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prison, see <a href="/wiki/Black_jail" title="Black jail">Black jail</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Abusive extralegal detention centers in China</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article needs to be <b>updated</b>. The reason given is: the references, most of which are from 2009 and earlier.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2019</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p> <b>Black jails</b> (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E7%9B%A3%E7%8D%84" class="extiw" title="wikt:黑監獄">黑監獄</a></span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">hēijiānyù</span></i>) are a network of extralegal detention centers established by Chinese security forces and <a href="/wiki/Private_security_company" class="mw-redirect" title="Private security company">private security companies</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> across the People's Republic of China. They are used mainly to detain, without trial, <a href="/wiki/Petitioning_(China)" title="Petitioning (China)">petitioners</a> (上访者, <i>shangfangzhe</i>), who travel to seek redress for grievances unresolved at the local level. The right to petition was available in ancient China, and was later revived by the communists, with important differences. </p><p>Black jails have no official or legal status, differentiating them from detention centers, the criminal arrest process, or formal sentencing to jail or prison. They are in wide use in Beijing, in particular, and serve as holding locations for the many petitioners who travel to the central Office of Letters and Calls to petition.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The jails were introduced to replace the <a href="/wiki/Custody_and_repatriation" title="Custody and repatriation">Custody and Repatriation</a> system after it was abolished in 2003 following the notorious <a href="/wiki/Sun_Zhigang_incident" title="Sun Zhigang incident">Sun Zhigang incident</a>. The existence of such jails is acknowledged by at least part of the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist Party of China">CCP</a> officialdom, following a <a href="/wiki/Police_raid" title="Police raid">police raid</a> of one of them and criminal trial of the company running it.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to human rights groups, black jails are a growing industry. The system includes so-called "interceptors" (截访者, literally "inquiry-stopper"),<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or "black guards",<sup id="cite_ref-Caixin4213_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Caixin4213-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> often sent by local or regional authorities, who abduct petitioners and hold them against their will or bundle them onto a bus to send them back to where they came from.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Non-government sources have estimated the number of black jails in operation to be between 7 and 50. The facilities may be located in state-owned hotels, hostels, hospitals, psychiatric facilities, residential buildings, or government ministry buildings, among others. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_jails&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The appearance of black jails was the authorities' response to the use of the "letters and calls" system (also known as "petitioning"), which attempts to resolve disputes at the local level.<sup id="cite_ref-hrw-alley_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hrw-alley-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a modern version of the imperial tradition, reinstated by the communists after 1949, the petitioning system permits citizens to report local abuse of power to higher levels of government. Because local courts are beholden to local officials, however, and since pursuing redress through the legal system is too expensive for rural Chinese, petitioning in modern China has become the only channel for seeking redress.<sup id="cite_ref-hrw-alley_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hrw-alley-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The number of people using the petitioning system has increased since 1993, to the extent that the system has been strained for years.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, despite its enduring nature and political support, the system has never been an effective mechanism for dealing with the complaints brought to it – largely because it is chronically overwhelmed by the number of people seeking redress.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Treatment_of_detainees">Treatment of detainees</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_jails&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Treatment of detainees"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a> published a report exploring the issue.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It documents how government officials, security forces, and their agents routinely abduct people, usually petitioners, off the streets of Beijing and other Chinese cities, "strip them of their possessions, and imprison them."<sup id="cite_ref-hrw-secret_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hrw-secret-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to reporters visiting the jails, those detained inside them are beaten, starved, and sometimes hosed down with water.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 20 or 30 people may be forced to inhabit a single room, including those suffering from disabilities.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 15 May 2010, a guard of a black jail located in a Beijing hotel received his final judgment of eight years of imprisonment for raping a female petitioner who had been illegally held in custody.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Official_stance">Official stance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_jails&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Official stance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_in_China#Counterarguments_by_the_PRC_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Human Rights in China">Human Rights in China § Counterarguments by the PRC government</a></div> <p>The authorities have repeatedly denied the existence of black jails. In an April 2009 Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MOFA) press conference, an official responded to an <a href="/wiki/Al_Jazeera_Media_Network" title="Al Jazeera Media Network">Al Jazeera</a> correspondent's query about black jails by stating categorically that, "Things like this do not exist in China." In June 2009, the Chinese government asserted in the Outcome Report of the United Nations Human Rights Council's Universal Periodic Review of China's human rights record that, "There are no black jails in the country."