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</ul> </nav>  <div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Sherman's March" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Sherman%27s_March_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Sherman's March (disambiguation)">Sherman's March (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style>Sherman's March to the Sea (also known as the Savannah campaign or simply Sherman's March) was a <a href="/wiki/Military_campaign" title="Military campaign">military campaign</a> of the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a> conducted through <a href="/wiki/Georgia_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Georgia in the American Civil War">Georgia</a> from November 15 until December 21, 1864, by <a href="/wiki/William_Tecumseh_Sherman" title="William Tecumseh Sherman">William Tecumseh Sherman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Major_general_(United_States)" title="Major general (United States)">major general</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Union_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Army">Union Army</a>. The campaign began on November 15 with Sherman's troops leaving <a href="/wiki/Atlanta" title="Atlanta">Atlanta</a>, recently <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Atlanta" title="Battle of Atlanta">taken by Union forces</a>, and ended with the capture of the port of <a href="/wiki/Savannah,_Georgia" title="Savannah, Georgia">Savannah</a> on December 21. His forces followed a "<a href="/wiki/Scorched_earth" title="Scorched earth">scorched earth</a>" policy, destroying military targets as well as industry, infrastructure, and civilian property, disrupting the <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Confederate_States_of_America" title="Economy of the Confederate States of America">Confederacy's economy and transportation networks</a>. <div class="stack mw-stack stack-clear-right"><div><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Sherman's March to the Sea</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><a href="/wiki/File:F.O.C._Darley_and_Alexander_Hay_Ritchie_-_Sherman%27s_March_to_the_Sea.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/F.O.C._Darley_and_Alexander_Hay_Ritchie_-_Sherman%27s_March_to_the_Sea.jpg/300px-F.O.C._Darley_and_Alexander_Hay_Ritchie_-_Sherman%27s_March_to_the_Sea.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/F.O.C._Darley_and_Alexander_Hay_Ritchie_-_Sherman%27s_March_to_the_Sea.jpg/450px-F.O.C._Darley_and_Alexander_Hay_Ritchie_-_Sherman%27s_March_to_the_Sea.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/F.O.C._Darley_and_Alexander_Hay_Ritchie_-_Sherman%27s_March_to_the_Sea.jpg/600px-F.O.C._Darley_and_Alexander_Hay_Ritchie_-_Sherman%27s_March_to_the_Sea.jpg 2x" data-file-width="10417" data-file-height="6837"></a> Sherman's March to the Sea, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hay_Ritchie" title="Alexander Hay Ritchie">Alexander Hay Ritchie</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>November 15 – December 21, 1864 (1 month and 6 days)</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Georgia_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Georgia in the American Civil War">Georgia</a></div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> Union victory</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281863-1865%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281863-1865%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281863-1865%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281863-1865%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281863-1865%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281863-1865%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650"> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> (<a href="/wiki/Union_(American_Civil_War)" title="Union (American Civil War)">Union</a>)</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%281863%E2%80%931865%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%281863%E2%80%931865%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%281863%E2%80%931865%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%281863%E2%80%931865%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%281863%E2%80%931865%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%281863%E2%80%931865%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"> <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederate States</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281863-1865%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281863-1865%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281863-1865%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281863-1865%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281863-1865%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281863-1865%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650"> <a href="/wiki/William_Tecumseh_Sherman" title="William Tecumseh Sherman">William T. Sherman</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%281863%E2%80%931865%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%281863%E2%80%931865%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%281863%E2%80%931865%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%281863%E2%80%931865%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%281863%E2%80%931865%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%281863%E2%80%931865%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"> <a href="/wiki/William_J._Hardee" title="William J. Hardee">William Hardee</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%281863%E2%80%931865%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%281863%E2%80%931865%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%281863%E2%80%931865%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%281863%E2%80%931865%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%281863%E2%80%931865%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%281863%E2%80%931865%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"> <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Wheeler" title="Joseph Wheeler">Joseph Wheeler</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Units involved</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Tennessee" title="Army of the Tennessee">Army of the Tennessee</a><a href="#cite_note-UOOB-1">[1]</a> <a href="/wiki/Army_of_Georgia" title="Army of Georgia">Army of Georgia</a><a href="#cite_note-UOOB-1">[1]</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> Department of South Carolina, Georgia, and Florida</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> 62,204<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> 12,466<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> More than 1,300 casualties</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> Around 2,300 casualties</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-top:1px dotted #aaa;"> Economic loss: $100 million<a href="#cite_note-Catton415-4">[4]</a></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div></div></div> The operation debilitated the Confederacy and helped lead to <a href="/wiki/Conclusion_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Conclusion of the American Civil War">its eventual surrender</a>.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> Sherman's decision to operate deep within enemy territory without <a href="/wiki/Military_supply_chain_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Military supply chain management">supply lines</a> was unusual for its time, and the campaign is regarded by some historians as an early example of <a href="/wiki/Total_war" title="Total war">total war</a> or "hard war" in <a href="/wiki/Modern_warfare" title="Modern warfare">modern warfare</a>. Following the March to the Sea, Sherman's army headed north for the <a href="/wiki/Carolinas_campaign" title="Carolinas campaign">Carolinas campaign</a>. The portion of this march through <a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="South Carolina in the American Civil War">South Carolina</a> was even more destructive than the Savannah campaign, since Sherman and his men harbored much ill-will for that state's part in bringing on the Civil War; the following portion, through <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="North Carolina in the American Civil War">North Carolina</a>, was less so.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Etymology">1 Etymology</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Background_and_objectives">2 Background and objectives</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Military_situation">2.1 Military situation</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Orders">2.2 Orders</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Opposing_forces">3 Opposing forces</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Union">3.1 Union</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Confederate">3.2 Confederate</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#March">4 March</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#Aftermath">5 Aftermath</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#Legacy">6 Legacy</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#See_also">7 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#References">8 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#External_links">9 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Sherman%27s_March_to_the_Sea&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> The March to the Sea owes its common name to a poem written by <a href="/wiki/S._H._M._Byers" title="S. H. M. Byers">S. H. M. Byers</a> in late 1864. Byers was a Union prisoner of war held at <a href="/wiki/Camp_Sorghum" title="Camp Sorghum">Camp Sorghum</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Columbia,_South_Carolina" title="Columbia, South Carolina">Columbia, South Carolina</a>. During his imprisonment, Byers wrote a poem about the Savannah campaign, which he titled "Sherman's March to the Sea" and which was set to music by fellow prisoner W. O. Rockwell.<a href="#cite_note-iowa-7">[7]</a> When Byers was freed by the Union <a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Columbia" title="Capture of Columbia">Capture of Columbia</a>, he approached General Sherman and handed him a scrap of paper. On it was Byers' poem. Reading the paper later in the day, Sherman was so moved by Byers' poem that he promoted Byers to his staff where the two became lifelong friends. The poem would go on to lend its name to Sherman's campaign, and a version set to music became an instant hit with Sherman's Army and later the public.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELucas197680,_86-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-iowa-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="Background_and_objectives">Background and objectives</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Sherman%27s_March_to_the_Sea&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Background and objectives" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military_situation">Military situation</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Sherman%27s_March_to_the_Sea&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Military situation" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Atlanta_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlanta Campaign">Atlanta Campaign</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Western_Theater_of_the_American_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Theater of the American Civil War">Western Theater of the American Civil War</a> and <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a></div> Sherman's "March to the Sea" followed his successful <a href="/wiki/Atlanta_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlanta Campaign">Atlanta Campaign</a> of May to September 1864. He and the Union Army's commander, <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_general_(United_States)" title="Lieutenant general (United States)">Lt. Gen.</a> <a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Ulysses S. Grant</a>, believed that the Civil War would come to an end only if the <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederacy</a>'s strategic capacity for warfare could be decisively broken.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> Sherman therefore planned an operation that has been compared to the modern principles of <a href="/wiki/Scorched_earth" title="Scorched earth">scorched earth</a> warfare. Although his formal orders specified control over destruction of infrastructure in areas in which his army was unmolested by guerrilla activity, he recognized that supplying an army through liberal foraging would have a destructive effect on the morale of the civilian population it encountered in its wide sweep through the state.