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id="toc-Nation_of_Islam_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Prison" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prison"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Prison </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prison-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_ministry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_ministry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Early ministry </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_ministry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marriage_and_family" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marriage_and_family"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Marriage and family </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marriage_and_family-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hinton_Johnson_incident" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hinton_Johnson_incident"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Hinton Johnson incident </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hinton_Johnson_incident-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Increasing_prominence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Increasing_prominence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Increasing prominence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Increasing_prominence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Advocacy_and_teachings_while_with_the_Nation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Advocacy_and_teachings_while_with_the_Nation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Advocacy and teachings while with the Nation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Advocacy_and_teachings_while_with_the_Nation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Antisemitism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antisemitism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6.1 Antisemitism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antisemitism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Effect_on_Nation_membership" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effect_on_Nation_membership"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7 Effect on Nation membership </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Effect_on_Nation_membership-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Disillusionment_and_departure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Disillusionment_and_departure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Disillusionment and departure </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Disillusionment_and_departure-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Disillusionment and departure subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Disillusionment_and_departure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Lack_of_Nation_of_Islam_response_to_LAPD_violence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lack_of_Nation_of_Islam_response_to_LAPD_violence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Lack of Nation of Islam response to LAPD violence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lack_of_Nation_of_Islam_response_to_LAPD_violence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sexual_misbehavior_by_Elijah_Muhammad" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sexual_misbehavior_by_Elijah_Muhammad"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Sexual misbehavior by Elijah Muhammad </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sexual_misbehavior_by_Elijah_Muhammad-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Remarks_on_Kennedy_assassination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Remarks_on_Kennedy_assassination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Remarks on Kennedy assassination </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Remarks_on_Kennedy_assassination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media_attention_to_Malcolm_X_over_Elijah_Muhammad" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media_attention_to_Malcolm_X_over_Elijah_Muhammad"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Media attention to Malcolm X over Elijah Muhammad </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media_attention_to_Malcolm_X_over_Elijah_Muhammad-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Departure_from_Nation_of_Islam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Departure_from_Nation_of_Islam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Departure from Nation of Islam </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Departure_from_Nation_of_Islam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Activity_after_leaving_Nation_of_Islam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Activity_after_leaving_Nation_of_Islam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Activity after leaving Nation of Islam </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Activity_after_leaving_Nation_of_Islam-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Activity after leaving Nation of Islam subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Activity_after_leaving_Nation_of_Islam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pilgrimage_to_Mecca" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pilgrimage_to_Mecca"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Pilgrimage to Mecca </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pilgrimage_to_Mecca-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Visit_to_Cairo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Visit_to_Cairo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Visit to Cairo </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Visit_to_Cairo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-France_and_United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#France_and_United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 France and United Kingdom </div> </a> <ul id="toc-France_and_United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Return_to_United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Return_to_United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Return to United States </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Return_to_United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death_threats_and_intimidation_from_Nation_of_Islam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death_threats_and_intimidation_from_Nation_of_Islam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Death threats and intimidation from Nation of Islam </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death_threats_and_intimidation_from_Nation_of_Islam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Assassination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Assassination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Assassination </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Assassination-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Assassination subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Assassination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Funeral" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Funeral"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Funeral </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Funeral-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reactions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reactions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Reactions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reactions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Allegations_of_conspiracy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Allegations_of_conspiracy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Allegations of conspiracy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Allegations_of_conspiracy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Philosophy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philosophy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Philosophy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Philosophy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Philosophy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Philosophy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Beliefs_of_the_Nation_of_Islam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Beliefs_of_the_Nation_of_Islam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Beliefs of the Nation of Islam </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Beliefs_of_the_Nation_of_Islam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Palestine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Palestine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Palestine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Palestine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Independent_views" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Independent_views"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Independent views </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Independent_views-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Claims_of_bisexuality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Claims_of_bisexuality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Claims of bisexuality </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Claims_of_bisexuality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Legacy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Legacy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Memorials_and_tributes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Memorials_and_tributes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Memorials and tributes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Memorials_and_tributes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Portrayal_in_film,_in_television,_and_on_stage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Portrayal_in_film,_in_television,_and_on_stage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Portrayal in film, in television, and on stage </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Portrayal_in_film,_in_television,_and_on_stage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Published_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Published_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Published works </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Published_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Explanatory_notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Explanatory_notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Explanatory notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Explanatory_notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.1 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.2 Works cited </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Malcolm X</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 95 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-95" aria-hidden="true" > 95 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%9B%E1%88%8D%E1%8A%AE%E1%88%9D_%E1%8A%A4%E1%8A%AD%E1%88%B5" title="ማልኮም ኤክስ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ማልኮም ኤክስ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D9%88%D9%85_%D8%A5%D9%83%D8%B3" title="مالكوم إكس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مالكوم إكس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm_X" title="Malcolm X – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Malcolm X" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm_X" title="Malcolm X – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Malcolm X" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malkolm_X" title="Malkolm X – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Malkolm X" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%AE_%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8" title="ম্যালকম এক্স – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ম্যালকম এক্স" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm_X" title="Malcolm X – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Malcolm X" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC_%D0%86%D0%BA%D1%81" title="Малкальм Ікс – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Малкальм Ікс" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BA%D1%8A%D0%BB%D0%BC_%D0%95%D0%BA%D1%81" title="Малкълм Екс – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Малкълм Екс" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm_X" title="Malcolm X – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Malcolm X" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm_X" title="Malcolm X – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Malcolm X" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm_X" title="Malcolm X – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Malcolm X" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm_X" title="Malcolm X – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Malcolm X" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm_X" title="Malcolm X – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Malcolm X" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm_X" title="Malcolm X – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Malcolm X" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm_X" title="Malcolm X – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Malcolm X" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm_X" title="Malcolm X – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Malcolm X" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%AC%CE%BB%CE%BA%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%BC_%CE%A7" title="Μάλκολμ Χ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μάλκολμ Χ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm_X" title="Malcolm X – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Malcolm X" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm_X" title="Malcolm X – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Malcolm X" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm_X" title="Malcolm X – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Malcolm X" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%85_%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%B3" title="مالکوم ایکس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مالکوم ایکس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm_X" title="Malcolm X – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Malcolm X" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm_X" title="Malcolm X – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Malcolm X" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm_X" title="Malcolm X – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Malcolm X" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm_X" title="Malcolm X – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Malcolm X" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm_X" title="Malcolm X – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="Malcolm X" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target">गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A7%AC%EC%BB%B4_%EC%97%91%EC%8A%A4" title="맬컴 엑스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="맬컴 엑스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm_X" title="Malcolm X – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Malcolm X" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A1%D5%AC%D6%84%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%B4_%D4%BB%D6%84%D5%BD" title="Մալքոլմ Իքս – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մալքոլմ Իքս" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8" title="मैल्कम एक्स – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मैल्कम एक्स" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm_X" title="Malcolm X – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Malcolm X" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm_X" title="Malcolm X – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Malcolm X" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm_X" title="Malcolm X – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Malcolm X" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Igbo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm_X" title="Malcolm X – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Malcolm X" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm_X" title="Malcolm X – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Malcolm X" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm_X" title="Malcolm X – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Malcolm X" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%9D_%D7%90%D7%A7%D7%A1" title="מלקולם אקס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מלקולם אקס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm_X" title="Malcolm X – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Malcolm X" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9B_%E1%83%98%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="მალკოლმ იქსი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მალკოლმ იქსი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BC_%D0%98%D0%BA%D1%81" title="Малколм Икс – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Малколм Икс" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm_X" title="Malcolm X – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Malcolm X" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm_X" title="Malcolm X – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Malcolm X" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BC_%D0%98%D0%BA%D1%81" title="Малколм Икс – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Малколм Икс" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolmus_X" title="Malcolmus X – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Malcolmus X" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malkolms_X" title="Malkolms X – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Malkolms X" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm_X" title="Malcolm X – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Malcolm X" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm_X" title="Malcolm X – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Malcolm X" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm_X" title="Malcolm X – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Malcolm X" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm_X" title="Malcolm X – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Malcolm X" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm_X" title="Malcolm X – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Malcolm X" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BD%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%82_%E0%B4%8E%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="മാൽക്കം എക്സ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മാൽക്കം എക്സ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8" title="माल्कम एक्स – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="माल्कम एक्स" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D9%88%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%83%D8%B3" title="مالكوم اكس – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="مالكوم اكس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm_X" title="Malcolm X – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Malcolm X" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC_%D0%AD%D0%BA%D1%81" title="Малкольм Экс – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Малкольм Экс" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm_X" title="Malcolm X – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Malcolm X" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9E%E3%83%AB%E3%82%B3%E3%83%A0%E3%83%BBX" title="マルコム・X – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="マルコム・X" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nqo mw-list-item"><a href="https://nqo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DF%A1%DF%8A%DF%9F%DF%91%DF%9E%DF%90%DF%9F%DF%A1_%DF%8C%DF%9E%DF%9B" title="ߡߊߟߑߞߐߟߡ ߌߞߛ – N’Ko" lang="nqo" hreflang="nqo" data-title="ߡߊߟߑߞߐߟߡ ߌߞߛ" data-language-autonym="ߒߞߏ" data-language-local-name="N’Ko" class="interlanguage-link-target">ߒߞߏ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm_X" title="Malcolm X – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Malcolm X" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm_X" title="Malcolm X – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Malcolm X" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm_X" title="Malcolm X – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Malcolm X" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm_X" title="Malcolm X – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Malcolm X" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%84%DA%A9%D9%85_%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%B3" title="میلکم ایکس – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="میلکم ایکس" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%85_%D8%A7%DB%90%DA%A9%D8%B3" title="مالکوم اېکس – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="مالکوم اېکس" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm_X" title="Malcolm X – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Malcolm X" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm_X" title="Malcolm X – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Malcolm X" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm_X" title="Malcolm X – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Malcolm X" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC_%D0%98%D0%BA%D1%81" title="Малкольм Икс – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Малкольм Икс" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm_X" title="Malcolm X – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Malcolm X" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm_X" title="Malcolm X – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Malcolm X" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm_X" title="Malcolm X – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Malcolm X" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm_X" title="Malcolm X – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Malcolm X" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm_X" title="Malcolm X – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Malcolm X" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm_X" title="Malcolm X – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Malcolm X" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm_X" title="Malcolm X – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Malcolm X" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%DA%A9%DB%86%D9%85_%D8%A6%DB%8E%DA%A9%D8%B3" title="مالکۆم ئێکس – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="مالکۆم ئێکس" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malkolm_Iks" title="Malkolm Iks – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Malkolm Iks" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm_X" title="Malcolm X – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Malcolm X" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm_X" title="Malcolm X – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Malcolm X" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm_X" title="Malcolm X – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Malcolm X" data-language-autonym="Svenska" 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– Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="แมลคัม เอ็กซ์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm_X" title="Malcolm X – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Malcolm X" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BC_%D0%86%D0%BA%D1%81" title="Малколм Ікс – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Малколм Ікс" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%84%DA%A9%D9%85_%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%B3" title="میلکم ایکس – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="میلکم ایکس" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D9%88%D9%84%D9%85_X" title="مالكولم X – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="مالكولم X" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm_X" title="Malcolm X – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Malcolm X" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm_X" title="Malcolm X – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" 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For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Malcolm_X_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Malcolm X (disambiguation)">Malcolm X (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Malcolm Little" and "Malik Shabazz" redirect here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Little_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Malcolm Little (disambiguation)">Malcolm Little (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Malik_Shabazz_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Malik Shabazz (disambiguation)">Malik Shabazz (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Malcolm X</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Malcolm_X_NYWTS_4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photograph of Malcolm X smiling and wearing a suit" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Malcolm_X_NYWTS_4.jpg/220px-Malcolm_X_NYWTS_4.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="301" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Malcolm_X_NYWTS_4.jpg/330px-Malcolm_X_NYWTS_4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Malcolm_X_NYWTS_4.jpg/440px-Malcolm_X_NYWTS_4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2191" data-file-height="3000" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Malcolm X in 1964</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Malcolm Little</div> (1925-05-19)May 19, 1925 <div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Omaha,_Nebraska" title="Omaha, Nebraska">Omaha, Nebraska</a>, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">February 21, 1965(1965-02-21) (aged 39) <div style="display:inline" class="deathplace">Manhattan, New York City, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Cause of death</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Malcolm_X" title="Assassination of Malcolm X">Assassination by gunshots</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Ferncliff_Cemetery" title="Ferncliff Cemetery">Ferncliff Cemetery</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other names</th><td class="infobox-data nickname">Malik el-Shabazz (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: مَالِك ٱلشَّبَازّ, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: Mālik ash-Shabāzz) Omowale (<a href="/wiki/Yoruba_language" title="Yoruba language">Yoruba</a>: Omowale)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupations</th><td class="infobox-data role"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Minister</li><li>activist</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Organizations</th><td class="infobox-data org"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nation_of_Islam" title="Nation of Islam">Nation of Islam</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Mosque,_Inc." title="Muslim Mosque, Inc.">Muslim Mosque, Inc.</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_Afro-American_Unity" title="Organization of Afro-American Unity">Organization of Afro-American Unity</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Movement</th><td class="infobox-data category"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_nationalism" title="Black nationalism">Black nationalism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Africanism" title="Pan-Africanism">Pan-Africanism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Betty_Shabazz" title="Betty Shabazz">Betty Shabazz</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1958)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">6, including <a href="/wiki/Attallah_Shabazz" title="Attallah Shabazz">Attallah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qubilah_Shabazz" title="Qubilah Shabazz">Qubilah</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ilyasah_Shabazz" title="Ilyasah Shabazz">Ilyasah</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Relatives</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Louise_Little" title="Louise Little">Louise Helen Norton Little</a> (mother) <a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Shabazz" title="Malcolm Shabazz">Malcolm Shabazz</a> (grandson)<a href="#cite_note-SFTimes-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Signature</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Malcolm_X_Signature.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Malcolm_X_Signature.svg/150px-Malcolm_X_Signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="58" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Malcolm_X_Signature.svg/225px-Malcolm_X_Signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Malcolm_X_Signature.svg/300px-Malcolm_X_Signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="150" data-file-height="58" /></a></td></tr></tbody></table> Malcolm X (born Malcolm Little, later el-Hajj Malik el-Shabazz; May 19, 1925 – February 21, 1965) was an <a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">African American</a> revolutionary, <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_United_States" title="Islam in the United States">Muslim</a> minister and <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_activist" class="mw-redirect" title="Human rights activist">human rights activist</a> who was a prominent figure during the <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">civil rights movement</a> until <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Malcolm_X" title="Assassination of Malcolm X">his assassination</a> in 1965. A spokesman for the <a href="/wiki/Nation_of_Islam" title="Nation of Islam">Nation of Islam</a> (NOI) until 1964, he was a vocal advocate for Black empowerment and the promotion of <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> within the African American community. A controversial figure accused of preaching violence, Malcolm X is also a widely celebrated figure within African American and Muslim communities for his pursuit of racial justice. Malcolm spent his adolescence living in a series of <a href="/wiki/Foster_home" class="mw-redirect" title="Foster home">foster homes</a> or with relatives after his father's death and his mother's hospitalization. He committed various crimes, being sentenced to 8 to 10 years in prison in 1946 for <a href="/wiki/Larceny" title="Larceny">larceny</a> and burglary. In prison, he joined the Nation of Islam, adopting the name Malcolm X to symbolize his unknown African ancestral surname while discarding "the white <a href="/wiki/Slave_name" title="Slave name">slavemaster name</a> of 'Little'", and after his parole in 1952, he quickly became one of the organization's most influential leaders. He was the public face of the organization for 12 years, advocating Black empowerment and <a href="/wiki/Black_separatism" title="Black separatism">separation of Black and White Americans</a>, and criticizing <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a> and the mainstream civil rights movement for its emphasis on non-violence and <a href="/wiki/Racial_integration" title="Racial integration">racial integration</a>. Malcolm X also expressed pride in some of the Nation's social welfare achievements, such as its free <a href="/wiki/Drug_rehabilitation" title="Drug rehabilitation">drug rehabilitation</a> program. From the 1950s onward, Malcolm X was subjected to surveillance by the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">Federal Bureau of Investigation</a> (FBI). In the 1960s, Malcolm X began to grow disillusioned with the Nation of Islam, as well as with its leader, <a href="/wiki/Elijah_Muhammad" title="Elijah Muhammad">Elijah Muhammad</a>. He subsequently embraced <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Islam</a> and the civil rights movement after completing the <a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">Hajj</a> to <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a> and became known as "<a href="/wiki/El-Hajj" class="mw-redirect" title="El-Hajj">el-Hajj</a> Malik el-Shabazz," which roughly translates to "The Pilgrim Malcolm the Patriarch". After a brief period of travel across Africa, he publicly renounced the Nation of Islam and founded the Islamic <a href="/wiki/Muslim_Mosque,_Inc." title="Muslim Mosque, Inc.">Muslim Mosque, Inc.</a> (MMI) and the <a href="/wiki/Pan-Africanism" title="Pan-Africanism">Pan-African</a> <a href="/wiki/Organization_of_Afro-American_Unity" title="Organization of Afro-American Unity">Organization of Afro-American Unity</a> (OAAU). Throughout 1964, his conflict with the Nation of Islam intensified, and he was repeatedly sent death threats. On February 21, 1965, he <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Malcolm_X" title="Assassination of Malcolm X">was assassinated in New York City</a>. Three Nation members were charged with the murder and given <a href="/wiki/Life_imprisonment_in_the_United_States" title="Life imprisonment in the United States">indeterminate life sentences</a>. In 2021, two of the convictions were vacated. Speculation about the assassination and whether it was conceived or aided by leading or additional members of the Nation, or with law enforcement agencies, has persisted for decades. He was posthumously honored with <a href="/wiki/Malcolm_X_Day" title="Malcolm X Day">Malcolm X Day</a>, on which he is commemorated in various cities across the United States. Hundreds of streets and schools in the U.S. have been renamed in his honor, while the <a href="/wiki/Audubon_Ballroom" title="Audubon Ballroom">Audubon Ballroom</a>, the site of his assassination, was partly redeveloped in 2005 to accommodate the <a href="/wiki/Malcolm_X_and_Dr._Betty_Shabazz_Memorial_and_Educational_Center" title="Malcolm X and Dr. Betty Shabazz Memorial and Educational Center">Malcolm X and Dr. Betty Shabazz Memorial and Educational Center</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Autobiography_of_Malcolm_X" title="The Autobiography of Malcolm X">A posthumous autobiography</a>, on which he collaborated with <a href="/wiki/Alex_Haley" title="Alex Haley">Alex Haley</a>, was published in 1965. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_years">Early years</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1930_census_Little.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A ledger with names, ages, and other personal information" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/1930_census_Little.gif/220px-1930_census_Little.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/1930_census_Little.gif/330px-1930_census_Little.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/1930_census_Little.gif/440px-1930_census_Little.gif 2x" data-file-width="2373" data-file-height="1667" /></a><figcaption>A 1930 United States Census return listing the Little family (lines 59ff)</figcaption></figure> Malcolm Little was born May 19, 1925, in <a href="/wiki/Omaha,_Nebraska" title="Omaha, Nebraska">Omaha, Nebraska</a>, the fourth of seven children of <a href="/wiki/Grenada" title="Grenada">Grenada</a>-born <a href="/wiki/Louise_Little" title="Louise Little">Louise Helen Little</a> (née Langdon) and <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a>-born Earl Little.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> Earl was an outspoken <a href="/wiki/Baptist" class="mw-redirect" title="Baptist">Baptist</a> <a href="/wiki/Laity" title="Laity">lay</a> speaker, and he and Louise were admirers of <a href="/wiki/Pan-Africanism" title="Pan-Africanism">Pan-African</a> activist <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Garvey" title="Marcus Garvey">Marcus Garvey</a>. Earl was a local leader of the <a href="/wiki/Universal_Negro_Improvement_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="Universal Negro Improvement Association">Universal Negro Improvement Association</a> (UNIA) and Louise served as secretary and "branch reporter", sending news of local UNIA activities to <a href="/wiki/Negro_World" title="Negro World">Negro World</a>; they inculcated self-reliance and <a href="/wiki/Black_pride" title="Black pride">black pride</a> in their children.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> Malcolm X later said that White violence killed four of his father's brothers.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> Because of <a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan" title="Ku Klux Klan">Ku Klux Klan</a> threats, Earl's UNIA activities were said to be "spreading trouble"<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> and the family relocated in 1926 to <a href="/wiki/Milwaukee" title="Milwaukee">Milwaukee</a>, and shortly thereafter to <a href="/wiki/Lansing,_Michigan" title="Lansing, Michigan">Lansing, Michigan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> There, the family was frequently harassed by the <a href="/wiki/Black_Legion_(political_movement)" title="Black Legion (political movement)">Black Legion</a>, a White <a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_United_States" title="Racism in the United States">racist</a> group Earl accused of burning their family home in 1929.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> When Malcolm was six, his father died in what has been officially ruled a <a href="/wiki/Streetcar" class="mw-redirect" title="Streetcar">streetcar</a> accident, though his mother Louise believed Earl had been murdered by the Black Legion. Rumors that White racists were responsible for his father's death were widely circulated and were very disturbing to Malcolm X as a child. As an adult, he expressed conflicting beliefs on the question.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> After a dispute with creditors, Louise received a life insurance benefit (nominally $1,000 ‍—‌about $20,000 in 2023)<a href="#cite_note-inflation-US-11">[A]</a> in payments of $18 per month;<a href="#cite_note-Marable_2011_32-12">[11]</a> the issuer of another, larger policy refused to pay, claiming her husband Earl had committed suicide.<a href="#cite_note-13">[12]</a> To make ends meet, Louise rented out part of her garden, and her sons hunted game.<a href="#cite_note-Marable_2011_32-12">[11]</a> During the 1930s, white <a href="/wiki/Seventh-day_Adventist" class="mw-redirect" title="Seventh-day Adventist">Seventh-day Adventists</a> witnessed to the Little family; later on, Louise Little and her son Wilfred were baptized into the Seventh-day Adventist Church. Malcolm said the Adventists were "the friendliest white people I had ever seen."<a href="#cite_note-14">[13]</a> In 1937, a man Louise had been dating‍—‌marriage had seemed a possibility‍—‌vanished from her life when she became pregnant with his child.<a href="#cite_note-15">[14]</a> In late 1938, she had a <a href="/wiki/Mental_breakdown" class="mw-redirect" title="Mental breakdown">nervous breakdown</a> and was committed to <a href="/wiki/Kalamazoo_Regional_Psychiatric_Hospital" title="Kalamazoo Regional Psychiatric Hospital">Kalamazoo State Hospital</a>. The children were separated and sent to <a href="/wiki/Foster_care" title="Foster care">foster homes</a>. Malcolm and his siblings secured her release 24 years later.<a href="#cite_note-16">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[16]</a> Malcolm attended West Junior High School in Lansing and then Mason High School in <a href="/wiki/Mason,_Michigan" title="Mason, Michigan">Mason, Michigan</a>, but left high school in 1941, before graduating.<a href="#cite_note-Dozier-18">[17]</a> He excelled in junior high school but dropped out of high school after a White teacher told him that practicing law, his aspiration at the time, was "no realistic goal for a nigger."<a href="#cite_note-Perry42-19">[18]</a> Later, Malcolm X recalled feeling that the White world offered no place for a career-oriented Black man, regardless of talent.<a href="#cite_note-Perry42-19">[18]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Malcolm_X_mugshot_1944.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Malcolm_X_mugshot_1944.jpg/220px-Malcolm_X_mugshot_1944.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Malcolm_X_mugshot_1944.jpg/330px-Malcolm_X_mugshot_1944.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Malcolm_X_mugshot_1944.jpg/440px-Malcolm_X_mugshot_1944.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4479" data-file-height="2845" /></a><figcaption>A Boston police mug shot of Malcolm, following his arrest for <a href="/wiki/Larceny" title="Larceny">larceny</a> (1944)<a href="#cite_note-20">[19]</a></figcaption></figure> From age 14 to 21, Malcolm held a variety of jobs while living with his half-sister <a href="/wiki/Ella_Little-Collins" title="Ella Little-Collins">Ella Little-Collins</a> in <a href="/wiki/Roxbury,_Boston" title="Roxbury, Boston">Roxbury</a>, a largely <a href="/wiki/African-American_neighborhood" title="African-American neighborhood">African American neighborhood</a> of <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>.<a href="#cite_note-21">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[21]</a> After a short time in <a href="/wiki/Flint,_Michigan" title="Flint, Michigan">Flint</a>, Michigan, he moved to New York City's <a href="/wiki/Harlem" title="Harlem">Harlem</a> neighborhood in 1943, where he found employment on the <a href="/wiki/New_York,_New_Haven_and_Hartford_Railroad" title="New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad">New Haven Railroad</a> and engaged in drug dealing, gambling, <a href="/wiki/Racketeering" title="Racketeering">racketeering</a>, robbery, and <a href="/wiki/Procuring_(prostitution)" title="Procuring (prostitution)">pimping</a>.<a href="#cite_note-23">[22]</a> According to biographer Bruce Perry, Malcolm also occasionally had sex with other men, <a href="/wiki/Male_prostitution" title="Male prostitution">usually for money</a>, though this conjecture has been disputed by those who knew him.<a href="#cite_note-24">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[B]</a> He befriended John Elroy Sanford, a fellow dishwasher at Jimmy's Chicken Shack in Harlem who aspired to be a professional comedian. Both men had reddish hair, so Sanford was called "Chicago Red" after his hometown, and Malcolm was known as "Detroit Red". Years later, Sanford became famous as comedian and actor <a href="/wiki/Redd_Foxx" title="Redd Foxx">Redd Foxx</a>.<a href="#cite_note-34">[32]</a> Summoned by the local <a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_the_United_States#World_War_II" title="Conscription in the United States">draft board</a> for military service in World War II, he feigned mental disturbance by rambling and declaring: "I want to be sent down South. Organize them nigger soldiers ... steal us some guns, and kill us [some] <a href="/wiki/Cracker_(pejorative)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cracker (pejorative)">crackers</a>".<a href="#cite_note-Autobiography124-35">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-Carson108-36">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-USNews-37">[35]</a> He was declared "mentally disqualified for military service".<a href="#cite_note-Autobiography124-35">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-Carson108-36">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-USNews-37">[35]</a> In late 1945, Malcolm returned to Boston, where he and four accomplices committed a series of burglaries targeting wealthy White families.<a href="#cite_note-38">[36]</a> In 1946, he was arrested while picking up a stolen watch he had left at a shop for repairs,<a href="#cite_note-39">[37]</a> and in February began serving a sentence of eight to ten years at <a href="/wiki/Charlestown_State_Prison" title="Charlestown State Prison">Charlestown State Prison</a> for larceny and breaking and entering.<a href="#cite_note-40">[38]</a> Two years later, Malcolm was transferred to <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Correctional_Institution_%E2%80%93_Norfolk" title="Massachusetts Correctional Institution – Norfolk">Norfolk Prison Colony</a> (also in <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Autobiography181-41">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[40]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nation_of_Islam_period">Nation of Islam period</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Nation_of_Islam" title="Nation of Islam">Nation of Islam</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prison">Prison</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:23em; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> Between Mr. Muhammad's teachings, my correspondence, my visitors ... and my reading of books, months passed without my even thinking about being imprisoned. In fact, up to then, I had never been so truly free in my life. </blockquote> <cite class="right-aligned" style="">—Malcolm X<a href="#cite_note-43">[41]</a></cite> </div> When Malcolm was in prison, he met fellow convict John Bembry,<a href="#cite_note-44">[42]</a> a self-educated man he would later describe as "the first man I had ever seen command total respect ... with words".<a href="#cite_note-45">[43]</a> Under Bembry's influence, Malcolm developed a voracious appetite for reading.<a href="#cite_note-46">[44]</a> At this time, several of his siblings wrote to him about the <a href="/wiki/Nation_of_Islam" title="Nation of Islam">Nation of Islam</a>, a relatively new religious movement preaching Black self-reliance and, ultimately, the return of the <a href="/wiki/African_diaspora" title="African diaspora">African diaspora</a> to Africa, where they would be free from White American and European domination.<a href="#cite_note-47">[45]</a> He showed scant interest at first, but after his brother Reginald wrote in 1948, "Malcolm, don't eat any more pork and don't smoke any more cigarettes. I'll show you how to get out of prison",<a href="#cite_note-48">[46]</a> he almost instantly quit smoking and began to refuse pork.<a href="#cite_note-49">[47]</a> Following a visit during which Reginald detailed the group's teachings, including the notion that White people are considered devils, Malcolm initially struggled to accept this belief. Over time, however, Malcolm reflected on his past relationships with White individuals and concluded that they had all been marked by dishonesty, injustice, greed, and hatred.<a href="#cite_note-50">[48]</a> Malcolm, whose hostility to Christianity had earned him the prison nickname "Satan,"<a href="#cite_note-51">[49]</a> became receptive to the message of the Nation of Islam.<a href="#cite_note-52">[50]</a> In late 1948, Malcolm wrote to <a href="/wiki/Elijah_Muhammad" title="Elijah Muhammad">Elijah Muhammad</a>, the leader of the Nation of Islam. Muhammad advised him to renounce his past, humbly bow in prayer to <a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">God</a> and promise never to engage in destructive behavior again.<a href="#cite_note-Natambu138-53">[51]</a> Though he later recalled the inner struggle he had before bending his knees to pray,<a href="#cite_note-54">[52]</a> Malcolm soon became a member of the Nation of Islam,<a href="#cite_note-Natambu138-53">[51]</a> maintaining a regular correspondence with Muhammad.<a href="#cite_note-55">[53]</a> In 1950, the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">FBI</a> opened a file on Malcolm after he wrote a letter from prison to President <a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a> expressing opposition to the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a> and declaring himself a communist.<a href="#cite_note-56">[54]</a> That year, he also began signing his name "Malcolm X."<a href="#cite_note-57">[55]</a> Muhammad instructed his followers to leave their family names behind when they joined the Nation of Islam and use "X" instead. When the time was right, after they had proven their sincerity, he said, he would reveal the Muslim's "original name."<a href="#cite_note-58">[56]</a> In his autobiography, Malcolm X explained that the "X" symbolized the true African family name that he could never know. "For me, my 'X' replaced the white <a href="/wiki/Slave_name" title="Slave name">slavemaster name</a> of 'Little' which some blue-eyed devil named Little had imposed upon my paternal forebears."