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<div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Travels </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Travels-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Travels subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Travels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pilgrimage_to_Mecca" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pilgrimage_to_Mecca"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Pilgrimage to Mecca </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pilgrimage_to_Mecca-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tutelage_under_Al-Sindhi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tutelage_under_Al-Sindhi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Tutelage under Al-Sindhi </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tutelage_under_Al-Sindhi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Journey_to_Basra" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Journey_to_Basra"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Journey to Basra </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Journey_to_Basra-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Return_to_'Uyaynah" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Return_to_'Uyaynah"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Return to 'Uyaynah </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Return_to_'Uyaynah-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Return to 'Uyaynah subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Return_to_'Uyaynah-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_preaching" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_preaching"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Early preaching </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_preaching-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pact_with_Muhammad_bin_Saud" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pact_with_Muhammad_bin_Saud"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Pact with Muhammad bin Saud </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pact_with_Muhammad_bin_Saud-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rise_of_Emirate_of_Dir'iyyah" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rise_of_Emirate_of_Dir'iyyah"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Rise of Emirate of Dir'iyyah </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Rise_of_Emirate_of_Dir'iyyah-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Rise of Emirate of Dir'iyyah subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Rise_of_Emirate_of_Dir'iyyah-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-War_with_Riyadh_(1746–1773)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#War_with_Riyadh_(1746–1773)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 War with Riyadh (1746–1773) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-War_with_Riyadh_(1746–1773)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Rebellion_in_Huraymila_(1752–1755)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rebellion_in_Huraymila_(1752–1755)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.1 Rebellion in Huraymila (1752–1755) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rebellion_in_Huraymila_(1752–1755)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Capture_of_Riyadh_and_Retirement_(1773)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Capture_of_Riyadh_and_Retirement_(1773)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Capture of Riyadh and Retirement (1773) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Capture_of_Riyadh_and_Retirement_(1773)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Death </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Family" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Family"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Family </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Family-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Views" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Views"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Views </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Views-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Views subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Views-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-On_Tawhid" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#On_Tawhid"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 On Tawhid </div> </a> <ul id="toc-On_Tawhid-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-On_Taqlid" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#On_Taqlid"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 On Taqlid </div> </a> <ul id="toc-On_Taqlid-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-On_the_nature_of_Nubuwwah_(Prophethood)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#On_the_nature_of_Nubuwwah_(Prophethood)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 On the nature of Nubuwwah (Prophethood) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-On_the_nature_of_Nubuwwah_(Prophethood)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influence_on_Salafism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence_on_Salafism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.4 Influence on Salafism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influence_on_Salafism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-On_Fiqh" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#On_Fiqh"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.5 On Fiqh </div> </a> <ul id="toc-On_Fiqh-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-On_Islamic_revival" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#On_Islamic_revival"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.6 On Islamic revival </div> </a> <ul id="toc-On_Islamic_revival-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-On_Sufism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#On_Sufism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.7 On Sufism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-On_Sufism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-On_social_reforms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#On_social_reforms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.8 On social reforms </div> </a> <ul id="toc-On_social_reforms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-On_women" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#On_women"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.8.1 On women </div> </a> <ul id="toc-On_women-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-On_Jihad" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#On_Jihad"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.9 On Jihad </div> </a> <ul id="toc-On_Jihad-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-On_Muslim_saints" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#On_Muslim_saints"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.10 On Muslim saints </div> </a> <ul id="toc-On_Muslim_saints-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-On_non-Muslims" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#On_non-Muslims"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.11 On non-Muslims </div> </a> <ul id="toc-On_non-Muslims-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reception" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reception"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Reception </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Reception-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Reception subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Reception-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-By_contemporaries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_contemporaries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 By contemporaries </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_contemporaries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_reception" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_reception"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Modern reception </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_reception-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Western_Reception" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Western_Reception"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3 Western Reception </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Western_Reception-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-His_photo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#His_photo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 His photo </div> </a> <ul id="toc-His_photo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contemporary_recognition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary_recognition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Contemporary recognition </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contemporary_recognition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Works </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15.1 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15.2 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15.3 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 Further reading </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Further reading subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Online" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Online"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16.1 Online </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Online-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 55 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-55" aria-hidden="true" > 55 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%A8" title="محمد بن عبد الوهاب – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="محمد بن عبد الوهاب" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muh%C3%A1mmad_ibn_Abd-al-Wahhab" title="Muhámmad ibn Abd-al-Wahhab – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Muhámmad ibn Abd-al-Wahhab" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C9%99h%C9%99mm%C9%99d_ibn_%C6%8Fbd%C3%BClvahhab" title="Məhəmməd ibn Əbdülvahhab – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Məhəmməd ibn Əbdülvahhab" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A6_%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87_%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC" title="মুহাম্মদ ইবনে আবদুল ওয়াহাব – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মুহাম্মদ ইবনে আবদুল ওয়াহাব" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D3%A9%D1%85%D3%99%D0%BC%D0%BC%D3%99%D1%82_%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BD_%D2%92%D3%99%D0%B1%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB-%D2%AE%D3%99%D2%BB%D2%BB%D3%99%D0%B1" title="Мөхәммәт ибн Ғәбдел-Үәһһәб – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Мөхәммәт ибн Ғәбдел-Үәһһәб" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Abd_al-Wahab" title="Ibn Abd al-Wahab – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Ibn Abd al-Wahab" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Abd-al-Wahhab" title="Ibn