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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Catenae" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Catenae"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Catenae</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Catenae-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li 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href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troadell_(yezhoniezh)" title="Troadell (yezhoniezh) – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Troadell (yezhoniezh)" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perifr%C3%A1ze" title="Perifráze – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Perifráze" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per%C3%ADfrasis_(sintaxis)" title="Perífrasis (sintaxis) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Perífrasis (sintaxis)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A9riphrase_(linguistique)" title="Périphrase (linguistique) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Périphrase (linguistique)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6r%C3%BCl%C3%ADr%C3%A1s" title="Körülírás – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Körülírás" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Перифраза – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Перифраза" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perifrase_(taalkunde)" title="Perifrase (taalkunde) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Perifrase (taalkunde)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perifrase_(lingvistikk)" title="Perifrase (lingvistikk) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Perifrase (lingvistikk)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per%C3%ADfrase" title="Perífrase – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Perífrase" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perifraz%C4%83_(lingvistic%C4%83)" title="Perifrază (lingvistică) – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Perifrază (lingvistică)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perifr%C3%A1za" title="Perifráza – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Perifráza" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perifrastisk" title="Perifrastisk – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" 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.mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about linguistics. For the rhetorical concept, see <a href="/wiki/Circumlocution" title="Circumlocution">Circumlocution</a>.</div> <p>In linguistics and literature, <b>periphrasis</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'f' in 'find'">f</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span></span>/</a></span></span>)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is the use of a larger number of words, with an implicit comparison to the possibility of using fewer. The comparison may be within a language or between languages. For example, "more happy" is periphrastic in comparison to "happier", and English "I will eat" is periphrastic in comparison to Spanish <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">comeré</i></span>. </p><p>The term originates from the Greek word <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aalphabetic+letter%3D*p%3Aentry+group%3D123%3Aentry%3Dperifra%2Fzomai">περιφράζομαι</a> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">periphrazomai</i></span> 'talking around',<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was originally used for examples that came up in ancient Greek. In epic poetry, it was common to use periphrasis in examples such as "the sons of the Achaeans" (meaning the Achaeans), or "How did such words escape the fence of your teeth?" (adding a layer of poetic imagery to "your teeth"). Sometimes periphrastic forms were used for verbs that would otherwise be unpronounceable.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, the verb <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%B4%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%BA%CE%BD%CF%85%CE%BC%CE%B9" class="extiw" title="wikt:δείκνυμι">δείκνυμι</a> <span title="Greek-language romanization"><i lang="el-Latn">deiknumi</i></span> 'to show', has a hypothetical form *<span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el">δεδείκνται</span></span> <span title="Greek-language romanization"><i lang="el-Latn">dedeikntai</i></span>, which has the consonant cluster <span title="Greek-language romanization"><i lang="el-Latn">-knt-</i></span>, so one would instead say <span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el">δεδειγμένοι εἰσί</span></span> <span title="Greek-language romanization"><i lang="el-Latn">dedeigmenoi eisi</i></span>, using a periphrasis with a participle. </p><p>In modern linguistics, the term periphrasis is typically used for examples like "more happy": the use of one or more <a href="/wiki/Function_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Function words">function words</a> to express meaning that otherwise may be expressed by attaching an <a href="/wiki/Affix" title="Affix">affix</a> or <a href="/wiki/Clitic" title="Clitic">clitic</a> to a <a href="/wiki/Content_word" title="Content word">word</a>. The resulting <a href="/wiki/Phrase" title="Phrase">phrase</a> includes two or more <a href="/wiki/Collocation" title="Collocation">collocated</a> <a href="/wiki/Free_morpheme" class="mw-redirect" title="Free morpheme">words</a> instead of one <a href="/wiki/Inflection" title="Inflection">inflected</a> word.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Periphrastic forms are a characteristic of <a href="/wiki/Analytic_language" title="Analytic language">analytic languages</a>, whereas the absence of periphrasis is a characteristic of <a href="/wiki/Synthetic_language" title="Synthetic language">synthetic languages</a>. While periphrasis concerns all categories of syntax, it is most visible with verb <a href="/wiki/Catena_(linguistics)" title="Catena (linguistics)">catena</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title=""Catena" represents a only one mode of analysis among several, and a rather technical one, whereas periphrasis is a broadly understood linguistic idea. We seem to be defining easier words in terms of harder ones. (June 2022)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The verb catenae of <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> (verb phrases constructed with auxiliary verbs) are highly periphrastic. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples">Examples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Periphrasis&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The distinction between inflected and periphrastic forms is usually illustrated across distinct languages. However, comparative and superlative forms of adjectives (and adverbs) in English provide a straightforward illustration of the phenomenon.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For many speakers, both the simple and periphrastic forms in the following table are possible: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Inflected form of the comparative (-er)</th> <th>Periphrastic equivalent </th></tr> <tr> <td>loveli-er</td> <td>more lovely </td></tr> <tr> <td>friendli-er</td> <td>more friendly </td></tr> <tr> <td>happi-er</td> <td>more happy </td></tr> <tr> <th>Inflected form of the superlative (-<i>est</i>)</th> <th>Periphrastic equivalent </th></tr> <tr> <td>loveli-est</td> <td>most lovely </td></tr> <tr> <td>friendli-est</td> <td>most friendly </td></tr> <tr> <td>happi-est</td> <td>most happy </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>The periphrastic forms are periphrastic by virtue of the appearance of <i>more</i> or <i>most</i>, and they therefore contain two words instead of just one. The words <i>more</i> and <i>most</i> contribute functional meaning only, just like the inflectional affixes <i>-er</i> and <i>-est</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Across_languages">Across languages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Periphrasis&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Across languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="English_vs._Latin">English vs. Latin</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Periphrasis&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: English vs. Latin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Such distinctions occur in many languages. The following table provides some examples across Latin and English: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Latin (inflected) </th> <th>English (periphrastic) </th></tr> <tr> <td>stēll-ae </td> <td>of a star </td></tr> <tr> <td>patient-issimus </td> <td>most patient </td></tr> <tr> <td>amā-be-ris </td> <td>(you) will be loved </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Periphrasis is a characteristic of <a href="/wiki/Analytic_language" title="Analytic language">analytic languages</a>, which tend to avoid inflection. Even strongly inflected <a href="/wiki/Synthetic_language" title="Synthetic language">synthetic languages</a> sometimes make use of periphrasis to fill out an inflectional paradigm that is missing certain forms.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A comparison of some <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> forms of the verb <i>dūcere</i> 'lead' with their English translations illustrates further that English uses periphrasis in many instances where Latin uses inflection. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Latin</th> <th>English equivalent</th> <th>grammatical classification </th></tr> <tr> <td>dūc-ē-bāmur</td> <td>(we) were led</td> <td>1st person plural imperfect passive indicative </td></tr> <tr> <td>dūc-i-mur</td> <td>(we) are led</td> <td>1st person plural present passive indicative </td></tr> <tr> <td>dūc-ē-mur</td> <td>(we) will be led</td> <td>1st person plural future passive indicative </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>English often needs two or three verbs to express the same meaning that Latin expresses with a single verb. Latin is a relatively synthetic language; it expresses grammatical meaning using inflection, whereas the verb system of English, a Germanic language, is relatively analytic; it uses auxiliary verbs to express functional meaning. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Israeli_Hebrew">Israeli Hebrew</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Periphrasis&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Israeli Hebrew"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Unlike <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew" title="Biblical Hebrew">Biblical Hebrew</a>, <a href="/wiki/Israeli_Hebrew" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli Hebrew">Israeli Hebrew</a> uses a few periphrastic verbal constructions in specific circumstances, such as slang or military language. Consider the following pairs/triplets, in which the first are a Biblical Hebrew synthetic form and the last are an Israeli Hebrew analytic periphrasis:<sup id="cite_ref-Zuckermann_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zuckermann-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1209690778">.mw-parser-output .interlinear .bold{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .interlinear .smallcaps{text-transform:uppercase;font-size:smaller}</style><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">(1)</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1241449095">.mw-parser-output .script-hebrew,.mw-parser-output .script-Hebr{font-family:"Ezra SIL SR","Ezra SIL","SBL Hebrew","Taamey Frank CLM","SBL BibLit","Taamey Ashkenaz","Frank Ruehl CLM","Keter Aram Tsova","Taamey David CLM","Keter YG","Shofar","David CLM","Hadasim CLM","Simple CLM","Nachlieli",Cardo,Alef,"Noto Serif Hebrew","Noto Sans Hebrew","David Libre",David,"Times New Roman",Gisha,Arial,FreeSerif,FreeSans}</style><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">צעק</span>‎</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">tsaák</p><p style="margin: 0px;">"shouted"</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">→</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"> </p><p style="margin: 0px;"> </p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">שם צעקה</span>‎</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">sam