<a href="#cite_note-59">[57]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_ministry">Early ministry</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Nation_of_Islam" title="Category:Nation of Islam">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:180%;"><a href="/wiki/Nation_of_Islam" title="Nation of Islam">Nation of Islam</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Influencers</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Satokata_Takahashi" title="Satokata Takahashi">Satokata Takahashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_Drew_Ali" title="Noble Drew Ali">Noble Drew Ali</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Leaders</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wallace_Fard_Muhammad" title="Wallace Fard Muhammad">Wallace Fard Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elijah_Muhammad" title="Elijah Muhammad">Elijah Muhammad</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Malcolm X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warith_Deen_Mohammed" title="Warith Deen Mohammed">Warith Deen Mohammed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Farrakhan" title="Louis Farrakhan">Louis Farrakhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tynnetta_Muhammad" title="Tynnetta Muhammad">Tynnetta Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishmael_Muhammad" title="Ishmael Muhammad">Ishmael Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ava_Muhammad" title="Ava Muhammad">Ava Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Muhammad" title="David Muhammad">David Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Russell_McGregor" title="James Russell McGregor">James 3X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalid_Muhammad" class="mw-redirect" title="Khalid Muhammad">Khalid Muhammad</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Beliefs_and_theology_of_the_Nation_of_Islam" title="Beliefs and theology of the Nation of Islam">Beliefs and theology</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saviours%27_Day" title="Saviours' Day">Saviours' Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation_of_Islam_and_antisemitism" title="Nation of Islam and antisemitism">Nation of Islam and antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribe_of_Shabazz" title="Tribe of Shabazz">Tribe of Shabazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakub_(Nation_of_Islam)" title="Yakub (Nation of Islam)">Yakub</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Million_Man_March" title="Million Man March">Million Man March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millions_More_Movement" title="Millions More Movement">Millions More Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice_or_Else" class="mw-redirect" title="Justice or Else">Justice or Else</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Publications</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A_Torchlight_for_America" title="A Torchlight for America">A Torchlight for America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Final_Call_(newspaper)" title="The Final Call (newspaper)">The Final Call</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Speaks" title="Muhammad Speaks">Muhammad Speaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/How_to_Eat_to_Live" title="How to Eat to Live">How to Eat to Live</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Message_to_the_Blackman_in_America" title="Message to the Blackman in America">Message to the Blackman in America</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Subsidiaries</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fruit_of_Islam" title="Fruit of Islam">Fruit of Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Farms" title="Muhammad Farms">Muhammad Farms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_University_of_Islam" title="Muhammad University of Islam">Muhammad University of Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Girls_Training" title="Muslim Girls Training">Muslim Girls Training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_Chamber_Academy" title="Star Chamber Academy">Star Chamber Academy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Offshoots and sects</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Society_of_Muslims" title="American Society of Muslims">American Society of Muslims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five-Percent_Nation" title="Five-Percent Nation">Five-Percent Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nation_of_Islam" title="United Nation of Islam">United Nation of Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation_of_Yahweh" title="Nation of Yahweh">Nation of Yahweh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuwaubian_Nation" title="Nuwaubian Nation">Nuwaubian Nation</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Related organizations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Dragon_Society" title="Black Dragon Society">Black Dragon Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Mafia" title="Black Mafia">Black Mafia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Black_Panther_Party" title="New Black Panther Party">New Black Panther Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_Movement_of_Ethiopia" title="Peace Movement of Ethiopia">Peace Movement of Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Rukn" class="mw-redirect" title="El Rukn">El Rukn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Scientology" title="Church of Scientology">Church of Scientology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yusuf_Bey" title="Yusuf Bey">Yusuf Bey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Your_Black_Muslim_Bakery" title="Your Black Muslim Bakery">Your Black Muslim Bakery</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/15px-Allah-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/23px-Allah-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/31px-Allah-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="215" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Islam" title="Portal:Islam">Islam portal</a> <a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/16px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/24px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/32px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nation_of_Islam" title="Template:Nation of Islam"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nation_of_Islam" title="Template talk:Nation of Islam"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nation_of_Islam" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nation of Islam"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> After his parole in August 1952,<a href="#cite_note-60">[58]</a> Malcolm X visited Elijah Muhammad in Chicago.<a href="#cite_note-61">[59]</a> In June 1953, he was named assistant minister of the Nation's Temple Number One in Detroit.<a href="#cite_note-62">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[C]</a> Later that year he established Boston's Temple Number 11;<a href="#cite_note-65">[62]</a> in March 1954, he expanded Temple Number 12 in Philadelphia;<a href="#cite_note-66">[63]</a> and two months later he was selected to lead <a href="/wiki/Mosque_No._7" class="mw-redirect" title="Mosque No. 7">Temple Number 7</a> in Harlem,<a href="#cite_note-67">[64]</a> where he rapidly expanded its membership.<a href="#cite_note-68">[65]</a> In 1953, the FBI began surveillance of him, turning its attention from Malcolm X's possible communist associations to his rapid ascent in the Nation of Islam.<a href="#cite_note-69">[66]</a> During 1955, Malcolm X continued his successful recruitment of members on behalf of the Nation of Islam. He established temples in <a href="/wiki/Springfield,_Massachusetts" title="Springfield, Massachusetts">Springfield</a>, Massachusetts (Number 13); <a href="/wiki/Hartford,_Connecticut" title="Hartford, Connecticut">Hartford</a>, Connecticut (Number 14); and <a href="/wiki/Atlanta" title="Atlanta">Atlanta</a> (Number 15). Hundreds of African Americans were joining the Nation of Islam every month.<a href="#cite_note-70">[67]</a> Besides his skill as a speaker, Malcolm X had an impressive physical presence. He stood 6 feet 3 inches (1.91 m) tall and weighed about 180 pounds (82 kg).<a href="#cite_note-Marable301-71">[68]</a> One writer described him as "powerfully built",<a href="#cite_note-72">[69]</a> and another as "mesmerizingly handsome ... and always spotlessly well-groomed".<a href="#cite_note-Marable301-71">[68]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marriage_and_family">Marriage and family</h3></div> In 1955, <a href="/wiki/Betty_Shabazz" title="Betty Shabazz">Betty Sanders</a> met Malcolm X after one of his lectures, then again at a dinner party; soon she was regularly attending his lectures. In 1956, she joined the Nation of Islam, changing her name to Betty X.<a href="#cite_note-73">[70]</a> One-on-one dates were contrary to the Nation's teachings, so the couple courted at social events with dozens or hundreds of others, and Malcolm X made a point of inviting her on the frequent group visits he led to New York City's museums and libraries.<a href="#cite_note-74">[71]</a> Malcolm X proposed during a telephone call from Detroit in January 1958, and they married two days later.<a href="#cite_note-75">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[73]</a> They had six daughters: <a href="/wiki/Attallah_Shabazz" title="Attallah Shabazz">Attallah</a> (b. 1958; Arabic for "gift of God"; perhaps named after <a href="/wiki/Attila_the_Hun" class="mw-redirect" title="Attila the Hun">Attila the Hun</a>);<a href="#cite_note-77">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-80">[D]</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[E]</a> <a href="/wiki/Qubilah_Shabazz" title="Qubilah Shabazz">Qubilah</a> (b. 1960, named after <a href="/wiki/Kublai_Khan" title="Kublai Khan">Kublai Khan</a>);<a href="#cite_note-83">[78]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ilyasah_Shabazz" title="Ilyasah Shabazz">Ilyasah</a> (b. 1962, named after Elijah Muhammad);<a href="#cite_note-84">[79]</a> Gamilah Lumumba (b. 1964, named after <a href="/wiki/Gamal_Abdel_Nasser" title="Gamal Abdel Nasser">Gamal Abdel Nasser</a> and <a href="/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba" title="Patrice Lumumba">Patrice Lumumba</a>);<a href="#cite_note-85">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[81]</a> and twins Malikah (1965–2021)<a href="#cite_note-87">[82]</a> and Malaak (b. 1965, both born after their father's death, and named in his honor).<a href="#cite_note-88">[83]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hinton_Johnson_incident">Hinton Johnson incident</h3></div> The American public first became aware of Malcolm X in 1957, after Hinton Johnson,<a href="#cite_note-91">[F]</a> a Nation of Islam member, was beaten by two <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Police_Department" title="New York City Police Department">New York City police officers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Marable127-92">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-Perry164-93">[87]</a> On April 26, Johnson and two other passersby‍—‌also Nation of Islam members‍—‌saw the officers beating an African American man with nightsticks.<a href="#cite_note-Marable127-92">[86]</a> When they attempted to intervene, shouting, "You're not in Alabama ... this is New York!"<a href="#cite_note-Perry164-93">[87]</a> one of the officers turned on Johnson, beating him so severely that he suffered brain contusions and subdural hemorrhaging. All four African American men were arrested.<a href="#cite_note-Marable127-92">[86]</a> Alerted by a witness, Malcolm X and a small group of Muslims went to the police station and demanded to see Johnson.<a href="#cite_note-Marable127-92">[86]</a> Police initially denied that any Muslims were being held, but when the crowd grew to about five hundred, they allowed Malcolm X to speak with Johnson.<a href="#cite_note-Perry165-94">[88]</a> Afterward, Malcolm X insisted on arranging for an ambulance to take Johnson to Harlem Hospital.<a href="#cite_note-Marable128-95">[89]</a> Johnson's injuries were treated and by the time he was returned to the police station, some four thousand people had gathered outside.<a href="#cite_note-Perry165-94">[88]</a> Inside the station, Malcolm X and an attorney were making bail arrangements for two of the Muslims. Johnson was not bailed, and police said he could not go back to the hospital until his <a href="/wiki/Arraignment" title="Arraignment">arraignment</a> the following day.<a href="#cite_note-Marable128-95">[89]</a> Considering the situation to be at an impasse, Malcolm X stepped outside the station house and gave a hand signal to the crowd. Nation members silently left, after which time the rest of the crowd also dispersed.<a href="#cite_note-Marable128-95">[89]</a> One police officer told the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Amsterdam_News" title="New York Amsterdam News">New York Amsterdam News</a>: "No one man should have that much power."<a href="#cite_note-Marable128-95">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[90]</a> Within a month the New York City Police Department arranged to keep Malcolm X under surveillance; it also made inquiries with authorities in other cities in which he had lived, and prisons in which he had served time.<a href="#cite_note-97">[91]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Grand_jury" title="Grand jury">grand jury</a> declined to indict the officers who beat Johnson. In October, Malcolm X sent an angry telegram to the police commissioner. Soon the police department assigned undercover officers to infiltrate the Nation of Islam.<a href="#cite_note-98">[92]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Increasing_prominence">Increasing prominence</h3></div> By the late 1950s, Malcolm X was using a new name, Malcolm Shabazz or el-Hajj Malik el-Shabazz ("The Pilgrim Malcolm the Patriarch"),<a href="#cite_note-99">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto-100">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-101">[95]</a> although he was still widely referred to as Malcolm X.<a href="#cite_note-102">[96]</a> His comments on issues and events were being widely reported, in print and on radio and television.<a href="#cite_note-Perry,_pp._174–179-103">[97]</a> He was featured in a 1959 New York City television broadcast about the Nation of Islam, <a href="/wiki/The_Hate_That_Hate_Produced" title="The Hate That Hate Produced">The Hate That Hate Produced</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Perry,_pp._174–179-103">[97]</a> In September 1960, at the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly" title="United Nations General Assembly">United Nations General Assembly</a> in New York City, Malcolm X was invited to the official functions of several African nations. He met <a href="/wiki/Gamal_Abdel_Nasser" title="Gamal Abdel Nasser">Gamal Abdel Nasser</a> of Egypt, <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_S%C3%A9kou_Tour%C3%A9" title="Ahmed Sékou Touré">Ahmed Sékou Touré</a> of Guinea, and <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Kaunda" title="Kenneth Kaunda">Kenneth Kaunda</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Zambian_African_National_Congress" title="Zambian African National Congress">Zambian African National Congress</a>.<a href="#cite_note-104">[98]</a> <a href="/wiki/Fidel_Castro" title="Fidel Castro">Fidel Castro</a> also attended the Assembly, and Malcolm X met publicly with him as part of a welcoming committee of Harlem community leaders.<a href="#cite_note-105">[99]</a> Castro was sufficiently impressed with Malcolm X to suggest a private meeting, and after two hours of talking, Castro invited Malcolm X to visit Cuba.<a href="#cite_note-106">[100]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Advocacy_and_teachings_while_with_the_Nation">Advocacy and teachings while with the Nation</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Elijah_Muhammad_and_Cassius_Clay_NYWTS.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Elijah Muhammad is speaking at a podium and people are listening intently" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Elijah_Muhammad_and_Cassius_Clay_NYWTS.jpg/220px-Elijah_Muhammad_and_Cassius_Clay_NYWTS.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Elijah_Muhammad_and_Cassius_Clay_NYWTS.jpg/330px-Elijah_Muhammad_and_Cassius_Clay_NYWTS.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Elijah_Muhammad_and_Cassius_Clay_NYWTS.jpg/440px-Elijah_Muhammad_and_Cassius_Clay_NYWTS.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2409" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali" title="Muhammad Ali">Muhammad Ali</a> (second row, in dark suit) watches <a href="/wiki/Elijah_Muhammad" title="Elijah Muhammad">Elijah Muhammad</a> speak, 1964</figcaption></figure> From his adoption of the Nation of Islam in 1952 until he broke with it in 1964, Malcolm X promoted the <a href="#Beliefs_of_the_Nation_of_Islam">Nation's teachings</a>. These included beliefs: <ul><li>That Black people are the original people of the world<a href="#cite_note-Lomax55-107">[101]</a></li> <li>That White people are "devils"<a href="#cite_note-Perry115-108">[102]</a> and</li> <li>That the demise of the White race is imminent.<a href="#cite_note-Lomax57-109">[103]</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Louis_E._Lomax" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis E. Lomax">Louis E. Lomax</a> said that "those who don't understand biblical prophecy wrongly label him as a racist and as a hate teacher, or as being anti-White or as teaching Black Supremacy".<a href="#cite_note-110">[104]</a> One of the goals of the <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">civil rights movement</a> was to end <a href="/wiki/Disfranchisement_after_Reconstruction_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Disfranchisement after Reconstruction era">disenfranchisement</a> of African Americans, but the Nation of Islam forbade its members from participating in voting and other aspects of the political process.<a href="#cite_note-111">[105]</a> The <a href="/wiki/NAACP" title="NAACP">NAACP</a> and other civil rights organizations denounced him and the Nation of Islam as irresponsible extremists whose views did not represent the common interests of African Americans.<a href="#cite_note-112">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-113">[107]</a> Malcolm X had been equally critical of the civil rights movement.<a href="#cite_note-114">[108]</a> During this period, he denounced <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a> as a "chump," and referred to other civil rights leaders as being "stooges" of the White establishment and was strongly against any kind of racial integration.<a href="#cite_note-115">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-118">[G]</a> He called the 1963 <a href="/wiki/March_on_Washington_for_Jobs_and_Freedom" title="March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom">March on Washington</a> "the farce on Washington,"<a href="#cite_note-119">[112]</a> and said he did not know why so many Black people were excited about a demonstration "run by Whites in front of a <a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Abraham_Lincoln_(Lincoln_Memorial)" title="Statue of Abraham Lincoln (Lincoln Memorial)">statue of a president</a> who has been dead for a hundred years and who didn't like us when he was alive."<a href="#cite_note-120">[113]</a> While the civil rights movement fought against <a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation_in_the_United_States" title="Racial segregation in the United States">racial segregation</a>, Malcolm X advocated the complete <a href="/wiki/Black_separatism" title="Black separatism">separation</a> of <a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">African Americans</a> from Whites. He proposed that <a href="/wiki/Back-to-Africa_movement" title="Back-to-Africa movement">African Americans should return to Africa</a> and that, in the interim, a separate country for Black people in America should be created.<a href="#cite_note-Lomax149-152-121">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-Supremacy78-122">[115]</a> He rejected the civil rights movement's strategy of <a href="/wiki/Nonviolence" title="Nonviolence">nonviolence</a>, arguing that Black people should defend and advance themselves "<a href="/wiki/By_any_means_necessary" title="By any means necessary">by any means necessary</a>".<a href="#cite_note-Lomax_173-174-123">[116]</a> His speeches had a powerful effect on his audiences, who were generally African Americans in <a href="/wiki/Northern_United_States" title="Northern United States">northern</a> and <a href="/wiki/Western_United_States" title="Western United States">western</a> cities. Many of them‍—‌tired of being told to wait for freedom, justice, equality and respect<a href="#cite_note-124">[117]</a>‍—‌felt that he articulated their complaints better than did the civil rights movement.<a href="#cite_note-Cone99-100-125">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-West-126">[119]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Antisemitism">Antisemitism</h4></div> Malcolm X has been widely accused of being <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_United_States" title="Antisemitism in the United States">antisemitic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-127">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-128">[121]</a> His autobiography contains several "antisemitic charges and <a href="/wiki/Antisemitic_trope" title="Antisemitic trope">caricatures of Jews</a>".<a href="#cite_note-129">[122]</a> <a href="/wiki/Alex_Haley" title="Alex Haley">Alex Haley</a>, the autobiography's co-author, had to rewrite some of the book to eliminate a number of negative statements about Jews in the manuscript.<a href="#cite_note-130">[123]</a> Malcolm X believed that the fabricated antisemitic text <a href="/wiki/The_Protocols_of_the_Elders_of_Zion" title="The Protocols of the Elders of Zion">The Protocols of the Elders of Zion</a> was authentic and introduced it to NOI members, while accusing the Jewish people of "perfecting the modern evil" of <a href="/wiki/Neo-colonialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-colonialism">neo-colonialism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-131">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-132">[125]</a> He helped change the Black community's image of <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a>, engaging in <a href="/wiki/Holocaust_trivialization" title="Holocaust trivialization">Holocaust trivialization</a> and claiming that the Jews "brought it on themselves".<a href="#cite_note-133">[126]</a> In 1961, Malcolm X spoke at a NOI rally alongside <a href="/wiki/George_Lincoln_Rockwell" title="George Lincoln Rockwell">George Lincoln Rockwell</a>, the head of the <a href="/wiki/American_Nazi_Party" title="American Nazi Party">American Nazi Party</a>. Rockwell saw overlap between black nationalism and white supremacy.<a href="#cite_note-Jeet-134">[127]</a> According to historian <a href="/wiki/Stephen_H._Norwood" title="Stephen H. Norwood">Stephen H. Norwood</a>, Malcolm X's negative statements about Jews continued even close to his death, referring to Jews as "bloodsucker[s]" in statements he made during the last months of his life.<a href="#cite_note-135">[128]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Effect_on_Nation_membership">Effect on Nation membership</h3></div> Malcolm X is widely regarded as the second most influential leader of the Nation of Islam after Elijah Muhammad.<a href="#cite_note-136">[129]</a> He is largely credited with helping the group's dramatic increase in membership between the early 1950s and early 1960s—from around 1,200 to between 50,000 and 100,000 members, with up to 25,000 actively attending, according to estimates.<a href="#cite_note-137">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-139">[H]</a><a href="#cite_note-141">[I]</a> He inspired the boxer <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali" title="Muhammad Ali">Muhammad Ali</a> to join the Nation,<a href="#cite_note-142">[133]</a> and the two became close.<a href="#cite_note-143">[134]</a> In January 1964, Ali brought Malcolm X and his family to Miami to watch him train for <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_vs._Sonny_Liston#Liston_vs._Clay_I" title="Muhammad Ali vs. Sonny Liston">his fight against Sonny Liston</a>.<a href="#cite_note-144">[135]</a> When Malcolm X left the Nation of Islam, he tried to convince Ali (who had just been renamed by Elijah Muhammad) to join him in converting to <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Islam</a>, but Ali instead broke ties with him, later describing the break as one of his greatest regrets.<a href="#cite_note-146">[J]</a> Malcolm X mentored and guided Louis X (later known as <a href="/wiki/Louis_Farrakhan" title="Louis Farrakhan">Louis Farrakhan</a>), who eventually became the leader of the Nation of Islam.<a href="#cite_note-147">[137]</a> Malcolm X also served as a mentor and confidant to Elijah Muhammad's son, <a href="/wiki/Warith_Deen_Mohammed" title="Warith Deen Mohammed">Wallace D. Muhammad</a>; the son told Malcolm X about his skepticism toward his father's "unorthodox approach" to Islam.<a href="#cite_note-148">[138]</a> Wallace Muhammad was excommunicated from the Nation of Islam several times, although he was eventually re-admitted.<a href="#cite_note-149">[139]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Disillusionment_and_departure">Disillusionment and departure</h2></div> During 1962 and 1963, events caused Malcolm X to reassess his relationship with the Nation of Islam, and particularly its leader, Elijah Muhammad. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lack_of_Nation_of_Islam_response_to_LAPD_violence">Lack of Nation of Islam response to LAPD violence</h3></div> In late 1961, there were violent confrontations between the Nation of Islam members and police in <a href="/wiki/South_Los_Angeles" title="South Los Angeles">South Central Los Angeles</a>, and numerous Muslims were arrested. They were acquitted, but tensions had been raised. Just after midnight on April 27, 1962, two <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Police_Department" title="Los Angeles Police Department">LAPD</a> officers, unprovoked, shoved and beat several Muslims outside Temple Number 27. A large crowd of angry Muslims emerged from the mosque and the officers attempted to intimidate them.<a href="#cite_note-Branch-150">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-Marable205-151">[141]</a> One officer was disarmed; his partner was shot in the elbow by a third officer. More than 70 backup officers arrived who then raided the mosque and randomly beat Nation of Islam members. Police officers shot seven Muslims, including William X Rogers, who was hit in the back and paralyzed for life, and Ronald Stokes, a Korean War veteran, who was shot from behind while raising his hands over his head to surrender, killing him.<a href="#cite_note-Branch-150">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-Marable205-151">[141]</a> A number of Muslims were indicted after the event, but no charges were laid against the police. The coroner ruled that Stokes's killing was justified. To Malcolm X, the desecration of the mosque and the associated violence demanded action, and he used what Louis X (later Louis Farrakhan) later called his "gangsterlike past" to rally the more hardened of the Nation of Islam members to take violent revenge against the police.<a href="#cite_note-Branch-150">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-Marable205-151">[141]</a> Malcolm X sought Elijah Muhammad's approval which was denied, stunning Malcolm X. Malcolm X was again blocked by Elijah Muhammad when he spoke of the Nation of Islam starting to work with civil rights organizations, local Black politicians, and religious groups. Louis X saw this as an important turning point in the deteriorating relationship between Malcolm X and Muhammad.<a href="#cite_note-Branch-150">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-Marable205-151">[141]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sexual_misbehavior_by_Elijah_Muhammad">Sexual misbehavior by Elijah Muhammad</h3></div> Rumors were circulating that Muhammad was conducting extramarital affairs with young Nation secretaries‍—‌which would constitute a serious violation of Nation teachings. After first discounting the rumors, Malcolm X came to believe them after he spoke with Muhammad's son <a href="/wiki/Warith_Deen_Mohammed" title="Warith Deen Mohammed">Wallace</a> and with the girls making the accusations. Muhammad confirmed the rumors in 1963,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">when?</a>] attempting to justify his behavior by referring to precedents set by Biblical prophets.<a href="#cite_note-152">[142]</a> Over a series of national TV interviews between 1964 and 1965, Malcolm X provided testimony of his investigation, corroboration, and confirmation by Elijah Muhammed himself of multiple counts of child rape. During this investigation, he learned that seven of the eight girls had become pregnant as a result of this. He also revealed an assassination attempt made on his life, through a discovered explosive device in his car, as well as the death threats he was receiving, in response to his exposure of Elijah Muhammad.<a href="#cite_note-youtube-interview-malcomx-153">[143]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="The current source is insufficiently reliable (WP:NOTRS) as it is published by a personal YouTube account. Could be COPYVIO, consider adding archived link to source in description. (March 2023)">better source needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Remarks_on_Kennedy_assassination">Remarks on Kennedy assassination</h3></div> On December 1, 1963, when asked to comment on the <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Assassination of John F. Kennedy">assassination of John F. Kennedy</a>, Malcolm X said that it was a case of "<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/the_chickens_come_home_to_roost#English" class="extiw" title="wikt:the chickens come home to roost">chickens coming home to roost</a>." He added that "chickens coming home to roost never did make me sad; they've always made me glad."<a href="#cite_note-Times63-12-02-154">[144]</a> Likewise, according to <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>:<a href="#cite_note-Times63-12-02-154">[144]</a> <blockquote>[I]n further criticism of Mr. Kennedy, the Muslim leader cited the murders of <a href="/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba" title="Patrice Lumumba">Patrice Lumumba</a>, Congo leader, of <a href="/wiki/Medgar_Evers" title="Medgar Evers">Medgar Evers</a>, civil rights leader, and of the <a href="/wiki/16th_Street_Baptist_Church_bombing" title="16th Street Baptist Church bombing">Negro girls bombed</a> earlier this year in a <a href="/wiki/Birmingham,_Alabama" title="Birmingham, Alabama">Birmingham</a> church. These, he said, were instances of other "chickens coming home to roost".</blockquote> The remarks prompted widespread public outcry. The Nation of Islam, which had sent a message of condolence to the <a href="/wiki/Kennedy_family" title="Kennedy family">Kennedy family</a> and ordered its ministers not to comment on the assassination, publicly censured their former shining star.<a href="#cite_note-155">[145]</a> Malcolm X retained his post and rank as minister but was prohibited from public speaking for 90 days.<a href="#cite_note-156">[146]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Media_attention_to_Malcolm_X_over_Elijah_Muhammad">Media attention to Malcolm X over Elijah Muhammad</h3></div> Malcolm X had by now become a media favorite, and some Nation members believed he was a threat to Elijah Muhammad's leadership. Publishers had shown interest in Malcolm X's autobiography, and when <a href="/wiki/Louis_Lomax" title="Louis Lomax">Louis Lomax</a> wrote his 1963 book about the Nation, When the Word Is Given, he used a photograph of Malcolm X on the cover. He also reproduced five of his speeches but featured only one of Muhammad's, which greatly upset Muhammad and made him envious.<a href="#cite_note-Perry214-157">[147]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Departure_from_Nation_of_Islam">Departure from Nation of Islam</h3></div> On March 8, 1964, Malcolm X publicly announced his break from the Nation of Islam. Though still a Muslim, he felt that the Nation had "gone as far as it can" because of its rigid teachings. He said he was planning to organize a <a href="/wiki/Black_nationalism" title="Black nationalism">Black nationalist</a> organization to "heighten the political consciousness" of African Americans. He also expressed a desire to work with other civil rights leaders, saying that Elijah Muhammad had prevented him from doing so in the past.<a href="#cite_note-Times64-03-09-158">[148]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Activity_after_leaving_Nation_of_Islam">Activity after leaving Nation of Islam</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MLK_and_Malcolm_X_USNWR_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/MLK_and_Malcolm_X_USNWR_cropped.jpg/220px-MLK_and_Malcolm_X_USNWR_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="241" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/MLK_and_Malcolm_X_USNWR_cropped.jpg/330px-MLK_and_Malcolm_X_USNWR_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/MLK_and_Malcolm_X_USNWR_cropped.jpg/440px-MLK_and_Malcolm_X_USNWR_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2183" data-file-height="2392" /></a><figcaption>Malcolm X's only meeting with <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a>, March 26, 1964, during the Senate debates regarding the (eventual) <a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964" title="Civil Rights Act of 1964">Civil Rights Act of 1964</a>.<a href="#cite_note-WPKingX-159">[149]</a></figcaption></figure> After leaving the <a href="/wiki/Nation_of_Islam" title="Nation of Islam">Nation of Islam</a>, Malcolm X founded <a href="/wiki/Muslim_Mosque,_Inc." title="Muslim Mosque, Inc.">Muslim Mosque, Inc.</a> (MMI), a religious organization,<a href="#cite_note-160">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-161">[151]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Organization_of_Afro-American_Unity" title="Organization of Afro-American Unity">Organization of Afro-American Unity</a> (OAAU), a secular group that advocated <a href="/wiki/Pan-Africanism" title="Pan-Africanism">Pan-Africanism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-162">[152]</a><a href="#cite_note-163">[153]</a> On March 26, 1964, he briefly met <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a> for the first and only time‍—‌and only long enough for photographs to be taken‍—‌in Washington, D.C., as both men attended the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">Senate's</a> debate on the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964" title="Civil Rights Act of 1964">Civil Rights bill</a> at the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Capitol" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Capitol">U.S. Capitol</a> building.<a href="#cite_note-165">[K]</a><a href="#cite_note-167">[L]</a> In April, Malcolm X gave a speech titled "<a href="/wiki/The_Ballot_or_the_Bullet" title="The Ballot or the Bullet">The Ballot or the Bullet</a>", in which he advised African Americans to exercise their right to vote wisely but cautioned that if the government continued to prevent African Americans from attaining full equality, it might be necessary for them to take up arms.<a href="#cite_note-168">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-169">[157]</a> In the weeks after he left the Nation of Islam, several <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Muslims</a> encouraged Malcolm X to learn about their faith. He soon converted to the Sunni faith.<a href="#cite_note-170">[158]</a><a href="#cite_note-171">[159]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pilgrimage_to_Mecca">Pilgrimage to Mecca</h3></div> In April 1964, with financial help from his half-sister Ella Little-Collins, Malcolm X flew to <a href="/wiki/Jeddah" title="Jeddah">Jeddah</a>, Saudi Arabia, as the start of his <a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">Hajj</a>, the pilgrimage to <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a> obligatory for every Muslim who is able to do so. He was delayed in Jeddah when his U.S. citizenship and inability to speak Arabic caused his status as a Muslim to be questioned.<a href="#cite_note-172">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-173">[161]</a> He had received <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Rahman_Hassan_Azzam" title="Abdul Rahman Hassan Azzam">Abdul Rahman Hassan Azzam</a>'s book The Eternal Message of Muhammad with his visa approval, and he contacted the author. Azzam's son arranged for his release and lent him his personal hotel suite. The next morning Malcolm X learned that <a href="/wiki/Faisal_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Faisal of Saudi Arabia">Prince Faisal</a> had designated him as a state guest.<a href="#cite_note-174">[162]</a> Several days later, after completing the Hajj rituals, Malcolm X had an audience with the prince.<a href="#cite_note-175">[163]</a> Malcolm X later said that seeing Muslims of "all colors, from blue-eyed blonds to Black-skinned Africans," interacting as equals led him to see Islam as a means by which racial problems could be overcome.<a href="#cite_note-176">[164]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Visit_to_Cairo">Visit to Cairo</h3></div> Malcolm X had already visited the <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Republic" title="United Arab Republic">United Arab Republic</a> (a short-lived political union between Egypt and Syria), Sudan, Nigeria, and Ghana in 1959 to make arrangements for a tour of Africa by Elijah Muhammad.<a href="#cite_note-177">[165]</a> After his pilgrimage to Mecca in April 1964, he visited Africa a second time. He returned to the United States in late May<a href="#cite_note-178">[166]</a> and flew to Africa again in July.<a href="#cite_note-179">[167]</a> During these visits he met officials, gave interviews, and spoke on radio and television in Egypt, Ethiopia, <a href="/wiki/Tanganyika_(1961%E2%80%931964)" title="Tanganyika (1961–1964)">Tanganyika</a>, Nigeria, Ghana, Guinea, Sudan, Senegal, Liberia, Algeria and Morocco.<a href="#cite_note-180">[168]</a> In Cairo, he attended the second meeting of the <a href="/wiki/Organization_of_African_Unity" class="mw-redirect" title="Organization of African Unity">Organization of African Unity</a> as a representative of the OAAU.<a href="#cite_note-181">[169]</a> By the end of this third visit, he had met with essentially all of Africa's prominent leaders;<a href="#cite_note-Natambu308-182">[170]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kwame_Nkrumah" title="Kwame Nkrumah">Kwame Nkrumah</a> of Ghana, <a href="/wiki/Gamal_Abdel_Nasser" title="Gamal Abdel Nasser">Gamal Abdel Nasser</a> of Egypt, and <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Ben_Bella" title="Ahmed Ben Bella">Ahmed Ben Bella</a> of Algeria had all invited Malcolm X to serve in their governments.<a href="#cite_note-Natambu308-182">[170]</a> After he spoke at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Ibadan" title="University of Ibadan">University of Ibadan</a>, the Nigerian Muslim Students Association bestowed on him the honorary <a href="/wiki/Yoruba_language" title="Yoruba language">Yoruba</a> name Omowale ('the son who has come home').<a href="#cite_note-183">[171]</a> He later called this his most treasured honor.<a href="#cite_note-184">[172]</a> Malcolm especially hated <a href="/wiki/Mo%C3%AFse_Tshombe" title="Moïse Tshombe">Moïse Tshombe</a> of the Congo as an "<a href="/wiki/Uncle_Tom#Epithet" title="Uncle Tom">Uncle Tom</a>" figure. In a 1964 speech in New York, he called Tshombe "the worse African ever born" and "the man who in cold blood, cold blood, committed an international crime-murdered Patrice Lumumba".<a href="#cite_note-185">[173]</a> Tshombe's decision in 1964 to hire White mercenaries to put down the <a href="/wiki/Simba_rebellion" title="Simba rebellion">Simba rebellion</a> greatly offended Malcolm, who accused the mercenaries of committing war crimes against the Congolese.<a href="#cite_note-Tuck_2014_157-186">[174]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="France_and_United_Kingdom">France and United Kingdom</h3></div> On November 23, 1964, on his way home from Africa, Malcolm X stopped in Paris, where he spoke in the <a href="/wiki/Maison_de_la_Mutualit%C3%A9" title="Maison de la Mutualité">Salle de la Mutualité</a>.<a href="#cite_note-187">[175]</a><a href="#cite_note-188">[176]</a> After his return to the United States, he accused the United States of <a href="/wiki/United_States_involvement_in_regime_change" title="United States involvement in regime change">imperialism</a> in the Congo by supporting Tshombe and "his hired killers" as he called the White mercenaries.<a href="#cite_note-Tuck_2014_157-186">[174]</a> X accused Tshombe and the American president <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a> of "...sleeping together. When I say sleeping together, I don't mean that literally. But beyond that, they're in the same bed. Johnson is paying the salaries, paying the government, propping up Tshombe's government, this murderer".<a href="#cite_note-Tuck_2014_157-186">[174]</a> X expressed much anger about <a href="/wiki/Operation_Dragon_Rouge" title="Operation Dragon Rouge">Operation Dragon Rouge</a>, where the United States Air Force dropped in Belgian paratroopers into the city of Stanleyville, modern <a href="/wiki/Kisangani" title="Kisangani">Kisangani</a>, to rescue the White Belgian hostages from the Simbas.<a href="#cite_note-Tuck_2014_157-186">[174]</a> Malcolm X maintained that there was a double standard when it came to White and Black lives, noting it was an international emergency when the lives of Whites were in danger, making Dragon Rouge necessary, but that nothing was done to stop the abuses of the Congolese at the hands of "Tshombe's hired killers".<a href="#cite_note-Tuck_2014_157–158-189">[177]</a> X charged that the "Congolese have been massacred by White people for years and years" and that "chickens come home to roost."<a href="#cite_note-190">[178]</a> A week later, on November 30, Malcolm X flew to the United Kingdom. On December 3 he took part in a <a href="/wiki/Debate#Oxford-Style_debate" title="Debate">debate</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Oxford_Union" title="Oxford Union">Oxford Union</a> Society. The motion was taken from a statement made earlier that year by <a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater_presidential_campaign,_1964" class="mw-redirect" title="Barry Goldwater presidential campaign, 1964">U.S. presidential candidate</a> <a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater" title="Barry Goldwater">Barry Goldwater</a>: "Extremism in the Defense of Liberty is No Vice; Moderation in the Pursuit of Justice is No Virtue".<a href="#cite_note-191">[179]</a> Malcolm X argued for the affirmative, and interest in the debate was so high that it was televised nationally by the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>.<a href="#cite_note-192">[180]</a><a href="#cite_note-193">[181]</a> In his address at Oxford, Malcolm rejected the label of "Black Muslim" and instead focused on being a Muslim who happened to be Black, which reflected his conversion to Sunni Islam.<a href="#cite_note-Tuck_2014_154-194">[182]</a> Malcolm only mentioned his religion twice during his Oxford speech, which was part of his effort to defuse his image as an "angry Black Muslim extremist", which he had long hated.<a href="#cite_note-Tuck_2014_154-194">[182]</a> During the debate at Oxford, he criticized the way the Anglo-American press portrayed the Congo crisis, noting the Simbas were portrayed as primitive cannibalistic "savages" who engaged in every form of depravity imaginable while Tshombe and the White mercenaries were portrayed in a very favorable light with almost no mention of any atrocities on their part.<a href="#cite_note-Tuck_2014_157–158-189">[177]</a> Malcolm X charged that the Cuban émigré pilots hired by the CIA to serve as Tshombe's air force indiscriminately bombed Congolese villages and towns, killing women and children, but this was almost never mentioned in the media while the newspapers featured long accounts of the Simbas "raping White women, molesting nuns".<a href="#cite_note-Tuck_2014_158-195">[183]</a> Likewise, he felt the term mercenary was inappropriate, preferring the term "hired killer" and that Tshombe should not be described as a premier as he preferred the term "cold-blooded murderer" to describe him.<a href="#cite_note-Tuck_2014_158-195">[183]</a> Malcolm X stated that what he regarded as the extremism of the Tshombe government was "never referred to as extremism because it is endorsed by the West, it is financed by America, it's made respectable by America, and that kind of extremism is never labelled as extremism".<a href="#cite_note-196">[184]</a> Malcolm X argued this extremism was not morally acceptable "since it's not extremism in defense of liberty".<a href="#cite_note-Tuck_2014_159-197">[185]</a> Many in the audience at Oxford were angered by Malcolm X's thesis and his support for the Simbas who had committed atrocities with one asking, "What sort of extremism would you consider the killing of missionaries?".<a href="#cite_note-Tuck_2014_159-197">[185]</a> In response, Malcolm X answered "It is an act of war. I'd call it the same kind of extremism that happened when England dropped bombs on German cities and Germans dropped bombs on English cities".<a href="#cite_note-Tuck_2014_159-197">[185]</a> On February 5, 1965, Malcolm X flew to the United Kingdom again,<a href="#cite_note-198">[186]</a> and on February 8 he addressed the first meeting of the Council of African Organizations in London.<a href="#cite_note-199">[187]</a> The next day he tried to return to France, but was refused entry.<a href="#cite_note-200">[188]</a> On February 12, he visited <a href="/wiki/Smethwick" title="Smethwick">Smethwick</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham">Birmingham</a>, where the <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative Party</a> <a href="/wiki/Smethwick_in_the_1964_general_election" title="Smethwick in the 1964 general election">had won the parliamentary seat</a> in the <a href="/wiki/1964_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1964 United Kingdom general election">1964 general election</a>. The town had become a byword for racial division after the successful candidate, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Griffiths" title="Peter Griffiths">Peter Griffiths</a>, was accused of using the slogan, "If you want a nigger for a neighbour, vote Liberal or <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour</a>." In Smethwick, Malcolm X compared the treatment of ethnic minority residents with the treatment of Jews under Hitler, saying: "I would not wait for the fascist element in Smethwick to erect gas ovens."<a href="#cite_note-201">[189]</a><a href="#cite_note-202">[190]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Return_to_United_States">Return to United States</h3></div> After returning to the U.S., Malcolm X addressed a wide variety of audiences. He spoke regularly at meetings held by MMI and the OAAU, and was one of the most sought-after speakers on college campuses.<a href="#cite_note-203">[191]</a> One of his top aides later wrote that he "welcomed every opportunity to speak to college students."<a href="#cite_note-204">[192]</a> He also addressed public meetings of the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Workers_Party_(United_States)" title="Socialist Workers Party (United States)">Socialist Workers Party</a>, speaking at their Militant Labor Forum.<a href="#cite_note-Perry277-278-205">[193]</a> He was interviewed on the subjects of segregation and the Nation of Islam by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Penn_Warren" title="Robert Penn Warren">Robert Penn Warren</a> for Warren's 1965 book <a href="/wiki/Who_Speaks_for_the_Negro%3F" title="Who Speaks for the Negro?">Who Speaks for the Negro?</a><a href="#cite_note-206">[194]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death_threats_and_intimidation_from_Nation_of_Islam">Death threats and intimidation from Nation of Islam</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Malcolmxm1carbine3gr.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Malcolm X, carrying a rifle, peers out the window" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Malcolmxm1carbine3gr.gif/170px-Malcolmxm1carbine3gr.gif" decoding="async" width="170" height="246" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/9/9e/Malcolmxm1carbine3gr.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="209" data-file-height="302" /></a><figcaption>Malcolm X guards his family after Nation of Islam threats in an iconic <a href="/wiki/Ebony_(magazine)" title="Ebony (magazine)">Ebony</a> magazine photo.</figcaption></figure> Throughout 1964, as his conflict with the Nation of Islam intensified, Malcolm X was repeatedly threatened.<a href="#cite_note-207">[195]</a> In February, a leader of Temple Number Seven ordered the bombing of Malcolm X's car.<a href="#cite_note-208">[196]</a> In March, Muhammad told Boston minister Louis X (later known as <a href="/wiki/Louis_Farrakhan" title="Louis Farrakhan">Louis Farrakhan</a>) that "hypocrites like Malcolm should have their heads cut off";<a href="#cite_note-209">[197]</a> the April 10 edition of <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Speaks" title="Muhammad Speaks">Muhammad Speaks</a> featured a cartoon depicting Malcolm X's bouncing, severed head.<a href="#cite_note-210">[198]</a><a href="#cite_note-211">[199]</a> On June 8, FBI surveillance recorded a telephone call in which <a href="/wiki/Betty_Shabazz" title="Betty Shabazz">Betty Shabazz</a> was told that her husband was "as good as dead."<a href="#cite_note-212">[200]</a> Four days later, an FBI informant received a tip that "Malcolm X is going to be bumped off."<a href="#cite_note-213">[201]</a> That same month, the Nation sued to reclaim Malcolm X's residence in <a href="/wiki/East_Elmhurst,_Queens" title="East Elmhurst, Queens">East Elmhurst</a>, Queens, New York. His family was ordered to vacate<a href="#cite_note-214">[202]</a> but on February 14, 1965‍—‌the night before a hearing on postponing the eviction‍—‌the house was destroyed by fire.<a href="#cite_note-215">[203]</a> On July 9, Muhammad aide John Ali (suspected of being an undercover FBI agent)<a href="#cite_note-Lomax198-216">[204]</a> referred to Malcolm X by saying, "Anyone who opposes the Honorable Elijah Muhammad puts their life in jeopardy."<a href="#cite_note-217">[205]</a> In the December 4 issue of Muhammad Speaks, Louis X wrote that "such a man as Malcolm is worthy of death."<a href="#cite_note-218">[206]</a> The September 1964 issue of <a href="/wiki/Ebony_(magazine)" title="Ebony (magazine)">Ebony</a> dramatized Malcolm X's defiance of these threats by publishing a photograph of him holding an <a href="/wiki/M1_carbine" title="M1 carbine">M1 carbine</a> while peering out of a window.<a href="#cite_note-219">[207]</a><a href="#cite_note-220">[208]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Assassination">Assassination</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Malcolm_X" title="Assassination of Malcolm X">Assassination of Malcolm X</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="width: 23em; clear: right; float:right;margin:0 0 1.5em 1.5em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:115%">External image</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><img alt="image icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/61/Searchtool.svg/16px-Searchtool.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/61/Searchtool.svg/24px-Searchtool.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/61/Searchtool.svg/32px-Searchtool.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KkEEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA26">"The Violent End of the Man Called Malcolm"</a>, <a href="/wiki/Life_(magazine)" title="Life (magazine)">LIFE</a>, March 5, 1965. Photos taken moments after the fatal shots were fired, including one of activist <a href="/wiki/Yuri_Kochiyama" title="Yuri Kochiyama">Yuri Kochiyama</a> cradling the dying Malcolm X's head.<a href="#cite_note-221">[209]</a></td></tr></tbody></table> On February 19, 1965, Malcolm X told interviewer <a href="/wiki/Gordon_Parks" title="Gordon Parks">Gordon Parks</a> that the Nation of Islam was actively trying to kill him. On February 21, 1965, he was preparing to address the <a href="/wiki/Organization_of_Afro-American_Unity" title="Organization of Afro-American Unity">OAAU</a> in Manhattan's <a href="/wiki/Audubon_Ballroom" title="Audubon Ballroom">Audubon Ballroom</a> when someone in the 400-person audience yelled, "Nigger! Get your hand outta my pocket!"<a href="#cite_note-222">[210]</a><a href="#cite_note-Evanzz295-223">[211]</a><a href="#cite_note-Times65-02-22a-224">[212]</a> As Malcolm X and his bodyguards tried to quell the disturbance,<a href="#cite_note-225">[M]</a> a man rushed forward and shot him once in the chest with a <a href="/wiki/Sawed-off_shotgun" title="Sawed-off shotgun">sawed-off shotgun</a><a href="#cite_note-226">[213]</a><a href="#cite_note-227">[214]</a> and two other men charged the stage firing semi-automatic handguns.<a href="#cite_note-Evanzz295-223">[211]</a> Malcolm X was pronounced dead at 3:30 pm, shortly after arriving at <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University_Medical_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Columbia University Medical Center">Columbia Presbyterian Hospital</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Times65-02-22a-224">[212]</a> The autopsy identified 21 gunshot wounds to the chest, left shoulder, arms and legs, including ten buckshot wounds from the initial shotgun blast.