Pe̍h-ōe-jī - Wikipedia

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class="mw-body-content"> <script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script> <div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> This article is about the Hokkien romanisation system. For other uses of these characters, see <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E8%A9%B1%E5%AD%97_(disambiguation)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="白話字 (disambiguation)">白話字</a>. </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style> Pe̍h-ōe-jī (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>Taiwanese Hokkien: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Help:IPA/Taiwanese_Hokkien?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Help:IPA/Taiwanese Hokkien">[pe˩ˀ o̯e̞˩ d͡ʑi˧]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/0\/08\/Peh-oe-ji.ogg\/Peh-oe-ji.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Peh-oe-ji.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/08/Peh-oe-ji.ogg/Peh-oe-ji.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Peh-oe-ji.ogg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="File:Peh-oe-ji.ogg">ⓘ</a>, English approximation: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Help:IPA/English?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Help:IPA/English">/peɪweɪˈdʒiː/</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">pay-way-JEE</a>; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Abbr.?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbr.">abbr.</a> POJ; <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'vernacular writing'), sometimes known as Church Romanization, is an <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Orthography?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Orthography">orthography</a> used to write variants of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hokkien?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Southern_Min?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Southern Min">Southern Min</a>,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:0-2">[2]</a> particularly <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Taiwanese_Hokkien?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Taiwanese Hokkien">Taiwanese</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Amoy_dialect?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Amoy dialect">Amoy Hokkien</a>, and it is widely employed as one of the writing systems for Southern Min. During its peak, it had hundreds of thousands of readers.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:1-3">[3]</a> <table class="infobox"> <tbody> <tr> <th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="padding:0.25em; background:lightblue;">Pe̍h-ōe-jī <div style="font-weight:normal"> Church Romanization </div></th> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="padding-top:0.4em;padding-bottom:0.4em;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:POJ_text_sample_corrected.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A sample of POJ text" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/POJ_text_sample_corrected.svg/250px-POJ_text_sample_corrected.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/POJ_text_sample_corrected.svg/375px-POJ_text_sample_corrected.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/POJ_text_sample_corrected.svg/500px-POJ_text_sample_corrected.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="414"></a> <div class="infobox-caption" style="border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> A sample of pe̍h-ōe-jī text </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Script type</th> <td class="infobox-data"> <div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.25em"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alphabet?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alphabet">Alphabet</a> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Creator</th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Walter_Henry_Medhurst?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Walter Henry Medhurst">Walter Henry Medhurst</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Elihu_Doty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Elihu Doty">Elihu Doty</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/John_Van_Nest_Talmage?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="John Van Nest Talmage">John Van Nest Talmage</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"> <div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"> Time period </div></th> <td class="infobox-data">since the 1830s</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Languages</th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hokkien?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Southern_Min?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Southern Min">Southern Min</a> <dl> <dd> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Amoy_dialect?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Amoy dialect">Amoy</a> </dd> <dd> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Taiwanese_Hokkien?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Taiwanese Hokkien">Taiwanese</a> </dd> <dd> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Singaporean_Hokkien?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Singaporean Hokkien">Singaporean Hokkien</a> </dd> </dl></td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd">Related scripts</th> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"> <div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"> Parent systems </div></th> <td class="infobox-data"> <div style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyphs?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Egyptian hieroglyphs">Egyptian hieroglyphs</a> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proto-Sinaitic?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Sinaitic">Proto-Sinaitic</a> <ul style="margin-left:0.8em;"> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Phoenician_alphabet?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Phoenician alphabet">Phoenician alphabet</a> <ul style="margin-left:0.8em;"> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_alphabet?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Greek alphabet">Greek alphabet</a> <ul style="margin-left:0.8em;"> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Latin_script?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Latin script">Latin script</a> <ul style="margin-left:0.8em;"> <li>Pe̍h-ōe-jī</li> </ul></li> </ul></li> </ul></li> </ul></li> </ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"> <div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"> Child systems </div></th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Taiwanese_Language_Phonetic_Alphabet?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Taiwanese Language Phonetic Alphabet">TLPA</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Taiwanese_Romanization_System?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Taiwanese Romanization System">Tâi-lô</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd">ISO 15924</th> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISO_15924?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ISO 15924">ISO 15924</a></th> <td class="infobox-data">BCP 47 variant subtag: <code>pehoeji</code><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-1">[1]</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="text-align:left; background:#eee;"> This article contains <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Phonetic_transcription?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Phonetic transcription">phonetic transcriptions</a> in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a> (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Help:IPA?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>. For the distinction between [ ], / / and ⟨ ⟩, see <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Brackets_and_transcription_delimiters" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters</a>.</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> Developed by Western <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Missionary?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Missionary">missionaries</a> working among the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chinese_emigration?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chinese emigration">Chinese diaspora</a> in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Southeast_Asia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a> in the 19th century and refined by missionaries working in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Xiamen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Xiamen">Xiamen</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tainan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tainan">Tainan</a>, it uses a modified <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Latin_alphabet?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Latin alphabet">Latin alphabet</a> and some <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Diacritic?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Diacritic">diacritics</a> to represent the spoken language. After initial success in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fujian?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fujian">Fujian</a>, POJ became most widespread in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Taiwan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a> and, in the mid-20th century, there were over 100,000 people literate in POJ. A large amount of printed material, religious and secular, has been produced in the script, including <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Taiwan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>'s first newspaper, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Taiwan_Church_News?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Taiwan Church News">Taiwan Church News</a>. During <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Taiwan_under_Japanese_rule?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Taiwan under Japanese rule">Japanese rule</a> (1895–1945), the use of pe̍h-ōe-jī was suppressed and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Taiwanese_kana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Taiwanese kana">Taiwanese kana</a> encouraged; it faced further suppression during the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kuomintang?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kuomintang">Kuomintang</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Martial_law_in_Taiwan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Martial law in Taiwan">martial law period</a> (1947–1987). In Fujian, use declined after the establishment of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of China">People's Republic of China</a> (1949) and by the early 21st century the system was not in general use there. However, Taiwanese <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christians?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Christians">Christians</a>, non-native learners of Southern Min, and native-speaker enthusiasts in Taiwan are among those that continue to use pe̍h-ōe-jī. Full computer support was achieved in 2004 with the release of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Unicode?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> 4.1.0, and POJ is now implemented in many <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Font?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Font">fonts</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Input_method?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Input method">input methods</a>, and is used in extensive online dictionaries. Versions of pe̍h-ōe-jī have been devised for other Southern <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Varieties_of_Chinese?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Varieties of Chinese">Chinese varieties</a>, including <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hakka_Chinese?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hakka Chinese">Hakka</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Teochew_dialect?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Teochew dialect">Teochew Southern Min</a>. Other related scripts include Pha̍k-oa-chhi for <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gan_Chinese?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gan Chinese">Gan</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pha%CC%8Dk-fa-s%E1%B9%B3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pha̍k-fa-sṳ">Pha̍k-fa-sṳ</a> for <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hakka_Chinese?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hakka Chinese">Hakka</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hainan_Romanized?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Hainan Romanized">Bǽh-oe-tu</a> for <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hainanese?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hainanese">Hainanese</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Foochow_Romanized?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Foochow Romanized">Bàng-uâ-cê</a> for <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fuzhou_dialect?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fuzhou dialect">Fuzhou</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%ABe-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Pe̍h-ūe-jī">Pe̍h-ūe-jī</a> for <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Teochew_dialect?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Teochew dialect">Teochew</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kienning_Colloquial_Romanized?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kienning Colloquial Romanized">Gṳ̿ing-nǎing Lô̤-mǎ-cī</a> for <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Min?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Northern Min">Northern Min</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hinghwa_Romanized?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hinghwa Romanized">Hing-hua̍ báⁿ-uā-ci̍</a> for <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pu-Xian_Min?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Pu-Xian Min">Pu-Xian Min</a>. In 2006, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Taiwanese_Romanization_System?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Taiwanese Romanization System">Taiwanese Romanization System</a> (Tâi-lô), a government-sponsored successor based on pe̍h-ōe-jī, was released. Despite this, native language education, and writing systems for Taiwanese, have remained a fiercely debated topic in Taiwan. POJ laid the foundation for the creation of new literature in Taiwan. Before the 1920s, many people had already written literary works in POJ,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-4">[4]</a> contributing significantly to the preservation of Southern Min vocabulary since the late 19th century. On October 14, 2006, the Ministry of Education in Taiwan announced the Taiwanese Romanization System or Tâi-lô based on POJ as the standard spelling system for Southern Min. <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"> <input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"> <div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label> </div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Name">1 Name</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#History">2 History</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Early_development">2.1 Early development</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Maturity">2.2 Maturity</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#After_World_War_II">2.3 After World War II</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Current_system">3 Current system</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Tone_markings">3.1 Tone markings</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Hyphens">3.2 Hyphens</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Audio_examples">3.3 Audio examples</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Regional_differences">3.4 Regional differences</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Texts">4 Texts</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Computing">5 Computing</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Unicode_codepoints">5.1 Unicode codepoints</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Font_support">5.2 Font support</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Han-Romanization_mixed_script">6 Han-Romanization mixed script</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Adaptations_for_other_Chinese_varieties">7 Adaptations for other Chinese varieties</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Current_status">8 Current status</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Notes">9 Notes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#References">10 References</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Citations">10.1 Citations</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Works_cited">10.2 Works cited</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-22"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#External_links">11 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"> <h2 id="Name">Name</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB&action=edit&section=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Name" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"> <table class="infobox"> <tbody> <tr> <th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="color: #202122;background-color:#b0c4de">Pe̍h-ōe-jī</th> </tr> <tr style="display:none;"> <td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional Chinese</a></th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%25E7%2599%25BD%25E8%25A9%25B1%25E5%25AD%2597" class="extiw" title="wikt:白話字">白話字</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified Chinese</a></th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%25E7%2599%25BD%25E8%25AF%259D%25E5%25AD%2597" class="extiw" title="wikt:白话字">白话字</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hokkien?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">POJ</a></th> <td class="infobox-data">Pe̍h-ōe-jī, Pe̍h-ōe-lī, Pe̍͘h-ōa-jī</td> </tr> <tr style="display:none"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Literal meaning</th> <td class="infobox-data">Vernacular writing</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"> <table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"> <tbody> <tr> <th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Standard_Chinese?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th> <td class="infobox-data">Báihuàzì</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bopomofo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bopomofo">Bopomofo</a></th> <td class="infobox-data">ㄅㄞˊ ㄏㄨㄚˋ ㄗˋ</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a></th> <td class="infobox-data">Pai2-hua4-tzu4</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tongyong_Pinyin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tongyong Pinyin">Tongyong Pinyin</a></th> <td class="infobox-data">Bái-huà-zìh</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">IPA</a></th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">[pǎɪ.xwâ.tsɹ̩̂]</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wu_Chinese?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wu Chinese">Wu</a></th> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Romanization_of_Wu_Chinese?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Romanization of Wu Chinese">Romanization</a></th> <td class="infobox-data">Poe平 ho入 zî平</td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gan_Chinese?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gan Chinese">Gan</a></th> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Romanization</th> <td class="infobox-data">Pha̍k-oa-chhi</td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hakka_Chinese?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hakka Chinese">Hakka</a></th> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Guangdong_Romanization?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Hakka" title="Guangdong Romanization">Romanization</a></th> <td class="infobox-data">Pha̍k-fa-sṳ</td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cantonese?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cantonese">Yue: Cantonese</a></th> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Yale_romanization_of_Cantonese?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Yale romanization of Cantonese">Yale Romanization</a></th> <td class="infobox-data">baahk wá jih</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jyutping?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jyutping">Jyutping</a></th> <td class="infobox-data">baak6 waa2 zi6</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Help:IPA/Cantonese?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Help:IPA/Cantonese">IPA</a></th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Help:IPA/Cantonese?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Help:IPA/Cantonese">[pak̚˨ wa˧˥ tsi˨]</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Southern_Min?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Southern Min">Southern Min</a></th> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hokkien?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">POJ</a></th> <td class="infobox-data">Pe̍h-ōe-jī, Pe̍h-ōe-lī, Pe̍͘h-ōa-jī</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Taiwanese_Romanization_System?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Taiwanese Romanization System">Tâi-lô</a></th> <td class="infobox-data">Pe̍h-uē-jī</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bb%C3%A1nl%C3%A1m_p%C3%ACngy%C4%ABm?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bbánlám pìngyīm">Bbánlám Pìngyīm</a></th> <td class="infobox-data">Béhwêzzî</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Teochew_dialect?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Teochew dialect">Teochew</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Guangdong_Romanization?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Teochew" title="Guangdong Romanization">Peng'im</a></th> <td class="infobox-data">Bêh8 uê7 ri7</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hainanese?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hainanese">Hainanese</a> Romanization</th> <td class="infobox-data">Bǽh-oe-tu</td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Min?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eastern Min">Eastern Min</a></th> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fuzhou_dialect?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fuzhou dialect">Fuzhou</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Foochow_Romanized?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Foochow Romanized">BUC</a></th> <td class="infobox-data">Bàh-uâ-cê</td> </tr> </tbody> </table></td> </tr> <tr style="display:none"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> The name pe̍h-ōe-jī (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Chinese</a>: 白話字; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pinyin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: Báihuà zì) means "vernacular writing", written characters representing everyday spoken language.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKl%C3%B6ter200590-5">[5]</a> The name vernacular writing could be applied to many kinds of writing, romanized and character-based, but the term pe̍h-ōe-jī is commonly restricted to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Southern_Min?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Southern Min">Southern Min</a> romanization system developed by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Presbyterian?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Presbyterian">Presbyterian</a> missionaries in the 19th century.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKl%C3%B6ter20021-6">[6]</a> The missionaries who invented and refined the system used, instead of the name pe̍h-ōe-jī, various other terms, such as "Romanized <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Xiamen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Xiamen">Amoy</a> Vernacular" and "Romanized Amoy Colloquial."<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKl%C3%B6ter200590-5">[5]</a> The origins of the system and its extensive use in the Christian community have led to it being known by some modern writers as "Church Romanization" (教會羅馬字; Kàu-hōe Lô-má-jī; Jiàohuì Luōmǎzì) and is often abbreviated in POJ itself to Kàu-lô. (教羅; Jiàoluō)<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKl%C3%B6ter200589-7">[7]</a> There is some debate on whether "pe̍h-ōe-jī" or "Church Romanization" is the more appropriate name. Objections to "pe̍h-ōe-jī" are that it can refer to more than one system and that both <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Literary_and_colloquial_readings_of_Chinese_characters?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Literary and colloquial readings of Chinese characters">literary and colloquial register</a> Southern Min appear in the system and so describing it as "vernacular" writing might be inaccurate.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKl%C3%B6ter200590-5">[5]</a> Objections to "Church Romanization" are that some non-Christians and some secular writing use it.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChang200113-8">[8]</a> POJ today is largely disassociated from its former religious purpose.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKl%C3%B6ter2005248-9">[9]</a> The term "romanization" is also disliked by some, who see it as belittling the status of pe̍h-ōe-jī by identifying it as a supplementary phonetic system instead of a standalone orthography.