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> The second objective of the campaign was more traditional. Grant's armies in Virginia continued in a stalemate against <a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Lee" title="Robert E. Lee">Robert E. Lee</a>'s army, <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Petersburg" title="Siege of Petersburg">besieged in Petersburg, Virginia</a>. By encroaching into the rear of Lee's positions, Sherman could increase pressure on Lee's <a href="/wiki/Army_of_Northern_Virginia" title="Army of Northern Virginia">Army of Northern Virginia</a> and keep Confederate reinforcements from reaching him. The campaign was designed by Grant and Sherman to be similar to Grant's innovative and successful <a href="/wiki/Vicksburg_campaign" title="Vicksburg campaign">Vicksburg campaign</a> and Sherman's <a href="/wiki/Meridian_campaign" title="Meridian campaign">Meridian campaign</a>, in that Sherman's armies would reduce their need for traditional supply lines by "living off the land" after consuming their 20 days of rations. Foragers, known as "<a href="/wiki/Bummers" title="Bummers">bummers</a>", would provide food seized from local farms for the army while they destroyed the railroads and the manufacturing and agricultural infrastructure of Georgia. In planning for the march, Sherman used livestock and crop production data from the <a href="/wiki/1860_United_States_Census" class="mw-redirect" title="1860 United States Census">1860 census</a> to lead his troops through areas where he believed they would be able to forage most effectively.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> The twisted and broken <a href="/wiki/Railroad" class="mw-redirect" title="Railroad">railroad</a> rails that the troops heated over fires, wrapped around tree trunks and left behind became known as <a href="/wiki/Sherman%27s_neckties" title="Sherman's neckties">Sherman's neckties</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Orders">Orders</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Sherman%27s_March_to_the_Sea&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Orders" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> As the army would be out of touch with the North throughout the campaign, Sherman gave explicit orders, <a href="/wiki/Sherman%27s_Special_Field_Orders,_No._120" class="mw-redirect" title="Sherman's Special Field Orders, No. 120">Sherman's Special Field Orders, No. 120</a>, regarding the conduct of the campaign. The following is an excerpt from those orders: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">... IV. The army will forage liberally on the country during the march. To this end, each brigade commander will organize a good and sufficient foraging party, under the command of one or more discreet officers, who will gather, near the route traveled, corn or forage of any kind, meat of any kind, vegetables, corn-meal, or whatever is needed by the command, aiming at all times to keep in the wagons at least ten days' provisions for the command and three days' forage. Soldiers must not enter the dwellings of the inhabitants, or commit any trespass, but during a halt or a camp they may be permitted to gather turnips, apples, and other vegetables, and to drive in stock in sight of their camp. To regular foraging parties must be intrusted the gathering of provisions and forage at any distance from the road traveled. V. To army corps commanders alone is intrusted the power to destroy mills, houses, cotton-gins, &c., and for them this general principle is laid down: In districts and neighborhoods where the army is unmolested no destruction of such property should be permitted; but should guerrillas or <a href="/wiki/Bushwhacker" title="Bushwhacker">bushwhackers</a> molest our march, or should the inhabitants burn bridges, obstruct roads, or otherwise manifest local hostility, then army commanders should order and enforce a devastation more or less relentless according to the measure of such hostility. VI. As for horses, mules, wagons, &c., belonging to the inhabitants, the cavalry and artillery may appropriate freely and without limit, discriminating, however, between the rich, who are usually hostile, and the poor or industrious, usually neutral or friendly. Foraging parties may also take mules or horses to replace the jaded animals of their trains, or to serve as pack-mules for the regiments or brigades. In all foraging, of whatever kind, the parties engaged will refrain from abusive or threatening language, and may, where the officer in command thinks proper, give written certificates of the facts, but no receipts, and they will endeavor to leave with each family a reasonable portion for their maintenance. VII. Negroes who are able-bodied and can be of service to the several columns may be taken along, but each army commander will bear in mind that the question of supplies is a very important one and that his first duty is to see to them who bear arms... <div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>William T. Sherman, Military Division of the Mississippi Special Field Order 120, November 9, 1864.</cite></div></blockquote> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Opposing_forces">Opposing forces</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Sherman%27s_March_to_the_Sea&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Opposing forces" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Union">Union</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Sherman%27s_March_to_the_Sea&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Union" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:William_Tecumseh_Sherman_and_staff_-_Brady-Handy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/William_Tecumseh_Sherman_and_staff_-_Brady-Handy.jpg/220px-William_Tecumseh_Sherman_and_staff_-_Brady-Handy.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3823" data-file-height="2811"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 162px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/William_Tecumseh_Sherman_and_staff_-_Brady-Handy.jpg/220px-William_Tecumseh_Sherman_and_staff_-_Brady-Handy.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="162" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/William_Tecumseh_Sherman_and_staff_-_Brady-Handy.jpg/330px-William_Tecumseh_Sherman_and_staff_-_Brady-Handy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/William_Tecumseh_Sherman_and_staff_-_Brady-Handy.jpg/440px-William_Tecumseh_Sherman_and_staff_-_Brady-Handy.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>William T. Sherman and several Generals who took part in the march. Standing, left to right: Oliver Otis Howard, William Babcock Hazen, Jefferson Columbus Davis, Joseph Anthony Mower. Seated, left to right: John Alexander Logan, William Tecumseh Sherman, Henry Warner Slocum.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Savannah_campaign_Union_order_of_battle" class="mw-redirect" title="Savannah campaign Union order of battle">Savannah campaign Union order of battle</a></div> Sherman, commanding the <a href="/wiki/Military_Division_of_the_Mississippi" title="Military Division of the Mississippi">Military Division of the Mississippi</a>, did not employ his entire army group in the campaign. Confederate <a href="/wiki/Lt._General_(CSA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lt. General (CSA)">Lt. Gen.</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Bell_Hood" title="John Bell Hood">John Bell Hood</a> was threatening <a href="/wiki/Chattanooga,_Tennessee" title="Chattanooga, Tennessee">Chattanooga</a>, and Sherman detached two armies under Maj. Gen. <a href="/wiki/George_H._Thomas" class="mw-redirect" title="George H. Thomas">George H. Thomas</a> to deal with Hood in the <a href="/wiki/Franklin%E2%80%93Nashville_campaign" title="Franklin–Nashville campaign">Franklin–Nashville campaign</a>.<a href="#cite_note-UOOB-1">[1]</a> Thomas would go on to defeat Hood, leaving Sherman's main army effectively unopposed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarrett195625-13">[13]</a> When Sherman had prepared his forces for the <a href="/wiki/Atlanta_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlanta Campaign">Atlanta Campaign</a>, which immediately preceded the March to the Sea, he took rigorous steps to ensure that only the most physically fit men were accepted, that every man in the army could march for long distances and would fight without reservations. Sherman wanted only the "best fighting material." Doctors performed in-depth examinations to weed out the weak and those suffering from disease, and because of this 1% of the men were left behind. Eighty percent of the remaining soldiers were long-time veterans of campaigns in both the Western theatre, primarily, and the Eastern, a minority.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> Sherman had ruthlessly cut to the bone the supplies carried, intending as he did for the army to live off the land as much as possible. Each division and brigade had a supply train, but the size of the train was strictly limited. Each regiment had one wagon and one ambulance, and each company had one pack mule for the baggage of its officers; the number of tents carried was curtailed. The staffs of the various headquarters were ruthlessly restricted, and much clerical work was done by permanent offices in the rear.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> This was the process by which the 62,000 men (55,000 infantry, 5,000 cavalry, and 2,000 artillerymen manning 64 guns) Sherman commanded were assembled, and would leave Atlanta for Savannah. They were divided into two columns for the march:<a href="#cite_note-UOOB-1">[1]</a> <ul><li>The right wing was the <a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Tennessee" title="Army of the Tennessee">Army of the Tennessee</a>, commanded by Maj. Gen. <a href="/wiki/Oliver_O._Howard" class="mw-redirect" title="Oliver O. Howard">Oliver O. Howard</a>, consisting of two corps: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/XV_Corps_(Union_Army)" class="mw-redirect" title="XV Corps (Union Army)">XV Corps</a>, commanded by Maj. Gen. <a href="/wiki/Peter_J._Osterhaus" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter J. Osterhaus">Peter J. Osterhaus</a>, with the divisions of <a href="/wiki/Brigadier_General#United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Brigadier General">Brig. Gens.</a> <a href="/wiki/Charles_R._Woods" title="Charles R. Woods">Charles R. Woods</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_B._Hazen" class="mw-redirect" title="William B. Hazen">William B. Hazen</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_E._Smith" title="John E. Smith">John E. Smith</a>, and <a href="/wiki/John_M._Corse" title="John M. Corse">John M. Corse</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/XVII_Corps_(Union_Army)" class="mw-redirect" title="XVII Corps (Union Army)">XVII Corps</a>, commanded by Maj. Gen. <a href="/wiki/Francis_Preston_Blair_Jr." title="Francis Preston Blair Jr.">Frank Blair Jr.</a>, with the divisions of Maj. Gen. <a href="/wiki/Joseph_A._Mower" title="Joseph A. Mower">Joseph A. Mower</a> and Brig. Gens. <a href="/wiki/Mortimer_D._Leggett" class="mw-redirect" title="Mortimer D. Leggett">Mortimer D. Leggett</a> and <a href="/wiki/Giles_Alexander_Smith" title="Giles Alexander Smith">Giles A. Smith</a>.</li></ul></li> <li>The left wing was the <a href="/wiki/Army_of_Georgia" title="Army of Georgia">Army of Georgia</a>, commanded by Maj. Gen. <a href="/wiki/Henry_W._Slocum" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry W. Slocum">Henry W. Slocum</a>, also with two corps: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/XIV_Corps_(Union_Army)" class="mw-redirect" title="XIV Corps (Union Army)">XIV Corps</a>, commanded by Brig. Gen. <a href="/wiki/Jefferson_C._Davis" title="Jefferson C. Davis">Jefferson C. Davis</a>, with the divisions of Brig. Gens. <a href="/wiki/William_P._Carlin" class="mw-redirect" title="William P. Carlin">William P. Carlin</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_D._Morgan" title="James D. Morgan">James D. Morgan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Absalom_Baird" title="Absalom Baird">Absalom Baird</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/XX_Corps_(Union_Army)" class="mw-redirect" title="XX Corps (Union Army)">XX Corps</a>, commanded by Brig. Gen. <a href="/wiki/Alpheus_S._Williams" title="Alpheus S. Williams">Alpheus S. Williams</a>, with the divisions of Brig. Gens. <a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_J._Jackson" title="Nathaniel J. Jackson">Nathaniel J. Jackson</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_W._Geary" title="John W. Geary">John W. Geary</a>, and <a href="/wiki/William_Thomas_Ward" title="William Thomas Ward">William T. Ward</a>.</li></ul></li> <li>A cavalry division under Brig. Gen. <a href="/wiki/Judson_Kilpatrick" class="mw-redirect" title="Judson Kilpatrick">Judson Kilpatrick</a> operated in support of the two wings, and reported directly to Sherman.</li></ul> In 1929, British military historian <a href="/wiki/B._H._Liddell_Hart" title="B. H. Liddell Hart">B. H. Liddell Hart</a> described the men of Sherman's army as "probably the finest army of military 'workmen' the modern world has seen. An army of individuals trained in the school of experience to look after their own food and health, to march far and fast with the least fatigue, to fight with the least exposure, above all, to act swiftly and to work thoroughly."<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> After his surrender to Sherman, Confederate General <a href="/wiki/Joseph_E._Johnston" title="Joseph E. Johnston">Joseph E. Johnston</a> said of Sherman's men that "there has been no such army since the days of Julius Caesar."