tseaká</p><p style="margin: 0px;">"shouted" (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> means "put a shout")</p></div><p style="display: none;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">צעק</span>‎ → <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">שם צעקה</span>‎</p><p style="display: none;">{tsaák} {} {sam tseaká}</p><p style="display: none;">{"shouted"} {} {"shouted" (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> means "put a shout")}</p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">(2)</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">הביט</span>‎</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">hibít</p><p style="margin: 0px;">"looked at"</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">→</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"> </p><p style="margin: 0px;"> </p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">נתן מבט</span>‎</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">natán mabát</p><p style="margin: 0px;">"looked" (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> means "gave a look")</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">AND</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"> </p><p style="margin: 0px;"> </p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">העיף מבט</span>‎</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">heíf mabát</p><p style="margin: 0px;">"looked" (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> "flew/threw a look";<br />cf. the English expressions "cast a glance", "threw a look" and "tossed a glance")</p></div><p style="display: none;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">הביט</span>‎ → <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">נתן מבט</span>‎ AND <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">העיף מבט</span>‎</p><p style="display: none;">{hibít} {} {natán mabát} {} {heíf mabát}</p><p style="display: none;">{"looked at"} {} {"looked" (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> means "gave a look")} {} {"looked" (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> "flew/threw a look";<br />cf. the English expressions "cast a glance", "threw a look" and "tossed a glance")}</p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p>According to <a href="/wiki/Ghil%27ad_Zuckermann" title="Ghil'ad Zuckermann">Ghil'ad Zuckermann</a>, the Israeli periphrastic construction (using auxiliary verbs followed by a noun) is employed here for the desire to express swift action, and stems from Yiddish. He compares the Israeli periphrasis to the following Yiddish expressions all meaning "to have a look": </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">(1)</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">געבן א קוק</span>‎</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">gébņ a kuk</p></div><p style="display: none;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">געבן א קוק</span>‎</p><p style="display: none;">{gébņ a kuk}</p><p style="clear: left;">"to give a look"</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">(2)</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">טאן א קוק</span>‎</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ton a kuk</p></div><p style="display: none;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">טאן א קוק</span>‎</p><p style="display: none;">{ton a kuk}</p><p style="clear: left;"><abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> "to do a look"</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">(3)</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">כאפן א קוק</span>‎</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">khapņ a kuk</p></div><p style="display: none;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">כאפן א קוק</span>‎</p><p style="display: none;">{khapņ a kuk}</p><p style="clear: left;"><abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> "to catch a look" (colloquial expression)</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p>Zuckermann emphasizes that the Israeli periphrastic constructions "are not nonce, ad hoc lexical calques of Yiddish. The Israeli system is productive and the lexical realization often differs from that of Yiddish". He provides the following Israeli examples: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">(1)</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">הרביץ</span>‎</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">hirbíts</p></div><p style="display: none;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">הרביץ</span>‎</p><p style="display: none;">hirbíts</p><p style="clear: left;">"hit, beat; gave", yielded</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">(2)</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">מהירות</span>‎</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">mehirút</p><p style="margin: 0px;">"speed"</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">→</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"> </p><p style="margin: 0px;"> </p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">הרביץ מהירות</span>‎</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">hirbíts mehirút</p><p style="margin: 0px;">"drove very fast"</p></div><p style="display: none;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">מהירות</span>‎ → <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">הרביץ מהירות</span>‎</p><p style="display: none;">mehirút {} {hirbíts mehirút}</p><p style="display: none;">"speed" {} {"drove very fast"}</p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">(3)</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ארוחה</span>‎</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">arukhá</p><p style="margin: 0px;">"meal"</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">→</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"> </p><p style="margin: 0px;"> </p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">הרביץ ארוחה</span>‎</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">hirbíts arukhá</p><p style="margin: 0px;">"ate a big meal"<br />cf. English "hit the buffet" "eat a lot at the buffet";<br />"hit the liquor/bottle" "drink alcohol".