Abd-al-Wahhab – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ibn Abd-al-Wahhab" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Abd_al-Wahh%C3%A1b" title="Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahháb – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahháb" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Abd_al-Wahhab" title="Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_%CA%BFAbd_al-Wahh%C4%81b" title="Muhammad ibn ʿAbd al-Wahhāb – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Muhammad ibn ʿAbd al-Wahhāb" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muh%C3%A1mmad_ibn_Abd-al-Wahhab" title="Muhámmad ibn Abd-al-Wahhab – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Muhámmad ibn Abd-al-Wahhab" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhamad_ibn_Abd_al-%C5%ACahab" title="Muhamad ibn Abd al-Ŭahab – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Muhamad ibn Abd al-Ŭahab" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%A8" title="محمد بن عبدالوهاب – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="محمد بن عبدالوهاب" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed_ben_Abdelwahhab" title="Mohammed ben Abdelwahhab – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Mohammed ben Abdelwahhab" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Abd_al-Wahhab" title="Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AC%B4%ED%95%A8%EB%A7%88%EB%93%9C_%EC%9D%B4%EB%B8%90_%EC%95%95%EB%91%98_%EC%95%8C%EC%99%80%ED%95%98%EB%B8%8C" title="무함마드 이븐 압둘 알와하브 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="무함마드 이븐 압둘 알와하브" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Abd_al-Wahhab" title="Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A6_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC" title="मुहम्मद इब्न अब्दुल वहाब – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मुहम्मद इब्न अब्दुल वहाब" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Abd_al-Wahhab" title="Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_bin_Abdul_Wahhab" title="Muhammad bin Abdul Wahhab – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Muhammad bin Abdul Wahhab" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mu%E1%B8%A5ammad_ibn_%CA%BFAbd_al-Wahh%C4%81b" title="Muḥammad ibn ʿAbd al-Wahhāb – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Muḥammad ibn ʿAbd al-Wahhāb" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%97%D7%9E%D7%93_%D7%90%D7%91%D7%9F_%D7%A2%D7%91%D7%93_%D7%90%D7%9C-%D7%95%D7%94%D7%90%D7%91" title="מוחמד אבן עבד אל-והאב – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מוחמד אבן עבד אל-והאב" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D2%B1%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4_%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BD_%D0%90%D0%B1%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BB-%D0%A3%D3%99%D2%BB%D2%BB%D0%B0%D0%B1" title="Мұхаммед ибн Абдул-Уәһһаб – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Мұхаммед ибн Абдул-Уәһһаб" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%8D%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A6%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BD_%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%8D" title="മുഹമ്മദ് ബ്ൻ അബ്ദിൽ വഹാബ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മുഹമ്മദ് ബ്ൻ അബ്ദിൽ വഹാബ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%A8" title="محمد بن عبد الوهاب – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="محمد بن عبد الوهاب" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_bin_Abdul_Wahab" title="Muhammad bin Abdul Wahab – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Muhammad bin Abdul Wahab" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed_ibn_Abdul-Wahhab" title="Mohammed ibn Abdul-Wahhab – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Mohammed ibn Abdul-Wahhab" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A0%E3%83%8F%E3%83%B3%E3%83%9E%E3%83%89%E3%83%BB%E3%82%A4%E3%83%96%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%82%A2%E3%83%96%E3%83%89%E3%82%A5%E3%83%AB%E3%83%AF%E3%83%83%E3%83%8F%E3%83%BC%E3%83%96" title="ムハンマド・イブン・アブドゥルワッハーブ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ムハンマド・イブン・アブドゥルワッハーブ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nqo mw-list-item"><a href="https://nqo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DF%8A%DF%93%DF%91%DF%98%DF%8D%DF%9F_%DF%A5%DF%A4%DF%8A%DF%93_%DF%98%DF%8B%DF%B2_%DF%A1%DF%8F%DF%AC%DF%A4%DF%8A%DF%AC%DF%A1%DF%8D%DF%98" title="ߊߓߑߘߍߟ ߥߤߊߓ ߘߋ߲ ߡߏ߬ߤߊ߬ߡߍߘ – N’Ko" lang="nqo" hreflang="nqo" data-title="ߊߓߑߘߍߟ ߥߤߊߓ ߘߋ߲ ߡߏ߬ߤߊ߬ߡߍߘ" data-language-autonym="ߒߞߏ" data-language-local-name="N’Ko" class="interlanguage-link-target">ߒߞߏ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%85%D1%8C%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D3%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BB-%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%85%D3%80%D0%B0%D0%B1" title="Мухьаммад бин Ӏабдул-ВаххӀаб – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Мухьаммад бин Ӏабдул-ВаххӀаб" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_%60Abd_al-Wahhab" title="Muhammad ibn `Abd al-Wahhab – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Muhammad ibn `Abd al-Wahhab" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%DB%81%D8%A7%D8%A8" title="محمد بن عبدالوہاب – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="محمد بن عبدالوہاب" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%A8" title="محمد بن عبدالوهاب – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="محمد بن عبدالوهاب" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Ibn_Abd_al-Wahhab" title="Muhammad Ibn Abd al-Wahhab – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Muhammad Ibn Abd al-Wahhab" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maom%C3%A9_ibne_Abdal_Uaabe" title="Maomé ibne Abdal Uaabe – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Maomé ibne Abdal Uaabe" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Ibn_Abd_al-Wahhab" title="Muhammad Ibn Abd al-Wahhab – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Muhammad Ibn Abd al-Wahhab" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BD_%D0%90%D0%B1%D0%B4_%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C-%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B1" title="Мухаммад ибн Абд аль-Ваххаб – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Мухаммад ибн Абд аль-Ваххаб" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammed_bin_Abdylvehhabi" title="Muhammed bin Abdylvehhabi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Muhammed bin Abdylvehhabi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Abd_al-Wahhab" title="Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%A8" title="محمد بن عبدالوهاب – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="محمد بن عبدالوهاب" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Abdalwahh%C3%A1b" title="Muhammad ibn Abdalwahháb – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Muhammad ibn Abdalwahháb" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhamed_ibn_Abdul_al-Vahab" title="Muhamed ibn Abdul al-Vahab – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Muhamed ibn Abdul al-Vahab" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AD%DB%95%D9%85%D9%85%DB%95%D8%AF_%DA%A9%D9%88%DA%95%DB%8C_%D8%B9%DB%95%D8%A8%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%DB%95%DA%BE%D8%A7%D8%A8" title="محەممەد کوڕی عەبدولوەھاب – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="محەممەد کوڕی عەبدولوەھاب" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4_%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BD_%D0%90%D0%B1%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BB_%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B1" title="Мухамед ибн Абдул Вахаб – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Мухамед ибн Абдул Вахаб" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhamed_ibn_Abdul_Vahab" title="Muhamed ibn Abdul Vahab – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Muhamed ibn Abdul Vahab" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_bin_Abdul_Wahhab" title="Muhammad bin Abdul Wahhab – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Muhammad bin Abdul Wahhab" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Abd_al-Wahhab" title="Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Abd_al-Wahhab" title="Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Abd_al-Wahhab" title="Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%94_%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%8C_%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%AE%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9A" title="มุฮัมมัด อิบน์ อับดุลวะฮ์ฮาบ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="มุฮัมมัด อิบน์ อับดุลวะฮ์ฮาบ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammed_bin_Abd%C3%BClvehh%C3%A2b" title="Muhammed bin Abdülvehhâb – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Muhammed bin Abdülvehhâb" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4_%D1%96%D0%B1%D0%BD_%D0%90%D0%B1%D0%B4_%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C-%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B1" title="Мухаммед ібн Абд аль-Ваххаб – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Мухаммед ібн Абд аль-Ваххаб" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other people with similar names, see <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_%27Abd_al-Wahhab_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Muhammad 'Abd al-Wahhab (disambiguation)">Muhammad 'Abd al-Wahhab (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;background: #9BE89B; color: #000000;"><div class="fn">Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:125%; font-weight:bold;"><div class="nickname">محمد بن عبد الوهاب</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Title</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Imam" title="Imam">Imam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shaykh" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaykh">Shaykh</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #9BE89B; color: #000000;">Personal</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">1703 (1703) (1115 A.H) <div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/%27Uyayna" class="mw-redirect" title="'Uyayna">'Uyayna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Najd" title="Najd">Najd</a><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia.com_2021-1">[1]</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">1792(1792-00-00) (aged 88–89) (1206 AH) <div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Diriyah" title="Diriyah">Diriyah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Diriyah" title="Emirate of Diriyah">Emirate of Diriyah</a><a href="#cite_note-Britannica.com_2021-6">[6]</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; font-weight:normal; background:transparent; text-align:left;"><div>List</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">'Alī (first)</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">Ḥasan</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">Ḥusain</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">Ibrāhīm</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_ibn_Muhammad_Abd_al_Wahhab" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdullah