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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Related genres</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Related_genres-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Origins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Origins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-From_Marvellous_to_Fantastique" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#From_Marvellous_to_Fantastique"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>From Marvellous to Fantastique</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-From_Marvellous_to_Fantastique-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gothic_Novel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gothic_Novel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>Gothic Novel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gothic_Novel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Frenetic_romanticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Frenetic_romanticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.3</span> <span>Frenetic romanticism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Frenetic_romanticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Birth_of_the_real_fantastique_in_Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Birth_of_the_real_fantastique_in_Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Birth of the real <i>fantastique</i> in Germany</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Birth_of_the_real_fantastique_in_Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_French_Fantastique_in_the_19th_Century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_French_Fantastique_in_the_19th_Century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>The French Fantastique in the 19th Century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_French_Fantastique_in_the_19th_Century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_Rise_of_fantastique_in_France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Rise_of_fantastique_in_France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1</span> <span>The Rise of <i>fantastique</i> in France</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Rise_of_fantastique_in_France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fin_de_Siècle_Symbolism_and_Fantastique" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fin_de_Siècle_Symbolism_and_Fantastique"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.2</span> <span>Fin de Siècle Symbolism and Fantastique</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fin_de_Siècle_Symbolism_and_Fantastique-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Victorian_England" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Victorian_England"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Victorian England</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Victorian_England-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-American_Fantastique" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#American_Fantastique"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>American Fantastique</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-American_Fantastique-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russian_Fantastique" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russian_Fantastique"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Russian Fantastique</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russian_Fantastique-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fantastique_in_German_Expressionism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fantastique_in_German_Expressionism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Fantastique in German Expressionism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fantastique_in_German_Expressionism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Belgian_Fantastique" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Belgian_Fantastique"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8</span> <span>Belgian Fantastique</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Belgian_Fantastique-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_French_Fantastique_in_the_20th_Century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_French_Fantastique_in_the_20th_Century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.9</span> <span>The French Fantastique in the 20th Century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_French_Fantastique_in_the_20th_Century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-20th_century_prior_to_World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th_century_prior_to_World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.9.1</span> <span>20th century prior to World War II</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20th_century_prior_to_World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fantastique_Feuilletons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fantastique_Feuilletons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.9.1.1</span> <span>Fantastique Feuilletons</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fantastique_Feuilletons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-20th_century_post_World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th_century_post_World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.9.2</span> <span>20th century post World War II</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20th_century_post_World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Analysis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Analysis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Analysis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Analysis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Examples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Examples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Examples</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Examples-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Examples subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Examples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_literary_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_literary_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>In literary works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_literary_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled 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href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fantastique" title="Fantastique – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Fantastique" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="فانتاستیک – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فانتاستیک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fantastique" title="Fantastique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Fantastique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fantastiek" title="Fantastiek – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Fantastiek" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fantastic" title="Fantastic – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Fantastic" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fantastic" title="Fantastic – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Fantastic" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Общелитературная фантастика – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Общелитературная фантастика" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fantastique" title="Fantastique – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Fantastique" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fantastique" title="Fantastique – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="Fantastique" data-language-autonym="粵語" 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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">French term for a literary and cinematic genre</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the literary genre. For the Dutch pop duo, see <a href="/wiki/Fantastique_(pop_duo)" title="Fantastique (pop duo)">Fantastique (pop duo)</a>. For the film magazine published in English as Fantastique, see <a href="/wiki/L%27%C3%89cran_fantastique" title="L'Écran fantastique">L'Écran fantastique</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": 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.sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Fantasy" title="Fantasy">Fantasy</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Media</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fantasy_anime" title="List of fantasy anime">Anime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantastic_art" title="Fantastic art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_and_fantasy_artists" title="List of science fiction and fantasy artists">Artists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fantasy_authors" title="List of fantasy authors">Authors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_comics" title="Fantasy comics">Comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_film" title="Fantasy film">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_podcast" title="Fantasy podcast">Podcasts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_literature" title="Fantasy literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_fiction_magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Fantasy fiction magazine">Magazines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fantasy_anime_and_manga" title="Category:Fantasy anime and manga">Manga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_publishers" title="List of science fiction publishers">Publishers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_novel" title="Light novel">Light novels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_television" title="Fantasy television">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fantasy_webcomics" title="Category:Fantasy webcomics">Webcomics</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Genre studies</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legendary_creature" title="Legendary creature">Creatures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_fantasy" title="History of fantasy">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_history_of_fantasy" title="Early history of fantasy">Early history</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_in_fiction" title="Magic in fiction">Magic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Magic_item" title="Magic item">Magic item</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Magic system">Magic system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magician_(fantasy)" title="Magician (fantasy)">Magician</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythopoeia" title="Mythopoeia">Mythopoeia‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_tropes" class="mw-redirect" title="Fantasy tropes">Tropes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_world" title="Fantasy world">Fantasy worlds</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Campaign_setting" title="Campaign setting">Campaign settings</a></li></ul></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Subgenres</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangsian_fantasy" title="Bangsian fantasy">Bangsian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_fantasy" title="Children's fantasy">Children's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_comedy" title="Fantasy comedy">Comedic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_fantasy" title="Contemporary fantasy">Contemporary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_fantasy" title="Dark fantasy">Dark‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairy_tale" title="Fairy tale">Fairy tale</a>‎ <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fairy_tale_parody" title="Fairy tale parody">Parody</a>‎</li></ul></li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Fantastique</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_of_manners" title="Fantasy of manners">Of manners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore" title="Folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaslamp_fantasy" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaslamp fantasy">Gaslamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_story" title="Ghost story">Ghost story</a>‎</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grimdark" title="Grimdark">Grimdark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hard_fantasy" title="Hard fantasy">Hard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_fantasy" title="High fantasy">High</a>‎</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_fantasy" title="Historical fantasy">Historical</a>‎</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isekai" title="Isekai">Isekai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LitRPG" title="LitRPG">LitRPG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lovecraftian_horror" title="Lovecraftian horror">Lovecraftian horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_fantasy" title="Low fantasy">Low</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magical_girl" title="Magical girl">Magical girl‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythpunk" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythpunk">Mythpunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occult_detective_fiction" title="Occult detective fiction">Occult detective fiction‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_fantasy" title="Romantic fantasy">Romantic‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fantasy" title="Science fantasy">Science</a>‎</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shenmo_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Shenmo fiction">Shenmo fiction‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Splatterpunk" title="Splatterpunk">Splatterpunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superhero_fiction" title="Superhero fiction">Superhero fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supernatural_fiction" title="Supernatural fiction">Supernatural fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sword-and-sandal" title="Sword-and-sandal">Sword-and-sandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sword_and_sorcery" title="Sword and sorcery">Sword and sorcery</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tokusatsu" title="Tokusatsu">Tokusatsu‎</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_fantasy" title="Urban fantasy">Urban‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weird_fiction" title="Weird fiction">Weird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_Western" class="mw-redirect" title="Fantasy Western">West‎ern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuxia" title="Wuxia">Wuxia‎</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Fantasy_fandom" title="Fantasy fandom">Fandom</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Potter_fandom" title="Harry Potter fandom"><i>Harry Potter</i> fandom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lovecraft_fandom" title="Lovecraft fandom">Lovecraft fandom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrek_fandom" title="Shrek fandom"><i>Shrek</i> fandom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_fandom" title="Tolkien fandom">Tolkien fandom</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Categories</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fantasy" title="Category:Fantasy">Fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fantasy_awards" title="Category:Fantasy awards">Awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fantasy_genres" title="Category:Fantasy genres">Subgenres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fantasy_television_series" title="Category:Fantasy television series">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fantasy_tropes" title="Category:Fantasy tropes">Tropes</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Speculative_fiction/Fantasy" title="Portal:Speculative fiction/Fantasy">Portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Fantasy" title="Template:Fantasy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Fantasy" title="Template talk:Fantasy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Fantasy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Fantasy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><i><b>Fantastique</b></i> is a French term for a <a href="/wiki/Literary_genre" title="Literary genre">literary</a> and <a href="/wiki/Film_genre" title="Film genre">cinematic genre</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mode_(literature)" title="Mode (literature)">mode</a> that is characterized by the intrusion of <a href="/wiki/Supernatural" title="Supernatural">supernatural</a> elements into the realistic framework of a story, accompanied by uncertainty about their existence. The concept comes from the French literary and critical tradition, and is distinguished from the word "fantastic",<sup id="cite_ref-:6_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is associated with the broader term of <a href="/wiki/Fantasy" title="Fantasy">fantasy</a> in the English literary tradition.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the literary theorist <a href="/wiki/Tzvetan_Todorov" title="Tzvetan Todorov">Tzvetan Todorov</a> (<i>Introduction à la littérature fantastique</i>), the <i>fantastique</i> is distinguished from the marvellous by the hesitation it produces between the supernatural and the natural, the possible and the impossible, and sometimes between the logical and the illogical. The marvellous, on the other hand, appeals to the supernatural in which, once the presuppositions of a magical world have been accepted, things happen in an almost normal and familiar way.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The genre emerged in the 18th century and knew a golden age in 19th century Europe, particularly in France and Germany. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition">Definition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fantastique&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Definition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Three major critical sources in French literary theory give the same fundamental definition of the concept: <i>Le Conte fantastique en France de Nodier à Maupassant</i> of Pierre-Georges Castex, <i>De la féerie à la science-fiction</i> of Roger Caillois and <i>Introduction à la littérature fantastique</i> of Tzvetan Todorov.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In these three essays, the <i>fantastique</i> is defined as the intrusion of <a href="/wiki/Supernatural" title="Supernatural">supernatural</a> phenomena into an otherwise <a href="/wiki/Realism_(arts)" title="Realism (arts)">realist</a> narrative. It evokes phenomena which are not only left unexplained but which are inexplicable from the reader's point of view. In this respect, Tzvetan Todorv explains that the <i>fantastique</i> is somewhere between the French concept of "marvellous" (<i>merveilleux</i>), where the supernatural is accepted and entirely reasonable in the imaginary world of a non-realist narrative, and the uncanny (<i>étrange</i> in French), where apparently supernatural phenomena are explained according to realist precepts and accepted as normal.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In an English speaking theoritical perspective, it can therefore been considered as a subgenre of fantasy. </p><p>Instead, characters in a work of <i>fantastique</i> are, just like the readers, unwilling to accept the supernatural events that occur. This refusal may be mixed with doubt, disbelief, fear, or some combination of those reactions. The <i>fantastique</i> is often linked to a particular ambiance, a sort of tension in the face of the impossible. A good deal of fear is often involved, either because the characters are afraid or because the author wants to provoke fright in the reader. However, fear is not an essential component of <i>fantastique</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The French concept of <i>fantastique</i> in literature should therefore not be confused with the marvellous or fantasy (where the supernatural is posited and accepted from the outset), with science fiction (which is rational) or with horror, although these genres can be combined. </p><p>However, the English term "fantastic" can sometimes be used in the French sense as in the Literary Encyclopedia,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> since the term was translated as above in the English translation of Todorov's essay.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is nonetheless a minority use and much of the English critical literature that discusses fantasti<b>c</b> literature associates the word with a broader meaning related to fantasy<sup id="cite_ref-:6_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as in the works of Eric Rabkin,<sup id="cite_ref-:2_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rosemary Jackson,<sup id="cite_ref-:3_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lucy Armitt<sup id="cite_ref-:4_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and David Sandner.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The polysemy of the word fantastic and the difference of critical traditions of each country have led to controversies such as the one led by Sanislaw Lem.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The word is also polysemous in French: a distinction must be made between the academic definition and the everyday meaning. In everyday language, the word can refer to anything to do with the supernatural. Some people use in French the term <i>médiéval-fantastique</i> to refer to high fantasy, but it is not a term used by academic critics. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Related_genres">Related genres</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fantastique&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Related genres"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i>fantastique</i> is often considered to be very close to science fiction. However, there are important differences between them: science fiction is not supernatural, but rational. H. G. Wells's <i><a href="/wiki/The_Time_Machine" title="The Time Machine">The Time Machine</a></i>, for example, is a science-fiction novel because the hero travels back in time using a machine designed for the purpose - in other words, using a technological process that, while unknown in the current state of human knowledge, is presented as technological and therefore cannot be described as supernatural.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>fantastique</i> narratives also differs from fantasy ones, such as those by <a href="/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien" title="J. R. R. Tolkien">J. R. R. Tolkien</a>, when in fact they belong to the realm of the marvellous. It should also be noted that in the English-speaking world, <i>fantastique</i> literature is not considered a separate genre, but rather a sub-genre of low fantasy. The <i>fantastique</i> then combines the same characteristics as intrusion fantasy as defined by Farah Mendlesohn.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>fantastique</i> is also related to <a href="/wiki/Magic_realism" class="mw-redirect" title="Magic realism">magic realism</a>, a genre based as well on the insertion of supernatural elements into a realistic narrative. However, the supernatural is considered normal, making magic realism a branch of the marvellous rather than the <i>fantastique</i>. </p><p>Tzvetan Todorov thus defines the <i>fantastique</i> as being somewhere between the uncanny, i.e. a reality whose limits are pushed to the limit, as in <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe" title="Edgar Allan Poe">Edgar Allan Poe</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Fall_of_the_House_of_Usher" title="The Fall of the House of Usher">The Fall of the House of Usher</a></i>, in which a rational analysis can be adopted, and the marvellous, where supernatural elements are considered normal: the <i>fantastique</i> is this in-between, this moment when the mind still hesitates between a rational and irrational explanation. As a final condition for the appearance of the <i>fantastique</i>, he adds a realistic universe or context: the setting must be perceived as natural in order to introduce the marks of the supernatural, and thus the hesitation that leads to the <i>fantastique</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Fantastique can encompass both works of the horror and gothic genres. Two representative stories might be: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algernon_Blackwood" title="Algernon Blackwood">Algernon Blackwood</a>'s story "<a href="/wiki/The_Willows_(story)" title="The Willows (story)">The Willows</a>", where two men traveling down the <a href="/wiki/Danube_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Danube River">Danube River</a> are beset by an eerie feeling of malice and several improbable setbacks in their trip; the question that pervades the story is whether they are falling prey to the wilderness and their own imaginations, or if there really is something horrific out to get them.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe" title="Edgar Allan Poe">Edgar Allan Poe</a>'s story "<a href="/wiki/The_Black_Cat_(short_story)" title="The Black Cat (short story)">The Black Cat</a>", where a murderer is haunted by a black cat; but is it revenge from beyond the grave, or just a cat?</li></ul> <p>The fantastique is sometimes erroneously called the <a href="/wiki/Grotesque" title="Grotesque">Grotesque</a> or <a href="/wiki/Supernatural_fiction" title="Supernatural fiction">Supernatural fiction</a>, because both the Grotesque and the Supernatural contain fantastic elements, yet they are not the same, as the fantastique is based on an ambiguity of those elements. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Russian_literature" title="Russian literature">Russian literature</a>, the "fantastic" (фантастика) encompasses <a href="/wiki/Science_fiction" title="Science fiction">science fiction</a> (called "science fantastic", научная фантастика), <a href="/wiki/Fantasy" title="Fantasy">fantasy</a>, and other non-realistic genres. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fantastique&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins">Origins</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fantastique&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When <a href="/wiki/Charles_Nodier" title="Charles Nodier">Charles Nodier</a> wants to invent a <i>fantastique</i> history, when <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_de_Nerval" title="Gérard de Nerval">Nerval</a> recalls Cazotte as an initiator in spite of himself, they both refer without hesitation to <i><a href="/wiki/The_Golden_Ass" title="The Golden Ass">The Golden Ass</a></i> (also called <i>Metamorphoses</i>) by <a href="/wiki/Apuleius" title="Apuleius">Apuleius</a> (1st c. AD). The hero of the <i>Metamorphoses</i> is supposed to come to a particularly mysterious region of Greece, Thessaly. The witches of this province were renowned, and the protagonist Lucius was transformed into a donkey after using the wrong ointment. A whole section of the novel, from the moment Lucius is metamorphosed to the moment he regains his primitive form, escapes the <i>fantastique</i> and foreshadows the future course of picaresque heroes. Only the beginning, when the witches' magic remains uncertain, could be considered <i>fantastique.