<sup id="cite_ref-hrw-secret_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hrw-secret-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_jails&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in the People's Republic of China">Law enforcement in the People's Republic of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weiquan_movement" title="Weiquan movement">Weiquan movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indefinite_detention" title="Indefinite detention">Indefinite detention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petitioning_(China)" title="Petitioning (China)">Petitioning (China)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_prisoner" title="Political prisoner">Political prisoner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laogai" title="Laogai">Laogai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Residential_Surveillance_at_a_Designated_Location" title="Residential Surveillance at a Designated Location">Residential Surveillance at a Designated Location</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_jails&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 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.reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chinavalue.net/Finance/Blog/2010-9-29/482946.aspx">"安元鼎：北京截访"黑监狱"调查"</a>. 24 September 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150227175522/http://www.chinavalue.net/Finance/Blog/2010-9-29/482946.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 27 February 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 February</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%E5%AE%89%E5%85%83%E9%BC%8E%EF%BC%9A%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC%E6%88%AA%E8%AE%BF%22%E9%BB%91%E7%9B%91%E7%8B%B1%22%E8%B0%83%E6%9F%A5&rft.date=2010-09-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chinavalue.net%2FFinance%2FBlog%2F2010-9-29%2F482946.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+jails" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rfa.org/english/news/china/petitioner-11202008094643.html">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Black Jail' Plea from Hospital"</a>. Radio Free Asia. 20 November 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090625141605/http://www.rfa.org/english/news/china/petitioner-11202008094643.html">Archived</a> from the original on 25 June 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 May</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%27Black+Jail%27+Plea+from+Hospital&rft.date=2008-11-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rfa.org%2Fenglish%2Fnews%2Fchina%2Fpetitioner-11202008094643.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+jails" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory?id=9308343">Black jail guard convicted of rape</a>, <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a>, 12 November 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.china.com/zh_cn/social/1007/20110803/16684230.html">"北京昌平区政府承认"黑监狱"属实拒透露细节"</a>. 3 August 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150227174234/http://news.china.com/zh_cn/social/1007/20110803/16684230.html">Archived</a> from the original on 27 February 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 February</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC%E6%98%8C%E5%B9%B3%E5%8C%BA%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E6%89%BF%E8%AE%A4%22%E9%BB%91%E7%9B%91%E7%8B%B1%22%E5%B1%9E%E5%AE%9E+%E6%8B%92%E9%80%8F%E9%9C%B2%E7%BB%86%E8%8A%82&rft.date=2011-08-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.china.com%2Fzh_cn%2Fsocial%2F1007%2F20110803%2F16684230.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+jails" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%88%AA" class="extiw" title="wikt:截">截</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%AE%BF" class="extiw" title="wikt:访">访</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%80%85" class="extiw" title="wikt:者">者</a></span>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Caixin4213-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Caixin4213_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLan_FangRen_Zhongyuan2013" class="citation news cs1">Lan Fang; Ren Zhongyuan (2 April 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.caixin.com/2013-04-02/100509391.html">"A Day in the Life of a Beijing 'Black Guard': A Henan native collected his pay and quit his job stopping petitioners from airing their grievances in Beijing. Then he told Caixin how he went about his work"</a>. <i>Caixin</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130404032131/http://english.caixin.com/2013-04-02/100509391.html">Archived</a> from the original on 4 April 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Caixin&rft.atitle=A+Day+in+the+Life+of+a+Beijing+%27Black+Guard%27%3A+A+Henan+native+collected+his+pay+and+quit+his+job+stopping+petitioners+from+airing+their+grievances+in+Beijing.+Then+he+told+Caixin+how+he+went+about+his+work&rft.date=2013-04-02&rft.au=Lan+Fang&rft.au=Ren+Zhongyuan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglish.caixin.com%2F2013-04-02%2F100509391.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+jails" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.radioaustralia.net.au/connectasia/stories/200903/s2514076.htm">"China using 'black jails' to prevent dissent"</a>. Radio Australia. 12 March 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091021081253/http://www.radioaustralia.net.au/connectasia/stories/200903/s2514076.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 21 October 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 May</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=China+using+%27black+jails%27+to+prevent+dissent&rft.date=2009-03-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.radioaustralia.net.au%2Fconnectasia%2Fstories%2F200903%2Fs2514076.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+jails" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hrw-alley-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hrw-alley_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hrw-alley_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Human Rights Watch, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/en/reports/2009/11/12/alleyway-hell-0">"An Alleyway in Hell"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150407144146/http://www.hrw.org/en/reports/2009/11/12/alleyway-hell-0">Archived</a> 7 April 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 12 November 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2007-09/02/content_6142475.htm">"Complaint bureau busiest office in Beijing"</a>. <i>www.chinadaily.com.cn</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110606070556/http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2007-09/02/content_6142475.