ibn Muhammad Abd al Wahhab">Abdullāh</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">'Alī</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">Fāṭimah</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">'Abdulazīz</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Denomination</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Jurisprudence</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Hanbali" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanbali">Hanbali</a>,<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ahl_al-Hadith" title="Ahl al-Hadith">Ahl al-Ḥadīth/Independent</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Creed</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_theology_(Islam)" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditionalist theology (Islam)">Atharī</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalverson201048-4">[4]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Religious_movement" title="Religious movement">Movement</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Muwahhidun" class="mw-redirect" title="Muwahhidun">Muwahhidun</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wahhabi" class="mw-redirect" title="Wahhabi">Wahhabi</a>)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown2009245–47-5">[5]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Main interest(s)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Aqidah" title="Aqidah">ʿAqīdah</a> (Islamic theology)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Notable work(s)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/The_Book_of_Tawhid:_The_Right_of_Allah_Upon_His_Servants" title="The Book of Tawhid: The Right of Allah Upon His Servants">Kitab al-Tawhid</a> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: كتاب التوحيد; "The Book of Monotheism")<a href="#cite_note-Britannica.com_2021-6">[6]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Relatives</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sulayman_ibn_Abd_al-Wahhab" title="Sulayman ibn Abd al-Wahhab">Sulayman</a> (brother)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #9BE89B; color: #000000;">Muslim leader</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left; border:none; padding:0;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>Influenced by</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; text-align:center;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Ibn_Hanbal" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmad Ibn Hanbal">Ahmad Ibn Hanbal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Taymiyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Taymiyyah">Ibn Taymiyyah</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown2009245-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagemakers2021341-8">[8]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Qayyim_al-Jawziyya" title="Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya">Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaykel2013231–32-9">[9]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Hayyat_ibn_Ibrahim_al-Sindhi" title="Muhammad Hayyat ibn Ibrahim al-Sindhi">Muhammad Hayyat ibn Ibrahim al-Sindhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Rajab" title="Ibn Rajab"> Ibn Rajab al-Hanbali</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a></li></ul> </div></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left; border:none; padding:0;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>Influenced</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; text-align:center;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_bin_Saud" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad bin Saud">Muhammad bin Saud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Saud" title="House of Saud">House of Saud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Rashid_Rida" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Rashid Rida">Muhammad Rashid Rida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Aziz_Ibn_Baz" class="mw-redirect" title="Abd al-Aziz Ibn Baz">'Abd al-'Azīz ibn 'Abd Allāh ibn Bāz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_al-Uthaymeen" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad ibn al-Uthaymeen">Muḥammad ibn al-'Uthaimīn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul-Rahman_Al-Sudais" title="Abdul-Rahman Al-Sudais">'Abd ar-Raḥmān as-Sudais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saud_Al-Shuraim" title="Saud Al-Shuraim">Su'ūd ash-Shuraim</a></li></ul> </div></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><a href="/wiki/Arabic_name" title="Arabic name">Arabic name</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.4em; line-height:135%;"><a href="/wiki/Ism_(name)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ism (name)">Personal (Ism)</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Muḥammad</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.4em; line-height:135%;"><a href="/wiki/Nasab" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasab">Patronymic (Nasab)</a></th><td class="infobox-data">ibn ʿAbd al-Wahhāb ibn Sulaymān ibn ʿAlī ibn Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad ibn Rāshid</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.4em; line-height:135%;"><a href="/wiki/Kunya_(Arabic)" title="Kunya (Arabic)">Teknonymic (Kunya)</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Abū al-Ḥasan</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.4em; line-height:135%;"><a href="/wiki/Laqab" class="mw-redirect" title="Laqab">Epithet (Laqab)</a></th><td class="infobox-data">an-Najdī</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.4em; line-height:135%;"><a href="/wiki/Nisba_(onomastics)" title="Nisba (onomastics)">Toponymic (Nisba)</a></th><td class="infobox-data">at-Tamīmī<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> Muḥammad ibn ʿAbd al-Wahhāb ibn Sulaymān al-Tamīmī<a href="#cite_note-12">[Note 1]</a> (1703–1792) was a Sunni Muslim <a href="/wiki/Aalim" class="mw-redirect" title="Aalim">scholar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islamic_theology" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic theology">theologian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dawah" title="Dawah">preacher</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islamic_activism" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic activism">activist</a>,<a href="#cite_note-13">[12]</a> religious leader,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaykel2013231–32-9">[9]</a> <a href="/wiki/Faq%C4%ABh" title="Faqīh">jurist</a>,<a href="#cite_note-14">[13]</a> and reformer,<a href="#cite_note-15">[14]</a> who was from <a href="/wiki/Najd" title="Najd">Najd</a> in <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">central Arabia</a> and is considered as the eponymous founder of the <a href="/wiki/Wahhabi_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Wahhabi movement">Wahhabi movement</a>.<a href="#cite_note-16">[15]</a> His prominent students included his sons Ḥusayn, <a href="/wiki/Abdullah_bin_Muhammad_Al_Sheikh" title="Abdullah bin Muhammad Al Sheikh">Abdullāh</a>, ʿAlī, and Ibrāhīm, his grandson ʿAbdur-Raḥman ibn Ḥasan, his son-in-law <a href="/wiki/Abdulaziz_bin_Muhammad_Al_Saud" title="Abdulaziz bin Muhammad Al Saud">ʿAbdul-ʿAzīz ibn Muḥammad ibn Saʿūd</a>, Ḥamād ibn Nāṣir ibn Muʿammar, and Ḥusayn āl-Ghannām. The label "Wahhabi" is not claimed by his followers but rather employed by Western scholars as well as his critics.<a href="#cite_note-17">[16]</a> Born to a family of <a href="/wiki/Faq%C4%ABh" title="Faqīh">jurists</a>,<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-18">[17]</a> Ibn ʿAbd al-Wahhab's early education consisted of learning a fairly standard curriculum of <a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh">orthodox jurisprudence</a> according to the <a href="/wiki/Hanbali" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanbali">Hanbali</a> <a href="/wiki/Maddhab" class="mw-redirect" title="Maddhab">school of Islamic law</a>, which was the school most prevalent in his area of birth.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-18">[17]</a> He promoted strict adherence to traditional Islamic law, proclaiming the necessity of returning directly to the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">ḥadīth literature</a> rather than relying on medieval interpretations, and insisted that every Muslim – male and female – personally read and study the Quran.<a href="#cite_note-19">[18]</a> He opposed <a href="/wiki/Taqlid" title="Taqlid">taqlid</a> (blind following) and called for the use of <a href="/wiki/Ijtihad" title="Ijtihad">ijtihad</a> (independent legal reasoning through research of scripture).<a href="#cite_note-20">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[20]</a> Being given religious training under various <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni Muslim">Sunni Muslim</a> scholars during his travels to <a href="/wiki/Hejaz" title="Hejaz">Hejaz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Basra" title="Basra">Basra</a>, Ibn ʿAbd al-Wahhab gradually became opposed to certain rituals and practices such as the <a href="/wiki/Ziyarat" title="Ziyarat">visitation to</a> and <a href="/wiki/Veneration#Islam" title="Veneration">veneration</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Wali" title="Wali">shrines and tombs of Muslim saints</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEsposito2004123-22">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-18">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEÁgostonMasters2009260-23">[22]</a> which he condemned as <a href="/wiki/Bid%27ah" title="Bid'ah">heretical religious innovation</a> or even <a href="/wiki/Shirk_(Islam)" title="Shirk (Islam)">idolatry</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-18">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEÁgostonMasters2009260-23">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-Crooke_2014-24">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhatab201156–76-25">[24]</a> While being known as a <a href="/wiki/Hanbali_school" title="Hanbali school">Hanbali</a> jurist, Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab minimized reliance on medieval legal manuals, instead engaging in direct interpretation of religious scriptures, based on the <a href="/wiki/Hanbali#Principles" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanbali">principles of Hanbali jurisprudence</a>.<a href="#cite_note-26">[25]</a> His call for <a href="/wiki/Social_reform" class="mw-redirect" title="Social reform">social reforms</a> was based on the key doctrine of <a href="/wiki/Tawhid" title="Tawhid">tawhid</a> (oneness of God), and was greatly inspired by the treatises of classical scholars <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Taymiyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Taymiyyah">Ibn Taymiyya</a> (d. 728 A.H/ 1328 C.E) and <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Qayyim_al-Jawziyya" title="Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya">Ibn Qayyim</a> (d. 751 A.H/ 1350 C.E).