<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Confederate">Confederate</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Sherman%27s_March_to_the_Sea&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Confederate" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The Confederate opposition from Lt. Gen. <a href="/wiki/William_J._Hardee" title="William J. Hardee">William J. Hardee</a>'s Department of South Carolina, Georgia, and Florida was meager. Hood had taken the bulk of forces in Georgia on his campaign to Tennessee in hopes of diverting Sherman to pursue him. Considering Sherman's military priorities, however, this tactical maneuver by his enemy to get out of his force's path was welcomed to the point of remarking, "If he will go to the Ohio River, I'll give him rations."<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> There were about 13,000 men remaining at <a href="/wiki/Lovejoy,_Georgia" title="Lovejoy, Georgia">Lovejoy's Station</a>, south of Atlanta. Maj. Gen. <a href="/wiki/Gustavus_Woodson_Smith" title="Gustavus Woodson Smith">Gustavus W. Smith</a>'s Georgia militia had about 3,050 soldiers, most of whom were boys and elderly men. The Cavalry Corps of Maj. Gen. <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Wheeler" title="Joseph Wheeler">Joseph Wheeler</a>, reinforced by a brigade under Brig. Gen. <a href="/wiki/William_Hicks_Jackson" title="William Hicks Jackson">William H. Jackson</a>, had approximately 10,000 troopers. During the campaign, the <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_Secretary_of_War" title="Confederate States Secretary of War">Confederate War Department</a> brought in additional men from Florida and the Carolinas, but they never were able to increase their effective force beyond 13,000.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="March">March</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Sherman%27s_March_to_the_Sea&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: March" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> Both U.S. President <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a> and General Ulysses S. Grant had serious reservations about Sherman's plans.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> Still, Grant trusted Sherman's assessment and on November 2, 1864, he sent Sherman a telegram stating simply, "Go as you propose."<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> The 300-mile (480 km) march began on November 15. Sherman recounted in his memoirs the scene when he left at 7 am the following day: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">... We rode out of Atlanta by the Decatur road, filled by the marching troops and wagons of the Fourteenth Corps; and reaching the hill, just outside of the old rebel works, we naturally paused to look back upon the scenes of our past battles. We stood upon the very ground whereon was fought the bloody battle of July 22d, and could see the copse of wood where <a href="/wiki/James_B._McPherson" title="James B. McPherson">McPherson</a> fell. Behind us lay Atlanta, smouldering and in ruins, the black smoke rising high in air, and hanging like a pall over the ruined city. Away off in the distance, on the McDonough road, was the rear of Howard's column, the gun-barrels glistening in the sun, the white-topped wagons stretching away to the south; and right before us the Fourteenth Corps, marching steadily and rapidly, with a cheery look and swinging pace, that made light of the thousand miles that lay between us and Richmond. Some band, by accident, struck up the anthem of "<a href="/wiki/John_Brown%27s_Body" title="John Brown's Body">John Brown's Body</a>"; the men caught up the strain, and never before or since have I heard the chorus of "Glory, glory, hallelujah!" done with more spirit, or in better harmony of time and place.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>William T. Sherman, Memoirs of General W.T. Sherman, Chapter 21</cite></div></blockquote> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Savannah_Campaign.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Savannah_Campaign.png/400px-Savannah_Campaign.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="270" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3001" data-file-height="2029"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 400px;height: 270px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Savannah_Campaign.png/400px-Savannah_Campaign.png" data-width="400" data-height="270" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Savannah_Campaign.png/600px-Savannah_Campaign.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Savannah_Campaign.png/800px-Savannah_Campaign.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Savannah campaign (Sherman's March to the Sea)</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sherman%27s_march_to_the_sea_MAP.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Sherman%27s_march_to_the_sea_MAP.jpg/400px-Sherman%27s_march_to_the_sea_MAP.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="242" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="11271" data-file-height="6816"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 400px;height: 242px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Sherman%27s_march_to_the_sea_MAP.jpg/400px-Sherman%27s_march_to_the_sea_MAP.jpg" data-width="400" data-height="242" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Sherman%27s_march_to_the_sea_MAP.jpg/600px-Sherman%27s_march_to_the_sea_MAP.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Sherman%27s_march_to_the_sea_MAP.jpg/800px-Sherman%27s_march_to_the_sea_MAP.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Savannah campaign (Sherman's March to the Sea): detailed map</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SHERMAN%27S_MARCHES.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/SHERMAN%27S_MARCHES.jpg/400px-SHERMAN%27S_MARCHES.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="245" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="11291" data-file-height="6905"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 400px;height: 245px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/SHERMAN%27S_MARCHES.jpg/400px-SHERMAN%27S_MARCHES.jpg" data-width="400" data-height="245" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/SHERMAN%27S_MARCHES.jpg/600px-SHERMAN%27S_MARCHES.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/SHERMAN%27S_MARCHES.jpg/800px-SHERMAN%27S_MARCHES.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Sherman's advance: Tennessee, Georgia, and Carolinas (1863–65)</figcaption></figure> Sherman's personal escort on the march was the <a href="/wiki/1st_Alabama_Cavalry_Regiment_(Union)" title="1st Alabama Cavalry Regiment (Union)">1st Alabama Cavalry Regiment</a>, a unit made up entirely of Southerners who <a href="/wiki/Southern_Unionist" title="Southern Unionist">remained loyal to the Union</a>. The two wings of the army attempted to confuse and deceive the enemy about their destinations; the Confederates could not tell from the initial movements whether Sherman would march on <a href="/wiki/Macon,_Georgia" title="Macon, Georgia">Macon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Augusta,_Georgia" title="Augusta, Georgia">Augusta</a>, or Savannah. Howard's wing, led by Kilpatrick's cavalry, marched south along the railroad to <a href="/wiki/Lovejoy%27s_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Lovejoy's Station">Lovejoy's Station</a>, which caused the defenders there to conduct a fighting retreat to Macon. The cavalry captured two Confederate guns at Lovejoy's Station, and then two more and 50 prisoners at <a href="/wiki/Hampton,_Georgia" title="Hampton, Georgia">Bear Creek Station</a>. Howard's infantry marched through <a href="/wiki/Jonesboro,_Georgia" title="Jonesboro, Georgia">Jonesboro</a> to Gordon, southwest of the state capital, <a href="/wiki/Milledgeville,_Georgia" title="Milledgeville, Georgia">Milledgeville</a>. Slocum's wing, accompanied by Sherman, moved to the east, in the direction of Augusta. They destroyed the bridge across the <a href="/wiki/Oconee_River" title="Oconee River">Oconee River</a> and then turned south.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> The first real resistance was felt by Howard's right wing at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Griswoldville" title="Battle of Griswoldville">Battle of Griswoldville</a> on November 22. Confederate Maj. Gen. Wheeler's cavalry struck Brig. Gen. Kilpatrick's, killing one, wounding two and capturing 18. The infantry brigade of Brig. Gen. <a href="/wiki/Charles_C._Walcutt" title="Charles C. Walcutt">Charles C. Walcutt</a> arrived to stabilize the defense, and the division of Georgia militia launched several hours of badly coordinated attacks, eventually retreating with about 1,100 casualties (of which about 600 were prisoners), versus the Union's 100. At the same time, Slocum's left wing approached the state capital at Milledgeville, prompting the hasty departure of <a href="/wiki/Joseph_E._Brown" title="Joseph E. Brown">Governor Joseph Brown</a> and the state legislature. On November 23, Slocum's troops captured the city and held a mock legislative session in the capitol building, jokingly voting Georgia back into the Union.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sherman_railroad_destroy_noborder.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Sherman_railroad_destroy_noborder.jpg/275px-Sherman_railroad_destroy_noborder.jpg" decoding="async" width="275" height="308" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="704" data-file-height="788"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 275px;height: 308px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Sherman_railroad_destroy_noborder.jpg/275px-Sherman_railroad_destroy_noborder.jpg" data-width="275" data-height="308" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Sherman_railroad_destroy_noborder.jpg/413px-Sherman_railroad_destroy_noborder.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Sherman_railroad_destroy_noborder.jpg/550px-Sherman_railroad_destroy_noborder.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Sherman's men destroying a railroad in Atlanta</figcaption></figure> Several small actions followed. Wheeler and some infantry struck in a rearguard action at Ball's Ferry on November 24 and November 25. While Howard's wing was delayed near Ball's Bluff, the 1st Alabama Cavalry (a Federal regiment) engaged Confederate pickets. Overnight, Union engineers constructed a bridge 2 miles (3.2 km) away from the bluff across the <a href="/wiki/Oconee_River" title="Oconee River">Oconee River</a>, and 200 soldiers crossed to <a href="/wiki/Flanking_maneuver" title="Flanking maneuver">flank</a> the Confederate position. On November 25–26 at <a href="/wiki/Sandersville,_Georgia" title="Sandersville, Georgia">Sandersville</a>, Wheeler struck at Slocum's advance guard. Kilpatrick was ordered to make a feint toward Augusta before destroying the railroad bridge at Brier Creek and moving to liberate the Camp Lawton <a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war_camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Prisoner of war camp">prisoner of war camp</a> at <a href="/wiki/Millen,_Georgia" title="Millen, Georgia">Millen</a>. Kilpatrick slipped by the defensive line that Wheeler had placed near Brier Creek, but on the night of November 26 Wheeler attacked and drove the 8th Indiana and 2nd Kentucky Cavalry away from their camps at Sylvan Grove. Kilpatrick abandoned his plans to destroy the railroad bridge and he also learned that the prisoners had been moved from Camp Lawton, so he rejoined the army at <a href="/wiki/Louisville,_Georgia" title="Louisville, Georgia">Louisville</a>. At the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Buck_Head_Creek" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Buck Head Creek">Battle of Buck Head Creek</a> on November 28, Kilpatrick was surprised and nearly captured, but the <a href="/wiki/5th_Ohio_Cavalry" class="mw-redirect" title="5th Ohio Cavalry">5th Ohio Cavalry</a> halted Wheeler's advance, and Wheeler was later stopped decisively by Union barricades at Reynolds's Plantation. On December 4, Kilpatrick's cavalry routed Wheeler's at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Waynesboro,_Georgia" title="Battle of Waynesboro, Georgia">Battle of Waynesboro</a>. More Union troops entered the campaign from an unlikely direction. Maj. Gen. <a href="/wiki/John_G._Foster" title="John G. Foster">John G. Foster</a> dispatched 5,500 men and 10 guns under Brig. Gen. <a href="/wiki/John_P._Hatch" class="mw-redirect" title="John P. Hatch">John P. Hatch</a> from <a href="/wiki/Hilton_Head,_South_Carolina" class="mw-redirect" title="Hilton Head, South Carolina">Hilton Head</a>, hoping to assist Sherman's arrival near Savannah by securing the <a href="/wiki/Charleston_and_Savannah_Railway" title="Charleston and Savannah Railway">Charleston and Savannah Railroad</a>. At the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Honey_Hill" title="Battle of Honey Hill">Battle of Honey Hill</a> on November 30, Hatch fought a vigorous battle against G.W. Smith's 1,500 Georgia militiamen, 3 miles (4.8 km) south of Grahamville Station, South Carolina. Smith's militia fought off the Union attacks, and Hatch withdrew after suffering about 650 casualties, versus Smith's 50. Sherman's armies reached