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<html> <head> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width"> <meta name="Electricity" content="Electricity Arbitrage, Electricity Storage, Electricity Generation"> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="https://www.cooksmill.net/cooksmill.css"> <title>Recovery 2.0 Electricity</title> </head> <body> <body bgcolor="#FFFFFF" link="#660066" text="#000000" vlink="#660066"> <div class="box"> <center> <a href="https://www.waste.net"> <img border="0" alt="Waste.net" src="https://www.waste.net/gif-bin/logo22.gif" width="200"></a> </center> </div> <a name="top"></a> <div class="box"> <center> <font size="6"> <b>Electricity</b> </font> <br> <br> <a href="https://www.waste.net/2/"> <img src="https://www.waste.net/gif-bin/recovery_2.0.gif" alt="recovery2.0" border="0"></a> </center> </div> <div class="box"> <center> <a href="https://www.waste.net/2/electricity.html#electricity_overview">Overview</a> <br> <font size="-1"> electricity as a </font> <br> <a href="https://www.waste.net/2/electricity.html#benchmark">Benchmark</a> <font size="-1"> and as a </font> <a href="https://www.waste.net/2/electricity.html#energy_commodity">Commodity</a> <br> <br> <a href="https://www.waste.net/2/electricity.html#generation">Electricity Generation Opportunities</a> <br> <a href="https://www.waste.net/2/electricity.html#recovered_electricity">Recovered Electricity</a> <br> <br> <a href="https://www.waste.net/2/electricity.html#electricity_storage">Electricity Storage</a> <br> <a href="https://www.waste.net/2/electricity.html#surplus">Surplus</a>       <a href="https://www.waste.net/2/electricity.html#arbitrage">Arbitrage</a> <br> <br> <a href="https://www.waste.net/2/electricity.html#vpp">Virtual Power Plants (VPP)</a> <br> <br> <a href="https://www.waste.net/2/electricity.html#electricity">Electricity</a> <br> <a href="https://www.waste.net/recovery.html#regeneration">Short Cycle Regeneration</a> <br><br> <a href="https://www.waste.net/2/#pathway">Recovery 2.0 Pathways</a> <br> <a href="https://www.waste.net/recovery.html#summary">Summary</a> </center> </div> <a name="electricity_transparent"></a> <div class="box"> <center> <a hef="https://www.waste.net/2/"> <img src="https://www.by-productsynergy.com/gif-bin/electricity_transparent.gif" alt="default" border="0"></a> </center> </div> <a name="electricity_overview"></a> <div class="box"> <p> <B>Electricity Overview</B> <br> Traditionally we have relied upon three (3) common processes to generate the electricity that we consume. The most common method is use of Electromagnetic <a href="https://www.waste.net/2/sidestream.html#induction_harvestor">Induction</a>, We also rely on electricity production from sources known as <a href="https://www.waste.net/2/cell.html">Electrochemical</a> Cells and Circuits. <br> With the evolution of alternative energy we see more and more the emergence of <a href="https://www.waste.net/2/sidestream.html#direct">Solid State</a> Direct to Electricity technology. These alternative technologies support the movement towards the decentralization of electricity generation and consumption. <br> Typically, other forms of creating electricity are simply variations on one of these three core methods. </p> </div> <a name="source_table"></a> <div class="box"> <center>         <font size="6"> <b>Electricity Sources</b> </font> <br>         <font size="2"> fundamental types of electricity </font> <br> <table width="100%" cellpadding="3" border="1" bordercolor="#666666"> <tbody><tr valign="top" bgcolor="#CC0000"> <td align="center" width="40%"> <font face="Arial" color="#FFFFFF" font="" size="4"> <b>Electricity Source</b> </font> </td> <td align="center" width="69%"> <font face="Arial" color="#FFFFFF" font="" size="4"> <b>Description</b> </font> </td> </tr>  <tr valign="top"> <td align="left" bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> <font size="4"> <B>Electromagnetic Induction</B> </font> </td> <td align="left"> <font size="4"> Rotary Motion, Linear Induction, <br> Magneto Devices, other </font> </td> </tr>   <tr valign="top"> <td align="left" bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> <font size="4"> <B>Electrochemical Cells</B> </font> </td> <td align="left"> <font