<a href="#cite_note-27">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-Weismann_2001_268-28">[27]</a> Despite being opposed or rejected by some of his contemporary critics amongst the religious clergy,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown2009245-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-18">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhatab201156–76-25">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-Traboulsi_2002-29">[28]</a> Ibn ʿAbd al-Wahhab charted a religio-political pact with <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_bin_Saud" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad bin Saud">Muhammad bin Saud</a> to help him to establish the <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Diriyah" title="Emirate of Diriyah">Emirate of Diriyah</a>, the first Saudi state,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEsposito2004123-22">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[29]</a> and began a dynastic alliance and power-sharing arrangement between their families which continues to the present day in the <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Kingdom of Saudi Arabia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEsposito2004123-22">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaykel2013231–32-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-meforum.org-31">[30]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Al_ash-Sheikh" title="Al ash-Sheikh">Al ash-Sheikh</a>, Saudi Arabia's leading religious family, are the descendants of Ibn ʿAbd al-Wahhab,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaykel2013231–32-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBokhariSenzai201382–3-32">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-meforum.org-31">[30]</a> and have historically led the <a href="/wiki/Ulama" title="Ulama">ulama</a> in the Saudi state,<a href="#cite_note-meforum.org-31">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-Abir_1987:_4,_5,_7-33">[32]</a> dominating the state's clerical institutions.<a href="#cite_note-meforum.org-31">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-Met92-34">[33]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ancestry_and_early_life">Ancestry and early life</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Najd" title="Najd">Najd</a> and <a href="/wiki/Banu_Tamim" title="Banu Tamim">Banī Tamim Tribe</a></div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_collection_of_voyages_and_travels-_consisting_of_authentic_writers_in_our_own_tongue,_which_have_not_before_been_collected_in_English,_or_have_only_been_abridged_in_other_collections._And_continued_(14586390739).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/A_collection_of_voyages_and_travels-_consisting_of_authentic_writers_in_our_own_tongue%2C_which_have_not_before_been_collected_in_English%2C_or_have_only_been_abridged_in_other_collections._And_continued_%2814586390739%29.jpg/200px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/A_collection_of_voyages_and_travels-_consisting_of_authentic_writers_in_our_own_tongue%2C_which_have_not_before_been_collected_in_English%2C_or_have_only_been_abridged_in_other_collections._And_continued_%2814586390739%29.jpg/300px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/A_collection_of_voyages_and_travels-_consisting_of_authentic_writers_in_our_own_tongue%2C_which_have_not_before_been_collected_in_English%2C_or_have_only_been_abridged_in_other_collections._And_continued_%2814586390739%29.jpg/400px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3982" data-file-height="2768" /></a><figcaption>An 18th century map of the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a> (circa 1740s)</figcaption></figure> Muhammad Ibn ʿAbd al-Wahhab is generally acknowledged to have been born in 1703<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-18">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-Philby_1930:_8-35">[34]</a> into the sedentary and impoverished <a href="/wiki/Tribes_of_Arabia" title="Tribes of Arabia">Arab clan</a> of <a href="/wiki/Banu_Tamim" title="Banu Tamim">Banu Tamim</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-Saudi46-37">[36]</a> in <a href="/wiki/%27Uyayna" class="mw-redirect" title="'Uyayna">'Uyayna</a>, a village in the <a href="/wiki/Najd" title="Najd">Najd</a> region of central Arabia.<a href="#cite_note-Philby_1930:_8-35">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[37]</a> Before the emergence of the movement, there was a very limited history of <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Islam" title="Education in Islam">Islamic education</a> in the area.<a href="#cite_note-Saudi46-37">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[38]</a> For this reason, Ibn ʿAbd al-Wahhab had modest access to Islamic education during his youth.<a href="#cite_note-Saudi46-37">[36]</a> Despite this,<a href="#cite_note-Saudi46-37">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gha-40">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-EI2:_677-678-42">[41]</a> the area had nevertheless produced several notable <a href="/wiki/Faq%C4%ABh" title="Faqīh">jurists</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Hanbali" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanbali">Hanbali</a> <a href="/wiki/Maddhab#Sunni" class="mw-redirect" title="Maddhab">school of orthodox Sunni jurisprudence</a>, which was the school of law most prominently practiced in the area.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-18">[17]</a> In fact, Ibn ʿAbd-al-Wahhab's own family "had produced several doctors of the school,"<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-18">[17]</a> with his father, ʿAbd al-Wahhāb, having been the Hanbali <a href="/wiki/Mufti" title="Mufti">jurisconsult</a> of the Najd and his grandfather, Sulaymān, having been a <a href="/wiki/Qadi" title="Qadi">judge</a> of Hanbali law.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-18">[17]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_studies">Early studies</h2></div> Ibn ʿAbd-al-Wahhab's early education was taught by his father,<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-18">[17]</a> and consisted of learning the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> by heart and studying a rudimentary level of <a href="/wiki/Hanbali" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanbali">Hanbali</a> <a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh">jurisprudence</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aqidah" title="Aqidah">Islamic theology</a> as outlined in the works of <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Qudamah" title="Ibn Qudamah">Ibn Qudamah</a> (d. 1223), one of the most influential medieval representatives of the Hanbali school, whose works were regarded "as having great authority" in the Najd.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-18">[17]</a> The affirmation of <a href="/wiki/Wali" title="Wali">Islamic sainthood</a> and the ability of saints to perform miracles (<a href="/wiki/Karamat" title="Karamat">karamat</a>) by the grace of God had become a major aspect of <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Muslim</a> belief throughout the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic world">Islamic world</a>, being agreed-upon by majority of the classical Islamic scholars.<a href="#cite_note-43">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[45]</a> Ibn ʿAbd-al-Wahhab had encountered various excessive beliefs and practices associated with saint-veneration and saint-cults which were prevalent in his area. During that era, various supernatural rituals and beliefs associated with <a href="/wiki/Magic_(supernatural)" title="Magic (supernatural)">magic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Superstition" title="Superstition">superstitions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Occultism" class="mw-redirect" title="Occultism">occultism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Numerology" title="Numerology">numerology</a>, etc. had become predominant across numerous towns and villages of <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a>. He probably chose to leave Najd and look elsewhere for studies to see if such beliefs and rituals were as popular in the neighboring places of the Muslim world or the possibility that his home town offered inadequate educational resources. Even today, the reasoning for why he left Najd is unclear.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-18">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-Samin_1–26-47">[46]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Travels">Travels</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pilgrimage_to_Mecca">Pilgrimage to Mecca</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">Hajj</a></div> After leaving 'Uyayna around the age of twenty, Ibn ʿAbd al-Wahhab performed the <a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">Greater Pilgrimage</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a>, where the scholars appear to have held opinions and espoused teachings that were unpalatable to him.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-18">[17]</a> After this, he went to <a href="/wiki/Medina" title="Medina">Medina</a>, the stay at which seems to have been "decisive in shaping the later direction of his thought."<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-18">[17]</a> In Medina, he met a Hanbali theologian from Najd named ʿAbd Allāh ibn Ibrāhīm al-Najdī, who had been a supporter of the works of <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Taymiyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Taymiyyah">Ibn Taymiyyah</a> (d. 1328), who holds an exceptionally high position in Islamic history.<a href="#cite_note-48">[47]</a> Many Sunni Muslim scholars who adhere to a scripture-focused orthodox methodology praise Ibn Taymiyyah to be a <a href="/wiki/Mujaddid" title="Mujaddid">mujadid</a> of the authentic <a href="/wiki/Sunnah" title="Sunnah">Sunnah</a>,<a href="#cite_note-49">[48]</a> taking pride in the proliferation of his strict adherence to the Qur'an, Sunnah<a href="#cite_note-50">[49]</a> and way of the companions of Muhammad,<a href="#cite_note-51">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[51]</a> though his teachings had been considered heterodox and misguided by some Sunni Muslim scholars who ascribed to the <a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufis</a> of their time.<a href="#cite_note-53">[52]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tutelage_under_Al-Sindhi">Tutelage under Al-Sindhi</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Hayyat_ibn_Ibrahim_al-Sindhi" title="Muhammad Hayyat ibn Ibrahim al-Sindhi">Muhammād Hayyat ibn Ibrāhim al-Sindhi</a></div> Ibn ʿAbd al-Wahhab's teacher, 'Abdallah ibn Ibrahim ibn Sayf, introduced the relatively young man to <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Hayya_Al-Sindhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammad Hayya Al-Sindhi">Mohammad Hayya Al-Sindhi</a> in <a href="/wiki/Medina" title="Medina">Medina</a>, who belonged to the <a href="/wiki/Naqshbandi" title="Naqshbandi">Naqshbandi</a> order (<a href="/wiki/Tariqa" title="Tariqa">tariqa</a>) of <a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufism</a>,<a href="#cite_note-54">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[54]</a> and recommended him as a student.