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChang200113-8">[8]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"> <h2 id="History">History</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB&action=edit&section=2&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: History" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:%E8%87%BA%E5%8D%97%E6%9D%B1%E9%96%80%E5%B7%B4%E5%85%8B%E7%A6%AE%E7%B4%80%E5%BF%B5%E6%95%99%E6%9C%83%E5%A4%A7%E7%A6%AE%E6%8B%9C%E5%A0%82.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img alt="POJ inscription" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/%E8%87%BA%E5%8D%97%E6%9D%B1%E9%96%80%E5%B7%B4%E5%85%8B%E7%A6%AE%E7%B4%80%E5%BF%B5%E6%95%99%E6%9C%83%E5%A4%A7%E7%A6%AE%E6%8B%9C%E5%A0%82.jpg/300px-%E8%87%BA%E5%8D%97%E6%9D%B1%E9%96%80%E5%B7%B4%E5%85%8B%E7%A6%AE%E7%B4%80%E5%BF%B5%E6%95%99%E6%9C%83%E5%A4%A7%E7%A6%AE%E6%8B%9C%E5%A0%82.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 300px;height: 225px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/%E8%87%BA%E5%8D%97%E6%9D%B1%E9%96%80%E5%B7%B4%E5%85%8B%E7%A6%AE%E7%B4%80%E5%BF%B5%E6%95%99%E6%9C%83%E5%A4%A7%E7%A6%AE%E6%8B%9C%E5%A0%82.jpg/300px-%E8%87%BA%E5%8D%97%E6%9D%B1%E9%96%80%E5%B7%B4%E5%85%8B%E7%A6%AE%E7%B4%80%E5%BF%B5%E6%95%99%E6%9C%83%E5%A4%A7%E7%A6%AE%E6%8B%9C%E5%A0%82.jpg" data-alt="POJ inscription" data-width="300" data-height="225" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/%E8%87%BA%E5%8D%97%E6%9D%B1%E9%96%80%E5%B7%B4%E5%85%8B%E7%A6%AE%E7%B4%80%E5%BF%B5%E6%95%99%E6%9C%83%E5%A4%A7%E7%A6%AE%E6%8B%9C%E5%A0%82.jpg/450px-%E8%87%BA%E5%8D%97%E6%9D%B1%E9%96%80%E5%B7%B4%E5%85%8B%E7%A6%AE%E7%B4%80%E5%BF%B5%E6%95%99%E6%9C%83%E5%A4%A7%E7%A6%AE%E6%8B%9C%E5%A0%82.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/%E8%87%BA%E5%8D%97%E6%9D%B1%E9%96%80%E5%B7%B4%E5%85%8B%E7%A6%AE%E7%B4%80%E5%BF%B5%E6%95%99%E6%9C%83%E5%A4%A7%E7%A6%AE%E6%8B%9C%E5%A0%82.jpg/600px-%E8%87%BA%E5%8D%97%E6%9D%B1%E9%96%80%E5%B7%B4%E5%85%8B%E7%A6%AE%E7%B4%80%E5%BF%B5%E6%95%99%E6%9C%83%E5%A4%A7%E7%A6%AE%E6%8B%9C%E5%A0%82.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Pe̍h-ōe-jī inscription at a church in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tainan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tainan">Tainan</a> (Tâi-lâm), commemorating <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Thomas_Barclay_(missionary)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Thomas Barclay (missionary)">Thomas Barclay</a>. The text <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Literal_translation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Literal translation">literally translates</a> to "Tainan East Gate<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-10">[a]</a> Barclay Memorial Church", and, as seen on the left, would be written in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chinese_characters?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chinese characters">Chinese characters</a> as: 台南東門巴克禮紀念教會.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-11">[b]</a> </figcaption> </figure> The history of pe̍h-ōe-jī has been heavily influenced by official attitudes towards the Southern Min vernaculars and the Christian organizations that propagated it. Early documents point to the purpose of the creation of POJ as being pedagogical in nature, closely allied to educating <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianity_in_China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Christianity in China">Christian converts</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKl%C3%B6ter200592-12">[10]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Early_development">Early development</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB&action=edit&section=3&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Early development" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The first people to use a romanized script to write Southern Min were Spanish missionaries in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manila?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Manila">Manila</a> in the 16th century.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKl%C3%B6ter20021-6">[6]</a> However, it was used mainly as a teaching aid for Spanish learners of Southern Min, and seems not to have had any influence on the development of pe̍h-ōe-jī.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKl%C3%B6ter20022-13">[11]</a> In the early 19th century, China was closed to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christian_missionaries?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian missionaries">Christian missionaries</a>, who instead proselytized to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Overseas_Chinese?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Overseas Chinese">overseas Chinese</a> communities in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/South_East_Asia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="South East Asia">South East Asia</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeylen2001139-14">[12]</a> The earliest origins of the system are found in a small vocabulary first printed in 1820 by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Walter_Henry_Medhurst?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Walter Henry Medhurst">Walter Henry Medhurst</a>,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeylen2001142-15">[13]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChang200114-16">[14]</a> who went on to publish the Dictionary of the Hok-këèn Dialect of the Chinese Language, According to the Reading and Colloquial Idioms in 1832.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeylen2001142-15">[13]</a> This dictionary represents the first major reference work in POJ, although the romanization within was quite different from the modern system, and has been dubbed Early Church Romanization by one scholar of the subject.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKl%C3%B6ter200589-7">[7]</a> Medhurst, who was stationed in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Malacca?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Malacca">Malacca</a>, was influenced by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Robert_Morrison_(missionary)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Robert Morrison (missionary)">Robert Morrison's</a> romanization of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin Chinese</a>, but had to innovate in several areas to reflect major differences between Mandarin and Southern Min.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeylen2001144-17">[15]</a> Several important developments occurred in Medhurst's work, especially the application of consistent tone markings (influenced by contemporary linguistic studies of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sanskrit?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>, which was becoming of more mainstream interest to Western scholars).<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKl%C3%B6ter2005109-18">[16]</a> Medhurst was convinced that accurate representation and reproduction of the tonal structure of Southern Min was vital to comprehension: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style> <blockquote class="templatequote"> Respecting these tones of the Chinese language, some difference of opinion has been obtained, and while some have considered them of first importance, others have paid them little or no intention. The author inclines decidedly to the former opinion; having found, from uniform experience, that without strict attention to tones, it is impossible for a person to make himself understood in Hok-këèn. <div class="templatequotecite"> — <cite>W. H. Medhurst<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMedhurst1832viii-19">[17]</a></cite> </div> </blockquote> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Doty_frontispiece.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img alt="Frontispiece of the Anglo Chinese Manual" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Doty_frontispiece.png/200px-Doty_frontispiece.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="317" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="495" data-file-height="785"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 317px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Doty_frontispiece.png/200px-Doty_frontispiece.png" data-alt="Frontispiece of the Anglo Chinese Manual" data-width="200" data-height="317" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Doty_frontispiece.png/300px-Doty_frontispiece.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Doty_frontispiece.png/400px-Doty_frontispiece.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Frontispiece of Doty's Anglo Chinese Manual of the Amoy Dialect (1853) </figcaption> </figure> The system expounded by Medhurst influenced later dictionary compilers with regard to tonal notation and initials, but both his complicated vowel system and his emphasis on the literary register of Southern Min were dropped by later writers.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKl%C3%B6ter2005110-20">[18]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeylen2001145-21">[19]</a> Following on from Medhurst's work, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Samuel_Wells_Williams?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Samuel Wells Williams">Samuel Wells Williams</a> became the chief proponent of major changes in the orthography devised by Morrison and adapted by Medhurst. Through personal communication and letters and articles printed in The Chinese Repository a consensus was arrived at for the new version of POJ, although Williams' suggestions were largely not followed.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeylen2001149-22">[20]</a> The first major work to represent this new orthography was <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Elihu_Doty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Elihu Doty">Elihu Doty</a>'s Anglo-Chinese Manual with Romanized Colloquial in the Amoy Dialect,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeylen2001149-22">[20]</a> published in 1853. The manual can therefore be regarded as the first presentation of a pre-modern POJ, a significant step onwards from Medhurst's orthography and different from today's system in only a few details.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKl%C3%B6ter2005111-23">[21]</a> From this point on various authors adjusted some of the consonants and vowels, but the system of tone marks from Doty's Manual survives intact in modern POJ.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKl%C3%B6ter2005111,_116-24">[22]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/John_Van_Nest_Talmage?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="John Van Nest Talmage">John Van Nest Talmage</a> has traditionally been regarded as the founder of POJ among the community which uses the orthography, although it now seems that he was an early promoter of the system, rather than its inventor.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChang200114-16">[14]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeylen2001149-22">[20]</a> In 1842 the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Treaty_of_Nanking?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Treaty of Nanking">Treaty of Nanking</a> was concluded, which included among its provisions the creation of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Treaty_port?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty port">treaty ports</a> in which Christian missionaries would be free to preach.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKl%C3%B6ter200592-12">[10]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Xiamen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Xiamen">Xiamen</a> (then known as Amoy) was one of these treaty ports, and British, Canadian and American missionaries moved in to start preaching to the local inhabitants. These missionaries, housed in the cantonment of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gulangyu_Island?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Gulangyu Island">Gulangyu</a>, created reference works and religious tracts, including a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bible_translation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Bible translation">bible translation</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKl%C3%B6ter200592-12">[10]</a> Naturally, they based the pronunciation of their romanization on the speech of Xiamen, which became the de facto standard when they eventually moved into other areas of the Hokkien <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sprachraum?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sprachraum">Sprachraum</a>, most notably Taiwan.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKl%C3%B6ter200593-25">[23]</a> The 1858 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Treaty_of_Tianjin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Tianjin">Treaty of Tianjin</a> officially opened Taiwan to western missionaries, and missionary societies were quick to send men to work in the field, usually after a sojourn in Xiamen to acquire the rudiments of the language.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKl%C3%B6ter200593-25">[23]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Maturity">Maturity</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB&action=edit&section=4&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Maturity" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style> <div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:350px; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> Khó-sioh lín pún-kok ê jī chin oh, chió chió lâng khòaⁿ ē hiáu-tit. Só͘-í góan ū siat pa̍t-mih ê hoat-tō͘, ēng pe̍h-ōe-jī lâi ìn-chheh, hō͘ lín chèng-lâng khòaⁿ khah khòai bat... Lâng m̄-thang phah-sǹg in-ūi i bat Khóng-chú-jī só͘-í m̄-bián o̍h chit-hō ê jī; iā m̄-thang khòaⁿ-khin i, kóng sī gín-á só͘-tha̍k--ê. Because the characters in your country are so difficult only a few people are literate. Therefore, we have striven to print books in pe̍h-ōe-jī to help you to read... don't think that if you know <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chinese_characters?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chinese characters">Chinese characters</a> you needn't learn this script, nor should you regard it as a childish thing. </blockquote> <cite class="left-aligned" style="">Thomas Barclay, Tâi-oân-hú-siâⁿ Kàu-hōe-pò, Issue 1</cite> </div> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quanzhou_dialect?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Quanzhou dialect">Quanzhou</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zhangzhou_dialect?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhangzhou dialect">Zhangzhou</a> are two major varieties of Southern Min, and in Xiamen they combined to form something "not Quan, not Zhang" – i.e. not one or the other, but rather a fusion, which became known as Amoy Dialect or Amoy Chinese.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAng19922-26">[24]</a> In Taiwan, with its mixture of migrants from both Quanzhou and Zhangzhou, the linguistic situation was similar; although the resulting blend in the southern city of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tainan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tainan">Tainan</a> differed from the Xiamen blend, it was close enough that the missionaries could ignore the differences and import their system wholesale.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKl%C3%B6ter200593-25">[23]</a> The fact that religious tracts, dictionaries, and teaching guides already existed in the Xiamen tongue meant that the missionaries in Taiwan could begin proselytizing immediately, without the intervening time needed to write those materials.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeylen2001160-27">[25]</a> Missionary opinion was divided on whether POJ was desirable as an end in itself as a full-fledged orthography, or as a means to literacy in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chinese_characters?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chinese characters">Chinese characters</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/William_Campbell_(missionary)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="William Campbell (missionary)">William Campbell</a> described POJ as a step on the road to reading and writing the characters, claiming that to promote it as an independent writing system would inflame nationalist passions in China, where characters were considered a sacred part of Chinese culture.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKl%C3%B6ter200213-28">[26]</a> Taking the other side, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Thomas_Barclay_(missionary)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Thomas Barclay (missionary)">Thomas Barclay</a> believed that literacy in POJ should be a goal rather than a <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/waypoint" class="extiw" title="wikt:waypoint">waypoint</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"> <blockquote class="templatequote"> Soon after my arrival in Formosa I became firmly convinced of three things, and more than fifty years experience has strengthened my conviction. The first was that if you are to have a healthy, living Church it is necessary that all the members, men and women, read the Scriptures for themselves; second, that this end can never be attained by the use of the Chinese character; third, that it can be attained by the use of the alphabetic script, this Romanised Vernacular. <div class="templatequotecite"> — <cite>Thomas Barclay<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-29">[27]</a></cite> </div> </blockquote> A great boon to the promotion of POJ in Taiwan came in 1880 when <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/James_Laidlaw_Maxwell?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="James Laidlaw Maxwell">James Laidlaw Maxwell</a>, a medical missionary based in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tainan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tainan">Tainan</a>, started promoting POJ for writing the Bible, hymns, newspapers, and magazines. He donated a small printing press to the local church,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-TCP-30">[28]</a> which <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Thomas_Barclay_(missionary)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Thomas Barclay (missionary)">Thomas Barclay</a> learned how to operate in 1881 before founding the Presbyterian Church Press in 1884. Subsequently, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Taiwan_Church_News?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Taiwan Church News">Taiwan Prefectural City Church News</a>, which first appeared in 1885 and was produced by Barclay's Presbyterian Church of Taiwan Press,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-TCP-30">[28]</a> became the first printed newspaper in Taiwan,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTECopper2007240-31">[29]</a> marking the establishment of POJ in Taiwan, giving rise to numerous literary works written in POJ.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:0-2">[2]</a> As other authors made their own alterations to the conventions laid down by Medhurst and Doty, pe̍h-ōe-jī evolved and eventually settled into its current form. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ernest_Tipson?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ernest Tipson">Ernest Tipson</a>'s 1934 pocket dictionary was the first reference work to reflect this modern spelling.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKl%C3%B6ter2005114-32">[30]</a> Between Medhurst's dictionary of 1832 and the standardization of POJ in Tipson's time, there were a number of works published, which can be used to chart the change over time of pe̍h-ōe-jī:<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-33">[31]</a> <table class="wikitable" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none;"> <caption> Evolution of pe̍h-ōe-jī, 1832–1934 </caption> <tbody> <tr> <th rowspan="2" scope="col">Year</th> <th rowspan="2" scope="col">Author</th> <th colspan="9" scope="col">Pe̍h-ōe-jī spellings comparison</th> <th rowspan="2" scope="col">Source</th> </tr> <tr> <th width="50" scope="col">[<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_affricate?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate">tɕ</a>]</th> <th width="50" scope="col">[<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_affricate?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Voiceless alveolar affricate">ts</a>]</th> <th width="50" scope="col">[<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Voiced velar nasal">ŋ</a>] [ŋ]</th> <th width="50" scope="col">[ɪɛn]/[ɛn]</th> <th width="50" scope="col">[iɛt̚]</th> <th width="50" scope="col">[ɪk]</th> <th width="50" scope="col">[iŋ]</th> <th width="50" scope="col">[<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Open-mid back rounded vowel">ɔ</a>]</th> <th width="50" scope="col">[<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aspirated_consonant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aspirated consonant">◌ʰ</a>]</th> </tr> <tr align="center"> <td>1832</td> <td>Medhurst</td> <td colspan="2">ch</td> <td>gn</td> <td>ëen</td> <td>ëet</td> <td>ek</td> <td>eng</td> <td>oe</td> <td>'h</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMedhurst1832-34">[32]</a></td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <td>1853</td> <td>Doty</td> <td colspan="2">ch</td> <td>ng</td> <td>ian</td> <td>iat</td> <td>iek</td> <td>ieng</td> <td>o͘</td> <td>'</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoty1853-35">[33]</a></td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <td>1869</td> <td>MacGowan</td> <td colspan="2">ts</td> <td>ng</td> <td>ien</td> <td>iet</td> <td>ek</td> <td>eng</td> <td>o͘</td> <td>h</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacGowan1869-36">[34]</a></td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <td>1873</td> <td>Douglas</td> <td>ch</td> <td>ts</td> <td>ng</td> <td>ien</td> <td>iet</td> <td>ek</td> <td>eng</td> <td>ɵ͘</td> <td>h</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDouglas1873-37">[35]</a></td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <td>1894</td> <td>Van Nest Talmage</td> <td colspan="2">ch</td> <td>ng</td> <td>ian</td> <td>iat</td> <td>ek</td> <td>eng</td> <td>o͘</td> <td>h</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Nest_Talmage1894-38">[36]</a></td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <td>1911</td> <td>Warnshuis & de Pree</td> <td colspan="2">ch</td> <td>ng</td> <td>ian</td> <td>iat</td> <td>ek</td> <td>eng</td> <td>o͘</td> <td>h</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWarnshuisde_Pree1911-39">[37]</a></td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <td>1913</td> <td>Campbell</td> <td>ch</td> <td>ts</td> <td>ng</td> <td>ian</td> <td>iat</td> <td>ek</td> <td>eng</td> <td>o͘</td> <td>h</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell1913-40">[38]</a></td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <td>1923</td> <td>Barclay</td> <td>ch</td> <td>ts</td> <td>ng</td> <td>ian</td> <td>iet</td> <td>ek</td> <td>eng</td> <td>o͘</td> <td>h</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarclay1923-41">[39]</a></td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <td>1934</td> <td>Tipson</td> <td colspan="2">ch</td> <td>ng</td> <td>ian</td> <td>iat</td> <td>ek</td> <td>eng</td> <td>o͘</td> <td>h</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTETipson1934-42">[40]</a></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Taiwanese_kana.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img alt="Taiwanese kana" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Taiwanese_kana.svg/220px-Taiwanese_kana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="236" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="161" data-file-height="173"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 236px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Taiwanese_kana.svg/220px-Taiwanese_kana.svg.png" data-alt="Taiwanese kana" data-width="220" data-height="236" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Taiwanese_kana.svg/330px-Taiwanese_kana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Taiwanese_kana.svg/440px-Taiwanese_kana.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Taiwanese_kana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Taiwanese kana">Taiwanese kana</a> used as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ruby_character?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ruby character">ruby characters</a> </figcaption> </figure> Competition for POJ was introduced during the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Taiwan_under_Japanese_rule?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Taiwan under Japanese rule">Japanese era</a> in Taiwan (1895–1945) in the form of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Taiwanese_kana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Taiwanese kana">Taiwanese kana</a>, a system designed as a teaching aid and pronunciation guide, rather than an independent orthography like POJ.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKl%C3%B6ter2005136-43">[41]</a> During the Japanese rule period, the Japanese government began suppressing POJ, banning classes,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:1-3">[3]</a> and forcing the cessation of publications like the Taiwan Church News. From the 1930s onwards, with the increasing militarization of Japan and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Taiwan_under_Japanese_rule?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#K%C5%8Dminka:_%22Subjects_of_the_Emperor%22_(1937%E2%80%931945)" title="Taiwan under Japanese rule">Kōminka</a> movement encouraging Taiwanese people to "<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Japanization?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Japanization">Japanize</a>", there were a raft of measures taken against native languages, including Taiwanese.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKl%C3%B6ter2005153-44">[42]</a> While these moves resulted in a suppression of POJ, they were "a logical consequence of increasing the amount of education in Japanese, rather than an explicit attempt to ban a particular Taiwanese orthography in favor of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Taiwanese_kana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Taiwanese kana">Taiwanese kana</a>".