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 6 June 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.chinadaily.com.cn&rft.atitle=Complaint+bureau+busiest+office+in+Beijing&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chinadaily.com.cn%2Fchina%2F2007-09%2F02%2Fcontent_6142475.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+jails" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">HRW's "Alleyway" citing <a href="/wiki/Carl_Minzner" title="Carl Minzner">Carl F. Minzner</a>, "Xinfang: An Alternative to the Formal Chinese Legal System". <i>Stanford Journal of International Law</i>, vol. 42:1 (2006).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/china1109webwcover_1.pdf"><i>"An Alleyway in Hell": China's Abusive "Black Jails"</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Human Rights Watch. November 2009. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1564325594" title="Special:BookSources/978-1564325594"><bdi>978-1564325594</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131005173126/http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/china1109webwcover_1.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 5 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22An+Alleyway+in+Hell%22%3A+China%27s+Abusive+%22Black+Jails%22&rft.pub=Human+Rights+Watch&rft.date=2009-11&rft.isbn=978-1564325594&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Freports%2Fchina1109webwcover_1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+jails" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hrw-secret-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hrw-secret_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hrw-secret_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Human Rights Watch, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/en/news/2009/11/02/china-secret-black-jails-hide-severe-rights-abuses">"China: Secret "Black Jails" Hide Severe Rights Abuses"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131103224704/http://www.hrw.org/en/news/2009/11/02/china-secret-black-jails-hide-severe-rights-abuses">Archived</a> 3 November 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 12 November 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHartley2007" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Aidan_Hartley" title="Aidan Hartley">Hartley, Aidan</a> (13 October 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090415230956/http://www.spectator.co.uk/the-magazine/features/247856/the-terrible-secrets-of-beijings-black-jails.thtml">"The terrible secrets of Beijing's 'black jails'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Spectator" title="The Spectator">The Spectator</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spectator.co.uk/the-magazine/features/247856/the-terrible-secrets-of-beijings-black-jails.thtml">the original</a> on 15 April 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Spectator&rft.atitle=The+terrible+secrets+of+Beijing%27s+%27black+jails%27&rft.date=2007-10-13&rft.aulast=Hartley&rft.aufirst=Aidan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spectator.co.uk%2Fthe-magazine%2Ffeatures%2F247856%2Fthe-terrible-secrets-of-beijings-black-jails.thtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+jails" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/en/reports/2009/11/12/alleyway-hell-0">"An Alleyway in Hell"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150407144146/http://www.hrw.org/en/reports/2009/11/12/alleyway-hell-0">Archived</a> 7 April 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 12 November 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2010-09/27/content_11351127.htm">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Black jails' investigated for illegally holding petitioners"</a>. <i>China Daily</i>. 27 September 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191025180612/http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2010-09/27/content_11351127.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 25 October 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=China+Daily&rft.atitle=%27Black+jails%27+investigated+for+illegally+holding+petitioners&rft.date=2010-09-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chinadaily.com.cn%2Fchina%2F2010-09%2F27%2Fcontent_11351127.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+jails" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_jails&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080514121520/http://www.atimes.com/atimes/China/JA25Ad01.html">China crawls slowly towards judicial reform</a>, by Thomas E. Kellogg and Keith Hand, <i><a href="/wiki/Asia_Times" title="Asia Times">Asia Times</a></i>. 25 January 2008.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chinadigitaltimes.net/2005/05/rise-of-rights">Rise of Rights?</a> <i><a href="/wiki/China_Digital_Times" title="China Digital Times">China Digital Times</a></i>. 27 May 2005</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120120014558/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,501030623-458835,00.htm">"Hostages of the State"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a></i>. 16 June 2003.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20151212051612/http://ftp.fas.org/sgp/othergov/wlb/200307.pdf">"China – Forced Detention and Repatriation System Abolished"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>World Law Bulletin</i>. Law Library of Congress: 6–7. July 2003. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ftp.fas.org/sgp/othergov/wlb/200307.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 12 December 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 January</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=World+Law+Bulletin&rft.atitle=China+%E2%80%93+Forced+Detention+and+Repatriation+System+Abolished&rft.pages=6-7&rft.date=2003-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fftp.fas.org%2Fsgp%2Fothergov%2Fwlb%2F200307.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+jails" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090430010156/http://www.hrichina.org/public/contents/article?revision_id=4150&item_id=4149">Use of Custody and Repatriation detention triples in 10 years</a> <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Human Rights in China">Human Rights in China</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090430102623/http://www.cecc.gov/pages/roundtables/060203/yi.php">Kidnapping by Police: The Sun Zhigang Case Exposes "Custody and Repatriation"</a> Testimony before the Congressional-Executive Commission on China. 