</i> Works of <i>fantastique</i>, however, only began to appear in the 18th century, and this type of literature reached its golden age in the 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="From_Marvellous_to_Fantastique">From Marvellous to Fantastique</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fantastique&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: From Marvellous to Fantastique"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">Baroque</a> (whether in the form of <a href="/wiki/Novel" title="Novel">novels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Play_(theatre)" title="Play (theatre)">plays</a> or even <a href="/wiki/Opera" title="Opera">operas</a>) was the link between the <i>Merveilleux</i> of the Renaissance and the more formalized fairy tales of the Enlightenment period. The undeniable popularity of the genre was, in great part, attributable to the fact that Fairy Tales were safe; they did not imperil the <a href="/wiki/Soul" title="Soul">soul</a> — a serious concern for a nation which had just come out of an era of great <a href="/wiki/Religious_persecution" title="Religious persecution">religious persecution</a> — and they appropriately reflected the grandeur of the Sun King's reign. Even if fairy tales and marvellous novels don't belong to the <i>fantastique</i>, they contributed to the emergence of the genre in Europe, since the creatures found in <i>fantastique</i> literature that invade reality often come from marvellous literature.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cazotte is often considered as the creator of the fantastique genre in France with his novel <i>Le Diable amoureux (<a href="/wiki/The_Devil_in_Love_(novel)" title="The Devil in Love (novel)">The Devil in Love</a></i>, 1772),<sup id="cite_ref-:8_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> sub-titled <i>un roman fantastique</i>, so labeled for the first time in literary history. In it, a young nobleman, Alvare, conjures up a demon who assumes the shape of a beautiful woman, Biondetta. At the end of the story, the young woman disappears, and we don't know if she ever really existed. Another work in the same vein was <i><a href="/wiki/Vathek" title="Vathek">Vathek</a></i>, a novel written directly into French in 1787 by English-born writer <a href="/wiki/William_Thomas_Beckford" class="mw-redirect" title="William Thomas Beckford">William Thomas Beckford</a>. A <a href="/wiki/Lord_Byron" title="Lord Byron">Byronic</a> figure steeped in occult knowledge and <a href="/wiki/Sexual_perversion" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexual perversion">sexual perversions</a>, Beckford allegedly wrote his novel non-stop in three days and two nights in a state of <a href="/wiki/Altered_state_of_consciousness" title="Altered state of consciousness">trance</a>. Finally, in 1813, the very strange <i>Le Manuscrit Trouvé à Saragosse</i> (<i><a href="/wiki/The_Manuscript_Found_in_Saragossa" title="The Manuscript Found in Saragossa">The Manuscript Found in Saragossa</a></i>) was published. Like Vathek, it was written directly into French by a non-French writer, the <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Polish</a> count and scientist <a href="/wiki/Jan_Potocki" title="Jan Potocki">Jan Potocki</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Gothic_Novel">Gothic Novel</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fantastique&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Gothic Novel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The real source of the <i>fantastique</i> genre is the English Gothic novel of late 1785. In addition to the emergence of <i>fantastique</i> themes (ghosts, the Devil, vampires), these novels, characterised by a more pronounced atmosphere of horror, introduced the ambiguity characteristic of the genre. Among the most representative works are <a href="/wiki/Horace_Walpole" title="Horace Walpole">Horace Walpole</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Castle_of_Otranto" title="The Castle of Otranto">The Castle of Otranto</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Gregory_Lewis" title="Matthew Gregory Lewis">Matthew Gregory Lewis</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Monk" title="The Monk">The Monk</a></i> (1796), <a href="/wiki/Ann_Radcliffe" title="Ann Radcliffe">Ann Radcliffe</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Mysteries_of_Udolpho" title="The Mysteries of Udolpho">The Mysteries of Udolpho</a></i> (1794), <a href="/wiki/William_Godwin" title="William Godwin">William Godwin</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Things_as_They_Are;_or,_The_Adventures_of_Caleb_Williams" title="Things as They Are; or, The Adventures of Caleb Williams">Caleb Williams</a></i> (1794), <a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Dacre" title="Charlotte Dacre">Charlotte Dacre</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Zofloya" title="Zofloya">Zofloya, or the Moor</a></i> (1806) and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Robert_Maturin" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Robert Maturin">Charles Robert Maturin</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Melmoth_the_Wanderer" title="Melmoth the Wanderer">Melmoth, the Wandering Man</a></i> (1821).<sup id="cite_ref-:1_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Frenetic_romanticism">Frenetic romanticism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fantastique&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Frenetic romanticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In France, the discovery of English Gothic novels gave rise to a profusion of so-called "<i>frenetic</i>" novels (<i>roman frénétique</i>) (also known as "roman noir"). Still strongly influenced by the marvellous, these romantic works of the 1830s introduced a taste for horror and the macabre into the French novel.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The frenetic novel reached its apogee with the "petits romantiques". <a href="/wiki/Petrus_Borel" title="Petrus Borel">Pétrus Borel</a>, in <i>Champavert, Contes immoraux</i> (1833) and especially in <i>Madame de Putiphar</i> (1839), was even more provocative than the English writers, particularly in his indulgence in the horrible. The cruelty of <i>Champavert</i>'s stories foreshadows <a href="/wiki/Auguste_Villiers_de_l%27Isle-Adam" title="Auguste Villiers de l'Isle-Adam">Auguste de Villiers de L'Isle-Adam</a>. What's more, Borel wrote a truly <i>fantastique</i> tale, <i>Gottfried Wolfgang</i> (1843). </p><p>Among the outstanding works of the French Gothic period are novels which, having been written with the aim of parodying the tales of Lewis and Radcliffe, have become authentic roman noir. The literary critic Jules Janin wrote <i>L'âne mort et la femme guillotinée</i> (1829). Similarly, Frédéric Soulié's <i>Les mémoires du Diable</i> which combined the <i>roman frénétique</i> with the passions of the <a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Sade" title="Marquis de Sade">Marquis de Sade</a>. </p><p>Notable works in that category include: </p> <ul><li><i>Coelina, ou l'Enfant du Mystère</i> [Coelina, or The Child Of Mystery] (1799) by <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Guillaume_Ducray-Duminil" title="François Guillaume Ducray-Duminil">François Guillaume Ducray-Duminil</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Hugo" title="Victor Hugo">Victor Hugo</a> with <i><a href="/wiki/Han_d%27Islande" class="mw-redirect" title="Han d'Islande">Han d'Islande</a></i> [Han Of Iceland] (1823), a bloody tale featuring a <a href="/wiki/Viking" class="mw-redirect" title="Viking">Viking</a> warrior and a mythical bear, <i><a href="/wiki/Bug-Jargal" title="Bug-Jargal">Bug-Jargal</a></i> (1826) and the morbid and romantic <i>L'Homme qui Rit</i> a.k.a. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Man_Who_Laughs" title="The Man Who Laughs">The Man Who Laughs</a></i> (1869) about a horribly disfigured man who lived in 17th century England.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Birth_of_the_real_fantastique_in_Germany">Birth of the real <i>fantastique</i> in Germany</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fantastique&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Birth of the real fantastique in Germany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Fantastique</i> literature in the strict sense of the terme was born in Germany in the early 19th century, with <a href="/wiki/Adelbert_von_Chamisso" title="Adelbert von Chamisso">Adelbert von Chamisso</a> (<a href="/wiki/Peter_Schlemihl" title="Peter Schlemihl">Peter Schlemihl</a>), then <a href="/wiki/Achim_von_Arnim" title="Achim von Arnim">Achim von Arnim</a> and <a href="/wiki/E._T._A._Hoffmann" title="E. T. A. Hoffmann">E.T.A. Hoffmann</a>. Hoffmann's fantastique is characterised by exaltation, chaos and frenzy. The novel <i><a href="/wiki/The_Devil%27s_Elixirs" title="The Devil's Elixirs">The Devil's Elixirs</a></i>, which claims to be a descendant of Lewis's <i>The Monk</i>, often incoherently accumulates episodes of very different kinds: a love story, aesthetic or political meditations, picaresque adventures, a family epic, mystical ecstasies, etc. The theme of madness and solitude is central to both Hoffmann's and Chamisso's work.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hoffmann had a universal and almost continuous influence on the genre. His tales form a veritable repertoire of the <i>fantastique</i>, subsequently adapted by other authors and in other arts (opera, ballet, cinema). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_French_Fantastique_in_the_19th_Century">The French Fantastique in the 19th Century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fantastique&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: The French Fantastique in the 19th Century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Rise_of_fantastique_in_France">The Rise of <i>fantastique</i> in France</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fantastique&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: The Rise of fantastique in France"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From the 1830s, Hoffmann's tales were translated into French by Loève-Veimars and met a spectacular success. After Jacques Cazotte's <i>Le Diable amoureux</i>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Nodier" title="Charles Nodier">Nodier</a> was one of the first French writers to write <i>fantastique</i> tales. However, he saw this genre as nothing more than a new way of writing marvellous stories;<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for him, fantastique was a pretext for dreaming and fantasy. In fact, he wrote a study on the fantastique, which shows that for Nodier the line between the marvellous and the fantastique is quite blurred. Populated by ghosts, vampires and the undead, his texts nevertheless possess the hallmarks of the fantastique: ambiguity, uncertainty and disquiet. His best-known tales are <i>Smarra ou les démons de la nuit</i> [Smarra, or The Demons Of The Night] (1821), a series of terrifying dream-based tales, <i><a href="/wiki/Trilby;_or,_The_Fairy_of_Argyll" title="Trilby; or, The Fairy of Argyll">Trilby ou le lutin d'argail</a></i> (1822), <i>La Fée aux miettes</i> (1832). In this last work, a young carpenter is devoted to the eponymous Fairy, who may be the legendary <a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Sheba" title="Queen of Sheba">Queen of Sheba</a>. In order to restore her to her true form, he searches for the magical Singing <a href="/wiki/Mandrake_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mandrake (mythology)">Mandragore</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Then several of the greatest names in French literature stated to write in this genre. <a href="/wiki/Honor%C3%A9_de_Balzac" title="Honoré de Balzac">Honoré de Balzac</a>, author of a dozen fairy tales and three fantastique novels, was also influenced by <a href="/wiki/E._T._A._Hoffmann" title="E. T. A. Hoffmann">Hoffmann</a>. Apart from <i><a href="/wiki/L%27Elixir_de_longue_vie" title="L'Elixir de longue vie">L'Élixir de longue vie</a></i> (1830) and <i>Melmoth réconcilié</i> (1835), his main fantastique work is <i><a href="/wiki/La_Peau_de_chagrin" title="La Peau de chagrin">La Peau de chagrin</a></i> (1831), in which the main character has made a pact with the Devil: he buys a skin of sorrow that has the power to grant all his wishes but which, symbolising his life, shrinks every time he uses it. Despite the fantastique component, this novel is rooted in realism: Balzac uses description to paint the sights of Paris; he brings in the psychology and social situation of his characters. However, Balzac's fantastique work is not conceived as an end in itself. At the very least, Balzac does not seek to frighten or surprise the reader, and does not involve vampires or werewolves of any kind. Rather, it is a work of reflection, set within the framework of the <a href="/wiki/La_Com%C3%A9die_humaine" title="La Comédie humaine">Comédie humaine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Through the allegorical power of his characters and situations, Balzac is above all writing philosophical tales. We can mention as well <i>Falthurne</i> (1820) by <a href="/wiki/Honor%C3%A9_de_Balzac" title="Honoré de Balzac">Honoré de Balzac</a>, a novel about a virgin prophetess who knows occult secrets that date back to Ancient <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a>. Also of note by Balzac: <i>Le Centenaire</i> [The Centenarian], about a man seeking higher dimensions, the aptly named <i><a href="/wiki/The_Quest_of_the_Absolute" title="The Quest of the Absolute">La Recherche de l'Absolu</a></i> [The Search For The Absolute] (1834), whose hero is an alchemist, and <i>Melmoth Réconcilié</i> [Melmoth Reconciled] (1835). </p><p>A great admirer of Hoffmann, <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9ophile_Gautier" title="Théophile Gautier">Théophile Gautier</a> is a key writer of fantastique literature. Inhabited by fantastique and the desire to escape, his tales are among the most accomplished in terms of storytelling technique. Gautier excels at keeping the reader guessing throughout his stories, and surprising them at the punch line. He wrote a number of masterpieces that regularly feature in anthologies devoted to the fantastique, such as <i>La Cafetière</i> (1831) and <i>La Morte amoureuse</i> (1836).<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <i><a href="/wiki/La_Morte_Amoureuse" title="La Morte Amoureuse">La Morte Amoureuse</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9ophile_Gautier" title="Théophile Gautier">Théophile Gautier</a> told the story of a young priest who falls in love with a beautiful female vampire. In it, the vampire is not a soulless creature, but a loving and erotic woman. Gautier's <i><a href="/wiki/Avatar_(novel_by_Th%C3%A9ophile_Gautier)" title="Avatar (novel by Théophile Gautier)">Avatar</a></i> (1856) and <i>Spirite</i> (1866) are <i>roman spirites</i> which deal with the theme of life after death. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Prosper_M%C3%A9rim%C3%A9e" title="Prosper Mérimée">Prosper Mérimée</a> wrote only a very small number of fantastique works (a few short stories at most), but they are of the highest quality. <i><a href="/wiki/La_V%C3%A9nus_d%27Ille" title="La Vénus d'Ille">La Vénus d'Ille</a></i> (1837), in particular, is one of the most famous short stories in the genre: it features a pagan statue that comes to life and kills a young groom on his wedding night. <i><a href="/wiki/Lokis_(novella)" title="Lokis (novella)">Lokis</a></i> and <i>Vision de Charles XI</i> are also among his successes.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mérimée also translated <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Pushkin" title="Alexander Pushkin">Pushkin</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/The_Queen_of_Spades_(story)" title="The Queen of Spades (story)">The Queen of Spades</a>", and published a study on <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Gogol" title="Nikolai Gogol">Nicholas Gogol</a>, the master of Russian fantastique. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Guy_de_Maupassant" title="Guy de Maupassant">Guy de Maupassant</a> is clearly one of the greatest authors of fantastique literature. His work is marked by realism, the genre in which he built his reputation, and is firmly rooted in everyday life.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His recurring themes are fear, anxiety and, above all, madness, which he fell into shortly before his death. These themes can be found in his masterpiece, <i>Le Horla</i> (1887). In the form of a diary, the narrator recounts his anxieties caused by the presence of an invisible being. The hesitation is based on the narrator's possible madness. In Maupassant's work, the blend of realism and fantastique is often driven by the madness of one of the protagonists, bringing his distorted vision of the world into the real world. The Horla, a word coined by Maupassant, most likely means "Out there", implying that this invisible being comes from another world. There are two versions of Le Horla by the same author: the second version ends with the main character being committed to a psychiatric hospital.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1839, <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_de_Nerval" title="Gérard de Nerval">Gérard de Nerval</a> collaborated with Alexandre Dumas on <i>L'Alchimiste</i> [The Alchemist]. Mentally unhinged after a lover's death, Nerval developed an interest in mystical beliefs, especially in his book <i><a href="/wiki/Les_Illumin%C3%A9s" title="Les Illuminés">Les Illuminés</a></i>. After writing fantastique texts influenced by the German Romanticism of <a href="/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe" title="Johann Wolfgang von Goethe">Goethe</a> and Hoffmann, <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_de_Nerval" title="Gérard de Nerval">Gérard de Nerval</a> wrote a major work, <i>Aurélia</i> (1855), in a more poetic and personal style. He also wrote another text in a similar style, <i>La Pandora</i> (1854). </p><p>Other notable works at that time include: </p> <ul><li>Cyprien Bérard's<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Lord Rutwen ou les Vampires</i> (1820), which was adapted into a stage play by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Nodier" title="Charles Nodier">Charles Nodier</a> the same year, and starred <a href="/wiki/John_William_Polidori" title="John William Polidori">John William Polidori</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Vampire" title="Vampire">vampire</a> character <a href="/wiki/Lord_Ruthven_(vampire)" title="Lord Ruthven (vampire)">Lord Ruthven</a>.</li> <li>The three-volume <i>La Vampire</i> (1825) by <a href="/wiki/Lamothe-Langon" class="mw-redirect" title="Lamothe-Langon">Étienne-Léon de Lamothe-Langon</a> which tells the story of a young Napoleonic army officer who bring his <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungarian</a> fiancée home to later discover that she is a vampire, and <i>Le Diable</i> [The Devil] (1832) featuring the charismatic, evil Chevalier Draxel.</li> <li>Rustic legends of the <a href="/wiki/Alsace" title="Alsace">Alsace</a> were also the main source of inspiration of Émile Erckmann and Alexandre Chatrian, a writing team who signed their works <a href="/wiki/Erckmann-Chatrian" title="Erckmann-Chatrian">Erckmann-Chatrian</a>. Their first collection, <i>Les Contes Fantastiques</i> [Fantastic Tales] (1847), includes the classic short story <i>L'Araignée Crabe</i> [The Crab-Spider], about a blood-sucking lake monster with the body of a spider and the head of a man.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Dumas,_p%C3%A8re" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexandre Dumas, père">Alexandre Dumas, père</a> was finely attuned to the literary marketplace. The success of Hoffmann's <i>Tales</i> and of the <i>Thousand And One Nights</i> influenced him to write <i>Les Mille et Un Fantômes</i> [A Thousand And One Ghosts] (1849), an anthology of macabre tales. Dumas wrote his own version of Lord Ruthwen in <i>Le Vampire</i> (1851). Finally, in 1857, he penned one of the first modern <a href="/wiki/Werewolf" title="Werewolf">werewolf</a> stories, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wolf_Leader" title="The Wolf Leader">Le Meneur de Loups</a></i> [The Leader Of Wolves].</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Quinet" title="Edgar Quinet">Edgar Quinet</a> wrote <i>Ahasvérus</i> (1833), a lengthy and sophisticated poetic narrative about the <a href="/wiki/Wandering_Jew" title="Wandering Jew">Wandering Jew</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Sue" title="Eugène Sue">Eugène Sue</a>'s own Wandering Jew narrative, <i><a href="/wiki/Le_Juif_Errant" class="mw-redirect" title="Le Juif Errant">Le Juif Errant</a></i> [The Wandering Jew], was serialized in 1844–45. Dumas' <i>Isaac Laquedem</i> appeared in 1853.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_F%C3%A9val,_p%C3%A8re" title="Paul Féval, père">Paul Féval, père</a> was one of the most important <i>fantastique</i> writers of the period with <i>Les Revenants</i> [Revenants] (1853), <i>La Fille du Juif Errant</i> [The Daughter Of The Wandering Jew] (1864), the macabre <i>La Vampire</i> [The Vampire Countess] (1867), and <i>La Ville Vampire</i> [The Vampire City] (1874) which parodied Ann Radcliffe, making her the book's fictional heroine.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fin_de_Siècle_Symbolism_and_Fantastique"><span id="Fin_de_Si.C3.A8cle_Symbolism_and_Fantastique"></span>Fin de Siècle Symbolism and Fantastique</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fantastique&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Fin de Siècle Symbolism and Fantastique"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The end of the 19th century saw the rise of so-called "<a href="/wiki/Decadent_movement" title="Decadent movement">decadent</a>" literature, whose favourite themes were cruelty, vice and perversity. In the wake of works such as <a href="/wiki/Joris-Karl_Huysmans" title="Joris-Karl Huysmans">Joris-Karl Huysmans</a>' <i><a href="/wiki/%C3%80_rebours" title="À rebours">À rebours</a></i> [Against Nature] (1884), <i><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A0-bas_(novel)" title="Là-bas (novel)">Là-Bas</a></i> [Down There] (1891) and <a href="/wiki/Jules_Barbey_d%27Aurevilly" title="Jules Barbey d'Aurevilly">Jules Barbey d'Aurevilly</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Les_Diaboliques_(short_story_collection)" title="Les Diaboliques (short story collection)">Les Diaboliques</a></i>, fantastique was no longer an end in itself, but a means of conveying a provocation, a denunciation or an aesthetic desire. During this period, there were no longer any "fantastique writers", but many authors who wrote a few fantastique texts. Tales became more mannered, descriptions became richer, and exoticism and eroticism became important elements. Finally, the fantastique tale provided an opportunity for social criticism, often directed against bourgeois materialism, as in <a href="/wiki/Auguste_Villiers_de_l%27Isle-Adam" title="Auguste Villiers de l'Isle-Adam">Villiers de L'Isle-Adam</a>'s <i>Contes cruels [Cruel Tales] (1883) and Tribulat Bonhomet (1887)</i>. The decadent Symbolists also made extensive use of fantastique in their tales, which were not far removed from fable and allegory.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Bloy" title="Léon Bloy">Léon Bloy</a> wrote two collections of stories, <i>Sueurs de sang</i> (1893) and <i><a href="/wiki/Histoires_d%C3%A9sobligeantes" class="mw-redirect" title="Histoires désobligeantes">Histoires désobligeantes</a></i> (1894). Although not all his stories are fantastique, they do have a strange or supernatural ring to them. Writing in an incendiary style, Bloy was determined to shock his readers with the cruelty of his stories. Another writer who made anything cruel, unhealthy or sordid his favourite source of inspiration was <a href="/wiki/Jean_Lorrain" title="Jean Lorrain">Jean Lorrain</a>, author of <i>Monsieur de Phocas</i>, one of the key works of fin de siècle literature. His many fantastique tales can be found in several collections, the best of which is undoubtedly <i>Histoires de masques</i> (1900). We can mention as well <i>Buveurs d'Âmes</i> [Soul Drinkers] (1893), "Les contes d'un buveur d'éther" and the kabbalistic novel <i>La Mandragore</i> (1899). </p><p>The Symbolist author <a href="/wiki/Marcel_Schwob" title="Marcel Schwob">Marcel Schwob</a>, hardly unmoved to the deleterious atmosphere of decadent works, managed to reconcile this aesthetic with the vein of the fantastic. Using the marvellous and the power of allegory, he wrote two collections of tales, <i><a href="/wiki/C%C5%93ur_double" title="Cœur double">Cœur Double</a></i> (1891) and <i>Le Roi au masque d'or</i> (1892). The collection <i>Histoires magiques</i> (1894) by another symbolist writer, <a href="/wiki/Remy_de_Gourmont" title="Remy de Gourmont">Rémy de Gourmont</a>, in which the influence of Villiers de L'Isle-Adam is undeniable, is also worth mentioning, and is the only one by its author to contain fantastique tales. </p><p>In 1919, <a href="/wiki/Henri_de_R%C3%A9gnier" title="Henri de Régnier">Henri de Régnier</a> wrote a collection of three important fantastique stories, <i>Histoires incertaines</i>, whose aesthetic is directly influenced by fin de siècle literature. </p><p>Other notable works of this category include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Octave_Mirbeau" title="Octave Mirbeau">Octave Mirbeau</a>'s sadistic and mean-spirited tales of murders, cannibalism and ghostly revenge collected in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Torture_Garden_(novel)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Torture Garden (novel)">Le Jardin des Supplices</a></i> [Torture Garden] (1899).</li> <li>Also from Belgium, <a href="/wiki/Franz_Hellens" title="Franz Hellens">Franz Hellens</a>, a precursor of the surrealists, displayed a lyrical, romantic approach to fantasy. <i>Les Hors-le-Vent</i> [The Out-Wind] (1909) and <i>Nocturnal</i> (1919) explored into the land of dreams, which he dubbed the "second life", while his novel <i>Mélusine</i> (1920) was generally considered a pre-surrealist novel.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Victorian_England">Victorian England</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fantastique&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Victorian England"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Victorian England produced few fantastique writers in the strict sense of the term, as the subtle ambiguities inherent in the genre found little echo in the English literary tradition. <a href="/wiki/Thomas_De_Quincey" title="Thomas De Quincey">Thomas de Quincey</a>'s short stories, for example, are more clearly in the tradition of the Gothic novel than that of fantastique. The Irishman <a href="/wiki/Sheridan_Le_Fanu" title="Sheridan Le Fanu">Sheridan Le Fanu</a> wrote <i><a href="/wiki/Carmilla" title="Carmilla">Carmilla</a></i> (1871), a Gothic novel whose originality lies in the character of the homosexual female vampire. It inspired the famous <i><a href="/wiki/Dracula" title="Dracula">Dracula</a></i> by his compatriot <a href="/wiki/Bram_Stoker" title="Bram Stoker">Bram Stoker</a> (1897), the undisputed masterpiece of vampire stories. <a href="/wiki/Oscar_Wilde" title="Oscar Wilde">Oscar Wilde</a> also wrote one of the most famous Anglo-Saxon fantastique novels, <a href="/wiki/The_Picture_of_Dorian_Gray" title="The Picture of Dorian Gray"><i>The Portrait of Dorian Gray</i></a> (1891), in which the main character sees his portrait age and take on every mark of his vices, while he possesses eternal youth and indulges in every excess. In this text, Wilde develops his thoughts on aestheticism and depicts the conflict between physical and moral decay. Sensuality and homosexuality also permeate the work. Far beyond the realm of fantastique, this novel had a strong influence on French literature, particularly on decadent writers.