size="4"> Battery, Fuel Cell </font> </td> </tr>   <tr valign="top"> <td align="left" bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> <font size="4"> <B>Solid State <br>Direct to Electricity </B> </font> </td> <td align="left"> <font size="4"> Photovoltaic, Thermal Electric TEG, <br> Electrostatic Triboelectric, Piezoelectric, <br> Radio Frequency & Microwave </font> </td> </tr>   </tbody></table> </center> </div> <a name="overview_002"></a> <div class="box"> <p> Within the Recovery 2.0 system we view Electricity as a <a href="https://www.waste.net/2/electricity.html#benchmark">Benchmark</a> form of energy and a somewhat unique <a href="https://www.waste.net/2/electricity.html#energy_commodity">Commodity</a>. <br> There exists a variety of <a href="https://www.waste.net/2/electricity.html#generation">Opportunities</a> to generate and <a href="https://www.waste.net/2/electricity.html#recovered_electricity">recover</a> electricity throughout the Recovery 2.0 process. Electricity is a highly perishable commodity that must be consumed as it is generated or it is subject to outright loss unless a viable method of <a href="https://www.waste.net/2/electricity.html#electricity_storage">Storage</a> can be employed. <br> A number of energy management strategies are being pursued for the storage of <a href="https://www.waste.net/2/electricity.html#surplus">Surplus Electricity</a> along with a variety of <a href="https://www.waste.net/2/electricity.html#arbitrage">Arbitrage</a> schemes. </p> </div> <a name="benchmark"></a> <div class="box"> <p> <B>Electricity as a Benchmark</B> <br> Electricity has become a ubiquitous form of energy and a standard Benchmark <a href="https://www.waste.net/2/electricity.html#energy_commodity">commodity</a> in our modern society. <br> Evolving from such forms of energy such as water wheels and mechanical belts and pulleys and steam engines, the world has developed and industrialized with the aid and use of electric motors. Modern conveniences and electronic devices have become almost unconceivable to function without it in todays era. <br> As the pace of adoption of electrification and a movement towards de carbonization, we are faced with some unprecedented frontiers and challenges. Traditionally energy transition technologies have used Electricity as a <a href="https://www.waste.net/2/reduction.html#energy_source">destination</a> commodity, and reliance on the grid as a source of reliable power or energy supply. A wholesale rethink of the central grid and the reliability of energy supply may evolve into a highly distributed or decentralized energy distribution system. </p> </div> <a name="chart"> <div class="box"> <center> <a href="https://www.energychange.com/electromagnetic/watts.html"> <img border="0" alt="Electromagnetic Energy" src="https://www.energychange.com/gif-bin/watts_chart.gif"></a> </center> </div> <a name="energy_commodity"></a> <div class="box"> <p> <B>Energy as a Commodity</B> <br> Within the Recovery 2.0 system, Energy is classified just like every other common form of commodity and traded accordingly. <br> Different types of energy must be treated differently as they may require unique material handling since you are unable to stack on a pallet, inventory in a warehouse or load on a truck to transport like traditional recyclable commodities. <br> <br> Electricity is a highly perishable commodity typically encountered as either <B>Alternating Current AC</B> or <B>Direct Current DC</B> that traditionally had to be consumed for immediate consumption. <br> Electricity is commonly converted back or forward between <B>AC/DC</B> with the use of a device known as an Inverter. The flow electrical current also requires cleaning or grooming to condition the desired output into a homogenous frequency. <br> The energy contained in electricity is measured in a unit referred to as Joule and commonly trades in the larger <a href="https://www.waste.net/2/electricity.html#chart">units of measure</a> known as Watts. <br> <br> The efficient <a href="https://www.waste.net/2/electricity.html#recovered_electricity">recovery</a> of electricity is largely dependant upon the ability to store it for use at a <a href="https://www.waste.net/2/electricity.html#electricity_storage">later