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mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">March incident</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A4rz-Zwischenfall" title="März-Zwischenfall – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="März-Zwischenfall" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incidente_de_Marzo" title="Incidente de Marzo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Incidente de Marzo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%AB%D9%87_%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3" title="حادثه مارس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="حادثه مارس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incident_de_mars" title="Incident de mars – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Incident de mars" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incidente_di_marzo" title="Incidente di marzo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Incidente di marzo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%A5" title="תקרית מרץ – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תקרית מרץ" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid 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role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/60px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/80px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="44" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lead_section#Length" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section">lead section</a> <b>may be too short to adequately <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Summary_style" title="Wikipedia:Summary style">summarize</a> the key points</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please consider expanding the lead to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lead_section#Provide_an_accessible_overview" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section">provide an accessible overview</a> of all important aspects of the article.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2023</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>March Incident<span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">三月事件</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">Sangatsu Jiken</i></span>)</span></b> was an abortive <a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Coup d'état">coup d'état</a> attempt in the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a>, in March 1931, launched by the radical <i><a href="/wiki/Sakurakai" title="Sakurakai">Sakurakai</a></i> secret society within the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army" title="Imperial Japanese Army">Imperial Japanese Army</a>, aided by civilian <a href="/wiki/Ultranationalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultranationalist">ultranationalist</a> groups. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background_and_history">Background and history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=March_incident&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background and history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The start of the March Incident of 1931 may be traced back to the autumn of 1930, with the foundation of the <i><a href="/wiki/Sakurakai" title="Sakurakai">Sakurakai</a></i> (Cherry Society) by <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army" title="Imperial Japanese Army">Imperial Japanese Army</a> <a href="/wiki/Lt._Col." class="mw-redirect" title="Lt. Col.">Lt. Col.</a> <a href="/wiki/Kingoro_Hashimoto" title="Kingoro Hashimoto">Kingoro Hashimoto</a> and Capt. <a href="/wiki/Isamu_Ch%C5%8D" title="Isamu Chō">Isamu Chō</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Cherry_blossom" title="Cherry blossom">cherry blossom</a> was symbolic of self-sacrifice, and was a symbol used by the military to symbolize the fleeting life of a soldier. The avowed goal of the <i>Sakurakai</i> was political reform through elimination of corrupt <a href="/wiki/Party_politics" class="mw-redirect" title="Party politics">party politics</a> and the establishment of a <a href="/wiki/Totalitarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Totalitarian">totalitarian</a> government run by the military. The new government would rid the country of <a href="/wiki/Corrupt_politics" class="mw-redirect" title="Corrupt politics">corrupt politics</a>, unfair distribution of wealth in the <i><a href="/wiki/Zaibatsu" title="Zaibatsu">zaibatsu</a></i> and perceived degenerative influences corrupting Japan's public morals.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the attempted assassination of <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Japan" title="Prime Minister of Japan">Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Osachi_Hamaguchi" class="mw-redirect" title="Osachi Hamaguchi">Osachi Hamaguchi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saionji_Kinmochi" title="Saionji Kinmochi">Duke Saionji Kinmochi</a> (the last <i><a href="/wiki/Genr%C5%8D" title="Genrō">genrō</a></i>) and <a href="/wiki/Lord_Keeper_of_the_Privy_Seal_of_Japan" title="Lord Keeper of the Privy Seal of Japan">Lord Privy Seal</a> <a href="/wiki/Makino_Nobuaki" title="Makino Nobuaki">Makino Nobuaki</a> considered recommending Gen. <a href="/wiki/Kazushige_Ugaki" title="Kazushige Ugaki">Kazushige Ugaki</a> to the post of prime minister. However, they later decided that a civilian nominee would be best for Japan at that time. This change incensed the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_militarism" title="Japanese militarism">militarist</a> party within the Imperial Japanese Army, and several leading generals called on Hashimoto and his <i>Sakurakai</i> to plan a <a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Coup d'état">coup d'état</a> to bring Ugaki into power.