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Oscar Wilde also wrote a parody of a ghost story, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Canterville_Ghost" title="The Canterville Ghost">The Canterville Ghost</a></i> (1887). </p><p>One British writer, Arthur Llewelyn Jones, also known as <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Machen" title="Arthur Machen">Arthur Machen</a>, was born on 3 March 1863 in Wales and died on 15 December 1947 (aged 84) in England. He is particularly associated with fantastique literature, notably with his first novel, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Great_God_Pan" title="The Great God Pan">The Great God Pan</a></i> (1894). The Anglo-American writer <a href="/wiki/Henry_James" title="Henry James">Henry James</a> regularly tackled fantastique in the course of his literary career, and more specifically ghost stories.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His most accomplished work is <i>The Nutcracker</i> (1898), a benchmark in the art of vacillating between rational and irrational explanations. James's allusive style leads the reader to doubt each of the protagonists in turn, so that the ultimate truth of the story is not revealed at the end; that choice is left to the reader. This book is also remarkable for the ghostly nature of its characters.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other famous writers have penned some fantastique texts, including <a href="/wiki/Robert_Louis_Stevenson" title="Robert Louis Stevenson">Robert Louis Stevenson</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Strange_Case_of_Dr_Jekyll_and_Mr_Hyde" title="Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde">Dr Jeckyll and Mr Hyde</a></i>, "<a href="/wiki/Markheim" title="Markheim">Markheim</a>", "<a href="/wiki/Olalla_(short_story)" title="Olalla (short story)">Olalla</a>") and <a href="/wiki/Rudyard_Kipling" title="Rudyard Kipling">Rudyard Kipling</a>. </p><p>This period also saw the birth of new genres of popular literature close to the fantastique: mystery fiction with <a href="/wiki/Wilkie_Collins" title="Wilkie Collins">Wilkie Collins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Science_fiction" title="Science fiction">science fiction</a> with <a href="/wiki/H._G._Wells" title="H. G. Wells">H. G. Wells</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mary_Shelley" title="Mary Shelley">Mary Shelley</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fantasy" title="Fantasy">fantasy</a> with <a href="/wiki/William_Morris" title="William Morris">William Morris</a> and <a href="/wiki/George_MacDonald" title="George MacDonald">George MacDonald</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="American_Fantastique">American Fantastique</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fantastique&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: American Fantastique"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At its birth in the early 19th century, American literature was strongly influenced by the English Gothic novel and fantastique. <a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Hawthorne" title="Nathaniel Hawthorne">Nathaniel Hawthorne</a>, then <a href="/wiki/Washington_Irving" title="Washington Irving">Washington Irving</a> and above all <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe" title="Edgar Allan Poe">Edgar Allan Poe</a> also made the short story and the tale their preferred forms of expression. Poe also played a special role in developing his own aesthetic theory. He was also one of the pioneers of science fiction and detective fiction. Washington Irving, one of the first great American writers, wrote many tales that were closer to legend than to the supernatural strictly speaking. He is characterised by his realism and ironic tone. His best-known collection is the <i><a href="/wiki/The_Sketch_Book_of_Geoffrey_Crayon,_Gent." title="The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent.">Sketch Book</a></i> (1819), which contains the tale of <a href="/wiki/Rip_Van_Winkle" title="Rip Van Winkle">Rip Van Winckle</a>, one of the first two truly original American works of fantastique, along with <a href="/wiki/William_Austin_(American_writer)" title="William Austin (American writer)">William Austin</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Peter_Rugg" title="Peter Rugg">Peter Rugh</a>, the Missing</i> (1824).<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Hawthorne" title="Nathaniel Hawthorne">Nathaniel Hawthorne</a> wrote a number of works involving the supernatural.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are marked by oppression in Puritan America, and have the recurring theme of curses, in reference to legends of witchcraft. Although fantastique occupies little space in his abundant output, <a href="/wiki/Francis_Marion_Crawford" title="Francis Marion Crawford">Francis Marion Crawford</a> is the author of a collection of high quality in the genre, <i>Wandering Ghosts</i> (1891).<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While drawing on this tradition, <a href="/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft" title="H. P. Lovecraft">H. P. Lovecraft</a> gave it a particular twist, closer to <a href="/wiki/Horror_fiction" title="Horror fiction">horror</a>. Lovecraft went on to inspire many twentieth-century authors, including Stephen King. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Russian_Fantastique">Russian Fantastique</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fantastique&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Russian Fantastique"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Pushkin" title="Alexander Pushkin">Alexander Pushkin</a> introduced the fantastique genre to Russia with his famous short story <a href="/wiki/The_Queen_of_Spades_(story)" title="The Queen of Spades (story)"><i>The Queen of Spades</i></a> (1834). From then on, fantastique became a favourite genre in Russian literature, finding its themes in folk tales and legends. Works such as <a href="/wiki/Aleksey_Konstantinovich_Tolstoy" title="Aleksey Konstantinovich Tolstoy">Aleksey Konstantinovich Tolstoy</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Family_of_the_Vourdalak" title="The Family of the Vourdalak">The Family of Vourdalak</a></i> and <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Gogol" title="Nikolai Gogol">Nikolai Gogol</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/A_Terrible_Vengeance" title="A Terrible Vengeance">The Frightful Vengeance</a></i> are examples of fantastique that is close to the marvellous, a character of its own in realist works marked by deep concern and greater sincerity than the literary masterpieces that emerged from the fantastique "craze", particularly in France.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such is the case with Gogol's "<a href="/wiki/The_Overcoat" title="The Overcoat">The Cloak</a>" and <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Leskov" title="Nikolai Leskov">Nikolai Leskov</a>'s <i>The White Eagle</i>. This realism was to be found much later in <a href="/wiki/Andrei_Bely" title="Andrei Bely">Andrei Biely</a>'s novel <i><a href="/wiki/Petersburg_(novel)" title="Petersburg (novel)">Petersburg</a></i> and in <a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Sologub" title="Fyodor Sologub">Fyodor Sologub</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Petty_Demon" title="The Petty Demon">The Petty Demon</a></i>. </p><p>Encouraged by Pushkin, Nicholai Gogol published some fantastique tales, the most famous of which are "<a href="/wiki/The_Nose_(Gogol_short_story)" title="The Nose (Gogol short story)">The Nose</a>" and <i><a href="/wiki/Diary_of_a_Madman_(Nikolai_Gogol)" title="Diary of a Madman (Nikolai Gogol)">The Diary of a Madman</a></i>, published in the collection of Petersburg short stories. These stories introduced a rather profound change in the nature of the fantastique tradition. Fear played a negligible role, but the absurd and the grotesque became an essential element. This new style was emulated in Russia itself: <i><a href="/wiki/The_Double_(Dostoevsky_novel)" title="The Double (Dostoevsky novel)">The Double</a></i>, one of <a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky" title="Fyodor Dostoevsky">Dostoyevsky</a>'s first novels, was directly inspired by Gogol's work. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fantastique_in_German_Expressionism">Fantastique in German Expressionism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fantastique&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Fantastique in German Expressionism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The beginning of the 20th century saw the rise of dark, pessimistic fantastique in German-speaking countries. The works published during this period became sources of inspiration for the <a href="/wiki/Expressionism" title="Expressionism">expressionist</a> cinema that was developing in Germany. <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Meyrink" title="Gustav Meyrink">Gustav Meyrink</a> (1868-1932) was one of the greatest fantastique writers of the period. A great lover of the occult, he distilled occultist theories in his novels with the aim of initiating his readers. His most famous novel, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Golem_(Meyrink_novel)" title="The Golem (Meyrink novel)">The Golem</a></i> (1915), was inspired by the Kabbalah. It depicts a degraded and miserable humanity in the Jewish quarter of Prague. His other major fantastique novel was <i>Walpurgis Night</i> (1917). Its theme is violence and collective madness, and it echoes the butchery of the First World War.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A more controversial figure, <a href="/wiki/Hanns_Heinz_Ewers" title="Hanns Heinz Ewers">Hanns Heinz Ewers</a> is the author of an abundant oeuvre which, although it often veers more towards the uncanny than the fantastique, remains largely in the realm of the supernatural. With a pronounced penchant for the macabre, blood and unhealthy eroticism, his works are intended to be provocative and have often been judged immoral. Ewers is best known for his novel <i><a href="/wiki/Alraune" title="Alraune">Mandragore</a></i>. He wrote another significant novel, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Sorcerer%27s_Apprentice_(Ewers_novel)" title="The Sorcerer's Apprentice (Ewers novel)">The Sorcerer's Apprentice</a></i> (1909), as well as numerous short stories, the best known of which is <i>The Spider</i> (1907).<sup id="cite_ref-:7_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1909, the Austrian writer and illustrator <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Kubin" title="Alfred Kubin">Alfred Kubin</a> published a single fantastique novel, <i>The Other Side</i>, which reflects the nightmarish atmosphere of his drawings. This novel, in which dreams and reality form an inextricable skein, is considered by Peter Assman, Kubin's main biographer, to be "an essential step in the development of European fantastique literature".<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other important fantastique works written during this period include <a href="/wiki/Leo_Perutz" title="Leo Perutz">Leo Perutz</a>'s <i>The Marquis of Bolibar</i> and <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Lernet-Holenia" title="Alexander Lernet-Holenia">Alexander Lernet-Holenia</a>'s <i>Baron Bagge</i>. It was also during this period that <a href="/wiki/Franz_Kafka" title="Franz Kafka">Franz Kafka</a> wrote "<a href="/wiki/The_Metamorphosis" title="The Metamorphosis">The Metamorphosis</a>", often considered to be a fantastique short story.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Belgian_Fantastique">Belgian Fantastique</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fantastique&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Belgian Fantastique"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The development of a particular kind of fantasy literature in Belgium in the 20th century is a curious but indisputable fact. It is all the more important to mention it because fantastique plays a central role in Belgian literature in general. Belgian fantastique emerged from <a href="/wiki/Symbolism_(arts)" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbolism (arts)">symbolism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Realism_(arts)" title="Realism (arts)">realism</a> at the end of the nineteenth century.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Symbolism created an atmosphere conducive to the intrusion of the supernatural, whether through allegory, enchantment or allusiveness. The major work of this movement is <i>Bruges-la-Morte</i> by <a href="/wiki/Georges_Rodenbach" title="Georges Rodenbach">Georges Rodenbach</a> (1892). Alongside symbolism, a realist and rustic movement developed, whose main representative was <a href="/wiki/Georges_Eekhoud" title="Georges Eekhoud">Georges Eekhoud</a>. Marked by a realism of excess and hyperbole,<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> his work includes a major collection, <i>Cycles patibulaires</i> (1892). </p><p>Two writers helped bring Belgian fantastique to maturity: <a href="/wiki/Franz_Hellens" title="Franz Hellens">Franz Hellens</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jean_Ray_(author)" title="Jean Ray (author)">Jean Ray</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The former, alternating between symbolism and realism, distinguished himself in a genre that is sometimes described as "magic realism". His main works are <i>Nocturnal</i> (1919) and <i>Les réalités fantastiques</i> (1923). Jean Ray was a true innovator of supernatural literature in the 20th century. He has the particularity of having considered the fantastique genre as a whole, and devoted himself exclusively to it. He began his career as a pulp writer, using a variety of aliases, and had several stories published in <i><a href="/wiki/Weird_Tales" title="Weird Tales">Weird Tales</a></i>. He is the author of an unbridled fantastique whose greatest success is <i>Malpertuis</i> (1943) and he wrote short stories steeped in the rich, mist-shrouded atmosphere of his native Flanders. Finally, <a href="/wiki/Michel_de_Ghelderode" title="Michel de Ghelderode">Michel de Ghelderode</a>, in addition to his impressive theatrical work, also wrote <i>Sortilèges</i> (1945), a collection of fantastique short stories that is one of the masterpieces of the genre.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_French_Fantastique_in_the_20th_Century">The French Fantastique in the 20th Century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fantastique&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: The French Fantastique in the 20th Century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="20th_century_prior_to_World_War_II">20th century prior to World War II</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fantastique&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: 20th century prior to World War II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The confidence displayed by French Society in the early 1900s was sapped by the slaughter of World War I: the Dadaist and Surrealist movements expressed a desire to break violently with the past. In 1924, the <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Breton" title="André Breton">André Breton</a>'s <i>Manifesto of Surrealism</i>, inspired by Freudian discoveries, challenged the realist attitude, contested the reign of logic and called for imagination and dreams to regain their rights. Breton, however, said little about fantastique. Indeed, the surrealism generally favours the marvellous over the fantastique even if it influenced the genre.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A non-literary influence on the fantastique writers was that of <a href="/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud">Sigmund Freud</a>. </p><p>Some of the major contributors of the period include: </p> <ul><li>In <i><a href="/wiki/La_R%C3%A9volte_des_anges" class="mw-redirect" title="La Révolte des anges">La Révolte des anges</a></i> [The Revolt Of The Angels] (1914), <a href="/wiki/Anatole_France" title="Anatole France">Anatole France</a> wrote a startling tale in which the <a href="/wiki/Fallen_angel" title="Fallen angel">Fallen angel</a> Arcade schemes to organize a new revolt among the fallen angels who are living on Earth, posing as artists.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blaise_Cendrars" title="Blaise Cendrars">Blaise Cendrars</a> openly declared his admiration for <a href="/wiki/Gustave_Le_Rouge" title="Gustave Le Rouge">Gustave Le Rouge</a>. His <i>La Fin du Monde Filmée par l'Ange</i> [The End Of The World Filmed By An Angel] (1919) and <i>Moravagine</i> (1926) are surrealist novels, the latter named after, and telling the story of, an evil madman whose crimes rival those of <a href="/wiki/Fant%C3%B4mas" title="Fantômas">Fantômas</a>, a character much appreciated by the Surrealists.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Faust" title="Faust">Faustian</a> <i>Marguerite de la Nuit</i> [Marguerite Of The Night] (1922), by <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Mac_Orlan" title="Pierre Mac Orlan">Pierre Mac Orlan</a>, was also made into a film.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Supervielle" title="Jules Supervielle">Jules Supervielle</a>, a writer of <a href="/wiki/Basque_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Basque people">Basque</a> descent, incorporated Hispanic vistas and fantasy themes in his novel <i>L'Enfant de la Haute Mer</i> [The Child From The High Sea] (1931).</li> <li>Playwright <a href="/wiki/Jean_Giraudoux" title="Jean Giraudoux">Jean Giraudoux</a> combined tragedy, humor and fantasy in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Enchanted_(play)" title="The Enchanted (play)">Intermezzo</a></i> (1937), where a timid ghost revolutionizes a small town, and <i><a href="/wiki/Ondine_(play)" title="Ondine (play)">Ondine</a></i> (1939) about a water sprite who falls in love with a mortal.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julien_Gracq" title="Julien Gracq">Julien Gracq</a>'s first novel, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Castle_of_Argol" title="The Castle of Argol">The Castle of Argol</a></i> (1938) combined the effects of the roman noir with the poetry of <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Rimbaud" title="Arthur Rimbaud">Arthur Rimbaud</a>. The book takes place in a Gormenghast-like castle where the young owner, his friend and the beautiful Heide spend their time playing morbid and decadent games. In 1951, Gracq published the brilliant <i><a href="/wiki/The_Opposing_Shore" title="The Opposing Shore">The Opposing Shore</a></i> (1951) which won the <a href="/wiki/Prix_Goncourt" title="Prix Goncourt">Prix Goncourt</a> and takes place in the <a href="/wiki/Fictional_country" title="Fictional country">fictional country</a> of Orsenna.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Fantastique_Feuilletons">Fantastique Feuilletons</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fantastique&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Fantastique Feuilletons"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Between the wars, the <i>fantastique</i> catered to the masses by providing cheap entertainment in the form of <i><a href="/wiki/Feuilleton" title="Feuilleton">feuilletons</a></i> such as <i>Le Journal des Voyages</i> (1877–1947), <i>Lectures Pour Tous</i> (1898–1940) and <i>L'Intrépide</i> (1910–1937) and paperbacks from publishers such as Ollendorff, Méricant, Férenczi and Tallandier. Significant names of the times include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaston_Leroux" title="Gaston Leroux">Gaston Leroux</a> with <i>La Double Vie de Theophraste Longuet</i> [The Double Life Of Theophraste Longuet] (1903), in which a retired merchant is possessed by the spirit of 18th century French highwayman Cartouche; the Hoffmannesque <i>L'Homme qui a Vu le Diable</i> [The Man Who Saw The Devil] (1908); the classic <i>Le Fantôme de l'Opéra</i> a.k.a. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Phantom_of_the_Opera_(novel)" title="The Phantom of the Opera (novel)">The Phantom of the Opera</a></i> (1910) and <i>Le Coeur Cambriolé</i> [The Burglared Heart] (1920).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_de_Lorde" title="André de Lorde">André de Lorde</a>, nicknamed the "Prince of Terror", a prolific playwright who wrote over one hundred and fifty plays for the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Guignol" title="Grand Guignol">Grand Guignol</a> theater, collected in various volumes, including <i>Théâtre d'Épouvante</i> [Theater Of Horror] (1909), <i>Théâtre Rouge</i> [Red Theater] (1922), <i>Les Drames Célèbres du Grand-Guignol</i> [Famous Tragedies Of The Grand-Guignol] (1924) and <i>Théâtre de la Peur</i> [Theater Of Fear] (1924).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Farr%C3%A8re" title="Claude Farrère">Claude Farrère</a>, the first recipient of the French <a href="/wiki/Prix_Goncourt" title="Prix Goncourt">Prix Goncourt</a> literary award, wrote <i>La Maison des Hommes Vivants</i> [The House Of Living Men] (1911) in which a sect of immortals, founded by the <a href="/wiki/Count_of_St_Germain" class="mw-redirect" title="Count of St Germain">Count of St Germain</a>, steals others' <a href="/wiki/Energy_(esotericism)" title="Energy (esotericism)">life forces</a> in order to preserve their own <a href="/wiki/Immortality" title="Immortality">immortality</a>.</li> <li>One of the most distinctive genre writers of the 1930s, who also blended genres with deceptive facility, was <a href="/wiki/Pierre_V%C3%A9ry" title="Pierre Véry">Pierre Véry</a>, whose <a href="/wiki/Mystery_fiction" title="Mystery fiction">mystery</a> novels always incorporated surreal or supernatural elements. Some of his works squarely belonged in the fantasy genre, such as <i>Le Pays sans Étoiles</i> [The Starless Country] (1945) and <i>Tout Doit Disparaître le 5 Mai</i> [Everything Must Go On May 5] (1961), a collection of fantastic tales.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="20th_century_post_World_War_II">20th century post World War II</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fantastique&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: 20th century post World War II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>World War II exacted both a huge physical and psychological toll on French culture. France's defeat in 1940, followed by four years of occupation, confronted writers with choices they never before had to face. The discovery of the <a href="/wiki/Atom_bomb" class="mw-redirect" title="Atom bomb">atom bomb</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> introduced sharp new fears. Mainstream French culture increasingly frowned upon works of imagination and preferred instead to embrace the more naturalistic and political concerns of the <a href="/wiki/Existentialists" class="mw-redirect" title="Existentialists">existentialists</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Jean-Paul Sartre</a> and <a href="/wiki/Albert_Camus" title="Albert Camus">Albert Camus</a>. Yet, paradoxically, despite being marginalized by critics and the literary establishment, the <i>fantastique</i> thrived as never before, both in terms of quality and quantity. </p><p>Significant foreign influences on French modern <i>fantastique</i> include <a href="/wiki/Franz_Kafka" title="Franz Kafka">Franz Kafka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jorge_Luis_Borges" title="Jorge Luis Borges">Jorge Luis Borges</a>, <a href="/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft" title="H. P. Lovecraft">H. P. Lovecraft</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dino_Buzzati" title="Dino Buzzati">Dino Buzzati</a>, <a href="/wiki/Julio_Cort%C3%A1zar" title="Julio Cortázar">Julio Cortázar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Nabokov" title="Vladimir Nabokov">Vladimir Nabokov</a> and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Matheson" title="Richard Matheson">Richard Matheson</a>. Other more recent influences included <a href="/wiki/Stephen_King" title="Stephen King">Stephen King</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clive_Barker" title="Clive Barker">Clive Barker</a>, none of whom were well known in France before the early 1980s. In Latin America of the 21st century,<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> authors such as <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Aira" title="César Aira">César Aira</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roberto_Bola%C3%B1o" title="Roberto Bolaño">Roberto Bolaño</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Baroja" title="José Baroja">José Baroja</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Neuman" title="Andrés Neuman">Andrés Neuman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Juan_Gabriel_V%C3%A1squez" title="Juan Gabriel Vásquez">Juan Gabriel Vásquez</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jorge_Volpi" title="Jorge Volpi">Jorge Volpi</a>, among others, stand out. </p><p>Some of the most interesting authors and works up to the 1980s are: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_B%C3%A9alu" title="Marcel Béalu">Marcel Béalu</a>'s fantasy followed the path of Hoffman, Poe and Gérard de Nerval. In his stories, hapless souls became slowly trapped in dream-like realities where inhuman forces held sway. <i>L'Expérience de la Nuit</i> [The Experience Of Night] (1945) deals with the power to see into other dimensions. <i>L'Araignée d'Eau</i> [The Water Spider] (1948) is about an impossible love between a man and a watery creature who slowly turns into a girl.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Brion" title="Marcel Brion">Marcel Brion</a>'s approach of the supernatural almost always referred to the romantic tradition and the search for a mystical absolute. His most famous collection of stories is <i>Les Escales de la Haute Nuit</i> [The Shore Leaves Of The Deepest Night] (1942).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Pieyre_de_Mandiargues" title="André Pieyre de Mandiargues">André Pieyre de Mandiargues</a>' gift was to make the invisible visible with an implacable sense of logic and an almost maniacal precision. His stories are collected in <i>Le Musée Noir</i> [The Black Museum] (1946) and <i>Soleil des Loups</i> [The Sun Of The Wolves] (1951).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Dh%C3%B4tel" title="André Dhôtel">André Dhôtel</a> used adolescents as protagonists to make us experience wondrous events, always presented in a disturbingly matter-of-fact way, in <i>La Chronique Fabuleuse</i> [The Fabulous Chronicle] (1955) and <i>Le Pays où l'on n'arrive Jamais</i> [The Unreachable Country] (1955).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/No%C3%ABl_Devaulx" title="Noël Devaulx">Noël Devaulx</a>' own brand of fantastique relied of the intrusion of strange and unexplainable into everyday reality. His short stories were dubbed "parables without keys." His best collections are <i>L'Auberge Parpillon</i> [The Parpillon Inn] (1945) and <i>Le Pressoir Mystique</i> [The Mystic Press] (1948).</li> <li>In 1954, publisher Fleuve Noir launched a dedicated horror imprint, <i>Angoisse</i>, which continued monthly until 1974, publishing a total of 261 horror novels, including books by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Marc_Agapit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marc Agapit (page does not exist)">Marc Agapit</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrien_Sobr" class="extiw" title="fr:Adrien Sobr">fr</a>]</span>, <a href="/wiki/B._R._Bruss" title="B. R. Bruss">B. R. Bruss</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Limat" title="Maurice Limat">Maurice Limat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Ruellan" title="André Ruellan">Kurt Steiner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Caroff" title="André Caroff">André Caroff</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Madame_Atomos" title="Madame Atomos">Madame Atomos</a></i> series and <a href="/wiki/Jean-Claude_Carri%C3%A8re" title="Jean-Claude Carrière">Jean-Claude Carrière</a>'s series of <i><a href="/wiki/Frankenstein_in_popular_culture#Novels" title="Frankenstein in popular culture">Frankenstein</a></i> novels.