanni e Paolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Lorenzo_in_Damaso" title="San Lorenzo in Damaso">S. Lorenzo in Damaso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Lorenzo_in_Lucina" title="San Lorenzo in Lucina">S. Lorenzo in Lucina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_Ausiliatrice,_Rome" title="Santa Maria Ausiliatrice, Rome">S. Maria Ausiliatrice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Marco_Evangelista_al_Campidoglio,_Rome" title="San Marco Evangelista al Campidoglio, Rome">S. Marco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_degli_Angeli_e_dei_Martiri" title="Santa Maria degli Angeli e dei Martiri">S. Maria degli Angeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_dei_Miracoli_and_Santa_Maria_in_Montesanto" title="Santa Maria dei Miracoli and Santa Maria in Montesanto">S. Maria dei Miracoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_in_Montesanto,_Rome" title="Santa Maria in Montesanto, Rome">S. Maria in Montesanto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_in_Cosmedin" title="Santa Maria in Cosmedin">S. Maria in Cosmedin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_in_Domnica" title="Santa Maria in Domnica">S. Maria in Domnica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_in_Ara_Coeli" title="Santa Maria in Ara Coeli">S. Maria in Aracoeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_del_Popolo" title="Santa Maria del Popolo">S. Maria del Popolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_sopra_Minerva" title="Santa Maria sopra Minerva">S. Maria sopra Minerva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_in_Trastevere" title="Santa Maria in Trastevere">S. Maria in Trastevere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_in_Via" title="Santa Maria in Via">S. Maria in Via</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_in_Via_Lata" title="Santa Maria in Via Lata">S. Maria in Via Lata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_della_Vittoria,_Rome" title="Santa Maria della Vittoria, Rome">S. Maria della Vittoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Martino_ai_Monti" title="San Martino ai Monti">S. Martino ai Monti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santi_Nereo_e_Achilleo" title="Santi Nereo e Achilleo">Ss. Nereo e Achilleo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Nicola_in_Carcere" title="San Nicola in Carcere">S. Nicola in Carcere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Pancrazio" title="San Pancrazio">S. Pancrazio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantheon,_Rome" title="Pantheon, Rome">Pantheon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Pietro_in_Vincoli" title="San Pietro in Vincoli">S. Pietro in Vincoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Prassede" title="Santa Prassede">S. Prassede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Pudenziana" title="Santa Pudenziana">S. Pudenziana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santi_Quattro_Coronati" title="Santi Quattro Coronati">Ss. Quattro Coronati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Saba,_Rome" title="San Saba, Rome">S. Saba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Sabina" title="Santa Sabina">S. Sabina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacro_Cuore_di_Maria" title="Sacro Cuore di Maria">Sacro Cuore di Maria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacro_Cuore_di_Cristo_Re" title="Sacro Cuore di Cristo Re">Sacro Cuore di Cristo Re</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacro_Cuore_di_Ges%C3%B9_a_Castro_Pretorio" title="Sacro Cuore di Gesù a Castro Pretorio">Sacro Cuore di Gesù a Castro Pretorio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Sebastiano_fuori_le_mura" title="San Sebastiano fuori le mura">S. Sebastiano fuori le mura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Silvestro_in_Capite" title="San Silvestro in Capite">S. Silvestro in Capite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Sisto_Vecchio" title="San Sisto Vecchio">S. Sisto Vecchio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Sofia_a_Via_Boccea" title="Santa Sofia a Via Boccea">S. Sofia a Via Boccea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santo_Stefano_al_Monte_Celio" title="Santo Stefano al Monte Celio">S. Stefano Rotondo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Teresa,_Rome" title="Santa Teresa, Rome">S. Teresa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Vitale,_Rome" title="San Vitale, Rome">S. Vitale</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space:normal; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Churches_of_Rome" title="Churches of Rome">Other churches</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Churches_of_Rome" title="Churches of Rome">List of churches in Rome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space:normal; line-height:1.1em;">Castles and palaces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arx_(Roman)" title="Arx (Roman)">Arx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casa_dei_Cavalieri_di_Rodi" title="Casa dei Cavalieri di Rodi">Casa dei Cavalieri di Rodi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castel_Sant%27Angelo" title="Castel Sant'Angelo">Castel