<a href="#cite_note-Voll-56">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[57]</a> Muhammad Ibn ʿAbd-al-Wahhab and al-Sindhi became very close, and Ibn ʿAbd-al-Wahhab stayed with him for some time.<a href="#cite_note-Voll-56">[55]</a> Muhammad Hayya taught Muhammad Ibn ʿAbd-al-Wahhab to reject popular religious practices associated with <a href="/wiki/Wali" title="Wali">walis</a> and their tombs. He also encouraged him to reject rigid imitation (<a href="/wiki/Taqlid" title="Taqlid">Taqlid</a>) of medieval legal commentaries and develop individual research of scriptures (<a href="/wiki/Ijtihad" title="Ijtihad">Ijtihad</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Voll-56">[55]</a> Influenced by Al-Sindi's teachings, Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab became critical of the established <a href="/wiki/Madhhab" title="Madhhab">Madh'hab</a> system, prompting him to disregard the instruments of <a href="/wiki/Principles_of_Islamic_jurisprudence" title="Principles of Islamic jurisprudence">Usul al-Fiqh</a> in his intellectual approach. Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab rarely made use of <a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh">Fiqh</a> (Islamic jurisprudence) and various legal opinions in his writings, by and large forming views based on his direct understanding of Scriptures.<a href="#cite_note-59">[58]</a> Apart from his emphasis on <a href="/wiki/Hadith_studies" title="Hadith studies">hadith studies</a>, aversion for the madhhab system and disregard for technical juristic discussions involving legal principles, Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhāb's views on <a href="/wiki/Ziyarat" title="Ziyarat">ziyārah</a> (visitations to the shrines of <a href="/wiki/Wali" title="Wali">Awliyaa</a>) were also shaped by Al-Sindhi. Sindi encouraged his student to reject folk practices associated with graves and saints.<a href="#cite_note-60">[59]</a> Various themes in Al-Sindi's writings, such as his opposition to erecting tombs and <a href="/wiki/Aniconism_in_Islam" title="Aniconism in Islam">drawing human images</a>, would be revived later by the <a href="/wiki/Wahhabism" title="Wahhabism">Wahhabi</a> movement.<a href="#cite_note-61">[60]</a> Sindi instilled in Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab the belief that practices like beseeching the dead saints constituted <a href="/wiki/Apostasy_in_Islam" title="Apostasy in Islam">apostasy</a> and resembled the customs of the people of <a href="/wiki/Jahiliyyah" title="Jahiliyyah">Jahiliyya</a> (pre-Islamic era).<a href="#cite_note-62">[61]</a> In a significant encounter between a young Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab and Al-Sindhi reported by the Najdi historian 'Uthman Ibn Bishr (d. 1288 A.H./ 1871/2 C.E.):<blockquote>"... one day Shaykh Muḥammad [Ibn 'Abdi'l-Wahhāb] stood by the chamber of the Prophet where people were calling [upon him or supplicating] and seeking help by the Prophet's chamber, blessings and peace be upon him. He then saw Muḥammad Ḥayāt [al Sindī] and came to him. The shaykh [Ibn 'Abdi'l-Wahhāb] asked, "What do you say about them?" He [al-Sindī] said, "Verily that in which they are engaged shall be destroyed and their acts are invalid.""<a href="#cite_note-63">[62]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Journey_to_Basra">Journey to Basra</h3></div> Following his early education in Medina, Ibn ʿAbd-al-Wahhab traveled outside of the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a>, venturing first to <a href="/wiki/Basra" title="Basra">Basra</a><a href="#cite_note-Gha-40">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[63]</a> which was still an active center of Islamic culture.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-18">[17]</a> During his stay in Basra, Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab studied Hadith and Fiqh under the Islamic scholar Muhammad al-Majmu'i. In Basra, Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab came into contact with <a href="/wiki/Shi%27is" class="mw-redirect" title="Shi'is">Shi'is</a> and would write a treatise repudiating the theological doctrines of <a href="/wiki/Rafidah" class="mw-redirect" title="Rafidah">Rafidah</a>, an extreme sect of Shiism. He also became influenced by the writings of Hanbali theologian <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Rajab" title="Ibn Rajab">Ibn Rajab</a> (d. 1393 C.E/ 795 A.H) such as "Kalimat al-Ikhlas" which inspired Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab's seminal treatise "Kitab al-Tawhid".<a href="#cite_note-65">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[65]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Return_to_'Uyaynah">Return to 'Uyaynah</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_preaching">Early preaching</h3></div> His leave from <a href="/wiki/Basra" title="Basra">Basra</a> marked the end of his education and by the time of his return to <a href="/wiki/%27Uyayna" class="mw-redirect" title="'Uyayna">'Uyayna</a>, Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab had mastered various religious disciplines such as Islamic <a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh">Fiqh</a> (jurisprudence), <a href="/wiki/Aqidah" title="Aqidah">theology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hadith_studies" title="Hadith studies">hadith sciences</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Tasawwuf</a>. His exposure to various practices centered around the cult of saints and grave veneration would eventually propel Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab to grow critical of Sufi superstitious accretions and practices.<a href="#cite_note-Haj_338-67">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[67]</a> Rather than targeting "Sufism" as a phenomenon or a group, Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab denounced particular practices which he considered sinful.<a href="#cite_note-69">[68]</a> He fashioned his reformist campaign in a manner that appealed to the socio-cultural dynamics of 18th century Arabia.<a href="#cite_note-70">[69]</a> Many of Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab's scholarly treatises, pamphlets and speeches appropriated idioms of local Arab dialects, monologues of vernacular poetry and catchphrases of folk culture into his religious discourse.<a href="#cite_note-Samin_1–26-47">[46]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Al-Usul_al-Thalatha.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Al-Usul_al-Thalatha.jpg/220px-Al-Usul_al-Thalatha.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="325" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Al-Usul_al-Thalatha.jpg/330px-Al-Usul_al-Thalatha.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/31/Al-Usul_al-Thalatha.jpg 2x" data-file-width="405" data-file-height="599" /></a><figcaption> Usul al-Thalatha (Three Fundamental Principles), a pamphlet by Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab</figcaption></figure> As a gifted communicator with a talent for breaking down his ideas into shorter units, Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab entitled his treatises with terms such as qawāʿid ("principles"), masāʾil ("matters"), kalimāt ("phrases"), or uṣūl ("foundations"), simplifying his texts point by point for mass reading.<a href="#cite_note-71">[70]</a> Calling upon the people to follow his call for religious revival (<a href="/wiki/Tajdid" class="mw-redirect" title="Tajdid">tajdid</a> ) based on following the founding texts and the authoritative practices of the first generations of <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a>, Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab declared: <blockquote>"I do not - God be blessed - conform to any particular sufi <a href="/wiki/Tariqa" title="Tariqa">order</a> or <a href="/wiki/Faq%C4%ABh" title="Faqīh">faqih</a>, nor follow the course of any speculative theologian (mutakalim) or any other Imam for that matter, not even such dignitaries as <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Qayyim_al-Jawziyya" title="Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya">ibn al-Qayyim</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al-Dhahabi" title="Al-Dhahabi">al-Dhahabi</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Kathir" title="Ibn Kathir">ibn Kathir</a>, I summon you only to God, and Only Him as well as observe the path laid by His <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_in_Islam" title="Muhammad in Islam">Prophet</a>, God's messenger."<a href="#cite_note-Haj_338-67">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[71]</a></blockquote> Ibn ʿAbd al-Wahhab's call gradually began to attract followers, including the ruler of 'Uyayna, Uthman ibn Mu'ammar. Upon returning to <a href="/wiki/Huraymila" title="Huraymila">Huraymila</a>, where his father had settled, Ibn ʿAbd al-Wahhab wrote his first work on the Unity of God.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-18">[17]</a> With Ibn Mu'ammar, Ibn ʿAbd al-Wahhab agreed to support Ibn Mu'ammar's political ambitions to expand his rule "over Najd and possibly beyond", in exchange for the ruler's support for Ibn ʿAbd al-Wahhab's religious teachings. During the early years of preaching, he criticised various folk practices and <a href="/wiki/Superstitions_in_Muslim_societies" class="mw-redirect" title="Superstitions in Muslim societies">superstitions</a> peacefully through sermons. Starting from 1742, Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab would shift towards an activist stance; and began to implement his reformist ideas.<a href="#cite_note-73">[72]</a> First, he persuaded Ibn Mu'ammar to help him level the tomb of <a href="/wiki/Zayd_ibn_al-Khattab" title="Zayd ibn al-Khattab">Zayd ibn al-Khattab</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Sahabah" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahabah">companion of Muhammad</a>, whose shrine was revered by locals. Secondly, he ordered the cutting down of trees considered sacred by locals, cutting down "the most glorified of all of the trees" himself. Third, he organized the <a href="/wiki/Rajm" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajm">stoning</a> of a woman who confessed to having committed adultery.<a href="#cite_note-Lacey_1983:_56-74">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDelong-Bas200424-75">[74]</a> These actions gained the attention of Sulaiman ibn Muhammad ibn Ghurayr of the tribe of <a href="/wiki/Bani_Khalid" class="mw-redirect" title="Bani Khalid">Bani Khalid</a>, the chief of <a href="/wiki/Al-Ahsa_Oasis" title="Al-Ahsa Oasis">Al-Hasa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Qatif" title="Qatif">Qatif</a>, who held substantial influence in <a href="/wiki/Najd" title="Najd">Najd</a>. Ibn Ghurayr threatened Ibn Mu'ammar by denying him the ability to collect a land tax for some properties that Ibn Mu'ammar owned in Al-Hasa if he did not kill or drive away from Ibn ʿAbd al-Wahhab. Consequently, Ibn Mu'ammar forced Ibn ʿAbd al-Wahhab to leave.