</li> <li>The prolific <a href="/wiki/Claude_Seignolle" title="Claude Seignolle">Claude Seignolle</a>'s brand of <i>fantastique</i> was influenced by his "sorcerous childhood" spent in the misty plains of his native <a href="/wiki/Sologne" title="Sologne">Sologne</a>, and a terrifying encounter with the Devil incarnated in a local warlock which he claimed to have experienced at age 15 in 1932. This conferred a real sense of authenticity to Seignolle's books, which were almost devoid of any literary artifices. His major works include <i>La Malvenue</i> [The Illcome] (1952) and the collections <i>Histoires Maléfiques</i> [Maleficent Tales] (1965) and <i>Contes Macabres</i> [Macabre Stories] (1966).</li></ul> <p>Other notable authors include: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 25em;min-width: min(25em, 100%);"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Bernanos" title="Michel Bernanos">Michel Bernanos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Louis_Bouquet" title="Jean-Louis Bouquet">Jean-Louis Bouquet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serge_Brussolo" title="Serge Brussolo">Serge Brussolo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_Charri%C3%A8re&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Christian Charrière (page does not exist)">Christian Charrière</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Charri%C3%A8re_(%C3%A9crivain)" class="extiw" title="fr:Christian Charrière (écrivain)">fr</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges-Olivier_Ch%C3%A2teaureynaud" title="Georges-Olivier Châteaureynaud">Georges-Olivier Châteaureynaud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lise_Deharme" title="Lise Deharme">Lise Deharme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_Dor%C3%A9mieux" title="Alain Dorémieux">Alain Dorémieux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockne_S._O%27Bannon" title="Rockne S. O'Bannon">Rockne S. O'Bannon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=G%C3%A9rard_Pr%C3%A9vot&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gérard Prévot (page does not exist)">Gérard Prévot</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Pr%C3%A9vot" class="extiw" title="fr:Gérard Prévot">fr</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Sadoul" title="Jacques Sadoul">Jacques Sadoul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Schneider_(writer)" title="Marcel Schneider (writer)">Marcel Schneider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Sternberg" title="Jacques Sternberg">Jacques Sternberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roland_Topor" title="Roland Topor">Roland Topor</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Analysis">Analysis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fantastique&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Analysis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For Todorov, the fantastique requires the fulfillment of three conditions. First, the text must oblige the reader to consider the world of the characters as a world of living persons and to hesitate between a natural or supernatural explanation of the events described. Second, this hesitation may also be experienced by a character; thus the reader's role is so to speak entrusted to a character, and at the same time the hesitation is represented, it becomes one of the themes of the work—in the case of naive reading, the actual reader identifies himself with the character. Third, the reader must adopt a certain attitude with regard to the text: he will reject allegorical as well as "poetic" interpretations. The fantastique also explores three conditions; reader’s hesitation, hesitation may be felt by another character, and the reader must have a certain mindset when reading the text. There is also a system to the fantastique that he explores that uses three properties. The utterance which discusses the use of figurative discourse, how everything figurative is taken in a literal sense. The supernatural begins to exist within the fantastique due to exaggeration, figurative expression being taken literal, and how the supernatural originates from the rhetorical figure. Leading into the second property, the act of uttering. In this property, it is most connected to the narrator of the story and the idea (discourse-wise) is that the narrator/character must pass this "test of truth". The narrator is someone who cannot "lie"; they explain the supernatural (marvelous), but doubt in what they say creates the fantastique. The final property is the syntactic aspect. Penzoldt’s theory is what focuses on this property the most.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The structure of the ideal ghost story may be represented as a rising line which leads to the cumulating point... Which is obviously the appearance of the ghost. Most authors try to achieve a certain gradation in their assent to this culmination, first speaking vaguely, then more and more directly.</p></blockquote> <p>The fantastique can also represent dreams and wakefulness where the character or reader hesitates as to what is reality or what is a dream. Again the fantastic is found in this hesitation—once it is decided the fantastique ends.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples">Examples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fantastique&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_literary_works">In literary works</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fantastique&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: In literary works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Many of <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe" title="Edgar Allan Poe">Edgar Allan Poe</a>'s short works</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_James" title="Henry James">Henry James</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Turn_of_the_Screw" title="The Turn of the Screw">The Turn of the Screw</a></i> – seen by Todorov as one of the few examples of pure Fantastique<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Gogol" title="Nikolai Gogol">Nikolai Gogol</a>'s "The Nose"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bulgakov" title="Mikhail Bulgakov">Mikhail Bulgakov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algernon_Blackwood" title="Algernon Blackwood">Algernon Blackwood</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Willows_(story)" title="The Willows (story)">The Willows</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wendigo_(novella)" title="The Wendigo (novella)">The Wendigo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheridan_Le_Fanu" title="Sheridan Le Fanu">Sheridan Le Fanu</a>'s works in <i><a href="/wiki/In_a_Glass_Darkly" title="In a Glass Darkly">In a Glass Darkly</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E.T.A._Hoffmann" class="mw-redirect" title="E.T.A. Hoffmann">E.T.A. Hoffmann</a>'s works, notably "<a href="/wiki/The_Sandman_(short_story)" title="The Sandman (short story)">The Sandman</a>", "<a href="/wiki/The_Golden_Pot" title="The Golden Pot">The Golden Flower Pot</a>", and "<a href="/wiki/The_Nutcracker_and_the_Mouse_King" title="The Nutcracker and the Mouse King">The Nutcracker and the King of Mice</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_de_Nerval" title="Gérard de Nerval">Gérard de Nerval</a>'s "Aurelia"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_de_Maupassant" title="Guy de Maupassant">Guy de Maupassant</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/The_Horla" title="The Horla">The Horla</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrose_Bierce" title="Ambrose Bierce">Ambrose Bierce</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/The_Death_of_Halpin_Frayser" title="The Death of Halpin Frayser">The Death of Halpin Frayser</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolfo_Bioy_Casares" title="Adolfo Bioy Casares">Adolfo Bioy Casares</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Invention_of_Morel" title="The Invention of Morel">The Invention of Morel</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Louis_Stevenson" title="Robert Louis Stevenson">R.L. Stevenson</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Strange_Case_of_Dr_Jekyll_and_Mr_Hyde" title="Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde">Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bram_Stoker" title="Bram Stoker">Bram Stoker</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Dracula" title="Dracula">Dracula</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Wilde" title="Oscar Wilde">Oscar Wilde</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Picture_of_Dorian_Gray" title="The Picture of Dorian Gray">The Picture of Dorian Gray</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Kafka" title="Franz Kafka">Franz Kafka</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Metamorphosis" title="The Metamorphosis">The Metamorphosis</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Machen" title="Arthur Machen">Arthur Machen</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Great_God_Pan" title="The Great God Pan">The Great God Pan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Hawthorne" title="Nathaniel Hawthorne">Nathaniel Hawthorne</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_House_of_the_Seven_Gables" title="The House of the Seven Gables">The House of the Seven Gables</a></i> and "<a href="/wiki/The_Birth-Mark" title="The Birth-Mark">The Birth-Mark</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/H.G_Wells" class="mw-redirect" title="H.G Wells">H.G. Wells</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Island_of_Doctor_Moreau" title="The Island of Doctor Moreau">The Island of Doctor Moreau</a></i></li> <li>Short stories in <a href="/wiki/Vernon_Lee" title="Vernon Lee">Vernon Lee</a>'s <i>Hauntings</i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fantastique&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fantastic_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Fantastic (disambiguation)">Fantastic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy" title="Fantasy">Fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_fiction" title="Horror fiction">Horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_fiction" title="Gothic fiction">Gothic Novel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_noir" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman noir">Roman noir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_realism" class="mw-redirect" title="Magic realism">Magic realism</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fantastique&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:6-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:6_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFJacques2017" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Jacques, Margaux (2017). <i>Les difficultés dans la définition de la fantasy</i> (in French). Université de Bourgogne. pp. 10–11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+difficult%C3%A9s+dans+la+d%C3%A9finition+de+la+fantasy&rft.pages=10-11&rft.pub=Universit%C3%A9+de+Bourgogne&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Jacques&rft.aufirst=Margaux&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFantastique" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRabkin1975" class="citation book cs1">Rabkin, Eric (1975). <i>The Fantastic in Literature</i>. Princeton: Princeton University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fantastic+in+Literature&rft.place=Princeton&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1975&rft.aulast=Rabkin&rft.aufirst=Eric&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFantastique" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJackson1981" class="citation book cs1">Jackson, Rosemary (1981). <i>Fantasy: The Literature of Subversion</i>. London: Methuen.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fantasy%3A+The+Literature+of+Subversion&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Methuen&rft.date=1981&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=Rosemary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFantastique" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArmitt1996" class="citation book cs1">Armitt, Lucy (1996). <i>Theorising the Fantastic</i>. London: Arnold.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Theorising+the+Fantastic&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Arnold&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Armitt&rft.aufirst=Lucy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFantastique" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSandner2004" class="citation book cs1">Sandner, David (2004). <i>Fantastic Literature: A Critical Reader</i>. Westport: CT: Praeger.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fantastic+Literature%3A+A+Critical+Reader&rft.place=Westport&rft.pub=CT%3A+Praeger&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Sandner&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFantastique" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTorodov1976" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Torodov, Tzvetan (1976). <i>Introduction a la litterature fantastique</i> (in French). Paris: Seuil. pp. 46–62. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2020043742" title="Special:BookSources/2020043742"><bdi>2020043742</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+a+la+litterature+fantastique&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=46-62&rft.pub=Seuil&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=2020043742&rft.aulast=Torodov&rft.aufirst=Tzvetan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFantastique" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteinmetz2008" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Steinmetz, Jean-Luc (2008). "I. III. Théories". <i>La littérature fantastique</i> (in French). Paris: Puf. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-13-057054-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-13-057054-7"><bdi>978-2-13-057054-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=I.+III.+Th%C3%A9ories&rft.btitle=La+litt%C3%A9rature+fantastique&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Puf&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-2-13-057054-7&rft.aulast=Steinmetz&rft.aufirst=Jean-Luc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFantastique" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTodorov1976" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Todorov, Tzvetan (1976). <i>Introduction à la litterature fantastique</i> (in French). Paris: Seuils. pp. 28–45. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2020043742" title="Special:BookSources/2020043742"><bdi>2020043742</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+%C3%A0+la+litterature+fantastique&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=28-45&rft.pub=Seuils&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=2020043742&rft.aulast=Todorov&rft.aufirst=Tzvetan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFantastique" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.litencyc.com/php/stopics.php?rec=true&UID=1215">"Fantastic, The"</a>. <i>www.litencyc.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-12-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.litencyc.com&rft.atitle=Fantastic%2C+The&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.litencyc.com%2Fphp%2Fstopics.php%3Frec%3Dtrue%26UID%3D1215&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFantastique" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTodorov1973" class="citation book cs1">Todorov, Tzvetan (1973). <i>The Fantastic: A Structural Approach to a Literary Genre</i>. Translated by Howard, Richard. Cleveland: Case Western Reserve University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fantastic%3A+A+Structural+Approach+to+a+Literary+Genre&rft.place=Cleveland&rft.pub=Case+Western+Reserve+University+Press&rft.date=1973&rft.aulast=Todorov&rft.aufirst=Tzvetan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFantastique" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLem" class="citation web cs1">Lem, Stanislaw. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.depauw.edu/sfs/backissues/4/lem4art.htm">"Todorov's Fantastic Theory of Literature"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Todorov%27s+Fantastic+Theory+of+Literature&rft.aulast=Lem&rft.aufirst=Stanislaw&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.depauw.edu%2Fsfs%2Fbackissues%2F4%2Flem4art.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFantastique" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteinmetz2008" class="citation book cs1">Steinmetz, Jean-Luc (2008). "I. II. Frontières : le merveilleux, la féerie, la science-fiction". <i>La littérature fantastique</i>. Paris: Presses universitaires de France. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-13-057054-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-13-057054-7"><bdi>978-2-13-057054-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=I.+II.+Fronti%C3%A8res+%3A+le+merveilleux%2C+la+f%C3%A9erie%2C+la+science-fiction&rft.btitle=La+litt%C3%A9rature+fantastique&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Presses+universitaires+de+France&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-2-13-057054-7&rft.aulast=Steinmetz&rft.aufirst=Jean-Luc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFantastique" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMendlesohn2008" class="citation book cs1">Mendlesohn, Farah (2008). "Introduction: The Intrusion Fantasy". <i>Rhetorics of Fantasy</i>. Middletown, Conn.: Wesleyan University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8195-6868-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8195-6868-7"><bdi>978-0-8195-6868-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction%3A+The+Intrusion+Fantasy&rft.btitle=Rhetorics+of+Fantasy&rft.place=Middletown%2C+Conn.&rft.pub=Wesleyan+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-8195-6868-7&rft.aulast=Mendlesohn&rft.aufirst=Farah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFantastique" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteinmetz2008" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Steinmetz, Jean-Luc (2008). "III. Commencements". <i>La littérature fantastique</i> (in French). Paris: Presses universitaires de France. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-13-057054-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-13-057054-7"><bdi>978-2-13-057054-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=III.+Commencements&rft.btitle=La+litt%C3%A9rature+fantastique&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Presses+universitaires+de+France&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-2-13-057054-7&rft.aulast=Steinmetz&rft.aufirst=Jean-Luc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFantastique" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:8-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:8_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteinmetz2008" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Steinmetz, Jean-Luc (2008). "III. III. Les premières œuvres". <i>La littérature fantastique</i> (in French). Paris: Presses universitaires de France. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-13-057054-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-13-057054-7"><bdi>978-2-13-057054-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=III.+III.+Les+premi%C3%A8res+%C5%93uvres&rft.btitle=La+litt%C3%A9rature+fantastique&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Presses+universitaires+de+France&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-2-13-057054-7&rft.aulast=Steinmetz&rft.aufirst=Jean-Luc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFantastique" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPezard2017" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Pezard, Émilie (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fabula.org/colloques/document4094.php">"Un genre fondé sur le " goût de l'atroce " : le romantisme frénétique »"</a>. <i>Fabula</i> (in French).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Fabula&rft.atitle=Un+genre+fond%C3%A9+sur+le+%22+go%C3%BBt+de+l%27atroce+%22+%3A+le+romantisme+fr%C3%A9n%C3%A9tique+%C2%BB&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Pezard&rft.aufirst=%C3%89milie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fabula.org%2Fcolloques%2Fdocument4094.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFantastique" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteinmetz1960" class="citation book cs1">Steinmetz, Jean-Luc (1960). "IV. Fantaisies de l'Allemagne romantique". <i>La littérature fantastique</i>. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-13-057054-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-13-057054-7"><bdi>978-2-13-057054-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=IV.+Fantaisies+de+l%27Allemagne+romantique&rft.btitle=La+litt%C3%A9rature+fantastique&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Presses+Universitaires+de+France&rft.date=1960&rft.isbn=978-2-13-057054-7&rft.aulast=Steinmetz&rft.aufirst=Jean-Luc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFantastique" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaronian2007" class="citation book cs1">Baronian, Jean-Baptiste (2007). "Nodier et Balzac : une première synthèse". <i>Panorama de la littérature fantastique de langue française</i>. éditions de La Table Ronde. p. 58.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Nodier+et+Balzac+%3A+une+premi%C3%A8re+synth%C3%A8se&rft.btitle=Panorama+de+la+litt%C3%A9rature+fantastique+de+langue+fran%C3%A7aise&rft.pages=58&rft.pub=%C3%A9ditions+de+La+Table+Ronde&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Baronian&rft.aufirst=Jean-Baptiste&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFantastique" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteinmetz2008" class="citation book cs1">Steinmetz, Jean-Luc (2008). "V. I. Rêveries de Nodier (1780-1844)". <i>La littérature fantastique</i>. Que sais-je ? (5e éd. mise à jour ed.). Paris: PUF. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-13-057054-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-13-057054-7"><bdi>978-2-13-057054-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=V.+I.+R%C3%AAveries+de+Nodier+%281780-1844%29&rft.btitle=La+litt%C3%A9rature+fantastique&rft.place=Paris&rft.series=Que+sais-je+%3F&rft.edition=5e+%C3%A9d.+mise+%C3%A0+jour&rft.pub=PUF&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-2-13-057054-7&rft.aulast=Steinmetz&rft.aufirst=Jean-Luc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFantastique" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteinmetz2008" class="citation book cs1">Steinmetz, Jean-Luc (2008). "V. III. La vis humana de Balzac". <i>La littérature fantastique</i>. Que sais-je ? (5e éd. mise à jour ed.). Paris: PUF. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-13-057054-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-13-057054-7"><bdi>978-2-13-057054-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=V.+III.+La+vis+humana+de+Balzac&rft.btitle=La+litt%C3%A9rature+fantastique&rft.place=Paris&rft.series=Que+sais-je+%3F&rft.edition=5e+%C3%A9d.+mise+%C3%A0+jour&rft.pub=PUF&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-2-13-057054-7&rft.aulast=Steinmetz&rft.aufirst=Jean-Luc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFantastique" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteinmetz2008" class="citation book cs1">Steinmetz, Jean-Luc (2008). "V. II. Résurrections de Théophile Gautier". <i>La littérature fantastique</i>. Que sais-je ? (5e éd. mise à jour ed.). Paris: PUF. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-13-057054-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-13-057054-7"><bdi>978-2-13-057054-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=V.+II.+R%C3%A9surrections+de+Th%C3%A9ophile+Gautier&rft.btitle=La+litt%C3%A9rature+fantastique&rft.place=Paris&rft.series=Que+sais-je+%3F&rft.edition=5e+%C3%A9d.+mise+%C3%A0+jour&rft.pub=PUF&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-2-13-057054-7&rft.aulast=Steinmetz&rft.aufirst=Jean-Luc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFantastique" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteinmetz2008" class="citation book cs1">Steinmetz, Jean-Luc (2008). "V. IV. La rigueur de Mérimée". <i>La littérature fantastique</i>. Que sais-je ? (5e éd. mise à jour ed.). Paris: PUF. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-13-057054-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-13-057054-7"><bdi>978-2-13-057054-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=V.+IV.+La+rigueur+de+M%C3%A9rim%C3%A9e&rft.btitle=La+litt%C3%A9rature+fantastique&rft.place=Paris&rft.series=Que+sais-je+%3F&rft.edition=5e+%C3%A9d.+mise+%C3%A0+jour&rft.pub=PUF&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-2-13-057054-7&rft.aulast=Steinmetz&rft.aufirst=Jean-Luc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFantastique" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaronian2007" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Baronian, Jean-Baptiste (2007). <i>Panorama de la littérature fantastique de langue française</i> (in French). éditions de La Table Ronde. p. 111.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Panorama+de+la+litt%C3%A9rature+fantastique+de+langue+fran%C3%A7aise&rft.pages=111&rft.pub=%C3%A9ditions+de+La+Table+Ronde&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Baronian&rft.aufirst=Jean-Baptiste&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFantastique" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteinmetz2008" class="citation book cs1">Steinmetz, Jean-Luc (2008). "VI. III. Le naturalisme fantôme. L'œuvre de Maupassant". <i>La littérature fantastique</i>. Que sais-je ? (5e éd. mise à jour ed.). Paris: PUF. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-13-057054-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-13-057054-7"><bdi>978-2-13-057054-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=VI.+III.+Le+naturalisme+fant%C3%B4me.+L%E2%80%99%C5%93uvre+de+Maupassant&rft.btitle=La+litt%C3%A9rature+fantastique&rft.place=Paris&rft.series=Que+sais-je+%3F&rft.edition=5e+%C3%A9d.+mise+%C3%A0+jour&rft.pub=PUF&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-2-13-057054-7&rft.aulast=Steinmetz&rft.aufirst=Jean-Luc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFantastique" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDrew2010" class="citation book cs1">Drew, Bernard A. (March 8, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=c91Vrl20Y4sC&q=Cyprien+B%C3%A9rard&pg=PA171"><i>Literary Afterlife: The Posthumous Continuations of 325 Authors' Fictional Characters</i></a>. McFarland. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780786457212" title="Special:BookSources/9780786457212"><bdi>9780786457212</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Literary+Afterlife%3A+The+Posthumous+Continuations+of+325+Authors%27+Fictional+Characters&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2010-03-08&rft.isbn=9780786457212&rft.aulast=Drew&rft.aufirst=Bernard+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dc91Vrl20Y4sC%26q%3DCyprien%2BB%25C3%25A9rard%26pg%3DPA171&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFantastique" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaronian2007" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Baronian, Jean-Baptiste (2007). "Symbolisme, allégorie et fantastique". <i>Panorama de la littérature fantastique de langue française</i> (in French). éditions de La Table Ronde. p. 136.