</p></div><p style="display: none;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ארוחה</span>‎ → <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">הרביץ ארוחה</span>‎</p><p style="display: none;">arukhá {} {hirbíts arukhá}</p><p style="display: none;">"meal" {} {"ate a big meal"<br />cf. English "hit the buffet" "eat a lot at the buffet";<br />"hit the liquor/bottle" "drink alcohol".}</p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">(4)</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">דפק הופעה</span>‎</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">dafák hofaá</p></div><p style="display: none;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">דפק הופעה</span>‎</p><p style="display: none;">{dafák hofaá}</p><p style="clear: left;">"dressed smartly" (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> "hit an appearance")<sup id="cite_ref-Zuckermann_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zuckermann-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p>But while Zuckermann attempted to use these examples to claim that Israeli Hebrew grew similar to European languages, it will be noticed that all of these examples are from the slang and therefore linguistically marked. The normal and daily usage of the verb paradigm in Israeli modern Hebrew is of the synthetic form, as in Biblical Hebrew: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">צָעַק, הִבִּיט</span>‎ </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Catenae">Catenae</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Periphrasis&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Catenae"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The correspondence in meaning across inflected forms and their periphrastic equivalents within the same language or across different languages leads to a basic question. Individual words are always <a href="/wiki/Constituent_(linguistics)" title="Constituent (linguistics)">constituents</a>, but their periphrastic equivalents are often <i>not</i>. Given this mismatch in syntactic form, one can pose the following questions: how should the form-meaning correspondence across periphrastic and non-periphrastic forms be understood?; how does it come to pass that a specific meaning-bearing unit can be a constituent in one case but in another case, it is a combination of words that does not qualify as a constituent? An answer to this question that has recently come to light is expressed in terms of the <a href="/wiki/Catena_(linguistics)" title="Catena (linguistics)">catena</a> unit, as implied above.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The periphrastic word combinations are catenae even when they are not constituents, and individual words are also catenae. The form-meaning correspondence is therefore consistent. A given inflected one-word catena corresponds to a periphrastic multiple-word catena. </p><p>The role of catenae for the theory of periphrasis is illustrated with the trees that follow. The first example is across French and English. Future tense/time in French is often constructed with an inflected form, whereas English typically employs a periphrastic form, e.g. </p><p><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Periphrasis_trees_1.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Periphrasis trees 1"><img alt="Periphrasis trees 1" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/db/Periphrasis_trees_1.png" decoding="async" width="959" height="262" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="959" data-file-height="262" /></a></span> </p><p>Where French expresses future tense/time using the single (inflected) verb catena <i>sera</i>, English employs a periphrastic two-word catena, or perhaps a periphrastic four-word catena, to express the same basic meaning. The next example is across German and English: </p><p><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Periphrasis_trees_2.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Periphrasis trees 2"><img alt="Periphrasis trees 2" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/28/Periphrasis_trees_2.png" decoding="async" width="674" height="129" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="674" data-file-height="129" /></a></span> </p><p>German often indicates an object of a <a href="/wiki/Preposition" class="mw-redirect" title="Preposition">preposition</a> with a single dative case pronoun. For English to express the same meaning, it usually employs the periphrastic two-word <a href="/wiki/Prepositional_phrase" class="mw-redirect" title="Prepositional phrase">prepositional phrase</a> with <i>for</i>. The following trees illustrate the periphrasis of light verb constructions: </p><p><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Periphrasis_trees_3.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Periphrasiss trees 3"><img alt="Periphrasiss trees 3" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b0/Periphrasis_trees_3.png" decoding="async" width="852" height="450" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="852" data-file-height="450" /></a></span> </p><p>Each time, the catena in green is the matrix <a href="/wiki/Predicate_(grammar)" title="Predicate (grammar)">predicate</a>. Each of these predicates is a periphrastic form insofar as at least one <a href="/wiki/Function_word" title="Function word">function word</a> is present. The b-predicates are, however, more periphrastic than the a-predicates since they contain more words. The closely similar meaning of these predicates across the a- and b-variants is accommodated in terms of catenae, since each predicate is a catena. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Periphrasis&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adposition" title="Adposition">Adposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analytic_language" title="Analytic language">Analytic language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compound_verb" title="Compound verb">Compound verb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deflexion_(linguistics)" title="Deflexion (linguistics)">Deflexion (linguistics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dependency_grammar" title="Dependency grammar">Dependency grammar</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Periphrasis&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180202012436/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/periphrasis">"periphrasis | Definition of periphrasis in English by Oxford Dictionaries"</a>. <i>Oxford Dictionaries | English</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/periphrasis">the original</a> on February 2, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-02-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oxford+Dictionaries+%7C+English&rft.atitle=periphrasis+%7C+Definition+of+periphrasis+in+English+by+Oxford+Dictionaries&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.oxforddictionaries.com%2Fdefinition%2Fperiphrasis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeriphrasis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts2014" class="citation book cs1">Roberts, Edward A. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=y4tvAwAAQBAJ"><i>A Comprehensive Etymological Dictionary of the Spanish Language with Families of Words based on Indo-European Roots</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4931-9113-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4931-9113-0"><bdi>978-1-4931-9113-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Comprehensive+Etymological+Dictionary+of+the+Spanish+Language+with+Families+of+Words+based+on+Indo-European+Roots&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-4931-9113-0&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=Edward+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dy4tvAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeriphrasis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://literarydevices.net/periphrasis/">"Periphrasis - Definition and Examples of Periphrasis"</a>. <i>Literary Devices</i>. 2014-03-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-06-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Literary+Devices&rft.atitle=Periphrasis+-+Definition+and+Examples+of+Periphrasis&rft.date=2014-03-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fliterarydevices.net%2Fperiphrasis%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeriphrasis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lrc.la.utexas.edu/lex/languages/Gk">"Indo-European Lexicon: Greek Reflex Index"</a>. <i>lrc.la.utexas.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-06-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=lrc.la.utexas.edu&rft.atitle=Indo-European+Lexicon%3A+Greek+Reflex+Index&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flrc.la.utexas.edu%2Flex%2Flanguages%2FGk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeriphrasis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Smyth, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/agreekgrammarfo02smytgoog/page/182/mode/2up"><i>A Greek grammar for colleges</i></a>, sec. 599.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Concerning periphrasis in general, see Matthews (1991:11f., 236–238).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Concerning the competing forms of the comparative and superlative in English as an illustration of periphrasis, see Matthews (1981:55).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Concerning the use of periphrasis in strongly inflected languages, see Stump (1998).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zuckermann-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Zuckermann_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zuckermann_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">See p. 51 in <a href="/wiki/Ghil%27ad_Zuckermann" title="Ghil'ad Zuckermann">Zuckermann, Ghil'ad</a> (2009), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zuckermann.org/pdf/Hybridity_versus_Revivability.pdf">"Hybridity versus Revivability: Multiple Causation, Forms and Patterns"</a>, <i>Journal of Language Contact</i>, Varia 2, pp. 40-67.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Concerning catenae, see Osborne and Groß (2012a) and Osborne et al (2012b).</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="General_references">General references</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Periphrasis&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: General references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Matthews, P. 1981. <i>Syntax</i>. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.</li> <li>Matthews, P. 1991. <i>Morphology</i>, 2nd edition. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.</li> <li>Osborne, T. and T. Groß 2012a. "Constructions are catenae: Construction Grammar meets Dependency Grammar". <i>Cognitive Linguistics</i> 23, 1, 163–214.</li> <li>Osborne, T., M. Putnam, and T. Groß 2012b. "Catenae: Introducing a novel unit of syntactic analysis". <i>Syntax</i> 15, 4, 354–396.</li> <li>Stump, G. 1998. "Inflection". In A. Spencer and A. M. Zwicky (eds.), <i>The handbook of morphology</i>. Oxford: Blackwell. pp. 13–43.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Periphrasis&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smg.surrey.ac.uk/periphrasis/">Surrey periphrasis database</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Periphrasis&oldid=1242081756">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Periphrasis&oldid=1242081756</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Category</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Linguistic_morphology" title="Category:Linguistic morphology">Linguistic morphology</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Spanish-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Spanish-language text">Articles containing Spanish-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Greek-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Greek-language text">Articles containing Greek-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_clarification_from_June_2022" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing clarification from June 2022">Wikipedia articles needing clarification from June 2022</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 24 August 2024, at 22:18<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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