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDelong-Bas200424-75">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[75]</a> The early Wahhabis had been protected by Ibn Mu'ammar in 'Uyayna, despite being persecuted in other settlements. As soon as Ibn Mu'ammar disowned them, Wahhabis were subject to excommunication (<a href="/wiki/Takfir" title="Takfir">Takfir</a>); exposing themselves to loss of lives and property. This experience of suffering reminded them of the <a href="/wiki/Mihna" title="Mihna">Mihna</a> against <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Hanbal" title="Ahmad ibn Hanbal">Ahmad Ibn Hanbal</a> and his followers, and shaped the collective Wahhabi memory. As late as 1749, the <a href="/wiki/Sharif_of_Mecca" title="Sharif of Mecca">sharif of Mecca</a> imprisoned those Wahhabis who went to Mecca to perform the <a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">Hajj</a> (annual pilgrimage).<a href="#cite_note-77">[76]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pact_with_Muhammad_bin_Saud">Pact with Muhammad bin Saud</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Diriyah_Pact" title="Diriyah Pact">Diriyah Pact</a></div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Diriyah_agreement_1744.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Diriyah_agreement_1744.png/260px-Diriyah_agreement_1744.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Diriyah_agreement_1744.png/390px-Diriyah_agreement_1744.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Diriyah_agreement_1744.png/520px-Diriyah_agreement_1744.png 2x" data-file-width="728" data-file-height="461" /></a><figcaption>A 20th century illustration of the <a href="/wiki/Diriyah_Pact" title="Diriyah Pact">Diriyah Pact</a></figcaption></figure> Upon his expulsion from '<a href="/wiki/Uyayna" title="Uyayna">Uyayna</a>, Ibn ʿAbd al-Wahhab was invited to settle in neighboring <a href="/wiki/Diriyah" title="Diriyah">Diriyah</a> by its ruler <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_bin_Saud_Al_Muqrin" title="Muhammad bin Saud Al Muqrin">Muhammad ibn Saud Al Muqrin</a>. After some time in Diriyah, Ibn ʿAbd al-Wahhab concluded his second and more successful agreement with a ruler.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDelong-Bas200434-78">[77]</a> Ibn ʿAbd al-Wahhab and Muhammad bin Saud agreed that, together, they would bring the <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arabs</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">peninsula</a> back to the "true" principles of <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> as they saw it. According to the anonymous author of Lam al-Shihab (Brilliance of the Meteor), when they first met, Ibn Saud declared:<blockquote>"This oasis is yours, do not fear your enemies. By the name of God, if all Nejd was summoned to throw you out, we will never agree to expel you."<a href="#cite_note-Al-Rasheed_2010_16-79">[78]</a></blockquote> Muhammad ibn ʿAbd al-Wahhab replied:<blockquote>"You are the settlement's chief and wise man. I want you to grant me an oath that you will perform jihad against the unbelievers. In return, you will be imam, leader of the Muslim community and I will be leader in religious matters."<a href="#cite_note-Al-Rasheed_2010_16-79">[78]</a></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%AE%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%83%D9%85%D8%A7_%D8%AA%D8%AE%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%8A_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%87_%D8%A5%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%87%D9%8A%D9%85_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%A7.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%AE%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%83%D9%85%D8%A7_%D8%AA%D8%AE%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%8A_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%87_%D8%A5%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%87%D9%8A%D9%85_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%A7.jpg/220px-%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%AE%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%83%D9%85%D8%A7_%D8%AA%D8%AE%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%8A_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%87_%D8%A5%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%87%D9%8A%D9%85_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%A7.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="336" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%AE%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%83%D9%85%D8%A7_%D8%AA%D8%AE%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%8A_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%87_%D8%A5%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%87%D9%8A%D9%85_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%A7.jpg/330px-%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%AE%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%83%D9%85%D8%A7_%D8%AA%D8%AE%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%8A_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%87_%D8%A5%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%87%D9%8A%D9%85_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%A7.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/63/%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%AE%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%83%D9%85%D8%A7_%D8%AA%D8%AE%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%8A_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%87_%D8%A5%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%87%D9%8A%D9%85_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%A7.jpg 2x" data-file-width="349" data-file-height="533" /></a><figcaption>A portrait of the entrance to the city of <a href="/wiki/Diriyah" title="Diriyah">Diriyah</a></figcaption></figure> The agreement was confirmed with a mutual oath of loyalty (<a href="/wiki/Bay%27ah" title="Bay'ah">bay'ah</a>) in 1744.<a href="#cite_note-80">[79]</a> Once Al-Sa'ud made Dir'iyya a safe haven, Wahhabis from other towns took refuge. These included dissenters from Ibn Mu'ammar clan who had sworn allegiance to Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab. The nucleus of Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab's supporters all across <a href="/wiki/Najd" title="Najd">Najd</a> retreated to Dir'iyyah and formed the vanguard of the insurgency launched by Al-Saud against other towns.<a href="#cite_note-81">[80]</a> From a person who started his career as a lone activist, Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab would become the spiritual guide of the <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Diriyah" title="Emirate of Diriyah">nascent Emirate</a> of <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_bin_Saud_Al_Muqrin" title="Muhammad bin Saud Al Muqrin">Muhammad ibn Saud Al-Muqrin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-82">[81]</a> Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab would be responsible for religious matters and Ibn Saud in charge of political and military issues.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDelong-Bas200434-78">[77]</a> This agreement became a "mutual support pact"<a href="#cite_note-83">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[83]</a> and power-sharing arrangement<a href="#cite_note-85">[84]</a> between the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Saud" title="House of Saud">Aal Saud family</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Al_ash-Sheikh" title="Al ash-Sheikh">Aal ash-Sheikh</a> and followers of Ibn ʿAbd al-Wahhab, which had remained in place for nearly 300 years,<a href="#cite_note-86">[85]</a> providing the ideological impetus to Saudi expansion.<a href="#cite_note-87">[86]</a> Reviving the teachings of <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Taymiyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Taymiyyah">Ibn Taymiyya</a>, the Muwaḥḥidūn (Unitarian) movement emphasized strict adherence to <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Qur'an</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sunnah" title="Sunnah">Sunnah</a>; while simultaneously championing the conception of an <a href="/wiki/Islamic_state" title="Islamic state">Islamic state</a> based on the model of early Muslim community in <a href="/wiki/Medina" title="Medina">Medina</a>. Meanwhile, it's Muslim and Western opponents derogatorily labelled the movement as the "Wahhābiyyah" ( anglicised as "Wahhabism" ).<a href="#cite_note-88">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-C._Martin_2004_727-90">[89]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rise_of_Emirate_of_Dir'iyyah">Rise of Emirate of Dir'iyyah</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Diriyah" title="Emirate of Diriyah">Emirate of Diriyah</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Demolition_of_al-Baqi" title="Demolition of al-Baqi">Demolition of al-Baqi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wahhabi_sack_of_Karbala" title="Wahhabi sack of Karbala">Wahhabi sack of Karbala</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wahhabi_War" title="Wahhabi War">Wahhabi War</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:First_Saudi_State_Big.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/First_Saudi_State_Big.png/200px-First_Saudi_State_Big.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/First_Saudi_State_Big.png/300px-First_Saudi_State_Big.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/First_Saudi_State_Big.png/400px-First_Saudi_State_Big.png 2x" data-file-width="3196" data-file-height="2965" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Diriyah" title="Emirate of Diriyah">Emirate of Diriyah</a>, the first Saudi state (1727–1818)</figcaption></figure> The 1744 pact between Muhammad ibn Saud and Muhammad ibn ʿAbd al-Wahhab marked the rise of the <a href="/wiki/First_Saudi_State" class="mw-redirect" title="First Saudi State">First Saudi state</a>, the Emirate of Diriyah, which was established in 1727. By offering the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Saud" title="House of Saud">Al-Saud</a> a clearly defined religious mission, the alliance provided the ideological impetus to Saudi expansion.<a href="#cite_note-Met92-34">[33]</a> Deducing from his bitter experiences in 'Uyaynah, Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab had understood the necessity of political backing from a strong <a href="/wiki/Islamic_state" title="Islamic state">Islamic political entity</a> to transform the local socio-religious status quo and also safeguard Wahhabism's territorial base from external pressure. After consolidating his position in Diriyah, he wrote to the rulers and clerics of other towns; appealing them to embrace his doctrines. While some heeded his calls, others rejected it; accusing him of ignorance or sorcery.<a href="#cite_note-91">[90]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="War_with_Riyadh_(1746–1773)">War with Riyadh (1746–1773)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Riyadh" title="Riyadh">Riyadh</a></div> Realising the significance of efficient religious preaching (<a href="/wiki/Dawah" title="Dawah">da'wa</a>), Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab called upon his students to master the path of reasoning and proselytising over warfare to convince other Muslims of their <a href="/wiki/Islah" title="Islah">reformist</a> endeavour.