time</a> rather than the limiting option of immediate consumption. <br> <br> The treatment of perishable excess Electricity is viewed the same as any other scrap, waste or byproduct that enters across the scale into a recycling facility. The economic value is determined by the current prevailing supply and demand factors and may range widely from a market premium to a negative tip fee change. </p> </div> <a name="recovered_electricity"></a> <div class="box"> <p> <B>Recovered Electricity</B> <br> When attempting to identify the source of electric energy we typically divide it into three classifications, electricity generated from traditional fossil fuels, electricity generated from contemporary alternative methods and electricity recovered from industrial processes. <br> Recovered Energy is treated as a core fundamental to the Recovery 2.0 process and electricity is viewed as a basic universal commodity that is harnessed within a <a href="https://www.waste.net/2/energy.html#muli_stage">multi-stage</a> regeneration continuum. <br> <a href="https://www.waste.net/2/energy.html#consolidating">Consolidation</a> of accumulated electricity from the harvest of recovered energy is a key to the overall system efficiency. <br> <br> The Recovery 2.0 strategy directs recovered electricity into three main pathways. The first priority is the internal use as energy to drive the recovery process. <br> The second path is dedicated to external electricity sales as a commodity to consumers such as the GRID where and when available. <br> The third option involves harvesting recovered energy to fuel independent processes which may act as a stable default if GRID sales are not desirable. <br> Recovered Electricity systems require an energy storage option to act as a flexible buffer to insure overall efficiency. <br> <br> <a href="https://www.waste.net/2/solid_carbon_storage.html#carbon_fuel_cell">Direct Carbon Fuel cells</a> <br> <a href="https://www.energychange.com/electromagnetic/group.html#mhd">Magneto Hydro Dynamics</a> (MHD) </p> </div> <a name="carbon_fuel_cell"></a> <div class="box"> <center> <a href="https://www.waste.net/2/solid_carbon_storage.html#carbon_fuel_cell"> <img src="https://www.waste.net/2/carbon_fuel_cell.gif" alt="Direct Carbon Fuel Cell" border="0" width="140"></a>       <a href="https://www.energychange.com/electromagnetic/group.html#mhd"> <img src="https://www.waste.net/2/mhd.gif" alt="Magneto Hydro Dynamics (MHD)" border="0" width="160"></a> </center> </div> <a name="generation"></a> <div class="box"> <center> <font size="5"><B>Electricity Generation</B></font> <br> <font size="-1">Opportunities from within The Recovery 2.0 process</font> <br> <br> <a href="https://www.by-productsynergy.com/hotgas.html#hydrogen_paths">Hydrogen</a>       <a href="https://www.waste.net/2/steam.html">Steam Turbine</a>       <a href="https://www.waste.net/2/hydro.html">Hydro</a> <br> <a href="https://www.waste.net/2/solar.html">Solar Power</a>       <a href="https://www.waste.net/2/wind.html">Wind on Demand</a> <br> <br> <a href="https://www.waste.net/2/gradient.html#sterling_engines">Sterling Engines</a> <br> <a href="https://www.waste.net/2/gradient.html#teg">Thermo Electric Generators (TEG)</a> <br> <a href="https://www.waste.net/2/gradient.html#seebeck">Seebeck Effect Devices</a> <br> <br> <a href="https://www.waste.net/2/thermal_storage.html#pump_heat">Pumped Heat Compression & Expansion</a> <br> <a href="https://www.waste.net/2/energy.html#fluids">Energy Transfer Fluids</a> / <a href="https://www.waste.net/2/waste_heat.html#heat_exchange">Heat Exchange</a> <br> <br> <a href="https://www.waste.net/2/exothermic.html">Exothermic Element Reactions</a> <br> <a href="https://www.by-productsynergy.com/biorefining.html#renewables">BioEnergy Renewables</a> </center> </div> <a name="transformer"></a> <div class="box"> <center> <a href="https://www.waste.net/2/sidestream.html#induced_current"> <img src="https://www.waste.net/2/transformer.gif" alt="Transformers & Induced Current" border="0" width="300"></a> </center> </div> <a name="electricity"></a> <div class="box"> <p> <B>Electricity</B> <br> As the world electrifies and moves toward carbon free emissions, an energy intense process such as thermal waste recovery will