Sant'Angelo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domus_Internationalis_Paulus_VI" title="Domus Internationalis Paulus VI">Domus Internationalis Paulus VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Aragona_Gonzaga" title="Palazzo Aragona Gonzaga">Palazzo Aragona Gonzaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Barberini" title="Palazzo Barberini">Palazzo Barberini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Barberini_ai_Giubbonari" title="Palazzo Barberini ai Giubbonari">Palazzo Barberini ai Giubbonari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Borghese" title="Palazzo Borghese">Palazzo Borghese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_della_Cancelleria" title="Palazzo della Cancelleria">Palazzo della Cancelleria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chigi_Palace" title="Chigi Palace">Palazzo Chigi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Colonna" title="Palazzo Colonna">Palazzo Colonna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_della_Consulta" title="Palazzo della Consulta">Palazzo della Consulta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Farnese" title="Palazzo Farnese">Palazzo Farnese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Fusconi-Pighini" title="Palazzo Fusconi-Pighini">Palazzo Fusconi-Pighini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Giustiniani,_Rome" title="Palazzo Giustiniani, Rome">Palazzo Giustinani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lateran_Palace" title="Lateran Palace">Lateran Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Madama,_Rome" title="Palazzo Madama, Rome">Palazzo Madama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Malta" title="Palazzo Malta">Palazzo Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Justice,_Rome" title="Palace of Justice, Rome">Palazzo di Giustizia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Massimo_alle_Colonne" title="Palazzo Massimo alle Colonne">Palazzo Massimo alle Colonne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Mattei" title="Palazzo Mattei">Palazzo Mattei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quirinal_Palace" title="Quirinal Palace">Palazzo del Quirinale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Pamphilj" title="Palazzo Pamphilj">Palazzo Pamphilj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Poli" title="Palazzo Poli">Palazzo Poli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Corsini,_Rome" title="Palazzo Corsini, Rome">Palazzo Riario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Ruspoli" title="Palazzo Ruspoli">Palazzo Ruspoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Spada" title="Palazzo Spada">Palazzo Spada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Valentini" title="Palazzo Valentini">Palazzo Valentini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Vidoni-Caffarelli" title="Palazzo Vidoni-Caffarelli">Palazzo Vidoni-Caffarelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_del_Viminale" title="Palazzo del Viminale">Palazzo del Viminale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Wedekind" title="Palazzo Wedekind">Palazzo Wedekind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Zuccari,_Rome" title="Palazzo Zuccari, Rome">Palazzo Zuccari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_Farnesina" title="Villa Farnesina">Villa Farnesina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_Giulia" title="Villa Giulia">Villa Giulia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_Madama" title="Villa Madama">Villa Madama</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space:normal; line-height:1.1em;">Fountains</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fontana_delle_Api" title="Fontana delle Api">Api</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fontana_dell%27Acqua_Felice" title="Fontana dell'Acqua Felice">Acqua Felice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fontana_dell%27Acqua_Paola" title="Fontana dell'Acqua Paola">Acqua Paola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babuino" title="Babuino">Babuino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fontana_della_Barcaccia" title="Fontana della Barcaccia">Barcaccia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Il_Facchino" title="Il Facchino">Il Facchino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marforio" title="Marforio">Marforio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fontana_del_Moro" title="Fontana del Moro">Moro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasone" title="Nasone">Nasone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fontana_della_Navicella,_Rome" title="Fontana della Navicella, Rome">Navicella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fountain_of_Neptune,_Rome" title="Fountain of Neptune, Rome">Neptune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fontana_del_Nettuno,_Piazza_del_Popolo" title="Fontana del Nettuno, Piazza del Popolo">Nettuno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fontana_del_Pantheon" title="Fontana del Pantheon">del Pantheon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fontana_del_Pianto" title="Fontana del Pianto">Pianto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fontana_di_Piazza_d%27Aracoeli" title="Fontana di Piazza d'Aracoeli">di Piazza d'Aracoeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fontana_di_Piazza_Colonna" title="Fontana