<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKl%C3%B6ter2005154-45">[43]</a> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a> beginning in 1937 brought stricter measures into force, and along with the outlawing of romanized Taiwanese, various publications were prohibited and Confucian-style shobō (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Chinese</a>: 書房; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pinyin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: shūfáng; <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pe̍h-ōe-jī</a>: su-pâng) – private schools which taught <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Classical_Chinese?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Classical Chinese">Classical Chinese</a> with literary Southern Min pronunciation – were closed down in 1939.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKl%C3%B6ter2005135-46">[44]</a> The Japanese authorities came to perceive POJ as an obstacle to Japanization and also suspected that POJ was being used to hide "concealed codes and secret revolutionary messages".<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTELin199921-47">[45]</a> In the climate of the ongoing war the government banned the Taiwan Church News in 1942 as it was written in POJ.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChang200118-48">[46]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="After_World_War_II">After World War II</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB&action=edit&section=5&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: After World War II" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Banning_of_POJ.gif?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Banning_of_POJ.gif/220px-Banning_of_POJ.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="264" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1160" data-file-height="1392"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 264px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Banning_of_POJ.gif/220px-Banning_of_POJ.gif" data-width="220" data-height="264" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Banning_of_POJ.gif/330px-Banning_of_POJ.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Banning_of_POJ.gif/440px-Banning_of_POJ.gif 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> A decree (1955) banning Pe̍h-ōe-jī. </figcaption> </figure> Initially the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kuomintang?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kuomintang">Kuomintang</a> government in Taiwan had a liberal attitude towards "local dialects" (i.e. non-Mandarin varieties of Chinese). The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/National_Languages_Committee?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="National Languages Committee">National Languages Committee</a> produced booklets outlining versions of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bopomofo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bopomofo">Zhuyin fuhao</a> for writing the Taiwanese tongue, these being intended for newly arrived government officials from outside Taiwan as well as local Taiwanese.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKl%C3%B6ter2005231-49">[47]</a> The first government action against native languages came in 1953, when the use of Taiwanese or Japanese for instruction was forbidden.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTELin19991-50">[48]</a> The next move to suppress the movement came in 1955, when the use of POJ for proselytizing was outlawed.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChang200118-48">[46]</a> At that point in time there were 115,000 people literate in POJ in Taiwan, Fujian, and southeast Asia.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTETiu%E2%81%BF20047-51">[49]</a> Two years later, missionaries were banned from using romanized bibles, and the use of "native languages" (i.e. Taiwanese Hokkien, Hakka, and the non-Sinitic <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Formosan_languages?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Formosan languages">Formosan languages</a>) in church work became illegal.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChang200118-48">[46]</a> The ban on POJ bibles was overturned in 1959, but churches were "encouraged" to use character bibles instead.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChang200118-48">[46]</a> Government activities against POJ intensified in the late 1960s and early 1970s, when several publications were banned or seized in an effort to prevent the spread of the romanization. In 1964, use of Taiwanese in schools or official settings was forbidden,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTELin19991-50">[48]</a> and transgression in schools was punished with beatings, fines and humiliation.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTESandel2003533-52">[50]</a> The Taiwan Church News (printed in POJ) was banned in 1969, and only allowed to return a year later when the publishers agreed to print it in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chinese_characters?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chinese characters">Chinese characters</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChang200118-48">[46]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKl%C3%B6ter2005217-53">[51]</a> In the 1970s, the Nationalist government in Taiwan completely prohibited the use of POJ, causing it to decline.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-54">[52]</a> In 1974, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Government_Information_Office?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Government Information Office">Government Information Office</a> banned <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFEmbree1973">A Dictionary of Southern Min</a>, with a government official saying: "We have no objection to the dictionary being used by foreigners. They could use it in mimeographed form. But we don't want it published as a book and sold publicly because of the Romanization it contains. Chinese should not be learning Chinese through Romanization."<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-55">[53]</a> Also in the 1970s, a POJ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/New_Testament?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="New Testament">New Testament</a> translation known as the "Red Cover Bible" (Âng-phoê Sèng-keng) was confiscated and banned by the Nationalist regime.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEI%C3%BB%E2%81%BF200924-56">[54]</a> Official moves against native languages continued into the 1980s, the Ministry of Education and the Ministry of the Interior decided in 1984 to forbid missionaries to use "local dialects" and romanizations in their work.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChang200118-48">[46]</a> It was not until the late 1980s, with the lifting of martial law, that POJ slowly regained momentum under the influence of the native language movement. With the ending of martial law in 1987, the restrictions on "local languages" were quietly lifted,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTESandel2003530-57">[55]</a> resulting in growing interest in Taiwanese writing during the 1990s.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWu20071-58">[56]</a> For the first time since the 1950s, Taiwanese language and literature was discussed and debated openly in newspapers and journals.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWu20079-59">[57]</a> There was also support from the then opposition party, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Democratic_Progressive_Party?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Democratic Progressive Party">Democratic Progressive Party</a>, for writing in the language.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTELin19991-50">[48]</a> From a total of 26 documented orthographies for Taiwanese in 1987 (including defunct systems), there were a further 38 invented from 1987 to 1999, including 30 different romanizations, six adaptations of bopomofo and two <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hangul?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hangul">hangul</a>-like systems.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChiung2005275-60">[58]</a> Some commentators believe that the Kuomintang, while steering clear of outright banning of the native language movements after the end of martial law, took a "divide and conquer" approach by promoting <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Taiwanese_Language_Phonetic_Alphabet?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Taiwanese Language Phonetic Alphabet">Taiwanese Language Phonetic Alphabet</a> (TLPA), an alternative to POJ,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChang200119-61">[59]</a> which was at the time the choice of the majority within the nativization movement.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChiung2005273-62">[60]</a> Native language education has remained a fiercely debated topic in Taiwan into the 21st century and is the subject of much political wrangling.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-63">[61]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-64">[62]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"> <h2 id="Current_system">Current system</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB&action=edit&section=6&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Current system" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> See also: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Comparison_of_Hokkien_writing_systems?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Comparison of Hokkien writing systems">Comparison of Hokkien writing systems</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Written_Hokkien?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Written Hokkien">Written Hokkien</a> </div> The current system of pe̍h-ōe-jī has been stable since the 1930s, with a few minor exceptions (detailed below).<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKl%C3%B6ter200598-65">[63]</a> There is a fair degree of similarity with the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vietnamese_alphabet?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vietnamese alphabet">Vietnamese alphabet</a>, including the ⟨b/p/ph⟩ distinction and the use of ⟨<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C6%A0?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ơ">ơ</a>⟩ in Vietnamese compared with ⟨<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/O%CD%98?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="O͘">o͘</a>⟩ in POJ.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChang200115-66">[64]</a> POJ uses the following letters and combinations:<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKl%C3%B6ter200599-67">[65]</a> <table class="wikitable" style="font-size: 1.25em;"> <tbody> <tr align="center"> <th>Capital letters</th> <td>A</td> <td>B</td> <td>CH</td> <td>CHH</td> <td>E</td> <td>G</td> <td>H</td> <td>I</td> <td>J</td> <td>K</td> <td>KH</td> <td>L</td> <td>M</td> <td>N</td> <td>ᴺ</td> <td>NG</td> <td>O</td> <td>O͘</td> <td>P</td> <td>PH</td> <td>S</td> <td>T</td> <td>TH</td> <td>U</td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <th>Lowercase letters</th> <td>a</td> <td>b</td> <td>ch</td> <td>chh</td> <td>e</td> <td>g</td> <td>h</td> <td>i</td> <td>j</td> <td>k</td> <td>kh</td> <td>l</td> <td>m</td> <td>n</td> <td>ⁿ</td> <td>ng</td> <td>o</td> <td>o͘</td> <td>p</td> <td>ph</td> <td>s</td> <td>t</td> <td>th</td> <td>u</td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <th>Letter names</th> <td>a</td> <td>be</td> <td>che</td> <td>chhe</td> <td>e</td> <td>ge</td> <td>ha</td> <td>i</td> <td>ji̍t</td> <td>ka</td> <td>kha</td> <td>é-luh</td> <td>é-muh</td> <td>é-nuh</td> <td>iⁿ</td> <td>ng</td> <td>o</td> <td>o͘</td> <td>pe</td> <td>phe</td> <td>e-suh</td> <td>te</td> <td>the</td> <td>u</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Varieties_of_Chinese?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Phonology" title="Varieties of Chinese">Chinese phonology</a> traditionally divides syllables in Chinese into three parts; firstly the initial, a consonant or consonant blend which appears at the beginning of the syllable, secondly the final, consisting of a medial vowel (optional), a nucleus vowel, and an optional ending; and finally the tone, which is applied to the whole syllable.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChung199678-68">[66]</a> In terms of the non-tonal (i.e. phonemic) features, the nucleus vowel is the only required part of a licit syllable in Chinese varieties.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChung199678-68">[66]</a> Unlike Mandarin but like other southern varieties of Chinese, Taiwanese has final <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Stop_consonant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Stop consonant">stop consonants</a> with <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/No_audible_release?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="No audible release">no audible release</a>, a feature that has been preserved from <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Middle_Chinese?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Middle Chinese">Middle Chinese</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorman1998237-69">[67]</a> There is some debate as to whether these stops are a tonal feature or a phonemic one, with some authorities distinguishing between ⟨-h⟩ as a tonal feature, and ⟨-p⟩, ⟨-t⟩, and ⟨-k⟩ as phonemic features.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKl%C3%B6ter200514-70">[68]</a> Southern Min dialects also have an optional nasal property, which is written with a superscript ⟨ⁿ⟩ and usually identified as being part of the vowel.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKl%C3%B6ter200515-71">[69]</a> Vowel nasalisation also occurs in words that have nasal initials (⟨m-⟩, ⟨n-⟩, ⟨ng-⟩),<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-72">[70]</a> however in this case superscript ⟨ⁿ⟩ is not written, e.g. 卵 nūi (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Help:IPA?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Help:IPA">[nuĩ]</a>).<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKl%C3%B6ter200599-67">[65]</a> The letter ⁿ appears at the end of a word except in some interjections, such as haⁿh (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Help:IPA?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Help:IPA">[hãʔ]</a>), however more conservative users of Pe̍h-ōe-jī write such words as hahⁿ. A valid syllable in Hokkien takes the form <code>(initial) + (medial vowel) + nucleus + (stop) + tone</code>, where items in parentheses indicate optional components.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTERamsey1987109-73">[71]</a> The initials are:<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChang200130-74">[72]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody> <tr> <th colspan="2"></th> <th><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bilabial_consonant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bilabial consonant">Bilabial</a></th> <th><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alveolar_consonant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a></th> <th><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alveolo-palatal_consonant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alveolo-palatal consonant">Alveolo-palatal</a></th> <th><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Velar_consonant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a></th> <th><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Glottal_consonant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Glottal consonant">Glottal</a></th> </tr> <tr align="center"> <th colspan="2"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nasal_consonant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nasal consonant">Nasal</a></th> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bilabial_nasal?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Bilabial nasal"><big>m</big> [m]</a> ㄇ毛 (mo͘)</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alveolar_nasal?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolar nasal"><big>n</big> [n]</a> ㄋ耐 (nāi)</td> <td></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Velar_nasal?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Velar nasal"><big>ng</big> [ŋ]</a> ㄫ雅 (ngá)</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <th rowspan="3"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Stop_consonant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Stop consonant">Stop</a></th> <th><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aspirated_consonant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aspirated consonant">Unaspirated</a></th> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_stop?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless bilabial stop"><big>p</big> [p]</a> ㄅ邊 (pian)</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_stop?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar stop"><big>t</big> [t]</a> ㄉ地 (tē)</td> <td></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Voiceless_velar_stop?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless velar stop"><big>k</big> [k]</a> ㄍ求 (kiû)</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <th><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aspirated_consonant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aspirated consonant">Aspirated</a></th> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_stop?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless bilabial stop"><big>ph</big> [pʰ]</a> ㄆ波 (pho)</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_stop?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar stop"><big>th</big> [tʰ]</a> ㄊ他 (thaⁿ)</td> <td></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Voiceless_velar_stop?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless velar stop"><big>kh</big> [kʰ]</a> ㄎ去 (khì)</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <th><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Voice (phonetics)">Voiced</a></th> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_stop?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced bilabial stop"><big>b</big> [b]</a> ㆠ 文 (bûn)</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Voiced_velar_stop?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced velar stop"><big>g</big> [ɡ]</a> ㆣ 語 (gí)</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <th rowspan="3"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Affricate_consonant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Affricate consonant">Affricate</a></th> <th><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aspirated_consonant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aspirated consonant">Unaspirated</a></th> <td></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_affricate?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Voiceless alveolar affricate"><big>ch</big> [ts]</a> ㄗ曾 (chan)</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_affricate?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate"><big>chi</big> [tɕ]</a> ㄐ尖 (chiam)</td> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <th><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aspirated_consonant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aspirated consonant">Aspirated</a></th> <td></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_affricate?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Voiceless alveolar affricate"><big>chh</big> [tsʰ]</a> ㄘ出 (chhut)</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_affricate?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate"><big>chhi</big> [tɕʰ]</a> ㄑ手 (chhiú)</td> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <th><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Voice (phonetics)">Voiced</a></th> <td></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_affricate?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Voiced alveolar affricate"><big>j</big> [dz]</a> ㆡ 熱 (joa̍h)</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Voiced_alveolo-palatal_affricate?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Voiced alveolo-palatal affricate"><big>ji</big> [dʑ]</a> ㆢ 入 (ji̍p)</td> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <th colspan="2"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fricative_consonant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Fricative consonant">Fricative</a></th> <td></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Voiceless_alveolar_sibilant" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative"><big>s</big> [s]</a> ㄙ衫 (saⁿ)</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_sibilant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolo-palatal sibilant"><big>si</big> [ɕ]</a> ㄒ寫 (siá)</td> <td></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Voiceless glottal fricative"><big>h</big> [h]</a> ㄏ喜 (hí)</td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <th colspan="2"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lateral_consonant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lateral consonant">Lateral</a></th> <td></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alveolar_lateral_approximant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolar lateral approximant"><big>l</big> [ɭ/ɾ]</a> ㄌ柳 (liú)</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> Vowels:<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChang200133-75">[73]</a> <table> <tbody> <tr> <td valign="top"> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> Monophthongs </caption> <tbody> <tr> <th rowspan="2"></th> <th colspan="2"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Front_vowel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Front vowel">Front</a></th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Central_vowel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Central vowel">Central</a></th> <th colspan="2"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Back_vowel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Back vowel">Back</a></th> </tr> <tr align="center"> <th>Simple</th> <th><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nasal_vowel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nasal vowel">Nasal</a></th> <th>Simple</th> <th><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nasal_vowel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nasal vowel">Nasal</a></th> </tr> <tr align="center"> <th><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Close_vowel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Close vowel">Close</a></th> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Close front unrounded vowel"><big>i</big> [i]</a> ㄧ衣 (i)</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Close front unrounded vowel"><big>iⁿ</big> [ĩ]</a> ㆪ 圓 (îⁿ)</td> <td></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Close back rounded vowel"><big>u</big> [u]</a> ㄨ污 (u)</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Close back rounded vowel"><big>uⁿ</big> [ũ]</a> ㆫ 張 (tiuⁿ)</td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <th><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mid_vowel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mid vowel">Mid</a></th> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel"><big>e</big> [e]</a> ㆤ 禮 (lé)</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel"><big>eⁿ</big> [ẽ]</a> ㆥ 生 (seⁿ)</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mid_central_vowel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mid central vowel"><big>o</big> [ə]</a> ㄜ高 (ko)</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Open-mid back rounded vowel"><big>o͘</big> [ɔ]</a> ㆦ 烏 (o͘)</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Open-mid back rounded vowel"><big>oⁿ</big> [ɔ̃]</a> ㆧ 翁 (oⁿ)</td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <th><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Open_vowel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Open vowel">Open</a></th> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Open front unrounded vowel"><big>a</big> [a]</a> ㄚ查 (cha)</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Open front unrounded vowel"><big>aⁿ</big> [ã]</a> ㆩ 衫 (saⁿ)</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> </tbody> </table></td> <td valign="top"> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> Diphthongs & Triphthongs </caption> <tbody> <tr align="center"> <th rowspan="2">Diphthongs</th> <td><big>ai</big> [aɪ] ㄞ</td> <td><big>au</big> [aʊ] ㄠ</td> <td><big>ia</big> [ɪa] ㄧㄚ</td> <td><big>io</big> [ɪo] ㄧㄜ</td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <td><big>iu</big> [iu] ㄧㄨ</td> <td><big>oa</big> [ua] ㄨㄚ</td> <td><big>oe</big> [ue] ㄨㆤ</td> <td><big>ui</big> [ui] ㄨㄧ</td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <th>Triphthongs</th> <td colspan="2"><big>iau</big> [ɪaʊ] ㄧㄠ</td> <td colspan="2"><big>oai</big> [uai] ㄨㄞ</td> </tr> </tbody> </table></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> Coda endings: <table> <tbody> <tr> <td valign="top"> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody> <tr> <th></th> <th><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bilabial_consonant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bilabial consonant">Bilabial</a></th> <th><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alveolar_consonant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a></th> <th><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Velar_consonant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a></th> <th><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Glottal_consonant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Glottal consonant">Glottal</a></th> </tr> <tr align="center"> <th><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nasal_consonant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nasal consonant">Nasal consonant</a></th> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bilabial_nasal?