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Symbolisme%2C+all%C3%A9gorie+et+fantastique&rft.btitle=Panorama+de+la+litt%C3%A9rature+fantastique+de+langue+fran%C3%A7aise&rft.pages=136&rft.pub=%C3%A9ditions+de+La+Table+Ronde&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Baronian&rft.aufirst=Jean-Baptiste&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFantastique" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaronian2007" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Baronian, Jean-Baptiste (2007). <i>Panorama de la littérature fantastique de langue française</i> (in French). éditions de La Table Ronde. p. 129.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Panorama+de+la+litt%C3%A9rature+fantastique+de+langue+fran%C3%A7aise&rft.pages=129&rft.pub=%C3%A9ditions+de+La+Table+Ronde&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Baronian&rft.aufirst=Jean-Baptiste&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFantastique" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinné1973" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Finné, Jacques (1973). <i>L'Amérique fantastique</i> (in French). Marabout. p. 173.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=L%27Am%C3%A9rique+fantastique&rft.pages=173&rft.pub=Marabout&rft.date=1973&rft.aulast=Finn%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=Jacques&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFantastique" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Edmond Jaloux, preface of <i>Tour d'écrou</i>, collection Marabout Fantastique No. 412 412.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinné1973" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Finné, Jacques (1973). <i>L'Amérique fantastique</i> (in French). Marabout. p. 37.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=L%27Am%C3%A9rique+fantastique&rft.pages=37&rft.pub=Marabout&rft.date=1973&rft.aulast=Finn%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=Jacques&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFantastique" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">His fantastique stories were collected in the French anthology <i>La vieille fille blanche et autres contes fantastiques</i>, published by Marabout in 1973.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This collection was published in French by Neo editions under the name <i>Car la vie est dans le sang</i>, based on the title of one of its best short stories.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jean-Pierre Bours, <i>Ce que dit la bouche d'ombre</i>, preface of the anthology <i>La Russie fantastique</i>, Marabout, 1975.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:7-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:7_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_34-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteinmetz2008" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Steinmetz, Jean-Luc (2008). "VII. I. L'Allemagne expressionniste". <i>La littérature fantastique</i> (in French). Paris: Presses universitaires de France. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-13-057054-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-13-057054-7"><bdi>978-2-13-057054-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=VII.+I.+L%27Allemagne+expressionniste&rft.btitle=La+litt%C3%A9rature+fantastique&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Presses+universitaires+de+France&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-2-13-057054-7&rft.aulast=Steinmetz&rft.aufirst=Jean-Luc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFantastique" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Peter Assman, <i>Alfred Kubin 1877-1959</i>, 1995.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaronian1975" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Baronian, Jean-Baptiste (1975). "Un fantastique de réaction". <i>La Belgique fantastique</i> (in French). éditions Marabout. p. 6.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Un+fantastique+de+r%C3%A9action&rft.btitle=La+Belgique+fantastique&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=%C3%A9ditions+Marabout&rft.date=1975&rft.aulast=Baronian&rft.aufirst=Jean-Baptiste&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFantastique" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaronian1975" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Baronian, Jean-Baptiste (1975). "Un fantastique de réaction". <i>La Belgique fantastique</i> (in French). éditions Marabout. p. 7.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Un+fantastique+de+r%C3%A9action&rft.btitle=La+Belgique+fantastique&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=%C3%A9ditions+Marabout&rft.date=1975&rft.aulast=Baronian&rft.aufirst=Jean-Baptiste&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFantastique" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaronian1975" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Baronian, Jean-Baptiste (1975). <i>La Belgique fantastique</i> (in French). éditions Marabout. p. 225.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+Belgique+fantastique&rft.pages=225&rft.pub=%C3%A9ditions+Marabout&rft.date=1975&rft.aulast=Baronian&rft.aufirst=Jean-Baptiste&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFantastique" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaronian1975" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Baronian, Jean-Baptiste (1975). <i>La Belgique fantastique</i> (in French). éditions Marabout. p. 240.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+Belgique+fantastique&rft.pages=240&rft.pub=%C3%A9ditions+Marabout&rft.date=1975&rft.aulast=Baronian&rft.aufirst=Jean-Baptiste&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFantastique" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteinmetz2008" class="citation book cs1">Steinmetz, Jean-Luc (2008). "VII. II. Le surréalisme et le merveilleux". <i>La littérature fantastique</i>. Que sais-je ? (5e éd. mise à jour ed.). Paris: PUF. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-13-057054-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-13-057054-7"><bdi>978-2-13-057054-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=VII.+II.+Le+surr%C3%A9alisme+et+le+merveilleux&rft.btitle=La+litt%C3%A9rature+fantastique&rft.place=Paris&rft.series=Que+sais-je+%3F&rft.edition=5e+%C3%A9d.+mise+%C3%A0+jour&rft.pub=PUF&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-2-13-057054-7&rft.aulast=Steinmetz&rft.aufirst=Jean-Luc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFantastique" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGamboa2016" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Gamboa, Santiago (2016-06-14). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://elpais.com/cultura/2016/06/14/actualidad/1465892737_814080.html">"Jorge Luis Borges, 30 años después"</a>. <i>El País</i> (in Spanish). <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1134-6582">1134-6582</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-06-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=El+Pa%C3%ADs&rft.atitle=Jorge+Luis+Borges%2C+30+a%C3%B1os+despu%C3%A9s&rft.date=2016-06-14&rft.issn=1134-6582&rft.aulast=Gamboa&rft.aufirst=Santiago&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Felpais.com%2Fcultura%2F2016%2F06%2F14%2Factualidad%2F1465892737_814080.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFantastique" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Todorov, Tzvetan, <i>The Fantastic: A Structural Approach to a Literary Genre</i><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GkfzchghgcQC&pg=PR3&lpg=PP1&vq=vampires&ie=ISO-8859-1&output=html">[1]</a>, trans. by Richard Howard (Cleveland: Case Western Reserve University Press, 1973), p. 33</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Manguel, Alberto, <i>Blackwater: the book of Fantastic literature</i> Picador, London, 1984 introduction</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Todorov, Tzvetan, <i>The Fantastic: A Structural Approach to a Literary Genre</i><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GkfzchghgcQC&pg=PR3&lpg=PP1&vq=vampires&ie=ISO-8859-1&output=html">[2]</a>, trans. by Richard Howard (Cleveland: Case Western Reserve University Press, 1973)</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fantastique&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Baronian" title="Jean-Baptiste Baronian">Jean-Baptiste Baronian</a>, <i>Panorama de la littérature fantastique de langue française</i>, Stock, 1978.</li> <li>Roger Bozzetto, <i>L’Obscur objet d’un savoir, fantastique et science-fiction, deux littératures de l’imaginaire</i>, Aix-Marseille, Université de Provence, 1992.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Brion" title="Marcel Brion">Marcel Brion</a>, <i>Art fantastique</i>, Albin Michel, 1989.</li> <li>Pierre Brunel et Juliette Vion-Dury (dir.), <i>Dictionnaire des mythes du fantastique</i>, Limoges, PULIM, 2003, 297 p., <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-84287-276-2" title="Special:BookSources/2-84287-276-2">2-84287-276-2</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://questionsdecommunication.revues.org/2517">online</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Caillois" title="Roger Caillois">Roger Caillois</a>, <i>De la féerie à la science-fiction</i>, preface of <i>Anthologie du fantastique</i>, Gallimard, 1966.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Georges_Castex" title="Pierre-Georges Castex">Pierre-Georges Castex</a>, <i>Le conte fantastique en France de Nodier à Maupassant</i>, José Corti, 1951.</li> <li>Alain Chareyre-Méjan, <i>Le réel et le fantastique</i>, L'Harmattan, 1999.</li> <li>Jean Fabre, <i>Le Miroir de sorcière : Essai sur la littérature fantastique</i>, José Corti, 1992 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2714304494" title="Special:BookSources/2714304494">2714304494</a>.</li> <li>Jacques Finné, <i>La Littérature fantastique</i>, Bruxelles, Éditions de l'Université de Bruxelles, 1980.</li> <li>Jacques Finné, <i>Panorama de la littérature fantastique américaine</i>, Dinan, Terre de Brume, 2018.</li> <li>Denis Labbé et Gilbert Millet, <i>Le Fantastique</i>, Belin, 2005.</li> <li>Jean Le Guennec : <ul><li><i>Raison et déraison dans le récit fantastique</i>, l’Harmattan, 2003.</li> <li><i>États de l’inconscient dans le récit fantastique</i>, l’Harmattan, 2002.</li></ul></li> <li>Éric Lysøe : <ul><li><i>Littératures fantastiques. Belgique, terre de l'étrange</i>, Labor, 2003.</li> <li><i>Les Kermesses de l'étrange</i>, Nizet, 1993.</li> <li>« Pour une théorie générale du fantastique », <i>Colloquium Helveticum</i>, No. 33, 2002 [2003], p. 37-66.</li> <li>Preface et notes of <i>Voyage à Visbecq</i>, fantastique novel of 1794 written by an anonymous Belgian writer, Anacharsis, 2007 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.lekti-ecriture.com/editeurs/VOYAGE-A-VISBECQ.html">[3]</a>.</li></ul></li> <li>Joël Malrieu, <i>Le Fantastique</i>, Hachette, Paris, 1992.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Milner" title="Max Milner">Max Milner</a>, <i>La Fantasmagorie, essai sur l’optique fantastique</i>, PUF, Paris, 1982.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mario_Praz" title="Mario Praz">Mario Praz</a> : <ul><li><i>Le Pacte avec le serpent</i>, 3 volumes, Christian Bourgois, 1989, 1990, 1991.</li> <li><i>La Chair, la Mort et le Diable : Le romantisme noir</i>, Gallimard/Tel, 1998.</li></ul></li> <li>Anne Richter, <i>Le Fantastique féminin, un art sauvage</i>, essai, L'Âge d'Homme, Lausanne, 2011.</li> <li>Anne Richter, <i>Le Fantastique féminin, d'Ann Radcliffe à Patricia Highsmith</i>, anthologie, Complexe, Bruxelles, 1995.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Papini" title="Giovanni Papini">Giovanni Papini</a>, <i>Concerto fantastique : toutes les nouvelles</i>. Éditions l'Âge d'Homme, 2010.</li> <li>Jean-Luc Steinmetz, <i>La littérature fantastique</i>, Presses Universitaires de France, 1960.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzvetan_Todorov" title="Tzvetan Todorov">Tzvetan Todorov</a>, <i>Introduction à la littérature fantastique</i>, Seuil, 1971.</li> <li>Louis Vax : <ul><li><i>La séduction de l'étrange. Étude sur la littérature fantastique</i>, Presses Universitaires de France, 1964.</li> <li><i>L'art et la littérature fantastique</i>, Presses Universitaires de France, 1960.</li></ul></li> <li>Sous la direction de Valérie Tritter, <i>L'encyclopédie du fantastique</i>, Éditions Ellipses, 2010.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jad_Hatem" title="Jad Hatem">Jad Hatem</a>, <i>La Genèse du monde fantastique en littérature</i>, Bucarest, Zeta Books, 2008.</li> <li>François Thirion, <i>De l'objet-piège à la liberté de l'imaginaire</i>, CSIPP, 2012.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lofficier.com/frenchsf.htm">French Science Fiction, Fantasy, Horror and Pulp Fiction</a> by <a href="/wiki/Jean-Marc_Lofficier" title="Jean-Marc Lofficier">Jean-Marc Lofficier</a> & <a href="/wiki/Randy_Lofficier" class="mw-redirect" title="Randy Lofficier">Randy Lofficier</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7864-0596-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-7864-0596-1">0-7864-0596-1</a>.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Fantasy_fiction" style="text-align:center;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Fantasy_fiction" title="Template:Fantasy fiction"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Fantasy_fiction" title="Template talk:Fantasy fiction"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Fantasy_fiction" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Fantasy fiction"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Fantasy_fiction" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Fantasy" title="Fantasy">Fantasy fiction</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_fantasy" title="History of fantasy">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_literature" title="Fantasy literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_in_fiction" title="Magic in fiction">Magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_history_of_fantasy" title="Early history of fantasy">Sources</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Subgenres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Action-adventure <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lost_world" title="Lost world">Lost world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sword_and_sorcery" title="Sword and sorcery">Sword and sorcery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuxia" title="Wuxia">Wuxia‎</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternate_history" title="Alternate history">Alternate history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_fantasy" title="Contemporary fantasy">Contemporary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_fantasy" title="Children's fantasy">Children's fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_comedy" title="Fantasy comedy">Comedy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangsian_fantasy" title="Bangsian fantasy">Bangsian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_fantasy" title="Dark fantasy">Dark fantasy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grimdark" title="Grimdark">Grimdark</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairy_tale_parody" title="Fairy tale parody">Fairy tale parodies</a>‎</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairytale_fantasy" title="Fairytale fantasy">Fairytale fantasy</a>‎</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Fantastique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_of_manners" title="Fantasy of manners">Fantasy of manners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hard_fantasy" title="Hard fantasy">Hard fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_fantasy" title="High fantasy">High fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_fantasy" title="Historical fantasy">Historical fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isekai" title="Isekai">Isekai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LitRPG" title="LitRPG">LitRPG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_fantasy" title="Low fantasy">Low fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magical_girl" title="Magical girl">Magical girl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythic_fiction" title="Mythic fiction">Mythic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mythpunk" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythpunk">Mythpunk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythopoeia" title="Mythopoeia">Mythopoeia‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omegaverse" title="Omegaverse">Omegaverse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_fantasy" title="Romantic fantasy">Romantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fantasy" title="Science fantasy">Science fantasy</a>‎ <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dying_Earth_(genre)" title="Dying Earth (genre)">Dying Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_romance" title="Planetary romance">Planetary romance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gods_and_demons_fiction" title="Gods and demons fiction">Shenmo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_fantasy" title="Urban fantasy">Urban fantasy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Occult_detective_fiction" title="Occult detective fiction">Occult detective fiction‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paranormal_romance" title="Paranormal romance">Paranormal romance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weird_fiction" title="Weird fiction">Weird fiction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_weird" title="New weird">New weird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weird_West" title="Weird West">Weird West</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_Western" class="mw-redirect" title="Fantasy Western">West‎ern fantasy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_film" title="Fantasy film">Film</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fantasy_television" title="Fantasy television">television</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fantasy_anime" title="List of fantasy anime">Anime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_fantasy_films" title="Lists of fantasy films">Films</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_highest-grossing_fantasy_films" title="List of highest-grossing fantasy films">highest-grossing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sword_and_sorcery_films" title="List of sword and sorcery films">S&S</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fantasy_television_programs" title="List of fantasy television programs">Television programs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_literature" title="Fantasy literature">Literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fantasy_authors" title="List of fantasy authors">Authors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballantine_Adult_Fantasy_series" title="Ballantine Adult Fantasy series">Ballantine Adult Fantasy series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_comics" title="Fantasy comics">Comics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fantasy_comics" title="List of fantasy comics">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Encyclopedia_of_Fantasy" title="The Encyclopedia of Fantasy">The Encyclopedia of Fantasy</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_Masterworks" title="Fantasy Masterworks">Fantasy Masterworks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Speculative_Fiction_Database" title="Internet Speculative Fiction Database">Internet Speculative Fiction Database</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fantasy_novels" class="mw-redirect" title="List of fantasy novels">List of novels</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fantasy_novels_(A%E2%80%93H)" title="List of fantasy novels (A–H)">A–H</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fantasy_novels_(I%E2%80%93R)" title="List of fantasy novels (I–R)">I–R</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fantasy_novels_(S%E2%80%93Z)" title="List of fantasy novels (S–Z)">S–Z</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fantasy_story_collections" title="List of fantasy story collections">List of story collections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_publishers" title="List of science fiction publishers">Publishers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_fiction_magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Fantasy fiction magazine">Magazines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Fantastic_(magazine)" title="Fantastic (magazine)">Fantastic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fantastic_Adventures" title="Fantastic Adventures">Fantastic Adventures</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Locus_(magazine)" title="Locus (magazine)">Locus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Magazine_of_Fantasy_%26_Science_Fiction" title="The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction">The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Science_Fantasy_(magazine)" title="Science Fantasy (magazine)">Science Fantasy</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Unknown_(magazine)" title="Unknown (magazine)">Unknown</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Weird_Tales" title="Weird Tales">Weird Tales</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dungeons_%26_Dragons" title="Dungeons & Dragons">Dungeons & Dragons</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9erie" title="Féerie">Féeries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_podcast" title="Fantasy podcast">Podcasts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Awards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balrog_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Balrog Award">Balrog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Fantasy_Award" title="British Fantasy Award">British Fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crawford_Award" title="Crawford Award">Crawford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragon_Awards" title="Dragon Awards">Dragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandalf_Award" title="Gandalf Award">Gandalf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Gemmell_Awards_for_Fantasy" title="David Gemmell Awards for Fantasy">Gemmell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Award" title="Hugo Award">Hugo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Fantasy_Award" title="International Fantasy Award">International Fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_Fantasy_Novel_Award" title="Japan Fantasy Novel Award">Japan Fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locus_Award" title="Locus Award">Locus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9li%C3%A8s_d%27Or" title="Méliès d'Or">Méliès d'Or</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythopoeic_Awards" title="Mythopoeic Awards">Mythopoeic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebula_Award" title="Nebula Award">Nebula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturn_Awards" title="Saturn Awards">Saturn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A4htifantasia_Award" title="Tähtifantasia Award">Tähtifantasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Fantasy_Award" title="World Fantasy Award">World Fantasy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_fandom" title="Fantasy fandom">Fandom</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fantastic_art" title="Fantastic art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fanspeak" title="Fanspeak">Fanspeak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filk_music" title="Filk music">Filk music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Potter_fandom" title="Harry Potter fandom"><i>Harry Potter</i> fandom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Inklings" class="mw-redirect" title="The Inklings">The Inklings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lovecraft_fandom" title="Lovecraft fandom">Lovecraft fandom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythopoeic_Society" title="Mythopoeic Society">Mythopoeic Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_fandom" title="Tolkien fandom">Tolkien fandom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_influence_on_fantasy" class="mw-redirect" title="Tolkien's influence on fantasy">Tolkien's influence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Works_inspired_by_J._R._R._Tolkien" class="mw-redirect" title="Works inspired by J. R. R. Tolkien">Works inspired by J. R. R. Tolkien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Fantasy_Convention" title="World Fantasy Convention">World Fantasy Convention</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_trope" title="Fantasy trope">Tropes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Legendary_creature" title="Legendary creature">Creatures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angel" title="Angel">Angels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demon" title="Demon">Demons</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Devil" title="Devil">Devils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghoul" title="Ghoul">Ghouls</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elemental" title="Elemental">Elementals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairy" title="Fairy">Faeries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familiar" title="Familiar">Familiars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire-breathing_monster" title="Fire-breathing monster">Fire-breathing monsters</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chimera_(mythology)" title="Chimera (mythology)">Chimera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragon" title="Dragon">Dragons</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gargoyle_(monster)" title="Gargoyle (monster)">Gargoyles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imp" title="Imp">Imps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinn" title="Jinn">Jinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nymph" title="Nymph">Nymphs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shapeshifting" title="Shapeshifting">Shapeshifters</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Werecat" title="Werecat">Werecats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werewolf" title="Werewolf">Werewolves</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skin-walker" title="Skin-walker">Skin-walkers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supernatural#Spirit" title="Supernatural">Spirits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talking_animals_in_fiction" title="Talking animals in fiction">Talking animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Undead" title="Undead">Undead</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Personifications_of_death" title="Personifications of death">Death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost" title="Ghost">Ghosts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lich" title="Lich">Liches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mummy_(undead)" title="Mummy (undead)">Mummies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skeleton_(undead)" title="Skeleton (undead)">Skeletons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vampire" title="Vampire">Vampires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zombie" title="Zombie">Zombies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unicorn" title="Unicorn">Unicorns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y%C5%8Dkai" title="Yōkai">Yōkai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_stock_characters" title="List