<a href="#cite_note-92">[91]</a> Between 1744 and 1746, Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab's preaching continued in the same non-violent manner as before and spread widely across the people of <a href="/wiki/Najd" title="Najd">Najd</a>. Rulers of various towns across Najd pledged their allegiance to Ibn Suʿūd. This situation changed drastically around 1158/1746; when the powerful anti-Wahhabi chieftain of <a href="/wiki/Riyadh" title="Riyadh">Riyadh</a>, Dahhām ibn Dawwās (fl. 1187/1773), attacked the town of <a href="/wiki/Manfuhah" title="Manfuhah">Manfuha</a> which had pledged allegiance to <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Diriyah" title="Emirate of Diriyah">Diriyah</a>. This would spark a nearly 30-year long between <a href="/wiki/Diriyah" title="Diriyah">Diriyah</a> and Riyadh, which lasted until 1187/1773, barring some interruptions.<a href="#cite_note-93">[92]</a> First conquering Najd, Muhammad ibn Saud's forces expanded the Wahhabi influence to most of the present-day territory of <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Met92-34">[33]</a> eradicating various popular practices they viewed as akin to polytheism and propagating the doctrines of ʿAbd al-Wahhab.<a href="#cite_note-Met92-34">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[93]</a> Muhammad Ibn ʿAbd al-Wahhāb maintained that the military campaigns of the <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Diriyah" title="Emirate of Diriyah">Emirate of Dirʿiyya</a> were strictly defensive and rebuked his opponents as being the first to initiate <a href="/wiki/Takfir" title="Takfir">Takfir</a> (excommunication).<a href="#cite_note-95">[94]</a> Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab had defined <a href="/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">jihad</a> as an activity that must have a valid religious justification and which can only be declared by an <a href="/wiki/Imam" title="Imam">Imam</a> whose purpose must be strictly defensive in nature.<a href="#cite_note-96">[95]</a> Justifying the Wahhabi military campaigns as defensive operations against their enemies, Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab asserts:<blockquote>"As for warfare, until today, we did not fight anyone, except in defense of our lives and honor. They came to us in our area and did not spare any effort in fighting us. We only initiated fighting against some of them in retaliation for their continued aggression, [The recompense for an evil is an evil like thereof] (42:40)... they are the ones who started declaring us to be unbelievers and fighting us"<a href="#cite_note-97">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-98">[97]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rebellion_in_Huraymila_(1752–1755)">Rebellion in Huraymila (1752–1755)</h4></div> In 1753–4, the Wahhabis were confronted by an alarming number of towns renouncing allegiance and aligning with their opponents. Most prominent amongst these was the town of <a href="/wiki/Huraymila" title="Huraymila">Huraymila</a>, which had pledged allegiance to Dir'iyah in 1747. However, by 1752, a group of rebels encouraged by Ibn ʿAbd al-Wahhāb's brother, <a href="/wiki/Sulayman_ibn_Abd_al-Wahhab" title="Sulayman ibn Abd al-Wahhab">Sulaymān</a>, had initiated a coup in Huraymila and installed a new ruler that threatened to topple the Wahhābī order. A fierce war between Diriyah and Huraymila began in a magnitude that was unprecedented. Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab held a convocation of Wahhabis from all the settlements across Najd. Reviewing the recent desertions and defeats, he encouraged them to hold fast to their faith and recommit to the struggle.<a href="#cite_note-99">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-100">[99]</a> The ensuing battles and the re-capture of Huraymila in 1168/1755, constituted a significant development in Wahhabi expansionist stage. <a href="/wiki/Abdulaziz_bin_Muhammad_Al_Saud" title="Abdulaziz bin Muhammad Al Saud">Abd al-Azeez</a>, the son of <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_bin_Saud_Al_Muqrin" title="Muhammad bin Saud Al Muqrin">Muhammad ibn Saud</a>, had emerged as the principal leader of the Wahhabi military operations. Alongside a force of 800 men, accompanied by an additional 200 under the command of the deposed ruler of Huraymila, Abd al Azeez was able to subdue the rebels. More significantly, the rationale behind the campaign was based on Ibn ʿAbd al-Wahhāb's newly written epistle Mufīd al-mustafīd, which marked a shift from the earlier posture of defensive <a href="/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">Jihad</a> to justify a more aggressive one. In the treatise, compiled to justify Jihad pursued by <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Diriyah" title="Emirate of Diriyah">Dir'iyyah</a> and its allies, Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab excommunicated the inhabitants of Huraymila and declared it as a duty of Wahhabi soldiers to fight them as apostates. He also quoted several <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Qur'anic</a> verses indicative of offensive forms of jihād.<a href="#cite_note-101">[100]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Capture_of_Riyadh_and_Retirement_(1773)">Capture of Riyadh and Retirement (1773)</h3></div> The last point of serious threat to the Saudi state was in 1764-1765. During this period, the <a href="/wiki/Isma%27ilism" title="Isma'ilism">Ismāʿīlī Shīʿa</a> of <a href="/wiki/Najran" title="Najran">Najrān</a> alongside their allied tribe of <a href="/wiki/Ajman_(tribe)" title="Ajman (tribe)">'Ujman</a>, combined forces to inflict a major defeat on the Saudis at the Battle of Hair in October 1764, killing around 500 men. The anti-Wahhabi forces allied with the invaders and participated in the combined siege of Dirʿiyya. However, the defenders were able to hold onto their town due to the unexpected departure of the Najranis after a truce concluded with the Saudis. A decade later in 1773-'4, 'Abd al-Azeez had conquered <a href="/wiki/Riyadh" title="Riyadh">Riyadh</a> and secured the entirety of al-ʿĀriḍ, after its chieftain Dahham ibn Dawwas fled. By 1776/7, <a href="/wiki/Sulayman_ibn_Abd_al-Wahhab" title="Sulayman ibn Abd al-Wahhab">Sulayman ibn Abd al-Wahhab</a> had surrendered. The capture of Riyadh marked the point at which Muhammad Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab delegated all affairs of governing to <a href="/wiki/Abdulaziz_bin_Muhammad_Al_Saud" title="Abdulaziz bin Muhammad Al Saud">'Abd al-Azeez</a>, withdrew from public life and devoted himself to teaching, preaching and worshipping. Meanwhile, 'Abd al-Azeez would proceed with his military campaigns, conquering towns like <a href="/wiki/Sudair" title="Sudair">Sudayr</a> (1196/1781), <a href="/wiki/Al-Kharj" title="Al-Kharj">al-Kharj</a> (1199/1784), etc. Opposition in towns to the North like <a href="/wiki/Al-Qassim_Province" title="Al-Qassim Province">al-Qaṣīm</a> was stamped out by 1196/1781, and the rebels in <a href="/wiki/Unaizah" title="Unaizah">ʿUnayza</a> were subdued by 1202/1787. Further north, the town of <a href="/wiki/%E1%B8%A4a%CA%BCil" title="Ḥaʼil">Ḥāʾil</a>, was captured in 1201/1786 and by the 1780s; Wahhābīs were able to establish their jurisdiction over most of <a href="/wiki/Najd" title="Najd">Najd</a>.<a href="#cite_note-102">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-Crawford_2014_47–48-103">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-Abu_alrub_2013_92-104">[103]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death">Death</h2></div> After his departure from public affairs, Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab would remain a consultant to <a href="/wiki/Abdulaziz_bin_Muhammad_Al_Saud" title="Abdulaziz bin Muhammad Al Saud">'Abd al-Azeez</a>, who followed his recommendations. However, he withdrew from any active military and political activities of the Emirate of Diriyah and devoted himself to educational endeavours, preaching, and worship. His last major activity in state affairs was in 1202/1787; when he called on the people to give <a href="/wiki/Bay%27ah" title="Bay'ah">bay'ah</a> (allegiance) to <a href="/wiki/Saud_bin_Abdulaziz_Al_Saud_(1748%E2%80%931814)" title="Saud bin Abdulaziz Al Saud (1748–1814)">Suʿūd</a>, ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz's son, as heir apparent. Muhammad ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab fell ill and died in June 1792 C.E or 1206 A.H in the lunar month of <a href="/wiki/Dhu_al-Qadah" title="Dhu al-Qadah">Dhul-Qa'dah</a>, at the age of eighty-nine. He was buried in an unmarked grave at <a href="/wiki/Al-Turaif_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Turaif District">al-Turayf</a> in al-<a href="/wiki/Diriyah" title="Diriyah">Dir'iyya</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Crawford_2014_47–48-103">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-Abu_alrub_2013_92-104">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-105">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-106">[105]</a> He left behind four daughters and six sons. Many of his sons became clerics of greater or lesser distinction. The descendants of Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab are known as the <a href="/wiki/Al_ash-Sheikh" title="Al ash-Sheikh">Aal Ash-Shaykhs</a> and they continued to hold a special position in the Saudi state throughout its history, which still continues. A clear separation of roles between the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Saud" title="House of Saud">Saudi family</a> and the Wahhabi clerics had begun to emerge during the interval between Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab's retirement from front-line politics in 1773 and his death in 1792. Although the <a href="/wiki/Al_ash-Sheikh" title="Al ash-Sheikh">Aal Ash-Shaykhs</a> did not engage in politics, they comprised a significant part of the <a href="/wiki/Ahl_al-hall_wal-aqd" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahl al-hall wal-aqd">designating group of notables</a> who gave allegiance (bay'ah) to a new ruler and acclaimed his accession. After Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab, his son <a href="/wiki/Abdullah_bin_Muhammad_Al_Sheikh" title="Abdullah bin Muhammad Al Sheikh">'Abd Allah</a>, recognised by his critics as moderate and fair-minded, would succeed him as the dominant Wahhabi cleric. The Wahhabi cause would flourish for more than two decades after Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab's death; until the defeat of the First Saudi State in the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman-Saudi_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman-Saudi war">Ottoman-Saudi war</a>. 'Abd Allah would spend his last days as an exile in <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a>, having witnessed the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Diriyah" title="Siege of Diriyah">destruction of Dirʿiyya</a> and the execution of his talented son <a href="/wiki/Suleiman_bin_Abdullah_Al_Sheikh" title="Suleiman bin Abdullah Al Sheikh">Sulayman ibn 'Abd Allah</a> in 1818.