<a href="#cite_note-228">[215]</a> One gunman, Nation of Islam member <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hagan" title="Thomas Hagan">Talmadge Hayer</a> (also known as Thomas Hagan), was beaten by the crowd before police arrived.<a href="#cite_note-229">[216]</a><a href="#cite_note-230">[217]</a> Witnesses identified the other gunmen as Nation members <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Abdul_Aziz" title="Muhammad Abdul Aziz">Norman 3X Butler</a> and Thomas 15X Johnson.<a href="#cite_note-231">[218]</a> All three were convicted of murder in March 1966 and sentenced to life in prison.<a href="#cite_note-232">[219]</a><a href="#cite_note-233">[220]</a> At trial, Hayer confessed, but refused to identify the other assailants except to assert that they were not Butler and Johnson.<a href="#cite_note-234">[221]</a> In 1977 and 1978, <a href="/wiki/Hayer_affidavits" title="Hayer affidavits">he signed affidavits</a> reasserting Butler's and Johnson's innocence, naming four other Nation members of Newark's Mosque No. 25 as participants in the murder or its planning.<a href="#cite_note-235">[222]</a><a href="#cite_note-236">[223]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bush-237">[224]</a><a href="#cite_note-238">[225]</a> These affidavits did not result in the case being reopened. Butler, today known as Muhammad Abdul Aziz, was paroled in 1985 and became the head of the Nation's <a href="/wiki/Mosque_No._7" class="mw-redirect" title="Mosque No. 7">Harlem mosque</a> in 1998; he maintains his innocence.<a href="#cite_note-239">[226]</a> In prison Johnson, who changed his name to Khalil Islam, rejected the Nation's teachings and converted to Sunni Islam. Released in 1987, he maintained his innocence until his death in August 2009.<a href="#cite_note-240">[227]</a><a href="#cite_note-241">[228]</a> Hayer, who also rejected the Nation's teachings while in prison and converted also to Sunni Islam,<a href="#cite_note-242">[229]</a> is known today as <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hagan" title="Thomas Hagan">Mujahid Halim</a>.<a href="#cite_note-243">[230]</a> He was paroled in 2010.<a href="#cite_note-244">[231]</a> In 2021, Muhammad Abdul Aziz and Khalil Islam (formerly Norman 3X Butler and Thomas 15X Johnson) were exonerated from their murder convictions, following a review that found the FBI and the New York Police Department withheld key evidence during the trial.<a href="#cite_note-245">[232]</a> On July 14, 2022, Aziz filed suit in the <a href="/wiki/EDNY" class="mw-redirect" title="EDNY">U.S. District Court</a> in Brooklyn against the <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">City of New York</a>, seeking $40 million in damages related to his wrongful imprisonment.<a href="#cite_note-246">[233]</a> <a href="/wiki/Les_Payne" title="Les Payne">Les Payne</a> and Tamara Payne, in their <a href="/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize_for_Biography_or_Autobiography" class="mw-redirect" title="Pulitzer Prize for Biography or Autobiography">Pulitzer Prize winning biography</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Dead_Are_Arising:_The_Life_of_Malcolm_X" class="mw-redirect" title="The Dead Are Arising: The Life of Malcolm X">The Dead Are Arising: The Life of Malcolm X</a>, claim that the assassins were members of the Nation of Islam's Newark, New Jersey mosque: William 25X (also known as William Bradley), who fired the shotgun; Leon Davis; and Thomas Hayer.<a href="#cite_note-247">[234]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Funeral">Funeral</h3></div> The public viewing, February 23–26 at Unity Funeral Home in Harlem, was attended by some 14,000 to 30,000 mourners.<a href="#cite_note-248">[235]</a> For the funeral on February 27, loudspeakers were set up for the overflow crowd outside Harlem's thousand-seat Faith Temple of the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_God_in_Christ" title="Church of God in Christ">Church of God in Christ</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Rickford252-249">[236]</a><a href="#cite_note-250">[237]</a> and a local television station carried the service live.<a href="#cite_note-Times65-02-28-251">[238]</a> Among the civil rights leaders attending were <a href="/wiki/John_Lewis" title="John Lewis">John Lewis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bayard_Rustin" title="Bayard Rustin">Bayard Rustin</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Forman" title="James Forman">James Forman</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Farmer" title="James Farmer">James Farmer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jesse_Gray" title="Jesse Gray">Jesse Gray</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Young" title="Andrew Young">Andrew Young</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Rickford252-249">[236]</a><a href="#cite_note-252">[239]</a> Actor and activist <a href="/wiki/Ossie_Davis" title="Ossie Davis">Ossie Davis</a> delivered the eulogy, describing Malcolm X as "our shining Black prince ... who didn't hesitate to die because he loved us so": <blockquote>There are those who will consider it their duty, as friends of the Negro people, to tell us to revile him, to flee, even from the presence of his memory, to save ourselves by writing him out of the history of our turbulent times. Many will ask what Harlem finds to honor in this stormy, controversial and bold young captain‍—‌and we will smile. Many will say turn away‍—‌away from this man, for he is not a man but a demon, a monster, a subverter and an enemy of the Black man‍—‌and we will smile. They will say that he is of hate‍—‌a fanatic, a racist‍—‌who can only bring evil to the cause for which you struggle! And we will answer and say to them: Did you ever talk to Brother Malcolm? Did you ever touch him, or have him smile at you? Did you ever really listen to him? Did he ever do a mean thing? Was he ever himself associated with violence or any public disturbance? For if you did you would know him. And if you knew him you would know why we must honor him.... And, in honoring him, we honor the best in ourselves.<a href="#cite_note-253">[240]</a></blockquote> Malcolm X was buried at <a href="/wiki/Ferncliff_Cemetery" title="Ferncliff Cemetery">Ferncliff Cemetery</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hartsdale,_New_York" title="Hartsdale, New York">Hartsdale</a>, New York.<a href="#cite_note-Times65-02-28-251">[238]</a> Friends took up the gravediggers' shovels to complete the burial themselves.<a href="#cite_note-254">[241]</a> Actor and activist <a href="/wiki/Ruby_Dee" title="Ruby Dee">Ruby Dee</a> and Juanita Poitier (wife of <a href="/wiki/Sidney_Poitier" title="Sidney Poitier">Sidney Poitier</a>) established the Committee of Concerned Mothers to raise money for a home for his family and for his children's educations.<a href="#cite_note-255">[242]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reactions">Reactions</h3></div> Reactions to Malcolm X's assassination were varied. In a telegram to <a href="/wiki/Betty_Shabazz" title="Betty Shabazz">Betty Shabazz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a> expressed his sadness at "the shocking and tragic assassination of your husband."<a href="#cite_note-stan-256">[243]</a> He said:<a href="#cite_note-stan-256">[243]</a> <blockquote>While we did not always see eye to eye on methods to solve the race problem, I always had a deep affection for Malcolm and felt that he had a great ability to put his finger on the existence and root of the problem. He was an eloquent spokesman for his point of view and no one can honestly doubt that Malcolm had a great concern for the problems that we face as a race.</blockquote> <a href="/wiki/Elijah_Muhammad" title="Elijah Muhammad">Elijah Muhammad</a> told the annual <a href="/wiki/Saviours%27_Day" title="Saviours' Day">Savior's Day</a> convention on February 26 that "Malcolm X got just what he preached," but denied any involvement with the murder.<a href="#cite_note-257">[244]</a> "We didn't want to kill Malcolm and didn't try to kill him," Muhammad said, adding "We know such ignorant, foolish teachings would bring him to his own end."<a href="#cite_note-258">[245]</a> Writer <a href="/wiki/James_Baldwin" title="James Baldwin">James Baldwin</a>, who had been a friend of Malcolm X's, was in London when he heard the news of the assassination. He responded with indignation towards the reporters interviewing him, shouting, "You did it! It is because of you—the men that created this White supremacy—that this man is dead. You are not guilty, but you did it.... Your mills, your cities, your rape of a continent started all this."<a href="#cite_note-259">[246]</a> The <a href="/wiki/New_York_Post" title="New York Post">New York Post</a> wrote that "even his sharpest critics recognized his brilliance‍—‌often wild, unpredictable and eccentric, but nevertheless possessing promise that must now remain unrealized."<a href="#cite_note-260">[247]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> wrote that Malcolm X was "an extraordinary and twisted man" who "turn[ed] many true gifts to evil purpose" and that his life was "strangely and pitifully wasted."<a href="#cite_note-Times65-02-22-261">[248]</a> <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a> called him "an unashamed <a href="/wiki/Demagogue" title="Demagogue">demagogue</a>" whose "<a href="/wiki/Creed" title="Creed">creed</a> was violence."<a href="#cite_note-262">[249]</a> Outside the US, particularly in Africa, the press was sympathetic.<a href="#cite_note-Rickford248-263">[250]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Daily_Times_of_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Daily Times of Nigeria">Daily Times of Nigeria</a> wrote that Malcolm X would "have a place in the palace of martyrs."<a href="#cite_note-Evanzz305-264">[251]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Ghanaian_Times" title="Ghanaian Times">Ghanaian Times</a> likened him to <a href="/wiki/John_Brown_(abolitionist)" title="John Brown (abolitionist)">John Brown</a>, <a href="/wiki/Medgar_Evers" title="Medgar Evers">Medgar Evers</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba" title="Patrice Lumumba">Patrice Lumumba</a>, and counted him among "a host of Africans and Americans who were martyred in freedom's cause."<a href="#cite_note-265">[252]</a><a href="#cite_note-AmNews-266">[253]</a> In China the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Daily" title="People's Daily">People's Daily</a> described Malcolm X as a martyr killed by "ruling circles and racists" in the United States; his assassination, the paper wrote, demonstrated that "in dealing with imperialist oppressors, violence must be met with violence."<a href="#cite_note-AmNews-266">[253]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Guangming_Daily" title="Guangming Daily">Guangming Daily</a>, also published in Beijing, stated that "Malcolm was murdered because he fought for freedom and equal rights."<a href="#cite_note-267">[254]</a> In Cuba, El Mundo described the assassination as "another racist crime to eradicate by violence the struggle against discrimination."<a href="#cite_note-Rickford248-263">[250]</a> In a weekly column he wrote for the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Amsterdam_News" title="New York Amsterdam News">New York Amsterdam News</a>, King reflected on Malcolm X and his assassination:<a href="#cite_note-268">[255]</a> <blockquote> Malcolm X came to the fore as a public figure partially as a result of a TV documentary entitled, The Hate that Hate Produced. That title points to the nature of Malcolm's life and death. Malcolm X was clearly a product of the hate and violence invested in the Negro's blighted existence in this nation.... In his youth there was no hope, no preaching, teaching or movements of non-violence.... It is a testimony to Malcolm's personal depth and integrity that he could not become an underworld Czar, but turned again and again to religion for meaning and destiny. Malcolm was still turning and growing at the time of his brutal and meaningless assassination.… Like the murder of Lumumba, the murder of Malcolm X deprives the world of a potentially great leader. I could not agree with either of these men, but I could see in them a capacity for leadership which I could respect, and which was just beginning to mature in judgment and statesmanship.</blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Allegations_of_conspiracy">Allegations of conspiracy</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Louis_Farrakhan,_smiling.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Louis Farrakhan in 2005" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Louis_Farrakhan%2C_smiling.jpg/170px-Louis_Farrakhan%2C_smiling.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Louis_Farrakhan%2C_smiling.jpg/255px-Louis_Farrakhan%2C_smiling.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8f/Louis_Farrakhan%2C_smiling.jpg 2x" data-file-width="304" data-file-height="362" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Louis_Farrakhan" title="Louis Farrakhan">Louis Farrakhan</a> in 2005</figcaption></figure> Within days the question of who bore responsibility for the assassination was being publicly debated. On February 23, James Farmer, leader of the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Racial_Equality" title="Congress of Racial Equality">Congress of Racial Equality</a>, announced at a news conference that local drug dealers, and not the Nation of Islam, were to blame.<a href="#cite_note-269">[256]</a> Others accused the <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Police_Department" title="New York City Police Department">NYPD</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">FBI</a>, or the <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">CIA</a>, citing the lack of police protection, the ease with which the assassins entered the Audubon Ballroom, and the failure of the police to preserve the crime scene.<a href="#cite_note-270">[257]</a><a href="#cite_note-271">[258]</a> Earl Grant, one of Malcolm X's associates who was present at the assassination, later wrote:<a href="#cite_note-272">[259]</a> <blockquote><div class="poem"> [A]bout five minutes later, a most incredible scene took place. Into the hall sauntered about a dozen policemen. They were strolling at about the pace one would expect of them if they were patrolling a quiet park. They did not seem to be at all excited or concerned about the circumstances. I could hardly believe my eyes. Here were New York City policemen, entering a room from which at least a dozen shots had been heard, and yet not one of them had his gun out! As a matter of absolute fact, some of them even had their hands in their pockets. </div></blockquote> In the 1970s, the public learned about <a href="/wiki/COINTELPRO" title="COINTELPRO">COINTELPRO</a> and other secret FBI programs established to infiltrate and disrupt civil rights organizations during the 1950s and 1960s.<a href="#cite_note-273">[260]</a> Louis Lomax wrote that John Ali, national secretary of the Nation of Islam, was a former FBI agent.<a href="#cite_note-Lomax198-216">[204]</a> Malcolm X had confided to a reporter that Ali exacerbated tensions between him and Elijah Muhammad and that he considered Ali his "archenemy" within the Nation of Islam leadership.<a href="#cite_note-Lomax198-216">[204]</a> Ali had a meeting with Talmadge Hayer, one of the men convicted of killing Malcolm X, the night before the assassination.<a href="#cite_note-274">[261]</a> The Shabazz family are among those who have accused Louis Farrakhan of involvement in Malcolm X's assassination.<a href="#cite_note-275">[262]</a><a href="#cite_note-276">[263]</a><a href="#cite_note-277">[264]</a><a href="#cite_note-278">[265]</a><a href="#cite_note-279">[266]</a> In a 1993 speech Farrakhan seemed to acknowledge the possibility that the Nation of Islam was responsible:<a href="#cite_note-280">[267]</a><a href="#cite_note-281">[268]</a> <blockquote>Was Malcolm your traitor or ours? And if we dealt with him like a nation deals with a traitor, what the hell business is it of yours? A nation has to be able to deal with traitors and cutthroats and turncoats.</blockquote> In a <a href="/wiki/60_Minutes" title="60 Minutes">60 Minutes</a> interview that aired during May 2000, Farrakhan stated that some things he said may have led to the assassination of Malcolm X. "I may have been complicit in words that I spoke," he said, adding "I acknowledge that and regret that any word that I have said caused the loss of life of a human being."<a href="#cite_note-282">[269]</a> A few days later Farrakhan denied that he "ordered the assassination" of Malcolm X, although he again acknowledged that he "created the atmosphere that ultimately led to Malcolm X's assassination."<a href="#cite_note-283">[270]</a> No consensus has been reached on who was responsible for the assassination.<a href="#cite_note-284">[271]</a> In August 2014, an online petition was started using the <a href="/wiki/We_the_People_(petitioning_system)" title="We the People (petitioning system)">White House online petition mechanism</a> to call on the government to release, without alteration, any files they still held relating to the murder of Malcolm X.<a href="#cite_note-285">[272]</a> In January 2019, members of the families of Malcolm X, <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a>, Martin Luther King Jr., and <a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy" title="Robert F. Kennedy">Robert F. Kennedy</a> were among dozens of Americans who signed a public statement calling for a <a href="/wiki/Truth_commission" title="Truth commission">truth and reconciliation commission</a> to persuade Congress or the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice" title="United States Department of Justice">Justice Department</a> to review the assassinations of all four leaders during the 1960s.<a href="#cite_note-286">[273]</a><a href="#cite_note-287">[274]</a> A February 21, 2021, press conference attended by three of Malcolm X's daughters and members of deceased NYPD undercover officer Raymond Wood's family released his authorized posthumous letter that stated in part: "I was told to encourage leaders and members of the civil rights groups to commit felonious acts." <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a> reports that "The arrests kept the two men from managing door security at the Audubon Ballroom in Washington Heights on the day of the shooting, according to the letter."<a href="#cite_note-288">[275]</a> On February 26, 2021, the daughter of Raymond Wood, Kelly Wood, stated that the letter presented at the February 21 press conference is fake. Kelly Wood stated that the letter was created by her cousin Reggie Wood for attention and book sales.<a href="#cite_note-289">[276]</a> In early 2023, members of Malcolm X's family said they would file a $100 million wrongful death lawsuit against the <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">CIA</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">FBI</a>, the <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Police_Department" title="New York City Police Department">NYPD</a> and others for allegedly concealing evidence related to the assassination and for alleged involvement to it.<a href="#cite_note-290">[277]</a> The attorney representing the family is <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Crump" title="Benjamin Crump">Benjamin Crump</a>.<a href="#cite_note-291">[278]</a> In November 2024, three daughters of Malcolm X filed the lawsuit in Manhattan Federal Court.<a href="#cite_note-292">[279]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Philosophy">Philosophy</h2></div> Except for his autobiography, Malcolm X left no published writings. His philosophy is known almost entirely from the many speeches and interviews he gave from 1952 until his death.<a href="#cite_note-293">[280]</a> Many of those speeches, especially from the last year of his life, were recorded and have been published.<a href="#cite_note-294">[281]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Beliefs_of_the_Nation_of_Islam">Beliefs of the Nation of Islam</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Beliefs_and_theology_of_the_Nation_of_Islam" title="Beliefs and theology of the Nation of Islam">Beliefs and theology of the Nation of Islam</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:23em; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> The white liberal differs from the white conservative only in one way: the liberal is more deceitful than the conservative. </blockquote> <cite class="right-aligned" style="">—Malcolm X<a href="#cite_note-liberal-295">[282]</a></cite> </div> While he was a member of the Nation of Islam, Malcolm X taught its beliefs, and his statements often began with the phrase "The Honorable Elijah Muhammad teaches us that ..."<a href="#cite_note-Lomax80-81-296">[283]</a> It is virtually impossible now to discern whether Malcolm X's personal beliefs at the time diverged from the teachings of the Nation of Islam.<a href="#cite_note-297">[284]</a><a href="#cite_note-299">[N]</a> After he left the Nation in 1964, he compared himself to a ventriloquist's dummy who could only say what Elijah Muhammad told him to say.<a href="#cite_note-Lomax80-81-296">[283]</a><a href="#cite_note-301">[O]</a> Malcolm X taught that Black people were the original people of the world,<a href="#cite_note-Lomax55-107">[101]</a> and that Whites were a race of devils who were created by an evil scientist named <a href="/wiki/Yakub_(Nation_of_Islam)" title="Yakub (Nation of Islam)">Yakub</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Perry115-108">[102]</a> The Nation of Islam believed that Black people were superior to White people and that the demise of the White race was imminent.<a href="#cite_note-Lomax57-109">[103]</a> When questioned concerning his statements that White people were devils, Malcolm X said: "history proves the White man is a devil."<a href="#cite_note-302">[287]</a> "Anybody who rapes, and plunders, and enslaves, and steals, and drops hell bombs on people ... anybody who does these things is nothing but a devil," he said.<a href="#cite_note-303">[288]</a> Malcolm X said that Islam was the "true religion of Black mankind" and that Christianity was "the White man's religion" that had been imposed upon African Americans by their slave-masters.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELomax196324,_137–138-304">[289]</a> He said that the Nation of Islam followed Islam as it was practiced around the world, but the Nation's teachings varied from those of other Muslims because they were adapted to the "uniquely pitiful" condition of Black people in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-305">[290]</a> He taught that <a href="/wiki/Wallace_Fard_Muhammad" title="Wallace Fard Muhammad">Wallace Fard Muhammad</a>, the founder of the Nation, was God incarnate,<a href="#cite_note-306">[291]</a> and that Elijah Muhammad was his Messenger, or <a href="/wiki/Prophet" title="Prophet">Prophet</a>.<a href="#cite_note-309">[P]</a> While the <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">civil rights movement</a> fought against <a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation_in_the_United_States" title="Racial segregation in the United States">racial segregation</a>, Malcolm X advocated the complete <a href="/wiki/Black_separatism" title="Black separatism">separation</a> of Blacks from Whites.<a href="#cite_note-Perry115-108">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lomax57-109">[103]</a> The Nation of Islam proposed the establishment of a separate country for African Americans in the southern<a href="#cite_note-Lomax149-152-121">[114]</a> or southwestern United States<a href="#cite_note-310">[294]</a> as an interim measure until African Americans could return to Africa.<a href="#cite_note-Supremacy78-122">[115]</a> Malcolm X suggested the United States government owed <a href="/wiki/Reparations_for_slavery" title="Reparations for slavery">reparations</a> to Black people for the unpaid labor of their <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">ancestors</a>.<a href="#cite_note-311">[295]</a> He also rejected the civil rights movement's strategy of <a href="/wiki/Nonviolence" title="Nonviolence">nonviolence</a>, advocating instead that Black people should defend themselves.<a href="#cite_note-Lomax_173-174-123">[116]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Palestine">Palestine</h3></div> In 1959, Malcolm X visited and met with religious leaders at Al-Aqsa mosque as a representative of Elijah Muhammad.<a href="#cite_note-:0-312">[296]</a> In 1964, X visited the Khan Younis refugee camp in Gaza where he visited a local hospital and dined with religious leaders in Gaza. He also met Palestinian poet, Harun Hashem Rashid, who recounted to him how he narrowly escaped the <a href="/wiki/Khan_Yunis_massacre" title="Khan Yunis massacre">Khan Younis massacre</a> of 1956. A few weeks later, Malcolm X headed to Cairo where he met with members of the Palestinian Liberation Organization.<a href="#cite_note-:0-312">[296]</a> These meetings and experiences inspired Malcolm X to write an essay entitled "Zionist Logic" that was published in the <a href="/wiki/The_Egyptian_Gazette" title="The Egyptian Gazette">Egyptian Gazette.</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-312">[296]</a> In this essay Malcolm X explained how the "present occupation of Arab Palestine has no intelligent or legal basis in history" and described how Zionism was essentially a colonial and imperialist project:<a href="#cite_note-313">[297]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">The ever-scheming European imperialists wisely placed Israel where she could geographically divide the Arab world, infiltrate and sow the seed of dissension among African leaders and also divide the Africans against the Asians.</blockquote> Following his return to the United States, Malcolm X continued to speak about the issue of Palestine describing in 1965 in one of his speeches in Detroit how "We need a free Palestine... We don't need a divided Palestine. We need a whole Palestine."<a href="#cite_note-314">[298]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Independent_views">Independent views</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:23em; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> The common goal of 22 million Afro-Americans is respect as human beings. ... We can never get civil rights in America until our human rights are first restored. We will never be recognized as citizens there until we are first recognized as humans. ... Just as the violation of human rights of our brothers and sisters in South Africa and Angola is an international issue and has brought the racists of South Africa and Portugal under attack from all other independent governments at the United Nations, once the miserable plight of the 22 million Afro-Americans is also lifted to the level of human rights our struggle then becomes an international issue and the direct concern of all other civilized governments. We can then take the racist American Government before the World Court and have the racists in it exposed and condemned as the criminals that they are. </blockquote> <cite class="right-aligned" style="">—Malcolm X<a href="#cite_note-315">[299]</a></cite> </div> After leaving the Nation of Islam, Malcolm X announced his willingness to work with leaders of the civil rights movement,<a href="#cite_note-Times64-03-09-158">[148]</a> though he advocated some changes to their policies. He felt that calling the movement a struggle for civil rights would keep the issue within the United States while changing the focus to human rights would make it an international concern. The movement could then bring its complaints before the United Nations, where Malcolm X said the emerging nations of the world would add their support.<a href="#cite_note-316">[300]</a> Malcolm X argued that if the U.S. government was unwilling or unable to protect Black people, Black people should protect themselves. He said that he and the other members of the OAAU were determined to defend themselves from aggressors, and to secure freedom, justice and equality "by whatever means necessary".<a href="#cite_note-317">[301]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Malcolm_X_NYWTS.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Malcolm X is surrounded by reporters with microphones, while a television camera captures the scene" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Malcolm_X_NYWTS.jpg/170px-Malcolm_X_NYWTS.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Malcolm_X_NYWTS.jpg/255px-Malcolm_X_NYWTS.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Malcolm_X_NYWTS.jpg/340px-Malcolm_X_NYWTS.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2204" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Malcolm X at a 1964 press conference</figcaption></figure> Malcolm X stressed the global perspective he gained from his international travels. He emphasized the "direct connection" between the domestic struggle of African Americans for equal rights with the independence struggles of <a href="/wiki/Third_World" title="Third World">Third World</a> nations.<a href="#cite_note-318">[302]</a> He said that African Americans were wrong when they thought of themselves as a minority; globally, Black people were the majority.<a href="#cite_note-319">[303]</a> In his speeches at the Militant Labor Forum, which was sponsored by the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Workers_Party_(United_States)" title="Socialist Workers Party (United States)">Socialist Workers Party</a>, Malcolm X criticized capitalism.<a href="#cite_note-Perry277-278-205">[193]</a> After one such speech, when he was asked what political and economic system he wanted, he said he did not know, but that it was no coincidence the newly independent countries in the Third World were turning toward <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Cone284-320">[304]</a> When a reporter asked him what he thought about socialism, Malcolm X asked whether it was good for Black people. When the reporter told him it seemed to be, Malcolm X told him: "Then I'm for it."<a href="#cite_note-Cone284-320">[304]</a><a href="#cite_note-321">[305]</a> Although he no longer called for the separation of Black people from White people, Malcolm X continued to advocate Black nationalism, which he defined as self-determination for the African American community.<a href="#cite_note-322">[306]</a> In the last months of his life, however, Malcolm X began to reconsider his support for Black nationalism after meeting northern African revolutionaries who, to all appearances, were White.<a href="#cite_note-323">[307]</a> After his Hajj, Malcolm X articulated a view of White people and racism that represented a deep change from the philosophy he had supported as a minister of the Nation of Islam. In a famous letter from Mecca, he wrote that his experiences with White people during his pilgrimage convinced him to "rearrange" his thinking about race and "toss aside some of [his] previous conclusions".<a href="#cite_note-324">[308]</a> In a conversation with <a href="/wiki/Gordon_Parks" title="Gordon Parks">Gordon Parks</a>, two days before his assassination, Malcolm said: <blockquote>[L]istening to leaders like <a href="/wiki/Gamal_Abdel_Nasser" title="Gamal Abdel Nasser">Nasser</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Ben_Bella" title="Ahmed Ben Bella">Ben Bella</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kwame_Nkrumah" title="Kwame Nkrumah">Nkrumah</a> awakened me to the dangers of racism. I realized racism isn't just a Black and White problem. It's brought bloodbaths to about every nation on earth at one time or another. Brother, remember the time that White college girls came into the restaurant‍—‌the one who wanted to help the [Black] Muslims and the Whites get together‍—‌and I told her there wasn't a ghost of a chance and she went away crying? Well, I've lived to regret that incident. In many parts of the African continent, I saw White students helping Black people. Something like this kills a lot of argument. I did many things as a [Black] Muslim that I'm sorry for now. I was a zombie then‍—‌like all [Black] Muslims‍—‌I was hypnotized, pointed in a certain direction and told to march. Well, I guess a man's entitled to make a fool of himself if he's ready to pay the cost. It cost me 12 years. That was a bad scene, brother. The sickness and madness of those days‍—‌I'm glad to be free of them.<a href="#cite_note-Parks-325">[309]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Claims_of_bisexuality">Claims of bisexuality</h3></div> In recent years, some researchers[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch">who?</a>] have alleged that Malcolm X was bisexual. These claims are founded upon the work of late Columbia University historian <a href="/wiki/Manning_Marable" title="Manning Marable">Manning Marable</a>, and his controversial 2011 book Malcolm X: A Life of Reinvention. In the book, Marable asserted that "Malcolm X had exaggerated his early criminal career and had engaged in an early homosexual relationship with a White businessman."<a href="#cite_note-NPR-326">[310]</a> Scholar Christopher Phelps agreed with Marable in the <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_American_Studies" title="Journal of American Studies">Journal of American Studies</a>: "Malcolm Little did take part in sex acts with male counterparts. If set in the context of the 1930s and 1940s, these acts position him not as a 'homosexual lover,' as has been asserted, but in the pattern of '<a href="/wiki/Gay-for-pay" title="Gay-for-pay">straight trade</a>'—heterosexual men open to sex with homosexuals—an understanding that in turn affords insights into the Black revolutionary's mature masculinity."<a href="#cite_note-Cambridge-327">[311]</a> Malcolm X's family has rejected these allegations about his personal life. His daughter <a href="/wiki/Ilyasah_Shabazz" title="Ilyasah Shabazz">Ilyasah Shabazz</a> said she would have known about these encounters before abruptly walking out on an interview on NPR. Shabazz said: "I think the things that I take issue with are the fact that he said my father engaged in a bisexual relationship, a homo—you know, he had a gay lover who was an elder White businessman, I think, in his late 50s when my father was in his teens. And, you know, my father was an open book. And we actually have four of the missing chapters from the autobiography. And, you know, he is very clear in his activities, which nothing included being gay. And certainly he didn't have anything against gay—he was for human rights, human justice, you know. So if he had a gay encounter, he likely would've talked about it. And what he did talk about was someone else's encounter."<a href="#cite_note-NPRINTV-328">[312]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MALCOLM_X_BUST_NEBRASKA_STATE_CAPITOL.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/MALCOLM_X_BUST_NEBRASKA_STATE_CAPITOL.png/220px-MALCOLM_X_BUST_NEBRASKA_STATE_CAPITOL.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/MALCOLM_X_BUST_NEBRASKA_STATE_CAPITOL.png/330px-MALCOLM_X_BUST_NEBRASKA_STATE_CAPITOL.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/MALCOLM_X_BUST_NEBRASKA_STATE_CAPITOL.png/440px-MALCOLM_X_BUST_NEBRASKA_STATE_CAPITOL.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>A bust of Malcolm X at the <a href="/wiki/Nebraska_State_Capitol" title="Nebraska State Capitol">Nebraska State Capitol</a>, where he was inducted into the <a href="/wiki/Nebraska_Hall_of_Fame" title="Nebraska Hall of Fame">Nebraska Hall of Fame</a> in 2024.</figcaption></figure> Malcolm X has been described as one of the greatest and most influential African Americans in history.<a href="#cite_note-329">[313]</a><a href="#cite_note-330">[314]</a><a href="#cite_note-331">[315]</a> He is credited with raising the self-esteem of Black Americans and reconnecting them with their African heritage.<a href="#cite_note-332">[316]</a> He is largely responsible for the spread of Islam in the Black community in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-333">[317]</a><a href="#cite_note-334">[318]</a><a href="#cite_note-335">[319]</a> Many African Americans, especially those who lived in cities in the Northern and Western United States, felt that Malcolm X articulated their complaints concerning inequality better than did the mainstream civil rights movement.<a href="#cite_note-Cone99-100-125">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-West-126">[119]</a> One biographer says that by giving expression to their frustration, Malcolm X "made clear the price that White America would have to pay if it did not accede to Black America's legitimate demands."<a href="#cite_note-336">[320]</a> In the late 1960s, increasingly radical Black activists based their movements largely on Malcolm X and his teachings. The <a href="/wiki/Black_Power" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Power">Black Power</a> movement,<a href="#cite_note-Marable301-71">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-337">[321]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Black_Arts_Movement" title="Black Arts Movement">Black Arts Movement</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Marable301-71">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-338">[322]</a> and the widespread adoption of the slogan "<a href="/wiki/Black_is_beautiful" title="Black is beautiful">Black is beautiful</a>"<a href="#cite_note-339">[323]</a> can all trace their roots to Malcolm X. In 1963, Malcolm X began a collaboration with <a href="/wiki/Alex_Haley" title="Alex Haley">Alex Haley</a> on his life story, <a href="/wiki/The_Autobiography_of_Malcolm_X" title="The Autobiography of Malcolm X">The Autobiography of Malcolm X</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Perry214-157">[147]</a> He told Haley, "If I'm alive when this book comes out, it will be a miracle."<a href="#cite_note-340">[324]</a> Haley completed and published it some months after the assassination.<a href="#cite_note-341">[325]</a> During the late 1980s and early 1990s, there was a resurgence of interest in his life among young people. <a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_music" title="Hip hop music">Hip-hop</a> groups such as <a href="/wiki/Public_Enemy_(band)" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Enemy (band)">Public Enemy</a> adopted Malcolm X as an icon,<a href="#cite_note-342">[326]</a> and his image was displayed in hundreds of thousands of homes, offices, and schools,<a href="#cite_note-343">[327]</a> as well as on T-shirts and jackets.<a href="#cite_note-344">[328]</a> In 1986 <a href="/wiki/Ella_Little-Collins" title="Ella Little-Collins">Ella Little-Collins</a> merged the Organization of Afro-American Unity with the African American Defense League.<a href="#cite_note-345">[329]</a> In 1992 the film <a href="/wiki/Malcolm_X_(1992_film)" title="Malcolm X (1992 film)">Malcolm X</a>, an adaptation of The Autobiography of Malcolm X, was released.<a href="#cite_note-346">[330]</a> In 1998, <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a> named The Autobiography of Malcolm X one of the ten most influential nonfiction books of the 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-time1-347">[331]</a> Malcolm X was an inspiration for several fictional characters. He was fictionalized as the character Minister Q in the 1967 novel <a href="/wiki/The_Man_Who_Cried_I_Am" title="The Man Who Cried I Am">The Man Who Cried I Am</a> by <a href="/wiki/John_A._Williams" title="John A. Williams">John A. Williams</a>.<a href="#cite_note-348">[332]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Marvel_Comics" title="Marvel Comics">Marvel Comics</a> writer <a href="/wiki/Chris_Claremont" title="Chris Claremont">Chris Claremont</a> confirmed that Malcolm X was an inspiration for the <a href="/wiki/X-Men" title="X-Men">X-Men</a> character <a href="/wiki/Magneto_(Marvel_Comics)" title="Magneto (Marvel Comics)">Magneto</a>, while Martin Luther King was an inspiration for <a href="/wiki/Professor_X" title="Professor X">Professor X</a>.<a href="#cite_note-349">[333]</a><a href="#cite_note-350">[334]</a><a href="#cite_note-351">[335]</a> Malcolm X also inspired the character <a href="/wiki/Erik_Killmonger" title="Erik Killmonger">Erik Killmonger</a> in the film <a href="/wiki/Black_Panther_(film)" title="Black Panther (film)">Black Panther</a>.<a href="#cite_note-RSCoverStory-352">[336]</a><a href="#cite_note-353">[337]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Memorials_and_tributes">Memorials and tributes</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Malcolm_X_Omaha_historical_marker.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Malcolm_X_Omaha_historical_marker.jpg/220px-Malcolm_X_Omaha_historical_marker.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Malcolm_X_Omaha_historical_marker.jpg/330px-Malcolm_X_Omaha_historical_marker.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Malcolm_X_Omaha_historical_marker.jpg/440px-Malcolm_X_Omaha_historical_marker.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2490" data-file-height="1703" /></a><figcaption>A historical marker for Malcolm X's <a href="/wiki/Malcolm_X_House_Site" title="Malcolm X House Site">first home</a> in <a href="/wiki/Omaha,_Nebraska" title="Omaha, Nebraska">Omaha, Nebraska</a>. The home itself was demolished in 1965.</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Malcolm_X_House_Site" title="Malcolm X House Site">house</a> that once stood at 3448 Pinkney Street in <a href="/wiki/North_Omaha,_Nebraska" title="North Omaha, Nebraska">North Omaha</a>, Nebraska, was the first home of Malcolm Little with his birth family. The house was torn down in 1965 by new owners who did not know of its connection with Malcolm X.<a href="#cite_note-354">[338]</a> The site was listed on the <a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="National Register of Historic Places">National Register of Historic Places</a> in 1984.<a href="#cite_note-355">[339]</a><a href="#cite_note-356">[340]</a><a href="#cite_note-357">[341]</a> A Nebraska Historical Marker now marks the site. The <a href="/wiki/Malcolm_X%E2%80%94Ella_Little-Collins_House" title="Malcolm X—Ella Little-Collins House">Malcolm X—Ella Little-Collins House</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Roxbury,_Boston" title="Roxbury, Boston">Roxbury</a> section of <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston, Massachusetts</a>, where Malcolm X lived with his half-sister <a href="/wiki/Ella_Little-Collins" title="Ella Little-Collins">Ella Little-Collins</a> and began getting involved in the <a href="/wiki/Nation_of_Islam" title="Nation of Islam">Nation of Islam</a>,<a href="#cite_note-358">[342]</a> was added to the <a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="National Register of Historic Places">National Register of Historic Places</a> in 2021.<a href="#cite_note-359">[343]</a> Several archaeological surveys have been performed on the house's grounds, and there are ongoing efforts to preserve the site.<a href="#cite_note-360">[344]</a> In 1968, twelve black students who <a href="/wiki/Occupation_(protest)" title="Occupation (protest)">occupied</a> North Hall at <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Santa_Barbara" title="University of California, Santa Barbara">University of California, Santa Barbara</a> temporarily renamed it Malcolm X Hall to force the administration to acknowledge the needs of black students. As a result, UCSB created the Department of Black Studies.<a href="#cite_note-361">[345]</a><a href="#cite_note-362">[346]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Little-Collins-X_House.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Little-Collins-X_House.jpg/220px-Little-Collins-X_House.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Little-Collins-X_House.jpg/330px-Little-Collins-X_House.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Little-Collins-X_House.jpg/440px-Little-Collins-X_House.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Malcolm_X%E2%80%94Ella_Little-Collins_House" title="Malcolm X—Ella Little-Collins House">Malcolm X—Ella Little-Collins House</a> in <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a> where Malcolm X and his half-sister <a href="/wiki/Ella_Little-Collins" title="Ella Little-Collins">Ella Little-Collins</a> lived from 1941 to 1944.</figcaption></figure> In Lansing, Michigan, a Michigan Historical Marker was erected in 1975 on Malcolm Little's childhood home.<a href="#cite_note-363">[347]</a> The city is also home to El-Hajj Malik El-Shabazz Academy, a public charter school with an <a href="/wiki/Afrocentrism" title="Afrocentrism">Afrocentric</a> focus. The school is located in the building where Little attended elementary school.<a href="#cite_note-364">[348]</a> In cities across the United States, Malcolm X's birthday (May 19) is commemorated as <a href="/wiki/Malcolm_X_Day" title="Malcolm X Day">Malcolm X Day</a>. The first known celebration of Malcolm X Day took place in Washington, D.C., in 1971.<a href="#cite_note-365">[349]</a> The city of <a href="/wiki/Berkeley,_California" title="Berkeley, California">Berkeley</a>, California, has recognized Malcolm X's birthday as a citywide holiday since 1979.<a href="#cite_note-366">[350]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Malcolm_X_Blvd_street_sign.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Two green street signs, one reading Lenox Avenue, the other reading Malcolm X Boulevard" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Malcolm_X_Blvd_street_sign.jpg/220px-Malcolm_X_Blvd_street_sign.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Malcolm_X_Blvd_street_sign.jpg/330px-Malcolm_X_Blvd_street_sign.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Malcolm_X_Blvd_street_sign.jpg/440px-Malcolm_X_Blvd_street_sign.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1776" data-file-height="1268" /></a><figcaption>Malcolm X Boulevard in New York City</figcaption></figure> Many cities have renamed streets after Malcolm X. In 1987, New York mayor <a href="/wiki/Ed_Koch" title="Ed Koch">Ed Koch</a> proclaimed <a href="/wiki/Lenox_Avenue" title="Lenox Avenue">Lenox Avenue</a> in Harlem to be Malcolm X Boulevard.<a href="#cite_note-367">[351]</a> The name of Reid Avenue in <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn" title="Brooklyn">Brooklyn</a>, New York, was changed to Malcolm X Boulevard in 1985.<a href="#cite_note-368">[352]</a><a href="#cite_note-369">[353]</a> Brooklyn also has El Shabazz Playground that was named after him.<a href="#cite_note-370">[354]</a> New Dudley Street, in the <a href="/wiki/Roxbury,_Boston" title="Roxbury, Boston">Roxbury</a> neighborhood of <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>, was renamed Malcolm X Boulevard in the 1990s.<a href="#cite_note-371">[355]</a> In 1997, Oakland Avenue in <a href="/wiki/Dallas" title="Dallas">Dallas</a>, Texas, was renamed Malcolm X Boulevard.<a href="#cite_note-372">[356]</a> Main Street in Lansing, Michigan, was renamed Malcolm X Street in 2010.<a href="#cite_note-373">[357]</a> In 2016, <a href="/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara">Ankara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>, renamed the street on which the U.S. is building its new embassy after Malcolm X.<a href="#cite_note-Harvey-374">[358]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kent-375">[359]</a><a href="#cite_note-377">[Q]</a> Dozens of schools have been named after Malcolm X, including <a href="/wiki/Malcolm_X_Shabazz_High_School" title="Malcolm X Shabazz High School">Malcolm X Shabazz High School</a> in <a href="/wiki/Newark,_New_Jersey" title="Newark, New Jersey">Newark</a>, New Jersey,<a href="#cite_note-378">[361]</a> <a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Shabazz_City_High_School" title="Malcolm Shabazz City High School">Malcolm Shabazz City High School</a> in <a href="/wiki/Madison,_Wisconsin" title="Madison, Wisconsin">Madison</a>, Wisconsin,<a href="#cite_note-379">[362]</a> <a href="/wiki/Malcolm_X_College" title="Malcolm X College">Malcolm X College</a> in Chicago, Illinois,<a href="#cite_note-380">[363]</a> and <a href="/wiki/El-Hajj_Malik_El-Shabazz_Academy" title="El-Hajj Malik El-Shabazz Academy">El-Hajj Malik El-Shabazz Academy</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lansing,_Michigan" title="Lansing, Michigan">Lansing, Michigan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-381">[364]</a> <a href="/wiki/Malcolm_X_Liberation_University" title="Malcolm X Liberation University">Malcolm X Liberation University</a>, based on the Pan-Africanist ideas of Malcolm X, was founded in 1969 in North Carolina.<a href="#cite_note-382">[365]</a> In 1996, the first library named after Malcolm X was opened, the Malcolm X Branch Library and Performing Arts Center of the <a href="/wiki/San_Diego_Public_Library" title="San Diego Public Library">San Diego Public Library</a> system.<a href="#cite_note-383">[366]</a> The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Postal_Service" title="United States Postal Service">U.S. Postal Service</a> issued a Malcolm X postage stamp in 1999.<a href="#cite_note-384">[367]</a> In 2005, <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a> announced the opening of the <a href="/wiki/Malcolm_X_and_Dr._Betty_Shabazz_Memorial_and_Educational_Center" title="Malcolm X and Dr. Betty Shabazz Memorial and Educational Center">Malcolm X and Dr. Betty Shabazz Memorial and Educational Center</a>. The memorial is located in the Audubon Ballroom, where Malcolm X was assassinated.<a href="#cite_note-385">[368]</a> Collections of Malcolm X's papers are held by the <a href="/wiki/Schomburg_Center_for_Research_in_Black_Culture" title="Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture">Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Robert_W._Woodruff_Library,_Atlanta_University_Center" title="Robert W. Woodruff Library, Atlanta University Center">Robert W. Woodruff Library</a>.<a href="#cite_note-386">[369]</a><a href="#cite_note-387">[370]</a><a href="#cite_note-388">[371]</a> After a community-led initiative, <a href="/wiki/Conrad_Grebel_University_College" title="Conrad Grebel University College">Conrad Grebel University College</a> in Canada (affiliated with the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Waterloo" title="University of Waterloo">University of Waterloo</a>) launched the Malcolm X Peace and Conflict Studies Scholarship in 2021 to support Black and Indigenous students enrolled in their Master of Peace and Conflict Studies program.<a href="#cite_note-389">[372]</a><a href="#cite_note-390">[373]</a> In 2024, Malcolm X was inducted into the <a href="/wiki/Nebraska_Hall_of_Fame" title="Nebraska Hall of Fame">Nebraska Hall of Fame</a>, with a bust of him being placed in the <a href="/wiki/Nebraska_State_Capitol" title="Nebraska State Capitol">Nebraska State Capitol</a>.<a href="#cite_note-391">[374]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Portrayal_in_film,_in_television,_and_on_stage">Portrayal in film, in television, and on stage</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Malcolm_X_portrait_by_Robert_Templeton.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Portrait of Malcolm X by the artist Robert Templeton" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Malcolm_X_portrait_by_Robert_Templeton.jpg/170px-Malcolm_X_portrait_by_Robert_Templeton.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Malcolm_X_portrait_by_Robert_Templeton.jpg/255px-Malcolm_X_portrait_by_Robert_Templeton.