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This angel may want to revive the dead, but this is beyond his power. The Wind of Artistic Progress steadily carries him forward in time. The only hope lies in finding an angelic video recorder that can capture the losses caused in the fight for future salvation. ","publication_name":"The Mission of Contemporary Art and the Universal Museum"},"document_type":"paper","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":null,"quality":"low","language":"en","title":"The Mission of Contemporary Art and the Universal Museum","broadcastable":true,"draft":null,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [12407668]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "ds_vanilla"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "full_page_mobile_sutd_modal"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loginModal = {}; window.loginModal.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon';</script><script defer="" src="https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client"></script><div class="ds-loswp-container"><div class="ds-work-card--grid-container"><div class="ds-work-card--container js-loswp-work-card"><div class="ds-work-card--cover"><div class="ds-work-cover--wrapper"><div class="ds-work-cover--container"><button class="ds-work-cover--clickable js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"swp-splash-paper-cover","attachmentId":34291926,"attachmentType":"doc"}"><img alt="First page of “The Mission of Contemporary Art and the Universal Museum”" class="ds-work-cover--cover-thumbnail" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/34291926/mini_magick20190324-7926-3zlifd.png?1553443832" /><img alt="Academia Logo" class="ds-work-cover--file-icon" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/single_work_splash/academia_logo.svg" /><div class="ds-work-cover--hover-container"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span><p>Download Free PDF</p></div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-container">Download Free DOC</div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-triangle"></div></button></div></div></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-information"><h1 class="ds-work-card--work-title">The Mission of Contemporary Art and the Universal Museum</h1><div class="ds-work-card--work-authors ds-work-card--detail"><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="12407668" href="https://naba.academia.edu/ArsenyZhilyaev"><img alt="Profile image of Arseny Zhilyaev" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/12407668/3706863/20717038/s65_arseny.zhilyaev.jpg" />Arseny Zhilyaev</a></div><div class="ds-work-card--detail"><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">The Mission of Contemporary Art and the Universal Museum</p><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata"><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">visibility</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm" id="work-metadata-view-count">…</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">description</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">1 page</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">link</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">1 file</p></div></div><script>(async () => { const workId = 7781580; 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This angel may want to revive the dead, but this is beyond his power. The Wind of Artistic Progress steadily carries him forward in time. The only hope lies in finding an angelic video recorder that can capture the losses caused in the fight for future salvation. </p><div class="ds-work-card--button-container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--work-card","attachmentId":34291926,"attachmentType":"doc","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/7781580/The_Mission_of_Contemporary_Art_and_the_Universal_Museum"}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--work-card","attachmentId":34291926,"attachmentType":"doc","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/7781580/The_Mission_of_Contemporary_Art_and_the_Universal_Museum"}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div></div><div data-auto_select="false" data-client_id="331998490334-rsn3chp12mbkiqhl6e7lu2q0mlbu0f1b" data-doc_id="34291926" data-landing_url="https://www.academia.edu/7781580/The_Mission_of_Contemporary_Art_and_the_Universal_Museum" data-login_uri="https://www.academia.edu/registrations/google_one_tap" data-moment_callback="onGoogleOneTapEvent" id="g_id_onload"></div><div class="ds-top-related-works--grid-container"><div class="ds-related-content--container ds-top-related-works--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related papers</h2><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="0" data-entity-id="1203041" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/1203041/On_the_Contemporary_and_Contemporary_Art_History">On the Contemporary - 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Conventionally, visual artworks have been perceived as fixed, unique, material entities created and finished at a particular time, and museum approaches to collecting and preserving them were established accordingly. Nevertheless, contemporary art often resists this definition and undermines dogmas of material authenticity and artist’s intent, as well as the conviction that an object’s integrity resides in its physical features. Taking as its focus the triangle of relationships between an artist, a museum and a contemporary artwork as collectible, this study investigates how contemporary artworks by Mirosław Bałka, Danh Vo and Barbara Kruger are collected, documented and conserved in today’s institutions. It looks at how (and whether) new methods developed in the field of contemporary art conservation, such as the artist’s interview, are adopted by museums, and attempts to identify factors undermining their effectiveness. By looking at contemporary art as a new paradigm of artistic practice and building on notions such as musealisation, art project as art form and art object as document, this study works towards a theoretical model that address the incompatibility between a traditional museum approach to collecting and preserving and the features of contemporary art. By employing and extending concepts introduced by conservation theorist Hanna Hölling and the notion of ‘anarchives’ by media theorist Siegfried Zielinski, this study adopts the model of the ‘artwork-as-(an)archive’. Starting from the premise that our future understanding of contemporary artworks can only be constructed through traces of documentation, this model grants documents a status equal to that of art objects and obliges institutions to care for them on a similar basis. Besides its capacity to facilitate conservation, the artwork-as-(an)archive model is here considered as a space for collaboration between artists and museums, a space to be collectively shaped, filled and nourished that fosters transparency and inclusiveness.