<sup id="cite_ref-Harries,_page_147_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harries,_page_147-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hashimoto's plan involved a three-phase program:<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>1. Massive riots would be instigated in <a href="/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo">Tokyo</a>, which would force the government to call out troops and proclaim <a href="/wiki/Martial_law" title="Martial law">martial law</a>.<br /> 2. The Imperial Japanese Army would execute a coup d'état and seize power.<br /> 3. A new <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_(government)" title="Cabinet (government)">Cabinet</a> would be formed under the premiership of the then-<a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_War_(Japan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of War (Japan)">War Minister</a>, General <a href="/wiki/Kazushige_Ugaki" title="Kazushige Ugaki">Kazushige Ugaki</a>. </p><p>The project was underwritten by a 200,000-yen donation by <a href="/wiki/Yoshichika_Tokugawa" title="Yoshichika Tokugawa">Yoshichika Tokugawa</a>, ultra-rightist member of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Peers_(Japan)" title="House of Peers (Japan)">House of Peers</a>, son of the last <i><a href="/wiki/Daimy%C5%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Daimyō">daimyō</a></i> of <a href="/wiki/Nagoya" title="Nagoya">Nagoya</a>, founder of the <a href="/wiki/Tokugawa_Art_Museum,_Nagoya" class="mw-redirect" title="Tokugawa Art Museum, Nagoya">Tokugawa Art Museum, Nagoya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Sh%C5%8Dwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor Shōwa">Emperor Shōwa</a>'s second cousin. </p><p>Ultra-rightist civilian organizations led by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kanichiro_Kamei&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kanichiro Kamei (page does not exist)">Kanichiro Kamei</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%ABmei_%C5%8Ckawa" title="Shūmei Ōkawa">Shūmei Ōkawa</a> fomented a commotion outside the <a href="/wiki/Diet_Building" class="mw-redirect" title="Diet Building">Diet Building</a> in Tokyo late in February 1931. However, due to logistical difficulties, the disturbance failed to attract enough people, and the hoped-for riot failed to occur. Hashimoto consulted Ōkawa, who wrote to Ugaki on 3 March explaining the plot and demanding the call-out of troops and action on the general’s part. Ugaki, either lukewarm from the start or having a change in heart after seeing the failure of the riot to take off, refused to cooperate. He had hopes of becoming head of the <i><a href="/wiki/Rikken_Minseit%C5%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Rikken Minseitō">Rikken Minseitō</a></i> party, and thus had a chance of becoming prime minister by legal means rather than a coup. It is also likely that Ugaki foresaw that a <a href="/wiki/Military_dictatorship" title="Military dictatorship">military dictatorship</a> would alienate powerful sectors of the Japanese elite (bureaucrats, court nobles, <i><a href="/wiki/Zaibatsu" title="Zaibatsu">zaibatsu</a></i> industrialists, etc.) whose support he would need in case of a <a href="/wiki/Total_war" title="Total war">total war</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Harries,_page_147_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harries,_page_147-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The plotters again attempted to start a riot on 17 March (two days before the planned coup d'état was to take place), but again the projected 10,000 rioters failed to materialize, the leaders were arrested, and the whole affair disintegrated. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Consequences">Consequences</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=March_incident&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Consequences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ugaki intervened to hush up the whole collapsed affair and ensured that the plotters received very mild punishments.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This had the end result of encouraging more attempts by elements of the military to intervene in politics, and was also to taint Ugaki's bid for the office of prime minister in the future. Undeterred by his failure, Hashimoto attempted to overthrow the government again only seven months later in the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Colors_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Colors Incident">Imperial Colors Incident</a> of October 1931. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=March_incident&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHarries1994" class="citation book cs1">Harries, Meirion and Susie (1994). <i>Soldiers of the Sun: The Rise and Fall of the Imperial Japanese Army</i>. Random House; Reprint edition. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-679-75303-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-679-75303-6"><bdi>0-679-75303-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Soldiers+of+the+Sun%3A+The+Rise+and+Fall+of+the+Imperial+Japanese+Army&rft.pub=Random+House%3B+Reprint+edition&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-679-75303-6&rft.aulast=Harries&rft.aufirst=Meirion+and+Susie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarch+incident" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKiernan2007" class="citation book cs1">Kiernan, Ben (2007). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bloodan_kie_2007_00_0326"><i>Blood and Soil: A World History of Genocide and Extermination from Sparta to Darfur</i></a></span>. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-10098-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-10098-3"><bdi>978-0-300-10098-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Blood+and+Soil%3A+A+World+History+of+Genocide+and+Extermination+from+Sparta+to+Darfur&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-300-10098-3&rft.aulast=Kiernan&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbloodan_kie_2007_00_0326&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarch+incident" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSamuels2005" class="citation book cs1">Samuels, Richard J. (2005). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/trent_0116404836649"><i>Machiavelli's Children: Leaders And Their Legacies In Italy And Japan</i></a></span>. page: Cornell University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8014-8982-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8014-8982-2"><bdi>0-8014-8982-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Machiavelli%27s+Children%3A+Leaders+And+Their+Legacies+In+Italy+And+Japan&rft.place=page&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-8014-8982-2&rft.aulast=Samuels&rft.aufirst=Richard+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftrent_0116404836649&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarch+incident" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSims2001" class="citation book cs1">Sims, Richard (2001). <i>Japanese Political History Since the Meiji Restoration 1868-2000</i>. Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-23915-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-312-23915-7"><bdi>0-312-23915-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Japanese+Political+History+Since+the+Meiji+Restoration+1868-2000&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-312-23915-7&rft.aulast=Sims&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarch+incident" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=March_incident&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kiernan, <i>Blood and Soil.</i> Pp.466</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harries,_page_147-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Harries,_page_147_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harries,_page_147_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Harries, <i>Soldiers of the Sun: The Rise and Fall of the Imperial Japanese Army</i>, page 147</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sims, <i>Japanese Political History Since the Meiji Renovation 1868–2000</i>, page 155</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Samuels, <i>Machiavelli's Children: Leaders And Their Legacies In Italy And Japan</i>, page 155</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan"><img alt="Japan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Attempted<br />coups and<br />rebellions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pre-Modern<br />Japan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kibi_Clan_Rebellion" title="Kibi Clan Rebellion">Kibi Clan Rebellion</a> (463)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Hoshikawa_Rebellion" title="Prince Hoshikawa Rebellion">Prince Hoshikawa Rebellion</a> (479)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iwai_Rebellion" title="Iwai Rebellion">Iwai Rebellion</a> (527)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isshi_incident" title="Isshi incident">Isshi incident</a> (645)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinshin_War" title="Jinshin War">Jinshin Rebellion</a> (672)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayato_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Hayato Rebellion">Hayato Rebellion</a> (720–721)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fujiwara_no_Hirotsugu_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Fujiwara no Hirotsugu Rebellion">Fujiwara no Hirotsugu Rebellion</a> (740)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fujiwara_no_Nakamaro_Rebellion" title="Fujiwara no Nakamaro Rebellion">Fujiwara no Nakamaro Rebellion</a> (764)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tengy%C5%8D_no_Ran" title="Tengyō no Ran">Tengyō no Ran</a> (939–940)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C5%8Dgen_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Hōgen Rebellion">Hōgen Rebellion</a> (1156)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heiji_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Heiji Rebellion">Heiji Rebellion</a> (1160)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shishigatani_incident" title="Shishigatani incident">Shishigatani incident</a> (1177)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_H%C5%8Dj%C5%ABjidono" title="Siege of Hōjūjidono">Siege of Hōjūjidono</a> (1184)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennin_Rebellion" title="Kennin Rebellion">Kennin Rebellion</a> (1201)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Dky%C5%AB_War" title="Jōkyū War">Jōkyū Rebellion</a> (1221)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dch%C5%8D_uprising" title="Shōchō uprising">Shōchō uprising</a> (1428)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y%C5%ABki_War" title="Yūki War">Yūki War</a>(1440-1441)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kakitsu_uprising" title="Kakitsu uprising">Kakitsu uprising</a> (1441)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamashiro_ikki" title="Yamashiro ikki">Yamashiro Rebellion</a> (1485–1493)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaga_Rebellion" title="Kaga Rebellion">Kaga Rebellion</a> (1487–1488)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honn%C5%8D-ji_Incident" title="Honnō-ji Incident">Honnō-ji Incident</a> (1582)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunohe_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Kunohe Rebellion">Kunohe Rebellion</a> (1591)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rokug%C5%8D_Rebellion" title="Rokugō