the outskirts of Savannah on December 10 but found that <a href="/wiki/William_J._Hardee" title="William J. Hardee">Hardee</a> had entrenched 10,000 men in favorable fighting positions, and his soldiers had flooded the surrounding rice fields, leaving only narrow causeways available to approach the city. Sherman was blocked from linking up with the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Navy" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Navy">U.S. Navy</a> as he had planned, so he dispatched cavalry to Fort McAllister, guarding the <a href="/wiki/Ogeechee_River" title="Ogeechee River">Ogeechee River</a>, in hopes of unblocking his route and obtaining supplies awaiting him on the Navy ships. On December 13, William B. Hazen's division of Howard's wing stormed the fort in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_McAllister_(1864)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Fort McAllister (1864)">Battle of Fort McAllister</a> and captured it within 15 minutes. Some of the 134 Union casualties were caused by torpedoes, a name for crude <a href="/wiki/Land_mine" title="Land mine">land mines</a> that were used only rarely in the war. Now that Sherman had contact with the Navy fleet under Rear Admiral <a href="/wiki/John_A._Dahlgren" title="John A. Dahlgren">John A. Dahlgren</a>, he was able to obtain the supplies and siege artillery he required to <a href="/wiki/Investment_(military)" title="Investment (military)">invest</a> Savannah. On December 17, he sent a message to Hardee in the city: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">I have already received guns that can cast heavy and destructive shot as far as the heart of your city; also, I have for some days held and controlled every avenue by which the people and garrison of Savannah can be supplied, and I am therefore justified in demanding the surrender of the city of Savannah, and its dependent forts, and shall wait a reasonable time for your answer, before opening with heavy ordnance. Should you entertain the proposition, I am prepared to grant liberal terms to the inhabitants and garrison; but should I be forced to resort to assault, or the slower and surer process of starvation, I shall then feel justified in resorting to the harshest measures, and shall make little effort to restrain my army—burning to avenge the national wrong which they attach to Savannah and other large cities which have been so prominent in dragging our country into civil war.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>William T. Sherman, Message to William J. Hardee, December 17, 1864, recorded in his memoirs</cite></div></blockquote> Hardee decided not to surrender but to escape. Historian Barrett assesses that Sherman could have stopped Hardee, but failed to because he was hesitant to overcommit his forces.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarrett195625-13">[13]</a> On December 20, Hardee led his men across the <a href="/wiki/Savannah_River" title="Savannah River">Savannah River</a> on a makeshift pontoon bridge. The next morning, <a href="/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Savannah,_Georgia" title="List of mayors of Savannah, Georgia">Savannah Mayor</a> Richard Dennis Arnold, with a delegation of aldermen and ladies of the city, rode out (until they were unhorsed by fleeing Confederate cavalrymen) to offer a proposition: The city would surrender and offer no resistance, in exchange for General Geary's promise to protect the city's citizens and their property. Geary telegraphed Sherman, who advised him to accept the offer. Arnold presented him with the key to the city, and Sherman's men, led by Geary's division of the XX Corps, occupied the city the same day.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Sherman%27s_March_to_the_Sea&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Aftermath" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Telegram_from_General_William_T._Sherman_to_President_Abraham_Lincoln,_12-22-1864_(6023480196).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Telegram_from_General_William_T._Sherman_to_President_Abraham_Lincoln%2C_12-22-1864_%286023480196%29.jpg/160px-Telegram_from_General_William_T._Sherman_to_President_Abraham_Lincoln%2C_12-22-1864_%286023480196%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="257" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1961" data-file-height="3150"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 160px;height: 257px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Telegram_from_General_William_T._Sherman_to_President_Abraham_Lincoln%2C_12-22-1864_%286023480196%29.jpg/160px-Telegram_from_General_William_T._Sherman_to_President_Abraham_Lincoln%2C_12-22-1864_%286023480196%29.jpg" data-width="160" data-height="257" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Telegram_from_General_William_T._Sherman_to_President_Abraham_Lincoln%2C_12-22-1864_%286023480196%29.jpg/240px-Telegram_from_General_William_T._Sherman_to_President_Abraham_Lincoln%2C_12-22-1864_%286023480196%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Telegram_from_General_William_T._Sherman_to_President_Abraham_Lincoln%2C_12-22-1864_%286023480196%29.jpg/320px-Telegram_from_General_William_T._Sherman_to_President_Abraham_Lincoln%2C_12-22-1864_%286023480196%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Telegram sent by Sherman to Lincoln, December 22</figcaption></figure> Sherman telegraphed to President Lincoln, "I beg to present you as a <a href="/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas">Christmas</a> gift the City of Savannah, with one hundred and fifty heavy guns and plenty of ammunition and about twenty-five thousand bales of cotton."<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> On December 26, the president replied in a letter:<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Many, many thanks for your Christmas gift, the capture of Savannah. When you were about leaving Atlanta for the Atlantic coast, I was anxious, if not fearful; but feeling that you were the better judge, and remembering that 'nothing risked, nothing gained,' I did not interfere. Now, the undertaking being a success, the honor is yours; for I believe none of us went further than to acquiesce. And taking the work of General Thomas into the count, as it should be taken, it is indeed a great success. Not only does it afford the obvious and immediate military advantages, but, in showing to the world that your army could be divided, putting the stronger part to an important new service, and yet leaving enough to vanquish the old opposing force of the whole – Hood's army – it brings those who sat in darkness to see a great light. But what next? I suppose it will be safer if I leave General Grant and yourself to decide. Please make my grateful acknowledgments to your whole army, officers and men.</blockquote> The March attracted a huge number of refugees, to whom Sherman assigned land with his <a href="/wiki/Sherman%27s_Special_Field_Orders,_No._15" class="mw-redirect" title="Sherman's Special Field Orders, No. 15">Special Field Orders No. 15</a>. These orders have been depicted in popular culture as the origin of the "<a href="/wiki/40_acres_and_a_mule" class="mw-redirect" title="40 acres and a mule">40 acres and a mule</a>" promise.<a href="#cite_note-Gates-27">[27]</a> The Army's stay in Savannah was generally without incident. The Army was on its best behavior, in part because anyone caught doing "unsoldier-like deeds" was to be summarily executed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarrett195627-28">[28]</a> As the Army recuperated, Sherman quickly tackled a variety of local problems. He organized relief for the flood of refugees that had inundated the city. Sherman further arranged for 50,000 bushels of captured rice to be sold in the North to raise money to feed Savannah. While the local high society turned its nose up at the Union Army, refusing to be seen at social events with Union officers present, Sherman was ironically focused on protecting them. Sherman received numerous letters from the very Confederate officers he was fighting against, requesting that Sherman ensure the protection of their families. Sherman dutifully complied with the letters of protection he received, from both North and South, regardless of social standing.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarrett195627%E2%80%9328-29">[29]</a> From Savannah, after a month-long delay for rest, Sherman marched north in the spring in the <a href="/wiki/Carolinas_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Carolinas Campaign">Carolinas Campaign</a>, intending to complete his turning movement and combine his armies with Grant's against Robert E. Lee. Sherman's next major action was the <a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Columbia" title="Capture of Columbia">capture of Columbia</a>, the strategically important capital of South Carolina.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> After a successful two-month campaign, Sherman accepted the surrender of General <a href="/wiki/Joseph_E._Johnston" title="Joseph E. Johnston">Joseph E. Johnston</a> and his forces in <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a> on April 26, 1865.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:35%; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> We are not only fighting armies, but a hostile people, and must make old and young, rich and poor, feel the hard hand of war, as well as their organized armies. I know that this recent movement of mine through Georgia has had a wonderful effect in this respect. Thousands who had been deceived by their lying papers into the belief that we were being whipped all the time, realized the truth, and have no appetite for a repetition of the same experience. </blockquote> <cite class="left-aligned" style="">Letter, Sherman to <a href="/wiki/Henry_W._Halleck" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry W. Halleck">Henry W. Halleck</a>, December 24, 1864.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a></cite> </div> Sherman's scorched earth policies have always been highly controversial, and Sherman's memory has long been reviled by many <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">Southerners</a>. Slaves' opinions varied concerning the actions of Sherman and his army.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> Some who welcomed him as a liberator chose to follow his armies. Jacqueline Campbell has written, on the other hand, that some slaves looked upon the Union army's ransacking and invasive actions with disdain. They often felt betrayed, as they "suffered along with their owners, complicating their decision of whether to flee with or from Union troops", although that is now seen as a post synopsis of Confederate nationalism.<a href="#cite_note-Campbell33-34">[34]</a> A Confederate officer estimated that 10,000 liberated slaves followed Sherman's army, and hundreds died of "hunger, disease, or exposure" along the way.<a href="#cite_note-Catton415-4">[4]</a> The March to the Sea was devastating to Georgia and the Confederacy. Sherman himself estimated that the campaign had inflicted $100 million (equivalent to $982 million in 2023) in destruction, about one fifth of which "inured to our advantage" while the "remainder is simple waste and destruction".<a href="#cite_note-Catton415-4">[4]</a> The Army wrecked 300 miles (480 km) of railroad and numerous bridges and miles of telegraph lines. It seized 5,000 horses, 4,000 mules, and 13,000 head of cattle. It confiscated 9.5 million pounds of corn and 10.5 million pounds of fodder, and destroyed uncounted <a href="/wiki/Cotton_gin" title="Cotton gin">cotton gins</a> and mills.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> Military historians Herman Hattaway and Archer Jones cited the significant damage wrought to railroads and Southern logistics in the campaign and stated that "Sherman's raid succeeded in 'knocking the Confederate war effort to pieces'."<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> David J. Eicher wrote that "Sherman had accomplished an amazing task. He had defied military principles by operating deep within enemy territory and without lines of supply or communication. He destroyed much of the South's potential and psychology to wage war."<a href="#cite_note-Eicher768-37">[37]</a> According to a 2022 American Economic Journal study which sought to measure the medium- and long-term economic impact of Sherman's March, "the capital destruction induced by the March led to a large contraction in agricultural investment, farming asset prices, and manufacturing activity. Elements of the decline in agriculture persisted through 1920".<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Sherman%27s_March_to_the_Sea&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Legacy" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sherman%27s_March_to_the_Sea_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_21566.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Sherman%27s_March_to_the_Sea_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_21566.jpg/170px-Sherman%27s_March_to_the_Sea_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_21566.