be required to master Internally Generated Electricity in order to develop and move forward. <br> The <a href="https://www.waste.net/recovery.html#pathway">pathways</a> that have been referred to outline some novel approaches which include the generation of electricity from <a href="https://www.waste.net/recovery.html#steam">Steam</a> and <a href="https://www.waste.net/recovery.html#hydro">Hydro</a> Electric generation. <br> Harnessing energy on demand from storage such as from <a href="https://www.waste.net/recovery.html#battery">Battery Banks</a>, <a href="https://www.waste.net/recovery.html#battery">Thermal Energy Storage</a> and <a href="https://www.waste.net/recovery.html#compressed_air">Compressed Air Storage</a> that may be converted into electricity. <br> In addition, the availability to tap into <a href="https://www.waste.net/recovery.html#regeneration">Short Cycle Regeneration</a> sources such as Gravity Energy, Wind Energy (Air Flow) and Temperature Gradient provide a novel combination of electric generation. <br> <br> Some level of popular interest has currently been expressed in the area of Excess Intermittent Electricity storage and potential arbitrage opportunities. We view this strategy as somewhat fickle over the longer term and even question the financial stability of capital expenditures into ventures that rely solely on the sale of electricity to the grid. In saying this, we also acknowledge that there may be some shorter term benefits for waste recovery systems that can accommodate these intermittent needs within their existing design. <br> <br> Grid Electricity may be consumed as an alternative back-up to operate the thermal waste recovery system. The sale into the grid of surplus electricity, generated from the operation of a thermal waste recovery system, may provide a revenue source. Future control of this income stream may be out of the hands of the waste recovery facility operator and may diminish or disappear. <br> </p> </div> <a name="electricity_storage"></a> <div class="box"> <center> <a href="https://www.energychange.com/renewable/group.html#energy_storage_cycle"> <img src="https://www.waste.net/2/electronic_storage.gif" alt="Electricity Storage" border="0" width="400"></a> </center> </div> <a name="storage_001"></a> <div class="box"> <p> <B>Electricity Storage</B> <br> In order to save highly perishable AC or DC electrical current for future use, it must be converted into some sort of <a href="https://www.waste.net/2/#regen_economics">storable form</a>. Typically electricity is converted into either an <a href="https://www.waste.net/2/electricity.html#electron">Electron</a> form or a <a href="https://www.waste.net/2/electricity.html#non_electron">Non-Electron</a> Storage <br> <a name="electron"></a> <br> <B>Electron Storage</B> <br> The common historical method to store an electrical charge is in the form of electrons with the use of capacitors or in electrochemical batteries or a chemical flow battery. <br> <a name="non_electron"></a> <br> <B>Non-Electron Storage</B> <br> The conversion of electricity into a Non-Electron forms of Storage encompasses a variety of forms that include (but are not limited to) Temperature, Pressure and potential Kinetic Energy. <br> <a href="https://www.waste.net/2/water_pipeline.html#pumped_energy_storage">Pumped Energy Storage</a> is a prime example of Non-Electron Storage. <br> <a name="utility_storage"></a> <br> <B>Utility Grid Storage Concepts</B> <br> Excess electricity from the Grid can be stored for future use. The excess energy is converted and stored in a medium such as a battery bank. When needed the energy is then converted back to electricity into the grid. At each stage of the storage process (charging stage, storage stage and discharging stage) there are losses of energy incurred. These losses are deemed acceptable as the electricity, though not performing any useful functions while in storage, is at least saved and can be consumed at a future time instead of being lost. <br> <a name="beneficial_usage"></a> <br> <B>Recovery 2.0 Storage and Beneficial Usage</B> <br> There exists a variety of opportunities throughout the Recovery 2.0 process to generate and <a href="https://www.waste.net/2/electricity.html#recovered_electricity">recover</a> electricity. This