di Piazza Colonna">di Piazza Colonna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fontane_di_Piazza_Farnese" title="Fontane di Piazza Farnese">di Piazza Farnese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fontana_della_Piazza_dei_Quiriti" title="Fontana della Piazza dei Quiriti">della Piazza dei Quiriti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fontana_di_Piazza_Nicosia" title="Fontana di Piazza Nicosia">di Piazza Nicosia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fountain_in_Piazza_Santa_Maria_in_Trastevere" title="Fountain in Piazza Santa Maria in Trastevere">in Piazza Santa Maria in Trastevere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fontanone_di_Ponte_Sisto" title="Fontanone di Ponte Sisto">di Ponte Sisto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fontana_dei_Quattro_Fiumi" title="Fontana dei Quattro Fiumi">Quattro Fiumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quattro_Fontane" title="Quattro Fontane">Quattro Fontane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fontana_delle_Tartarughe" title="Fontana delle Tartarughe">Tartarughe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trevi_Fountain" title="Trevi Fountain">Trevi Fountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fountain_of_the_Tritons" title="Fountain of the Tritons">Tritons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fontana_del_Tritone,_Rome" title="Fontana del Tritone, Rome">Tritone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space:normal; line-height:1.1em;">Other landmarks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Emmanuel_II_Monument" title="Victor Emmanuel II Monument">Altare della Patria</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_the_Unknown_Soldier_(Italy)" title="Tomb of the Unknown Soldier (Italy)">Tomb of the Unknown Soldier of Italy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campo_Verano" title="Campo Verano">Campo Verano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torre_dei_Capocci" title="Torre dei Capocci">Capocci Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Column_of_the_Immaculate_Conception,_Rome" title="Column of the Immaculate Conception, Rome">Column of the Immaculate Conception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torre_dei_Conti" title="Torre dei Conti">Conti Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ospedale_di_Santo_Spirito_in_Sassia" title="Ospedale di Santo Spirito in Sassia">Hospital of the Holy Spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torre_delle_Milizie" title="Torre delle Milizie">Milizie Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponte_Sisto" title="Ponte Sisto">Sisto Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Steps" title="Spanish Steps">Spanish Steps</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space:normal; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Piazzas_in_Rome" title="Category:Piazzas in Rome">Squares</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_streets_in_Rome" title="List of streets in Rome">streets</a> and public spaces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appian_Way" title="Appian Way">Appian Way</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campo_de%27_Fiori" title="Campo de' Fiori">Campo de' Fiori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clivus_Capitolinus" title="Clivus Capitolinus">Clivus Capitolinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piazza_Colonna" title="Piazza Colonna">Piazza Colonna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piazza_d%27Aracoeli" title="Piazza d'Aracoeli">Piazza d'Aracoeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piazza_del_Popolo" title="Piazza del Popolo">Piazza del Popolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piazza_della_Minerva" title="Piazza della Minerva">Piazza della Minerva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piazza_della_Repubblica,_Rome" title="Piazza della Repubblica, Rome">Piazza della Repubblica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piazza_Farnese" title="Piazza Farnese">Piazza Farnese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piazza_Navona" title="Piazza Navona">Piazza Navona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Square" title="St. Peter's Square">Piazza San Pietro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piazza_di_Spagna" title="Piazza di Spagna">Piazza di Spagna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piazza_Venezia" title="Piazza Venezia">Piazza Venezia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Via_dei_Coronari" title="Via dei Coronari">Via dei Coronari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Via_del_Corso" title="Via del Corso">Via del Corso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Via_della_Conciliazione" title="Via della Conciliazione">Via della Conciliazione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Via_dei_Fori_Imperiali" title="Via dei Fori Imperiali">Via dei Fori Imperiali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Via_Sacra" title="Via Sacra">Via Sacra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Via_Veneto" title="Via Veneto">Via Veneto</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space:normal; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_parks_and_gardens_in_Rome" title="List