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="230" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="445" data-file-height="602"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 230px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Sherman%27s_March_to_the_Sea_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_21566.jpg/170px-Sherman%27s_March_to_the_Sea_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_21566.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="230" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Sherman%27s_March_to_the_Sea_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_21566.jpg/255px-Sherman%27s_March_to_the_Sea_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_21566.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Sherman%27s_March_to_the_Sea_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_21566.jpg/340px-Sherman%27s_March_to_the_Sea_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_21566.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Sherman's March to the Sea was celebrated in music in 1865 with words by S.H.M. Byers and music by J.O. Rockwell.</figcaption></figure> Union soldiers sang many songs during the March, but it is one written afterward that has come to symbolize the campaign: "<a href="/wiki/Marching_Through_Georgia" title="Marching Through Georgia">Marching Through Georgia</a>", written by <a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay_Work" title="Henry Clay Work">Henry Clay Work</a> in 1865. Sung from the point of view of a Union soldier, the lyrics detail the freeing of slaves and punishing the Confederacy for starting the war. Sherman came to dislike the song, in part because he was never one to rejoice over a fallen foe, and in part because it was played at almost every public appearance that he attended.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> It was widely popular among US soldiers of 20th-century wars. Hundreds of African Americans drowned trying to cross in <a href="/wiki/Ebenezer_Creek" title="Ebenezer Creek">Ebenezer Creek</a> north of Savannah while attempting to follow Sherman's Army in its March to the Sea. In 2011, a historical marker was erected there by the <a href="/wiki/Georgia_Historical_Society" title="Georgia Historical Society">Georgia Historical Society</a> to commemorate the African Americans who had risked so much for freedom.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> There has been disagreement among historians on whether Sherman's March constituted <a href="/wiki/Total_war" title="Total war">total war</a>.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> In the years following <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, several writers<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> argued that the total war tactics used during World War II were comparable to the tactics used during Sherman's March. Subsequent historians have objected to the comparison, arguing that Sherman's tactics were not as severe or indiscriminate.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> Some historians refer to Sherman's tactics as "hard war" to emphasize the distinction between Sherman's tactics and those used during World War II.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> The "hard war" doctrine in Civil War historiography first appeared in quotes from Sherman's correspondence, specifically during the interim ten days between his March to the Sea and <a href="/wiki/Carolinas_campaign" title="Carolinas campaign">Carolinas campaign</a>. He first distinguished between "this war" and "European wars in particular": Union soldiers were "not only fighting hostile armies, but a hostile people, and must make old and young, rich and poor, feel the hard hand of war, as well as their organized armies." Sherman acknowledged that "the whole army is burning with an insatiable desire to wreak vengeance upon South Carolina. I almost tremble at her fate, but feel that she deserves all that seems in store for her." The general endeavored to assure southern Unionists in Georgia that he planned on applying the "hard hand of war" to the Carolinas in less than a week. According to the general, "the invariable reply was, 'Well, if you will make those people feel the utmost severities of war, we will pardon you for your desolation of Georgia.' I look upon Columbia as quite as bad as Charleston, and I doubt if we will spare the public buildings there as we did at Milledgeville."<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> One example of an outspoken exponent of the "hard war" classification was W. Todd Groce, President and Chief Executive Officer (CEO) of the <a href="/wiki/Georgia_Historical_Society" title="Georgia Historical Society">Georgia Historical Society</a>. In his publications, Groce focused on the March to the Sea, contending that "it lacked the wholesale destruction of human life that characterized World War II" and that "Sherman's primary targets – foodstuffs and industrial, government and military property – were carefully chosen to create the desired effect, and never included mass killing of civilians." Groce premised his arguments on the notion that Sherman's <a href="/wiki/Special_Field_Orders_No._120" title="Special Field Orders No. 120">Special Field Orders No. 120</a> (1864), which prohibited Union soldiers from entering Confederate dwellings and encouraged Union soldiers to appropriate Confederate horses, mules, and wagons only from "the rich", had successfully mitigated the effects of the previous year's <a href="/wiki/Lieber_Code" title="Lieber Code">Lieber Code</a>. Groce summarized the latter code, signed into law by Lincoln on the eve of the Battle of Gettysburg, as authorizing the Union "Army to destroy civilian property, starve noncombatants, shell towns, keep enemy civilians in besieged cities, free slaves and summarily execute guerrillas if such measures were deemed necessary to winning the war and defending the country."<a href="#cite_note-Rethinking_Sherman's_March-49">[49]</a> The sole exception to Groce's focus on the March to the Sea was evidence for his contention that Sherman fought "to bring rebels back into the Union, not to annihilate them." Groce rested this corollary conclusion on a vignette from the Carolinas campaign. According to Groce, Sherman "told one South Carolina woman that he was ransacking her plantation so that her soldier husband would come home and Grant would not have to kill him in the trenches at Petersburg."<a href="#cite_note-Rethinking_Sherman's_March-49">[49]</a> In a 2014 review essay, historian <a href="/wiki/Daniel_E._Sutherland" title="Daniel E. Sutherland">Daniel E. Sutherland</a> observed that "scholars who insist that 'total' wars must be defined by saturation bombing or the callous dismissal of dead civilians as collateral damage often seem eager to sanitize the American Civil War by making it appear less uncivil than it was in fact. They might consider, as Brady and Nelson [authors of two 2012 studies] have done, that absolute destruction and dislocation can take many forms and must ultimately be defined by the victims of war."<a href="#cite_note-Total_War_by_Other_Means-50">[50]</a> The historiographical debates between <a href="/wiki/Scorched_earth" title="Scorched earth">scorched earth</a> "hard war"<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-LSU_Press-53">[53]</a> proponents and "total war" mainstays threatened to overshadow studies on the ecological devastation wrought by, for example, the <a href="/wiki/Valley_Campaigns_of_1864" class="mw-redirect" title="Valley Campaigns of 1864">Valley Campaigns of 1864</a>, or Union soldier violations of the " 'spatial and corporeal privacy' of Confederate women" during the Carolinas campaign.<a href="#cite_note-Total_War_by_Other_Means-50">[50]</a> Unverified estimates indicate that nine Confederate civilians died every 72 hours during Sherman's 37-day March to the Sea. Historians still consider this number comparatively low. There was, however, a "shift to hard war" in the ensuing Carolinas campaign, with mounting Confederate civilian fatalities matching a surge in the number of confirmed sexual assaults on Confederate women by male Union soldiers.<a href="#cite_note-Cambridge_University_Press-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cornell_University_Press-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-LSU_Press-53">[53]</a> During the South Carolina stage of the so-called "March North from the Sea",<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> historian Lisa Tendrich Frank maintained, Union soldiers had "earned a reputation for being 'rather loose on the handle.' " Sherman responded to the South Carolina increase in sexual assaults by punishing "the rape of white women, whose race and class provided some privileges and protections" in North Carolina. The records of Sherman's punitive actions in North Carolina revealed that punishments were commensurate with the conditions of Confederate rape victims, as well as the number of sexual assaults by a given perpetrator. For instance, one soldier " 'did by physical force and violence commit rape upon the person of one Miss Letitia Craft' in North Carolina", but the case was pending because the soldier may have been involved in the gang or serial rape of two additional Confederate women. As the Carolinas campaign continued, the racial contours of Sherman's disciplinary efforts shifted the targets of sexual assault from Confederate women to freedwomen because his men "rarely suffered consequences for their sexual assaults on African American women."<a href="#cite_note-Cambridge_University_Press-54">[54]</a> <a href="/wiki/Consequentialism" title="Consequentialism">Consequentialism</a> and the Ovidian-Machiavellian aphorism, "the end justifies the means", played roles in Union military strategy. According to Sutherland, Union generals believed that, "however destructive Union military policy proved to be, the ends of repairing the Union and abolishing slavery justified the means. Grant, Sheridan, and Sherman all said as much." Historians who attempted to classify the Civil War as a "total war" or scorched-earth "hard war" confounded their own conceptual frameworks for the persistence of this consequentialist bellum, a thinly-veiled justification for racially-motivated hate crimes that largely spared Confederate noncombatants. During the <a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstruction era</a> and post-bellum <a href="/wiki/American_Indian_Wars" title="American Indian Wars">American Indian Wars</a>, Civil War "relics lost the horror of their creation" and the war itself "acquired a nostalgic glow" for federal regiments and cavalry, even as "former Confederates exploited, and sometimes exaggerated, the destruction to enhance the power of their <a href="/wiki/Lost_Cause_of_the_Confederacy" title="Lost Cause of the Confederacy">Lost Cause</a> rhetoric."<a href="#cite_note-Total_War_by_Other_Means-50">[50]</a> Conversely, for scholars who advanced an indiscriminate consequentialism against noncombatants, especially Confederate ones, as key to expediting abolition and winning the war, "why should we not simply acknowledge the circumstances, rather than be embarrassed by them or try to cloak them in euphemisms?"<a href="#cite_note-Total_War_by_Other_Means-50">[50]</a> In a 2017 book review, Sutherland added that "a more profitable approach to understanding why the war was fought with increasingly destructive force – and not just by Sherman – may be to recognize the fact that both armies waged, in Jefferson Davis's words, a 'savage war,' and accept it on those terms."<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> Sutherland had previously argued that both sides invoked a comparative ethno-racial "Indian savagery" in explanations for "the need for ruthlessness."<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> Historians Wayne Wei-siang Hsieh and Williamson Murray likewise contended that "Sherman, and Grant, for that matter, were looking backward, not forward." Sherman studied the history of European warfare, "not to mention the actions of Americans fighting the Indians in North America." Sherman's soldiers torched expansive acreage owned by planters as well as entire civilian neighborhoods. Sherman's army "undoubtedly would have tossed [all] such owners into the fire", but a number of planters already decamped. The remaining civilians could, in many instances, "leave before their houses were torched." These "hard war" practices "were relatively rare in Georgia, but became more prevalent when Sherman's army reached South Carolina."<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> More recently, historians have begun to research the extent to which Sherman's Special Orders No. 120 mitigated the effects of the Lieber Code during the March to the Sea, as well as questioning the practical execution of the latter code's strict dichotomy between civilians and combatants.<a href="#cite_note-Cornell_University_Press-55">[55]</a> The Special Field Orders No. 120, for instance, indicated that, "should guerrillas or bushwhackers molest our march, or should the inhabitants burn bridges, obstruct roads, or otherwise manifest local hostility, then army commanders should order and enforce a devastation more or less relentless according to the measure of such hostility."