2 June 2003</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.aljazeera.net/news/asia-pacific/2009/04/200942715494521278.html">China's 'black jails' uncovered</a> <a href="/wiki/Al_Jazeera_Media_Network" title="Al Jazeera Media Network">Aljazeera</a>. 27 April 2009</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090415230956/http://www.spectator.co.uk/the-magazine/features/247856/the-terrible-secrets-of-beijings-black-jails.thtml">"The terrible secrets of Beijing's 'black jails<span style="padding-right:.15em;">'</span>"</a> <i><a href="/wiki/The_Spectator" title="The Spectator">The Spectator</a></i>. 13 October 2007</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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title="Hong Kong Fire Services Department">Fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Correctional_Services_Department" title="Correctional Services Department">Correction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Customs_and_Excise_Department" title="Hong Kong Customs and Excise Department">Customs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_Department_(Hong_Kong)" title="Immigration Department (Hong Kong)">Immigration</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Macau" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Macau">Macau</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macao_Garrison" title="Macao Garrison">PLA Macau Garrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commission_Against_Corruption" title="Commission Against Corruption">Commission Against Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macau_Security_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Macau Security Force">Macau Security Force</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unitary_Police_Service&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Unitary Police Service (page does not exist)">Unitary Police Service</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%AD%A6%E5%AF%9F%E7%B8%BD%E5%B1%80" class="extiw" title="zh:警察總局">zh</a>]</span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Public_Security_Police_Force" title="Public Security Police Force">Public Security Police</a> (including <i>Migration Service</i>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Macau_Judicial_Police&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Macau Judicial Police (page does not exist)">Judicial Police</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%BE%B3%E9%96%80%E5%8F%B8%E6%B3%95%E8%AD%A6%E5%AF%9F%E5%B1%80" class="extiw" title="zh:澳門司法警察局">zh</a>]</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_Services_Bureau" title="Fire Services Bureau">Fire Services Bureau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Correctional_Services_Bureau" title="Correctional Services Bureau">Correctional Services Bureau</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Macau_Customs_Service&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Macau Customs Service (page does not exist)">Macau Customs Service</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%BE%B3%E9%96%80%E6%B5%B7%E9%97%9C" class="extiw" title="zh:澳門海關">zh</a>]</span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Operations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Campaign_to_Suppress_Counterrevolutionaries" title="Campaign to Suppress Counterrevolutionaries">Campaign to Suppress Counterrevolutionaries</a> (1950–53)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-anti_and_Five-anti_Campaigns" title="Three-anti and Five-anti Campaigns">Three-anti and Five-anti Campaigns</a> (1951–52)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufan_movement" title="Sufan movement">Sufan movement</a> (1955–57)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Rightist_Campaign" title="Anti-Rightist Campaign">Anti-Rightist Campaign</a> (1957–59)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_August" title="Red August">Red August</a> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadian_incident" title="Shadian incident">Shadian incident</a> (1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1983_%22Strike_Hard%22_Anti-crime_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="1983 "Strike Hard" Anti-crime Campaign">1983 "Strike Hard" Anti-crime Campaign</a> (1983–87)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Falun_Gong" title="Persecution of Falun Gong">Persecution of Falun Gong</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/6521_Project" title="6521 Project">6521 Project</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-corruption_campaign_under_Xi_Jinping" title="Anti-corruption campaign under Xi Jinping">Anti-corruption campaign</a> (2012–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strike_Hard_Campaign_Against_Violent_Terrorism" title="Strike Hard Campaign Against Violent Terrorism">Strike Hard Campaign Against Violent Terrorism</a> (2014–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Fox_Hunt" title="Operation Fox Hunt">Operation Fox Hunt</a> (2014–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/709_crackdown" title="709 crackdown">709 crackdown</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_intelligence_activity_abroad" title="Chinese intelligence activity abroad">Abroad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_information_operations_and_information_warfare" title="Chinese information operations and information warfare">Information operations and information warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_espionage_in_the_United_States" title="Chinese espionage in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2011_crackdown_on_dissidents_in_China" title="2011 crackdown on dissidents in China">2011 crackdown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/610_Office" title="610 Office">610 Office</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Black jails</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China" title="Capital punishment in China">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_China" title="Censorship in China">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Case_Examination_Group" title="Central Case Examination Group">Central Case Examination Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Servant-Family_Pair_Up" title="Civil Servant-Family Pair Up">Civil Servant-Family Pair Up</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_sentence_with_reprieve" title="Death sentence with reprieve">Death sentence