Rebellion">Rokugō Rebellion</a> (1603)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shimabara_Rebellion" title="Shimabara Rebellion">Shimabara Rebellion</a> (1637–1638)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keian_Uprising" title="Keian Uprising">Keian Uprising</a> (1651)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakushain%27s_revolt" title="Shakushain's revolt">Shakushain's revolt</a> (1669–1672)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menashi%E2%80%93Kunashir_rebellion" title="Menashi–Kunashir rebellion">Menashi–Kunashir rebellion</a> (1789)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%8Cshio_Heihachir%C5%8D#The_rebellion" title="Ōshio Heihachirō">Ōshio Heihachirō's Rebellion</a> (1837)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teradaya_incident" title="Teradaya incident">Teradaya incident</a> (1862, 1866)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shimonoseki_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Shimonoseki Campaign">Shimonoseki Campaign</a> (1863–1864)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tench%C5%ABgumi_incident" title="Tenchūgumi incident">Tenchūgumi incident</a> (1863)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mito_Rebellion" title="Mito Rebellion">Mito Rebellion</a> (1864)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinmon_incident" title="Kinmon incident">Kinmon incident</a> (1864)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Meiji_era" title="Meiji era">Meiji era</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Two_Lords_Incident" title="Two Lords Incident">Two Lords Incident</a> (1868)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saga_Rebellion" title="Saga Rebellion">Saga Rebellion</a> (1874)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinp%C5%ABren_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Shinpūren Rebellion">Shinpūren Rebellion</a> (1876)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akizuki_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Akizuki Rebellion">Akizuki Rebellion</a> (1876)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hagi_Rebellion" title="Hagi Rebellion">Hagi Rebellion</a> (1876)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satsuma_Rebellion" title="Satsuma Rebellion">Satsuma Rebellion</a> (1877)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takebashi_incident" title="Takebashi incident">Takebashi incident</a> (1878)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fukushima_incident_(1882)" title="Fukushima incident (1882)">Fukushima incident</a> (1882)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chichibu_incident" title="Chichibu incident">Chichibu incident</a> (1884)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dwa_era" title="Shōwa era">Shōwa era</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">March incident</a> (1931)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_incident" title="October incident">October incident</a> (1931)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_Blood_Incident" title="League of Blood Incident">League of Blood Incident</a> (1932)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_15_incident" title="May 15 incident">May 15 incident</a> (1932)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_Academy_incident" title="Military Academy incident">Military Academy incident</a> (1934)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_26_incident" title="February 26 incident">February 26 incident</a> (1936)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ky%C5%ABj%C5%8D_incident" title="Kyūjō incident">Kyūjō incident</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matsue_incident" title="Matsue incident">Matsue incident</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanmu_incident" title="Sanmu incident">Sanmu incident</a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yukio_Mishima#Coup_attempt_and_ritual_suicide" title="Yukio Mishima">Mishima incident</a> (1970)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Riots and<br />civil disorder</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pre-Modern<br />Japan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kakitsu_uprising" title="Kakitsu uprising">Kakitsu uprising</a> (1441)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Dky%C5%8D_uprising" title="Jōkyō uprising">Jōkyō uprising</a> (1686)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Meiji_era" title="Meiji era">Meiji era</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blood_tax_riots" title="Blood tax riots">Blood tax riots</a> (1873)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagasaki_incident" title="Nagasaki incident">Nagasaki incident</a> (1886)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hibiya_incendiary_incident" title="Hibiya incendiary incident">Hibiya incendiary incident</a> (1905)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Taish%C5%8D_era" title="Taishō era">Taishō era</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rice_riots_of_1918" title="Rice riots of 1918">Rice riots</a> (1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kant%C5%8D_Massacre" title="Kantō Massacre">Kantō Massacre</a> (1923)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dwa_era" title="Shōwa era">Shōwa era</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shibuya_incident" title="Shibuya incident">Shibuya incident</a> (1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bloody_May_Day" title="Bloody May Day">Bloody May Day</a> (1952)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinjuku_riot" title="Shinjuku riot">Shinjuku riot</a> (1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koza_riot" title="Koza riot">Koza riot</a> (1970)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" 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