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Bilabial nasal"><big>-m</big> [m]</a> ㆬ</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alveolar_nasal?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolar nasal"><big>-n</big> [n]</a> ㄣ</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Velar_nasal?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Velar nasal"><big>-ng</big> [ŋ]</a> ㆭ</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <th><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Stop_consonant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Stop consonant">Stop consonant</a></th> <td><big>-p</big> [p̚] ㆴ</td> <td><big>-t</big> [t̚] ㆵ</td> <td><big>-k</big> [k̚] ㆶ</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Glottal_stop?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Glottal stop"><big>-h</big> [ʔ]</a> ㆷ</td> </tr> </tbody> </table></td> <td valign="top"> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Syllabic_consonant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Syllabic consonant">Syllabic consonant</a> </caption> <tbody> <tr> <th></th> <th><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bilabial_consonant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bilabial consonant">Bilabial</a></th> <th><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Velar_consonant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a></th> </tr> <tr align="center"> <th><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nasal_consonant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nasal consonant">Nasal</a></th> <td><big>m</big> [m̩] ㆬ 姆 (ḿ)</td> <td><big>ng</big> [ŋ̍] ㆭ 酸 (sng)</td> </tr> </tbody> </table></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> POJ has a limited amount of legitimate syllables, although sources disagree on some particular instances of these syllables. The following table contains all the licit spellings of POJ syllables, based on a number of sources: <table class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="padding:none; width:100%;"> <tbody> <tr> <th colspan="20" style="background:lightblue;">Licit POJ syllables</th> </tr> <tr> <td> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody> <tr> <th width="50"></th> <th width="50">∅</th> <th width="50">b</th> <th width="50">ch</th> <th width="50">chh</th> <th width="50">g</th> <th width="50">h</th> <th width="50">j</th> <th width="50">k</th> <th width="50">kh</th> <th width="50">l</th> <th width="50">m</th> <th width="50">n</th> <th width="50">ng</th> <th width="50">p</th> <th width="50">ph</th> <th width="50">s</th> <th width="50">t</th> <th width="50">th</th> <th width="50"></th> </tr> <tr> <th>a</th> <td>a</td> <td>ba</td> <td>cha</td> <td>chha</td> <td>ga</td> <td>ha</td> <td></td> <td>ka</td> <td>kha</td> <td>la</td> <td>ma</td> <td>na</td> <td>nga</td> <td>pa</td> <td>pha</td> <td>sa</td> <td>ta</td> <td>tha</td> <th>a</th> </tr> <tr> <th>aⁿ</th> <td>aⁿ</td> <td></td> <td>chaⁿ</td> <td>chhaⁿ</td> <td></td> <td>haⁿ</td> <td></td> <td>kaⁿ</td> <td>khaⁿ</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>phaⁿ</td> <td>saⁿ</td> <td>taⁿ</td> <td>thaⁿ</td> <th>aⁿ</th> </tr> <tr> <th>ah</th> <td>ah</td> <td>bah</td> <td>chah</td> <td>chhah</td> <td></td> <td>hah</td> <td></td> <td>kah</td> <td>khah</td> <td>lah</td> <td></td> <td>nah</td> <td></td> <td>pah</td> <td>phah</td> <td>sah</td> <td>tah</td> <td>thah</td> <th>ah</th> </tr> <tr> <th>ahⁿ</th> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>hahⁿ</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>sahⁿ</td> <td></td> <td></td> <th>ahⁿ</th> </tr> <tr> <th>ai</th> <td>ai</td> <td>bai</td> <td>chai</td> <td>chhai</td> <td>gai</td> <td>hai</td> <td></td> <td>kai</td> <td>khai</td> <td>lai</td> <td>mai</td> <td>nai</td> <td>ngai</td> <td>pai</td> <td>phai</td> <td>sai</td> <td>tai</td> <td>thai</td> <th>ai</th> </tr> <tr> <th>aiⁿ</th> <td>aiⁿ</td> <td></td> <td>chaiⁿ</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>haiⁿ</td> <td></td> <td>kaiⁿ</td> <td>khaiⁿ</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>phaiⁿ</td> <td></td> <td>taiⁿ</td> <td></td> <th>aiⁿ</th> </tr> <tr> <th>ak</th> <td>ak</td> <td>bak</td> <td>chak</td> <td>chhak</td> <td>gak</td> <td>hak</td> <td></td> <td>kak</td> <td>khak</td> <td>lak</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>pak</td> <td>phak</td> <td>sak</td> <td>tak</td> <td>thak</td> <th>ak</th> </tr> <tr> <th>am</th> <td>am</td> <td></td> <td>cham</td> <td>chham</td> <td>gam</td> <td>ham</td> <td></td> <td>kam</td> <td>kham</td> <td>lam</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>sam</td> <td>tam</td> <td>tham</td> <th>am</th> </tr> <tr> <th>an</th> <td>an</td> <td>ban</td> <td>chan</td> <td>chhan</td> <td>gan</td> <td>han</td> <td></td> <td>kan</td> <td>khan</td> <td>lan</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>pan</td> <td>phan</td> <td>san</td> <td>tan</td> <td>than</td> <th>an</th> </tr> <tr> <th>ang</th> <td>ang</td> <td>bang</td> <td>chang</td> <td>chhang</td> <td>gang</td> <td>hang</td> <td></td> <td>kang</td> <td>khang</td> <td>lang</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>pang</td> <td>phang</td> <td>sang</td> <td>tang</td> <td>thang</td> <th>ang</th> </tr> <tr> <th>ap</th> <td>ap</td> <td></td> <td>chap</td> <td>chhap</td> <td></td> <td>hap</td> <td></td> <td>kap</td> <td>khap</td> <td>lap</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>sap</td> <td>tap</td> <td>thap</td> <th>ap</th> </tr> <tr> <th>at</th> <td>at</td> <td>bat</td> <td>chat</td> <td>chhat</td> <td></td> <td>hat</td> <td></td> <td>kat</td> <td>khat</td> <td>lat</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>pat</td> <td></td> <td>sat</td> <td>tat</td> <td>that</td> <th>at</th> </tr> <tr> <th>au</th> <td>au</td> <td>bau</td> <td>chau</td> <td>chhau</td> <td>gau</td> <td>hau</td> <td></td> <td>kau</td> <td>khau</td> <td>lau</td> <td>mau</td> <td>nau</td> <td>ngau</td> <td>pau</td> <td>phau</td> <td>sau</td> <td>tau</td> <td>thau</td> <th>au</th> </tr> <tr> <th>auh</th> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>chhauh</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>kauh</td> <td></td> <td>lauh</td> <td>mauh</td> <td>nauh</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>phauh</td> <td></td> <td>tauh</td> <td></td> <th>auh</th> </tr> <tr> <th>e</th> <td>e</td> <td>be</td> <td>che</td> <td>chhe</td> <td>ge</td> <td>he</td> <td></td> <td>ke</td> <td>khe</td> <td>le</td> <td>me</td> <td>ne</td> <td>nge</td> <td>pe</td> <td>phe</td> <td>se</td> <td>te</td> <td>the</td> <th>e</th> </tr> <tr> <th>eⁿ</th> <td>eⁿ</td> <td></td> <td>cheⁿ</td> <td>chheⁿ</td> <td></td> <td>heⁿ</td> <td></td> <td>keⁿ</td> <td>kheⁿ</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>peⁿ</td> <td>pheⁿ</td> <td>seⁿ</td> <td>teⁿ</td> <td>theⁿ</td> <th>eⁿ</th> </tr> <tr> <th>eh</th> <td>eh</td> <td>beh</td> <td>cheh</td> <td>chheh</td> <td></td> <td>heh</td> <td></td> <td>keh</td> <td>kheh</td> <td>leh</td> <td>meh</td> <td>neh</td> <td>ngeh</td> <td>peh</td> <td></td> <td>seh</td> <td>teh</td> <td>theh</td> <th>eh</th> </tr> <tr> <th>ehⁿ</th> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>hehⁿ</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>khehⁿ</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <th>ehⁿ</th> </tr> <tr> <th>ek</th> <td>ek</td> <td>bek</td> <td>chek</td> <td>chhek</td> <td>gek</td> <td>hek</td> <td></td> <td>kek</td> <td></td> <td>lek</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>pek</td> <td>phek</td> <td>sek</td> <td>tek</td> <td>thek</td> <th>ek</th> </tr> <tr> <th>eng</th> <td>eng</td> <td>beng</td> <td>cheng</td> <td>chheng</td> <td>geng</td> <td>heng</td> <td></td> <td>keng</td> <td>kheng</td> <td>leng</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>peng</td> <td>pheng</td> <td>seng</td> <td>teng</td> <td>theng</td> <th>eng</th> </tr> <tr> <th>i</th> <td>i</td> <td>bi</td> <td>chi</td> <td>chhi</td> <td>gi</td> <td>hi</td> <td>ji</td> <td>ki</td> <td>khi</td> <td>li</td> <td>mi</td> <td>ni</td> <td></td> <td>pi</td> <td>phi</td> <td>si</td> <td>ti</td> <td>thi</td> <th>i</th> </tr> <tr> <th>iⁿ</th> <td>iⁿ</td> <td></td> <td>chiⁿ</td> <td>chhiⁿ</td> <td></td> <td>hiⁿ</td> <td></td> <td>kiⁿ</td> <td>khiⁿ</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>siⁿ</td> <td>tiⁿ</td> <td>thiⁿ</td> <th>iⁿ</th> </tr> <tr> <th>ia</th> <td>ia</td> <td></td> <td>chia</td> <td>chhia</td> <td>gia</td> <td>hia</td> <td>jia</td> <td>kia</td> <td>khia</td> <td></td> <td>mia</td> <td>nia</td> <td>ngia</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>sia</td> <td>tia</td> <td></td> <th>ia</th> </tr> <tr> <th>iaⁿ</th> <td>iaⁿ</td> <td></td> <td>chiaⁿ</td> <td>chhiaⁿ</td> <td></td> <td>hiaⁿ</td> <td></td> <td>kiaⁿ</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>piaⁿ</td> <td></td> <td>siaⁿ</td> <td>tiaⁿ</td> <td>thiaⁿ</td> <th>iaⁿ</th> </tr> <tr> <th>iah</th> <td>iah</td> <td></td> <td>chiah</td> <td>chhiah</td> <td>giah</td> <td>hiah</td> <td></td> <td>kiah</td> <td>khiah</td> <td>liah</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>piah</td> <td>phiah</td> <td>siah</td> <td>tiah</td> <td>thiah</td> <th>iah</th> </tr> <tr> <th>iahⁿ</th> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>hiahⁿ</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <th>iahⁿ</th> </tr> <tr> <th>iak</th> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>chhiak</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>khiak</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>piak</td> <td>phiak</td> <td>siak</td> <td>tiak</td> <td></td> <th>iak</th> </tr> <tr> <th>iam</th> <td>iam</td> <td></td> <td>chiam</td> <td>chhiam</td> <td>giam</td> <td>hiam</td> <td>jiam</td> <td>kiam</td> <td>khiam</td> <td>liam</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>siam</td> <td>tiam</td> <td>thiam</td> <th>iam</th> </tr> <tr> <th>ian</th> <td>ian</td> <td>bian</td> <td>chian</td> <td>chhian</td> <td>gian</td> <td>hian</td> <td>jian</td> <td>kian</td> <td>khian</td> <td>lian</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>pian</td> <td>phian</td> <td>sian</td> <td>tian</td> <td>thian</td> <th>ian</th> </tr> <tr> <th>iang</th> <td>iang</td> <td></td> <td>chiang</td> <td>chhiang</td> <td>giang</td> <td>hiang</td> <td>jiang</td> <td></td> <td>khiang</td> <td>liang</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>piang</td> <td>phiang</td> <td>siang</td> <td></td> <td></td> <th>iang</th> </tr> <tr> <th>iap</th> <td>iap</td> <td></td> <td>chiap</td> <td>chhiap</td> <td>giap</td> <td>hiap</td> <td>jiap</td> <td>kiap</td> <td>khiap</td> <td>liap</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>siap</td> <td>tiap</td> <td>thiap</td> <th>iap</th> </tr> <tr> <th>iat</th> <td>iat</td> <td>biat</td> <td>chiat</td> <td>chhiat</td> <td>giat</td> <td>hiat</td> <td>jiat</td> <td>kiat</td> <td>khiat</td> <td>liat</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>piat</td> <td>phiat</td> <td>siat</td> <td>tiat</td> <td>thiat</td> <th>iat</th> </tr> <tr> <th>iau</th> <td>iau</td> <td>biau</td> <td>chiau</td> <td>chhiau</td> <td>giau</td> <td>hiau</td> <td>jiau</td> <td>kiau</td> <td>khiau</td> <td>liau</td> <td>miau</td> <td>niau</td> <td>ngiau</td> <td>piau</td> <td>phiau</td> <td>siau</td> <td>tiau</td> <td>thiau</td> <th>iau</th> </tr> <tr> <th>iauⁿ</th> <td>iauⁿ</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <th>iauⁿ</th> </tr> <tr> <th>iauh</th> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>hiauh</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>khiauh</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>ngiauh</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <th>iauh</th> </tr> <tr> <th>ih</th> <td></td> <td>bih</td> <td>chih</td> <td>chhih</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>khih</td> <td></td> <td>mih</td> <td>nih</td> <td></td> <td>pih</td> <td>phih</td> <td>sih</td> <td>tih</td> <td>thih</td> <th>ih</th> </tr> <tr> <th>im</th> <td>im</td> <td></td> <td>chim</td> <td>chhim</td> <td>gim</td> <td>him</td> <td>jim</td> <td>kim</td> <td>khim</td> <td>lim</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>sim</td> <td>tim</td> <td>thim</td> <th>im</th> </tr> <tr> <th>in</th> <td>in</td> <td>bin</td> <td>chin</td> <td>chhin</td> <td>gin</td> <td>hin</td> <td>jin</td> <td>kin</td> <td>khin</td> <td>lin</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>pin</td> <td>phin</td> <td>sin</td> <td>tin</td> <td>thin</td> <th>in</th> </tr> <tr> <th>io</th> <td>io</td> <td>bio</td> <td>chio</td> <td>chhio</td> <td>gio</td> <td>hio</td> <td>jio</td> <td>kio</td> <td>khio</td> <td>lio</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>pio</td> <td>phio</td> <td>sio</td> <td>tio</td> <td>thio</td> <th>io</th> </tr> <tr> <th>ioh</th> <td>ioh</td> <td></td> <td>chioh</td> <td>chhioh</td> <td>gioh</td> <td>hioh</td> <td></td> <td>kioh</td> <td>khioh</td> <td>lioh</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>sioh</td> <td>tioh</td> <td></td> <th>ioh</th> </tr> <tr> <th>iok</th> <td>iok</td> <td></td> <td>chiok</td> <td>chhiok</td> <td>giok</td> <td>hiok</td> <td>jiok</td> <td>kiok</td> <td>khiok</td> <td>liok</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>siok</td> <td>tiok</td> <td>thiok</td> <th>iok</th> </tr> <tr> <th>iong</th> <td>iong</td> <td></td> <td>chiong</td> <td>chhiong</td> <td>giong</td> <td>hiong</td> <td>jiong</td> <td>kiong</td> <td>khiong</td> <td>liong</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>siong</td> <td>tiong</td> <td>thiong</td> <th>iong</th> </tr> <tr> <th>ip</th> <td>ip</td> <td></td> <td>chip</td> <td>chhip</td> <td></td> <td>hip</td> <td>jip</td> <td>kip</td> <td>khip</td> <td>lip</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>sip</td> <td></td> <td></td> <th>ip</th> </tr> <tr> <th>it</th> <td>it</td> <td>bit</td> <td>chit</td> <td>chhit</td> <td></td> <td>hit</td> <td>jit</td> <td>kit</td> <td>khit</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>pit</td> <td>phit</td> <td>sit</td> <td>tit</td> <td></td> <th>it</th> </tr> <tr> <th>iu</th> <td>iu</td> <td>biu</td> <td>chiu</td> <td>chhiu</td> <td>giu</td> <td>hiu</td> <td>jiu</td> <td>kiu</td> <td>khiu</td> <td>liu</td> <td>miu<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-76">[c]</a></td> <td>niu</td> <td></td> <td>piu</td> <td></td> <td>siu</td> <td>tiu</td> <td>thiu</td> <th>iu</th> </tr> <tr> <th>iuⁿ</th> <td>iuⁿ</td> <td></td> <td>chiuⁿ</td> <td>chhiuⁿ</td> <td></td> <td>hiuⁿ</td> <td></td> <td>kiuⁿ</td> <td>khiuⁿ</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>siuⁿ</td> <td>tiuⁿ</td> <td></td> <th>iuⁿ</th> </tr> <tr> <th>iuhⁿ</th> <td>iuhⁿ</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>hiuhⁿ</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <th>iuhⁿ</th> </tr> <tr> <th>m</th> <td>m</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>hm</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <th>m</th> </tr> <tr> <th>mh</th> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>hmh</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <th>mh</th> </tr> <tr> <th>ng</th> <td>ng</td> <td></td> <td>chng</td> <td>chhng</td> <td></td> <td>hng</td> <td></td> <td>kng</td> <td>khng</td> <td></td> <td>mng</td> <td>nng</td> <td></td> <td>png</td> <td></td> <td>sng</td> <td>tng</td> <td>thng</td> <th>ng</th> </tr> <tr> <th>ngh</th> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>chhngh</td> <td></td> <td>hngh</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>phngh</td> <td>sngh</td> <td></td> <td></td> <th>ngh</th> </tr> <tr> <th>o</th> <td>o</td> <td>bo</td> <td>cho</td> <td>chho</td> <td>go</td> <td>ho</td> <td></td> <td>ko</td> <td>kho</td> <td>lo</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>po</td> <td>pho</td> <td>so</td> <td>to</td> <td>tho</td> <th>o</th> </tr> <tr> <th>oⁿ</th> <td>oⁿ</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>hoⁿ</td> <td></td> <td>koⁿ</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <th>oⁿ</th> </tr> <tr> <th>o͘</th> <td>o͘</td> <td>bo͘</td> <td>cho͘</td> <td>chho͘</td> <td>go͘</td> <td>ho͘</td> <td></td> <td>ko͘</td> <td>kho͘</td> <td>lo͘</td> <td>mo͘</td> <td>no͘</td> <td>ngo͘</td> <td>po͘</td> <td>pho͘</td> <td>so͘</td> <td>to͘</td> <td>tho͘</td> <th>o͘</th> </tr> <tr> <th>oa</th> <td>oa</td> <td>boa</td> <td>choa</td> <td>chhoa</td> <td>goa</td> <td>hoa</td> <td></td> <td>koa</td> <td>khoa</td> <td>loa</td> <td>moa</td> <td>noa</td> <td></td> <td>poa</td> <td>phoa</td> <td>soa</td> <td>toa</td> <td>thoa</td> <th>oa</th> </tr> <tr> <th>oaⁿ</th> <td>oaⁿ</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>chhoaⁿ</td> <td></td> <td>hoaⁿ</td> <td></td> <td>koaⁿ</td> <td>khoaⁿ</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>poaⁿ</td> <td>phoaⁿ</td> <td>soaⁿ</td> <td>toaⁿ</td> <td>thoaⁿ</td> <th>oaⁿ</th> </tr> <tr> <th>oah</th> <td>oah</td> <td>boah</td> <td>choah</td> <td>chhoah</td> <td></td> <td>hoah</td> <td>joah</td> <td>koah</td> <td>khoah</td> <td>loah</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>poah</td> <td>phoah</td> <td>soah</td> <td></td> <td>thoah</td> <th>oah</th> </tr> <tr> <th>oai</th> <td>oai</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>hoai</td> <td></td> <td>koai</td> <td>khoai</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>soai</td> <td></td> <td></td> <th>oai</th> </tr> <tr> <th>oaiⁿ</th> <td>oaiⁿ</td> <td></td> <td>choaiⁿ</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>hoaiⁿ</td> <td></td> <td>koaiⁿ</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>soaiⁿ</td> <td></td> <td></td> <th>oaiⁿ</th> </tr> <tr> <th>oan</th> <td>oan</td> <td>boan</td> <td>choan</td> <td>chhoan</td> <td>goan</td> <td>hoan</td> <td></td> <td>koan</td> <td>khoan</td> <td>loan</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>poan</td> <td>phoan</td> <td>soan</td> <td>toan</td> <td>thoan</td> <th>oan</th> </tr> <tr> <th>oang</th> <td>oang</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>chhoang</td> <td></td> <td>hoang</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <th>oang</th> </tr> <tr> <th>oat</th> <td>oat</td> <td>boat</td> <td>choat</td> <td></td> <td>goat</td> <td>hoat</td> <td></td> <td>koat</td> <td>khoat</td> <td>loat</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>poat</td> <td>phoat</td> <td>soat</td> <td>toat</td> <td>thoat</td> <th>oat</th> </tr> <tr> <th>oe</th> <td>oe</td> <td>boe</td> <td>choe</td> <td>chhoe</td> <td>goe</td> <td>hoe</td> <td>joe</td> <td>koe</td> <td>khoe</td> <td>loe</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>poe</td> <td>phoe</td> <td>soe</td> <td>toe</td> <td></td> <th>oe</th> </tr> <tr> <th>oeh</th> <td>oeh</td> <td>boeh</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>goeh</td> <td>hoeh</td> <td></td> <td>koeh</td> <td>khoeh</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>poeh</td> <td>phoeh</td> <td>soeh</td> <td></td> <td></td> <th>oeh</th> </tr> <tr> <th>oh</th> <td>oh</td> <td></td> <td>choh</td> <td>chhoh</td> <td></td> <td>hoh</td> <td></td> <td>koh</td> <td></td> <td>loh</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>poh</td> <td>phoh</td> <td>soh</td> <td>toh</td> <td>thoh</td> <th>oh</th> </tr> <tr> <th>o͘h</th> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>mo͘h</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <th>o͘h</th> </tr> <tr> <th>ohⁿ</th> <td>ohⁿ</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>hohⁿ</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <th>ohⁿ</th> </tr> <tr> <th>ok</th> <td>ok</td> <td>bok</td> <td>chok</td> <td>chhok</td> <td>gok</td> <td>hok</td> <td></td> <td>kok</td> <td>khok</td> <td>lok</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>pok</td> <td>phok</td> <td>sok</td> <td>tok</td> <td>thok</td> <th>ok</th> </tr> <tr> <th>om</th> <td>om</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>som</td> <td>tom</td> <td></td> <th>om</th> </tr> <tr> <th>ong</th> <td>ong</td> <td>bong</td> <td>chong</td> <td>chhong</td> <td>gong</td> <td>hong</td> <td></td> <td>kong</td> <td>khong</td> <td>long</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>pong</td> <td>phong</td> <td>song</td> <td>tong</td> <td>thong</td> <th>ong</th> </tr> <tr> <th>u</th> <td>u</td> <td>bu</td> <td>chu</td> <td>chhu</td> <td>gu</td> <td>hu</td> <td>ju</td> <td>ku</td> <td>khu</td> <td>lu</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>pu</td> <td>phu</td> <td>su</td> <td>tu</td> <td>thu</td> <th>u</th> </tr> <tr> <th>uh</th> <td>uh</td> <td></td> <td>chuh</td> <td>chhuh</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>khuh</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>puh</td> <td>phuh</td> <td></td> <td>tuh</td> <td>thuh</td> <th>uh</th> </tr> <tr> <th>ui</th> <td>ui</td> <td>bui</td> <td>chui</td> <td>chhui</td> <td>gui</td> <td>hui</td> <td></td> <td>kui</td> <td>khui</td> <td>lui</td> <td>mui</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>pui</td> <td>phui</td> <td>sui</td> <td>tui</td> <td>thui</td> <th>ui</th> </tr> <tr> <th>un</th> <td>un</td> <td>bun</td> <td>chun</td> <td>chhun</td> <td>gun</td> <td>hun</td> <td>jun</td> <td>kun</td> <td>khun</td> <td>lun</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>pun</td> <td>phun</td> <td>sun</td> <td>tun</td> <td>thun</td> <th>un</th> </tr> <tr> <th>ut</th> <td>ut</td> <td>but</td> <td>chut</td> <td>chhut</td> <td></td> <td>hut</td> <td></td> <td>kut</td> <td>khut</td> <td>lut</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>put</td> <td>phut</td> <td>sut</td> <td>tut</td> <td>thut</td> <th>ut</th> </tr> <tr> <th></th> <th>∅</th> <th>b</th> <th>ch</th> <th>chh</th> <th>g</th> <th>h</th> <th>j</th> <th>k</th> <th>kh</th> <th>l</th> <th>m</th> <th>n</th> <th>ng</th> <th>p</th> <th>ph</th> <th>s</th> <th>t</th> <th>th</th> <th></th> </tr> </tbody> </table></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left:20px;">Sources: Campbell,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell19131%E2%80%934-77">[74]</a> Embree,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEmbree1973-78">[75]</a> Kì.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEK%C3%AC20084%E2%80%9325-79">[76]</a></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Tone_markings">Tone markings</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB&action=edit&section=7&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Tone markings" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; margin:0 0 10px 10px; float:right;"> <tbody> <tr> <th><abbr title="Number">No.</abbr></th> <th><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Diacritic?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Diacritic">Diacritic</a></th> <th>Chinese <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tone_name?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tone name">tone name</a></th> <th>Example <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-2" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/4\/47\/POJ_tones.ogg\/POJ_tones.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"listen"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"POJ tones.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/47/POJ_tones.ogg/POJ_tones.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">listen</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:POJ_tones.ogg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="File:POJ tones.ogg">ⓘ</a></th> </tr> <tr> <td>1</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%25E9%2599%25B0%25E5%25B9%25B3%23Traditional_Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:陰平">陰平</a> (yīnpíng) dark level</td> <td><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/kha" class="extiw" title="wikt:kha">kha</a> <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%25E8%25B7%25A4" class="extiw" title="wikt:跤">跤</a> foot; leg</td> </tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Acute_accent?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Acute accent">acute</a></td> <td><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%25E4%25B8%258A%25E8%2581%25B2%23Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:上聲">上聲</a> (shǎngshēng) rising</td> <td><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ch%25C3%25BAi" class="extiw" title="wikt:chúi">chúi</a> <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%25E6%25B0%25B4%23Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:水">水</a> water</td> </tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Grave_accent?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Grave accent">grave</a></td> <td><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%25E9%2599%25B0%25E5%258E%25BB%23Traditional_Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:陰去">陰去</a> (yīnqù) dark departing</td> <td><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/k%25C3%25A0u" class="extiw" title="wikt:kàu">kàu</a> <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%25E5%2588%25B0%23Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:到">到</a> arrive</td> </tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%25E9%2599%25B0%25E5%2585%25A5%23Traditional_Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:陰入">陰入</a> (yīnrù) dark entering</td> <td><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/bah" class="extiw" title="wikt:bah">bah</a> <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%25E8%2582%2589%23Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:肉">肉</a> meat</td> </tr> <tr> <td>5</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Circumflex?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Circumflex">circumflex</a></td> <td><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%25E9%2599%25BD%25E5%25B9%25B3%23Traditional_Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:陽平">陽平</a> (yángpíng) light level</td> <td><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%25C3%25B4ng" class="extiw" title="wikt:ông">ông</a> <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%25E7%258E%258B%23Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:王">王</a> king</td> </tr> <tr> <td>7</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Macron_(diacritic)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Macron (diacritic)">macron</a></td> <td><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%25E9%2599%25BD%25E5%258E%25BB%23Traditional_Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:陽去">陽去</a> (yángqù) light departing</td> <td><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ti%25C5%258Dng" class="extiw" title="wikt:tiōng">tiōng</a> <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%25E9%2587%258D%23Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:重">重</a> heavy</td> </tr> <tr> <td>8</td> <td>vertical line above</td> <td><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%25E9%2599%25BD%25E5%2585%25A5%23Traditional_Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:陽入">陽入</a> (yángrù) light entering</td> <td><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/joa%25CC%258Dh" class="extiw" title="wikt:joa̍h">joa̍h</a> <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%25E7%2586%25B1%23Traditional_Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:熱">熱</a> hot</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:POJ_tone_marks.