of parks and gardens in Rome">Parks, gardens</a> and zoos</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bioparco_di_Roma" title="Bioparco di Roma">Bioparco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_Ada" title="Villa Ada">Villa Ada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_Borghese_gardens" title="Villa Borghese gardens">Villa Borghese gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_Doria_Pamphili" title="Villa Doria Pamphili">Villa Doria Pamphili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_Medici" title="Villa Medici">Villa Medici</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_Torlonia_(Rome)" title="Villa Torlonia (Rome)">Villa Torlonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parco_degli_Acquedotti" title="Parco degli Acquedotti">Parco degli Acquedotti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space:normal; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Rome" title="List of museums in Rome">Museums and art galleries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boncompagni_Ludovisi_Decorative_Art_Museum" title="Boncompagni Ludovisi Decorative Art Museum">Boncompagni Ludovisi Decorative Art Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitoline_Museums" title="Capitoline Museums">Capitoline Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casa_di_Goethe" title="Casa di Goethe">Casa di Goethe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galleria_Borghese" title="Galleria Borghese">Galleria Borghese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galleria_Comunale_d%27Arte_Moderna,_Rome" title="Galleria Comunale d'Arte Moderna, Rome">Galleria Comunale d'Arte Moderna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galleria_Doria_Pamphilj" title="Galleria Doria Pamphilj">Galleria Doria Pamphilj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galleria_Nazionale_d%27Arte_Antica" title="Galleria Nazionale d'Arte Antica">Galleria Nazionale d'Arte Antica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galleria_Nazionale_d%27Arte_Moderna" title="Galleria Nazionale d'Arte Moderna">Galleria Nazionale d'Arte Moderna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giorgio_de_Chirico_House_Museum" title="Giorgio de Chirico House Museum">Giorgio de Chirico House Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galleria_Spada" title="Galleria Spada">Galleria Spada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Museum_of_Rome" title="Jewish Museum of Rome">Jewish Museum of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keats%E2%80%93Shelley_Memorial_House" title="Keats–Shelley Memorial House">Keats–Shelley Memorial House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MAXXI" title="MAXXI">MAXXI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museo_Archeologico_Ostiense" title="Museo Archeologico Ostiense">Museo Archeologico Ostiense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museo_Barracco_di_Scultura_Antica" title="Museo Barracco di Scultura Antica">Museo Barracco di Scultura Antica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museo_Civico_di_Zoologia" title="Museo Civico di Zoologia">Museo Civico di Zoologia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museo_delle_anime_del_Purgatorio" title="Museo delle anime del Purgatorio">Museo delle anime del Purgatorio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museo_delle_Mura" title="Museo delle Mura">Museo delle Mura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museo_di_Roma" title="Museo di Roma">Museo di Roma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museo_di_Roma_in_Trastevere" title="Museo di Roma in Trastevere">Museo di Roma in Trastevere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museo_nazionale_del_Palazzo_di_Venezia" title="Museo nazionale del Palazzo di Venezia">Museo nazionale del Palazzo di Venezia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Etruscan_Museum" title="National Etruscan Museum">Museo Nazionale Etrusco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museo_Nazionale_Romano" title="Museo Nazionale Romano">Museo Nazionale Romano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museo_Storico_Nazionale_dell%27Arte_Sanitaria" title="Museo Storico Nazionale dell'Arte Sanitaria">Museo Storico Nazionale dell'Arte Sanitaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Contemporary_Art_of_Rome" title="Museum of Contemporary Art of Rome">Museum of Contemporary Art of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Roman_Civilization" title="Museum of Roman Civilization">Museum of Roman Civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_the_Ara_Pacis" title="Museum of the Ara Pacis">Museum of the Ara Pacis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_the_Liberation_of_Rome" title="Museum of the Liberation of Rome">Museum of the Liberation of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Oriental_Art" title="National Museum of Oriental Art">National Museum of Oriental Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Colonna" title="Palazzo Colonna">Palazzo Colonna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_delle_Esposizioni" title="Palazzo delle Esposizioni">Palazzo delle