of stock characters">Characters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barbarian" title="Barbarian">Barbarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caveman" title="Caveman">Caveman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damsel_in_distress" title="Damsel in distress">Damsel in distress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_lord" title="Dark lord">Dark lord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donor_(fairy_tale)" title="Donor (fairy tale)">Donor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragonslayer" title="Dragonslayer">Dragonslayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairy_godmother" title="Fairy godmother">Fairy godmother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hero" title="Hero">Heroes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magician_(fantasy)" title="Magician (fantasy)">Magicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occult_detective_fiction" title="Occult detective fiction">Occult detective</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_and_fantasy_detectives" title="List of science fiction and fantasy detectives">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_man" title="Wild man">Wild man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witchcraft" title="Witchcraft">Witches</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Magic_in_fiction" title="Magic in fiction">Magic system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hard_and_soft_magic_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Hard and soft magic systems">Hard and soft</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_element" title="Classical element">Elements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_magic" title="Black magic">Dark</a>/<a href="/wiki/Gray_magic" title="Gray magic">neutral</a>/<a href="/wiki/White_magic" title="White magic">light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_magic" title="Ceremonial magic">Ceremonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love_magic" title="Love magic">Love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moon_magic" title="Moon magic">Moon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_item" title="Magic item">Magic item</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grimoire" title="Grimoire">Grimoire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_ring" title="Magic ring">Magic ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_magical_weapons" title="List of magical weapons">Magical weapons</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Magic_sword" title="Magic sword">Magic sword</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runes" class="mw-redirect" title="Runes">Runes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wand" title="Wand">Wand</a></li></ul></li> <li>Schools <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alchemy" title="Alchemy">Alchemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demonology" title="Demonology">Demonology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divination" title="Divination">Divination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egregore" title="Egregore">Egregore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evocation" title="Evocation">Evocation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incantation" title="Incantation">Incantation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necromancy" title="Necromancy">Necromancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runic_magic" title="Runic magic">Runecraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamanism" title="Shamanism">Shamanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shapeshifting" title="Shapeshifting">Shapeshifting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaumaturgy" title="Thaumaturgy">Thaumaturgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theurgy" title="Theurgy">Theurgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witchcraft" title="Witchcraft">Witchcraft</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_races" class="mw-redirect" title="Fantasy races">Fantasy races</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centaur" title="Centaur">Centaurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwarf_(folklore)" title="Dwarf (folklore)">Dwarves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elf" title="Elf">Elves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ent" title="Ent">Treants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giant" title="Giant">Giants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnome" title="Gnome">Gnomes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goblin" title="Goblin">Goblins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gremlin" title="Gremlin">Gremlins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halfling" title="Halfling">Halflings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hobgoblin" title="Hobgoblin">Hobgoblins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kobold" title="Kobold">Kobolds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leprechaun" title="Leprechaun">Leprechauns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merfolk" title="Merfolk">Merfolk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mermaid" title="Mermaid">Mermaids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merman" title="Merman">Mermen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogre" title="Ogre">Ogres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oni" title="Oni">Oni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orc" title="Orc">Orcs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troll" title="Troll">Trolls</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_mythological_places" title="List of mythological places">Places and events</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quest" title="Quest">Quests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_world" title="Fantasy world">Worlds</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fantasy_worlds" title="List of fantasy worlds">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_map" class="mw-redirect" title="Fantasy map">Maps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lost_city_(fiction)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lost city (fiction)">Lost city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subterranean_fiction" title="Subterranean fiction">Hollow Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astral_plane" title="Astral plane">Astral plane</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dream_world_(plot_device)" title="Dream world (plot device)">Dreamworld</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castle" title="Castle">Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enchanted_forest" title="Enchanted forest">Enchanted forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thieves%27_guild" title="Thieves' guild">Thieves' guild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_schools#Magic_schools" title="List of fictional schools">Magic school</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allegory" title="Allegory">Allegory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epic_poetry" title="Epic poetry">Epic poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fable" title="Fable">Fable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairy_tale" title="Fairy tale">Fairy tale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_story" title="Ghost story">Ghost stories</a>‎</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_fiction" title="Gothic fiction">Gothic fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_fiction" title="Horror fiction">Horror fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_themes_in_speculative_fiction" title="LGBT themes in speculative fiction">LGBT themes in speculative fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mecha" title="Mecha">Mecha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myth" title="Myth">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction" title="Science fiction">Science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supernatural_fiction" title="Supernatural fiction">Supernatural fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superhero_fiction" title="Superhero fiction">Superhero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokusatsu" title="Tokusatsu">Tokusatsu‎</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaiju" title="Kaiju">Kaiju</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_legends_and_myths" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban legends and myths">Urban legend</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_fantasy" title="Outline of fantasy">Outline</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Fantasy" title="Category:Fantasy">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Horror_fiction" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Horror_fiction" title="Template:Horror fiction"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Horror_fiction" title="Template talk:Horror fiction"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Horror_fiction" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Horror fiction"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Horror_fiction" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Horror_fiction" title="Horror fiction">Horror fiction</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Speculative_fiction" title="Speculative fiction">Speculative fiction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_horror_anime" title="List of horror anime">Anime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_comics" title="Horror comics">Comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_film" title="Horror film">Films</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_horror_films" title="History of horror films">History</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_fiction_magazine" title="Horror fiction magazine">Magazines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_podcast" title="Horror podcast">Podcasts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_horror_television_programs" title="List of horror television programs">Television programs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_video_game" class="mw-redirect" title="Horror video game">Video games</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_horror_video_games" class="mw-redirect" title="List of horror video games">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_horror" title="Art horror">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_horror" title="Black horror">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_horror" title="Body horror">Body</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannibal_film" title="Cannibal film">Cannibal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_horror" title="Christmas horror">Christmas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_horror" title="Comedy horror">Comedy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zombie_comedy" title="Zombie comedy">Zombie</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creepypasta" title="Creepypasta">Creepypasta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmicism" title="Cosmicism">Cosmic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_fantasy" title="Dark fantasy">Dark fantasy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dark_Romanticism" title="Dark Romanticism">Dark Romanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Works_based_on_Faust" title="Works based on Faust">Faustian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grimdark" title="Grimdark">Grimdark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Splatterpunk" title="Splatterpunk">Splatterpunk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erotic_horror" title="Erotic horror">Erotic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ero_guro" title="Ero guro">Guro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monster_erotica" title="Monster erotica">Monster erotica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zombie_pornography" title="Zombie pornography">Zombie pornography</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_horror" title="Folk horror">Folk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_story" title="Ghost story">Ghost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giallo" title="Giallo">Giallo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_giallo_films" title="List of giallo films">List of films</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_fiction" title="Gothic fiction">Gothic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Gothic_fiction" title="American Gothic fiction">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Gothic" title="Southern Gothic">Southern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Ontario_Gothic" title="Southern Ontario Gothic">Southern Ontario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suburban_Gothic" title="Suburban Gothic">Suburban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tasmanian_Gothic" title="Tasmanian Gothic">Tasmanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_Gothic" title="Urban Gothic">Urban</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_horror" title="Japanese horror">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_horror" title="Korean horror">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lovecraftian_horror" title="Lovecraftian horror">Lovecraftian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monster" title="Monster">Monsters</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jiangshi_fiction" title="Jiangshi fiction">Jiangshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vampire_literature" title="Vampire literature">Vampire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werewolf_fiction" title="Werewolf fiction">Werewolf</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occult_detective_fiction" title="Occult detective fiction">Occult detective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organ_transplantation_in_fiction" title="Organ transplantation in fiction">Organ transplantation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penny_dreadful" title="Penny dreadful">Penny dreadful</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmodern_horror" title="Postmodern horror">Postmodern horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_horror" title="Psychological horror">Psychological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Survival_horror" title="Survival horror">Survival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Techno-horror" title="Techno-horror">Techno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weird_fiction" title="Weird fiction">Weird fiction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_weird" title="New weird">New weird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weird_menace" title="Weird menace">Weird menace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weird_West" title="Weird West">Weird West</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zombie_apocalypse" title="Zombie apocalypse">Zombie apocalypse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Monster" title="Monster">Monsters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demon" title="Demon">Demons</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Devil" title="Devil">Devils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghoul" title="Ghoul">Ghouls</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evil_clown" title="Evil clown">Evil clowns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrials_in_fiction" title="Extraterrestrials in fiction">Extraterrestrials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire-breathing_monster" title="Fire-breathing monster">Fire-breathing monsters</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chimera_(mythology)" title="Chimera (mythology)">Chimera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragon" title="Dragon">Dragons</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gargoyle_(monster)" title="Gargoyle (monster)">Gargoyles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaiju" title="Kaiju">Kaiju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killer_toy" title="Killer toy">Killer toy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutants_in_fiction" title="Mutants in fiction">Mutants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogre" title="Ogre">Ogres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_monster" title="Sea monster">Sea monster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piranha" title="Piranha">Piranha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shapeshifting" title="Shapeshifting">Therianthropes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Werecat" title="Werecat">Werecats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werewolf" title="Werewolf">Werewolves</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Undead" title="Undead">Undead</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Personifications_of_death" title="Personifications of death">Death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost" title="Ghost">Ghosts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mummy_(undead)" title="Mummy (undead)">Mummies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skeleton_(undead)" title="Skeleton (undead)">Skeletons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vampire" title="Vampire">Vampires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zombie" title="Zombie">Zombies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witchcraft" title="Witchcraft">Witches</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related genres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_comedy" title="Black comedy">Black comedy</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Fantastique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy" title="Fantasy">Fantasy fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mystery_fiction" title="Mystery fiction">Mystery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paranormal_fiction" title="Paranormal fiction">Paranormal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction" title="Science fiction">Science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gods_and_demons_fiction" title="Gods and demons fiction">Shenmo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supernatural_fiction" title="Supernatural fiction">Supernatural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thriller_(genre)" title="Thriller (genre)">Thriller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokusatsu" title="Tokusatsu">Tokusatsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_legends_and_myths" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban legends and myths">Urban legend</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Guignol" title="Grand Guignol">Grand Guignol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_horror_fiction_writers" title="List of horror fiction writers">Writers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_convention" title="Horror convention">Conventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_themes_in_horror_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT themes in horror fiction">LGBT themes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_horror_television_series_with_LGBT_characters" title="List of horror television series with LGBT characters">characters</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macabre" title="Macabre">Macabre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_host" title="Horror host">Horror host</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_punk" title="Horror punk">Horror punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deathrock" title="Deathrock">Deathrock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horrorcore" title="Horrorcore">Horrorcore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulgar_auteurism" title="Vulgar auteurism">Vulgar auteurism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pulp_magazine" title="Pulp magazine">Pulp magazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Speculative_Fiction_Database" title="Internet Speculative Fiction Database">Internet Speculative Fiction Database</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bram_Stoker_Award" title="Bram Stoker Award">Bram Stoker Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_nasty" title="Video nasty">Video nasties</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Horror_fiction" title="Category:Horror fiction">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Speculative_fiction/Horror" title="Portal:Speculative fiction/Horror">Portal</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Speculative_fiction" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Speculative_fiction" title="Template:Speculative fiction"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Speculative_fiction" title="Template talk:Speculative fiction"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Speculative_fiction" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Speculative fiction"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Speculative_fiction" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Speculative_fiction" title="Speculative fiction">Speculative fiction</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction" title="Science fiction">Science fiction</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_comics" title="Science fiction comics">Comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_film" title="Science fiction film">Films</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_science_fiction_films" title="Lists of science fiction films">list</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_magazine" title="Science fiction magazine">Magazines</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_novels" title="List of science fiction novels">list</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_on_television" title="Science fiction on television">Television</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Creators</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_and_fantasy_artists" title="List of science fiction and fantasy artists">list</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_authors" class="mw-redirect" title="List of science fiction authors">Authors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_editors" title="List of science fiction editors">Editors</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Studies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_awards" class="mw-redirect" title="List of science fiction awards">Awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Definitions_of_science_fiction" title="Definitions of science fiction">Definitions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_science_fiction" title="History of science fiction">History</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_genres" class="mw-redirect" title="List of science fiction genres">Subgenres</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternate_history" title="Alternate history">Alternate history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apocalyptic_and_post-apocalyptic_fiction" title="Apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction">Apocalyptic/post-apocalyptic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_fiction" title="Climate fiction">Climate fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comic_science_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Comic science fiction">Comic/comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberpunk" title="Cyberpunk">Cyberpunk</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cyberpunk_derivatives" title="Cyberpunk derivatives">derivatives</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dying_Earth_(genre)" title="Dying Earth (genre)">Dying Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_science_fiction" title="Feminist science fiction">Feminist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_history" title="Future history">Future history</a> (<a href="/wiki/Speculative_evolution" title="Speculative evolution">Speculative evolution</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_science_fiction" title="Military science fiction">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_opera" title="Space opera">Space opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Western" title="Space Western">Space Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tech-noir" class="mw-redirect" title="Tech-noir">Tech-noir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_themes" title="List of science fiction themes">Themes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Africanfuturism" title="Africanfuturism">Africanfuturism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrofuturism" title="Afrofuturism">Afrofuturism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrials_in_fiction" title="Extraterrestrials in fiction">Aliens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence_in_fiction" title="Artificial intelligence in fiction">AI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_universes_in_fiction" title="Parallel universes in fiction">Parallel universes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_travel_in_fiction" title="Time travel in fiction">Time travel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utopian_and_dystopian_fiction" title="Utopian and dystopian fiction">Utopia/dystopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_pirate" title="Space pirate">Space pirates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Subculture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_fandom" title="Science fiction fandom">Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_convention" title="Science fiction convention">Gathering</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_conventions" title="List of science fiction conventions">list</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fantasy" title="Fantasy">Fantasy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fantasy_anime" title="List of fantasy anime">Anime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantastic_art" title="Fantastic art">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fantastic_art" title="Fantastic art">Fantastic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_comics" title="Fantasy comics">Comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_film" title="Fantasy film">Fantasy film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_literature" title="Fantasy literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_fiction_magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Fantasy fiction magazine">Magazines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_television" title="Fantasy television">Television</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Creators</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fantasy_authors" title="List of fantasy authors">Authors</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Studies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/High_fantasy" title="High fantasy">High fantasy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_influence_on_fantasy" class="mw-redirect" title="Tolkien's influence on fantasy">Tolkien's influence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_literature" title="Fantasy literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_history_of_fantasy" title="Early history of fantasy">Sources</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_writing_genres" title="List of writing genres">Subgenres</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangsian_fantasy" title="Bangsian fantasy">Bangsian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comic_fantasy" class="mw-redirect" title="Comic