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Malcolm_X_portrait_by_Robert_Templeton.jpg/340px-Malcolm_X_portrait_by_Robert_Templeton.jpg 2x" data-file-width="838" data-file-height="1153" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of Malcolm X by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Templeton_(artist)" title="Robert Templeton (artist)">Robert Templeton</a>, from the collection Lest We Forget: Images of the Black Civil Rights Movement</figcaption></figure> In 1986, composer <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Davis_(composer)" title="Anthony Davis (composer)">Anthony Davis</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Opera" title="Opera">opera</a> <a href="/wiki/X,_The_Life_and_Times_of_Malcolm_X" class="mw-redirect" title="X, The Life and Times of Malcolm X">X, The Life and Times of Malcolm X</a> premiered at the <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Opera" title="New York City Opera">New York City Opera</a>. It was the first work by Davis, who would go on to win the <a href="/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize_for_Music" title="Pulitzer Prize for Music">Pulitzer Prize for Music</a> for his opera <a href="/wiki/The_Central_Park_Five_(opera)" title="The Central Park Five (opera)">The Central Park Five</a> (2019).<a href="#cite_note-392">[375]</a> In 2023, it was performed at the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Opera" title="Metropolitan Opera">Metropolitan Opera</a> in a production by <a href="/wiki/Robert_O%27Hara" title="Robert O'Hara">Robert O'Hara</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Will_Liverman" title="Will Liverman">Will Liverman</a> playing the title role. It received positive reviews.<a href="#cite_note-393">[376]</a> <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Perl" title="Arnold Perl">Arnold Perl</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marvin_Worth" title="Marvin Worth">Marvin Worth</a> attempted to create a drama film based on <a href="/wiki/The_Autobiography_of_Malcolm_X" title="The Autobiography of Malcolm X">The Autobiography of Malcolm X</a>, but when people close to the subject declined to talk to them they decided to make a documentary instead. The result was the 1972 documentary film <a href="/wiki/Malcolm_X_(1972_film)" title="Malcolm X (1972 film)">Malcolm X</a>. <a href="/wiki/Denzel_Washington" title="Denzel Washington">Denzel Washington</a> played the title role in <a href="/wiki/Spike_Lee" title="Spike Lee">Spike Lee</a>'s film <a href="/wiki/Malcolm_X_(1992_film)" title="Malcolm X (1992 film)">Malcolm X</a> (1992).<a href="#cite_note-394">[377]</a> <a href="/wiki/Roger_Ebert" title="Roger Ebert">Roger Ebert</a> and <a href="/wiki/Martin_Scorsese" title="Martin Scorsese">Martin Scorsese</a> included it on their lists of the ten best films of the 1990s.<a href="#cite_note-395">[378]</a> Washington had previously played the part of Malcolm X in the 1981 <a href="/wiki/Off-Broadway" title="Off-Broadway">Off-Broadway</a> play When the Chickens Came Home to Roost.<a href="#cite_note-396">[379]</a> Other portrayals include: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Earl_Jones" title="James Earl Jones">James Earl Jones</a>, in the 1977 film <a href="/wiki/The_Greatest_(1977_film)" title="The Greatest (1977 film)">The Greatest</a>.<a href="#cite_note-397">[380]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Anthony_Williams" title="Dick Anthony Williams">Dick Anthony Williams</a>, in the 1978 television <a href="/wiki/Miniseries" title="Miniseries">miniseries</a> <a href="/wiki/King_(miniseries)" title="King (miniseries)">King</a><a href="#cite_note-398">[381]</a> and the 1989 <a href="/wiki/American_Playhouse" title="American Playhouse">American Playhouse</a> production of the <a href="/wiki/Jeff_Stetson" title="Jeff Stetson">Jeff Stetson</a> play <a href="/wiki/The_Meeting_(play)" title="The Meeting (play)">The Meeting</a>.<a href="#cite_note-399">[382]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Freeman_Jr." title="Al Freeman Jr.">Al Freeman Jr.</a>, in the 1979 television miniseries <a href="/wiki/Roots:_The_Next_Generations" title="Roots: The Next Generations">Roots: The Next Generations</a>.<a href="#cite_note-400">[383]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morgan_Freeman" title="Morgan Freeman">Morgan Freeman</a>, in the 1981 television movie <a href="/wiki/Death_of_a_Prophet" title="Death of a Prophet">Death of a Prophet</a>.<a href="#cite_note-401">[384]</a></li> <li>Ben Holt, in the 1986 opera <a href="/wiki/X,_The_Life_and_Times_of_Malcolm_X" class="mw-redirect" title="X, The Life and Times of Malcolm X">X, The Life and Times of Malcolm X</a> at the <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Opera" title="New York City Opera">New York City Opera</a>.<a href="#cite_note-402">[385]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Dourdan" title="Gary Dourdan">Gary Dourdan</a>, in the 2000 television movie <a href="/wiki/King_of_the_World_(TV_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="King of the World (TV film)">King of the World</a>.<a href="#cite_note-403">[386]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Morton" title="Joe Morton">Joe Morton</a>, in the 2000 television movie <a href="/wiki/Ali:_An_American_Hero" title="Ali: An American Hero">Ali: An American Hero</a>.<a href="#cite_note-404">[387]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mario_Van_Peebles" title="Mario Van Peebles">Mario Van Peebles</a>, in the 2001 film <a href="/wiki/Ali_(film)" title="Ali (film)">Ali</a>.<a href="#cite_note-405">[388]</a></li> <li>Lindsay Owen Pierre, in the 2013 television movie <a href="/wiki/Betty_%26_Coretta" title="Betty & Coretta">Betty & Coretta</a>.<a href="#cite_note-406">[389]</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fran%C3%A7ois_Battiste&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="François Battiste (page does not exist)">François Battiste</a>, in the stage play <a href="/wiki/One_Night_in_Miami_(play)" title="One Night in Miami (play)">One Night in Miami</a>, first performed in 2013.<a href="#cite_note-407">[390]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nig%C3%A9l_Thatch" title="Nigél Thatch">Nigél Thatch</a>, in the 2014 film <a href="/wiki/Selma_(film)" title="Selma (film)">Selma</a><a href="#cite_note-408">[391]</a> and the 2019 television series <a href="/wiki/Godfather_of_Harlem" title="Godfather of Harlem">Godfather of Harlem</a>.<a href="#cite_note-409">[392]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingsley_Ben-Adir" title="Kingsley Ben-Adir">Kingsley Ben-Adir</a>, in the 2020 film <a href="/wiki/One_Night_in_Miami_(film)" class="mw-redirect" title="One Night in Miami (film)">One Night in Miami</a>, based on the <a href="/wiki/One_Night_in_Miami_(play)" title="One Night in Miami (play)">play of the same name</a>.<a href="#cite_note-410">[393]</a></li> <li>Jason Alan Carnell, in the 2023 season of the television series <a href="/wiki/Godfather_of_Harlem" title="Godfather of Harlem">Godfather of Harlem</a>.<a href="#cite_note-411">[394]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaron_Pierre_(actor)" title="Aaron Pierre (actor)">Aaron Pierre</a>, in the 2024 season of the television series <a href="/wiki/Genius_(American_TV_series)" title="Genius (American TV series)">Genius</a>.<a href="#cite_note-412">[395]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Published_works">Published works</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Autobiography_of_Malcolm_X_(1st_ed_dust_jacket_cover).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/The_Autobiography_of_Malcolm_X_%281st_ed_dust_jacket_cover%29.jpg/170px-The_Autobiography_of_Malcolm_X_%281st_ed_dust_jacket_cover%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/The_Autobiography_of_Malcolm_X_%281st_ed_dust_jacket_cover%29.jpg/255px-The_Autobiography_of_Malcolm_X_%281st_ed_dust_jacket_cover%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/The_Autobiography_of_Malcolm_X_%281st_ed_dust_jacket_cover%29.jpg/340px-The_Autobiography_of_Malcolm_X_%281st_ed_dust_jacket_cover%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1029" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/The_Autobiography_of_Malcolm_X" title="The Autobiography of Malcolm X">The Autobiography of Malcolm X</a>, first edition</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Autobiography_of_Malcolm_X" title="The Autobiography of Malcolm X">The Autobiography of Malcolm X</a>. With the assistance of <a href="/wiki/Alex_Haley" title="Alex Haley">Alex Haley</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Grove_Press" title="Grove Press">Grove Press</a>, 1965. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/219493184">219493184</a>.</li> <li>Malcolm X Speaks: Selected Speeches and Statements. <a href="/wiki/George_Breitman" title="George Breitman">George Breitman</a>, ed. New York: Merit Publishers, 1965. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/256095445">256095445</a>.</li> <li>Malcolm X Talks to Young People. New York: <a href="/wiki/Young_Socialist_Alliance" title="Young Socialist Alliance">Young Socialist Alliance</a>, 1965. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/81990227">81990227</a>.</li> <li>Two Speeches by Malcolm X. New York: <a href="/wiki/Pathfinder_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Pathfinder Press">Pathfinder Press</a>, 1965. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/19464959">19464959</a>.</li> <li>Malcolm X on Afro-American History. New York: Merit Publishers, 1967. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/78155009">78155009</a>.</li> <li>The Speeches of Malcolm X at Harvard. <a href="/wiki/Archie_Epps" title="Archie Epps">Archie Epps</a>, ed. New York: <a href="/wiki/William_Morrow_and_Company" title="William Morrow and Company">Morrow</a>, 1968. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/185901618">185901618</a>.</li> <li>By Any Means Necessary: Speeches, Interviews, and a Letter by Malcolm X. George Breitman, ed. New York: Pathfinder Press, 1970. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/249307">249307</a>.</li> <li>The End of White World Supremacy: Four Speeches by Malcolm X. Benjamin Karim, ed. New York: <a href="/wiki/Monthly_Review_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Monthly Review Press">Monthly Review Press</a>, 1971. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/149849">149849</a>.</li> <li>The Last Speeches. Bruce Perry, ed. New York: Pathfinder Press, 1989. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87348-543-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87348-543-2">978-0-87348-543-2</a>.</li> <li>Malcolm X Talks to Young People: Speeches in the United States, Britain, and Africa. Steve Clark, ed. New York: Pathfinder Press, 1991. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87348-962-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87348-962-1">978-0-87348-962-1</a>.</li> <li>February 1965: The Final Speeches. Steve Clark, ed. New York: Pathfinder Press, 1992. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87348-749-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87348-749-8">978-0-87348-749-8</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Diary_of_Malcolm_X" title="The Diary of Malcolm X">The Diary of Malcolm X</a>: 1964. <a href="/wiki/Herb_Boyd" title="Herb Boyd">Herb Boyd</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ilyasah_Shabazz" title="Ilyasah Shabazz">Ilyasah Shabazz</a>, eds. Chicago: <a href="/wiki/Third_World_Press" title="Third World Press">Third World Press</a>, 2013. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88378-351-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88378-351-1">978-0-88378-351-1</a>.</li></ul> </div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Explanatory_notes">Explanatory notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-upper-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-inflation-US-11"><a href="#cite_ref-inflation-US_11-0">^</a> 1634–1699: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCusker1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_J._McCusker" title="John J. McCusker">McCusker, J. J.</a> (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.americanantiquarian.org/proceedings/44525121.pdf">How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States: Addenda et Corrigenda</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/American_Antiquarian_Society" title="American Antiquarian Society">American Antiquarian Society</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+Much+Is+That+in+Real+Money%3F+A+Historical+Price+Index+for+Use+as+a+Deflator+of+Money+Values+in+the+Economy+of+the+United+States%3A+Addenda+et+Corrigenda&rft.pub=American+Antiquarian+Society&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=McCusker&rft.aufirst=J.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanantiquarian.org%2Fproceedings%2F44525121.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalcolm+X" class="Z3988"> 1700–1799: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCusker1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_J._McCusker" title="John J. McCusker">McCusker, J. J.</a> (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.americanantiquarian.org/proceedings/44517778.pdf">How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/American_Antiquarian_Society" title="American Antiquarian Society">American Antiquarian Society</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+Much+Is+That+in+Real+Money%3F+A+Historical+Price+Index+for+Use+as+a+Deflator+of+Money+Values+in+the+Economy+of+the+United+States&rft.pub=American+Antiquarian+Society&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=McCusker&rft.aufirst=J.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanantiquarian.org%2Fproceedings%2F44517778.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalcolm+X" class="Z3988"> 1800–present: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFederal_Reserve_Bank_of_Minneapolis" class="citation web cs1">Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.minneapolisfed.org/about-us/monetary-policy/inflation-calculator/consumer-price-index-1800-">"Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–"</a>. Retrieved February 29, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Consumer+Price+Index+%28estimate%29+1800%E2%80%93&rft.au=Federal+Reserve+Bank+of+Minneapolis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.minneapolisfed.org%2Fabout-us%2Fmonetary-policy%2Finflation-calculator%2Fconsumer-price-index-1800-&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalcolm+X" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> The accuracy of these accounts has been questioned by some people who met Malcolm X later in life or never knew him, including <a href="/wiki/Ta-Nehisi_Coates" title="Ta-Nehisi Coates">Ta-Nehisi Coates</a>,<a href="#cite_note-26">[25]</a> <a href="/wiki/Maulana_Karenga" title="Maulana Karenga">Maulana Karenga</a>,<a href="#cite_note-27">[26]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ilyasah_Shabazz" title="Ilyasah Shabazz">Ilyasah Shabazz</a>,<a href="#cite_note-28">[27]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Winbush" title="Raymond Winbush">Raymond Winbush</a>.<a href="#cite_note-29">[28]</a> For further information, see Phelps,<a href="#cite_note-30">[29]</a> Polk,<a href="#cite_note-31">[30]</a> and Street et al.<a href="#cite_note-32">[31]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> Nation of Islam Temples were numbered according to the order in which they were established.<a href="#cite_note-63">[61]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> Attallah Shabazz has said she was not named after Attila, rather her name is Arabic for "the gift of God".<a href="#cite_note-78">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[76]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> "People have to understand the [Autobiography of Malcolm X] was written at a time when indeed African Americans were likening themselves to warriors to underscore our revolutionary fervor. And Attallah was close to Attila the Hun, the warrior. But I'm named Attallah, which in Arabic means 'Gift of God.' I've never been Attila."<a href="#cite_note-81">[77]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> Some sources, including The Autobiography of Malcolm X, give the name Johnson Hinton, but Benjamin Karim (one of Malcolm X's top aides) and former <a href="/wiki/Newsweek" title="Newsweek">Newsweek</a> editor and Malcolm X biographer Peter Goldman both give the name Hinton Johnson.<a href="#cite_note-89">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[85]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> King expressed mixed feelings toward Malcolm X. "He is very articulate ... but I totally disagree with many of his political and philosophical views ... I don't want to seem to sound self-righteous ... or that I think I have the only truth, the only way. Maybe he does have some of the answer ... I have often wished that he would talk less of violence, because violence is not going to solve our problem. And in his litany of articulating the despair of the Negro without offering any positive, creative alternative, I feel that Malcolm has done himself and our people a great disservice ... [U]rging Negroes to arm themselves and prepare to engage in violence, as he has done, can reap nothing but grief."<a href="#cite_note-116">[110]</a> However, the veracity of this quote as recorded by <a href="/wiki/Alex_Haley" title="Alex Haley">Alex Haley</a> has been called into question by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jonathan_Eigs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jonathan Eigs (page does not exist)">Jonathan Eigs</a>, given that it does not appear on the original interview transcript.<a href="#cite_note-117">[111]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> "Estimates of the Black Muslim membership vary from a quarter of a million down to fifty thousand. Available evidence indicates that about one hundred thousand Negroes have joined the movement at one time or another, but few objective observers believe that the Black Muslims can muster more than twenty or twenty-five thousand active temple people."<a href="#cite_note-138">[131]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> "The common response of Malcolm X to questions about numbers‍—‌'Those who know aren't saying, and those who say don't know'‍—‌was typical of the attitude of the leadership."<a href="#cite_note-140">[132]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> "Turning my back on Malcolm was one of the mistakes that I regret most in my life. I wish I'd been able to tell Malcolm that I was sorry, that he was right about so many things. But he was killed before I got the chance ... I might never have become a Muslim if it hadn't been for Malcolm. If I could go back and do it over again, I would never have turned my back on him."<a href="#cite_note-145">[136]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> "There was no time for substantive discussions between the two. They were photographed greeting each other warmly, smiling and shaking hands."<a href="#cite_note-164">[154]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> "Camera shutters clicked. The next day, the Chicago Sun-Times, the New York World-Telegram and Sun, and other dailies carried a picture of Malcolm and Martin shaking hands."<a href="#cite_note-166">[155]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-225"><a href="#cite_ref-225">^</a> In his Epilogue to The Autobiography of Malcolm X, Haley wrote that Malcolm X said, "Hold it! Hold it! Don't get excited. Let's cool it, brothers" (p. 499). According to a transcript of an audio recording, Malcolm's only words were, "Hold it!", repeated ten times (DeCaro, p. 274). </li> <li id="cite_note-299"><a href="#cite_ref-299">^</a> "'I'll be honest with you,' Malcolm X said to me. 'Everybody is talking about differences between the Messenger and me. It is absolutely impossible for us to differ.'"<a href="#cite_note-298">[285]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-301"><a href="#cite_ref-301">^</a> On a radio program in December 1964, Malcolm X said "all of my former statements were prefaced by 'the Honorable Elijah Muhammad teaches thus and so.' They weren't my statements, they were his statements, and I was repeating them."<a href="#cite_note-300">[286]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-309"><a href="#cite_ref-309">^</a> Malcolm X told Lewis Lomax that "The Messenger is the Prophet of Allah."<a href="#cite_note-307">[292]</a> On another occasion, he said, "We never refer to the Honorable Elijah Muhammad as a prophet."<a href="#cite_note-308">[293]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-377"><a href="#cite_ref-377">^</a> English-language sources disagreed whether the street was being renamed Malcolm X Road<a href="#cite_note-Harvey-374">[358]</a> or Malcolm X Avenue,<a href="#cite_note-Kent-375">[359]</a> The state media agency's English-language announcement said merely that "the street ... will bear the name of Malcolm X".<a href="#cite_note-376">[360]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-SFTimes-1"><a href="#cite_ref-SFTimes_1-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarrison2010" class="citation web cs1">Harrison, Isheka N. (July 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sfltimes.com/uncategorized/malcolm-xs-grandson-working-on-memoirs-in-miami">"Malcolm X's Grandson Working on Memoirs in Miami"</a>. South Florida Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160624041954/http://www.sfltimes.com/uncategorized/malcolm-xs-grandson-working-on-memoirs-in-miami">Archived</a> from the original on June 24, 2016. Retrieved June 9, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=South+Florida+Times&rft.atitle=Malcolm+X%27s+Grandson+Working+on+Memoirs+in+Miami&rft.date=2010-07&rft.aulast=Harrison&rft.aufirst=Isheka+N.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sfltimes.com%2Funcategorized%2Fmalcolm-xs-grandson-working-on-memoirs-in-miami&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalcolm+X" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatsonAkhtar2012" class="citation book cs1">Watson, Clarence; <a href="/wiki/Salman_Akhtar" title="Salman Akhtar">Akhtar, Salman</a> (2012). "Ideology and Identity: Malcolm X". In Akhtar, Salman (ed.). The African American Experience: Psychoanalytic Perspectives. Lanham, Maryland: Jason Aronson. p. 120. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7657-0835-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7657-0835-9"><bdi>978-0-7657-0835-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ideology+and+Identity%3A+Malcolm+X&rft.btitle=The+African+American+Experience%3A+Psychoanalytic+Perspectives&rft.place=Lanham%2C+Maryland&rft.pages=120&rft.pub=Jason+Aronson&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-7657-0835-9&rft.aulast=Watson&rft.aufirst=Clarence&rft.au=Akhtar%2C+Salman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalcolm+X" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMarable2011">Marable 2011</a>, pp. 20–30. </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPerry1991">Perry 1991</a>, pp. 2–3. </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVincent1989" class="citation journal cs1">Vincent, Ted (March–April 1989). "The Garveyite Parents of Malcolm X". <a href="/wiki/The_Black_Scholar" title="The Black Scholar">The Black Scholar</a>. 20 (2): 10–13. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00064246.1989.11412923">10.1080/00064246.1989.11412923</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0006-4246">0006-4246</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41067613">41067613</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Black+Scholar&rft.atitle=The+Garveyite+Parents+of+Malcolm+X&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=10-13&rft.date=1989-03%2F1989-04&rft.issn=0006-4246&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41067613%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00064246.1989.11412923&rft.aulast=Vincent&rft.aufirst=Ted&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalcolm+X" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMalcolm_X1992">Malcolm X 1992</a>, pp. 3–4. </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDeCaro1996">DeCaro 1996</a>, pp. 43–44. </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNatambu2002">Natambu 2002</a>, p. 3. </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNatambu2002">Natambu 2002</a>, p. 4. </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMarable2011">Marable 2011</a>, p. 29. </li> <li id="cite_note-Marable_2011_32-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Marable_2011_32_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marable_2011_32_12-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMarable2011">Marable 2011</a>, p. 32. </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNatambu2002">Natambu 2002</a>, p. 10. </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190729224741/https://www.blacksdahistory.org/malcolm-x-and-sdas.html">"Malcolm X and Seventh-day Adventism"</a>. Blacksdahistory. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.blacksdahistory.org/malcolm-x-and-sdas.html">the original</a> on July 29, 2019. Retrieved June 27, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Blacksdahistory&rft.atitle=Malcolm+X+and+Seventh-day+Adventism&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.blacksdahistory.org%2Fmalcolm-x-and-sdas.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalcolm+X" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMarable2011">Marable 2011</a>, p. 35. </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMarable2011">Marable 2011</a>, pp. 35–36, 265. </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPerry1991">Perry 1991</a>, pp. 33–34, 331. </li> <li id="cite_note-Dozier-18"><a href="#cite_ref-Dozier_18-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDozier2015" class="citation news cs1">Dozier, Vickki (February 21, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eu.lansingstatejournal.com/story/news/local/2015/02/20/malcolm-xs-murder-rippled-hometown/23769113/">"How Malcolm X's murder rippled through his hometown"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Lansing_State_Journal" title="Lansing State Journal">Lansing State Journal</a>. 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(November 17, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20211228/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/11/17/nyregion/malcolm-x-killing-exonerated.html">"2 Men Convicted of Killing Malcolm X Will Be Exonerated Decades Later"</a>. The New York Times. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2021/11/17/nyregion/malcolm-x-killing-exonerated.html">the original</a> on December 28, 2021. Retrieved November 17, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=2+Men+Convicted+of+Killing+Malcolm+X+Will+Be+Exonerated+Decades+Later&rft.date=2021-11-17&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Southall&rft.aufirst=Ashley&rft.au=Bromwich%2C+Jonah+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2021%2F11%2F17%2Fnyregion%2Fmalcolm-x-killing-exonerated.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalcolm+X" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-246"><a href="#cite_ref-246">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSouthall2022" class="citation news cs1">Southall, Ashley (July 14, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2022/07/14/nyregion/malcolm-x-murder-lawsuit-40-million.html">"Man Exonerated in Malcolm X Murder Sues New York City After Talks Fail"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220715002102/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/07/14/nyregion/malcolm-x-murder-lawsuit-40-million.html">Archived</a> from the original on July 15, 2022. Retrieved July 15, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Man+Exonerated+in+Malcolm+X+Murder+Sues+New+York+City+After+Talks+Fail&rft.date=2022-07-14&rft.aulast=Southall&rft.aufirst=Ashley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2022%2F07%2F14%2Fnyregion%2Fmalcolm-x-murder-lawsuit-40-million.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalcolm+X" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-247"><a href="#cite_ref-247">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaynePayne2020" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Les_Payne" title="Les Payne">Payne, Les</a>; Payne, Tamara (2020). <a href="/wiki/The_Dead_Are_Arising:_The_Life_of_Malcolm_X" class="mw-redirect" title="The Dead Are Arising: The Life of Malcolm X">The Dead Are Arising: The Life of Malcolm X</a>. New York: Liveright. pp. 477–478. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-63149-166-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-63149-166-5"><bdi>978-1-63149-166-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dead+Are+Arising%3A+The+Life+of+Malcolm+X&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=477-478&rft.pub=Liveright&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-63149-166-5&rft.aulast=Payne&rft.aufirst=Les&rft.au=Payne%2C+Tamara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalcolm+X" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-248"><a href="#cite_ref-248">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPerry1991">Perry 1991</a>, p. 374. Alex Haley, in his Epilogue to The Autobiography of Malcolm X, says 22,000 (p. 519). </li> <li id="cite_note-Rickford252-249">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rickford252_249-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rickford252_249-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFRickford2003">Rickford 2003</a>, p. 252. </li> <li id="cite_note-250"><a href="#cite_ref-250">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDeCaro1996">DeCaro 1996</a>, p. 291. </li> <li id="cite_note-Times65-02-28-251">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Times65-02-28_251-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Times65-02-28_251-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArnold1965" class="citation news cs1">Arnold, Martin (February 28, 1965). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1965/02/28/archives/harlem-is-quiet-as-crowds-watch-malcolm-x-rites-murdered-leader-of.html">"Harlem Is Quiet as Crowds Watch Malcolm X Rites"</a>. The New York Times. p. 1. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220108005321/https://www.nytimes.com/1965/02/28/archives/harlem-is-quiet-as-crowds-watch-malcolm-x-rites-murdered-leader-of.html">Archived</a> from the original on January 8, 2022. Retrieved June 19, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Harlem+Is+Quiet+as+Crowds+Watch+Malcolm+X+Rites&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1965-02-28&rft.aulast=Arnold&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1965%2F02%2F28%2Farchives%2Fharlem-is-quiet-as-crowds-watch-malcolm-x-rites-murdered-leader-of.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalcolm+X" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-252"><a href="#cite_ref-252">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDeCaro1996">DeCaro 1996</a>, p. 290. </li> <li id="cite_note-253"><a href="#cite_ref-253">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavis1965" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ossie_Davis" title="Ossie Davis">Davis, Ossie</a> (February 27, 1965). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://malcolmx.com/eulogy/">"Malcolm X's Eulogy"</a>. The Official Website of Malcolm X. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160731185605/http://malcolmx.com/eulogy/">Archived</a> from the original on July 31, 2016. Retrieved August 9, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Malcolm+X%27s+Eulogy&rft.pub=The+Official+Website+of+Malcolm+X&rft.date=1965-02-27&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=Ossie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmalcolmx.com%2Feulogy%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalcolm+X" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-254"><a href="#cite_ref-254">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRickford2003">Rickford 2003</a>, p. 255. </li> <li id="cite_note-255"><a href="#cite_ref-255">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRickford2003">Rickford 2003</a>, pp. 261–262. </li> <li id="cite_note-stan-256">^ <a href="#cite_ref-stan_256-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-stan_256-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKing1965" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">King, Martin Luther Jr.</a> (February 26, 1965). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160201130347/http://kingencyclopedia.stanford.edu/encyclopedia/documentsentry/telegram_from_martin_luther_king_jr_to_betty_al_shabazz/">"Telegram from Martin Luther King Jr. to Betty al-Shabazz"</a>. 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The New York Times. February 22, 1965. p. 20. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220622174557/https://www.nytimes.com/1965/02/22/archives/malcolm-x.html">Archived</a> from the original on June 22, 2022. Retrieved June 19, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Malcolm+X&rft.pages=20&rft.date=1965-02-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1965%2F02%2F22%2Farchives%2Fmalcolm-x.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalcolm+X" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-262"><a href="#cite_ref-262">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,839291,00.html">"Death and Transfiguration"</a>. Time. March 5, 1965. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220108005320/http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,839291,00.html">Archived</a> from the original on January 8, 2022. 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(February 26, 1965). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1965/02/26/archives/malcolm-called-a-martyr-abroad-rowan-asserts-murder-was.html">"Malcolm Called a Martyr Abroad"</a>. The New York Times. p. 15. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220108005717/https://www.nytimes.com/1965/02/26/archives/malcolm-called-a-martyr-abroad-rowan-asserts-murder-was.html">Archived</a> from the original on January 8, 2022. Retrieved June 19, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Malcolm+Called+a+Martyr+Abroad&rft.pages=15&rft.date=1965-02-26&rft.aulast=Kenworthy&rft.aufirst=E.+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1965%2F02%2F26%2Farchives%2Fmalcolm-called-a-martyr-abroad-rowan-asserts-murder-was.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalcolm+X" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AmNews-266">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AmNews_266-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AmNews_266-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fultonhistory.com/Newspaper%2024/New%20York%20NY%20Amsterdam%20News/New%20York%20NY%20Amsterdam%20News%201965/New%20York%20NY%20Amsterdam%20News%201965%2000214_1.pdf">"How World Saw Malcolm X's Death"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/New_York_Amsterdam_News" title="New York Amsterdam News">New York Amsterdam News</a>. March 13, 1965. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220807201635/https://fultonhistory.com/Newspaper%2024/New%20York%20NY%20Amsterdam%20News/New%20York%20NY%20Amsterdam%20News%201965/New%20York%20NY%20Amsterdam%20News%201965%2000214_1.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on August 7, 2022. 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April 5, 2011. 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Cambridge University: 659–690. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0021875816001341">10.1017/S0021875816001341</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:147843832">147843832</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+American+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Sexuality+of+Malcolm+X&rft.volume=51&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=659-690&rft.date=2017-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0021875816001341&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A147843832%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Phelps&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fjournals%2Fjournal-of-american-studies%2Farticle%2Fabs%2Fsexuality-of-malcolm-x%2FD087A343B0CA1BA14D54E541367B1639&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalcolm+X" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NPRINTV-328"><a href="#cite_ref-NPRINTV_328-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/2011/04/20/135570322/malcolm-xs-daughter-addresses-controversial-claims-in-new-bio-on-father">"Malcolm X's Daughter Disputes Claims in New Bio on Father"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Tell_Me_More" title="Tell Me More">Tell Me More</a>. <a href="/wiki/NPR" title="NPR">NPR</a>. 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New York: Columbia University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/freedomonmymindc00bada/page/251">251</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-10890-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-10890-4"><bdi>978-0-231-10890-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Freedom+on+My+Mind%3A+The+Columbia+Documentary+History+of+the+African+American+Experience&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=251&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-231-10890-4&rft.aulast=Marable&rft.aufirst=Manning&rft.au=Frazier%2C+Nishani&rft.au=McMillian%2C+John+Campbell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffreedomonmymindc00bada%2Fpage%2F251&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalcolm+X" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-331"><a href="#cite_ref-331">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalley1999" class="citation book cs1">Salley, Columbus (1999). 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Retrieved June 19, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=A+50-Mile+March%2C+Nearly+50+Years+Later&rft.date=2014-12-24&rft.aulast=Scott&rft.aufirst=A.+O.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2014%2F12%2F25%2Farts%2Fin-selma-king-is-just-one-of-the-heroes.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalcolm+X" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-409"><a href="#cite_ref-409">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPetski2018" class="citation web cs1">Petski, Denise (September 21, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://deadline.com/2018/09/godfather-of-harlem-nigel-thatch-to-star-as-malcolm-x-in-epix-drama-series-1202468834/">"'Godfather Of Harlem': Nigél Thatch To Star As Malcolm X In Epix Drama Series"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Deadline_Hollywood" title="Deadline Hollywood">Deadline</a>. Retrieved December 18, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Deadline&rft.atitle=%27Godfather+Of+Harlem%27%3A+Nig%C3%A9l+Thatch+To+Star+As+Malcolm+X+In+Epix+Drama+Series&rft.date=2018-09-21&rft.aulast=Petski&rft.aufirst=Denise&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdeadline.com%2F2018%2F09%2Fgodfather-of-harlem-nigel-thatch-to-star-as-malcolm-x-in-epix-drama-series-1202468834%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalcolm+X" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-410"><a href="#cite_ref-410">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFleming.2020" class="citation web cs1">Fleming., Mike Jr. (January 7, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://deadline.com/2020/01/regina-king-directing-debut-one-night-in-miami-kingsley-ben-adir-malcolm-x-eli-goree-cassius-clay-aldis-hodge-jim-brown-leslie-odom-jr-sam-cooke-1202823324/">"Regina King Directing Debut 'One Night In Miami' Underway With Kingsley Ben-Adir, Eli Goree, Aldis Hodge & Leslie Odom Jr As '60s Icons"</a>. Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved January 7, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Deadline+Hollywood&rft.atitle=Regina+King+Directing+Debut+%27One+Night+In+Miami%27+Underway+With+Kingsley+Ben-Adir%2C+Eli+Goree%2C+Aldis+Hodge+%26+Leslie+Odom+Jr+As+%2760s+Icons&rft.date=2020-01-07&rft.aulast=Fleming.&rft.aufirst=Mike+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdeadline.com%2F2020%2F01%2Fregina-king-directing-debut-one-night-in-miami-kingsley-ben-adir-malcolm-x-eli-goree-cassius-clay-aldis-hodge-jim-brown-leslie-odom-jr-sam-cooke-1202823324%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalcolm+X" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-411"><a href="#cite_ref-411">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimons2023" class="citation web cs1">Simons, Roxy (January 15, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newsweek.com/nigel-thatch-malcolm-x-godfather-harlem-season-3-recast-jason-alan-carvell-1773564">"Why does Nigél Thatch not play Malcolm X in "Godfather of Harlem" Season 3?"</a>. Newsweek. Retrieved April 30, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Newsweek&rft.atitle=Why+does+Nig%C3%A9l+Thatch+not+play+Malcolm+X+in+%22Godfather+of+Harlem%22+Season+3%3F&rft.date=2023-01-15&rft.aulast=Simons&rft.aufirst=Roxy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsweek.com%2Fnigel-thatch-malcolm-x-godfather-harlem-season-3-recast-jason-alan-carvell-1773564&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalcolm+X" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-412"><a href="#cite_ref-412">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndreeva2022" class="citation web cs1">Andreeva, Nellie (September 28, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://deadline.com/2022/09/genius-mlk-x-lead-cast-kelvin-harrison-jr-dr-martin-luther-king-jr-aaron-pierre-malcolm-x-nat-geo-disney-series-1235128485/">"Genius: MLK/X Sets 4 Leads, Including Kelvin Harrison Jr. As Martin Luther King Jr., Aaron Pierre As Malcolm X"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Deadline_Hollywood" title="Deadline Hollywood">Deadline Hollywood</a>. Retrieved September 28, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Deadline+Hollywood&rft.atitle=Genius%3A+MLK%2FX+Sets+4+Leads%2C+Including+Kelvin+Harrison+Jr.+As+Martin+Luther+King+Jr.%2C+Aaron+Pierre+As+Malcolm+X&rft.date=2022-09-28&rft.aulast=Andreeva&rft.aufirst=Nellie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdeadline.com%2F2022%2F09%2Fgenius-mlk-x-lead-cast-kelvin-harrison-jr-dr-martin-luther-king-jr-aaron-pierre-malcolm-x-nat-geo-disney-series-1235128485%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalcolm+X" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 45em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAli2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali" title="Muhammad Ali">Ali, Muhammad</a> (2004). <a href="/wiki/The_Soul_of_a_Butterfly" title="The Soul of a Butterfly">The Soul of a Butterfly: Reflections on Life's Journey</a>. with Hana Yasmeen Ali. New York: Simon & Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-5569-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-5569-1"><bdi>978-0-7432-5569-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Soul+of+a+Butterfly%3A+Reflections+on+Life%27s+Journey&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-7432-5569-1&rft.aulast=Ali&rft.aufirst=Muhammad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalcolm+X" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAssensohAlex-Assensoh2016" class="citation book cs1">Assensoh, A. B.; Alex-Assensoh, Yvette M. (2016). Malcolm X and Africa. Amherst, New York: Cambria Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60497-924-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60497-924-4"><bdi>978-1-60497-924-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Malcolm+X+and+Africa&rft.place=Amherst%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Cambria+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-60497-924-4&rft.aulast=Assensoh&rft.aufirst=A.+B.&rft.au=Alex-Assensoh%2C+Yvette+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalcolm+X" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBallBurroughs2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jared_Ball" title="Jared Ball">Ball, Jared A.</a>; Burroughs, Todd Steven, eds. (2012). <a href="/wiki/A_Lie_of_Reinvention" class="mw-redirect" title="A Lie of Reinvention">A Lie of Reinvention: Correcting Manning Marable's Malcolm X</a>. Baltimore: Black Classic Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57478-049-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57478-049-9"><bdi>978-1-57478-049-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Lie+of+Reinvention%3A+Correcting+Manning+Marable%27s+Malcolm+X&rft.place=Baltimore&rft.pub=Black+Classic+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-57478-049-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalcolm+X" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarboza1994" class="citation book cs1">Barboza, Steven (1994). American Jihad: Islam After Malcolm X. New York: Image Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-385-47694-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-385-47694-2"><bdi>978-0-385-47694-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Jihad%3A+Islam+After+Malcolm+X&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Image+Books&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-385-47694-2&rft.aulast=Barboza&rft.aufirst=Steven&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalcolm+X" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoyd_et_al.2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Herb_Boyd" title="Herb Boyd">Boyd, Herb</a>; <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Daniels_(politician)" title="Ronald Daniels (politician)">Daniels, Ron</a>; <a href="/wiki/Maulana_Karenga" title="Maulana Karenga">Karenga, Maulana</a>; <a href="/wiki/Haki_R._Madhubuti" title="Haki R. Madhubuti">Madhubuti, Haki R.</a>, eds. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/byanymeansnecess0000unse">By Any Means Necessary: Malcolm X: Real, Not Reinvented</a>. Chicago: Third World Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88378-336-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88378-336-8"><bdi>978-0-88378-336-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=By+Any+Means+Necessary%3A+Malcolm+X%3A+Real%2C+Not+Reinvented&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=Third+World+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-88378-336-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbyanymeansnecess0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalcolm+X" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBranch1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Taylor_Branch" title="Taylor Branch">Branch, Taylor</a> (1998). <a href="/wiki/America_in_the_King_Years" title="America in the King Years">Pillar of Fire: America in the King Years, 1963–65</a>. New York: Simon & Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-684-80819-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-684-80819-2"><bdi>978-0-684-80819-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pillar+of+Fire%3A+America+in+the+King+Years%2C+1963%E2%80%9365&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-684-80819-2&rft.aulast=Branch&rft.aufirst=Taylor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalcolm+X" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarson1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Clayborne_Carson" title="Clayborne Carson">Carson, Clayborne</a> (1991). Malcolm X: The FBI File. New York: Carroll & Graf. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88184-758-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88184-758-1"><bdi>978-0-88184-758-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Malcolm+X%3A+The+FBI+File&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Carroll+%26+Graf&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-88184-758-1&rft.aulast=Carson&rft.aufirst=Clayborne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalcolm+X" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClarke1990" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Henrik_Clarke" title="John Henrik Clarke">Clarke, John Henrik</a>, ed. (1990) [1969]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/malcolmx00john">Malcolm X: The Man and His Times</a>. Trenton, New Jersey: Africa World Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86543-201-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86543-201-7"><bdi>978-0-86543-201-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Malcolm+X%3A+The+Man+and+His+Times&rft.place=Trenton%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pub=Africa+World+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-86543-201-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmalcolmx00john&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalcolm+X" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClegg_III1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Claude_Clegg" title="Claude Clegg">Clegg III, Claude Andrew</a> (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/originalmanlifet0000cleg">An Original Man: The Life and Times of Elijah Muhammad</a>. New York: St. Martin's Griffin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-18153-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-18153-6"><bdi>978-0-312-18153-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Original+Man%3A+The+Life+and+Times+of+Elijah+Muhammad&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Griffin&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-312-18153-6&rft.aulast=Clegg+III&rft.aufirst=Claude+Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foriginalmanlifet0000cleg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalcolm+X" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoates2011" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ta-Nehisi_Coates" title="Ta-Nehisi Coates">Coates, Ta-Nehisi</a> (April 11, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/national/archive/2011/04/the-sexuality-of-malcolm-x/237086/">"The Sexuality of Malcolm X"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Atlantic" title="The Atlantic">The Atlantic</a>. Retrieved September 7, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=The+Sexuality+of+Malcolm%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E+%3C%2Fspan%3EX&rft.date=2011-04-11&rft.aulast=Coates&rft.aufirst=Ta-Nehisi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Fnational%2Farchive%2F2011%2F04%2Fthe-sexuality-of-malcolm-x%2F237086%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalcolm+X" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCone1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_H._Cone" title="James H. Cone">Cone, James H.