electricity can be accumulated / recovered and stored for regeneration or beneficial use within the Recovery 2.0 processes. By incorporating Short Cycle <a href="https://www.waste.net/2/energy.html#muli_stage">Multi-Stage</a> Energy Management into the storage procedure, electricity can be utilized as an energy source throughout the Recovery 2.0 stages, assisting in an overall optimization. <br> <br> If it is generally accepted that energy losses will be incurred during the storage process then a comprehensive Beneficial <a href="https://www.waste.net/2/#energy_menu">Energy</a> usage practice may enhance the overall economic efficiency of the <a href="https://www.waste.net/2/#pathway">recovery</a> product output. </p> </div> <a name="surplus"></a> <a name="arbitrage"></a> <div class="box"> <center> <a href="https://www.energychange.com/share/group.html#electricity1"> <img src="https://www.energychange.com/gif-bin/aa678825.gif" alt="Surplus Electricity" border="0"></a> </center> </div> <a name="electricity1"></a> <div class="box"> <p> <b>Surplus Electricity Forum</b> <br> The Surplus Electricity Forum was established to meet the growing needs of generators of peak electricity that there is no immediate grid demand to connect or collaborate with potential users of this valuable resource. <br> <br> <b>Electricity Arbitrage</b> <br> This is a buy low, sell high strategy of speculative purchasing and selling of surplus energy. Electricity that is created during off-peak hours (when grid prices are cheapest) is purchased at a low cost. It is then stored to be sold to the electrical grid for use during peak hours (when grid electricity prices are highest), thus realizing a profit in the resale. </p> </div> <a name="sink"></a> <div class="box"> <p>                           <b>Surplus Electricity Sinks</b> <br> <table width="100%" cellpadding="3" border="1" bordercolor="#666666"> <tr valign="top" bgcolor="#CC0000"> <td align="center" width="40%" > <font face="Arial" color="#FFFFFF" font size="4">   <b>Sink Type</b>       </font> </td> <td align="center"width="50%"> <font face="Arial" color="#FFFFFF" font size="4"> <b>Description</b> </font> </td> </tr>  <tr valign="top"> <td align="left" bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> <font size="4"> <a href="https://www.waste.net/2/battery.html#battery"><B>Battery Bank</B></a> </font> </td> <td align="left"> <font size="3"> Capacitor, Electrochemical Battery, <br> Flow Battery </font> </td> </tr>  <tr valign="top"> <td align="left" bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> <font size="4"> <a href="https://www.waste.net/2/water_pipeline.html#pumped_storage"><B>Pumped Energy Storage</B></a> </font> </td> <td align="left"> <font size="3"> Hydro, Compressed Air, Hydraulic</font> </td> </tr>  <tr valign="top"> <td align="left" bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> <font size="4"> <a href="https://www.waste.net/2/thermal_storage.html"><B>Thermal Storage</B></a> </font> </td> <td align="left"> <font size="3"> Hot Bank, Cold Bank</font> </td> </tr>  <tr valign="top"> <td align="left" bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> <font size="4"> <a href="https://www.waste.net/2/electricity.html#discretionary_loads"><B>Discretionary Loads</B></a> <br> Optional Buffers </font> </td> <td align="left"> <font size="3"> <a href="https://www.waste.net/2/cell.html#electrolyser">Electrolyzers</a>, <a href="https://www.waste.net/2/wind.html#dac"> DAC System</a>, <br> Optional Consumption Load Dumps </font> </td> </tr>  </tr> </table>  </p> </div> <a name="accumulator_buffer"></a> <div class="box"> <center> <br> <a href="https://www.energychange.com/renewable/group.html#accumulator_buffer"> <img src="https://www.energychange.com/gif-bin/energy_storage_accumulator_buffer.gif" alt="energy storage accumulator buffer" border="0" width="250"></a> </center> </div> <a name="vpp"></a> <div class="box"> <p> <B>Virtual Power Plants (VPP)</B> <br> Distributed Energy Resource Management (DERM) systems have evolved from solely a load side consumption Demand Response, Load Shedding or load control with a SCADA System (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) to now include the generation side. <br> <br> The