fantasy">Comic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_fantasy" title="Contemporary fantasy">Contemporary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_fantasy" title="Dark fantasy">Dark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dying_Earth_(genre)" title="Dying Earth (genre)">Dying Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairytale_fantasy" title="Fairytale fantasy">Fairytale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore" title="Folklore">Folklore mythology (based)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaslamp_fantasy" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaslamp fantasy">Gaslamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hard_fantasy" title="Hard fantasy">Hard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_fantasy" title="High fantasy">High</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_fantasy" title="Historical fantasy">Historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lost_world" title="Lost world">Lost world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_fantasy" title="Low fantasy">Low</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_fantasy" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval fantasy">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_fantasy" title="Romantic fantasy">Romantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sword_and_sorcery" title="Sword and sorcery">Sword and sorcery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_fantasy" title="Urban fantasy">Urban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supernatural_fiction" title="Supernatural fiction">Supernatural fiction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_tropes" class="mw-redirect" title="Fantasy tropes">Tropes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Race_(fantasy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Race (fantasy)">Fantasy races</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_world" title="Fantasy world">Fantasy worlds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legendary_creature" title="Legendary creature">Legendary creatures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_in_fiction" title="Magic in fiction">Magic (fantasy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magician_(fantasy)" title="Magician (fantasy)">Magician (fantasy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norse_mythology" title="Norse mythology">Norse mythology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Magic_item" title="Magic item">Magic item</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quest" title="Quest">Quest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occult_detective_fiction" title="Occult detective fiction">Occult detective</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Horror_fiction" title="Horror fiction">Horror</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Horror_comics" title="Horror comics">Comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_film" title="Horror film">Films</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_horror_films" title="Lists of horror films">list</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_fiction_magazine" title="Horror fiction magazine">Magazines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_horror_television_programs" title="List of horror television programs">Television programs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Survival_horror" title="Survival horror">Video games</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Genre" title="Genre">Subgenres</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_body_horror_media" title="List of body horror media">Body</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Goosebumps" title="Goosebumps">Goosebumps</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lovecraftian_horror" title="Lovecraftian horror">Lovecraftian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_psychogenic_illness" title="Mass psychogenic illness">Mass hysteria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_horror" title="Psychological horror">Psychological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Splatterpunk" title="Splatterpunk">Splatterpunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_themes_in_horror_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT themes in horror fiction">Queer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_legend" title="Urban legend">Urban legend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occult_detective_fiction" title="Occult detective fiction">Occult detective</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_tropes" class="mw-redirect" title="Fantasy tropes">Tropes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gargoyle" title="Gargoyle">Gargoyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vampires_in_popular_culture" title="Vampires in popular culture">Vampires</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_vampires" class="mw-redirect" title="List of fictional vampires">list</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werewolf_fiction" title="Werewolf fiction">Werewolves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zombie_apocalypse" title="Zombie apocalypse">Zombie apocalypse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Speculative_fiction_by_writers_of_color" title="Speculative fiction by writers of color">Authors of color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_fictional_species" title="Lists of fictional species">Fictional species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_in_speculative_fiction" title="Gender in speculative fiction">Gender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Japanese_speculative_fiction_writers" title="List of Japanese speculative fiction writers">Japanese authors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masquerade_(trope)" title="Masquerade (trope)">Masquerade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_and_sexuality_in_speculative_fiction" title="Sex and sexuality in speculative fiction">Sexuality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_themes_in_speculative_fiction" title="LGBT themes in speculative fiction">Homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reproduction_and_pregnancy_in_speculative_fiction" title="Reproduction and pregnancy in speculative fiction">Reproduction and pregnancy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_speculative_fiction" title="Women in speculative fiction">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Science_fantasy" title="Science fantasy">Science fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superhero" title="Superhero">Superhero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_(genre)" title="Western (genre)">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noir_fiction" title="Noir fiction">Noir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_fiction" title="Crime fiction">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulp_magazines" class="mw-redirect" title="Pulp magazines">Pulps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technofantasy" title="Technofantasy">Technofantasy</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Fantastique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_realism" class="mw-redirect" title="Magic realism">Magic realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slipstream_genre" class="mw-redirect" title="Slipstream genre">Slipstream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Techno-thriller" title="Techno-thriller">Techno-thriller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LitRPG" title="LitRPG">LitRPG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crossover_(fiction)" title="Crossover (fiction)">Crossover</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Speculative_fiction" title="Portal:Speculative fiction">Portal</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Speculative_fiction" title="Category:Speculative fiction">Category</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Film_genres" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Film_genres" title="Template:Film genres"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Film_genres" title="Template talk:Film genres"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Film_genres" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Film genres"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Film_genres" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Film" title="Film">Film</a> <a href="/wiki/Film_genre" title="Film genre">genres</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By style</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_film" title="Action film">Action</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heroic_bloodshed" title="Heroic bloodshed">Heroic bloodshed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_action_cinema" title="Hong Kong action cinema">Hong Kong action</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adventure_film" title="Adventure film">Adventure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_film" title="Art film">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biographical_film" title="Biographical film">Biographical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_film_industry" title="Christian film industry">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_film" title="Comedy film">Comedy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_comedy" title="Action comedy">Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_comedy" title="Black comedy">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commedia_all%27italiana" title="Commedia all'italiana">Commedia all'italiana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commedia_sexy_all%27italiana" title="Commedia sexy all'italiana">Sexy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_drama" title="Comedy drama">Dramedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gross_out" title="Gross out">Gross out</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_horror" title="Comedy horror">Horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parody_film" title="Parody film">Parody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mo_lei_tau" title="Mo lei tau">Mo lei tau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thriller_(genre)" title="Thriller (genre)">Thriller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_of_remarriage" title="Comedy of remarriage">Remarriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_comedy" title="Romantic comedy">Romantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_comedy" title="Sex comedy">Sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screwball_comedy" title="Screwball comedy">Screwball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silent_comedy" title="Silent comedy">Silent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slapstick_film" title="Slapstick film">Slapstick</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberpunk" title="Cyberpunk">Cyberpunk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_cyberpunk" title="Japanese cyberpunk">Japanese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Documentary_film" title="Documentary film">Documentary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animated_documentary" title="Animated documentary">Animated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_symphony" title="City symphony">City symphony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Docudrama" title="Docudrama">Docudrama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mockumentary" title="Mockumentary">Mockumentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mondo_film" title="Mondo film">Mondo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-documentary" title="Pseudo-documentary">Pseudo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semidocumentary" title="Semidocumentary">Semi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travel_documentary" title="Travel documentary">Travel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_essay" title="Video essay">Video essay</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drama_(film_and_television)" title="Drama (film and television)">Drama</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calligrafismo" title="Calligrafismo">Calligrafismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_drama" title="Comedy drama">Dramedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_drama" title="Historical drama">Historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_drama" title="Legal drama">Legal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melodrama" title="Melodrama">Melodrama</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korean_melodrama" title="Korean melodrama">Korean</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_in_film" title="Sex in film">Erotic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commedia_sexy_all%27italiana" title="Commedia sexy all'italiana">Commedia sexy all'italiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pink_film" title="Pink film">Pink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexploitation_film" title="Sexploitation film">Sexploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erotic_thriller" title="Erotic thriller">Thriller</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Educational_film" title="Educational film">Educational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_guidance_film" title="Social guidance film">Social guidance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epic_film" title="Epic film">Epic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sword-and-sandal" title="Sword-and-sandal">Sword-and-sandal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_film" title="Experimental film">Experimental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploitation_film" title="Exploitation film">Exploitation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Exploitation_film" title="Template:Exploitation film">see <i>Exploitation film template</i></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_film" title="Fantasy film">Fantasy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_comedy" title="Fantasy comedy">Comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_fantasy" title="Contemporary fantasy">Contemporary</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Fantastique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_fantasy" title="High fantasy">High</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_fantasy" title="Historical fantasy">Historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_realism" class="mw-redirect" title="Magic realism">Magic realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fantasy" title="Science fantasy">Science</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_noir" title="Film noir">Film noir</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-noir" title="Neo-noir">Neo-noir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulp_noir" title="Pulp noir">Pulp noir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tech_noir" title="Tech noir">Tech noir</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_film" title="Gothic film">Gothic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_romance_film" title="Gothic romance film">Romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Gothic" title="Southern Gothic">Southern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_science_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Gothic science fiction">Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suburban_Gothic" title="Suburban Gothic">Suburban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_Gothic" title="Urban Gothic">Urban</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_film" title="Horror film">Horror</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_horror" title="Art horror">Arthouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_body_horror_media" title="List of body horror media">Body</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannibal_film" title="Cannibal film">Cannibal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_horror_film" title="Chinese horror film">Chinese horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_horror" title="Christmas horror">Christmas horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_horror" title="Comedy horror">Comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_eco-horror_films" title="List of eco-horror films">Eco</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Fantastique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Found_footage_(film_technique)" title="Found footage (film technique)">Found footage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_underground_horror" title="German underground horror">German underground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ghost_films" title="List of ghost films">Ghost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giallo" title="Giallo">Giallo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_giallo_films" title="List of giallo films">List of films</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_holiday_horror_films" title="List of holiday horror films">Holiday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_horror" title="Japanese horror">Japanese horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_horror" title="Korean horror">Korean horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lovecraftian_horror" title="Lovecraftian horror">Lovecraftian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_natural_horror_films" title="List of natural horror films">Natural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Extremity" class="mw-redirect" title="New Extremity">New French Extremity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_in_horror_films" title="Gender in horror films">Psycho-biddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_horror" title="Psychological horror">Psychological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_horror_films" title="List of science fiction horror films">Science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slasher_film" title="Slasher film">Slasher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Splatter_film" title="Splatter film">Splatter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satanic_film" title="Satanic film">Satanic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximalist_film" title="Maximalist film">Maximalist film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimalist_film" title="Minimalist film">Minimalist film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mumblecore" title="Mumblecore">Mumblecore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_film" title="Musical film">Musical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arthouse_musical" title="Arthouse musical">Arthouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backstage_musical" title="Backstage musical">Backstage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jukebox_musical" title="Jukebox musical">Jukebox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musicarello" title="Musicarello">Musicarello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operetta_film" title="Operetta film">Operetta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sceneggiata" title="Sceneggiata">Sceneggiata</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mystery_film" title="Mystery film">Mystery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Detective_fiction" title="Detective fiction">Detective</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Occult_detective_fiction" title="Occult detective fiction">Occult detective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whodunit" title="Whodunit">Whodunit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giallo" title="Giallo">Giallo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crossover_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Crossover fiction">Crossover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pornographic_film" title="Pornographic film">Pornographic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hardcore_pornography" title="Hardcore pornography">Hardcore pornography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Softcore_pornography" title="Softcore pornography">Softcore pornography</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Malayalam_softcore_pornography" title="Malayalam softcore pornography">Malayalam</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_film" title="Propaganda film">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reality_film" title="Reality film">Reality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romance_film" title="Romance film">Romantic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_comedy" title="Romantic comedy">Comedy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bromantic_comedy" title="Bromantic comedy">Bromantic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_fantasy" title="Romantic fantasy">Fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_romance_film" title="Gothic romance film">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paranormal_romance" title="Paranormal romance">Paranormal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_thriller" title="Romantic thriller">Thriller</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_film" title="Science fiction film">Science fiction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arthouse_science_fiction_film" title="Arthouse science fiction film">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_comedy" title="Science fiction comedy">Comedy</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Fantastique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fantasy" title="Science fantasy">Fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_science_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Gothic science fiction">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_horror_films" title="List of science fiction horror films">Horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_science_fiction" title="Military science fiction">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Wave_science_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="New Wave science fiction">New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_opera" title="Space opera">Space opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steampunk" title="Steampunk">Steampunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokusatsu" title="Tokusatsu">Tokusatsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Western" title="Space Western">Western</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slice_of_life" title="Slice of life">Slice of life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slow_cinema" title="Slow cinema">Slow cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Survival_film" title="Survival film">Survival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thriller_film" title="Thriller film">Thriller</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_thriller" title="Comedy thriller">Comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erotic_thriller" title="Erotic thriller">Erotic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_thriller" title="Financial thriller">Financial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giallo" title="Giallo">Giallo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_thriller" title="Legal thriller">Legal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Extremity" class="mw-redirect" title="New Extremity">New French Extremity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_thriller" title="Political thriller">Political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_thriller" title="Psychological thriller">Psychological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_thriller" title="Romantic thriller">Romantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Techno-thriller" title="Techno-thriller">Techno</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgressive_art" title="Transgressive art">Transgressive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Transgression" title="Cinema of Transgression">Cinema of Transgression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_cinema" title="Extreme cinema">Extreme cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Extremity" class="mw-redirect" title="New Extremity">New French Extremity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trick_film" title="Trick film">Trick</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By theme</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_about_animals" title="List of films about animals">Animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beach_party_film" title="Beach party film">Beach party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_swap" title="Body swap">Body swap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddy_film" title="Buddy film">Buddy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddy_cop" title="Buddy cop">Buddy cop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_buddy_film" title="Female buddy film">Female</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannibal_film" title="Cannibal film">Cannibal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chicano_films" title="List of Chicano films">Chicano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_cinema" title="Colonial cinema">Colonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coming-of-age_story" title="Coming-of-age story">Coming-of-age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concert_film" title="Concert film">Concert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_film" title="Crime film">Crime</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Detective_fiction" title="Detective fiction">Detective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gangster_film" title="Gangster film">Gangster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gentleman_thief" title="Gentleman thief">Gentleman thief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gokud%C5%8D" title="Gokudō">Gokudō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gong%27an_fiction" title="Gong'an fiction">Gong'an</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heist_film" title="Heist film">Heist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heroic_bloodshed" title="Heroic bloodshed">Heroic bloodshed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hood_film" title="Hood film">Hood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mafia_film" title="Mafia film">Mafia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mafia_comedy_film" title="Mafia comedy film">Mafia comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mumbai_underworld_film" class="mw-redirect" title="Mumbai underworld film">Mumbai underworld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poliziotteschi" title="Poliziotteschi">Poliziotteschi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakuza_film" title="Yakuza film">Yakuza</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_film" title="Dance in film">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disaster_film" title="Disaster film">Disaster</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_apocalyptic_films" title="List of apocalyptic films">Apocalyptic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_drug_films" title="List of drug films">Drug</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_film" title="Psychedelic film">Psychedelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoner_film" title="Stoner film">Stoner</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dystopian_films" title="List of dystopian films">Dystopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecchi" title="Ecchi">Ecchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economics_film" title="Economics