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img alt="POJ tone markings" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/POJ_tone_marks.svg/250px-POJ_tone_marks.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="78" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="609" data-file-height="190"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 250px;height: 78px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/POJ_tone_marks.svg/250px-POJ_tone_marks.svg.png" data-alt="POJ tone markings" data-width="250" data-height="78" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/POJ_tone_marks.svg/375px-POJ_tone_marks.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/POJ_tone_marks.svg/500px-POJ_tone_marks.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> The five tone markings used in pe̍h-ōe-jī, representing tones 2, 3, 5, 7, and 8 </figcaption> </figure> In standard Amoy or Taiwanese Hokkien there are seven distinct <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tone_(linguistics)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tone (linguistics)">tones</a>, which by convention are numbered 1–8, with number 6 omitted (tone 6 used to be a distinct tone, but has long since merged with tone 7 or 2 depending on lexical register). Tones 1 and 4 are both represented without a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Diacritic?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Diacritic">diacritic</a>, and can be distinguished from each other by the syllable ending, which is a vowel, ⟨-n⟩, ⟨-m⟩, or ⟨-ng⟩ for tone 1, and ⟨-h⟩, ⟨-k⟩, ⟨-p⟩, and ⟨-t⟩ for tone 4. Southern Min dialects undergo considerable <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tone_sandhi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tone sandhi">tone sandhi</a>, i.e. changes to the tone depending on the position of the syllable in any given sentence or utterance.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTERamsey1987109-73">[71]</a> However, like <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pinyin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a> for <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin Chinese</a>, POJ always marks the citation tone (i.e. the original, pre-sandhi tone) rather than the tone which is actually spoken.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKl%C3%B6ter2005100-80">[77]</a> This means that when reading aloud the reader must adjust the tone markings on the page to account for sandhi. Some textbooks for learners of Southern Min mark both the citation tone and the sandhi tone to assist the learner.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKl%C3%B6ter2005101-81">[78]</a> There is some debate as to the correct placement of tone marks in the case of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Diphthong?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Diphthong">diphthongs</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Triphthong?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Triphthong">triphthongs</a>, particularly those which include ⟨oa⟩ and ⟨oe⟩.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKl%C3%B6ter2005102-82">[79]</a> Most modern writers follow six rules:<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChang200186%E2%80%9388-83">[80]</a> <ol> <li>If the syllable has one vowel, that vowel should be tone-marked; viz. ⟨tī⟩, ⟨láng⟩, ⟨chhu̍t⟩</li> <li>If a diphthong contains ⟨i⟩ or ⟨u⟩, the tone mark goes above the other vowel; viz. ⟨ia̍h⟩, ⟨kiò⟩, ⟨táu⟩</li> <li>If a diphthong includes both ⟨i⟩ and ⟨u⟩, mark the ⟨u⟩; viz. ⟨iû⟩, ⟨ùi⟩</li> <li>If the final is made up of three or more letters, mark the second vowel (except when rules 2 and 3 apply); viz. ⟨goán⟩, ⟨oāi⟩, ⟨khiáu⟩</li> <li>If ⟨o⟩ occurs with ⟨a⟩ or ⟨e⟩, mark the ⟨o⟩ (except when rule 4 applies); viz. ⟨òa⟩, ⟨thóe⟩</li> <li>If the syllable has no vowel, mark the nasal consonant; viz. ⟨m̄⟩, ⟨ǹg⟩, ⟨mn̂g⟩</li> </ol> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Sam-ti%C3%B4ng_Koe-bah-pn%CC%84g_2.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Sam-ti%C3%B4ng_Koe-bah-pn%CC%84g_2.jpg/300px-Sam-ti%C3%B4ng_Koe-bah-pn%CC%84g_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="169" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1350"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 300px;height: 169px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Sam-ti%C3%B4ng_Koe-bah-pn%CC%84g_2.jpg/300px-Sam-ti%C3%B4ng_Koe-bah-pn%CC%84g_2.jpg" data-width="300" data-height="169" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Sam-ti%C3%B4ng_Koe-bah-pn%CC%84g_2.jpg/450px-Sam-ti%C3%B4ng_Koe-bah-pn%CC%84g_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Sam-ti%C3%B4ng_Koe-bah-pn%CC%84g_2.jpg/600px-Sam-ti%C3%B4ng_Koe-bah-pn%CC%84g_2.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> A sign over a chicken rice restaurant in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sanchong,_Taiwan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanchong, Taiwan">Sanchong, Taiwan</a>, reading "Ke Bah Png" with no diacritics or hyphens; the correct POJ version would be "ke-bah-pn̄g", or "koe-bah-pn̄g" in the local pronunciation </figcaption> </figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Hyphens">Hyphens</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB&action=edit&section=8&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Hyphens" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> A single hyphen is used to indicate a compound. What constitutes a compound is controversial, with some authors equating it to a "word" in English, and others not willing to limit it to the English concept of a word.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKl%C3%B6ter2005102-82">[79]</a> Examples from POJ include ⟨sì-cha̍p⟩ "forty", ⟨bé-hì-thôan⟩ "circus", and ⟨hôe-ho̍k⟩ "recover (from illness)". The non-final syllables of a compound typically undergo tone sandhi, but exact rules have not been clearly identified by linguists.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKl%C3%B6ter2005103-84">[81]</a> A double hyphen ⟨--⟩ is used when POJ is deployed as an orthography (rather than as a transcription system) to indicate that the following syllable should be pronounced in the neutral tone.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKl%C3%B6ter2005103%E2%80%93104-85">[82]</a> It also marks to the reader that the preceding syllable does not undergo tone sandhi, as it would were the following syllable non-neutral. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Morpheme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Morpheme">Morphemes</a> following a double hyphen are often (but not always) grammatical function words.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKl%C3%B6ter2005104-86">[83]</a> Some authors use an <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Interpunct?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Interpunct">interpunct</a> ⟨·⟩ in place of the second hyphen. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Audio_examples">Audio examples</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB&action=edit&section=9&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Audio examples" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <table border="0" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0"> <tbody> <tr style="background:#eee;"> <th align="left">POJ</th> <th align="left">Translation</th> <th align="left">Audio File</th> </tr> <tr> <td>Sian-siⁿ kóng, ha̍k-seng tiām-tiām thiaⁿ.</td> <td>A teacher/master speaks, students quietly listen.</td> <td><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-3" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/3\/36\/Taiwanese_Kana_Example.ogg\/Taiwanese_Kana_Example.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"listen"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Taiwanese Kana Example.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/36/Taiwanese_Kana_Example.ogg/Taiwanese_Kana_Example.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">listen</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Taiwanese_Kana_Example.ogg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="File:Taiwanese Kana Example.ogg">ⓘ</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td>Kin-á-jit hit-ê cha-bó͘ gín-á lâi góan tau khòaⁿ góa.</td> <td>Today that girl came to my house to see me.</td> <td><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-4" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/f\/f1\/Tai_JintianDaoJiaKanWo.ogg\/Tai_JintianDaoJiaKanWo.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"listen"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Tai JintianDaoJiaKanWo.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f1/Tai_JintianDaoJiaKanWo.ogg/Tai_JintianDaoJiaKanWo.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">listen</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Tai_JintianDaoJiaKanWo.ogg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="File:Tai JintianDaoJiaKanWo.ogg">ⓘ</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td>Thài-khong pêng-iú, lín-hó. Lín chia̍h-pá--bē? Ū-êng, to̍h lâi gún chia chē--ô͘!</td> <td>Space friends, how are you? Have you eaten yet? When you have the time, you must come over and visit!</td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/assets/audio/golden-record/amoy.au">Listen</a> (from <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/NASA?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="NASA">NASA</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Voyager_Golden_Record?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Voyager Golden Record">Voyager Golden Record</a>)</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Regional_differences">Regional differences</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB&action=edit&section=10&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Regional differences" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In addition to the standard syllables detailed above, there are several regional variations of Hokkien which can be represented with non-standard or semi-standard spellings. In the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zhangzhou_dialect?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhangzhou dialect">Zhangzhou</a>-type varieties, spoken in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zhangzhou?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Zhangzhou">Zhangzhou</a>, parts of Taiwan (particularly the northeastern coast around <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Yilan_City?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Yilan City">Yilan City</a>), and parts of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Malaysia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a> (particularly in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Penang?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Penang">Penang</a>), there is a final ⟨-uiⁿ⟩, for example in "egg" ⟨nūi⟩ and "cooked rice" ⟨pūiⁿ⟩, which has <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Phonological_change?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Merger" title="Phonological change">merged</a> with ⟨-ng⟩ in mainstream Taiwanese.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChang2001134-87">[84]</a> Zhangzhou-type varieties may also have the vowel /<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛ</a>/, written as ⟨ɛ⟩<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-88">[85]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-89">[86]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Tan-90">[87]</a> or ⟨e͘ ⟩ (with a dot above right, by analogy with ⟨o͘ ⟩),<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Tan-90">[87]</a> which has merged with ⟨e⟩ in Taiwanese. </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"> <h2 id="Texts">Texts</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB&action=edit&section=11&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Texts" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"> <div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:300px; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> Goân-khí-thâu Siōng-tè chhòng-chō thiⁿ kap tōe. Tōe sī khang-khang hūn-tūn; chhim-ian ê bin-chiūⁿ o͘-àm; Siōng-tè ê Sîn ūn-tōng tī chúi-bīn. Siōng-tè kóng, Tio̍h ū kng, chiū ū kng. Siōng-tè khòaⁿ kng, sī hó; Siōng-tè chiong kng àm pun-khui. Siōng-tè kiò hit ê kng chòe Ji̍t, kiò àm chòe Mî. Ū ê-hng ū chá-khí sī thâu chi̍t-ji̍t. </blockquote> <cite class="left-aligned" style="">Genesis 1:1–5<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarclayLunN%C4%9DLu19331-91">[88]</a></cite> </div> Due to POJ's origins in the Christian church, much of the material in the script is religious in nature, including several Bible translations, books of hymns, and guides to morality. The Tainan Church Press, established in 1884, has been printing POJ materials ever since, with periods of quiet when POJ was suppressed in the early 1940s and from around 1955 to 1987. In the period to 1955, over 2.3 million volumes of POJ books were printed,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTETiu%E2%81%BF20046-92">[89]</a> and one study in 2002 catalogued 840 different POJ texts in existence.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTETiu%E2%81%BF20048-93">[90]</a> Besides <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Southern_Min_Wikipedia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Southern Min Wikipedia">a Southern Min version of Wikipedia</a> in the orthography,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEI%C3%BB%E2%81%BF200923-94">[91]</a> there are teaching materials, religious texts, and books about linguistics, medicine and geography. <ul> <li>Lán ê Kiù-chú Iâ-so͘ Ki-tok ê Sin-iok (1873 translation of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/New_Testament?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="New Testament">New Testament</a>)</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C4%81i-go%C4%81-kho_Kh%C3%A0n-h%C5%8D%CD%98-ha%CC%8Dk?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lāi-goā-kho Khàn-hō͘-ha̍k">Lāi-goā-kho Khàn-hō͘-ha̍k</a>, by George Gushue-Taylor, 1917</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFDouglas1873">Chinese–English dictionary of the vernacular or spoken language of Amoy</a>, by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Carstairs_Douglas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Carstairs Douglas">Carstairs Douglas</a>, 1873</li> <li>Lear Ông, translation of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/King_Lear?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="King Lear">King Lear</a> by Tē Hūi-hun</li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"> <h2 id="Computing">Computing</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB&action=edit&section=12&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Computing" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> POJ was initially not well supported by word-processing applications due to the special diacritics needed to write it. Support has now improved and there are now sufficient resources to both enter and display POJ correctly. Several <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Input_method?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Input method">input methods</a> exist to enter <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Unicode?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Unicode">Unicode</a>-compliant POJ, including <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/OpenVanilla?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="OpenVanilla">OpenVanilla</a> (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/MacOS?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="MacOS">macOS</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Microsoft_Windows?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Microsoft Windows">Microsoft Windows</a>), the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cross-platform?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Cross-platform">cross-platform</a> Tai-lo Input Method released by the Taiwanese <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ministry_of_Education_(Republic_of_China)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Education (Republic of China)">Ministry of Education</a>, and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Firefox?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Firefox">Firefox</a> add-on Transliterator, which allows in-browser POJ input.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEI%C3%BB%E2%81%BF200929-95">[92]</a> When POJ was first used in word-processing applications it was not fully supported by the Unicode standard, thus necessitating work-arounds. One employed was encoding the necessary characters in the "Private Use" section of Unicode, but this required both the writer and the reader to have the correct custom font installed.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEI%C3%BB%E2%81%BF200920-96">[93]</a> Another solution was to replace troublesome characters with near equivalents, for example substituting ⟨ä⟩ for ⟨ā⟩ or using a standard ⟨o⟩ followed by an <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Interpunct?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Interpunct">interpunct</a> to represent ⟨<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/O%CD%98?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="O͘">o͘</a>⟩.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEI%C3%BB%E2%81%BF200920-96">[93]</a> With the introduction into Unicode 4.1.0 of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Combining_character?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Combining character">combining character</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886049734">.mw-parser-output .monospaced{font-family:monospace,monospace}</style>U+0358 ◌͘ COMBINING DOT ABOVE RIGHT in 2004, all the necessary characters were present to write regular POJ without the need for workarounds.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEI%C3%BB%E2%81%BF200911-97">[94]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-98">[95]</a> However, even after the addition of these characters, there are still relatively few fonts which are able to properly render the script, including the combining characters. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Unicode_codepoints">Unicode codepoints</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB&action=edit&section=13&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Unicode codepoints" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The following are tone characters and their respective Unicode codepoints used in POJ. The tones used by POJ should use <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Combining_Diacritical_Marks?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Combining Diacritical Marks">Combining Diacritical Marks</a> instead of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Spacing_Modifier_Letters?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spacing Modifier Letters">Spacing Modifier Letters</a> used by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bopomofo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bopomofo">bopomofo</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-POJ-99">[96]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-jf-POJ-100">[97]</a> As POJ is not encoded in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Big5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Big5">Big5</a>, the prevalent encoding used in Traditional Chinese, some POJ letters are not directly encoded in Unicode, instead should be typed using combining diacritical marks officially.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-101">[98]</a> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <caption> POJ tone diacritics <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#endnote_tailuopinyin-yellow">[1]</a> </caption> <tbody> <tr> <th colspan="2">Base letter/Tone 1</th> <th>Tone 2</th> <th>Tone 3</th> <th>Tone 4</th> <th>Tone 5</th> <th>Tone 7</th> <th>Tone 8</th> <th>Variant</th> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Combining mark</td> <td>́ (U+0301)</td> <td>̀ (U+0300)</td> <td>h</td> <td>̂ (U+0302)</td> <td>̄ (U+0304)</td> <td>̍h (U+030D)</td> <td>˘ (U+0306)</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="10">One mark</td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="7">Uppercase</td> <td>A</td> <td>Á (U+00C1)</td> <td>À (U+00C0)</td> <td>AH</td> <td>Â (U+00C2)</td> <td>Ā (U+0100)</td> <td style="background: yellow;">A̍H (U+0041 U+030D)</td> <td>Ă (U+0102)</td> </tr> <tr> <td>E</td> <td>É (U+00C9)</td> <td>È (U+00C8)</td> <td>EH</td> <td>Ê (U+00CA)</td> <td>Ē (U+0112)</td> <td style="background: yellow;">E̍H (U+0045 U+030D)</td> <td>Ĕ (U+0114)</td> </tr> <tr> <td>I</td> <td>Í (U+00CD)</td> <td>Ì (U+00CC)</td> <td>IH</td> <td>Î (U+00CE)</td> <td>Ī (U+012A)</td> <td style="background: yellow;">I̍H (U+0049 U+030D)</td> <td>Ĭ (U+012C)</td> </tr> <tr> <td>O</td> <td>Ó (U+00D3)</td> <td>Ò (U+00D2)</td> <td>OH</td> <td>Ô (U+00D4)</td> <td>Ō (U+014C)</td> <td style="background: yellow;">O̍H (U+004F U+030D)</td> <td>Ŏ (U+014E)</td> </tr> <tr> <td>U</td> <td>Ú (U+00DA)</td> <td>Ù (U+00D9)</td> <td>UH</td> <td>Û (U+00DB)</td> <td>Ū (U+016A)</td> <td style="background: yellow;">U̍H (U+0055 U+030D)</td> <td>Ŭ (U+016C)</td> </tr> <tr> <td>M</td> <td>Ḿ (U+1E3E)</td> <td style="background: yellow;">M̀ (U+004D U+0300)</td> <td>MH</td> <td style="background: yellow;">M̂ (U+004D U+0302)</td> <td style="background: yellow;">M̄ (U+004D U+0304)</td> <td style="background: yellow;">M̍H (U+004D U+030D)</td> <td style="background: yellow;">M̆ (U+004D U+0306)</td> </tr> <tr> <td>N</td> <td>Ń (U+0143)</td> <td>Ǹ (U+01F8)</td> <td>NH</td> <td style="background: yellow;">N̂ (U+004E U+0302)</td> <td style="background: yellow;">N̄ (U+004E U+0304)</td> <td style="background: yellow;">N̍H (U+004E U+030D)</td> <td style="background: yellow;">N̆ (U+004E U+0306)</td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="7">Lowercase</td> <td>a</td> <td>á (U+00E1)</td> <td>à (U+00E0)</td> <td>ah</td> <td>â (U+00E2)</td> <td>ā (U+0101)</td> <td style="background: yellow;">a̍h (U+0061 U+030D)</td> <td>ă (U+0103)</td> </tr> <tr> <td>e</td> <td>é (U+00E9)</td> <td>è (U+00E8)</td> <td>eh</td> <td>ê (U+00EA)</td> <td>ē (U+0113)</td> <td style="background: yellow;">e̍h (U+0065 U+030D)</td> <td>ĕ (U+0115)</td> </tr> <tr> <td>i</td> <td>í (U+00ED)</td> <td>ì (U+00EC)</td> <td>ih</td> <td>î (U+00EE)</td> <td>ī (U+012B)</td> <td style="background: yellow;">i̍h (U+0069 U+030D)</td> <td>ĭ (U+012D)</td> </tr> <tr> <td>o</td> <td>ó (U+00F3)</td> <td>ò (U+00F2)</td> <td>oh</td> <td>ô (U+00F4)</td> <td>ō (U+014D)</td> <td style="background: yellow;">o̍h (U+006F U+030D)</td> <td>ŏ (U+014F)</td> </tr> <tr> <td>u</td> <td>ú (U+00FA)</td> <td>ù (U+00F9)</td> <td>uh</td> <td>û (U+00FB)</td> <td>ū (U+016B)</td> <td style="background: yellow;">u̍h (U+0075 U+030D)</td> <td>ŭ (U+016D)</td> </tr> <tr> <td>m</td> <td>ḿ (U+1E3F)</td> <td style="background: yellow;">m̀ (U+006D U+0300)</td> <td>mh</td> <td style="background: yellow;">m̂ (U+006D U+0302)</td> <td style="background: yellow;">m̄ (U+006D U+0304)</td> <td style="background: yellow;">m̍h (U+006D U+030D)</td> <td style="background: yellow;">m̆ (U+006D U+0306)</td> </tr> <tr> <td>n</td> <td>ń (U+0144)</td> <td>ǹ (U+01F9)</td> <td>nh</td> <td style="background: yellow;">n̂ (U+006E U+0302)</td> <td style="background: yellow;">n̄ (U+006E U+0304)</td> <td style="background: yellow;">n̍h (U+006E U+030D)</td> <td style="background: yellow;">n̆ (U+006E U+0306)</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="background: yellow;" colspan="10">Two tones <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#endnote_tailuopinyin-double">[2]</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td>Uppercase</td> <td style="background: yellow;">O͘ (U+004F U+0358)</td> <td style="background: yellow;">Ó͘</td> <td style="background: yellow;">Ò͘</td> <td style="background: yellow;">O͘H</td> <td style="background: yellow;">Ô͘</td> <td style="background: yellow;">Ō͘</td> <td style="background: yellow;">O̍͘H</td> <td style="background: yellow;">Ŏ͘</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Lowercase</td> <td style="background: yellow;">o͘ (U+006F U+0358)</td> <td style="background: yellow;">ó͘</td> <td style="background: yellow;">ò͘</td> <td style="background: yellow;">o͘h</td> <td style="background: yellow;">ô͘</td> <td style="background: yellow;">ō͘</td> <td style="background: yellow;">o̍͘h</td> <td style="background: yellow;">ŏ͘</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="17" style="background:#F8F8F8;font-size:small;text-align:left">Notes <dl> <dd> 1. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#ref_tailuopinyin-yellow">^</a> Yellow cells indicate that there are no single Unicode character for that letter; the character shown here uses Combining Diacritical Mark characters to display the letter.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-POJ-99">[96]</a> </dd> <dd> 2. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#ref_tailuopinyin-double">^</a> O͘ series may be typed with 3 different permutation: letter O + right dot (͘ , U+0358) + tones; letter O + tones + right dot (͘ , U+0358); letter O with combined tones + right dot (͘ , U+0358). The Unicode combinations are omitted here.