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Collecting archives of objects and stories: On the lives and futures of contemporary art at the museum","attachmentId":67962043,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/49677263/Collecting_archives_of_objects_and_stories_On_the_lives_and_futures_of_contemporary_art_at_the_museum","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/49677263/Collecting_archives_of_objects_and_stories_On_the_lives_and_futures_of_contemporary_art_at_the_museum"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="90145369" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/90145369/The_Modern_Art_Museum">The Modern Art Museum</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="244030404" href="https://independent.academia.edu/ChristianAlexisGonz%C3%A1lezG%C3%B3mez">Christian Alexis González Gómez</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Voices of Mexico, 2017</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Subjects of Art History. Historical Objects in Contemporary Perspectives,1 in which she put forward a provocative perspective: since our knowledge of the past is constructed without the benefit of the panoply of possibilities afforded by being present during the historical event, no final word or truth exists about it. Using a historiographic approach, she invited the reader, then, to think of the ways that the history of art has been written in different contexts, at different moments, and with different motivations. When reflecting on Sigmund Freud’s persistent interest in ancient Rome and on the debate about a late-nineteenth-century work by Gustave Klimt, she said that, like ghosts, the structures of the past overlap and silently reverberate in the present and can become visible to anyone who tries to see them with a change in viewpoint.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The Modern Art Museum","attachmentId":93788634,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/90145369/The_Modern_Art_Museum","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/90145369/The_Modern_Art_Museum"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="80659934" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/80659934/Contemporary_art_in_the_museum_responsibilities_and_professional_roles_of_care">Contemporary art in the museum; responsibilities and professional roles of care</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="44299080" href="https://independent.academia.edu/TheodorakiM">Maria Theodoraki</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">DOCTORATE IN CONSERVATION AND RESTORATION OF CULTURAL HERITAGE, NOVA University Lisbon, 2021</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">This thesis investigates the professional roles responsible for perpetuating contemporary artworks, using the term “perpetuation” to refer to a holistic preservation of the integral components (material and/or immaterial) of an artwork over time. A contemporary artwork is re-enacted differently between exhibitions: materials are replaced, time-based media equipment and formats are changed and spatial arrangements are altered. A work can start as a performance and over the years develop into an object, or vice versa. There is change to be prevented and change to be cherished; every artwork has its own rules, and there are even cases where these rules are meant to be altered over time. Contemporary art, as sociologist Nathalie Heinich has argued, constitutes a new paradigm of art, distinct from traditional and modern. Contemporary artworks transgress conventional barriers, are highly idiosyncratic, and have a disposition to embrace change. As a result, the identity and ontology of a contemporary artwork are not self-evident, leading to a requirement of extensive and thorough research and documentation of the artist’s intent, as well as of the artwork’s institutional life. This requirement has proven challenging to institutions. Through literature review, a field-study and 27 semi-structured expert interviews, this thesis seeks to investigate the ways in which this requirement challenges traditional museum roles, namely, conservators and curators. It concludes that this demanding requirement posed by contemporary artworks is difficult to be fulfilled when added as a peripheral responsibility to the many primary responsibilities conservators and curators have. The thesis proposes the establishment of a new museum role: a collaborator to conservators and curators; a researcher with the role of understanding and documenting the identity and ontology of a contemporary artwork, tracing the artist’s intent, as well as the rationale of institutional decision-making — supporting a clear, effective and well-documented reflection back and forth from the archive to the exhibition space.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Contemporary art in the museum; responsibilities and professional roles of care","attachmentId":86969038,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/80659934/Contemporary_art_in_the_museum_responsibilities_and_professional_roles_of_care","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/80659934/Contemporary_art_in_the_museum_responsibilities_and_professional_roles_of_care"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="87754272" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/87754272/The_Object_of_Art_History">The Object of Art History</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="372404" href="https://univ-paris1.academia.edu/DominiquePoulot">Dominique Poulot</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Critique d’art, 2004</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The Object of Art History","attachmentId":91880335,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/87754272/The_Object_of_Art_History","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/87754272/The_Object_of_Art_History"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="53842840" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/53842840/Anything_Goes_The_Work_of_Art_and_the_Historical_Future">Anything Goes": The Work of Art and the Historical Future</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="35841772" href="https://berkeley.academia.edu/CharlesAltieri">Charles Altieri</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Townsend Center For the Humanities, 