with reprieve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Cannon" title="Great Cannon">Great Cannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grid-style_social_management_in_China" title="Grid-style social management in China">Grid-style social management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Hong_Kong_national_security_law" title="2020 Hong Kong national security law"> Hong Kong national security law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hong_Kong_national_security_cases" title="List of Hong Kong national security cases">List of Hong Kong national security cases</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_China" title="Human rights in China">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Tibet" title="Human rights in Tibet">Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Macau" title="Human rights in Macau">Macao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Hong_Kong" title="Human rights in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_censorship_in_China" title="Internet censorship in China">Internet censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inciting_subversion_of_state_power" title="Inciting subversion of state power">Inciting subversion of state power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_system_of_China" title="Judicial system of China">Judicial system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Hong_Kong" title="Judiciary of Hong Kong">Judiciary of Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Macau" title="Judiciary of Macau">Judiciary of Macau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laogai" title="Laogai">Laogai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_imprisonment_in_China" title="Life imprisonment in China">Life imprisonment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penal_system_in_China" title="Penal system in China">Penal system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PLA_Unit_61398" title="PLA Unit 61398">PLA Unit 61398</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_offences_in_China" title="Political offences in China">Political offences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picking_quarrels_and_provoking_trouble" title="Picking quarrels and provoking trouble">Picking quarrels and provoking trouble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Re-education_through_labor" title="Re-education through labor">Re-education through labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Residential_Surveillance_at_a_Designated_Location" title="Residential Surveillance at a Designated Location">Residential Surveillance at a Designated Location</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soft_detention" title="Soft detention">Soft detention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuanggui" title="Shuanggui">Shuanggui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-faced_person" title="Two-faced person">Two-faced person</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Uyghurs_in_China" title="Persecution of Uyghurs in China">Persecution of Uyghurs in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_internment_camps" title="Xinjiang internment camps">Xinjiang internment camps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holistic_security_concept" class="mw-redirect" title="Holistic security concept">Holistic security concept</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Prisons_in_China" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:China_prisons" title="Template:China prisons"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:China_prisons" title="Template talk:China prisons"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:China_prisons" title="Special:EditPage/Template:China prisons"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Prisons_in_China" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Penal_system_in_China" title="Penal system in China">Prisons in China</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beijing_Municipal_Administration_of_Prisons" title="Beijing Municipal Administration of Prisons">Beijing Municipal Administration of Prisons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chongqing_Municipal_Administration_of_Prisons" title="Chongqing Municipal Administration of Prisons">Chongqing Municipal Administration of Prisons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guangdong_Prison_Administrative_Bureau" title="Guangdong Prison Administrative Bureau">Guangdong Prison Administrative Bureau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Municipal_Prison_Administration" title="Shanghai Municipal Prison Administration">Shanghai Municipal Prison Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sichuan_Province_Prison_Administrative_Bureau" title="Sichuan Province Prison Administrative Bureau">Sichuan Province Prison Administrative Bureau</a></li></ul> <p>SARs: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Correctional_Services_Department" title="Correctional Services Department">Hong Kong Correctional Services Department</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Correctional_Services_Bureau" title="Correctional Services Bureau">Macao Correctional Services Bureau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Prisons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anqing_Prison" title="Anqing Prison">Anqing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baihu_Prison" title="Baihu Prison">Baihu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beijing_Women%27s_Prison" title="Beijing Women's Prison">Beijing Women's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beijing_Municipal_Prison" title="Beijing Municipal Prison">Beijing Municipal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beijing_Municipal_No._1_Prison" title="Beijing Municipal No. 1 Prison">Beijing Municipal No. 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beijing_Municipal_No._2_Prison" title="Beijing Municipal No. 2 Prison">Beijing Municipal No. 