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-jf-POJ-100">[97]</a> </dd> </dl></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> Superscript n is also required for POJ to indicate nasalisation: <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <caption> POJ superscript </caption> <tbody> <tr> <th>Character</th> <th>Unicode codepoint</th> </tr> <tr> <td>ⁿ</td> <td>U+207F</td> </tr> <tr> <td>ᴺ</td> <td>U+1D3A</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> Characters not directly encoded in Unicode (especially O͘ series which has 3 different permutations) requires premade glyphs in fonts in order for applications to correctly display the characters.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-jf-POJ-100">[97]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Font_support">Font support</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB&action=edit&section=14&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Font support" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Fonts that currently support POJ includes: <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Charis_SIL?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Charis SIL">Charis SIL</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/DejaVu?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="DejaVu">DejaVu</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doulos_SIL?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Doulos SIL">Doulos SIL</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Linux_Libertine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Linux Libertine">Linux Libertine</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Taigi_Unicode?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Taigi Unicode">Taigi Unicode</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Source_Sans_Pro?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Source Sans Pro">Source Sans Pro</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Iunn20-102">[99]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-103">[100]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEI%C3%BB%E2%81%BF200920-96">[93]</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://github.com/ichitenfont/I.Ming">I.Ming</a> (8.00 onwards) from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://github.com/ichitenfont">Ichiten Font Project</a></li> <li>Fonts made by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Justfont&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Justfont (page does not exist)">justfont</a> foundry<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-jf-POJ-100">[97]</a></li> <li>Fonts modified and release in GitHub repository <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://github.com/aiongg/POJFonts">POJFonts</a> : POJ Phiaute, Gochi Hand POJ, Nunito POJ, POJ Vibes, and POJ Garamond.</li> <li>Fonts modified and released by But Ko based on <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Source_Han_Sans?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Source Han Sans">Source Han Sans</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://github.com/buttaiwan/genyog-font">Genyog</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://github.com/ButTaiwan/genseki-font">Genseki</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://github.com/ButTaiwan/gensen-font">Gensen</a> ; based on <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Source_Han_Serif?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Source Han Serif">Source Han Serif</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://github.com/buttaiwan/genyo-font">Genyo</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://github.com/ButTaiwan/genwan-font">Genwan</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://github.com/ButTaiwan/genryu-font">Genryu</a>.</li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"> <h2 id="Han-Romanization_mixed_script">Han-Romanization mixed script</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB&action=edit&section=15&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Han-Romanization mixed script" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"> <div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:350px; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> 翻 tńg 工，我 koh hap i tī Hotel ê 餐廳食西式 ê chái 起，我講 beh tò 去稅厝 ê 所在，i beh 送我去，我 kā 拒絕，mā 無 beh hō͘ i 知我 ê 地址、電話番，講若有緣就會 koh 再相會。I 講人海茫茫，我若無 tī hit 間跳舞、唱歌，i beh 去 toh 位 chhōe--我？「就是 án-ni m̄-chiah 講是緣」，我嘴是 án-ni 應，心肝內知影 kap i 自細漢到這時 ê 牽連、綿纏無 hiah 簡單就煞。 </blockquote> <cite class="left-aligned" style="">Sample mixed orthography text<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTESidaia1998264-104">[101]</a></cite> </div> One of the most popular modern ways of writing Taiwanese is by using a mixed orthography<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKl%C3%B6ter2005225-105">[102]</a> called Hàn-lô<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOta200521-106">[103]</a> (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Simplified Chinese characters">simplified Chinese</a>: 汉罗; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Traditional Chinese characters">traditional Chinese</a>: 漢羅; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pinyin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: Hàn-Luó; <abbr title="Literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'Chinese-Roman'), and sometimes Han-Romanization mixed script, a style not unlike written <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Japanese_writing_system?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Japanese writing system">Japanese</a> or (historically) <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hanja?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hanja">Korean</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEI%C3%BB%E2%81%BF200910-107">[104]</a> In fact, the term Hàn-lô does not describe one specific system, but covers any kind of writing in Southern Min which features both Chinese characters and romanization.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKl%C3%B6ter2005225-105">[102]</a> That romanization is usually POJ, although recently some texts have begun appearing with <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Taiwanese_Romanization_System?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Taiwanese Romanization System">Taiwanese Romanization System</a> (Tâi-lô) spellings too. The problem with using only Chinese characters to write Southern Min is that there are many morphemes (estimated to be around 15 percent of running text)<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTELin19997-108">[105]</a> which are not definitively associated with a particular character. Various strategies have been developed to deal with the issue, including creating new characters, allocating Chinese characters used in written Mandarin with similar meanings (but dissimilar etymology) to represent the missing characters, or using romanization for the "missing 15%".<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTELin19999%E2%80%9311-109">[106]</a> There are two rationales for using mixed orthography writing, with two different aims. The first is to allow native speakers (almost all of whom can already write Chinese characters) to make use of their knowledge of characters, while replacing the missing 15% with romanization.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKl%C3%B6ter2005225-105">[102]</a> The second is to wean character literates off using them gradually, to be replaced eventually by fully romanized text.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKl%C3%B6ter2005230-110">[107]</a> Examples of modern texts in Hàn-lô include religious, pedagogical, scholarly, and literary works, such as: <ul> <li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFChang_Yu-hong" class="citation book cs1">Chang Yu-hong. Principles of POJ.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Principles+of+POJ&rft.au=Chang+Yu-hong&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB" class="Z3988"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChang2001-111">[108]</a></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBabuja_A._Sidaia" class="citation book cs1">Babuja A. Sidaia. A-Chhûn.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A-Chh%C3%BBn&rft.au=Babuja+A.+Sidaia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB" class="Z3988"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTESidaia1998-112">[109]</a></li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"> <h2 id="Adaptations_for_other_Chinese_varieties">Adaptations for other Chinese varieties</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB&action=edit&section=16&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Adaptations for other Chinese varieties" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> POJ has been adapted for several other <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Varieties_of_Chinese?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Varieties of Chinese">varieties of Chinese</a>, with varying degrees of success. For <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hakka_Chinese?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hakka Chinese">Hakka</a>, missionaries and others have produced a Bible translation, hymn book, textbooks, and dictionaries.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWuChen2004-113">[110]</a> Materials produced in the orthography, called <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pha%CC%8Dk-fa-s%E1%B9%B3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pha̍k-fa-sṳ">Pha̍k-fa-sṳ</a>, include: <ul> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Hak-ngi Sṳn-kin, Sin-yuk lau Sṳ-phien: Hien-thoi Thoi-van Hak-ngi Yit-pun (Hakka Bible, New Testament and Psalms: Today's Taiwan Hakka Version). Bible Society. 1993.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%3Cspan+title%3D%22Hakka-language+romanization%22%3E%3Ci+lang%3D%22hak-Latn%22%3EHak-ngi+S%E1%B9%B3n-kin%2C+Sin-yuk+lau+S%E1%B9%B3-phien%3A+Hien-thoi+Thoi-van+Hak-ngi+Yit-pun%3C%2Fi%3E%3C%2Fspan%3E+%28Hakka+Bible%2C+New+Testament+and+Psalms%3A+Today%27s+Taiwan+Hakka+Version%29&rft.pub=Bible+Society&rft.date=1993&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhang_Tet-siu1994" class="citation book cs1">Phang Tet-siu (1994). Thai-ka Loi Hok Hak-fa (Everybody Learn Hakka). Taipei: Southern Materials Center. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/957-638-017-0?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/957-638-017-0"><bdi>957-638-017-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%3Cspan+title%3D%22Hakka-language+romanization%22%3E%3Ci+lang%3D%22hak-Latn%22%3EThai-ka+Loi+Hok+Hak-fa+%28Everybody+Learn+Hakka%29%3C%2Fi%3E%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft.place=Taipei&rft.pub=Southern+Materials+Center&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=957-638-017-0&rft.au=Phang+Tet-siu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhang_Tet-siu1996" class="citation book cs1">Phang Tet-siu (1996). Hak-ka-fa Fat-yim Sṳ-tien (Hakka Pronunciation Dictionary). Taipei: Southern Materials Center. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/957-638-359-5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/957-638-359-5"><bdi>957-638-359-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%3Cspan+title%3D%22Hakka-language+romanization%22%3E%3Ci+lang%3D%22hak-Latn%22%3EHak-ka-fa+Fat-yim+S%E1%B9%B3-tien+%28Hakka+Pronunciation+Dictionary%29%3C%2Fi%3E%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft.place=Taipei&rft.pub=Southern+Materials+Center&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=957-638-359-5&rft.au=Phang+Tet-siu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Hak-ka Sṳn-sṳ (Hakka Hymns). Tainan: PCT Press. 1999. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/957-8349-75-0?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/957-8349-75-0"><bdi>957-8349-75-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%3Cspan+title%3D%22Hakka-language+romanization%22%3E%3Ci+lang%3D%22hak-Latn%22%3EHak-ka+S%E1%B9%B3n-s%E1%B9%B3+%28Hakka+Hymns%29%3C%2Fi%3E%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft.place=Tainan&rft.pub=PCT+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=957-8349-75-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB" class="Z3988"></li> </ul> A modified version of POJ has also been created for <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Teochew_dialect?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Teochew dialect">Teochew</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-114">[111]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"> <h2 id="Current_status">Current status</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB&action=edit&section=17&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Current status" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Books_which_use_the_Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB_romanisation_system_for_Southern_Min-Taiwanese.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img alt="Some POJ books" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Books_which_use_the_Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB_romanisation_system_for_Southern_Min-Taiwanese.jpg/250px-Books_which_use_the_Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB_romanisation_system_for_Southern_Min-Taiwanese.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="251" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1189" data-file-height="1195"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 250px;height: 251px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Books_which_use_the_Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB_romanisation_system_for_Southern_Min-Taiwanese.jpg/250px-Books_which_use_the_Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB_romanisation_system_for_Southern_Min-Taiwanese.jpg" data-alt="Some POJ books" data-width="250" data-height="251" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Books_which_use_the_Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB_romanisation_system_for_Southern_Min-Taiwanese.jpg/375px-Books_which_use_the_Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB_romanisation_system_for_Southern_Min-Taiwanese.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Books_which_use_the_Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB_romanisation_system_for_Southern_Min-Taiwanese.jpg/500px-Books_which_use_the_Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB_romanisation_system_for_Southern_Min-Taiwanese.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Some books which use pe̍h-ōe-jī, including textbooks, dictionaries, a bible, poetry, and academic works </figcaption> </figure> Most native Southern Min speakers in Taiwan are unfamiliar with POJ or any other writing system,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOta200520-115">[112]</a> commonly asserting that "Taiwanese has no writing",<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaran200435%E2%80%935-116">[113]</a> or, if they are made aware of POJ, considering romanization as the "low" form of writing, in contrast with the "high" form (Chinese characters).<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChiung2005300-117">[114]</a> For those who are introduced to POJ alongside Hàn-lô and completely Chinese character-based systems, a clear preference has been shown for all-character systems, with all-romanization systems at the bottom of the preference list, likely because of the preexisting familiarity of readers with Chinese characters.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChiung2005301-118">[115]</a> POJ remains the Taiwanese orthography "with the richest inventory of written work, including dictionaries, textbooks, literature [...] and other publications in many areas".<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChiung2005272-119">[116]</a> A 1999 estimate put the number of literate POJ users at around 100,000,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTELin199917-120">[117]</a> and secular organizations have been formed to promote the use of romanization among Taiwanese speakers.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChiung2007474-121">[118]</a> Outside Taiwan, POJ is rarely used. For example, in Fujian, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Xiamen_University?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Xiamen University">Xiamen University</a> uses a romanization known as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bb%C3%A1nl%C3%A1m_p%C3%ACngy%C4%ABm?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bbánlám pìngyīm">Bbánlám pìngyīm</a>, based on <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pinyin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pinyin">Pinyin</a>. In other areas where Hokkien is spoken, such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Singapore?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Speak_Mandarin_Campaign?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Speak Mandarin Campaign">Speak Mandarin Campaign</a> is underway to actively discourage people from speaking Hokkien or other non-Mandarin varieties in favour of switching to Mandarin instead.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-122">[119]</a> In 2006, Taiwan's <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ministry_of_Education_(Taiwan)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ministry of Education (Taiwan)">Ministry of Education</a> chose an official romanization for use in teaching Southern Min in the state school system.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTETseng20092-123">[120]</a> POJ was one of the candidate systems, along with <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Da%C4%AB-gh%C3%AE_t%C5%8Dng-i%C5%8Dng_p%C4%ABng-im?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Daī-ghî tōng-iōng pīng-im">Daī-ghî tōng-iōng pīng-im</a>, but a compromise system, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Taiwanese_Romanization_System?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Taiwanese Romanization System">Taiwanese Romanization System</a> or Tâi-lô, was chosen in the end.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-124">[121]</a> Tâi-Lô retains most of the orthographic standards of POJ, including the tone marks, while changing the troublesome ⟨o͘⟩ character for ⟨oo⟩, swapping ⟨ts⟩ for ⟨ch⟩, and replacing ⟨o⟩ in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Diphthong?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Diphthong">diphthongs</a> with ⟨u⟩.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTETseng20092%E2%80%935-125">[122]</a> Supporters of Taiwanese writing are in general deeply suspicious of government involvement, given the history of official suppression of native languages,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKl%C3%B6ter2005248-9">[9]</a> making it unclear whether Tâi-lô or POJ will become the dominant system in the future. </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"> <h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB&action=edit&section=18&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Notes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style> <div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-10">^</a> Name of the road in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/East_District,_Tainan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="East District, Tainan">East District, Tainan</a> where the church is located. Tang-mn̂g is its pe̍h-ōe-jī romanization and dōngmén is its <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pinyin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a> romanization.</li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-11">^</a> All characters are <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Traditional Chinese characters">traditional Chinese characters</a> except 台, the simplified form of 臺 that predates mainland China's <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Simplified Chinese characters">simplified Chinese characters</a>, which also uses this simplified form. Both forms are used interchangeably in Taiwan.</li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-76">^</a> 謬</li> </ol> </div> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"> <h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB&action=edit&section=19&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB&action=edit&section=20&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Citations" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"> <div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-1">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.iana.org/assignments/language-subtag-registry/language-subtag-registry">"Language Subtag Registry"</a>. IANA. Retrieved 2024-03-13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Language+Subtag+Registry&rft.pub=IANA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iana.org%2Fassignments%2Flanguage-subtag-registry%2Flanguage-subtag-registry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-:0-2">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:0_2-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:0_2-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTân2015" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Tân, Bō͘-Chin (2015). <bdi lang="zh">白話字的起源與在台灣的發展</bdi> [The Origins of Pe̍h-ōe-jī and Its Development in Taiwan] (in Chinese). National Taiwan Normal University. pp. 1, 5.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E7%99%BD%E8%A9%B1%E5%AD%97%E7%9A%84%E8%B5%B7%E6%BA%90%E8%88%87%E5%9C%A8%E5%8F%B0%E7%81%A3%E7%9A%84%E7%99%BC%E5%B1%95&rft.pages=1%2C+5&rft.pub=National+Taiwan+Normal+University&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=T%C3%A2n&rft.aufirst=B%C5%8D%CD%98-Chin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-:1-3">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:1_3-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:1_3-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSakai2003" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Sakai, Tōru (2003-06-11). <bdi lang="zh">台語羅馬字的衰退係外來政權鎮壓的後果</bdi> [The Decline of Taiwanese Romanized Script as a Consequence of Foreign Suppression] (in Chinese).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E5%8F%B0%E8%AA%9E%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%AD%97%E7%9A%84%E8%A1%B0%E9%80%80%E4%BF%82%E5%A4%96%E4%BE%86%E6%94%BF%E6%AC%8A%E9%8E%AE%E5%A3%93%E7%9A%84%E5%BE%8C%E6%9E%9C&rft.date=2003-06-11&rft.aulast=Sakai&rft.aufirst=T%C5%8Dru&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChiúⁿ2005" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Chiúⁿ, Ûi-bûn (2005). <bdi lang="zh">羅馬字是臺灣新文學ê開基祖</bdi> [Romanization: The Founding Father of New Taiwanese Literature]. <bdi lang="zh">語言、認同與去殖民</bdi> [Language, Identity, and Decolonization] (in Chinese). National Cheng Kung University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%AD%97%E6%98%AF%E8%87%BA%E7%81%A3%E6%96%B0%E6%96%87%E5%AD%B8%C3%AA%E9%96%8B%E5%9F%BA%E7%A5%96&rft.btitle=%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E3%80%81%E8%AA%8D%E5%90%8C%E8%88%87%E5%8E%BB%E6%AE%96%E6%B0%91&rft.pub=National+Cheng+Kung+University&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Chi%C3%BA%E2%81%BF&rft.aufirst=%C3%9Bi-b%C3%BBn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlöter200590-5">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKl%C3%B6ter200590_5-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKl%C3%B6ter200590_5-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKl%C3%B6ter200590_5-2">c</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFKl%C3%B6ter2005">Klöter (2005)</a>, p. 90.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlöter20021-6">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKl%C3%B6ter20021_6-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKl%C3%B6ter20021_6-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFKl%C3%B6ter2002">Klöter (2002)</a>, p. 1.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlöter200589-7">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKl%C3%B6ter200589_7-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKl%C3%B6ter200589_7-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFKl%C3%B6ter2005">Klöter (2005)</a>, p. 89.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChang200113-8">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChang200113_8-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChang200113_8-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFChang2001">Chang (2001)</a>, p. 13.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlöter2005248-9">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKl%C3%B6ter2005248_9-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKl%C3%B6ter2005248_9-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFKl%C3%B6ter2005">Klöter (2005)</a>, p. 248.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlöter200592-12">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKl%C3%B6ter200592_12-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKl%C3%B6ter200592_12-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKl%C3%B6ter200592_12-2">c</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFKl%C3%B6ter2005">Klöter (2005)</a>, p. 92.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlöter20022-13"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKl%C3%B6ter20022_13-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFKl%C3%B6ter2002">Klöter (2002)</a>, p. 2.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeylen2001139-14"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeylen2001139_14-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFHeylen2001">Heylen (2001)</a>, p. 139.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeylen2001142-15">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeylen2001142_15-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeylen2001142_15-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFHeylen2001">Heylen (2001)</a>, p. 142.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChang200114-16">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChang200114_16-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChang200114_16-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFChang2001">Chang (2001)</a>, p. 14.