</a> (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/martinmalcolmame00jame">Martin & Malcolm & America: A Dream or a Nightmare</a>. Maryknoll, New York: Orbis Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88344-721-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88344-721-5"><bdi>978-0-88344-721-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Martin+%26+Malcolm+%26+America%3A+A+Dream+or+a+Nightmare&rft.place=Maryknoll%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Orbis+Books&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-88344-721-5&rft.aulast=Cone&rft.aufirst=James+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmartinmalcolmame00jame&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalcolm+X" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeCaro1996" class="citation book cs1">DeCaro, Louis A. (1996). On the Side of My People: A Religious Life of Malcolm X. New York: New York University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-1864-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-1864-3"><bdi>978-0-8147-1864-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+the+Side+of+My+People%3A+A+Religious+Life+of+Malcolm+X&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=New+York+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-8147-1864-3&rft.aulast=DeCaro&rft.aufirst=Louis+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalcolm+X" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvanzz1992" class="citation book cs1">Evanzz, Karl (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/judasfactorpl00evan">The Judas Factor: The Plot to Kill Malcolm X</a>. New York: Thunder's Mouth Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56025-049-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56025-049-4"><bdi>978-1-56025-049-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Judas+Factor%3A+The+Plot+to+Kill+Malcolm+X&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Thunder%27s+Mouth+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-1-56025-049-4&rft.aulast=Evanzz&rft.aufirst=Karl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjudasfactorpl00evan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalcolm+X" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFriedly1992" class="citation book cs1">Friedly, Michael (1992). Malcolm X: The Assassination. New York: One World. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-345-40010-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-345-40010-9"><bdi>978-0-345-40010-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Malcolm+X%3A+The+Assassination&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=One+World&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-345-40010-9&rft.aulast=Friedly&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalcolm+X" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarim1992" class="citation book cs1">Karim, Benjamin (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rememberingmalco00kari">Remembering Malcolm</a>. with Peter Skutches and David Gallen. New York: Carroll & Graf. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88184-881-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88184-881-6"><bdi>978-0-88184-881-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Remembering+Malcolm&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Carroll+%26+Graf&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-88184-881-6&rft.aulast=Karim&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frememberingmalco00kari&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalcolm+X" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKihss1965" class="citation news cs1">Kihss, Peter (February 22, 1965). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1965/02/22/archives/malcolm-x-shot-to-death-at-rally-here-three-other-negroes-wounded.html">"Malcolm X Shot to Death at Rally Here"</a>. The New York Times. p. 1. Retrieved June 19, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Malcolm+X+Shot+to+Death+at+Rally+Here&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1965-02-22&rft.aulast=Kihss&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1965%2F02%2F22%2Farchives%2Fmalcolm-x-shot-to-death-at-rally-here-three-other-negroes-wounded.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalcolm+X" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKondo1993" class="citation book cs1">Kondo, Zak A. (1993). Conspiracys: Unravelling the Assassination of Malcolm X. Washington, D.C.: Nubia Press. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/28837295">28837295</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conspiracys%3A+Unravelling+the+Assassination+of+Malcolm+X&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=Nubia+Press&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F28837295&rft.aulast=Kondo&rft.aufirst=Zak+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalcolm+X" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLincoln1961" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/C._Eric_Lincoln" title="C. Eric Lincoln">Lincoln, C. Eric</a> (1961). The Black Muslims in America. Boston: Beacon Press. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/422580">422580</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Black+Muslims+in+America&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Beacon+Press&rft.date=1961&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F422580&rft.aulast=Lincoln&rft.aufirst=C.+Eric&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalcolm+X" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLomax1963" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Louis_Lomax" title="Louis Lomax">Lomax, Louis E.</a> (1963). When the Word Is Given: A Report on Elijah Muhammad, Malcolm X, and the Black Muslim World. Cleveland: World Publishing. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1071204">1071204</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=When+the+Word+Is+Given%3A+A+Report+on+Elijah+Muhammad%2C+Malcolm+X%2C+and+the+Black+Muslim+World&rft.place=Cleveland&rft.pub=World+Publishing&rft.date=1963&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1071204&rft.aulast=Lomax&rft.aufirst=Louis+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalcolm+X" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLomax1987" class="citation book cs1">Lomax, Louis E. (1987) [1968]. To Kill a Black Man: The Shocking Parallel in the Lives of Malcolm X and Martin Luther King Jr. Los Angeles: Holloway House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87067-731-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87067-731-1"><bdi>978-0-87067-731-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=To+Kill+a+Black+Man%3A+The+Shocking+Parallel+in+the+Lives+of+Malcolm+X+and+Martin+Luther+King+Jr&rft.place=Los+Angeles&rft.pub=Holloway+House&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-87067-731-1&rft.aulast=Lomax&rft.aufirst=Louis+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalcolm+X" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLordThorntonBodipo-Memba1992" class="citation news cs1">Lord, Lewis; Thornton, Jeannye; Bodipo-Memba, Alejandro (November 15, 1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120114124627/http://www.usnews.com/usnews/culture/articles/921123/archive_018698.htm">"The Legacy of Malcolm X"</a>. <a href="/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Report" title="U.S. News & World Report">U.S. News & World Report</a>. p. 5. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usnews.com/usnews/culture/articles/921123/archive_018698.htm">the original</a> on January 14, 2012. Retrieved March 20, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=U.S.+News+%26+World+Report&rft.atitle=The+Legacy+of+Malcolm+X&rft.pages=5&rft.date=1992-11-15&rft.aulast=Lord&rft.aufirst=Lewis&rft.au=Thornton%2C+Jeannye&rft.au=Bodipo-Memba%2C+Alejandro&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usnews.com%2Fusnews%2Fculture%2Farticles%2F921123%2Farchive_018698.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalcolm+X" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalcolm_X1992" class="citation book cs1">Malcolm X; <a href="/wiki/Alex_Haley" title="Alex Haley">Haley, Alex</a> (1992) [1965]. <a href="/wiki/The_Autobiography_of_Malcolm_X" title="The Autobiography of Malcolm X">The Autobiography of Malcolm X</a>. New York: One World. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-345-37671-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-345-37671-8"><bdi>978-0-345-37671-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Autobiography+of+Malcolm+X&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=One+World&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-345-37671-8&rft.au=Malcolm+X&rft.au=Haley%2C+Alex&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalcolm+X" class="Z3988"> Citations in this article refer to this edition, of the many that have been published.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalcolm_XBreitman1989" class="citation book cs1">Malcolm X (1989) [1970]. <a href="/wiki/George_Breitman" title="George Breitman">Breitman, George</a> (ed.). By Any Means Necessary: Speeches, Interviews, and a Letter by Malcolm X. New York: Pathfinder Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87348-150-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87348-150-2"><bdi>978-0-87348-150-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=By+Any+Means+Necessary%3A+Speeches%2C+Interviews%2C+and+a+Letter+by+Malcolm+X&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Pathfinder+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-87348-150-2&rft.au=Malcolm+X&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalcolm+X" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalcolm_XKarim1989" class="citation book cs1">Malcolm X (1989) [1971]. Karim, Benjamin (ed.). The End of White World Supremacy: Four Speeches by Malcolm X. New York: Arcade. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55970-006-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55970-006-1"><bdi>978-1-55970-006-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+End+of+White+World+Supremacy%3A+Four+Speeches+by+Malcolm+X&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Arcade&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-1-55970-006-1&rft.au=Malcolm+X&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalcolm+X" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalcolm_XPerry1989" class="citation book cs1">Malcolm X (1989). Perry, Bruce (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/malcolmxlastspee00xmal">The Last Speeches</a>. New York: Pathfinder Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87348-543-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87348-543-2"><bdi>978-0-87348-543-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Last+Speeches&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Pathfinder+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-87348-543-2&rft.au=Malcolm+X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmalcolmxlastspee00xmal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalcolm+X" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalcolm_X1990" class="citation book cs1">Malcolm X (1990) [1965]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/malcolmxspeaksse00xmal">Malcolm X Speaks: Selected Speeches and Statements</a>. George Breitman, ed. New York: Grove Weidenfeld. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8021-3213-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8021-3213-0"><bdi>978-0-8021-3213-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Malcolm+X+Speaks%3A+Selected+Speeches+and+Statements&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Grove+Weidenfeld&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-8021-3213-0&rft.au=Malcolm+X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmalcolmxspeaksse00xmal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalcolm+X" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalcolm_X1991" class="citation book cs1">Malcolm X (1991) [1968]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/malcolmxspeeches00xmal">The Speeches of Malcolm X at Harvard</a>. <a href="/wiki/Archie_Epps" title="Archie Epps">Archie Epps</a>, ed. New York: Paragon House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55778-479-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55778-479-7"><bdi>978-1-55778-479-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Speeches+of+Malcolm+X+at+Harvard&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Paragon+House&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-1-55778-479-7&rft.au=Malcolm+X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmalcolmxspeeches00xmal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalcolm+X" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarable2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Manning_Marable" title="Manning Marable">Marable, Manning</a> (2011). <a href="/wiki/Malcolm_X:_A_Life_of_Reinvention" title="Malcolm X: A Life of Reinvention">Malcolm X: A Life of Reinvention</a>. New York: Viking. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-670-02220-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-670-02220-5"><bdi>978-0-670-02220-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Malcolm+X%3A+A+Life+of+Reinvention&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Viking&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-670-02220-5&rft.aulast=Marable&rft.aufirst=Manning&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalcolm+X" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarable2009" class="citation book cs1">Marable, Manning (2009). "Rediscovering Malcolm's Life: A Historian's Adventures in Living History". In Marable, Manning; Aidi, Hishaam D (eds.). Black Routes to Islam. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4039-8400-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4039-8400-5"><bdi>978-1-4039-8400-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Rediscovering+Malcolm%27s+Life%3A+A+Historian%27s+Adventures+in+Living+History&rft.btitle=Black+Routes+to+Islam&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4039-8400-5&rft.aulast=Marable&rft.aufirst=Manning&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalcolm+X" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarableFelber2013" class="citation book cs1">Marable, Manning; Felber, Garrett (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-dNCCGSAtCsC&pg=PT492">The Portable Malcolm X Reader: A Man Who Stands for Nothing Will Fall for Anything</a>. Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-101-60294-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-101-60294-2"><bdi>978-1-101-60294-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Portable+Malcolm+X+Reader%3A+A+Man+Who+Stands+for+Nothing+Will+Fall+for+Anything&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-101-60294-2&rft.aulast=Marable&rft.aufirst=Manning&rft.au=Felber%2C+Garrett&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-dNCCGSAtCsC%26pg%3DPT492&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalcolm+X" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarsh2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Clifton_E._Marsh" title="Clifton E. Marsh">Marsh, Clifton E.</a> (2000) [1996]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lostfoundnationo00mars">The Lost-Found Nation of Islam in America</a>. Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57886-008-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57886-008-1"><bdi>978-1-57886-008-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Lost-Found+Nation+of+Islam+in+America&rft.place=Lanham%2C+Maryland&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-57886-008-1&rft.aulast=Marsh&rft.aufirst=Clifton+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flostfoundnationo00mars&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalcolm+X" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoore1987" class="citation book cs1">Moore, R. Laurence (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SG2qNXqdNHsC&pg=PA198">Religious Outsiders and the Making of Americans</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-536399-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-536399-9"><bdi>978-0-19-536399-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religious+Outsiders+and+the+Making+of+Americans&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-19-536399-9&rft.aulast=Moore&rft.aufirst=R.+Laurence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSG2qNXqdNHsC%26pg%3DPA198&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalcolm+X" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNatambu2002" class="citation book cs1">Natambu, Kofi (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lifeworkofmalcol0000nata">The Life and Work of Malcolm X</a>. Indianapolis: Alpha Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-02-864218-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-02-864218-5"><bdi>978-0-02-864218-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life+and+Work+of+Malcolm+X&rft.place=Indianapolis&rft.pub=Alpha+Books&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-02-864218-5&rft.aulast=Natambu&rft.aufirst=Kofi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flifeworkofmalcol0000nata&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalcolm+X" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorwood2013" class="citation book cs1">Norwood, Stephen H. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZfuaAAAAQBAJ">Antisemitism and the American Far Left</a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-03601-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-03601-7"><bdi>978-1-107-03601-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Antisemitism+and+the+American+Far+Left&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-107-03601-7&rft.aulast=Norwood&rft.aufirst=Stephen+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZfuaAAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalcolm+X" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorwoodPollack2020" class="citation journal cs1">Norwood, Stephen H.; Pollack, Eunice G. (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/mj/article-abstract/40/2/137/5831110">"White Devils, Satanic Jews: The Nation of Islam From Fard to Farrakhan"</a>. Modern Judaism – A Journal of Jewish Ideas and Experience. 40 (2): 137–168. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmj%2Fkjaa006">10.1093/mj/kjaa006</a> – via <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Modern+Judaism+%E2%80%93+A+Journal+of+Jewish+Ideas+and+Experience&rft.atitle=White+Devils%2C+Satanic+Jews%3A+The+Nation+of+Islam+From+Fard+to+Farrakhan&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=137-168&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fmj%2Fkjaa006&rft.aulast=Norwood&rft.aufirst=Stephen+H.&rft.au=Pollack%2C+Eunice+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Fmj%2Farticle-abstract%2F40%2F2%2F137%2F5831110&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalcolm+X" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerry1991" class="citation book cs1">Perry, Bruce (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/malcolmlifeofman00perr">Malcolm: The Life of a Man Who Changed Black America</a>. Barrytown, New York: Station Hill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88268-103-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88268-103-0"><bdi>978-0-88268-103-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Malcolm%3A+The+Life+of+a+Man+Who+Changed+Black+America&rft.place=Barrytown%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Station+Hill&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-88268-103-0&rft.aulast=Perry&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmalcolmlifeofman00perr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalcolm+X" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPollack2013" class="citation book cs1">Pollack, Eunice G. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sicsa.huji.ac.il/sites/default/files/sicsa/files/acta36_pollack.pdf">Racializing Antisemitism: Black Militants, Jews, and Israel 1950–present</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Vidal_Sassoon_International_Center_for_the_Study_of_Antisemitism" title="Vidal Sassoon International Center for the Study of Antisemitism">Vidal Sassoon International Center for the Study of Antisemitism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_University_of_Jerusalem" title="Hebrew University of Jerusalem">Hebrew University of Jerusalem</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Racializing+Antisemitism%3A+Black+Militants%2C+Jews%2C+and+Israel+1950%E2%80%93present&rft.pub=Vidal+Sassoon+International+Center+for+the+Study+of+Antisemitism%2C+Hebrew+University+of+Jerusalem&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Pollack&rft.aufirst=Eunice+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsicsa.huji.ac.il%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fsicsa%2Ffiles%2Facta36_pollack.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalcolm+X" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPollack2022" class="citation web cs1">Pollack, Eunice G. (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.inss.org.il/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/special-publication-010622.pdf">"Black Antisemitism in America: Past and Present"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Institute_for_National_Security_Studies_(Israel)" title="Institute for National Security Studies (Israel)">Institute for National Security Studies</a>. Retrieved January 21, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Institute+for+National+Security+Studies&rft.atitle=Black+Antisemitism+in+America%3A+Past+and+Present&rft.date=2022&rft.aulast=Pollack&rft.aufirst=Eunice+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.inss.org.il%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2022%2F06%2Fspecial-publication-010622.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalcolm+X" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRickford2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Russell_J._Rickford" title="Russell J. Rickford">Rickford, Russell J.</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bettyshabazzrema00rick">Betty Shabazz: A Remarkable Story of Survival and Faith Before and After Malcolm X</a>. Naperville, Illinois: Sourcebooks. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4022-0171-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4022-0171-4"><bdi>978-1-4022-0171-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Betty+Shabazz%3A+A+Remarkable+Story+of+Survival+and+Faith+Before+and+After+Malcolm+X&rft.place=Naperville%2C+Illinois&rft.pub=Sourcebooks&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-4022-0171-4&rft.aulast=Rickford&rft.aufirst=Russell+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbettyshabazzrema00rick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalcolm+X" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSales1994" class="citation book cs1">Sales, William W. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fromcivilrightst00sale">From Civil Rights to Black Liberation: Malcolm X and the Organization of Afro-American Unity</a>. Boston: South End Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89608-480-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89608-480-3"><bdi>978-0-89608-480-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Civil+Rights+to+Black+Liberation%3A+Malcolm+X+and+the+Organization+of+Afro-American+Unity&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=South+End+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-89608-480-3&rft.aulast=Sales&rft.aufirst=William+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffromcivilrightst00sale&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalcolm+X" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTerrill2004" class="citation book cs1">Terrill, Robert (2004). Malcolm X: Inventing Radical Judgment. Lansing: Michigan State University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87013-730-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87013-730-3"><bdi>978-0-87013-730-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Malcolm+X%3A+Inventing+Radical+Judgment&rft.place=Lansing&rft.pub=Michigan+State+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-87013-730-3&rft.aulast=Terrill&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalcolm+X" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTuck2014" class="citation book cs1">Tuck, Stephen (2014). The Night Malcolm X Spoke at the Oxford Union: A Transatlantic Story of Antiracist Protest. Los Angeles: University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0520279339" title="Special:BookSources/978-0520279339"><bdi>978-0520279339</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Night+Malcolm+X+Spoke+at+the+Oxford+Union%3A+A+Transatlantic+Story+of+Antiracist+Protest&rft.place=Los+Angeles&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0520279339&rft.aulast=Tuck&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalcolm+X" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about Malcolm X <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Malcolm+X">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Malcolm+X&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Abernethy, Graeme (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/iconographyo_aber_xxxx_000_11074993">The Iconography of Malcolm X</a>. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-1920-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-1920-7"><bdi>978-0-7006-1920-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Iconography+of+Malcolm+X&rft.place=Lawrence&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kansas&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-7006-1920-7&rft.aulast=Abernethy&rft.aufirst=Graeme&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ficonographyo_aber_xxxx_000_11074993&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalcolm+X" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Baldwin" title="James Baldwin">Baldwin, James</a> (2007) [1973]. One Day, When I Was Lost: A Scenario Based on Alex Haley's "The Autobiography of Malcolm X". New York: Vintage. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-307-27594-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-307-27594-3"><bdi>978-0-307-27594-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=One+Day%2C+When+I+Was+Lost%3A+A+Scenario+Based+on+Alex+Haley%27s+%22The+Autobiography+of+Malcolm+X%22&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Vintage&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-307-27594-3&rft.aulast=Baldwin&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalcolm+X" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/A._Peter_Bailey" title="A. Peter Bailey">Bailey, A. Peter</a> (2013). Witnessing Brother Malcolm X: The Master Teacher. Plantation, Florida: Llumina Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62550-039-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-62550-039-7"><bdi>978-1-62550-039-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Witnessing+Brother+Malcolm+X%3A+The+Master+Teacher&rft.place=Plantation%2C+Florida&rft.pub=Llumina+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-62550-039-7&rft.aulast=Bailey&rft.aufirst=A.+Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalcolm+X" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Breitman" title="George Breitman">Breitman, George</a> (1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lastyearofmalcol0001brei">The Last Year of Malcolm X: The Evolution of a Revolutionary</a>. New York: Pathfinder Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87348-004-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87348-004-8"><bdi>978-0-87348-004-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Last+Year+of+Malcolm+X%3A+The+Evolution+of+a+Revolutionary&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Pathfinder+Press&rft.date=1967&rft.isbn=978-0-87348-004-8&rft.aulast=Breitman&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flastyearofmalcol0001brei&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalcolm+X" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Breitman, George; Porter, Herman; Smith, Baxter (1991) [1976]. The Assassination of Malcolm X. New York: Pathfinder Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87348-632-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87348-632-3"><bdi>978-0-87348-632-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Assassination+of+Malcolm+X&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Pathfinder+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-87348-632-3&rft.aulast=Breitman&rft.aufirst=George&rft.au=Porter%2C+Herman&rft.au=Smith%2C+Baxter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalcolm+X" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Albert_Cleage" title="Albert Cleage">Cleage, Albert B.</a>; Breitman, George (1968). Myths About Malcolm X: Two Views. New York: Merit. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/615819">615819</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Myths+About+Malcolm+X%3A+Two+Views&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Merit&rft.date=1968&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F615819&rft.aulast=Cleage&rft.aufirst=Albert+B.&rft.au=Breitman%2C+George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalcolm+X" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Collins, Rodnell P.; with <a href="/wiki/A._Peter_Bailey" title="A. Peter Bailey">A. Peter Bailey</a> (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/seventhchildfami00coll">Seventh Child: A Family Memoir of Malcolm X</a>. Secaucus, New Jersey: Birch Lane Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55972-491-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55972-491-3"><bdi>978-1-55972-491-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Seventh+Child%3A+A+Family+Memoir+of+Malcolm+X&rft.place=Secaucus%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pub=Birch+Lane+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-1-55972-491-3&rft.aulast=Collins&rft.aufirst=Rodnell+P.&rft.au=with+A.+Peter+Bailey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fseventhchildfami00coll&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalcolm+X" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Conyers, James L. Jr.; Smallwood, Andrew P., eds. (2008). Malcolm X: A Historical Reader. Durham, North Carolina: Carolina Academic Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89089-228-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89089-228-2"><bdi>978-0-89089-228-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Malcolm+X%3A+A+Historical+Reader&rft.place=Durham%2C+North+Carolina&rft.pub=Carolina+Academic+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-89089-228-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalcolm+X" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">DeCaro, Louis A. (1998). Malcolm and the Cross: The Nation of Islam, Malcolm X, and Christianity. New York: New York University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-1932-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-1932-9"><bdi>978-0-8147-1932-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Malcolm+and+the+Cross%3A+The+Nation+of+Islam%2C+Malcolm+X%2C+and+Christianity&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=New+York+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-8147-1932-9&rft.aulast=DeCaro&rft.aufirst=Louis+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalcolm+X" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Eric_Dyson" title="Michael Eric Dyson">Dyson, Michael Eric</a> (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/makingmalcol_dyso_1995_000_10472271">Making Malcolm: The Myth and Meaning of Malcolm X</a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-509235-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-509235-6"><bdi>978-0-19-509235-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Making+Malcolm%3A+The+Myth+and+Meaning+of+Malcolm+X&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-19-509235-6&rft.aulast=Dyson&rft.aufirst=Michael+Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmakingmalcol_dyso_1995_000_10472271&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalcolm+X" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Gallen, David, ed. (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/malcolmxastheykn00gall">Malcolm X: As They Knew Him</a>. New York: Carroll & Graf. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88184-850-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88184-850-2"><bdi>978-0-88184-850-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Malcolm+X%3A+As+They+Knew+Him&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Carroll+%26+Graf&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-88184-850-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmalcolmxastheykn00gall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalcolm+X" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Goldman, Peter (1979). The Death and Life of Malcolm X (2nd ed.). Urbana: University of Illinois Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-252-00774-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-252-00774-3"><bdi>978-0-252-00774-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Death+and+Life+of+Malcolm+X&rft.place=Urbana&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-0-252-00774-3&rft.aulast=Goldman&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalcolm+X" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hakim_Jamal" title="Hakim Jamal">Jamal, Hakim A.</a> (1972). From The Dead Level: Malcolm X and Me. New York: Random House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-394-46234-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-394-46234-9"><bdi>978-0-394-46234-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+The+Dead+Level%3A+Malcolm+X+and+Me&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=978-0-394-46234-9&rft.aulast=Jamal&rft.aufirst=Hakim+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalcolm+X" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Jenkins, Robert L. (2002). The Malcolm X Encyclopedia. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-29264-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-29264-4"><bdi>978-0-313-29264-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Malcolm+X+Encyclopedia&rft.place=Westport%2C+Connecticut&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-313-29264-4&rft.aulast=Jenkins&rft.aufirst=Robert+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalcolm+X" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Kly, Yussuf Naim, ed. (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/blackbooktrue00klyy">The Black Book: The True Political Philosophy of Malcolm X (El Hajj Malik El Shabazz)</a>. Atlanta: Clarity Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-932863-03-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-932863-03-4"><bdi>978-0-932863-03-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Black+Book%3A+The+True+Political+Philosophy+of+Malcolm+X+%28El+Hajj+Malik+El+Shabazz%29&rft.place=Atlanta&rft.pub=Clarity+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-932863-03-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fblackbooktrue00klyy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalcolm+X" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Leader, Edward Roland (1993). Understanding Malcolm X: The Controversial Changes in His Political Philosophy. New York: Vantage Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-533-09520-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-533-09520-9"><bdi>978-0-533-09520-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+Malcolm+X%3A+The+Controversial+Changes+in+His+Political+Philosophy&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Vantage+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-533-09520-9&rft.aulast=Leader&rft.aufirst=Edward+Roland&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalcolm+X" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Spike_Lee" title="Spike Lee">Lee, Spike</a>; with Ralph Wiley (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/byanymeansnecess00lees">By Any Means Necessary: The Trials and Tribulations of the Making of Malcolm X</a>. New York: Hyperion. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56282-913-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56282-913-1"><bdi>978-1-56282-913-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=By+Any+Means+Necessary%3A+The+Trials+and+Tribulations+of+the+Making+of+Malcolm+X&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Hyperion&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-1-56282-913-1&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Spike&rft.au=with+Ralph+Wiley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbyanymeansnecess00lees&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalcolm+X" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Manning_Marable" title="Manning Marable">Marable, Manning</a>; Felber, Garrett, eds. (2013). The Portable Malcolm X Reader. New York: Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-310694-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-310694-4"><bdi>978-0-14-310694-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Portable+Malcolm+X+Reader&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-14-310694-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalcolm+X" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Les_Payne" title="Les Payne">Payne, Les</a>; Payne, Tamara (2020). <a href="/wiki/The_Dead_Are_Arising:_The_Life_of_Malcolm_X" class="mw-redirect" title="The Dead Are Arising: The Life of Malcolm X">The Dead Are Arising: The Life of Malcolm X</a>. New York: Liveright. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-63149-166-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-63149-166-5"><bdi>978-1-63149-166-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dead+Are+Arising%3A+The+Life+of+Malcolm+X&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Liveright&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-63149-166-5&rft.aulast=Payne&rft.aufirst=Les&rft.au=Payne%2C+Tamara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalcolm+X" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Roberts, Randy; Smith, Johnny (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bloodbrothersfat0000robe">Blood Brothers: The Fatal Friendship Between Muhammad Ali and Malcolm X</a>. New York: Basic Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-465-07970-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-465-07970-4"><bdi>978-0-465-07970-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Blood+Brothers%3A+The+Fatal+Friendship+Between+Muhammad+Ali+and+Malcolm+X&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-465-07970-4&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=Randy&rft.au=Smith%2C+Johnny&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbloodbrothersfat0000robe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalcolm+X" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ilyasah_Shabazz" title="Ilyasah Shabazz">Shabazz, Ilyasah</a>; with <a href="/wiki/Kim_McLarin" title="Kim McLarin">Kim McLarin</a> (2002). <a href="/wiki/Growing_Up_X" title="Growing Up X">Growing Up X: A Memoir by the Daughter of Malcolm X</a>. New York: One World. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-345-44495-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-345-44495-0"><bdi>978-0-345-44495-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Growing+Up+X%3A+A+Memoir+by+the+Daughter+of+Malcolm+X&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=One+World&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-345-44495-0&rft.aulast=Shabazz&rft.aufirst=Ilyasah&rft.au=with+Kim+McLarin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalcolm+X" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Marika_Sherwood" title="Marika Sherwood">Sherwood, Marika</a> (2011). Malcolm X Visits Abroad. Hollywood, California: Tsehai Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59907-050-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59907-050-6"><bdi>978-1-59907-050-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Malcolm+X+Visits+Abroad&rft.place=Hollywood%2C+California&rft.pub=Tsehai+Publishers&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-59907-050-6&rft.aulast=Sherwood&rft.aufirst=Marika&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalcolm+X" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Strickland, William; et al. (1994). Malcolm X: Make It Plain. New York: Penguin Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-017713-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-017713-8"><bdi>978-0-14-017713-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Malcolm+X%3A+Make+It+Plain&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-14-017713-8&rft.aulast=Strickland&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalcolm+X" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Terrill, Robert, ed. (2010). The Cambridge Companion to Malcolm X. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-73157-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-73157-7"><bdi>978-0-521-73157-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+Malcolm+X&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-521-73157-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalcolm+X" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">T'Shaka, Oba (1983). The Political Legacy of Malcolm X. Richmond, California: Pan Afrikan Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-878557-01-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-878557-01-8"><bdi>978-1-878557-01-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Political+Legacy+of+Malcolm+X&rft.place=Richmond%2C+California&rft.pub=Pan+Afrikan+Publications&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-1-878557-01-8&rft.aulast=T%27Shaka&rft.aufirst=Oba&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalcolm+X" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Waldschmidt-Nelson, Britta (2012). Dreams and Nightmares: Martin Luther King Jr., Malcolm X, and the Struggle for Black Equality. Gainesville: University Press of Florida. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8130-3723-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8130-3723-3"><bdi>978-0-8130-3723-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dreams+and+Nightmares%3A+Martin+Luther+King+Jr.%2C+Malcolm+X%2C+and+the+Struggle+for+Black+Equality&rft.place=Gainesville&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Florida&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-8130-3723-3&rft.aulast=Waldschmidt-Nelson&rft.aufirst=Britta&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalcolm+X" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Victor_Wolfenstein" title="Eugene Victor Wolfenstein">Wolfenstein, Eugene Victor</a> (1989). The Victims of Democracy: Malcolm X and the Black Revolution. London: Free Association Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85343-111-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85343-111-1"><bdi>978-1-85343-111-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Victims+of+Democracy%3A+Malcolm+X+and+the+Black+Revolution&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Free+Association+Books&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-1-85343-111-1&rft.aulast=Wolfenstein&rft.aufirst=Eugene+Victor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalcolm+X" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Wood, Joe, ed. (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/malcolmxinourown00wood">Malcolm X: In Our Image</a>. New York: St. Martin's Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-06609-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-06609-3"><bdi>978-0-312-06609-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Malcolm+X%3A+In+Our+Image&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-312-06609-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmalcolmxinourown00wood&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalcolm+X" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.malcolmx.com/">Official website of the Estate of Malcolm X</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.columbia.edu/cu/ccbh/mxp/">The Malcolm X Project at Columbia University</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brothermalcolm.net/">Malcolm</a>, website on the life and legacy of Malcolm X</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vault.fbi.gov/malcolm-little-malcolm-x">Malcolm Little (Malcolm X) file</a> at <a href="/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">Federal Bureau of Investigation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0944318/">Malcolm X</a> at <a href="/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="IMDb (identifier)">IMDb</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Malcolm_X" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Malcolm_X" title="Template:Malcolm X"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Malcolm_X" title="Template talk:Malcolm X"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Malcolm_X" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Malcolm X"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Malcolm_X" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Malcolm X</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Little" title="Louise Little">Louise Little</a> (mother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betty_Shabazz" title="Betty Shabazz">Betty Shabazz</a> (wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attallah_Shabazz" title="Attallah Shabazz">Attallah Shabazz</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qubilah_Shabazz" title="Qubilah Shabazz">Qubilah Shabazz</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilyasah_Shabazz" title="Ilyasah Shabazz">Ilyasah Shabazz</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Shabazz" title="Malcolm Shabazz">Malcolm Shabazz</a> (grandson)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nation_of_Islam" title="Nation of Islam">Nation of Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Mosque,_Inc." title="Muslim Mosque, Inc.">Muslim Mosque, Inc.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_Afro-American_Unity" title="Organization of Afro-American Unity">Organization of Afro-American Unity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Malcolm_X" title="Assassination of Malcolm X">Assassination</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hagan" title="Thomas Hagan">Thomas Hagan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hayer_affidavits" title="Hayer affidavits">Hayer affidavits</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Abdul_Aziz" title="Muhammad Abdul Aziz">Muhammad Abdul Aziz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_X_House_Site" title="Malcolm X House Site">Malcolm X House Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_X_House" title="Malcolm X House">Malcolm X House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_X%E2%80%94Ella_Little-Collins_House" title="Malcolm X—Ella Little-Collins House">Malcolm X—Ella Little-Collins House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masjid_Malcolm_Shabazz" title="Masjid Malcolm Shabazz">Mosque No. 7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosque_No._11" title="Mosque No. 11">Mosque No. 11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosque_No._12" title="Mosque No. 12">Mosque No. 12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audubon_Ballroom" title="Audubon Ballroom">Audubon Ballroom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_X_and_Dr._Betty_Shabazz_Memorial_and_Educational_Center" title="Malcolm X and Dr. Betty Shabazz Memorial and Educational Center">Malcolm X and Dr. Betty Shabazz Memorial and Educational Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lenox_Avenue" title="Lenox Avenue">Lenox Avenue/Malcolm X Boulevard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_X_Shabazz_High_School" title="Malcolm X Shabazz High School">Malcolm X Shabazz High School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Shabazz_City_High_School" title="Malcolm Shabazz City High School">Malcolm Shabazz City High School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_X_College" title="Malcolm X College">Malcolm X College</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Books and speeches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Authored</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Message_to_the_Grass_Roots" title="Message to the Grass Roots">Message to the Grass Roots</a>" (1963)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Ballot_or_the_Bullet" title="The Ballot or the Bullet">The Ballot or the Bullet</a>" (1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Diary_of_Malcolm_X" title="The Diary of Malcolm X">The Diary of Malcolm X</a> (1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Autobiography_of_Malcolm_X" title="The Autobiography of Malcolm X">The Autobiography of Malcolm X</a> (1965)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">About</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Growing_Up_X" title="Growing Up X">Growing Up X</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_X:_A_Life_of_Reinvention" title="Malcolm X: A Life of Reinvention">Malcolm X: A Life of Reinvention</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Lie_of_Reinvention:_Correcting_Manning_Marable%27s_Malcolm_X" title="A Lie of Reinvention: Correcting Manning Marable's Malcolm X">A Lie of Reinvention: Correcting Manning Marable's Malcolm X</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Dead_Are_Arising" title="The Dead Are Arising">The Dead Are Arising: The Life of Malcolm X</a> (2020)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Documentary">Docu</abbr> films and series</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Hate_That_Hate_Produced" title="The Hate That Hate Produced">The Hate That Hate Produced</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_X_(1972_film)" title="Malcolm X (1972 film)">1972 documentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_X:_Make_It_Plain" title="Malcolm X: Make It Plain">Malcolm X: Make It Plain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Songs_for_Malcolm_X" title="Seven Songs for Malcolm X">Seven Songs for Malcolm X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An_Eye_on_X" class="mw-redirect" title="An Eye on X">An Eye on X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm%27s_Echo:_The_Legacy_of_Malcolm_X" title="Malcolm's Echo: The Legacy of Malcolm X">Malcolm's Echo: The Legacy of Malcolm X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Who_Killed_Malcolm_X%3F" title="Who Killed Malcolm X?">Who Killed Malcolm X?