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beijing_Office_for_Criminal_Deportation" title="Beijing Office for Criminal Deportation">Beijing Office for Criminal Deportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengbu_Prison" title="Bengbu Prison">Bengbu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaohu_Prison" title="Chaohu Prison">Chaohu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chishan_Prison" title="Chishan Prison">Chishan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dongguan_Prison" title="Dongguan Prison"> Dongguan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drapchi_Prison" title="Drapchi Prison">Drapchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuyang_Prison" title="Fuyang Prison">Fuyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foshan_Prison" title="Foshan Prison">Foshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaoming_Prison" title="Gaoming Prison">Gaoming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanzhou_Prison" title="Lanzhou Prison">Lanzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lujiang_Prison" title="Lujiang Prison">Lujiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liangxiang_Prison" title="Liangxiang Prison">Liangxiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lianping_Prison" title="Lianping Prison">Lianping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiangmen_Prison" title="Jiangmen Prison">Jiangmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiaoling_Prison" title="Jiaoling Prison">Jiaoling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jieyang_Prison" title="Jieyang Prison">Jieyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinzhong_Prison" title="Jinzhong Prison">Jinzhong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiucheng_Administration_Branch" title="Jiucheng Administration Branch">Jiucheng Administration Branch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiulong_Prison" title="Jiulong Prison">Jiulong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma%27anshan_Prison" title="Ma'anshan Prison">Ma'anshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panyu_Prison" title="Panyu Prison">Panyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pingshi_Prison" title="Pingshi Prison">Pingshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qingpu_Prison" title="Qingpu Prison">Qingpu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qingshan_Prison" title="Qingshan Prison">Qingshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qincheng_Prison" title="Qincheng Prison">Qincheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Detention_Center" title="Shanghai Detention Center">Shanghai Detention Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sichuan_Provincial_Women%27s_Prison" title="Sichuan Provincial Women's Prison">Sichuan Provincial Women's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suzhou_Prison" title="Suzhou Prison">Suzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Women%27s_Prison" title="Shanghai Women's Prison">Shanghai Women's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shushan_Prison" title="Shushan Prison">Shushan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilanqiao_Prison" title="Tilanqiao Prison">Tilanqiao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuhu_Prison" title="Wuhu Prison">Wuhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yongchuan_Prison" title="Yongchuan Prison">Yongchuan</a><br /></li></ul> <p>SARs: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prisons_in_Hong_Kong" title="Prisons in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lo_Wu_Correctional_Institution" title="Lo Wu Correctional Institution">Lo Wu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shek_Pik_Prison" title="Shek Pik Prison">Shek Pik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Prison" title="Stanley Prison">Stanley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Lam_Centre_for_Women" title="Tai Lam Centre for Women">Tai Lam for Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Tam_Gap_Correctional_Institution" title="Tai Tam Gap Correctional Institution">Tai Tam Gap</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Correctional_Services_Bureau" title="Correctional Services Bureau">Macau</a></li></ul></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Closed" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Closed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Prison" title="Victoria Prison">Victoria</a> (Hong Kong)</li> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Re-education_through_labor" title="Re-education through labor">Re-education<br />through<br />labor</a><br />camps</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daqing_re-education_through_labor_camp" title="Daqing re-education through labor camp">Daqing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masanjia_re-education_through_labor_camp" title="Masanjia re-education through labor camp">Masanjia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wanjia_re-education_through_labor_camp" title="Wanjia re-education through labor camp">Wanjia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shibalihe_women%27s_re-education_through_labor_camp" title="Shibalihe women's re-education through labor camp">Shibalihe women's</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Juvenile facilities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beijing_Juvenile_Offender_Detachment" title="Beijing Juvenile Offender Detachment">Beijing Juvenile Offender Detachment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chongqing_Juvenile_Offender_Detachment" title="Chongqing Juvenile Offender Detachment">Chongqing Juvenile Offender Detachment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Black jails</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China" title="Capital punishment in China">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_China" title="Human rights in China">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Tibet" title="Human rights in Tibet">Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Macau" title="Human rights in Macau">Macao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Hong_Kong" title="Human rights in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_system_of_China" title="Judicial system of China">Judicial system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laogai" title="Laogai">Laogai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_China" title="Law enforcement in China">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_imprisonment_in_China" title="Life imprisonment in China">Life imprisonment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_security_of_China" title="National security of China">National security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Residential_Surveillance_at_a_Designated_Location" title="Residential Surveillance at a Designated Location">Residential Surveillance at a Designated Location</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soft_detention" title="Soft detention">Soft detention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuanggui" title="Shuanggui">Shuanggui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_internment_camps" title="Xinjiang internment camps">Xinjiang internment camps</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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