Esposizioni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pigorini_National_Museum_of_Prehistory_and_Ethnography" title="Pigorini National Museum of Prehistory and Ethnography">Pigorini National Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porta_San_Paolo_Railway_Museum" title="Porta San Paolo Railway Museum">Porta San Paolo Railway Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accademia_Nazionale_di_Santa_Cecilia_Musical_Instruments_Museum" title="Accademia Nazionale di Santa Cecilia Musical Instruments Museum">Santa Cecilia Musical Instruments Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venanzo_Crocetti_Museum" title="Venanzo Crocetti Museum">Venanzo Crocetti Museum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space:normal; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Roman_art" title="Roman art">Art</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_Belvedere" title="Apollo Belvedere">Apollo Belvedere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustus_of_Prima_Porta" title="Augustus of Prima Porta">Augustus of Prima Porta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colossus_of_Constantine" title="Colossus of Constantine">Colossus of Constantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bocca_della_Verit%C3%A0" title="Bocca della Verità">La Bocca della Verità</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laoco%C3%B6n_and_His_Sons" title="Laocoön and His Sons">Laocoön and His Sons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludovisi_Battle_sarcophagus" title="Ludovisi Battle sarcophagus">Ludovisi Battle sarcophagus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecstasy_of_Saint_Teresa" title="Ecstasy of Saint Teresa">Ecstasy of Saint Teresa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piet%C3%A0_(Michelangelo)" title="Pietà (Michelangelo)">Pietà</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portonaccio_sarcophagus" title="Portonaccio sarcophagus">Portonaccio sarcophagus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raphael_Rooms" title="Raphael Rooms">Raphael Rooms</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sistine Chapel ceiling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velletri_Sarcophagus" title="Velletri Sarcophagus">Velletri Sarcophagus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space:normal; line-height:1.1em;">Landscape</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Seven_Hills35" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Seven_hills_of_Rome" title="Seven hills of Rome">Seven Hills</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aventine_Hill" title="Aventine Hill">Aventine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caelian_Hill" title="Caelian Hill">Caelian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitoline_Hill" title="Capitoline Hill">Capitoline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esquiline_Hill" title="Esquiline Hill">Esquiline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palatine_Hill" title="Palatine Hill">Palatine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quirinal_Hill" title="Quirinal Hill">Quirinal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viminal_Hill" title="Viminal Hill">Viminal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tiber_Island" title="Tiber Island">Tiber Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monte_Testaccio" title="Monte Testaccio">Monte Testaccio</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space:normal; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_City_of_Rome_Capital" title="Metropolitan City of Rome Capital">Metropolitan City of Rome Capital</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appian_Way_Regional_Park" title="Appian Way Regional Park">Appian Way Regional Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capo_di_Bove" title="Capo di Bove">Capo di Bove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castello_Orsini-Odescalchi" title="Castello Orsini-Odescalchi">Castello Orsini-Odescalchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frascati" title="Frascati">Frascati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadrian%27s_Villa" title="Hadrian's Villa">Hadrian's Villa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostia_Antica" title="Ostia Antica">Ostia Antica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_Aldobrandini" title="Villa Aldobrandini">Villa Aldobrandini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_d%27Este" title="Villa d'Este">Villa d'Este</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_Farnese" title="Villa Farnese">Villa Farnese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space:normal; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Rome" title="Culture of Rome">Events and traditions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Festa_della_Repubblica" title="Festa della Repubblica">Festa della Repubblica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rome_Quadriennale" title="Rome Quadriennale">Rome Quadriennale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rome_Film_Festival" title="Rome Film Festival">Rome Film Festival</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space:normal; line-height:1.1em;">Enclave</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output 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