film">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnographic_film" title="Ethnographic film">Ethnographic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploitation_film" title="Exploitation film">Exploitation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blaxploitation" title="Blaxploitation">Blaxploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexploitation" title="Mexploitation">Mexploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turksploitation" title="Turksploitation">Turksploitation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_featuring_extraterrestrials" title="List of films featuring extraterrestrials">Extraterrestrial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_about_food_and_drink" title="List of films about food and drink">Food and drink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gendai-geki" title="Gendai-geki">Gendai-geki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ghost_films" title="List of ghost films">Ghost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goona-goona_epic" title="Goona-goona epic">Goona-goona epic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_film" title="Gothic film">Gothic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_romance_film" title="Gothic romance film">Romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_science_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Gothic science fiction">Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suburban_Gothic" title="Suburban Gothic">Suburban</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girls_with_guns" title="Girls with guns">Girls with guns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harem_(genre)" title="Harem (genre)">Harem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hentai" title="Hentai">Hentai</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lolicon" title="Lolicon">Lolicon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shotacon" title="Shotacon">Shotacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tentacle_erotica" title="Tentacle erotica">Tentacle erotica</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heimatfilm" title="Heimatfilm">Homeland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isekai" title="Isekai">Isekai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jidaigeki" title="Jidaigeki">Jidaigeki</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samurai_cinema" title="Samurai cinema">Samurai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gentleman_thief" title="Gentleman thief">Kaitō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBTQ-related_films" title="List of LGBTQ-related films">LGBTQ</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yaoi" class="mw-redirect" title="Yaoi">Yaoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuri_(genre)" title="Yuri (genre)">Yuri</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luchador_films" title="Luchador films">Luchador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magical_girl" title="Magical girl">Magical girl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial_arts_film" title="Martial arts film">Martial arts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bruceploitation" title="Bruceploitation">Bruceploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chopsocky" title="Chopsocky">Chopsocky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_fu" title="Gun fu">Gun fu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kung_fu_film" title="Kung fu film">Kung fu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ninja_films" title="List of ninja films">Ninja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuxia" title="Wuxia">Wuxia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mecha" title="Mecha">Mecha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mecha_anime_and_manga" title="Mecha anime and manga">Anime</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monster_movie" title="Monster movie">Monster</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_featuring_giant_monsters" title="List of films featuring giant monsters">Giant monster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaiju" title="Kaiju">Kaiju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mummy_films" title="List of mummy films">Mummy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vampire_film" title="Vampire film">Vampire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_zombie_films" title="List of zombie films">Zombie</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zombie_comedy" title="Zombie comedy">Zombie comedy</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_film" title="Mountain film">Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_da_Boca_do_Lixo" title="Cinema da Boca do Lixo">Mouth of Garbage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_social" title="Muslim social">Muslim social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_documentary" title="Nature documentary">Nature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_environmental_films" title="List of environmental films">Environmental issues</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opera_film" title="Opera film">Opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outlaw_biker_film" title="Outlaw biker film">Outlaw biker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ozploitation" title="Ozploitation">Ozploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partisan_film" title="Partisan film">Partisan film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prison_film" title="Prison film">Prison</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_prison_film" title="Women in prison film">Women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_film" title="Race film">Race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_and_revenge_film" class="mw-redirect" title="Rape and revenge film">Rape and revenge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_movie" title="Road movie">Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tr%C3%BCmmerfilm" title="Trümmerfilm">Rubble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumberas_film" title="Rumberas film">Rumberas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexploitation_film" title="Sexploitation film">Sexploitation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bavarian_porn" title="Bavarian porn">Bavarian porn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commedia_sexy_all%27italiana" title="Commedia sexy all'italiana">Commedia sexy all'italiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_sex_comedy" title="Mexican sex comedy">Mexican sex comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_exploitation" title="Nazi exploitation">Nazi exploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pornochanchada" title="Pornochanchada">Pornochanchada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nunsploitation" title="Nunsploitation">Nunsploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_report_film" title="Sex report film">Sex report</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoshimin-eiga" title="Shoshimin-eiga">Shoshimin-eiga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_featuring_slavery" title="List of films featuring slavery">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slice_of_life" title="Slice of life">Slice of life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snuff_film" title="Snuff film">Snuff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Seas_genre" title="South Seas genre">South Seas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_film" title="Sports film">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spy_film" title="Spy film">Spy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eurospy_film" title="Eurospy film">Eurospy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superhero_film" title="Superhero film">Superhero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surf_film" title="Surf film">Surfing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swashbuckler_film" title="Swashbuckler film">Swashbuckler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sword-and-sandal" title="Sword-and-sandal">Sword-and-sandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sword_and_sorcery" title="Sword and sorcery">Sword and sorcery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travel_documentary" title="Travel documentary">Travel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imaginary_voyage" title="Imaginary voyage">imaginary voyage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trial_film" title="Trial film">Trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vigilante_film" title="Vigilante film">Vigilante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_film" title="War film">War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anti-war_films" title="List of anti-war films">Anti-war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euro_War" title="Euro War">Euro War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_films" title="Submarine films">Submarine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_film" title="Western film">Western</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acid_Western" title="Acid Western">Acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Western" title="Contemporary Western">Contemporary Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacoit_Western" class="mw-redirect" title="Dacoit Western">Dacoit Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_Western" class="mw-redirect" title="Fantasy Western">Fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_Western" title="Florida Western">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_Western" title="Horror Western">Horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Western" title="Australian Western">Meat pie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_(genre)" title="Northern (genre)">Northern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostern" title="Ostern">Ostern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revisionist_Western" title="Revisionist Western">Revisionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_Western" title="Science fiction Western">Science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singing_cowboy" title="Singing cowboy">Singing cowboy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Western" title="Space Western">Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spaghetti_Western" title="Spaghetti Western">Spaghetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weird_West" title="Weird West">Weird Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zapata_Western" class="mw-redirect" title="Zapata Western">Zapata Western</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By movement <br /> or period</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_film" class="mw-redirect" title="Absolute film">Absolute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_eccentric_cinema" title="American eccentric cinema">American eccentric cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Objectivity_(filmmaking)" title="New Objectivity (filmmaking)">New Objectivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_New_Wave" title="Australian New Wave">Australian New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auteur" title="Auteur">Auteur films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_School_(filmmaking)" title="Berlin School (filmmaking)">Berlin School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourekas_film" title="Bourekas film">Bourekas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brighton_School_(filmmaking)" title="Brighton School (filmmaking)">Brighton School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_New_Wave" title="British New Wave">British New Wave</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kitchen_sink_realism" title="Kitchen sink realism">Kitchen sink realism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budapest_school" title="Budapest school">Budapest school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calligrafismo" title="Calligrafismo">Calligrafismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannibal_film" title="Cannibal film">Cannibal boom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cin%C3%A9ma_du_look" title="Cinéma du look">Cinéma du look</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_Novo" title="Cinema Novo">Cinema Novo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Transgression" title="Cinema of Transgression">Cinema of Transgression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cin%C3%A9ma_pur" class="mw-redirect" title="Cinéma pur">Cinéma pur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commedia_all%27italiana" title="Commedia all'italiana">Commedia all'italiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_New_Wave" title="Czechoslovak New Wave">Czechoslovak New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Documentary_Film_Movement" title="Documentary Film Movement">Documentary Film Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogme_95" title="Dogme 95">Dogme 95</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erra_Cinema" class="mw-redirect" title="Erra Cinema">Erra Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_art_cinema" title="European art cinema">European art cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_d%27art" title="Film d'art">Film d'art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_gris" title="Film gris">Film gris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Cinema" title="Free Cinema">Free Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_New_Wave" title="French New Wave">French New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_expressionist_cinema" title="German expressionist cinema">German Expressionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_underground_horror" title="German underground horror">German underground horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Nigerian_Cinema" title="Golden Age of Nigerian Cinema">Nigerian Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grupo_Cine_Liberaci%C3%B3n" title="Grupo Cine Liberación">Grupo Cine Liberación</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heimatfilm" title="Heimatfilm">Heimatfilm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hollywood_on_the_Tiber" title="Hollywood on the Tiber">Hollywood on the Tiber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_New_Wave" title="Hong Kong New Wave">Hong Kong New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiewood" title="Indiewood">Indiewood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_New_Wave" title="Iranian New Wave">Iranian New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_futurism_in_cinema" title="Italian futurism in cinema">Italian futurist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_neorealism" title="Italian neorealism">Italian neorealist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_New_Wave" title="Japanese New Wave">Japanese New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kammerspielfilm" title="Kammerspielfilm">Kammerspielfilm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L.A._Rebellion" title="L.A. Rebellion">L.A. Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lettrism" title="Lettrism">Lettrist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernist_film" title="Modernist film">Modernist film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mumblecore" title="Mumblecore">Mumblecore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neorealism_(art)" title="Neorealism (art)">Neorealist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Extremity" class="mw-redirect" title="New Extremity">New French Extremity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_German_Cinema" title="New German Cinema">New German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_generation_(Malayalam_film_movement)" title="New generation (Malayalam film movement)">New generation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Hollywood" title="New Hollywood">New Hollywood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Nigerian_Cinema" title="New Nigerian Cinema">New Nollywood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_queer_cinema" title="New queer cinema">New Queer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_Wave_Cinema" class="mw-redirect" title="No Wave Cinema">No wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuevo_Cine_Mexicano" title="Nuevo Cine Mexicano">Nuevo Cine Mexicano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Indian_film" title="Pan-Indian film">Pan-Indian film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_cinema" title="Parallel cinema">Parallel cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filmfarsi" title="Filmfarsi">Persian Film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poetic_realism" title="Poetic realism">Poetic realist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Film_School" title="Polish Film School">Polish Film School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poliziotteschi" title="Poliziotteschi">Poliziotteschi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Prague_film_school" title="The Prague film school">The Prague film school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prussian_film" title="Prussian film">Prussian film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pure_Film_Movement" title="Pure Film Movement">Pure Film Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remodernist_film" title="Remodernist film">Remodernist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_New_Wave" title="Romanian New Wave">Romanian New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slow_cinema" title="Slow cinema">Slow cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spaghetti_Western" title="Spaghetti Western">Spaghetti Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_realism" title="Socialist realism">Socialist realist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_realism" title="Social realism">Social realist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kitchen_sink_realism" title="Kitchen sink realism">Kitchen sink realism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_parallel_cinema" title="Soviet parallel cinema">Soviet parallel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_film" title="Structural film">Structural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surrealist_cinema" title="Surrealist cinema">Surrealist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sword-and-sandal" title="Sword-and-sandal">Sword-and-sandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telefoni_Bianchi" title="Telefoni Bianchi">Telefoni Bianchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Cinema" title="Third Cinema">Third Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toronto_New_Wave" title="Toronto New Wave">Toronto New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulgar_auteurism" title="Vulgar auteurism">Vulgar auteurism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Black_Wave" title="Yugoslav Black Wave">Yugoslav Black Wave</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By demographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pornographic_film" title="Pornographic film">Adult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_film" title="Black film">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_film" title="Children's film">Children and family</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_anime_and_manga" title="Children's anime and manga">Anime</a></li></ul></li> <li>Men <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seinen_manga" title="Seinen manga">Seinen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stag_film" title="Stag film">Stag</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teen_film" title="Teen film">Teen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dnen_manga" title="Shōnen manga">Shōnen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Djo_manga" title="Shōjo manga">Shōjo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woman%27s_film" title="Woman's film">Women</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chick_flick" title="Chick flick">Chick flick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josei_manga" title="Josei manga">Josei</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By format,<br /> technique,<br /> approach,<br /> or production</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3D_film" title="3D film">3D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Actuality_film" title="Actuality film">Actuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animation" title="Animation">Animation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anime" title="Anime">Anime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthouse_animation" title="Arthouse animation">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animated_cartoon" class="mw-redirect" title="Animated cartoon">Cartoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_animation" title="Computer animation">Computer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stop_motion" title="Stop motion">Stop-motion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_animation" title="Traditional animation">Traditional</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthology_film" title="Anthology film">Anthology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_film" title="Art film">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B_movie" title="B movie">B movie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behind-the-scenes" title="Behind-the-scenes">Behind-the-scenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black-and-white" title="Black-and-white">Black-and-white</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blockbuster_(entertainment)" title="Blockbuster (entertainment)">Blockbuster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cin%C3%A9ma_v%C3%A9rit%C3%A9" title="Cinéma vérité">Cinéma vérité</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Hollywood_cinema" title="Classical Hollywood cinema">Classical Hollywood cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collage_film" title="Collage film">Collage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_motion_picture_film" title="Color motion picture film">Color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compilation_film" title="Compilation film">Compilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Composite_film" title="Composite film">Composite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screenlife" title="Screenlife">Computer screen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cult_film" title="Cult film">Cult</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Midnight_movie" title="Midnight movie">midnight movie</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Database_cinema" title="Database cinema">Database cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Docufiction" title="Docufiction">Docufiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnofiction" title="Ethnofiction">Ethnofiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_film" title="Experimental film">Experimental</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abstract_animation" class="mw-redirect" title="Abstract animation">Abstract</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feature_film" title="Feature film">Feature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Featurette" title="Featurette">Featurette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_%C3%A0_clef" title="Film à clef">Film à clef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film-poem" title="Film-poem">Film-poem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Found_footage_(film_technique)" title="Found footage (film technique)">Found footage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperlink_cinema" title="Hyperlink cinema">Hyperlink cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_film" title="Independent film">Independent</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_filmmaking" title="Guerrilla filmmaking">Guerrilla filmmaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_American_independent_films" title="List of American independent films">List of American independent films</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interstitial_art" title="Interstitial art">Interstitial art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Live_action" title="Live action">Live action</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_with_live_action_and_animation" title="List of films with live action and animation">animation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-budget_film" title="Low-budget film">Low-budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Major_film_studios" title="Major film studios">Major film studios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masala_film" title="Masala film">Masala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximalist_film" title="Maximalist film">Maximalist film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Message_picture" title="Message picture">Message picture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metacinema" title="Metacinema">Meta-film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimalist_film" title="Minimalist film">Minimalist film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mockbuster" title="Mockbuster">Mockbuster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernist_film" title="Modernist film">Modernist film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_short" title="Musical short">Musical short</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythopoeia" title="Mythopoeia">Mythopoeia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neorealism_(art)" title="Neorealism (art)">Neorealist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No-budget_film" title="No-budget film">No-budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-shot_film" title="One-shot film">One-shot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paracinema" title="Paracinema">Paracinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Participatory_cinema" title="Participatory cinema">Participatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poetry_film" title="Poetry film">Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmodernist_film" title="Postmodernist film">Postmodernist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_motion" title="Reverse motion">Reverse motion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satire_(film_and_television)" title="Satire (film and television)">Satire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sceneggiata" title="Sceneggiata">Sceneggiata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semidocumentary" title="Semidocumentary">Semidocumentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serial_film" title="Serial film">Serial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinpa" title="Shinpa">Shinpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Short_film" title="Short film">Short</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silent_film" title="Silent film">Silent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slow_cinema" title="Slow cinema">Slow cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_realism" title="Socialist realism">Socialist realist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_film" title="Sound film">Sound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_film" title="Underground film">Underground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_nasty" title="Video nasty">Video nasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulgar_auteurism" title="Vulgar auteurism">Vulgar auteurism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z_movie" title="Z movie">Z movie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" 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