</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_Brothers:_Malcolm_X_%26_Muhammad_Ali" title="Blood Brothers: Malcolm X & Muhammad Ali">Blood Brothers: Malcolm X & Muhammad Ali</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Poem_for_Malcolm" title="Poem for Malcolm">Poem for Malcolm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roots:_The_Next_Generations" title="Roots: The Next Generations">Roots: The Next Generations</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/No_Sell_Out" title="No Sell Out">No Sell Out</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/X:_The_Life_and_Times_of_Malcolm_X" title="X: The Life and Times of Malcolm X">X: The Life and Times of Malcolm X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_X_(1992_film)" title="Malcolm X (1992 film)">1992 film</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_X_(soundtrack)" title="Malcolm X (soundtrack)">soundtrack</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Malcolm_X_Jazz_Suite" title="The Malcolm X Jazz Suite">The Malcolm X Jazz Suite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_a_Prophet" title="Death of a Prophet">Death of a Prophet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Meeting_(play)" title="The Meeting (play)">The Meeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An_Eye_on_X" class="mw-redirect" title="An Eye on X">An Eye on X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betty_%26_Coretta" title="Betty & Coretta">Betty & Coretta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godfather_of_Harlem" title="Godfather of Harlem">Godfather of Harlem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genius_(American_TV_series)#Season_4" title="Genius (American TV series)">Genius: MLK/X</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elijah_Muhammad" title="Elijah Muhammad">Elijah Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rowena_Moore" title="Rowena Moore">Rowena Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warith_Deen_Mohammed" title="Warith Deen Mohammed">WD Mohammed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakim_Jamal" title="Hakim Jamal">Hakim Jamal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_X_Day" title="Malcolm X Day">Malcolm X Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_X_Memorial_Foundation" title="Malcolm X Memorial Foundation">Malcolm X Memorial Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/By_any_means_necessary" title="By any means necessary">By any means necessary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pan-Africanism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pan-Africanism" title="Template:Pan-Africanism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pan-Africanism" title="Template talk:Pan-Africanism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pan-Africanism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pan-Africanism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pan-Africanism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Pan-Africanism" title="Pan-Africanism">Pan-Africanism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ideology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;font-weight:normal;">Variants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_nationalism" title="African nationalism">African nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_socialism" title="African socialism">African socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrocentrism" title="Afrocentrism">Afrocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-imperialism" title="Anti-imperialism">Anti-imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Western_sentiment" title="Anti-Western sentiment">Anti-Western sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_nationalism" title="Black nationalism">Black nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garveyism" title="Garveyism">Garveyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nkrumaism" title="Nkrumaism">Nkrumaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sankarism" title="Sankarism">Sankarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uhuru_Movement" title="Uhuru Movement">Uhuru Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zikism" title="Zikism">Zikism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;font-weight:normal;">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_century" title="African century">African century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_power" title="Black power">Black power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%A9gritude" title="Négritude">Négritude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubuntu_philosophy" title="Ubuntu philosophy">Ubuntu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ujamaa" title="Ujamaa">Ujamaa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_of_Africa" title="United States of Africa">United States of Africa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Pan-Africanists" title="Category:Pan-Africanists">Proponents</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;font-weight:normal;">Politicians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Akumu" title="Dennis Akumu">Dennis Akumu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idi_Amin" title="Idi Amin">Idi Amin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nnamdi_Azikiwe" title="Nnamdi Azikiwe">Nnamdi Azikiwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Am%C3%ADlcar_Cabral" title="Amílcar Cabral">Amílcar Cabral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Comissiong" title="David Comissiong">David Comissiong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Dessalines" title="Jean-Jacques Dessalines">Jean-Jacques Dessalines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%A9nor_Firmin" title="Anténor Firmin">Anténor Firmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi" title="Muammar Gaddafi">Muammar Gaddafi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Garvey" title="Marcus Garvey">Marcus Garvey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alieu_Ebrima_Cham_Joof" title="Alieu Ebrima Cham Joof">Alieu Ebrima Cham Joof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Kaunda" title="Kenneth Kaunda">Kenneth Kaunda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modibo_Ke%C3%AFta" title="Modibo Keïta">Modibo Keïta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jomo_Kenyatta" title="Jomo Kenyatta">Jomo Kenyatta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toussaint_Louverture" title="Toussaint Louverture">Toussaint Louverture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba" title="Patrice Lumumba">Patrice Lumumba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samora_Machel" title="Samora Machel">Samora Machel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ochola_Ogaye_Mak%27Anyengo" title="Ochola Ogaye Mak'Anyengo">Ochola Ogaye Mak'Anyengo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thabo_Mbeki" title="Thabo Mbeki">Thabo Mbeki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Mboya" title="Tom Mboya">Tom Mboya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Mugabe" title="Robert Mugabe">Robert Mugabe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdias_do_Nascimento" title="Abdias do Nascimento">Abdias do Nascimento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamal_Abdel_Nasser" title="Gamal Abdel Nasser">Gamal Abdel Nasser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwame_Nkrumah" title="Kwame Nkrumah">Kwame Nkrumah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Nyerere" title="Julius Nyerere">Julius Nyerere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Nyathi_Pokela" title="John Nyathi Pokela">John Nyathi Pokela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sankara" title="Thomas Sankara">Thomas Sankara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_S%C3%A9kou_Tour%C3%A9" title="Ahmed Sékou Touré">Ahmed Sékou Touré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haile_Selassie" title="Haile Selassie">Haile Selassie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Sobukwe" title="Robert Sobukwe">Robert Sobukwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I._T._A._Wallace-Johnson" title="I. T. A. Wallace-Johnson">I. T. A. Wallace-Johnson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;font-weight:normal;">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marimba_Ani" title="Marimba Ani">Marimba Ani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molefi_Kete_Asante" title="Molefi Kete Asante">Molefi Kete Asante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Biko" title="Steve Biko">Steve Biko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Wilmot_Blyden" title="Edward Wilmot Blyden">Edward Wilmot Blyden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stokely_Carmichael" title="Stokely Carmichael">Stokely Carmichael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aim%C3%A9_C%C3%A9saire" title="Aimé Césaire">Aimé Césaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Henrik_Clarke" title="John Henrik Clarke">John Henrik Clarke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Delany" title="Martin Delany">Martin R. Delany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheikh_Anta_Diop" title="Cheikh Anta Diop">Cheikh Anta Diop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">W. E. B. Du Bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frantz_Fanon" title="Frantz Fanon">Frantz Fanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amy_Ashwood_Garvey" title="Amy Ashwood Garvey">Amy Ashwood Garvey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_G._Jackson_(writer)" title="John G. Jackson (writer)">John G. Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Jeffries" title="Leonard Jeffries">Leonard Jeffries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yosef_Ben-Jochannan" title="Yosef Ben-Jochannan">Yosef Ben-Jochannan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maulana_Karenga" title="Maulana Karenga">Maulana Karenga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Kinloch" title="Alice Kinloch">Alice Kinloch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fela_Kuti" title="Fela Kuti">Fela Kuti</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Malcolm X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archie_Mafeje" title="Archie Mafeje">Archie Mafeje</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Mazrui" title="Ali Mazrui">Ali Mazrui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zephania_Mothopeng" title="Zephania Mothopeng">Zephania Mothopeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Padmore" title="George Padmore">George Padmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motsoko_Pheko" title="Motsoko Pheko">Motsoko Pheko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runoko_Rashidi" title="Runoko Rashidi">Runoko Rashidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Robeson" title="Paul Robeson">Paul Robeson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randall_Robinson" title="Randall Robinson">Randall Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Rodney" title="Walter Rodney">Walter Rodney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burning_Spear" title="Burning Spear">Burning Spear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Issa_Laye_Thiaw" title="Issa Laye Thiaw">Issa Laye Thiaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Cress_Welsing" title="Frances Cress Welsing">Frances Cress Welsing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Sylvester_Williams" title="Henry Sylvester Williams">Henry Sylvester Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amos_N._Wilson" title="Amos N. Wilson">Amos N. Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omali_Yeshitela" title="Omali Yeshitela">Omali Yeshitela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Pan-Africanist_organizations" title="Category:Pan-Africanist organizations">Organizations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;font-weight:normal;">Educational</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Leadership_Academy" title="African Leadership Academy">African Leadership Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Leadership_University" title="African Leadership University">African Leadership University</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;font-weight:normal;">Political</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Unification_Front" title="African Unification Front">African Unification Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All-African_People%27s_Revolutionary_Party" title="All-African People's Revolutionary Party">All-African People's Revolutionary Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All-African_Trade_Union_Federation" title="All-African Trade Union Federation">All-African Trade Union Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conseil_de_l%27Entente" title="Conseil de l'Entente">Conseil de l'Entente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_People%27s_Party" title="Convention People's Party">Convention People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_African_Community" title="East African Community">East African Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Freedom_Fighters" title="Economic Freedom Fighters">Economic Freedom Fighters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Pan-African_Conference" title="First Pan-African Conference">First Pan-African Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_African_Service_Bureau" title="International African Service Bureau">International African Service Bureau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_African_Trade_Union_Unity" title="Organisation of African Trade Union Unity">Organisation of African Trade Union Unity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_African_Unity" title="Organisation of African Unity">Organisation of African Unity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan_African_Association" title="Pan African Association">Pan African Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-African_Freedom_Movement_for_East_and_Central_Africa" title="Pan-African Freedom Movement for East and Central Africa">Pan-African Freedom Movement for East and Central Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-African_Congress" title="Pan-African Congress">Pan-African Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan_Africanist_Congress_of_Azania" title="Pan Africanist Congress of Azania">Pan Africanist Congress of Azania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_and_Social_League_of_the_Great_Sahara_Tribes" title="Popular and Social League of the Great Sahara Tribes">Popular and Social League of the Great Sahara Tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rassemblement_D%C3%A9mocratique_Africain" title="Rassemblement Démocratique Africain">Rassemblement Démocratique Africain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Negro_Improvement_Association_and_African_Communities_League" title="Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League">Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZANU%E2%80%93PF" title="ZANU–PF">ZANU–PF</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Symbols</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Star_of_Africa" title="Black Star of Africa">Black Star of Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Marron_Inconnu" title="Le Marron Inconnu">Le Marron Inconnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lion_of_Judah" title="Lion of Judah">Lion of Judah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-African_colours" title="Pan-African colours">Pan-African colours</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-African_flag" title="Pan-African flag">Pan-African flag</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dynamics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ethnic_groups_of_Africa" title="List of ethnic groups of Africa">Ethnic groups of Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Africa" title="Languages of Africa">Languages of Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Africa" title="Religion in Africa">Religion in Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_conflicts_in_Africa" title="List of conflicts in Africa">Conflicts in Africa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_philosophy" title="African philosophy">African philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_leftism" title="African-American leftism">African-American leftism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Africanization" title="Africanization">Africanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All-African_Peoples%27_Conference" title="All-African Peoples' Conference">All-African Peoples' Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_African_Federation" title="East African Federation">East African Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwanzaa" title="Kwanzaa">Kwanzaa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_African_States" title="Union of African States">Union of African States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_of_Africa" title="United States of Africa">United States of Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_of_Latin_Africa" title="United States of Latin Africa">United States of Latin Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Year_of_Africa" title="Year of Africa">Year of Africa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Pan-Africanism" title="Category:Pan-Africanism">Pan-Africanism category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Africa" title="Category:Africa">Africa category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_UNIA.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Flag_of_the_UNIA.svg/16px-Flag_of_the_UNIA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Flag_of_the_UNIA.svg/24px-Flag_of_the_UNIA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Flag_of_the_UNIA.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_UNIA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Pan-Africanism" title="Portal:Pan-Africanism">Pan-Africanism portal</a></li> <li><img alt="map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/16px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/24px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/32px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Africa" title="Portal:Africa">Africa portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Islamism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Islamism" title="Template:Islamism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Islamism" title="Template talk:Islamism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Islamism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Islamism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Islamism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_fundamentalism" title="Islamic fundamentalism">Outline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qutbism" title="Qutbism">Qutbism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khomeinism" title="Khomeinism">Khomeinism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement" title="Salafi movement">Salafism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salafi_jihadism" title="Salafi jihadism">Salafi jihadism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_fundamentalism_in_Iran" title="Islamic fundamentalism in Iran">Shia Islamism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emirate" title="Emirate">Emirate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_governance" title="Islamic governance">Islamic governance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guardianship_of_the_Islamic_Jurist" title="Guardianship of the Islamic Jurist">Guardianship of the Islamic Jurists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_democracy" title="Islam and democracy">Islamic democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_feminism" title="Islamic feminism">Islamic feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_socialism" title="Islamic socialism">Islamic socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_state" title="Islamic state">Islamic state</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_monarchy" title="Islamic monarchy">Islamic monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_republic" title="Islamic republic">Islamic republic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamistan" title="Islamistan">Islamistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamization" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamization">Islamization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamization_of_knowledge" title="Islamization of knowledge">of knowledge</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Islamism" title="Pan-Islamism">Pan-Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Islamism" title="Post-Islamism">Post-Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Sharia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shura" title="Shura">Shura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_model" title="Turkish model">Turkish model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-nation_theory" title="Two-nation theory">Two-nation theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ummah" title="Ummah">Ummah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Socio-political</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deobandi_movement" title="Deobandi movement">Deobandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hizb_ut-Tahrir" title="Hizb ut-Tahrir">Hizb ut-Tahrir</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hizb_ut-Tahrir_Britain" title="Hizb ut-Tahrir Britain">in Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hizb_ut-Tahrir_in_Central_Asia" title="Hizb ut-Tahrir in Central Asia">in Central Asia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Defenders_Front" title="Islamic Defenders Front">Islamic Defenders Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaat-e-Islami" title="Jamaat-e-Islami">Jamaat-e-Islami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mill%C3%AE_G%C3%B6r%C3%BC%C5%9F" title="Millî Görüş">Millî Görüş</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood" title="Muslim Brotherhood">Muslim Brotherhood</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood_in_Egypt" title="Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt">in Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood_in_Syria" title="Muslim Brotherhood in Syria">in Syria</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Islamic_political_parties" title="List of Islamic political parties">Political parties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_and_Justice_Party_(Egypt)" title="Freedom and Justice Party (Egypt)">Freedom and Justice Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Algeria_Alliance" title="Green Algeria Alliance">Green Algeria Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ennahda" title="Ennahda">Ennahda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Constitutional_Movement" title="Islamic Constitutional Movement">Hadas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hezbollah" title="Hezbollah">Hezbollah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Salvation_Front" title="Islamic Salvation Front">Islamic Salvation Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Jamaat-e-Islami" title="Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami">Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaat-e-Islami_Pakistan" title="Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan">Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamiat-e_Islami" class="mw-redirect" title="Jamiat-e Islami">Jamiat-e Islami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice_and_Construction_Party" title="Justice and Construction Party">Justice and Construction Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice_and_Development_Party_(Morocco)" title="Justice and Development Party (Morocco)">Justice and Development Party (Morocco)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice_and_Development_Party_(Turkey)" title="Justice and Development Party (Turkey)">Justice and Development Party (Turkey)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Congress_Party_(Sudan)" title="National Congress Party (Sudan)">National Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Iraqi_Alliance" title="National Iraqi Alliance">National Iraqi Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Islamic_Party" title="Malaysian Islamic Party">Malaysian Islamic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosperous_Justice_Party" title="Prosperous Justice Party">Prosperous Justice Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Wefaq" title="Al Wefaq">Al Wefaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_Party" title="Welfare Party">Welfare Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatah_Alliance" title="Fatah Alliance">Fatah Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Law_Coalition" title="State of Law Coalition">State of Law Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Action_Front" title="Islamic Action Front">Islamic Action Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_List" title="United Arab List">United Arab List</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Houthi_movement" title="Houthi movement">Ansar Allah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban">Taliban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_modernism" title="Islamic modernism">Islamic modernism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Political leaders</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Abduh" title="Muhammad Abduh">Muhammad Abduh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamal_al-Din_al-Afghani" title="Jamal al-Din al-Afghani">Jamāl al-Dīn al-Afghānī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qazi_Hussain_Ahmad" title="Qazi Hussain Ahmad">Qazi Hussain Ahmad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hibatullah_Akhundzada" title="Hibatullah Akhundzada">Hibatullah Akhundzada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Asad" title="Muhammad Asad">Muhammad Asad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassan_al-Banna" title="Hassan al-Banna">Hassan al-Banna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan" title="Recep Tayyip Erdoğan">Recep Tayyip Erdoğan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necmettin_Erbakan" title="Necmettin Erbakan">Necmettin Erbakan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi" title="Muammar Gaddafi">Muammar Gaddafi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rached_Ghannouchi" title="Rached Ghannouchi">Rached Ghannouchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safwat_Hegazi" title="Safwat Hegazi">Safwat Hegazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Iqbal" title="Muhammad Iqbal">Muhammad Iqbal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alija_Izetbegovi%C4%87" title="Alija Izetbegović">Alija Izetbegović</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Khamenei" title="Ali Khamenei">Ali Khamenei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Ruhollah Khomeini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abul_A%27la_Maududi" title="Abul A'la Maududi">Abul A'la Maududi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abul_Hasan_Ali_Hasani_Nadwi" title="Abul Hasan Ali Hasani Nadwi">Abul Hasan Ali Hasani Nadwi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taqi_al-Din_al-Nabhani" title="Taqi al-Din al-Nabhani">Taqi al-Din al-Nabhani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mullah_Omar" title="Mullah Omar">Mullah Omar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yusuf_al-Qaradawi" title="Yusuf al-Qaradawi">Yusuf al-Qaradawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayyid_Qutb" title="Sayyid Qutb">Sayyid Qutb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tariq_Ramadan" title="Tariq Ramadan">Tariq Ramadan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ata_Abu_Rashta" title="Ata Abu Rashta">Ata Abu Rashta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashid_Rida" title="Rashid Rida">Rashid Rida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navvab_Safavi" title="Navvab Safavi">Navvab Safavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omar_Bongo" title="Omar Bongo">Omar Bongo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Shariati" title="Ali Shariati">Ali Shariati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haji_Shariatullah" title="Haji Shariatullah">Haji Shariatullah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassan_al-Turabi" title="Hassan al-Turabi">Hassan al-Turabi</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Malcolm X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Yassin" title="Ahmed Yassin">Ahmed Yassin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Zia-ul-Haq" title="Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq">Zia-ul-Haq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rizieq_Shihab" title="Rizieq Shihab">Rizieq Shihab</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Salafi_movement" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement" title="Salafi movement">Salafi movement</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scholastic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahl-i_Hadith" title="Ahl-i Hadith">Ahl-i Hadith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madkhalism" title="Madkhalism">Madkhalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahwa_movement" title="Sahwa movement">Sahwa movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wahhabism" title="Wahhabism">Wahhabism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Islamic_political_parties#Salafist" title="List of Islamic political parties">Political</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al_Asalah" title="Al Asalah">Al Asalah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authenticity_Party" title="Authenticity Party">Authenticity Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Islah_(Yemen)" title="Al-Islah (Yemen)">Al-Islah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Nour_Party" title="Al-Nour Party">Al-Nour Party</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamist_Bloc" title="Islamist Bloc">Islamist Bloc</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_Party" title="People Party">People Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Kashgar_Party" title="Young Kashgar Party">Young Kashgar Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em"><a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement#Prominent_Salafi_scholars_by_country" title="Salafi movement">Major figures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Abd_al-Wahhab" title="Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab">Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Albani" title="Al-Albani">Al-Albani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Baz" title="Ibn Baz">Ibn Baz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muqbil_bin_Hadi_al-Wadi%27i" title="Muqbil bin Hadi al-Wadi'i">Muqbil bin Hadi al-Wadi'i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safar_al-Hawali" title="Safar al-Hawali">Safar al-Hawali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabee_al-Madkhali" title="Rabee al-Madkhali">Rabee al-Madkhali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Al-Munajjid" title="Muhammad Al-Munajjid">Muhammad Al-Munajjid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zakir_Naik" title="Zakir Naik">Zakir Naik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salman_al-Ouda" title="Salman al-Ouda">Salman al-Ouda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_al-Tamimi" title="Ali al-Tamimi">Ali al-Tamimi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Uthaymin" title="Al-Uthaymin">Al-Uthaymin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_propagation_of_Salafism" title="International propagation of Salafism">International propagation of Salafism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_religious_police" title="Islamic religious police">Islamic religious police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petro-Islam" title="Petro-Islam">Petro-Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salafi%E2%80%93Sufi_relations" title="Salafi–Sufi relations">Salafi–Sufi relations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Militant_Islamism/Jihadism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Militant Islamism</a>/<a href="/wiki/Jihadism" title="Jihadism">Jihadism</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Ideology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qutbism" title="Qutbism">Qutbism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salafi_jihadism" title="Salafi jihadism">Salafi jihadism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Militant Islamism based in <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Militant_Islamism_in_the_Middle_East" title="Template:Militant Islamism in the Middle East">MENA region</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Islamic_Jihad" title="Egyptian Islamic Jihad">Egyptian Islamic Jihad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatah_al-Islam" title="Fatah al-Islam">Fatah al-Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamas" title="Hamas">Hamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State" title="Islamic State">Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Militant_Islamism_in_South_Asia" title="Template:Militant Islamism in South Asia">South Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban">Taliban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lashkar-e-Taiba" title="Lashkar-e-Taiba">Lashkar-e-Taiba</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Militant_Islamism_in_Southeast_Asia" title="Template:Militant Islamism in Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Sayyaf" title="Abu Sayyaf">Abu Sayyaf</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Militant_Islamism_in_Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Template:Militant Islamism in Sub-Saharan Africa">Sub-Saharan Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boko_Haram" title="Boko Haram">Boko Haram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Shabaab_(militant_group)" title="Al-Shabaab (militant group)">al-Shabaab</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">al-Qaeda</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda_in_the_Arabian_Peninsula" title="Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula">in the Arabian Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda_in_Iraq" title="Al-Qaeda in Iraq">in Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda_in_the_Islamic_Maghreb" title="Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb">in North Africa</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Major figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hibatullah_Akhundzada" title="Hibatullah Akhundzada">Hibatullah Akhundzada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anwar_al-Awlaki" title="Anwar al-Awlaki">Anwar al-Awlaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_Yusuf_Azzam" title="Abdullah Yusuf Azzam">Abdullah Yusuf Azzam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr_al-Baghdadi" title="Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi">Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden" title="Osama bin Laden">Osama bin Laden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akhtar_Mansour" title="Akhtar Mansour">Akhtar Mansour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mullah_Omar" title="Mullah Omar">Mullah Omar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juhayman_al-Otaybi" title="Juhayman al-Otaybi">Juhayman al-Otaybi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omar_Abdel-Rahman" title="Omar Abdel-Rahman">Omar Abdel-Rahman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayman_al-Zawahiri" title="Ayman al-Zawahiri">Ayman al-Zawahiri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_violence" title="Islam and violence">Islam and violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_extremism" title="Islamic extremism">Islamic extremism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_terrorism" title="Islamic terrorism">Islamic terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">Jihad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mujahideen" title="Mujahideen">Mujahideen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_21st-century_jihadism" title="Slavery in 21st-century jihadism">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talibanization" title="Talibanization">Talibanization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Other_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Texts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Reconstruction_of_Religious_Thought_in_Islam" title="The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam">Reconstruction (Iqbal, 1930s)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forty_Hadith_of_Ruhullah_Khomeini" title="Forty Hadith of Ruhullah Khomeini">Forty Hadith (Khomeini, 1940)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Principles_of_State_and_Government_in_Islam" title="The Principles of State and Government in Islam"> Principles (Asad, 1961)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milestones_(book)" title="Milestones (book)">Milestones (Qutb, 1964)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Government" title="Islamic Government">Islamic Government (Khomeini, 1970)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Declaration" title="Islamic Declaration">Islamic Declaration (Izetbegović, 1969-1970)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Green_Book_(Gaddafi)" title="The Green Book (Gaddafi)"> The Green Book (Gaddafi, 1975)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Historical events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamization_in_Pakistan" title="Islamization in Pakistan">Zia-ul-Haq's Islamization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_revolution" title="Iranian revolution">Iranian revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Mosque_seizure" title="Grand Mosque seizure">Grand Mosque seizure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Soviet invasion of Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cairo_Declaration_on_Human_Rights_in_Islam" title="Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam">Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Arab_and_Islamic_Congress" title="Popular Arab and Islamic Congress">Popular Arab and Islamic Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_Civil_War" title="Algerian Civil War">Algerian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_Campaign" title="Faith Campaign">Faith Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">War on terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Spring" title="Arab Spring">Arab Spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Winter" title="Arab Winter">Arab Winter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Influences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-imperialism" title="Anti-imperialism">Anti-imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionism" title="Anti-Zionism">Anti-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Islamic_philosophy" title="Contemporary Islamic philosophy">Contemporary Islamic philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_modernity" title="Islam and modernity">Islamic response to modernity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_revival" title="Islamic revival">Islamic revival</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">by region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamism_and_Islamic_terrorism_in_the_Balkans" title="Islamism and Islamic terrorism in the Balkans">Balkans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism_in_the_Gaza_Strip" title="Islamism in the Gaza Strip">Gaza Strip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism_in_Sudan" title="Islamism in Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Islamism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Islamism" title="Criticism of Islamism">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_aspects_of_Islam" title="Political aspects of Islam">Political aspects of Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_Islam" title="Political Islam">Political Islam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Islam in <a href="/wiki/Template:Islam_in_South_Asia" title="Template:Islam in South Asia">South Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Islamism_in_North_Africa" title="Template:Islamism in North Africa">North Africa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Civil_rights_movement_(1954–1968)" style="wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#CEE0F2;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Civil_rights_movement" title="Template:Civil rights movement"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Civil_rights_movement" title="Template talk:Civil rights movement"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Civil_rights_movement" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Civil rights movement"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Civil_rights_movement_(1954–1968)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">Civil rights movement</a> (1954–1968)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Events (<a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_civil_rights_movement" title="Timeline of the civil rights movement">timeline</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #eeeeee; vertical-align: middle">Prior to 1954</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Journey_of_Reconciliation" title="Journey of Reconciliation">Journey of Reconciliation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_9981" title="Executive Order 9981">Executive Order 9981</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murders_of_Harry_and_Harriette_Moore" title="Murders of Harry and Harriette Moore">Murders of Harry and Harriette Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweatt_v._Painter" title="Sweatt v. Painter">Sweatt v. Painter</a> (1950)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/McLaurin_v._Oklahoma_State_Regents" title="McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents">McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents</a> (1950)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baton_Rouge_bus_boycott" title="Baton Rouge bus boycott">Baton Rouge bus boycott</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #eeeeee; vertical-align: middle">1954–1959</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brown_v._Board_of_Education" title="Brown v. Board of Education">Brown v. Board of Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bolling_v._Sharpe" title="Bolling v. Sharpe">Bolling v. Sharpe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Briggs_v._Elliott" title="Briggs v. Elliott">Briggs v. Elliott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davis_v._County_School_Board_of_Prince_Edward_County" title="Davis v. County School Board of Prince Edward County">Davis v. Prince Edward County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gebhart_v._Belton" title="Gebhart v. Belton">Gebhart v. Belton</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keys_v._Carolina_Coach_Co." title="Keys v. Carolina Coach Co.">Sarah Keys v. Carolina Coach Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmett_Till" title="Emmett Till">Emmett Till</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montgomery_bus_boycott" title="Montgomery bus boycott">Montgomery bus boycott</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Browder_v._Gayle" title="Browder v. Gayle">Browder v. Gayle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tallahassee_bus_boycott" title="Tallahassee bus boycott">Tallahassee bus boycott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mansfield_school_desegregation_incident" title="Mansfield school desegregation incident">Mansfield school desegregation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_Pilgrimage_for_Freedom" title="Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom">1957 Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom</a> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Give_Us_the_Ballot" title="Give Us the Ballot">Give Us the Ballot</a>"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Ice_Cream_sit-in" title="Royal Ice Cream sit-in">Royal Ice Cream sit-in</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Rock_Nine" title="Little Rock Nine">Little Rock Nine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cooper_v._Aaron" title="Cooper v. Aaron">Cooper v. Aaron</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1957" title="Civil Rights Act of 1957">Civil Rights Act of 1957</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministers%27_Manifesto" title="Ministers' Manifesto">Ministers' Manifesto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katz_Drug_Store_sit-in" title="Katz Drug Store sit-in">Katz Drug Store sit-in</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kissing_Case" title="Kissing Case">Kissing Case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biloxi_wade-ins" title="Biloxi wade-ins">Biloxi wade-ins</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #eeeeee; vertical-align: middle">1960–1963</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Year%27s_Day_March" title="New Year's Day March">New Year's Day March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sit-in_movement" title="Sit-in movement">Sit-in movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greensboro_sit-ins" title="Greensboro sit-ins">Greensboro sit-ins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nashville_sit-ins" title="Nashville sit-ins">Nashville sit-ins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sibley_Commission" title="Sibley Commission">Sibley Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlanta_sit-ins" title="Atlanta sit-ins">Atlanta sit-ins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savannah_Protest_Movement" title="Savannah Protest Movement">Savannah Protest Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenville_Eight" title="Greenville Eight">Greenville Eight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1960" title="Civil Rights Act of 1960">Civil Rights Act of 1960</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ax_Handle_Saturday" title="Ax Handle Saturday">Ax Handle Saturday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gomillion_v._Lightfoot" title="Gomillion v. Lightfoot">Gomillion v. Lightfoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boynton_v._Virginia" title="Boynton v. Virginia">Boynton v. Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Georgia_desegregation_riot" title="University of Georgia desegregation riot">University of Georgia desegregation riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friendship_Nine" title="Friendship Nine">Rock Hill sit-ins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_Day_Address" title="Law Day Address">Robert F. Kennedy's Law Day Address</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Riders" title="Freedom Riders">Freedom Rides</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anniston_bus_bombing" class="mw-redirect" title="Anniston bus bombing">Anniston bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birmingham_bus_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="Birmingham bus attack">Birmingham attack</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garner_v._Louisiana" title="Garner v. Louisiana">Garner v. Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albany_Movement" title="Albany Movement">Albany Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambridge_movement_(civil_rights)" title="Cambridge movement (civil rights)">Cambridge movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_sit-ins" title="University of Chicago sit-ins">University of Chicago sit-ins</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Second_Emancipation_Proclamation" title="Second Emancipation Proclamation">Second Emancipation Proclamation</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ole_Miss_riot_of_1962" title="Ole Miss riot of 1962">Meredith enrollment, Ole Miss riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlanta%27s_Berlin_Wall" title="Atlanta's Berlin Wall">Atlanta's Berlin Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Wallace%27s_1963_Inaugural_Address" title="George Wallace's 1963 Inaugural Address">"Segregation now, segregation forever"</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stand_in_the_Schoolhouse_Door" title="Stand in the Schoolhouse Door">Stand in the Schoolhouse Door</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birmingham_campaign" title="Birmingham campaign">1963 Birmingham campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Letter_from_Birmingham_Jail" title="Letter from Birmingham Jail">Letter from Birmingham Jail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_Crusade_(1963)" title="Children's Crusade (1963)">Children's Crusade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birmingham_riot_of_1963" title="Birmingham riot of 1963">Birmingham riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/16th_Street_Baptist_Church_bombing" title="16th Street Baptist Church bombing">16th Street Baptist Church bombing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Report_to_the_American_People_on_Civil_Rights" title="Report to the American People on Civil Rights">John F. Kennedy's speech to the nation on Civil Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detroit_Walk_to_Freedom" title="Detroit Walk to Freedom">Detroit Walk to Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_on_Washington_for_Jobs_and_Freedom" title="March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom">March on Washington</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/I_Have_a_Dream" title="I Have a Dream">"I Have a Dream"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Six_(activists)" title="Big Six (activists)">Big Six</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Augustine_movement" title="St. Augustine movement">St. Augustine movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #eeeeee; vertical-align: middle">1964–1968</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-fourth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twenty-fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Twenty-fourth Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chester_school_protests" title="Chester school protests">Chester school protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bloody_Tuesday_(1964)" title="Bloody Tuesday (1964)">Bloody Tuesday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_Monson_Motor_Lodge_protests" title="1964 Monson Motor Lodge protests">1964 Monson Motor Lodge protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Summer" title="Freedom Summer">Freedom Summer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Murders_of_Chaney,_Goodman,_and_Schwerner" title="Murders of Chaney, Goodman, and Schwerner">workers' murders</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964" title="Civil Rights Act of 1964">Civil Rights Act of 1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heart_of_Atlanta_Motel,_Inc._v._United_States" title="Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States">Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katzenbach_v._McClung" title="Katzenbach v. McClung">Katzenbach v. McClung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964%E2%80%931965_Scripto_strike" title="1964–1965 Scripto strike">1964–1965 Scripto strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selma_to_Montgomery_marches" title="Selma to Montgomery marches">1965 Selma to Montgomery marches</a> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/How_Long,_Not_Long" title="How Long, Not Long">How Long, Not Long</a>"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voting_Rights_Act_of_1965" title="Voting Rights Act of 1965">Voting Rights Act of 1965</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harper_v._Virginia_State_Board_of_Elections" title="Harper v. Virginia State Board of Elections">Harper v. Virginia Board of Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_Against_Fear" title="March Against Fear">March Against Fear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_House_Conference_on_Civil_Rights" title="White House Conference on Civil Rights">White House Conference on Civil Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Freedom_Movement" title="Chicago Freedom Movement">Chicago Freedom Movement/Chicago open housing movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loving_v._Virginia" title="Loving v. Virginia">Loving v. Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memphis_sanitation_strike" title="Memphis sanitation strike">Memphis sanitation strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.">King assassination</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Funeral_of_Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Funeral of Martin Luther King Jr.">funeral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_assassination_riots" title="King assassination riots">riots</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1968" title="Civil Rights Act of 1968">Civil Rights Act of 1968</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poor_People%27s_Campaign" title="Poor People's Campaign">Poor People's Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_v._County_School_Board_of_New_Kent_County" title="Green v. County School Board of New Kent County">Green v. County School Board of New Kent County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jones_v._Alfred_H._Mayer_Co." title="Jones v. Alfred H. Mayer Co.">Jones v. Alfred H. Mayer Co.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Olympics_Black_Power_salute" title="1968 Olympics Black Power salute">1968 Olympics Black Power salute</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Activist groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_Christian_Movement_for_Human_Rights" title="Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights">Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlanta_Negro_Voters_League" title="Atlanta Negro Voters League">Atlanta Negro Voters League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlanta_Student_Movement" title="Atlanta Student Movement">Atlanta Student Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Panther_Party" title="Black Panther Party">Black Panther Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brotherhood_of_Sleeping_Car_Porters" title="Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters">Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Racial_Equality" title="Congress of Racial Equality">Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_for_Freedom_Now" title="Committee for Freedom Now">Committee for Freedom Now</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_on_Appeal_for_Human_Rights" title="Committee on Appeal for Human Rights">Committee on Appeal for Human Rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/An_Appeal_for_Human_Rights" title="An Appeal for Human Rights">An Appeal for Human Rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_for_United_Civil_Rights_Leadership" title="Council for United Civil Rights Leadership">Council for United Civil Rights Leadership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Federated_Organizations" title="Council of Federated Organizations">Council of Federated Organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dallas_County_Voters_League" title="Dallas County Voters League">Dallas County Voters League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deacons_for_Defense_and_Justice" title="Deacons for Defense and Justice">Deacons for Defense and Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_Council_on_Human_Relations" title="Georgia Council on Human Relations">Georgia Council on Human Relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highlander_Research_and_Education_Center" title="Highlander Research and Education Center">Highlander Folk School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leadership_Conference_on_Civil_and_Human_Rights" title="Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights">Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lowndes_County_Freedom_Organization" title="Lowndes County Freedom Organization">Lowndes County Freedom Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Freedom_Democratic_Party" title="Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party">Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montgomery_Improvement_Association" title="Montgomery Improvement Association">Montgomery Improvement Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NAACP" title="NAACP">NAACP</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NAACP_Youth_Council" title="NAACP Youth Council">Youth Council</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nashville_Student_Movement" title="Nashville Student Movement">Nashville Student Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation_of_Islam" title="Nation of Islam">Nation of Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Student_Movement" title="Northern Student Movement">Northern Student Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Council_of_Negro_Women" title="National Council of Negro Women">National Council of Negro Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Urban_League" title="National Urban League">National Urban League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Breadbasket" title="Operation Breadbasket">Operation Breadbasket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Council_of_Negro_Leadership" title="Regional Council of Negro Leadership">Regional Council of Negro Leadership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Christian_Leadership_Conference" title="Southern Christian Leadership Conference">Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Regional_Council" title="Southern Regional Council">Southern Regional Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Student_Nonviolent_Coordinating_Committee" title="Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee">Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Freedom_Singers" title="The Freedom Singers">The Freedom Singers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Auto_Workers" title="United Auto Workers">United Auto Workers (UAW)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wednesdays_in_Mississippi" title="Wednesdays in Mississippi">Wednesdays in Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Political_Council" title="Women's Political Council">Women's Political Council</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Activists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Abernathy" title="Ralph Abernathy">Ralph Abernathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Gray_Adams" title="Victoria Gray Adams">Victoria Gray Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zev_Aelony" title="Zev Aelony">Zev Aelony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathew_Ahmann" title="Mathew Ahmann">Mathew Ahmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali" title="Muhammad Ali">Muhammad Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_G._Anderson" title="William G. Anderson">William G. Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwendolyn_Elaine_Armstrong" title="Gwendolyn Elaine Armstrong">Gwendolyn Armstrong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Aronson" title="Arnold Aronson">Arnold Aronson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ella_Baker" title="Ella Baker">Ella Baker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Baldwin" title="James Baldwin">James Baldwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marion_Barry" title="Marion Barry">Marion Barry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daisy_Bates_(activist)" title="Daisy Bates (activist)">Daisy Bates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Belafonte" title="Harry Belafonte">Harry Belafonte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Bevel" title="James Bevel">James Bevel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Black_(minister)" title="Claude Black (minister)">Claude Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gloria_Blackwell" title="Gloria Blackwell">Gloria Blackwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randolph_Blackwell" title="Randolph Blackwell">Randolph Blackwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unita_Blackwell" title="Unita Blackwell">Unita Blackwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezell_Blair_Jr." title="Ezell Blair Jr.">Ezell Blair Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joanne_Bland" title="Joanne Bland">Joanne Bland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_Bond" title="Julian Bond">Julian Bond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_E._Boone" title="Joseph E. Boone">Joseph E. Boone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Holmes_Borders" title="William Holmes Borders">William Holmes Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amelia_Boynton_Robinson" title="Amelia Boynton Robinson">Amelia Boynton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Boynton" title="Bruce Boynton">Bruce Boynton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raylawni_Branch" title="Raylawni Branch">Raylawni Branch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Branche" title="Stanley Branche">Stanley Branche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruby_Bridges" title="Ruby Bridges">Ruby Bridges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurelia_Browder" title="Aurelia Browder">Aurelia Browder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._Rap_Brown" title="H. Rap Brown">H. Rap Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Bunche" title="Ralph Bunche">Ralph Bunche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_H._Calhoun" title="John H. Calhoun">John H. Calhoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Carawan" title="Guy Carawan">Guy Carawan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stokely_Carmichael" title="Stokely Carmichael">Stokely Carmichael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnnie_Carr" title="Johnnie Carr">Johnnie Carr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Chaney" title="James Chaney">James Chaney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._L._Chestnut,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="J. L. Chestnut, Jr.">J. L. Chestnut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirley_Chisholm" title="Shirley Chisholm">Shirley Chisholm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colia_Clark" title="Colia Clark">Colia Lafayette Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramsey_Clark" title="Ramsey Clark">Ramsey Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Septima_Poinsette_Clark" title="Septima Poinsette Clark">Septima Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xernona_Clayton" title="Xernona Clayton">Xernona Clayton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eldridge_Cleaver" title="Eldridge Cleaver">Eldridge Cleaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Cleaver" title="Kathleen Cleaver">Kathleen Cleaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josephine_Dobbs_Clement" title="Josephine Dobbs Clement">Josephine Dobbs Clement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_E._Cobb_Jr." title="Charles E. Cobb Jr.">Charles E. Cobb Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annie_Lee_Cooper" title="Annie Lee Cooper">Annie Lee Cooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Cotton" title="Dorothy Cotton">Dorothy Cotton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudette_Colvin" title="Claudette Colvin">Claudette Colvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vernon_Dahmer" title="Vernon Dahmer">Vernon Dahmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Daniels" title="Jonathan Daniels">Jonathan Daniels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln_Davis" title="Abraham Lincoln Davis">Abraham Lincoln Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_Davis" title="Angela Davis">Angela Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_DeLaine" title="Joseph DeLaine">Joseph DeLaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dave_Dennis_(activist)" title="Dave Dennis (activist)">Dave Dennis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annie_Bell_Robinson_Devine" title="Annie Bell Robinson Devine">Annie Bell Robinson Devine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wesley_Dobbs" title="John Wesley Dobbs">John Wesley Dobbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Stephens_Due" title="Patricia Stephens Due">Patricia Stephens Due</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Ellwanger" title="Joseph Ellwanger">Joseph Ellwanger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Evers" title="Charles Evers">Charles Evers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medgar_Evers" title="Medgar Evers">Medgar Evers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myrlie_Evers-Williams" title="Myrlie Evers-Williams">Myrlie Evers-Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuck_Fager" title="Chuck Fager">Chuck Fager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Farmer" title="James Farmer">James Farmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Fauntroy" title="Walter Fauntroy">Walter Fauntroy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Forman" title="James Forman">James Forman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Foster" title="Marie Foster">Marie Foster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Frinks" title="Golden Frinks">Golden Frinks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Goodman_(activist)" title="Andrew Goodman (activist)">Andrew Goodman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Graetz" title="Robert Graetz">Robert Graetz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Gray_(attorney)" title="Fred Gray (attorney)">Fred Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Greenberg" title="Jack Greenberg">Jack Greenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Gregory" title="Dick Gregory">Dick Gregory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Guyot" title="Lawrence Guyot">Lawrence Guyot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prathia_Hall" title="Prathia Hall">Prathia Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fannie_Lou_Hamer" title="Fannie Lou Hamer">Fannie Lou Hamer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Hampton" title="Fred Hampton">Fred Hampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_E._Harbour" title="William E. Harbour">William E. Harbour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincent_Harding" title="Vincent Harding">Vincent Harding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Height" title="Dorothy Height">Dorothy Height</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audrey_Faye_Hendricks" title="Audrey Faye Hendricks">Audrey Faye Hendricks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lola_Hendricks" title="Lola Hendricks">Lola Hendricks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaron_Henry_(politician)" title="Aaron Henry (politician)">Aaron Henry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Hill_(attorney)" title="Oliver Hill (attorney)">Oliver Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_L._Hollowell" title="Donald L. Hollowell">Donald L. Hollowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Hood" title="James Hood">James Hood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myles_Horton" title="Myles Horton">Myles Horton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zilphia_Horton" title="Zilphia Horton">Zilphia Horton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._R._M._Howard" title="T. R. M. Howard">T. R. M. Howard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruby_Hurley" title="Ruby Hurley">Ruby Hurley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cecil_Ivory" title="Cecil Ivory">Cecil Ivory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Jackson" title="Jesse Jackson">Jesse Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Jimmie_Lee_Jackson" title="Murder of Jimmie Lee Jackson">Jimmie Lee Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richie_Jean_Jackson" title="Richie Jean Jackson">Richie Jean Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._J._Jemison" title="T. J. Jemison">T. J. Jemison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esau_Jenkins" title="Esau Jenkins">Esau Jenkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Rose_Johns" title="Barbara Rose Johns">Barbara Rose Johns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vernon_Johns" title="Vernon Johns">Vernon Johns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Minis_Johnson" title="Frank Minis Johnson">Frank Minis Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarence_B._Jones" title="Clarence B. Jones">Clarence Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Charles_Jones" title="J. Charles Jones">J. Charles Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Jones_(activist)" title="Matthew Jones (activist)">Matthew Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vernon_Jordan" title="Vernon Jordan">Vernon Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Kahn" title="Tom Kahn">Tom Kahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clyde_Kennard" title="Clyde Kennard">Clyde Kennard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._D._King" title="A. D. King">A. D. King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chevene_Bowers_King" title="Chevene Bowers King">C.B. King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coretta_Scott_King" title="Coretta Scott King">Coretta Scott King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Sr." title="Martin Luther King Sr.">Martin Luther King Sr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lafayette" title="Bernard Lafayette">Bernard Lafayette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Lawson_(activist)" title="James Lawson (activist)">James Lawson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lee_(activist)" title="Bernard Lee (activist)">Bernard Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanford_R._Leigh" title="Sanford R. Leigh">Sanford R. Leigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Letherer" title="Jim Letherer">Jim Letherer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Levison" title="Stanley Levison">Stanley Levison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lewis" title="John Lewis">John Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viola_Liuzzo" title="Viola Liuzzo">Viola Liuzzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z._Alexander_Looby" title="Z. Alexander Looby">Z. Alexander Looby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Lowery" title="Joseph Lowery">Joseph Lowery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clara_Luper" title="Clara Luper">Clara Luper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danny_Lyon" title="Danny Lyon">Danny Lyon</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Malcolm X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mae_Mallory" title="Mae Mallory">Mae Mallory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivian_Malone_Jones" title="Vivian Malone Jones">Vivian Malone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Mants" title="Bob Mants">Bob Mants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thurgood_Marshall" title="Thurgood Marshall">Thurgood Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Mays" title="Benjamin Mays">Benjamin Mays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_McCain" title="Franklin McCain">Franklin McCain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_McDew" title="Charles McDew">Charles McDew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_McGill" title="Ralph McGill">Ralph McGill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floyd_McKissick" title="Floyd McKissick">Floyd McKissick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_McNeil" title="Joseph McNeil">Joseph McNeil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Meredith" title="James Meredith">James Meredith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Robert_Ming" title="William Robert Ming">William Ming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Minnis" title="Jack Minnis">Jack Minnis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amzie_Moore" title="Amzie Moore">Amzie Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cecil_B._Moore" title="Cecil B. Moore">Cecil B. Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_E._Moore" title="Douglas E. Moore">Douglas E. Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriette_Moore" title="Harriette Moore">Harriette Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_T._Moore" title="Harry T. Moore">Harry T. Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Mother_Moore" title="Queen Mother Moore">Queen Mother Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lewis_Moore" title="William Lewis Moore">William Lewis Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irene_Morgan" title="Irene Morgan">Irene Morgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Moses_(activist)" title="Bob Moses (activist)">Bob Moses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Moyer" title="William Moyer">William Moyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elijah_Muhammad" title="Elijah Muhammad">Elijah Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diane_Nash" title="Diane Nash">Diane Nash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Neblett" title="Charles Neblett">Charles Neblett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huey_P._Newton" title="Huey P. Newton">Huey P. Newton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._D._Nixon" title="E. D. Nixon">Edgar Nixon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_O%27Dell" title="Jack O'Dell">Jack O'Dell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Orange" title="James Orange">James Orange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Parks" title="Rosa Parks">Rosa Parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Peck_(pacifist)" title="James Peck (pacifist)">James Peck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Person" title="Charles Person">Charles Person</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homer_Plessy" title="Homer Plessy">Homer Plessy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Clayton_Powell_Jr." title="Adam Clayton Powell Jr.">Adam Clayton Powell Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fay_Bellamy_Powell" title="Fay Bellamy Powell">Fay Bellamy Powell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodney_N._Powell" title="Rodney N. Powell">Rodney N. Powell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Raby" title="Albert Raby">Al Raby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Ragsdale" title="Lincoln Ragsdale">Lincoln Ragsdale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._Philip_Randolph" title="A. Philip Randolph">A. Philip Randolph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Raymond" title="George Raymond">George Raymond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Raymond_Jr." title="George Raymond Jr.">George Raymond Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernice_Johnson_Reagon" title="Bernice Johnson Reagon">Bernice Johnson Reagon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cordell_Reagon" title="Cordell Reagon">Cordell Reagon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Reeb" title="James Reeb">James Reeb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_D._Reese" title="Frederick D. Reese">Frederick D. Reese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Reuther" title="Walter Reuther">Walter Reuther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gloria_Richardson" title="Gloria Richardson">Gloria Richardson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Richmond_(activist)" title="David Richmond (activist)">David Richmond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernice_Robinson" title="Bernice Robinson">Bernice Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo_Ann_Robinson" title="Jo Ann Robinson">Jo Ann Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_Russell_(politician)" title="Angela Russell (politician)">Angela Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayard_Rustin" title="Bayard Rustin">Bayard Rustin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernie_Sanders" title="Bernie Sanders">Bernie Sanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Schwerner" title="Michael Schwerner">Michael Schwerner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bobby_Seale" title="Bobby Seale">Bobby Seale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pete_Seeger" title="Pete Seeger">Pete Seeger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Sellers" title="Cleveland Sellers">Cleveland Sellers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Sherrod" title="Charles Sherrod">Charles Sherrod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_D._Shimkin" title="Alexander D. Shimkin">Alexander D. Shimkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Shuttlesworth" title="Fred Shuttlesworth">Fred Shuttlesworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modjeska_Monteith_Simkins" title="Modjeska Monteith Simkins">Modjeska Monteith Simkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenn_E._Smiley" title="Glenn E. Smiley">Glenn E. Smiley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._Maceo_Smith" title="A. Maceo Smith">A. Maceo Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelly_Miller_Smith" title="Kelly Miller Smith">Kelly Miller Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Louise_Smith_(activist)" title="Mary Louise Smith (activist)">Mary Louise Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxine_Smith" title="Maxine Smith">Maxine Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruby_Doris_Smith-Robinson" title="Ruby Doris Smith-Robinson">Ruby Doris Smith-Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Kenzie_Steele" title="Charles Kenzie Steele">Charles Kenzie Steele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hank_Thomas" title="Hank Thomas">Hank Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Tillman" title="Dorothy Tillman">Dorothy Tillman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._P._Tureaud" title="A. P. Tureaud">A. P. Tureaud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hartman_Turnbow" title="Hartman Turnbow">Hartman Turnbow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Turner_(activist)" title="Albert Turner (activist)">Albert Turner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._T._Vivian" title="C. T. Vivian">C. T. Vivian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._T._Walden" title="A. T. Walden">A. T. Walden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyatt_Tee_Walker" title="Wyatt Tee Walker">Wyatt Tee Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hollis_Watkins" title="Hollis Watkins">Hollis Watkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Francis_White" class="mw-redirect" title="Walter Francis White">Walter Francis White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Wilkins" title="Roy Wilkins">Roy Wilkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hosea_Williams" title="Hosea Williams">Hosea Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Freedom_Movement" title="Chicago Freedom Movement">Kale Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Williams" title="Robert F. Williams">Robert F. Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Q._V._Williamson" title="Q. V. Williamson">Q. V. Williamson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Young" title="Andrew Young">Andrew Young</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitney_Young" title="Whitney Young">Whitney Young</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sammy_Younge_Jr." title="Sammy Younge Jr.">Sammy Younge Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Zellner" title="Bob Zellner">Bob Zellner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Zwerg" title="James Zwerg">James Zwerg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">By region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement_in_Omaha,_Nebraska" title="Civil rights movement in Omaha, Nebraska">Omaha, Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_in_the_civil_rights_movement" title="South Carolina in the civil rights movement">South Carolina</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Movement songs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ain%27t_Gonna_Let_Nobody_Turn_Me_%27Round" title="Ain't Gonna Let Nobody Turn Me 'Round">"Ain't Gonna Let Nobody Turn Me 'Round"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/If_You_Miss_Me_at_the_Back_of_the_Bus" title="If You Miss Me at the Back of the Bus">"If You Miss Me at the Back of the Bus"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumbaya" title="Kumbaya">"Kumbaya"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keep_Your_Eyes_on_the_Prize" title="Keep Your Eyes on the Prize">"Keep Your Eyes on the Prize"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oh,_Freedom" title="Oh, Freedom">"Oh, Freedom"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/This_Little_Light_of_Mine" title="This Little Light of Mine">"This Little Light of Mine"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I_Shall_Not_Be_Moved" title="I Shall Not Be Moved">"We Shall Not Be Moved"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/We_Shall_Overcome" title="We Shall Overcome">"We Shall Overcome"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woke_Up_This_Morning_(With_My_Mind_Stayed_On_Freedom)" title="Woke Up This Morning (With My Mind Stayed On Freedom)">"Woke Up This Morning (With My Mind Stayed On Freedom)"</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Influences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nonviolence" title="Nonviolence">Nonviolence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Padayatra" title="Padayatra">Padayatra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sermon_on_the_Mount" title="Sermon on the Mount">Sermon on the Mount</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">Ahimsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyagraha" title="Satyagraha">Satyagraha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Kingdom_of_God_Is_Within_You" title="The Kingdom of God Is Within You">The Kingdom of God Is Within You</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Douglass" title="Frederick Douglass">Frederick Douglass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">W. E. B. Du Bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_McLeod_Bethune" title="Mary McLeod Bethune">Mary McLeod Bethune</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws" title="Jim Crow laws">Jim Crow laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching_in_the_United_States" title="Lynching in the United States">Lynching in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plessy_v._Ferguson" title="Plessy v. Ferguson">Plessy v. Ferguson</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Separate_but_equal" title="Separate but equal">Separate but equal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buchanan_v._Warley" title="Buchanan v. Warley">Buchanan v. Warley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hocutt_v._Wilson" title="Hocutt v. Wilson">Hocutt v. Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweatt_v._Painter" title="Sweatt v. Painter">Sweatt v. Painter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hernandez_v._Texas" title="Hernandez v. Texas">Hernandez v. Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loving_v._Virginia" title="Loving v. Virginia">Loving v. Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_women_in_the_civil_rights_movement" title="African-American women in the civil rights movement">African-American women in the movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_in_the_civil_rights_movement" title="Jews in the civil rights movement">Jews in the civil rights movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Circuit_Four" title="Fifth Circuit Four">Fifth Circuit Four</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/16th_Street_Baptist_Church" title="16th Street Baptist Church">16th Street Baptist Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelly_Ingram_Park" title="Kelly Ingram Park">Kelly Ingram Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A.G._Gaston_Motel" title="A.G. Gaston Motel">A.G. Gaston Motel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bethel_Baptist_Church_(Birmingham,_Alabama)" title="Bethel Baptist Church (Birmingham, Alabama)">Bethel Baptist Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_Chapel_A.M.E._Church_(Selma,_Alabama)" title="Brown Chapel A.M.E. Church (Selma, Alabama)">Brown Chapel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dexter_Avenue_Baptist_Church" title="Dexter Avenue Baptist Church">Dexter Avenue Baptist Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holt_Street_Baptist_Church" title="Holt Street Baptist Church">Holt Street Baptist Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Pettus_Bridge" title="Edmund Pettus Bridge">Edmund Pettus Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_on_Washington_Movement" title="March on Washington Movement">March on Washington Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_attacks_against_African-American_churches#20th_Century" title="List of attacks against African-American churches">African-American churches attacked</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lynching_victims_in_the_United_States" title="List of lynching victims in the United States">List of lynching victims in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Schools" title="Freedom Schools">Freedom Schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_songs" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedom songs">Freedom songs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Mobilization_Committee_to_End_the_War_in_Vietnam" title="National Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam">Spring Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam</a> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Beyond_Vietnam:_A_Time_to_Break_Silence" title="Beyond Vietnam: A Time to Break Silence">Beyond Vietnam: A Time to Break Silence</a>"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voter_Education_Project" title="Voter Education Project">Voter Education Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterculture_of_the_1960s" title="Counterculture of the 1960s">1960s counterculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_American_founding_fathers_of_the_United_States" title="African American founding fathers of the United States">African American founding fathers of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eyes_on_the_Prize" title="Eyes on the Prize">Eyes on the Prize</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Legacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement_in_popular_culture" title="Civil rights movement in popular culture">In popular culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Civil_Rights_Institute" title="Birmingham Civil Rights Institute">Birmingham Civil Rights Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Civil_Rights_National_Monument" title="Birmingham Civil Rights National Monument">Birmingham Civil Rights National Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Memorial" title="Civil Rights Memorial">Civil Rights Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Movement_Archive" title="Civil Rights Movement Archive">Civil Rights Movement Archive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmett_Till_and_Mamie_Till-Mobley_National_Monument" title="Emmett Till and Mamie Till-Mobley National Monument">Emmett Till and Mamie Till-Mobley National Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medgar_and_Myrlie_Evers_Home_National_Monument" title="Medgar and Myrlie Evers Home National Monument">Medgar and Myrlie Evers Home National Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Rides_Museum" title="Freedom Rides Museum">Freedom Rides Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Riders_National_Monument" title="Freedom Riders National Monument">Freedom Riders National Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Center_for_Nonviolent_Social_Change" title="King Center for Nonviolent Social Change">King Center for Nonviolent Social Change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr._Day" title="Martin Luther King Jr. Day">Martin Luther King Jr. Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr._Memorial" title="Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial">Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Memorials_to_Martin_Luther_King_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Memorials to Martin Luther King Jr.">other King memorials</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Civil_Rights_Museum" title="Mississippi Civil Rights Museum">Mississippi Civil Rights Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Civil_Rights_Museum" title="National Civil Rights Museum">National Civil Rights Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Voting_Rights_Museum" title="National Voting Rights Museum">National Voting Rights Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Augustine_Foot_Soldiers_Monument" title="St. Augustine Foot Soldiers Monument">St. Augustine Foot Soldiers Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victory_Salute_(statue)" title="Victory Salute (statue)">Olympic Black Power Statue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Noted historians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taylor_Branch" title="Taylor Branch">Taylor Branch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clayborne_Carson" title="Clayborne Carson">Clayborne Carson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dittmer" title="John Dittmer">John Dittmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Eric_Dyson" title="Michael Eric Dyson">Michael Eric Dyson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuck_Fager" title="Chuck Fager">Chuck Fager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Fairclough" title="Adam Fairclough">Adam Fairclough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Garrow" title="David Garrow">David Garrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Halberstam" title="David Halberstam">David Halberstam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincent_Harding" title="Vincent Harding">Vincent Harding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_F._Lawson" title="Steven F. Lawson">Steven F. Lawson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doug_McAdam" title="Doug McAdam">Doug McAdam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diane_McWhorter" title="Diane McWhorter">Diane McWhorter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_M._Payne" title="Charles M. Payne">Charles M. Payne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_E._Ricks_(journalist)" title="Thomas E. Ricks (journalist)">Thomas E. Ricks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Tyson" title="Timothy Tyson">Timothy Tyson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akinyele_Umoja" title="Akinyele Umoja">Akinyele Umoja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_photographers_of_the_civil_rights_movement" title="List of photographers of the civil rights movement">Movement photographers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#eeeeee;"><div><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:ACRM" title="Wikipedia:ACRM"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Logo_SNCC.svg/28px-Logo_SNCC.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Logo_SNCC.svg/42px-Logo_SNCC.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Logo_SNCC.svg/56px-Logo_SNCC.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Civil_rights_movement" title="Portal:Civil rights movement">Civil rights movement portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Black_Panther_Party" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#000000; color:white; −"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Black_Panther_Party" title="Template:Black Panther Party"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Black_Panther_Party" title="Template talk:Black Panther Party"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Black_Panther_Party" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Black Panther Party"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Black_Panther_Party" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Black_Panther_Party" title="Black Panther Party">Black Panther Party</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#000000; color:white; −;width:1%;background:#000000; color:white;">Founders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Huey_P._Newton" title="Huey P. Newton">Huey P. Newton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bobby_Seale" title="Bobby Seale">Bobby Seale</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#000000; color:white; −;width:1%;background:#000000; color:white;">Leadership</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elaine_Brown" title="Elaine Brown">Elaine Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eldridge_Cleaver" title="Eldridge Cleaver">Eldridge Cleaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Cleaver" title="Kathleen Cleaver">Kathleen Cleaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_L._Cox" title="Donald L. Cox">Donald Cox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Hampton" title="Fred Hampton">Fred Hampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hilliard" title="David Hilliard">David Hilliard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#000000; color:white; −;width:1%;background:#000000; color:white;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_Black_Panther_Party" title="List of members of the Black Panther Party">Members</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #000000; color:white;width:1%">West Coast based</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/JoNina_Abron-Ervin" title="JoNina Abron-Ervin">JoNina Abron-Ervin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Aoki" title="Richard Aoki">Richard Aoki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Barron" title="Charles Barron">Charles Barron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lee_Brent" title="William Lee Brent">William Lee Brent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed_Bullins" title="Ed Bullins">Ed Bullins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bunchy_Carter" title="Bunchy Carter">Bunchy Carter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Comfort" title="Mark Comfort">Mark Comfort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaron_Dixon" title="Aaron Dixon">Aaron Dixon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emory_Douglas" title="Emory Douglas">Emory Douglas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._Kwaku_Duren" title="B. Kwaku Duren">B. Kwaku Duren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Easley-Cox" title="Barbara Easley-Cox">Barbara Easley-Cox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kent_Ford_(activist)" title="Kent Ford (activist)">Kent Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reggie_Forte" title="Reggie Forte">Reggie Forte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Hewitt" title="Raymond Hewitt">Raymond "Masai" Hewitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elbert_Howard" title="Elbert Howard">Elbert "Big Man" Howard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Huggins" title="John Huggins">John Huggins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ericka_Huggins" title="Ericka Huggins">Ericka Huggins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bobby_Hutton" title="Bobby Hutton">Bobby Hutton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Jackson_(activist)" title="George Jackson (activist)">George Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_Tarika_Lewis" title="Joan Tarika Lewis">Joan Tarika Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalil_Muntaqim" title="Jalil Muntaqim">Jalil Muntaqim (Anthony Bottom)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Parker" title="Pat Parker">Pat Parker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geronimo_Pratt" title="Geronimo Pratt">Geronimo Pratt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Trivers" title="Robert Trivers">Robert Trivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Zinzun" title="Michael Zinzun">Michael Zinzun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #000000; color:white;width:1%">East Coast based</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mumia_Abu-Jamal" title="Mumia Abu-Jamal">Mumia Abu-Jamal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundiata_Acoli" title="Sundiata Acoli">Sundiata Acoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashanti_Alston" title="Ashanti Alston">Ashanti Alston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwasi_Balagoon" title="Kuwasi Balagoon">Kuwasi Balagoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhoruba_bin_Wahad" title="Dhoruba bin Wahad">Dhoruba bin Wahad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veronza_Bowers_Jr." title="Veronza Bowers Jr.">Veronza Bowers Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safiya_Bukhari" title="Safiya Bukhari">Safiya Bukhari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Coates_(publisher)" title="Paul Coates (publisher)">W. Paul Coates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_%22Eddie%22_Conway" class="mw-redirect" title="Marshall "Eddie" Conway">Marshall "Eddie" Conway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamal_Joseph" title="Jamal Joseph">Jamal Joseph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaka_Khan" title="Chaka Khan">Chaka Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_Kimbro" title="Warren Kimbro">Warren Kimbro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lonnie_McLucas" title="Lonnie McLucas">Lonnie McLucas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denise_Oliver-Velez" title="Denise Oliver-Velez">Denise Oliver-Velez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_Pinkney" title="Larry Pinkney">Larry Pinkney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alex_Rackley" title="Alex Rackley">Alex Rackley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nile_Rodgers" title="Nile Rodgers">Nile Rodgers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Sams_Jr." title="George W. Sams Jr.">George W. Sams Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afeni_Shakur" title="Afeni Shakur">Afeni Shakur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assata_Shakur" title="Assata Shakur">Assata Shakur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Maroon_Shoatz" title="Russell Maroon Shoatz">Russell Maroon Shoatz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Tabor_(activist)" title="Michael Tabor (activist)">Michael "Cetewayo" Tabor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bashir_Hameed" title="Bashir Hameed">James Dixon York</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #000000; color:white;width:1%">Southern based</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/H._Rap_Brown" title="H. Rap Brown">H. Rap Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Kom%27boa_Ervin" title="Lorenzo Kom'boa Ervin">Lorenzo Kom'boa Ervin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Essex" title="Mark Essex">Mark Essex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Forman" title="James Forman">James Forman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hillary_King" title="Robert Hillary King">Robert Hillary King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pete_O%27Neal" title="Pete O'Neal">Pete O'Neal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malik_Rahim" title="Malik Rahim">Malik Rahim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angola_Three" title="Angola Three">Herman Wallace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angola_Three" title="Angola Three">Albert Woodfox</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #000000; color:white;width:1%">Chicago based</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Clark_(activist)" title="Mark Clark (activist)">Mark Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_O%27Neal_(informant)" title="William O'Neal (informant)">William O'Neal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bobby_Rush" title="Bobby Rush">Bobby Rush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marion_Stamps" title="Marion Stamps">Marion Stamps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akua_Njeri" title="Akua Njeri">Akua Njeri (Deborah Johnson)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #000000; color:white;width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stokely_Carmichael" title="Stokely Carmichael">Stokely Carmichael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connie_Matthews" title="Connie Matthews">Connie Matthews</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#000000; color:white; −;width:1%;background:#000000; color:white;">Influences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_power" title="Black power">Black power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deacons_for_Defense_and_Justice" title="Deacons for Defense and Justice">Deacons for Defense and Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">W. E. B. Du Bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frantz_Fanon" title="Frantz Fanon">Frantz Fanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Haywood" title="Harry Haywood">Harry Haywood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lowndes_County_Freedom_Organization" title="Lowndes County Freedom Organization">Lowndes County Freedom Organization</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Malcolm X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Williams" title="Robert F. Williams">Robert F. Williams</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#000000; color:white; −;width:1%;background:#000000; color:white;">Programs and projects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ten-Point_Program_(Black_Panther_Party)" title="Ten-Point Program (Black Panther Party)">Ten-Point Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Breakfast_for_Children" title="Free Breakfast for Children">Free Breakfast for Children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Black_Panther_(newspaper)" title="The Black Panther (newspaper)">The Black Panther (newspaper)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainbow_Coalition_(Fred_Hampton)" title="Rainbow Coalition (Fred Hampton)">Rainbow Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Front_Against_Fascism" title="United Front Against Fascism">United Front Against Fascism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#000000; color:white; −;width:1%;background:#000000; color:white;">Inspired groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #000000; color:white;width:1%">Contemporary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Indian_Movement" title="American Indian Movement">American Indian Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Guerrilla_Family" title="Black Guerrilla Family">Black Guerrilla Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Liberation_Army" title="Black Liberation Army">Black Liberation Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Liberators" title="Black Liberators">Black Liberators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Panthers_(Israel)" title="Black Panthers (Israel)">Black Panthers (Israel)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Black_Panthers" title="British