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeylen2001144-17"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeylen2001144_17-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFHeylen2001">Heylen (2001)</a>, p. 144.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlöter2005109-18"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKl%C3%B6ter2005109_18-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFKl%C3%B6ter2005">Klöter (2005)</a>, p. 109.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMedhurst1832viii-19"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMedhurst1832viii_19-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFMedhurst1832">Medhurst (1832)</a>, p. viii.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlöter2005110-20"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKl%C3%B6ter2005110_20-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFKl%C3%B6ter2005">Klöter (2005)</a>, p. 110.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeylen2001145-21"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeylen2001145_21-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFHeylen2001">Heylen (2001)</a>, p. 145.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeylen2001149-22">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeylen2001149_22-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeylen2001149_22-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeylen2001149_22-2">c</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFHeylen2001">Heylen (2001)</a>, p. 149.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlöter2005111-23"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKl%C3%B6ter2005111_23-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFKl%C3%B6ter2005">Klöter (2005)</a>, p. 111.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlöter2005111,_116-24"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKl%C3%B6ter2005111,_116_24-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFKl%C3%B6ter2005">Klöter (2005)</a>, pp. 111, 116.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlöter200593-25">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKl%C3%B6ter200593_25-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKl%C3%B6ter200593_25-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKl%C3%B6ter200593_25-2">c</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFKl%C3%B6ter2005">Klöter (2005)</a>, p. 93.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAng19922-26"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAng19922_26-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFAng1992">Ang (1992)</a>, p. 2.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeylen2001160-27"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeylen2001160_27-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFHeylen2001">Heylen (2001)</a>, p. 160.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlöter200213-28"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKl%C3%B6ter200213_28-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFKl%C3%B6ter2002">Klöter (2002)</a>, p. 13.</li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-29">^</a> Quoted in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFBand1936">Band (1936)</a>, p. 67</li> <li id="cite_note-TCP-30">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-TCP_30-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-TCP_30-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20090301035437/http://enews.pctpress.org/about_us.htm">"Our Story"</a>. Taiwan Church News. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://enews.pctpress.org/about_us.htm">the original</a> on 2009-03-01. Retrieved 2009-04-30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Our+Story&rft.pub=Taiwan+Church+News&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenews.pctpress.org%2Fabout_us.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECopper2007240-31"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECopper2007240_31-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFCopper2007">Copper (2007)</a>, p. 240.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlöter2005114-32"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKl%C3%B6ter2005114_32-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFKl%C3%B6ter2005">Klöter (2005)</a>, p. 114.</li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-33">^</a> Adapted from <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFKl%C3%B6ter2005">Klöter (2005)</a>, pp. 113–6</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMedhurst1832-34"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMedhurst1832_34-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFMedhurst1832">Medhurst (1832)</a>.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoty1853-35"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoty1853_35-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFDoty1853">Doty (1853)</a>.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacGowan1869-36"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacGowan1869_36-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFMacGowan1869">MacGowan (1869)</a>.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDouglas1873-37"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDouglas1873_37-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFDouglas1873">Douglas (1873)</a>.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Nest_Talmage1894-38"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Nest_Talmage1894_38-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFVan_Nest_Talmage1894">Van Nest Talmage (1894)</a>.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWarnshuisde_Pree1911-39"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWarnshuisde_Pree1911_39-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFWarnshuisde_Pree1911">Warnshuis & de Pree (1911)</a>.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell1913-40"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell1913_40-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFCampbell1913">Campbell (1913)</a>.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarclay1923-41"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarclay1923_41-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFBarclay1923">Barclay (1923)</a>.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETipson1934-42"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETipson1934_42-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFTipson1934">Tipson (1934)</a>.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlöter2005136-43"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKl%C3%B6ter2005136_43-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFKl%C3%B6ter2005">Klöter (2005)</a>, p. 136.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlöter2005153-44"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKl%C3%B6ter2005153_44-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFKl%C3%B6ter2005">Klöter (2005)</a>, p. 153.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlöter2005154-45"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKl%C3%B6ter2005154_45-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFKl%C3%B6ter2005">Klöter (2005)</a>, p. 154.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlöter2005135-46"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKl%C3%B6ter2005135_46-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFKl%C3%B6ter2005">Klöter (2005)</a>, p. 135.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELin199921-47"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELin199921_47-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFLin1999">Lin (1999)</a>, p. 21.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChang200118-48">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChang200118_48-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChang200118_48-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChang200118_48-2">c</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChang200118_48-3">d</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChang200118_48-4">e</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChang200118_48-5">f</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFChang2001">Chang (2001)</a>, p. 18.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlöter2005231-49"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKl%C3%B6ter2005231_49-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFKl%C3%B6ter2005">Klöter (2005)</a>, p. 231.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELin19991-50">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELin19991_50-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELin19991_50-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELin19991_50-2">c</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFLin1999">Lin (1999)</a>, p. 1.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETiuⁿ20047-51"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETiu%E2%81%BF20047_51-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFTiu%E2%81%BF2004">Tiuⁿ (2004)</a>, p. 7.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESandel2003533-52"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESandel2003533_52-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFSandel2003">Sandel (2003)</a>, p. 533.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlöter2005217-53"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKl%C3%B6ter2005217_53-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFKl%C3%B6ter2005">Klöter (2005)</a>, p. 217.</li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a 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href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:25932808">25932808</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Language+and+Speech&rft.atitle=Nasality+in+Taiwanese&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=267-296&rft.date=2004-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A25932808%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15697153&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F00238309040470030301&rft.aulast=Pan&rft.aufirst=Ho-hsien&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERamsey1987109-73">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERamsey1987109_73-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERamsey1987109_73-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFRamsey1987">Ramsey (1987)</a>, p. 109.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChang200130-74"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChang200130_74-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFChang2001">Chang (2001)</a>, p. 30.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChang200133-75"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChang200133_75-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFChang2001">Chang (2001)</a>, p. 33.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell19131–4-77"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell19131%E2%80%934_77-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFCampbell1913">Campbell (1913)</a>, pp. 1–4: Entries under the initial ts have been tallied under the modern spelling of ch.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEmbree1973-78"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEmbree1973_78-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFEmbree1973">Embree (1973)</a>.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKì20084–25-79"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEK%C3%AC20084%E2%80%9325_79-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFK%C3%AC2008">Kì (2008)</a>, pp. 4–25.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlöter2005100-80"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKl%C3%B6ter2005100_80-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFKl%C3%B6ter2005">Klöter (2005)</a>, p. 100.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlöter2005101-81"><a 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href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFKl%C3%B6ter2005">Klöter (2005)</a>, p. 103–104.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlöter2005104-86"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKl%C3%B6ter2005104_86-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFKl%C3%B6ter2005">Klöter (2005)</a>, p. 104.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChang2001134-87"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChang2001134_87-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFChang2001">Chang (2001)</a>, p. 134.</li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-88">^</a> Douglas Carstairs. "Introduction with Remarks on Pronunciation and Instructions for Use." Chinese-English dictionary of the vernacular or spoken language of Amoy, etc. New Edition. Presbyterian Church of England, 1899. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/chineseenglishdict00doug/page/n16/mode/2up">p. xi.</a></li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-89">^</a> Douglas Carstairs. "Appendix I: Variations of Spelling in Other Books on the Language of Amoy." Chinese-English dictionary of the vernacular or spoken language of Amoy, etc. New Edition. Presbyterian Church of England, 1899. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/chineseenglishdict00doug/page/607/mode/2up">p. 607.</a></li> <li id="cite_note-Tan-90">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Tan_90-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Tan_90-1">b</a> Tan Siew Imm. Penang Hokkien-English Dictionary, With an English-Penang Hokkien Glossary. Sunway University Press, 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://issuu.com/sunway3/docs/preview_-_penang_hokkien-english_dictionary">pp. iv–v.</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789671369715?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/9789671369715">9789671369715</a></li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarclayLunNĝLu19331-91"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarclayLunN%C4%9DLu19331_91-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFBarclayLunN%C4%9DLu1933">Barclay et al. 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Retrieved 2009-10-31.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Eyeing+China%2C+Singapore+sees+Mandarin+as+its+future&rft.date=2009-09-16&rft.aulast=Wong-Anan&rft.aufirst=Nopporn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2FidUSSIN366189&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETseng20092-123"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETseng20092_123-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFTseng2009">Tseng (2009)</a>, p. 2.</li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-124">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://blog.udn.com/alexandroslee/471006"><bdi lang="zh">閩南語鄉土教學確定採台灣閩南語羅馬字拼音</bdi></a> [Southern Min native language teaching to use Taiwan Southern Min Romanization] (in Chinese), Central News Agency</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E9%96%A9%E5%8D%97%E8%AA%9E%E9%84%89%E5%9C%9F%E6%95%99%E5%AD%B8%E7%A2%BA%E5%AE%9A%E6%8E%A1%E5%8F%B0%E7%81%A3%E9%96%A9%E5%8D%97%E8%AA%9E%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%AD%97%E6%8B%BC%E9%9F%B3&rft.pub=Central+News+Agency&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblog.udn.com%2Falexandroslee%2F471006&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETseng20092–5-125"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETseng20092%E2%80%935_125-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFTseng2009">Tseng (2009)</a>, pp. 2–5.</li> </ol> </div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB&action=edit&section=21&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Works cited" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style> <div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAng1992" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ang_Ui-jin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ang Ui-jin">Ang, Ui-jin</a> (1992). Taiwan Fangyan zhi Lü [A Journey Through Taiwanese Regional Speech] (in Chinese). Taipei: Avanguard Publishing. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/957-9512-31-0?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/957-9512-31-0"><bdi>957-9512-31-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Taiwan+Fangyan+zhi+L%C3%BC&rft.place=Taipei&rft.pub=Avanguard+Publishing&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=957-9512-31-0&rft.aulast=Ang&rft.aufirst=Ui-jin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBand1936" class="citation book cs1">Band, Edward (1936). Barclay of Formosa. Ginza, Tokyo: Christian Literature Society. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/4386066">4386066</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Barclay+of+Formosa&rft.place=Ginza%2C+Tokyo&rft.pub=Christian+Literature+Society&rft.date=1936&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F4386066&rft.aulast=Band&rft.aufirst=Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaran2004" class="citation conference cs1">Baran, Dominika (2004). "Taiwanese don't have written words": Language ideologies and language practice in a Taipei County high school. 2004 International Conference on Taiwanese Romanization. Vol. 2. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/77082548">77082548</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=%22Taiwanese+don%27t+have+written+words%22%3A+Language+ideologies+and+language+practice+in+a+Taipei+County+high+school&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F77082548&rft.aulast=Baran&rft.aufirst=Dominika&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarclayLunNĝLu1933" class="citation book cs1">Barclay, Thomas; Lun, Un-jîn; Nĝ, Má-hūi; Lu, Iok-tia (1933). Sin-kū-iok ê Sèng-keng. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/48696650">48696650</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%3Cspan+title%3D%22Min+Nan+Chinese-language+romanization%22%3E%3Ci+lang%3D%22nan-Latn%22%3ESin-k%C5%AB-iok+%C3%AA+S%C3%A8ng-keng%3C%2Fi%3E%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft.date=1933&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F48696650&rft.aulast=Barclay&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft.au=Lun%2C+Un-j%C3%AEn&rft.au=N%C4%9D%2C+M%C3%A1-h%C5%ABi&rft.au=Lu%2C+Iok-tia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbell1913" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/William_Campbell_(missionary)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="William Campbell (missionary)">Campbell, William</a> (1913). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id%3Dpst.000072254844">A Dictionary of the Amoy Vernacular spoken throughout the prefectures of Chin-chiu, Chiang-chiu and Formosa</a>. Tainan: Taiwan Church Press. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/867068660">867068660</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+the+Amoy+Vernacular+spoken+throughout+the+prefectures+of+Chin-chiu%2C+Chiang-chiu+and+Formosa&rft.place=Tainan&rft.pub=Taiwan+Church+Press&rft.date=1913&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F867068660&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Dpst.000072254844&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbell2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/William_Campbell_(missionary)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="William Campbell (missionary)">Campbell, William</a> (2006) [1913]. A Dictionary of the Amoy Vernacular. Tainan: PCT Press. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/957-8959-92-3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/957-8959-92-3"><bdi>957-8959-92-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+the+Amoy+Vernacular&rft.place=Tainan&rft.pub=PCT+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=957-8959-92-3&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChang2001" class="citation book cs1">Chang, Yu-hong (2001). 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(PhD dissertation)</a>. University of Texas at Arlington.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Learning+Efficiencies+for+Different+Orthographies%3A+A+Comparative+Study+of+Han+Characters+and+Vietnamese+Romanization.%27+%28PhD+dissertation%29&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+at+Arlington&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Chiung&rft.aufirst=Wi-vun+Taiffalo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fuibun.twl.ncku.edu.tw%2Fchuliau%2Flunsoat%2Fenglish%2Fphd%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChiung2005" class="citation book cs1">Chiung, Wi-vun Taiffalo (2005). Language, Identity and Decolonization. Tainan: National Cheng Kung University. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789578845855?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/9789578845855"><bdi>9789578845855</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Language%2C+Identity+and+Decolonization&rft.place=Tainan&rft.pub=National+Cheng+Kung+University&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9789578845855&rft.aulast=Chiung&rft.aufirst=Wi-vun+Taiffalo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChiung2007" class="citation book cs1">Chiung, Wi-vun Taiffalo (2007). Language, Literature and Reimagined Taiwanese Nation. Tainan: National Cheng Kung University. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789860097467?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/9789860097467"><bdi>9789860097467</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Language%2C+Literature+and+Reimagined+Taiwanese+Nation&rft.place=Tainan&rft.pub=National+Cheng+Kung+University&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9789860097467&rft.aulast=Chiung&rft.aufirst=Wi-vun+Taiffalo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChiung2011" class="citation book cs1">Chiung, Wi-vun Taiffalo (2011). Nations, Mother Tongues and Phonemic Writing. Tainan: National Cheng Kung University. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-986-02-7359-5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-986-02-7359-5"><bdi>978-986-02-7359-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nations%2C+Mother+Tongues+and+Phonemic+Writing&rft.place=Tainan&rft.pub=National+Cheng+Kung+University&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-986-02-7359-5&rft.aulast=Chiung&rft.aufirst=Wi-vun+Taiffalo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChung1996" class="citation book cs1">Chung, Raung-fu (1996). The Segmental Phonology of Southern Min in Taiwan. Taipei: Spoken Language Services. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789579463461?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/9789579463461"><bdi>9789579463461</bdi></a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/36091818">36091818</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Segmental+Phonology+of+Southern+Min+in+Taiwan&rft.place=Taipei&rft.pub=Spoken+Language+Services&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F36091818&rft.isbn=9789579463461&rft.aulast=Chung&rft.aufirst=Raung-fu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCopper2007" class="citation book cs1">Copper, John F. (2007). A Historical Dictionary of Taiwan (Republic of China) (2nd ed.). Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780810856004?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/9780810856004"><bdi>9780810856004</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Historical+Dictionary+of+Taiwan+%28Republic+of+China%29&rft.place=Lanham%2C+MD&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780810856004&rft.aulast=Copper&rft.aufirst=John+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoty1853" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Elihu_Doty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Elihu Doty">Doty, Elihu</a> (1853). Anglo Chinese Manual of the Amoy Dialect. Guangzhou: Samuel Wells Williams. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/20605114">20605114</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anglo+Chinese+Manual+of+the+Amoy+Dialect&rft.place=Guangzhou&rft.pub=Samuel+Wells+Williams&rft.date=1853&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F20605114&rft.aulast=Doty&rft.aufirst=Elihu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDouglas1873" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Carstairs_Douglas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Carstairs Douglas">Douglas, Carstairs</a> (1873). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/chineseenglish00doug">Chinese–English Dictionary of the Vernacular or Spoken Language of Amoy</a> (1st ed.). London: Trübner. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hdl.handle.net/2027%252Fmdp.39015083430507">2027/mdp.39015083430507</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/4820970">4820970</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/OL_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://openlibrary.org/books/OL24969218M">24969218M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chinese%E2%80%93English+Dictionary+of+the+Vernacular+or+Spoken+Language+of+Amoy&rft.place=London&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Tr%C3%BCbner&rft.date=1873&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F4820970&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL24969218M%23id-name%3DOL&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2027%2Fmdp.39015083430507&rft.aulast=Douglas&rft.aufirst=Carstairs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchineseenglish00doug&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB" class="Z3988"> <ul> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarclay1923" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Thomas_Barclay_(missionary)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Thomas Barclay (missionary)">Barclay, Thomas</a> (1923). Supplement to Dictionary of the vernacular or spoken language of Amoy. Shanghai: The Commercial press, limited. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hdl.handle.net/2027%252Fmdp.39015051950106">2027/mdp.39015051950106</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Supplement+to+Dictionary+of+the+vernacular+or+spoken+language+of+Amoy&rft.place=Shanghai&rft.pub=The+Commercial+press%2C+limited&rft.date=1923&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2027%2Fmdp.39015051950106&rft.aulast=Barclay&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB" class="Z3988"></li> </ul></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEmbree1973" class="citation book cs1">Embree, Bernard L. M. (1973). A Dictionary of Southern Min: based on current usage in Taiwan and checked against the earlier works of Carstairs Douglas, Thomas Barclay, and Ernest Tipson. Hong Kong: Hong Kong Language Institute. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/2491446">2491446</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+Southern+Min%3A+based+on+current+usage+in+Taiwan+and+checked+against+the+earlier+works+of+Carstairs+Douglas%2C+Thomas+Barclay%2C+and+Ernest+Tipson&rft.place=Hong+Kong&rft.pub=Hong+Kong+Language+Institute&rft.date=1973&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F2491446&rft.aulast=Embree&rft.aufirst=Bernard+L.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeylen2001" class="citation book cs1">Heylen, Ann (2001). "Romanizing Taiwanese: Codification and Standardization of Dictionaries in Southern Min (1837–1923)". In Ku, Wei-ying; De Ridder, Koen (eds.). Authentic Chinese Christianity, Preludes to Its Development: Nineteenth & Twentieth Centuries. Leuven: Leuven University Press. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789058671028?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/9789058671028"><bdi>9789058671028</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Romanizing+Taiwanese%3A+Codification+and+Standardization+of+Dictionaries+in+Southern+Min+%281837%E2%80%931923%29&rft.btitle=Authentic+Chinese+Christianity%2C+Preludes+to+Its+Development%3A+Nineteenth+%26+Twentieth+Centuries&rft.place=Leuven&rft.pub=Leuven+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9789058671028&rft.aulast=Heylen&rft.aufirst=Ann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIûⁿ_Ún-giân;_Tiuⁿ_Ha̍k-khiam1999" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Iûⁿ Ún-giân; Tiuⁿ Ha̍k-khiam (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20071116162157/http://ws.twl.ncku.edu.tw/hak-chia/i/iunn-ungian/hui-hanji-phengim.htm"><bdi lang="zh">台灣福佬話非漢字拼音符號的回顧與分析</bdi></a> [Comparison and Analysis of non-Character Transcription Systems for Taiwanese Holo] (in Chinese). Tainan: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/National_Cheng_Kung_University?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="National Cheng Kung University">National Cheng Kung University</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://ws.twl.ncku.edu.tw/hak-chia/i/iunn-ungian/hui-hanji-phengim.htm">the original</a> on November 16, 2007. Retrieved 2009-12-17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E5%8F%B0%E7%81%A3%E7%A6%8F%E4%BD%AC%E8%A9%B1%E9%9D%9E%E6%BC%A2%E5%AD%97%E6%8B%BC%E9%9F%B3%E7%AC%A6%E8%99%9F%E7%9A%84%E5%9B%9E%E9%A1%A7%E8%88%87%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90&rft.place=Tainan&rft.pub=National+Cheng+Kung+University&rft.date=1999&rft.au=I%C3%BB%E2%81%BF+%C3%9An-gi%C3%A2n%3B+Tiu%E2%81%BF+Ha%CC%8Dk-khiam&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fws.twl.ncku.edu.tw%2Fhak-chia%2Fi%2Fiunn-ungian%2Fhui-hanji-phengim.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Template:Cite_web?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIûⁿ2009" class="citation book cs1">Iûⁿ, Ún-giân (2009). Processing Techniques for Written Taiwanese – Tone Sandhi and POS Tagging (Doctoral dissertation). National Taiwan University. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/367595113">367595113</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Processing+Techniques+for+Written+Taiwanese+%E2%80%93+Tone+Sandhi+and+POS+Tagging+%28Doctoral+dissertation%29&rft.pub=National+Taiwan+University&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F367595113&rft.aulast=I%C3%BB%E2%81%BF&rft.aufirst=%C3%9An-gi%C3%A2n&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKì2008" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script">Kì, Bō͘-hô (2008). <bdi lang="zh">台語教會羅馬字講義</bdi> [Notes on Taiwanese Church Romanization]. Tainan: PCT Press. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789866947346?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/9789866947346"><bdi>9789866947346</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E5%8F%B0%E8%AA%9E%E6%95%99%E6%9C%83%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%AD%97%E8%AC%9B%E7%BE%A9&rft.place=Tainan&rft.pub=PCT+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9789866947346&rft.aulast=K%C3%AC&rft.aufirst=B%C5%8D%CD%98-h%C3%B4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlöter2002" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script">Klöter, Henning (2002). "The History of Peh-oe-ji". <bdi lang="zh">2002台灣羅馬字教學KAP研究國際學術研討會論文集</bdi> [Proceedings of the 2002 International Conference on Taiwanese Romanization Research]. Taipei: Taiwanese Romanization Association.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+History+of+Peh-oe-ji&rft.btitle=2002%E5%8F%B0%E7%81%A3%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%AD%97%E6%95%99%E5%AD%B8KAP%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E5%AD%B8%E8%A1%93%E7%A0%94%E8%A8%8E%E6%9C%83%E8%AB%96%E6%96%87%E9%9B%86&rft.place=Taipei&rft.pub=Taiwanese+Romanization+Association&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Kl%C3%B6ter&rft.aufirst=Henning&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlöter2005" class="citation book cs1">Klöter, Henning (2005). Written Taiwanese. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783447050937?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/9783447050937"><bdi>9783447050937</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Written+Taiwanese&rft.place=Wiesbaden&rft.pub=Harrassowitz&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9783447050937&rft.aulast=Kl%C3%B6ter&rft.aufirst=Henning&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLin1999" class="citation journal cs1">Lin, Alvin (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719184638/http://www.sino-platonic.org/complete/spp089_taiwanese.pdf">"Writing Taiwanese: The Development of Modern Written Taiwanese"</a> (PDF). Sino-Platonic Papers (89). <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/41879041">41879041</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.sino-platonic.org/complete/spp089_taiwanese.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 2011-07-19. Retrieved 2010-04-10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sino-Platonic+Papers&rft.atitle=Writing+Taiwanese%3A+The+Development+of+Modern+Written+Taiwanese&rft.issue=89&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F41879041&rft.aulast=Lin&rft.aufirst=Alvin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sino-platonic.org%2Fcomplete%2Fspp089_taiwanese.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacGowan1869" class="citation book cs1">MacGowan, John (1869). A Manual of the Amoy Colloquial. Hong Kong: de Souza & Co. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/23927767">23927767</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Manual+of+the+Amoy+Colloquial&rft.place=Hong+Kong&rft.pub=de+Souza+%26+Co.&rft.date=1869&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F23927767&rft.aulast=MacGowan&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaryknoll1984" class="citation book cs1">Maryknoll Fathers (1984). Taiwanese: Book 1. 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Dictionary of the Hok-këèn Dialect of the Chinese Language, According to the Reading and Colloquial Idioms. Macau: East India Press. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hdl.handle.net/2027%252Fuc2.ark%253A%252F13960%252Ft7pn9319x">2027/uc2.ark:/13960/t7pn9319x</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/5314739">5314739</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+the+%3Cspan+title%3D%22Min+Nan+Chinese-language+romanization%22%3E%3Ci+lang%3D%22nan-Latn%22%3EHok-k%C3%AB%C3%A8n%3C%2Fi%3E%3C%2Fspan%3E+Dialect+of+the+Chinese+Language%2C+According+to+the+Reading+and+Colloquial+Idioms&rft.place=Macau&rft.pub=East+India+Press&rft.date=1832&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2027%2Fuc2.ark%3A%2F13960%2Ft7pn9319x&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F5314739&rft.aulast=Medhurst&rft.aufirst=Walter+Henry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorman1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerry_Norman_(sinologist)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jerry Norman (sinologist)">Norman, Jerry</a> (1998). Chinese. 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Taiwanyu Yanjiu Juan (in Chinese). Taipei: Avanguard Publishing. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/957-801-354-X?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/957-801-354-X"><bdi>957-801-354-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Taiwanyu+Yanjiu+Juan&rft.place=Taipei&rft.pub=Avanguard+Publishing&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=957-801-354-X&rft.au=Ong+Iok-tek&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOta2005" class="citation thesis cs1">Ota, Katsuhiro J. 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A Pocket Dictionary of the Amoy Vernacular: English-Chinese. Singapore: Lithographers. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/504142973">504142973</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Pocket+Dictionary+of+the+Amoy+Vernacular%3A+English-Chinese&rft.place=Singapore&rft.pub=Lithographers&rft.date=1934&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F504142973&rft.aulast=Tipson&rft.aufirst=Ernest&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTiuⁿ2004" class="citation conference cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Tiuⁿ, Ha̍k-khiam (2004). <bdi lang="zh">白話字kap台語文的現代化</bdi> [Pe̍h-ōe-jī and the Modernization of Written Taiwanese]. 2004 International Conference on Taiwanese Romanization (in Chinese). Vol. 1. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/77082548">77082548</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=%E7%99%BD%E8%A9%B1%E5%AD%97kap%E5%8F%B0%E8%AA%9E%E6%96%87%E7%9A%84%E7%8F%BE%E4%BB%A3%E5%8C%96&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F77082548&rft.aulast=Tiu%E2%81%BF&rft.aufirst=Ha%CC%8Dk-khiam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTseng2009" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Tseng, Rui-cheng (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20210717070720/http://english.moe.gov.tw/public/Attachment/9851214271.pdf">Taiwan Minnanyu Luomazi Pinyin Fang'an Shiyong Shouce</a> [Practical Manual for the Taiwan Southern Min Romanization System] (PDF) (in Chinese). ROC Ministry of Education. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789860166378?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/9789860166378"><bdi>9789860166378</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://english.moe.gov.tw/public/Attachment/9851214271.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 2021-07-17. Retrieved 2010-04-10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Taiwan+Minnanyu+Luomazi+Pinyin+Fang%27an+Shiyong+Shouce&rft.pub=ROC+Ministry+of+Education&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9789860166378&rft.aulast=Tseng&rft.aufirst=Rui-cheng&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglish.moe.gov.tw%2Fpublic%2FAttachment%2F9851214271.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_Nest_Talmage1894" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/John_Van_Nest_Talmage?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="John Van Nest Talmage">Van Nest Talmage, John</a> (1894). New Dictionary in the Amoy Dialect. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/41548900">41548900</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+Dictionary+in+the+Amoy+Dialect&rft.date=1894&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F41548900&rft.aulast=Van+Nest+Talmage&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWarnshuisde_Pree1911" class="citation book cs1">Warnshuis, A. Livingston; de Pree, H.P. (1911). Lessons in the Amoy Vernacular. Xiamen: Chui-keng-tông Press. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/29903392">29903392</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lessons+in+the+Amoy+Vernacular&rft.place=Xiamen&rft.pub=Chui-keng-t%C3%B4ng+Press&rft.date=1911&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F29903392&rft.aulast=Warnshuis&rft.aufirst=A.+Livingston&rft.au=de+Pree%2C+H.P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWu2007" class="citation thesis cs1">Wu, Chang-neng (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20141218131955/http://nccuir.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/34903">The Taigi Literature Debates and Related Developments (1987–1996)</a> (Master's). Taipei: National Chengchi University. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/642745725">642745725</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://nccuir.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/34903">the original</a> on 2014-12-18. Retrieved 2014-12-18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=The+Taigi+Literature+Debates+and+Related+Developments+%281987%E2%80%931996%29&rft.inst=National+Chengchi+University&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F642745725&rft.aulast=Wu&rft.aufirst=Chang-neng&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnccuir.lib.nccu.edu.tw%2Fhandle%2F140.119%2F34903&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWuChen2004" class="citation conference cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Wu, Guo-sheng; Chen, Yi-hsin (2004). <bdi lang="zh">客家語羅馬字文獻的版本研究</bdi> [Books Written in Hakka Romanization]. 2004 International Conference on Taiwanese Romanization (in Chinese). Vol. 2. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/77082548">77082548</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=%E5%AE%A2%E5%AE%B6%E8%AA%9E%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%AD%97%E6%96%87%E7%8D%BB%E7%9A%84%E7%89%88%E6%9C%AC%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F77082548&rft.aulast=Wu&rft.aufirst=Guo-sheng&rft.au=Chen%2C+Yi-hsin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB" class="Z3988"></li> </ul> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"> <h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB&action=edit&section=22&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 12px;height: 16px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="12" data-height="16" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> Media related to <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Pe%25CC%258Dh-%25C5%258De-j%25C4%25AB" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Pe̍h-ōe-jī">Pe̍h-ōe-jī</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://tailingua.com/resources/downloads/pojunicode.pdf">"Pe̍h-ōe-jī Unicode Correspondence Table"</a> (PDF). Tailingua. 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%3Cspan+title%3D%22Min+Nan+Chinese-language+romanization%22%3E%3Ci+lang%3D%22nan-Latn%22%3EPe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB%3C%2Fi%3E%3C%2Fspan%3E+Unicode+Correspondence+Table&rft.pub=Tailingua&rft.date=2009&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftailingua.com%2Fresources%2Fdownloads%2Fpojunicode.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB" class="Z3988"> – information on Unicode encodings for POJ text</li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.tlh.org.tw/">"Taiwanese Romanization Association"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Taiwanese+Romanization+Association&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tlh.org.tw%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB" class="Z3988"> – group dedicated to the promotion of Taiwanese and Hakka romanization</li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.edu.tw/pages/detail.aspx?Node%3D3683%26Page%3D15638%26Index%3D6%26WID%3Dc5ad5187-55ef-4811-8219-e946fe04f725">"Tai-lo Input Method"</a> (in Chinese).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tai-lo+Input+Method&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.edu.tw%2Fpages%2Fdetail.aspx%3FNode%3D3683%26Page%3D15638%26Index%3D6%26WID%3Dc5ad5187-55ef-4811-8219-e946fe04f725&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB" class="Z3988"> – <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cross-platform?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Cross-platform">cross-platform</a> input method released by Taiwan's Ministry of Education.</li> </ul> <div class="navbox-styles"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output 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href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>: <ul class="portal-bar-content"> <li class="portal-bar-item"> <noscript> <img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/21px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 21px;height: 14px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/21px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" data-alt="flag" data-width="21" data-height="14" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, 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data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/42px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portal:Taiwan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Portal:Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li class="portal-bar-item"> <noscript> <img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/21px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 21px;height: 14px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/21px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png" data-alt="flag" data-width="21" data-height="14" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/32px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/42px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portal:Singapore?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Portal:Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Globe_of_letters.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/19px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 19px;height: 19px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/19px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png" data-alt="icon" data-width="19" data-height="19" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/29px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/38px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portal:Language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Portal:Language">Language</a></li> </ul> </div>    </section> </div> <noscript> <img src="https://login.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&mobile=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"> </noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet=""> Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title%3DPe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB%26oldid%3D1259019126">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pe̍h-ōe-jī&oldid=1259019126</a>" </div> </div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"><a class="last-modified-bar" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB&action=history&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 22 November 2024, at 23:07 </div></a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id="mw-data-after-content"> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25A8%25D9%258A%25D8%25AE%25D9%2588%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B3%25D9%258A" title="بيخوتسي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بيخوتسي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pe%25CC%258Dh-%25C5%258De-j%25C4%25AB" title="Pe̍h-ōe-jī – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Pe̍h-ōe-jī" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pe%25CC%258Dh-%25C5%258De-j%25C4%25AB" title="Pe̍h-ōe-jī – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Pe̍h-ōe-jī" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pe%25CC%258Dh-%25C5%258De-j%25C4%25AB" title="Pe̍h-ōe-jī – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Pe̍h-ōe-jī" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peh-oe-ji" title="Peh-oe-ji – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Peh-oe-ji" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pe%25CC%258Dh-%25C5%258De-j%25C4%25AB" title="Pe̍h-ōe-jī – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Pe̍h-ōe-jī" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pe%25CC%258Dh-%25C5%258De-j%25C4%25AB" title="Pe̍h-ōe-jī – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Pe̍h-ōe-jī" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pha%25CC%258Dk-fa-s%25E1%25B9%25B3_(M%25C3%25A9n-n%25C3%25A0m-ng%25C3%25AE)" title="Pha̍k-fa-sṳ (Mén-nàm-ngî) – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Pha̍k-fa-sṳ (Mén-nàm-ngî)" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25EB%25B0%25B1%25ED%2599%2594%25EC%259E%2590" title="백화자 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="백화자" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pe%25CC%258Dh-%25C5%258De-j%25C4%25AB" title="Pe̍h-ōe-jī – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Pe̍h-ōe-jī" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pe%25CC%258Dh-%25C5%258De-j%25C4%25AB" title="Pe̍h-ōe-jī – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pe̍h-ōe-jī" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pe%25CC%258Dh-%25C5%258De-j%25C4%25AB" title="Pe̍h-ōe-jī – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Pe̍h-ōe-jī" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pek_We_Ji_(Caralatin)" title="Pek We Ji (Caralatin) – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Pek We Ji (Caralatin)" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pe%25CC%258Dh-%25C5%258De-j%25C4%25AB" title="Pe̍h-ōe-jī – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Pe̍h-ōe-jī" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pe%25CC%258Dh-%25C5%258De-j%25C4%25AB" title="Pe̍h-ōe-jī – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Pe̍h-ōe-jī" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pe%25CC%258Dh-%25C5%258De-j%25C4%25AB" title="Pe̍h-ōe-jī – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pe̍h-ōe-jī" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%25C4%2583h-u%25C3%25A2-c%25C3%25AA" title="Băh-uâ-cê – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Băh-uâ-cê" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E7%2599%25BD%25E8%25A9%25B1%25E5%25AD%2597" title="白話字 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="白話字" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pe%25CC%258Dh-o%25C4%2593-j%25C4%25AB" title="Pe̍h-oē-jī – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Pe̍h-oē-jī" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pwn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pwn.wikipedia.org/wiki/piwidji" title="piwidji – Paiwan" lang="pwn" hreflang="pwn" data-title="piwidji" data-language-autonym="Pinayuanan" data-language-local-name="Paiwan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pinayuanan</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pe%25CC%258Dh-%25C5%258De-j%25C4%25AB" title="Pe̍h-ōe-jī – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Pe̍h-ōe-jī" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259F%25D1%258D%25D0%25B2%25D1%258D%25D0%25B4%25D0%25B7%25D0%25B8" title="Пэвэдзи – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Пэвэдзи" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pe%25CC%258Dh-%25C5%258De-j%25C4%25AB" title="Pe̍h-ōe-jī – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Pe̍h-ōe-jī" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pe%25CC%258Dh-%25C5%258De-j%25C4%25AB" title="Pe̍h-ōe-jī – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Pe̍h-ōe-jī" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pe%25CC%258Dh-%25C5%258De-j%25C4%25AB" title="Pe̍h-ōe-jī – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Pe̍h-ōe-jī" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259F%25D0%25B5-%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B5-%25D0%25B7%25D1%2596" title="Пе-ое-зі – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Пе-ое-зі" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phi%25C3%25AAn_%25C3%25A2m_B%25E1%25BA%25A1ch_tho%25E1%25BA%25A1i" title="Phiên âm Bạch thoại – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Phiên âm Bạch thoại" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E9%2596%25A9%25E5%258D%2597%25E6%2595%2599%25E6%259C%2583%25E7%25BE%2585%25E9%25A6%25AC%25E5%25AD%2597" title="閩南教會羅馬字 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="閩南教會羅馬字" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E7%2599%25BD%25E8%25A9%25B1%25E5%25AD%2597" title="白話字 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="白話字" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E7%2599%25BD%25E8%25A9%25B1%25E5%25AD%2597" title="白話字 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="白話字" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"> <img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod">This page was last edited on 22 November 2024, at 23:07 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">CC BY-SA 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places" 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href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title%3DPe%25CC%258Dh-%25C5%258De-j%25C4%25AB%26mobileaction%3Dtoggle_view_desktop" data-event-name="switch_to_desktop">Desktop</a></li> </ul> </div> </footer> </div> </div> <div class="mw-notification-area" data-mw="interface"></div> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-694cf4987f-5n4x7","wgBackendResponseTime":302,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"2.019","walltime":"2.347","ppvisitednodes":{"value":22445,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":347348,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":20345,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":23,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":12,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":273719,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 2014.207 1 -total"," 17.92% 361.038 127 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