Inclusion of generation side / storage side resources such as solar with battery storage and Vehicle to grid charging systems allow for the creation of what is referred to as virtual power plants (VPP) <br> <br> The consolidation of multiple distributed resources into a virtual network provides central control for instantaneous grid response at scale that may rival or replace peaker plants. <br> A VPP posesses the flexibility of rapid ramp rates both to ramp up by tapping into the network of idle awaiting battery reserves or rapidly ramp down by curtailing load demand. <br> The addition of <a href="https://www.waste.net/2/electricity.html#discretionary_loads">discretionary load</a> Sinks may provide an additional dimension to the capabilities of virtual power networks. </p> </div> <a name="discretionary_loads"></a> <div class="box"> <p> <B>Discretionary Loads</B> <br> The use of flexible consumption loads as Discretionary <a href="https://www.waste.net/2/electricity.html#sink">Sinks</a> for Surplus Electricity is an invaluable option. The ability to rapidly ramp-up processes that maximize resource recovery efforts is a strategic benefit. <br> Activating energy intense processes such as <a href="https://www.waste.net/2/cell.html#electrolyser">Electrolyzers</a> and <a href="https://www.waste.net/2/wind.html#dac">Direct Air Capture</a> Systems, whenever it is possible, enhances our overall environmental impact. </p> </div> <a name="summary"></a> <div class="box"> <p> <B>Summary</B> <br> The challenge is to design for optimum operation by engineering a system that has the capability to swap from priority or default pathways as seamless and rapidly as possible and the ability to scale up or down each energy pathway module. Check-out the <a href="https://www.waste.net/2/#energy_menu">Understanding Energy & Recovery</a> info. <br> </p> </div> <a name="extraction"></a> <div class="box"> <center> <a href="https://www.waste.net/2/cell.html"> <img src="https://www.waste.net/2/electrochemical_cells.gif" alt="Electrochemical Cells" border="0" width="125"></a>       <a href="https://www.waste.net/2/oxidation_reaction.html"> <img src="https://www.waste.net/2/oxidation_reduction.gif" alt="Oxidation/Reduction & Displacement" border="0" width="125"></a> <br> <a href="https://www.waste.net/2/molten_media.html"> <img src="https://www.waste.net/2/molten_media.gif" alt="Molten Media Extraction" border="0" width="125"></a> </center> </div> <div class="box"> <hr width="60%" color="#00D500"> </div> <div class="box"> <center> <a href="https://www.waste.net/disposal.html#desalination">Desalination</a>       <a href="https://www.waste.net/brine.html">Brine</a>     <a href="https://www.waste.net/water.html#pure">Water Purification</a> <br> <a href="https://www.waste.net/4.html#recover">Resource Recovery</a> <br> <br> <a href="https://www.by-productsynergy.com/biorefining.html#pathway">Bio-Refining</a>       <a href="https://www.by-productsynergy.com/refining.html">High Temperature Refining</a> <br> <a href="https://www.by-productsynergy.com/hotgas.html">Hot Gas Refining</a> <br> </center> </div> <div class="box"> <br> <center> <a href="https://www.waste.net/questions.html"> <IMG width"300" SRC="https://www.waste.net/gif-bin/questions.gif"></a> <br> Ask Your Recycling Questions </center> </div> <div class="box"> <center> <a href="https://www.waste.net/4.html">The 4 R's</a>       <a href="https://www.grn.com/a/view/9910.html">Events</a>     <a href="https://www.waste.net/markets.html">Markets</a> <br> <font color="#FFFFFF" size="-3"> Tuesday, 28-Jan-2025 16:21:11 EST - 576 </font> <br> <a href="https://www.waste.net/cgi-bin/feedback3.cgi?id=73&from=waste.net&w=chf:waste">WebMaster FeedBack</a>       <a href="https://www.waste.net/cgi-bin/91.cgi?at=000001&kw=waste.net&do=results&w=chf:waste">Privacy Policy</a>       <a href="https://www.waste.net/">Home</a> </center> </div> <div class="box"> <hr width="60%" color="#00D500"> </div> <div class="box"> <center> <a href="https://www.cooksmill.com/"> <IMG SRC="https://www.cooksmill.com/gif-bin/390x67-transpBG.gif" width="300"></a> <br> Waste.net is part of the Cooksmill NetSystem <a href="https://www.cooksmill.net/clients.html">network</a> of websites </center> </div> </body> </html>