<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> In a 2023 encyclopedia entry on irregular civilian, southern Unionist, and <a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Guerrilla warfare in the American Civil War">guerilla warfare</a> in and by the Confederate States of America, historian Matthew Stith conceded that critics of "total war" usages in Civil War historiography were often "heavy-handed." In the final analysis, however, "debates about the war's severity—total versus hard—as well as the nature of guerrillas themselves—noble warriors or bloodthirsty criminals—beg for more attention, even if each side of each debate might consider the case closed." Such studies on "irregular warfare" exacerbated, but also reconfigured, challenges in counting civilians and counting combatants during the Civil War.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Sherman%27s_March_to_the_Sea&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_March_(novel)" title="The March (novel)">The March: A Novel</a> (2005 historical novel by <a href="/wiki/E._L._Doctorow" title="E. L. Doctorow">E. L. Doctorow</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherman%27s_Special_Field_Orders,_No._15" class="mw-redirect" title="Sherman's Special Field Orders, No. 15">Sherman's Special Field Orders, No. 15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherman%27s_Special_Field_Orders,_No._120" class="mw-redirect" title="Sherman's Special Field Orders, No. 120">Sherman's Special Field Orders, No. 120</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherman%27s_March_(2007_film)" title="Sherman's March (2007 film)">Sherman's March</a> (2007 documentary)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Theater_of_the_American_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Theater of the American Civil War">Western Theater of the American Civil War</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Sherman%27s_March_to_the_Sea&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> Notes <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-UOOB-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UOOB_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-UOOB_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-UOOB_1-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-UOOB_1-3">d</a> Further information: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924077725939&view=1up&seq=39">"Savannah Campaign Union order of battle"</a> (Official Records, Series I, Volume XLIV, pp. 19–25) </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> Further information: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924077725939&view=1up&seq=36">"Effective strength of the army in the field under Maj. Gen. William T. Sherman, November and December, 1864"</a> (Official Records, Series I, Volume XLIV, p. 16) </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> Further information: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924077725939&view=1up&seq=894">"Abstract from return of the Department of South Carolina, Georgia and Florida, Lieut. Gen. W.J. Hardee commanding, November 20, 1864"</a> (Official Records, Series I, Volume XLIV, p. 874) </li> <li id="cite_note-Catton415-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Catton415_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Catton415_4-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Catton415_4-2">c</a> Catton, pp. 415–16. </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHudson2023" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Hudson, Myles (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Shermans-March-to-the-Sea">"Sherman's March to the Sea"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_Britannica" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopedia Britannica">Encyclopedia Britannica</a>. Retrieved 30 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sherman%27s+March+to+the+Sea&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.date=2023&rft.aulast=Hudson&rft.aufirst=Myles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FShermans-March-to-the-Sea&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASherman%27s+March+to+the+Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> Glatthar, pp. 78–80 </li> <li id="cite_note-iowa-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-iowa_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-iowa_7-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLyftogt,_Kenneth" class="citation web cs1">Lyftogt, Kenneth. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uipress.lib.uiowa.edu/bdi/DetailsPage.aspx?id=51">"Byers, Samuel Hawkins Marshall"</a>. The Biographical Dictionary of Iowa. University of Iowa Press Digital Editions. Retrieved February 21, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Biographical+Dictionary+of+Iowa&rft.atitle=Byers%2C+Samuel+Hawkins+Marshall&rft.au=Lyftogt%2C+Kenneth&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fuipress.lib.uiowa.edu%2Fbdi%2FDetailsPage.aspx%3Fid%3D51&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASherman%27s+March+to+the+Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELucas197680,_86-8"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELucas197680,_86_8-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLucas1976">Lucas 1976</a>, pp. 80, 86. </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <a href="/wiki/S._H._M._Byers" title="S. H. M. Byers">Byers, Samuel H. M.</a> (1864) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bartleby.com/360/8/193.html">"Sherman's March to the Sea"</a> in Carman, Bliss et al., editors (1904) The World's Best Poetry, Volume VIII. National Spirit via bartleby.com. Accessed: February 21, 2023 </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> Eicher, p. 739. </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> Trudeau, pp. 47–48, 51–55. </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> Trudeau, p. 52. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarrett195625-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarrett195625_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarrett195625_13-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarrett1956">Barrett 1956</a>, p. 25. </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> Glatthar, pp. 18–20, 33 </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> Liddell Hart, pp. 236–237 </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> Liddell Hart, p. 331 </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> Glatthar, p. 15 </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoffey" class="citation web cs1">Coffey, Walter. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://waltercoffey.wordpress.com/2014/10/27/the-civil-war-this-week-oct-27-nov-2-1864/">"The Civil War This Week: Oct 27–Nov 2, 1864"</a>. WalterCoffey.com. Wordpress. Retrieved 28 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WalterCoffey.com&rft.atitle=The+Civil+War+This+Week%3A+Oct+27%E2%80%93Nov+2%2C+1864&rft.aulast=Coffey&rft.aufirst=Walter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwaltercoffey.wordpress.com%2F2014%2F10%2F27%2Fthe-civil-war-this-week-oct-27-nov-2-1864%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASherman%27s+March+to+the+Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> Further information: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924077725939&view=1up&seq=895">"Savannah Campaign Confederate order of battle"</a> (Official Records, Series I, Vol. XLIV, pp. 875–76) </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> Trudeau, pp. 40–41. </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> Trudeau, p. 45. </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> Nevin, p. 48. </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> Melton, p. 288. </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> Sherman, Memoirs, p. 693. </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> Trudeau, p. 508. </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> Trudeau, p. 521. </li> <li id="cite_note-Gates-27"><a href="#cite_ref-Gates_27-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Henry_Louis_Gates_Jr." title="Henry Louis Gates Jr.">Gates, Henry Lewis Jr.</a> (January 7, 2013) "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theroot.com/views/truth-behind-40-acres-and-mule?wpisrc=root_lightbox">The Truth Behind '40 Acres and a Mule'</a>" <a href="/wiki/The_Root_(magazine)" title="The Root (magazine)">The Root</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130623125536/http://www.theroot.com/views/truth-behind-40-acres-and-mule?wpisrc=root_lightbox">Archived</a> June 23, 2013, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarrett195627-28"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarrett195627_28-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarrett1956">Barrett 1956</a>, p. 27. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarrett195627–28-29"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarrett195627%E2%80%9328_29-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarrett1956">Barrett 1956</a>, pp. 27–28. </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLucas1976" class="citation book cs1">Lucas, Marion Brunson (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/2331311">Sherman and the burning of Columbia</a>. College Station: Texas A & M University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89096-018-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-89096-018-6"><bdi>0-89096-018-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/2331311">2331311</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sherman+and+the+burning+of+Columbia&rft.place=College+Station&rft.pub=Texas+A+%26+M+University+Press&rft.date=1976&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F2331311&rft.isbn=0-89096-018-6&rft.aulast=Lucas&rft.aufirst=Marion+Brunson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F2331311&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASherman%27s+March+to+the+Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> Eicher, pp. 793–94, 797–99, 831–35. </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> OR, Series I, Vol. XLIV, Part 1, p. 798. </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParten2017" class="citation journal cs1">Parten, Bennett (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=124398040&site=eds-live&scope=site">"'Somewhere Toward Freedom': Sherman's March and Georgia's Refugee Slaves"</a>. Georgia Historical Quarterly. 101 (2): 115–46. Retrieved 20 February 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Georgia+Historical+Quarterly&rft.atitle=%27Somewhere+Toward+Freedom%27%3A+Sherman%27s+March+and+Georgia%27s+Refugee+Slaves&rft.volume=101&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=115-46&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Parten&rft.aufirst=Bennett&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsearch.ebscohost.com%2Flogin.aspx%3Fdirect%3Dtrue%26db%3Da9h%26AN%3D124398040%26site%3Deds-live%26scope%3Dsite&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASherman%27s+March+to+the+Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Campbell33-34"><a href="#cite_ref-Campbell33_34-0">^</a> Campbell, p. 33. </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> Kennett, p. 309. </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> Hattaway and Jones, p. 655. </li> <li id="cite_note-Eicher768-37"><a href="#cite_ref-Eicher768_37-0">^</a> Eicher, p. 768. </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeigenbaumLeeMezzanotti2022" class="citation journal cs1">Feigenbaum, James; Lee, James; Mezzanotti, Filippo (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aeaweb.org/articles?id=10.1257/app.20200397">"Capital Destruction and Economic Growth: The Effects of Sherman's March, 1850–1920"</a>. <a href="/wiki/American_Economic_Journal" title="American Economic Journal">American Economic Journal: Applied Economics</a>. 14 (4): 301–342. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1257%2Fapp.20200397">10.1257/app.20200397</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1945-7782">1945-7782</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Economic+Journal%3A+Applied+Economics&rft.atitle=Capital+Destruction+and+Economic+Growth%3A+The+Effects+of+Sherman%27s+March%2C+1850%E2%80%931920&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=301-342&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1257%2Fapp.20200397&rft.issn=1945-7782&rft.aulast=Feigenbaum&rft.aufirst=James&rft.au=Lee%2C+James&rft.au=Mezzanotti%2C+Filippo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aeaweb.org%2Farticles%3Fid%3D10.1257%2Fapp.20200397&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASherman%27s+March+to+the+Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> Eicher, p. 763. </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ajc.com/news/local/markers-illustrate-overlooked-stories/YFj0YjqH4Vbjth6lKUkQbJ/">"Historical markers illustrate overlooked stories"</a>, 5 September 2011; accessed 28 July 2016 </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaudillAshdown2008" class="citation book cs1">Caudill, Edward and Ashdown, Paul (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QRa8lJBO4ywC">Sherman's March in Myth and Memory</a>. United States: Rowman and Littlefield Publishers. pp. 75–79. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781442201279" title="Special:BookSources/9781442201279"><bdi>9781442201279</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sherman%27s+March+in+Myth+and+Memory&rft.place=United+States&rft.pages=75-79&rft.pub=Rowman+and+Littlefield+Publishers&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9781442201279&rft.aulast=Caudill&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft.au=Ashdown%2C+Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQRa8lJBO4ywC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASherman%27s+March+to+the+Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> Barrett, John G. 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Reviews in American History. 42 (1): 97–103. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Frah.2014.0022">10.1353/rah.2014.0022</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0048-7511">0048-7511</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reviews+in+American+History&rft.atitle=Total+War+by+Other+Means&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=97-103&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Frah.2014.0022&rft.issn=0048-7511&rft.aulast=Sutherland&rft.aufirst=Daniel+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASherman%27s+March+to+the+Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.battlefields.org/learn/articles/shermans-march-sea">"Sherman's March to the Sea"</a>. 17 September 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sherman%27s+March+to+the+Sea&rft.date=2014-09-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.battlefields.org%2Flearn%2Farticles%2Fshermans-march-sea&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASherman%27s+March+to+the+Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nps.gov/articles/000/the-burning-shenandoah-valley-in-flames.htm">"The Burning (U.S. National Park Service)"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Burning+%28U.S.+National+Park+Service%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Farticles%2F000%2Fthe-burning-shenandoah-valley-in-flames.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASherman%27s+March+to+the+Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-LSU_Press-53">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LSU_Press_53-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LSU_Press_53-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrank2015" class="citation book cs1">Frank, Lisa Tendrich (2015). The Civilian War: Confederate Women and Union Soldiers during Sherman's March. LSU Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8071-5997-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8071-5997-2"><bdi>978-0-8071-5997-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Civilian+War%3A+Confederate+Women+and+Union+Soldiers+during+Sherman%27s+March&rft.pub=LSU+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-8071-5997-2&rft.aulast=Frank&rft.aufirst=Lisa+Tendrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASherman%27s+March+to+the+Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cambridge_University_Press-54">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cambridge_University_Press_54-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cambridge_University_Press_54-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrank2019" class="citation book cs1">Frank, Lisa Tendrich (2019). "The Carolinas Campaign". The Cambridge History of the American Civil War: Volume 1: Military Affairs. 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Cornell University Press. pp. 92–94. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-6126-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-6126-2"><bdi>978-0-8014-6126-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Image+before+the+Weapon%3A+A+Critical+History+of+the+Distinction+between+Combatant+and+Civilian&rft.pages=92-94&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-8014-6126-2&rft.aulast=Kinsella&rft.aufirst=Helen+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASherman%27s+March+to+the+Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCURRY2017" class="citation journal cs1">McCURRY, Stephanie (2017). "Enemy Women and the Laws of War in the American Civil War". 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(2009). A Savage Conflict: The Decisive Role of Guerrillas in the American Civil War. Univ of North Carolina Press. pp. 26–40. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-3277-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-3277-6"><bdi>978-0-8078-3277-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Savage+Conflict%3A+The+Decisive+Role+of+Guerrillas+in+the+American+Civil+War&rft.pages=26-40&rft.pub=Univ+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-8078-3277-6&rft.aulast=Sutherland&rft.aufirst=Daniel+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASherman%27s+March+to+the+Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurrayHsieh2018" class="citation book cs1">Murray, Williamson; Hsieh, Wayne Wei-Siang (2018). A Savage War: A Military History of the Civil War. Princeton University Press. pp. 467–468. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-8937-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-8937-2"><bdi>978-1-4008-8937-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Savage+War%3A+A+Military+History+of+the+Civil+War&rft.pages=467-468&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-4008-8937-2&rft.aulast=Murray&rft.aufirst=Williamson&rft.au=Hsieh%2C+Wayne+Wei-Siang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASherman%27s+March+to+the+Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://avalon.law.yale.edu/19th_century/lieber.asp">"Avalon Project – General Orders No. 100 : The Lieber Code"</a>. avalon.law.yale.edu.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=avalon.law.yale.edu&rft.atitle=Avalon+Project+%E2%80%93+General+Orders+No.+100+%3A+The+Lieber+Code&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Favalon.law.yale.edu%2F19th_century%2Flieber.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASherman%27s+March+to+the+Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStith2023" class="citation journal cs1">Stith, Matthew M. (31 January 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oxfordre.com/americanhistory/display/10.1093/acrefore/9780199329175.001.0001/acrefore-9780199329175-e-926">"Irregular and Guerrilla Warfare during the Civil War"</a>. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of American History. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780199329175.013.926">10.1093/acrefore/9780199329175.013.926</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-932917-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-932917-5"><bdi>978-0-19-932917-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oxford+Research+Encyclopedia+of+American+History&rft.atitle=Irregular+and+Guerrilla+Warfare+during+the+Civil+War&rft.date=2023-01-31&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780199329175.013.926&rft.isbn=978-0-19-932917-5&rft.aulast=Stith&rft.aufirst=Matthew+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foxfordre.com%2Famericanhistory%2Fdisplay%2F10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780199329175.001.0001%2Facrefore-9780199329175-e-926&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASherman%27s+March+to+the+Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> Bibliography <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarrett1956" class="citation book cs1">Barrett, John Gilchrist (1956). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/864900203">Sherman's march through the Carolinas</a>. Chapel Hill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4696-1112-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4696-1112-9"><bdi>978-1-4696-1112-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/864900203">864900203</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sherman%27s+march+through+the+Carolinas&rft.place=Chapel+Hill&rft.date=1956&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F864900203&rft.isbn=978-1-4696-1112-9&rft.aulast=Barrett&rft.aufirst=John+Gilchrist&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F864900203&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASherman%27s+March+to+the+Sea" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</li> <li>Campbell, Jacqueline Glass (2003) When Sherman Marched North from the Sea: Resistance on the Confederate Home Front. Chapel Hill, North Carolina: University of North Carolina Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-5659-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-5659-8">978-0-8078-5659-8</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Catton" title="Bruce Catton">Catton, Bruce</a> (1965) The Centennial History of the Civil War. Vol. 3, Never Call Retreat. Garden City, New York: Doubleday. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-671-46990-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-671-46990-8">0-671-46990-8</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_J._Eicher" title="David J. Eicher">Eicher, David J.</a> ( 2001) The Longest Night: A Military History of the Civil War. New York: Simon & Schuster. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-684-84944-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-684-84944-5">0-684-84944-5</a>.</li> <li>Glatthaar, Joseph T. (1995) [1985] The March to the Sea and Beyond: Sherman's Troops in the Savannah and Carolinas Campaigns. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8071-2028-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8071-2028-6">0-8071-2028-6</a>.</li> <li>Hattaway, Herman, and Archer Jones. How the North Won: A Military History of the Civil War. Urbana, Illinois: University of Illinois Press, 1983. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-252-00918-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-252-00918-5">0-252-00918-5</a>.</li> <li>Kennett, Lee (1995) Marching through Georgia: The Story of Soldiers and Civilians During Sherman's Campaign. New York: HarperCollins Publishers. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-092745-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-092745-3">0-06-092745-3</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._H._Liddell_Hart" title="B. H. Liddell Hart">Liddell Hart, B. H.</a> (1993) [1929] Sherman: Realist, Soldier, American. New York: Da Capo Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-306-80507-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-306-80507-3">0-306-80507-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_M._McPherson" title="James M. McPherson">McPherson, James M.</a> (1988) <a href="/wiki/Battle_Cry_of_Freedom:_The_Civil_War_Era" title="Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era">Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era</a>. Oxford History of the United States. New York: Oxford University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-503863-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-503863-0">0-19-503863-0</a>.</li> <li>Melton, Brian C. (2007) Sherman's Forgotten General. Columbia, Missouri: University of Missouri Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8262-1739-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8262-1739-4">978-0-8262-1739-4</a>.</li> <li>Nevin, David and the Editors of Time-Life Books (1986) Sherman's March: Atlanta to the Sea. Alexandria, Virginia: Time-Life Books <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8094-4812-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8094-4812-2">0-8094-4812-2</a>.</li> <li>Trudeau, Noah Andre. (2008) Southern Storm: Sherman's March to the Sea. New York: HarperCollins. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-059867-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-059867-9">978-0-06-059867-9</a>.</li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd>Primary sources</dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Tecumseh_Sherman" title="William Tecumseh Sherman">Sherman, William T.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/4361/4361-h/4361-h.htm">Memoirs of General W.T. Sherman</a>. 2nd ed. New York: Library of America, 1990. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-940450-65-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-940450-65-8">0-940450-65-8</a>. First published 1889 by D. Appleton & Co.</li> <li>U.S. War Department, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ebooks.library.cornell.edu/m/moawar/waro.html">The War of the Rebellion</a>: a Compilation of the <a href="/wiki/Official_Records_of_the_American_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Official Records of the American Civil War">Official Records</a> of the Union and Confederate Armies. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1880–1901.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ebooks.library.cornell.edu/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=moawar&cc=moawar&idno=waro0092&q1=organization&view=image&seq=39&size=100">"Savannah Campaign Union order of battle" (Official Records, Series I, Vol. XLIV, pp. 19–25</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ebooks.library.cornell.edu/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=moawar&cc=moawar&idno=waro0092&q1=organization&view=image&seq=895&size=100">"Savannah Campaign Confederate order of battle" (Official Records, Series I, Volume XLIV, pp. 875–876)</a></li></ul> Further reading <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about Sherman's March to the Sea <hr></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Sherman%26%2339%3Bs+March+to+the+Sea">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Sherman%26%2339%3Bs+March+to+the+Sea&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li>Davis, Burke, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4W2LCwAAQBAJ">Sherman's March</a>, Random House Publishing Group, 1980 / 2016. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5040-3441-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5040-3441-8">978-1-5040-3441-8</a></li> <li>Davis, Stephen, What the Yankees Did to Us: Sherman's Bombardment and Wrecking of Atlanta. Macon, GA: Mercer University Press, 2012. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0881463981" title="Special:BookSources/0881463981">0881463981</a></li> <li>Fowler, John D. and David B. Parker, eds. Breaking the Heartland: The Civil War in Georgia. 2011 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780881462401" title="Special:BookSources/9780881462401">9780881462401</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrank2015" class="citation book cs1">Frank, Lisa Tendrich (2015). The Civilian War: Confederate Women and Union Soldiers During Sherman's March. Louisiana State University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780807159965" title="Special:BookSources/9780807159965"><bdi>9780807159965</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/894313641">894313641</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Civilian+War%3A+Confederate+Women+and+Union+Soldiers+During+Sherman%27s+March&rft.pub=Louisiana+State+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F894313641&rft.isbn=9780807159965&rft.aulast=Frank&rft.aufirst=Lisa+Tendrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASherman%27s+March+to+the+Sea" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Ludwick, Carol R; Rudy, Robert R. March to the Sea. Lexographic Press, 2022. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-7345042-9-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-7345042-9-3">978-1-7345042-9-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Marszalek" title="John F. Marszalek">Marszalek, John F.</a> (2005). Sherman's March to the Sea. Texas: McWhiney Foundation Press.</li> <li>Miers, Earl Schenck. The General Who Marched to Hell; William Tecumseh Sherman and His March to Fame and Infamy. New York: Knopf, 1951. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1107192">1107192</a></li> <li>Miles, Jim. To the Sea: A History and Tour Guide of the War in the West, Sherman's March across Georgia and through the Carolinas, 1864–1865. Nashville, TN: Cumberland House, 2002. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58182-261-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-58182-261-8">1-58182-261-8</a>.</li> <li>Rhodes, James Ford. "Sherman's March to the Sea" American Historical Review 6#3 (1901) pp. 466–474 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1833511">online free</a> old classic account</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRubin2014" class="citation book cs1">Rubin, Anne Sarah (2014). Through the Heart of Dixie : Sherman's March and American Memory. The University of North Carolina Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781469617770" title="Special:BookSources/9781469617770"><bdi>9781469617770</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/875742477">875742477</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Through+the+Heart+of+Dixie+%3A+Sherman%27s+March+and+American+Memory&rft.pub=The+University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F875742477&rft.isbn=9781469617770&rft.aulast=Rubin&rft.aufirst=Anne+Sarah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASherman%27s+March+to+the+Sea" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Secrist, Philip L., Sherman's 1864 Trail of Battle to Atlanta. Macon, GA: Mercer University Press, 2006. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780865547452" title="Special:BookSources/9780865547452">9780865547452</a></li> <li>Smith, David, and Richard Hook. Sherman's March to the Sea 1864: Atlanta to Savannah Osprey Publishing, 2012. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781846030352" title="Special:BookSources/9781846030352">9781846030352</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/74968763">74968763</a></li> <li>Smith, Derek. Civil War Savannah. Savannah, Ga: Frederic C. Beil, 1997. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-913720-93-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-913720-93-3">0-913720-93-3</a>.</li> <li>Welch, Robert Christopher. "Forage Liberally: The Role of Agriculture in Sherman's March to the Sea." Iowa State University thesis, 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lib.dr.iastate.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1407&context=etd">online</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhelchel2014" class="citation book cs1">Whelchel, Love Henry (2014). Sherman's March and the Emergence of the Independent Black Church Movement: From Atlanta to the Sea to Emancipation. Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781137405173" title="Special:BookSources/9781137405173"><bdi>9781137405173</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/864501780">864501780</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sherman%27s+March+and+the+Emergence+of+the+Independent+Black+Church+Movement%3A+From+Atlanta+to+the+Sea+to+Emancipation&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F864501780&rft.isbn=9781137405173&rft.aulast=Whelchel&rft.aufirst=Love+Henry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASherman%27s+March+to+the+Sea" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Sherman%27s_March_to_the_Sea&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 30px;height: 40px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="30" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Sherman%27s_March" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Sherman's March">Sherman's March to the Sea</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sonofthesouth.net/leefoundation/shermans-march-to-the-sea.htm">General Sherman's March to the Sea</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.slate.com/blogs/the_vault/2012/12/20/william_tecumseh_sherman_s_gift_for_abraham_lincoln_1864_telegram_presenting.html">General Sherman's Surprise Christmas Present for President Lincoln</a> at <a href="/wiki/Slate_(magazine)" title="Slate (magazine)">Slate</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pritzkermilitary.org/whats_on/pritzker-military-presents/noah-andre-trudeau-southern-storm/">Noah Andre Trudeau: Southern Storm</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Pritzker_Military_Museum_%26_Library" title="Pritzker Military Museum & Library">Pritzker Military Museum & Library</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/id:dlg_zlbp_zlbp">Photographic views of Sherman's campaign</a>, from negatives taken in the field, by Geo. N. Barnard, official photographer of the military div. of the Mississippi. Published/Created: New York, Press of Wynkoop & Hallenbeck, 1866. (searchable facsimile at the University of Georgia Libraries; <a href="/wiki/DjVu" title="DjVu">DjVu</a> & <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fax.libs.uga.edu/E476x7xB24/1f/">layered PDF</a> format)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2014/11/17/rethinking-shermans-march/">Rethinking Sherman's March</a> at <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/21566/21566-h/images/sherman.pdf">Sheet music</a> for "Sherman's March to the Sea" from <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sciway3.net/clark/civilwar/march.html">Sherman's March to the Sea</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U8kSUDp2BC0">When Georgia Howled: Sherman on the March</a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 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href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sherman%27s_March_to_the_Sea&oldid=1259049279">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sherman%27s_March_to_the_Sea&oldid=1259049279</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Sherman%27s_March_to_the_Sea&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 23 November 2024, at 02:33 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shermanes_Fare_to_Brime" title="Shermanes Fare to Brime – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Shermanes Fare to Brime" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shermans_march_mod_havet" title="Shermans march mod havet – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Shermans march mod havet" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shermans_Marsch_zum_Meer" title="Shermans Marsch zum Meer – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Shermans Marsch zum Meer" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcha_de_Sherman_hacia_el_mar" title="Marcha de Sherman hacia el mar – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Marcha de Sherman hacia el mar" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shermanen_itsasoranzko_martxa" title="Shermanen itsasoranzko martxa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Shermanen itsasoranzko martxa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%B4%DA%A9%D8%B1%DA%A9%D8%B4%DB%8C_%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%A8%D9%87_%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%AA_%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="لشکرکشی شرمن به سمت دریا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="لشکرکشی شرمن به سمت دریا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marche_de_Sherman_vers_la_mer" title="Marche de Sherman vers la mer – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Marche de Sherman vers la mer" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%85%94%EB%A8%BC%EC%9D%98_%EB%8C%80%ED%96%89%EC%A7%84" title="셔먼의 대행진 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="셔먼의 대행진" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcia_di_Sherman_verso_il_mare" title="Marcia di Sherman verso il mare – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Marcia di Sherman verso il mare" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A6%D7%A2%D7%93%D7%94_%D7%90%D7%9C_%D7%94%D7%99%D7%9D" title="הצעדה אל הים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הצעדה אל הים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iter_Shermanianum_ad_mare" title="Iter Shermanianum ad mare – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Iter Shermanianum ad mare" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perarakan_Sherman_ke_Laut" title="Perarakan Sherman ke Laut – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Perarakan Sherman ke Laut" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shermans_Mars_naar_de_Zee" title="Shermans Mars naar de Zee – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Shermans Mars naar de Zee" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E3%81%B8%E3%81%AE%E9%80%B2%E8%BB%8D" title="海への進軍 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="海への進軍" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsz_Shermana" title="Marsz Shermana – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Marsz Shermana" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcha_ao_Mar" title="Marcha ao Mar – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Marcha ao Mar" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar%C8%99ul_lui_Sherman_spre_mare" title="Marșul lui Sherman spre mare – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Marșul lui Sherman spre mare" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%88_%D0%A8%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8E" title="Марш Шермана к морю – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Марш Шермана к морю" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherman%27s_March_to_the_Sea" title="Sherman's March to the Sea – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Sherman's March to the Sea" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Шерманов поход – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Шерманов поход" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shermans_marsch_mot_havet" title="Shermans marsch mot havet – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Shermans marsch mot havet" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherman%27%C4%B1n_Denize_Y%C3%BCr%C3%BCy%C3%BC%C5%9F%C3%BC" title="Sherman'ın Denize Yürüyüşü – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Sherman'ın Denize Yürüyüşü" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%88_%D0%A8%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%BE_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8F" title="Марш Шермана до моря – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Марш Шермана до моря" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cu%E1%BB%99c_ti%E1%BA%BFn_qu%C3%A2n_ra_bi%E1%BB%83n_c%E1%BB%A7a_Sherman" title="Cuộc tiến quân ra biển của Sherman – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Cuộc tiến quân ra biển của Sherman" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%88%8D%E6%9B%BC%E5%90%91%E5%A4%A7%E6%B5%B7%E8%BF%9B%E5%86%9B" title="舍曼向大海进军 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="舍曼向大海进军" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img 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