1997</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">This year, since the Center is moving into a second decade and a new space, not to mention century and millennium, at the Center we are particularly interested in visions and versions of the future. Of course beginnings entail endings, and with that conjunction we are already on the turf of this lecture and lecturer. Arthur Danto's recent book on what he calls the "end of art" is importantly future-looking; his talk is importantly past-oriented because it looks back to the book and to a history of art and a history of the history of art that are in his view over and done with. The paradoxes of time are all in a day's work for a philosopher: If time is a measure of movement, as Aristotle thought, doesn't that mean that it must not be moving itself, in which case, it wouldn't be recognizable as time? But if time moves, how can we talk about past time, which is already gone, or the present, which is moving into a future that doesn't yet exist? Art has its paradoxes for philosophers too: Plato and a long line of philosophers have wanted to banish artists from utopia. They do so with good reason, though not necessarily for the reason most often put forward: that artists create, at best, pale imitations of truth and beauty. The philosophers' problem, one suspects, is that the images of art can be as powerful and persuasive as truth and beauty. Arthur Danto negotiates tensions such as these by living and thinking in their midst, mostly with genial good cheer and certainly with great verve. He has come to inhabit a polyglot and cosmopolitan Middle Kingdom of sensibility: art makers, art historians, teachers, philosophers, and critics of art have come to be so bound up with v</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Anything Goes\": The Work of Art and the Historical Future","attachmentId":70494757,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/53842840/Anything_Goes_The_Work_of_Art_and_the_Historical_Future","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/53842840/Anything_Goes_The_Work_of_Art_and_the_Historical_Future"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="5911764" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/5911764/Beyond_Contemporary_Art">Beyond Contemporary Art</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="6197128" href="https://ljmu.academia.edu/AlbinaKumirova">Albina Kumirova</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The essay deals with integrity of individual artists in the contemporary art climate with the loss of spiritual values and standards, when cynicism and pornography become normal sight in art galleries.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Beyond Contemporary Art","attachmentId":32893106,"attachmentType":"docx","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/5911764/Beyond_Contemporary_Art","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/5911764/Beyond_Contemporary_Art"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="30504328" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/30504328/Re_envisioning_the_Contemporary_Art_Canon_Perspectives_in_a_Global_World">Re-envisioning the Contemporary Art Canon: Perspectives in a Global World</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="12236410" href="https://bgu.academia.edu/RuthEIskin">Ruth E. Iskin</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">This book seeks to dissect and interrogate the nature of the present-day art field, which has experienced dramatic shifts in the past fifty years. Thirteen newly commissioned essays present case studies of consecration in the contemporary art field, and three commissioned discussions present diverse positions on issues of the canon and consecration processes today.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Re-envisioning the Contemporary Art Canon: Perspectives in a Global World","attachmentId":50949220,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/30504328/Re_envisioning_the_Contemporary_Art_Canon_Perspectives_in_a_Global_World","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/30504328/Re_envisioning_the_Contemporary_Art_Canon_Perspectives_in_a_Global_World"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="66471901" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/66471901/Art_and_its_History">Art and its History</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="4843489" href="https://independent.academia.edu/RistoPitk%C3%A4nen">Risto Pitkänen</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">The Nordic Journal of Aesthetics, 2010</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The paper argues that something is art only if (i) it belongs to a special kind of internal history and (ii) needs to be understood and appreci ated in the light of such history. This goes against both the traditional view that art has a timeless, ahistorical essence and the historicist view that there can be no ahistorical perspective for understanding art. The paper draws on Hegel's view that art needs to be understood through its history, but rejects the idea that the history of art has an end in the double sense of a goal and an end point. It also rejects Arthur Danto's Hegelinspired claim that the ahistori cal essence of art is revealed at the end of its history and opens the door to a natural alliance between philosophers of art and art historians.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Art and its History","attachmentId":77649949,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/66471901/Art_and_its_History","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/66471901/Art_and_its_History"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--wrapper js-loswp-sticky-ctas hidden"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--grid-container"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":34291926,"attachmentType":"doc","workUrl":null}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":34291926,"attachmentType":"doc","workUrl":null}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div><div class="ds-below-fold--grid-container"><div class="ds-work--container js-loswp-embedded-document"><div class="attachment_preview" data-attachment="Attachment_34291926" style="display: none"><div class="js-scribd-document-container"><div class="scribd--document-loading js-scribd-document-loader" style="display: block;"><img alt="Loading..." src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif" /><p>Loading Preview</p></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="scribd--no-preview-alert js-preview-unavailable"><p>Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. 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