Black Panthers">British Black Panthers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalit_Panthers" title="Dalit Panthers">Dalit Panthers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Jackson_Brigade" title="George Jackson Brigade">George Jackson Brigade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gray_Panthers" title="Gray Panthers">Gray Panthers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I_Wor_Kuen" title="I Wor Kuen">I Wor Kuen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ng%C4%81_Tamatoa" title="Ngā Tamatoa">Ngā Tamatoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polynesian_Panthers" title="Polynesian Panthers">Polynesian Panthers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Guard_Party" title="Red Guard Party">Red Guard Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Pink_Panthers" title="The Pink Panthers">The Pink Panthers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viduthalai_Chiruthaigal_Katchi" title="Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi">Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Panther_Party" title="White Panther Party">White Panther Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Lords" title="Young Lords">Young Lords</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #000000; color:white;width:1%">Subsequent</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assata%27s_Daughters" title="Assata's Daughters">Assata's Daughters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Panther_Militia" title="Black Panther Militia">Black Panther Militia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Riders_Liberation_Party" title="Black Riders Liberation Party">Black Riders Liberation Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Women%27s_Defense_League" title="Black Women's Defense League">Black Women's Defense League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huey_P._Newton_Gun_Club" title="Huey P. Newton Gun Club">Huey P. Newton Gun Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Afrikan_Black_Panther_Party" title="New Afrikan Black Panther Party">New Afrikan Black Panther Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Black_Panther_Party" title="New Black Panther Party">New Black Panther Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Panther_Vanguard_Movement" title="New Panther Vanguard Movement">New Panther Vanguard Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Black_Panther_Party" title="Revolutionary Black Panther Party">Revolutionary Black Panther Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#000000; color:white; −;width:1%;background:#000000; color:white;">Films and television</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Black Power, We're Goin' Survive America (1968)</li> <li>Black Panthers: A Report (1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Panthers_(film)" title="Black Panthers (film)">Black Panthers</a> (1968)</li> <li>Mayday (1969)</li> <li>Interview with Bobby Seale (1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eldridge_Cleaver,_Black_Panther" title="Eldridge Cleaver, Black Panther">Eldridge Cleaver, Black Panther</a> (1969)</li> <li>Finally Got the News (1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Murder_of_Fred_Hampton" title="The Murder of Fred Hampton">The Murder of Fred Hampton</a> (1971)</li> <li>Teach Our Children (1973)</li> <li>In the Event Anyone Disappears (1974)</li> <li>Charles Garry: Streetfighter in the Courtroom (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panther_(film)" title="Panther (film)">Panther</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_Power_to_the_People" title="All Power to the People">All Power to the People</a> (1996)</li> <li>Public Enemy (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Huey_P._Newton_Story" title="A Huey P. Newton Story">A Huey P. Newton Story</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night_Catches_Us" title="Night Catches Us">Night Catches Us</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Black_Panthers:_Vanguard_of_the_Revolution" title="The Black Panthers: Vanguard of the Revolution">The Black Panthers: Vanguard of the Revolution</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judas_and_the_Black_Messiah" title="Judas and the Black Messiah">Judas and the Black Messiah</a> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Big_Cigar" title="The Big Cigar">The Big Cigar</a> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#000000; color:white; −;width:1%;background:#000000; color:white;">Books</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soul_on_Ice_(book)" title="Soul on Ice (book)">Soul on Ice</a> (1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seize_the_Time_(book)" title="Seize the Time (book)">Seize the Time</a> (1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_in_My_Eye_(book)" title="Blood in My Eye (book)"> Blood in My Eye</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Suicide" title="Revolutionary Suicide">Revolutionary Suicide</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Taste_of_Power" title="A Taste of Power">A Taste of Power</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Against_Empire" title="Black Against Empire">Black Against Empire</a> (2013)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#000000; color:white; −;width:1%;background:#000000; color:white;">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1968_Olympics_Black_Power_salute" title="1968 Olympics Black Power salute">1968 Olympics Black Power salute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COINTELPRO" title="COINTELPRO">COINTELPRO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercommunalism" title="Intercommunalism">Intercommunalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Betty_Van_Patter" title="Murder of Betty Van Patter">Murder of Betty Van Patter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Haven_Black_Panther_trials" title="New Haven Black Panther trials">New Haven Black Panther trials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panther_21" title="Panther 21">Panther 21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rice%E2%80%93Poindexter_case" title="Rice–Poindexter case">Rice–Poindexter case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Templeton_(artist)" title="Robert Templeton (artist)">Robert Templeton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweet_Sweetback%27s_Baadasssss_Song" title="Sweet Sweetback's Baadasssss Song">Sweet Sweetback's Baadasssss Song</a> (1971)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Panther_Power" class="mw-redirect" title="Panther Power">Panther Power</a>" (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_power_movement" title="Black power movement">Black power movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_People%27s_Constitutional_Convention" title="Revolutionary People's Constitutional Convention">Revolutionary People's Constitutional Convention</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#000000; color:white; −"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Members_of_the_Black_Panther_Party" title="Category:Members of the Black Panther Party">Category|Black Panther Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="African_Americans" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #d1eaeb;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:African_American_topics" title="Template:African American topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:African_American_topics" title="Template talk:African American topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:African_American_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:African American topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="African_Americans" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">African Americans</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/African-American_history" title="African-American history">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_African-American_history" title="Timeline of African-American history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States">Abolitionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_American_founding_fathers_of_the_United_States" title="African American founding fathers of the United States">African American founding fathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrocentrism" title="Afrocentrism">Afrocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">Atlantic slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Codes_(United_States)" title="Black Codes (United States)">Black Codes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_cowboys" title="Black cowboys">Black cowboys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_genocide" class="mw-redirect" title="Black genocide">Black genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter" title="Black Lives Matter">Black Lives Matter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_v._Board_of_Education" title="Brown v. Board of Education">Brown v. Board of Education</a> (1954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children_of_the_plantation" title="Children of the plantation">Children of the plantation</a></li> <li>Civil Rights Acts <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964" title="Civil Rights Act of 1964">1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voting_Rights_Act_of_1965" title="Voting Rights Act of 1965">Voting Rights Act of 1965</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1968" title="Civil Rights Act of 1968">1968</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement_(1865%E2%80%931896)" title="Civil rights movement (1865–1896)">Civil rights movement 1865–1896</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement_(1896%E2%80%931954)" title="Civil rights movement (1896–1954)">Civil right movement 1896–1954</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">Civil rights movement 1954–1968</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Montgomery_bus_boycott" title="Montgomery bus boycott">Montgomery bus boycott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Browder_v._Gayle" title="Browder v. Gayle">Browder v. Gayle</a> (1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sit-in_movement" title="Sit-in movement">Sit-in movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Riders" title="Freedom Riders">Freedom Riders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birmingham_campaign" title="Birmingham campaign">Birmingham movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_on_Washington_for_Jobs_and_Freedom" title="March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom">March on Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Summer" title="Freedom Summer">Freedom Summer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selma_to_Montgomery_marches" title="Selma to Montgomery marches">Selma to Montgomery marches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Freedom_Movement" title="Chicago Freedom Movement">Chicago Freedom Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post%E2%80%93civil_rights_era_in_African-American_history" title="Post–civil rights era in African-American history">Post–civil rights era</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornerstone_Speech" title="Cornerstone Speech">Cornerstone Speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_African_communities" class="mw-redirect" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on African communities">COVID-19 impact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dred_Scott_v._Sandford" title="Dred Scott v. Sandford">Dred Scott v. Sandford</a> (1857)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Negro" title="Free Negro">Free Negro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_people_of_color" title="Free people of color">Free people of color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Floyd_protests" title="George Floyd protests">George Floyd protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Migration_(African_American)" title="Great Migration (African American)">Great Migration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Great_Migration_(African_American)" title="Second Great Migration (African American)">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Great_Migration" title="New Great Migration">New</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exodusters" title="Exodusters">Exodusters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Barack_Obama" title="First inauguration of Barack Obama">Inauguration of Barack Obama 2009</a> / <a href="/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_Barack_Obama" title="Second inauguration of Barack Obama">Inauguration of Barack Obama 2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws" title="Jim Crow laws">Jim Crow laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching_in_the_United_States" title="Lynching in the United States">Lynching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_African_Americans" title="Military history of African Americans">Military history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Million_Man_March" title="Million Man March">Million Man March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadir_of_American_race_relations" title="Nadir of American race relations">Nadir of American race relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Negro_Motorist_Green_Book" title="The Negro Motorist Green Book">The Negro Motorist Green Book</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partus_sequitur_ventrem" title="Partus sequitur ventrem">Partus sequitur ventrem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plantation_complexes_in_the_Southern_United_States" title="Plantation complexes in the Southern United States">Plantations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plessy_v._Ferguson" title="Plessy v. Ferguson">Plessy v. Ferguson</a> (1896)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_Amendments" title="Reconstruction Amendments">Reconstruction Amendments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstruction era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redlining" title="Redlining">Redlining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separate_but_equal" title="Separate but equal">Separate but equal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silent_Parade" title="Silent Parade">Silent Parade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">Slavery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treatment_of_slaves_in_the_United_States" title="Treatment of slaves in the United States">Treatment of slaves</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulsa_race_massacre" title="Tulsa race massacre">Tulsa race massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_Railroad" title="Underground Railroad">Underground Railroad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_women%27s_suffrage_movement" title="African-American women's suffrage movement">Women's suffrage movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/African-American_culture" title="African-American culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afrofuturism" title="Afrofuturism">Afrofuturism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_art" title="African-American art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_mecca" title="Black mecca">Black mecca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black-owned_business" title="Black-owned business">Businesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_dance" title="African-American dance">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_family_structure" title="African-American family structure">Family structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_film" title="Black film">Film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_folktales" title="African-American folktales">Folktales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_hair" title="African-American hair">Hair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harlem_Renaissance" title="Harlem Renaissance">Harlem Renaissance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Negro" title="New Negro">New Negro</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoodoo_(spirituality)" title="Hoodoo (spirituality)">Hoodoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juneteenth" title="Juneteenth">Juneteenth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwanzaa" title="Kwanzaa">Kwanzaa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_LGBT_community" class="mw-redirect" title="African-American LGBT community">LGBT community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_literature" title="African-American literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_music" title="African-American music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_musical_theater" title="African-American musical theater">Musical theater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_names" title="African-American names">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lift_Every_Voice_and_Sing" title="Lift Every Voice and Sing">Negro National Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_neighborhood" title="African-American neighborhood">Neighborhoods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_American_newspapers" title="African American newspapers">Newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soul_food" title="Soul food">Soul food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereotypes_of_African_Americans" title="Stereotypes of African Americans">Stereotypes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_middle_class" title="African-American middle class">Middle class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_upper_class" title="African-American upper class">Upper class</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%">Notable people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Abernathy" title="Ralph Abernathy">Ralph Abernathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_Angelou" title="Maya Angelou">Maya Angelou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crispus_Attucks" title="Crispus Attucks">Crispus Attucks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Baldwin" title="James Baldwin">James Baldwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Bevel" title="James Bevel">James Bevel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_Bond" title="Julian Bond">Julian Bond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amelia_Boynton_Robinson" title="Amelia Boynton Robinson">Amelia Boynton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Bradley_(former_slave)" title="James Bradley (former slave)">James Bradley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carol_Moseley_Braun" title="Carol Moseley Braun">Carol Moseley Braun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Brooke" title="Edward Brooke">Edward Brooke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blanche_Bruce" title="Blanche Bruce">Blanche Bruce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Bunche" title="Ralph Bunche">Ralph Bunche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_Carver" title="George Washington Carver">George Washington Carver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirley_Chisholm" title="Shirley Chisholm">Shirley Chisholm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudette_Colvin" title="Claudette Colvin">Claudette Colvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Douglass" title="Frederick Douglass">Frederick Douglass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">W. E. B. Du Bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medgar_Evers" title="Medgar Evers">Medgar Evers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Farmer" title="James Farmer">James Farmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Highland_Garnet" title="Henry Highland Garnet">Henry Highland Garnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Garvey" title="Marcus Garvey">Marcus Garvey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Gray_(attorney)" title="Fred Gray (attorney)">Fred Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fannie_Lou_Hamer" title="Fannie Lou Hamer">Fannie Lou Hamer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Kamala Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimi_Hendrix" title="Jimi Hendrix">Jimi Hendrix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Jackson" title="Jesse Jackson">Jesse Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketanji_Brown_Jackson" title="Ketanji Brown Jackson">Ketanji Brown Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson">Michael Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Jacobs" title="Harriet Jacobs">Harriet Jacobs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Jordan" title="Barbara Jordan">Barbara Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coretta_Scott_King" title="Coretta Scott King">Coretta Scott King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lafayette" title="Bernard Lafayette">Bernard Lafayette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Lawson_(activist)" title="James Lawson (activist)">James Lawson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lead_Belly" title="Lead Belly">Huddie Ledbetter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lewis" title="John Lewis">John Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Lowery" title="Joseph Lowery">Joseph Lowery</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Malcolm X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thurgood_Marshall" title="Thurgood Marshall">Thurgood Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toni_Morrison" title="Toni Morrison">Toni Morrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Moses_(activist)" title="Bob Moses (activist)">Bob Moses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diane_Nash" title="Diane Nash">Diane Nash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michelle_Obama" title="Michelle Obama">Michelle Obama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Parks" title="Rosa Parks">Rosa Parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Clayton_Powell_Jr." title="Adam Clayton Powell Jr.">Adam Clayton Powell Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colin_Powell" title="Colin Powell">Colin Powell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Prosser" class="mw-redirect" title="Gabriel Prosser">Gabriel Prosser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Rainey" title="Joseph Rainey">Joseph Rainey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._Philip_Randolph" title="A. Philip Randolph">A. Philip Randolph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiram_R._Revels" title="Hiram R. Revels">Hiram Revels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Robeson" title="Paul Robeson">Paul Robeson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Sharpton" title="Al Sharpton">Al Sharpton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Shuttlesworth" title="Fred Shuttlesworth">Fred Shuttlesworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarence_Thomas" title="Clarence Thomas">Clarence Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmett_Till" title="Emmett Till">Emmett Till</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sojourner_Truth" title="Sojourner Truth">Sojourner Truth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Tubman" title="Harriet Tubman">Harriet Tubman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nat_Turner%27s_slave_rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Nat Turner's slave rebellion">Nat Turner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark_Vesey" title="Denmark Vesey">Denmark Vesey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._T._Vivian" title="C. T. Vivian">C. T. Vivian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Walker_(abolitionist)" title="David Walker (abolitionist)">David Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Booker_T._Washington" title="Booker T. Washington">Booker T. Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ida_B._Wells" title="Ida B. Wells">Ida B. Wells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Wilkins" title="Roy Wilkins">Roy Wilkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oprah_Winfrey" title="Oprah Winfrey">Oprah Winfrey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Young" title="Andrew Young">Andrew Young</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitney_Young" title="Whitney Young">Whitney Young</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%">Education, science and technology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_studies" title="Black studies">Black studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Black school">Black schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historically_black_colleges_and_universities" title="Historically black colleges and universities">Historically black colleges and universities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_inventors_and_scientists" title="List of African-American inventors and scientists">Inventors and scientists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_focused_on_African_Americans" title="List of museums focused on African Americans">Museums</a></li> <li>Women <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_women_in_computer_science" title="African-American women in computer science">in computer science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_women_in_medicine" title="List of African-American women in medicine">in medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_women_in_STEM_fields" title="List of African-American women in STEM fields">in STEM fields</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_of_Black_Americans" title="Religion of Black Americans">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_Jews" title="African-American Jews">African-American Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_Muslims" title="African-American Muslims">Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Society_of_Muslims" title="American Society of Muslims">American Society of Muslims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation_of_Islam" title="Nation of Islam">Nation of Islam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_church" title="Black church">Black church</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azusa_Street_Revival" title="Azusa Street Revival">Azusa Street Revival</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Hebrew_Israelites" title="Black Hebrew Israelites">Black Hebrew Israelites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_theology" title="Black theology">Black theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctrine_of_Father_Divine" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctrine of Father Divine">Doctrine of Father Divine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%">Political movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_anarchism" title="Black anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Back-to-Africa_movement" title="Back-to-Africa movement">Back-to-Africa movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_power" title="Black power">Black power</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_power_movement" title="Black power movement">Movement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_capitalism" title="Black capitalism">Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_conservatism" title="Black conservatism">Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_leftism" title="African-American leftism">Leftism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Africanism" title="Pan-Africanism">Pan-Africanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_populism" title="Black populism">Populism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raised_fist" title="Raised fist">Raised fist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_self-determination" title="African-American self-determination">Self-determination</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_nationalism" title="Black nationalism">Nationalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_socialism" title="African-American socialism">Socialism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Civic and economic groups</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_for_the_Study_of_African_American_Life_and_History" title="Association for the Study of African American Life and History">Association for the Study of African American Life and History (ASALH)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Panther_Party" title="Black Panther Party">Black Panther Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Racial_Equality" title="Congress of Racial Equality">Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NAACP" title="NAACP">National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nashville_Student_Movement" title="Nashville Student Movement">Nashville Student Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Black_Chamber_of_Commerce" title="National Black Chamber of Commerce">National Black Chamber of Commerce (NBCC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Council_of_Negro_Women" title="National Council of Negro Women">National Council of Negro Women (NCNW)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Pan-Hellenic_Council" title="National Pan-Hellenic Council">National Pan-Hellenic Council (NPHC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Urban_League" title="National Urban League">National Urban League (NUL)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Christian_Leadership_Conference" title="Southern Christian Leadership Conference">Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Student_Nonviolent_Coordinating_Committee" title="Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee">Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thurgood_Marshall_College_Fund" title="Thurgood Marshall College Fund">Thurgood Marshall College Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UNCF" title="UNCF">United Negro College Fund (UNCF)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Negro_Improvement_Association_and_African_Communities_League" title="Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League">Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League (UNIA-ACL)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%">Sports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Negro_league_baseball" title="Negro league baseball">Negro league baseball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baseball_color_line" title="Baseball color line">Baseball color line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_players_in_professional_American_football" title="Black players in professional American football">Black players in professional American football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_black_starting_NFL_quarterbacks" title="List of black starting NFL quarterbacks">Black NFL quarterbacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_players_in_ice_hockey" title="Black players in ice hockey">Black players in ice hockey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali" title="Muhammad Ali">Muhammad Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Ashe" title="Arthur Ashe">Arthur Ashe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Johnson_(boxer)" title="Jack Johnson (boxer)">Jack Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Louis" title="Joe Louis">Joe Louis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Owens" title="Jesse Owens">Jesse Owens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackie_Robinson" title="Jackie Robinson">Jackie Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serena_Williams" title="Serena Williams">Serena Williams</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Athletic associations and conferences</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Intercollegiate_Athletic_Association" title="Central Intercollegiate Athletic Association">Central (CIAA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid-Eastern_Athletic_Conference" title="Mid-Eastern Athletic Conference">Mid-Eastern (MEAC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Intercollegiate_Athletic_Conference" title="Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Conference">Southern (SIAC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Athletic_Conference" title="Southwestern Athletic Conference">Southwestern (SWAC)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%">Ethnic subdivisions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>By African descent <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fula_Americans" title="Fula Americans">Fula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gullah" title="Gullah">Gullah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igbo_Americans" title="Igbo Americans">Igbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_Americans" title="Yoruba Americans">Yoruba</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_Creole_people" title="Alabama Creole people">Alabama Creole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Indians_in_the_United_States" title="Black Indians in the United States">Black Indians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Seminoles" title="Black Seminoles">Black Seminoles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_freedmen_controversy" title="Cherokee freedmen controversy">Cherokee freedmen controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choctaw_freedmen" title="Choctaw freedmen">Choctaw freedmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creek_Freedmen" title="Creek Freedmen">Creek Freedmen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Southerners" title="Black Southerners">Black Southerners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blaxican" title="Blaxican">Blaxicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Dismal_Swamp_maroons" title="Great Dismal Swamp maroons">Great Dismal Swamp maroons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Creole_people" title="Louisiana Creole people">Louisiana Creole</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Creoles_of_color" title="Creoles of color">of color</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melungeon" title="Melungeon">Melungeon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%">Demographics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_neighborhood" title="African-American neighborhood">Neighborhoods</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_neighborhoods" title="List of African-American neighborhoods">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._cities_with_large_Black_populations" title="List of U.S. cities with large Black populations">U.S. cities with large populations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._communities_with_African-American_majority_populations_in_2000" title="List of U.S. communities with African-American majority populations in 2000">2000 majorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._communities_with_African-American_majority_populations_in_2010" title="List of U.S. communities with African-American majority populations in 2010">2010 majorities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._metropolitan_areas_with_large_African-American_populations" title="List of U.S. metropolitan areas with large African-American populations">Metropolitan areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_African-American_population" title="List of U.S. states and territories by African-American population">States and territories</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%">Languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Seminole_Creole" title="Afro-Seminole Creole">Afro-Seminole Creole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Sign_Language" title="American Sign Language">American Sign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_American_Sign_Language" title="Black American Sign Language">Black American Sign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_English" title="African-American English">African-American English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_Vernacular_English" title="African-American Vernacular English">African-American Vernacular English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_Vernacular_English_and_social_context" title="African-American Vernacular English and social context">social context</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gullah_language" title="Gullah language">Gullah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Creole" title="Louisiana Creole">Louisiana Creole</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%">By state/city</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Alabama" title="African Americans in Alabama">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Arkansas" title="African Americans in Arkansas">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_California" title="African Americans in California">California</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Los_Angeles" title="History of African Americans in Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_San_Francisco" title="African Americans in San Francisco">San Francisco</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Cleveland" class="mw-redirect" title="African Americans in Cleveland">Cleveland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Florida" title="African Americans in Florida">Florida</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Jacksonville" title="History of African Americans in Jacksonville">Jacksonville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Tallahassee,_Florida#Black_history" title="History of Tallahassee, Florida">Tallahassee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Georgia" title="African Americans in Georgia">Georgia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Atlanta" title="African Americans in Atlanta">Atlanta</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Africans_in_Hawaii" title="Africans in Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Illinois" title="African Americans in Illinois">Illinois</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Chicago" title="History of African Americans in Chicago">Chicago</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Indiana" class="mw-redirect" title="African Americans in Indiana">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Iowa" class="mw-redirect" title="African Americans in Iowa">Iowa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Davenport,_Iowa" title="African Americans in Davenport, Iowa">Davenport</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Kansas" class="mw-redirect" title="History of African Americans in Kansas">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Kentucky" title="History of African Americans in Kentucky">Kentucky</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_neighborhoods_in_Lexington,_Kentucky" title="African-American neighborhoods in Lexington, Kentucky">Lexington</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Louisiana" title="African Americans in Louisiana">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Maryland" title="African Americans in Maryland">Maryland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Baltimore" title="History of African Americans in Baltimore">Baltimore</a></li></ul></li> <li>Massachusetts <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Boston" title="History of African Americans in Boston">Boston</a></li></ul></li> <li>Michigan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Detroit" title="History of African Americans in Detroit">Detroit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Mississippi" title="African Americans in Mississippi">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_American_history_of_Nebraska" class="mw-redirect" title="African American history of Nebraska">Nebraska</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Omaha,_Nebraska" title="African Americans in Omaha, Nebraska">Omaha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_New_Jersey" title="African Americans in New Jersey">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="African Americans in New York">New York</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_New_York_City" title="African Americans in New York City">New York City</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_North_Carolina" title="African Americans in North Carolina">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Ohio" title="African Americans in Ohio">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Oklahoma" title="African Americans in Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Oregon" title="African Americans in Oregon">Oregon</a></li> <li>Pennsylvania <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Philadelphia" title="History of African Americans in Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro%E2%80%93Puerto_Ricans" title="Afro–Puerto Ricans">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_South_Carolina" title="African Americans in South Carolina">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_South_Dakota" title="African Americans in South Dakota">South Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Tennessee" title="African Americans in Tennessee">Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Texas" title="History of African Americans in Texas">Texas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Austin" title="History of African Americans in Austin">Austin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Dallas%E2%80%93Fort_Worth" title="History of African Americans in Dallas–Fort Worth">Dallas–Fort Worth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Houston" title="History of African Americans in Houston">Houston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_San_Antonio" title="History of African Americans in San Antonio">San Antonio</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Utah" title="History of African Americans in Utah">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Virginia" title="African Americans in Virginia">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_West_Virginia" title="African Americans in West Virginia">West Virginia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/African-American_diaspora" title="African-American diaspora">Diaspora</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Africa" title="African Americans in Africa">Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gambian_Creole_people" title="Gambian Creole people">Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Ghana" title="African Americans in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americo-Liberian_people" title="Americo-Liberian people">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_Creole_people" title="Sierra Leone Creole people">Sierra Leone</a></li></ul></li> <li>America <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Nova_Scotians" title="Black Nova Scotians">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saman%C3%A1_Americans" title="Samaná Americans">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_emigration" title="Haitian emigration">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mascogos" title="Mascogos">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merikins" title="Merikins">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Israel" title="African Americans in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li>Europe <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_France" title="African Americans in France">France</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_African_Americans" title="Lists of African Americans">African Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_activists" title="List of African-American activists">Activists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_actors" title="List of African-American actors">Actors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_astronauts" title="List of African-American astronauts">Astronauts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_billionaires" title="Black billionaires">Billionaires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African_American_journalists" title="List of African American journalists">Journalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_jurists" class="mw-redirect" title="List of African-American jurists">Jurists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_mathematicians" title="List of African-American mathematicians">Mathematicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_Republicans" title="List of African-American Republicans">Republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_singers" title="List of African-American singers">Singers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African_American_sportspeople" title="List of African American sportspeople">Sportspeople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spingarn_Medal" title="Spingarn Medal">Spingarn Medal winners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_United_States_Cabinet_members" title="List of African-American United States Cabinet members">US cabinet members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_United_States_representatives" title="List of African-American United States representatives">US representatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_United_States_senators" title="List of African-American United States senators">US senators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_visual_artists" title="List of African-American visual artists">Visual artists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_writers" title="List of African-American writers">Writers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_firsts" class="mw-redirect" title="List of African-American firsts">African-American firsts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_first_African-American_mayors" title="List of first African-American mayors">Mayors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_sports_firsts" title="List of African-American sports firsts">Sports firsts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_U.S._state_firsts" title="List of African-American U.S. state firsts">US state firsts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_historic_places" title="List of African-American historic places">Historic places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_articles_related_to_African_Americans" title="Index of articles related to African Americans">Index of related articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_landmark_African-American_legislation" title="List of landmark African-American legislation">Landmark African-American legislation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lynching_victims_in_the_United_States" title="List of lynching victims in the United States">Lynching victims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monuments_to_African_Americans" title="List of monuments to African Americans">Monuments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_neighborhoods" title="List of African-American neighborhoods">Neighborhoods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_topics_related_to_the_African_diaspora" title="List of topics related to the African diaspora">Topics related to the African diaspora</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #d1eaeb;;font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:African-American_society" title="Category:African-American society">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:<ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/21px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/42px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/19px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/37px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:ACRM" title="Wikipedia:ACRM"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Logo_SNCC.svg/19px-Logo_SNCC.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Logo_SNCC.svg/29px-Logo_SNCC.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Logo_SNCC.svg/38px-Logo_SNCC.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Civil_rights_movement" title="Portal:Civil rights movement">Civil rights movement</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/18px-Allah-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/28px-Allah-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/36px-Allah-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="215" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Islam" title="Portal:Islam">Islam</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/19px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/29px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/38px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics</a></li></ul></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236088147">.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline;font-size:88%;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em 0 0;padding:0 2em}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;padding:0.2em 0;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px;line-height:22px}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;align-items:baseline;padding:0.2em 0;column-gap:1em;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{display:flex;align-items:baseline;margin:0.15em 0;min-height:24px;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-logo{width:22px;line-height:22px;margin:0 0.2em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-link{margin:0 0.2em;text-align:left}@media screen and (max-width:960px){.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{flex-flow:column wrap;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{flex:0 1}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{flex:1;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{flex:0 0 20em;min-width:20em}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.portal-bar{margin-top:-1px}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="noprint metadata sister-bar" role="navigation" aria-label="sister-projects"><div class="sister-bar-header">Malcolm X at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a>:</div><ul class="sister-bar-content"><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/14px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/21px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/28px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Malcolm_X" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Malcolm X">Media</a> from Commons</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/16px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/24px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/32px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Malcolm_X" class="extiw" title="q:Malcolm X">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/28px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/36px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Malcolm_X" class="extiw" title="s:Author:Malcolm X">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/21px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/32px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/42px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43303" class="extiw" title="d:Q43303">Data</a> from Wikidata</li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style 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