<a href="#cite_note-107">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-108">[107]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Family">Family</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Al_ash-Sheikh" title="Al ash-Sheikh">Al ash-Sheikh</a></div> According to academic publications such as the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>, Ibn ʿAbd al-Wahhab married an <a href="/wiki/Affluent" class="mw-redirect" title="Affluent">affluent</a> woman during his studies in <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a>. When she died, he inherited her property and wealth.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-109">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-110">[109]</a> Muhammad ibn ʿAbd al-Wahhab had six sons; Hussain (died 1809), <a href="/wiki/Abdullah_bin_Muhammad_Al_Sheikh" title="Abdullah bin Muhammad Al Sheikh">'Abdallah</a> (1751–1829), Hassan, Ali (died 1829), Ibrahim and 'Abdulazeez<a href="#cite_note-tar-111">[110]</a> who died in his youth. Four of his sons, Hussain, Abdullah, Ali and Ibrahim, established religious schools close to their home in <a href="/wiki/Diriyah" title="Diriyah">Dir'iyah</a> and taught the young students from <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a>, Najd and other parts of <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabia</a> at their <a href="/wiki/Majlis" title="Majlis">majlis</a> (study circle).<a href="#cite_note-tar-111">[110]</a> One of their pupils was Husayn Ibn Abu Bakr Ibn Ghannam, a well-known <a href="/wiki/Hanbali" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanbali">Hanbali</a> scholar and chronicler.<a href="#cite_note-tar-111">[110]</a> (Although Islamic scholar <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_al-Uthaymeen" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad ibn al-Uthaymeen">ibn 'Uthaymin</a> writes about Ibn Ghannam that he was a <a href="/wiki/Maliki" class="mw-redirect" title="Maliki">Maliki</a> scholar from <a href="/wiki/Al-Ahsa_Oasis" title="Al-Ahsa Oasis">al-Ahsa</a>.) Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab also had a daughter named Fatimah, who was a revered <a href="/wiki/Ulama" title="Ulama">Islamic scholar</a> known for her piety, valour and beauty. She was a committed adherent to her father's <a href="/wiki/Islah" title="Islah">reformist</a> ideals and taught numerous men and women. Fatimah travelled a lot and remained unmarried throughout her life in order to research <a href="/wiki/Hadith_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Hadith science">hadith sciences</a> and concentrate on her scholarly endeavours. She witnessed the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Diriyah" title="Siege of Diriyah">Fall of Dir'iyah</a> and fled to <a href="/wiki/Ras_Al_Khaimah" title="Ras Al Khaimah">Ras al-Khaimah</a> in 1818; which was captured by the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British</a> the following year. As a result, she was again forced to emigrate along with her nephew; this time to <a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a>, wherein she became a major proponent of reformist teachings of the Muwahhidun and campaigned against various <a href="/wiki/Superstitions_in_Muslim_societies" class="mw-redirect" title="Superstitions in Muslim societies">superstitions</a>. Fatimah returned to <a href="/wiki/Riyadh" title="Riyadh">Riyadh</a> after the establishment of <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Nejd" title="Emirate of Nejd">Emirate of Nejd</a> in 1824. Due to her travels, she was often referred to by her appellation "Lady of the Two Migrations". As the daughter of Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab, Fatimah became a role model for Arabian women active in educational efforts and various social undertakings.<a href="#cite_note-112">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-113">[112]</a> The descendants of Ibn ʿAbd al-Wahhab, the <a href="/wiki/Al_ash-Sheikh" title="Al ash-Sheikh">Al ash-Sheikh</a>, have historically led the <a href="/wiki/Ulama" title="Ulama">ulama</a> (clerical establishment) of the Saudi state,<a href="#cite_note-Abir_1987:_4,_5,_7-33">[32]</a> dominating the state's religious institutions.<a href="#cite_note-Met92-34">[33]</a> Within <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a>, the family is held in prestige similar to the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Saud" title="House of Saud">Saudi royal family</a>, with whom they share power, and has included several religious scholars and officials.<a href="#cite_note-Ott08-114">[113]</a> The arrangement between the two families is based on the Al Saud maintaining the Al ash-Sheikh's authority in religious matters and upholding and propagating the <a href="/wiki/Salafism" class="mw-redirect" title="Salafism">Salafi doctrine</a>. In return, the Al ash-Sheikh support the Al Saud's political authority<a href="#cite_note-115">[114]</a> thereby using its religious-<a href="/wiki/Moral_authority" title="Moral authority">moral authority</a> to legitimize the royal family's rule.<a href="#cite_note-116">[115]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Views">Views</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks collapsible" style="border-collapse:collapse;"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background-color:#CEF2CE;;font-size:88%; line-height:200%">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Islamism" title="Category:Islamism">a series</a> on <a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#CEF2CE;;background:#E6FFE6;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)">Fundamentals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Islamism" title="History of Islamism">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_culture" title="Islamic culture">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_economics" title="Islamic economics">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_aspects_of_Islam" title="Political aspects of Islam">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_secularism" title="Islam and secularism">Secularism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#CEF2CE;;background:#E6FFE6;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)">Ideologies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement" title="Salafi movement">Salafi movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salafi_jihadism" title="Salafi jihadism">Salafi jihadism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_propagation_of_Salafism_and_Wahhabism" class="mw-redirect" title="International propagation of Salafism and Wahhabism">International propagation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_propagation_of_Salafism_and_Wahhabism_by_region" title="International propagation of Salafism and Wahhabism by region">Salafism by country/region</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deobandi_movement" title="Deobandi movement">Deobandi movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deobandi_jihadism" title="Deobandi jihadism">Deobandi jihadism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qutbism" title="Qutbism">Qutbism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khomeinism" title="Khomeinism">Khomeinism</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Principlism_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic Principlism in Iran">Shia Islamism</a> </li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Islamic_fundamentalism" title="Islamic fundamentalism">Islamic fundamentalism</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#CEF2CE;;background:#E6FFE6;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)">Concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostasy_in_Islam" title="Apostasy in Islam">Apostasy in Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Takfir" title="Takfir">Takfir</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_governance" title="Islamic governance">Islamic governance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic democracy">Islamic democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_feminism" title="Islamic feminism">Islamic feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_progressivism_within_Islam" title="Liberalism and progressivism within Islam">Islamic liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_socialism" title="Islamic socialism">Islamic socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_state" title="Islamic state">Islamic state</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_monarchy" title="Islamic monarchy">Islamic monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_republic" title="Islamic republic">Islamic republic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamization" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamization">Islamization</a> (<a href="/wiki/Islamization_of_knowledge" title="Islamization of knowledge">of knowledge</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">Jihad</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_terrorism" title="Islamic terrorism">Islamic terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jihadism" title="Jihadism">Jihadism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Islamism" title="Pan-Islamism">Pan-Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_Islam" title="Political Islam">Political Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_aspects_of_Islam" title="Political aspects of Islam">aspects</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Islamism" title="Post-Islamism">Post-Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Sharia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shura" title="Shura">Shura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-nation_theory" title="Two-nation theory">Two-nation theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ummah" title="Ummah">Ummah</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#CEF2CE;;background:#E6FFE6;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)">Influences</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">Anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-imperialism" title="Anti-imperialism">Anti-imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionism" title="Anti-Zionism">Anti-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Golden_Age" title="Islamic Golden Age">Islamic Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_revival" title="Islamic revival">Islamic revival</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#CEF2CE;;background:#E6FFE6;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)">Movements</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;">Scholastic <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barelvi" class="mw-redirect" title="Barelvi">Barelvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawat-e-Islami" title="Dawat-e-Islami">Dawat-e-Islami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahl-i_Hadith" title="Ahl-i Hadith">Ahl-i Hadith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deobandi" class="mw-redirect" title="Deobandi">Deobandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madkhalism" title="Madkhalism">Madkhalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nur_movement" title="Nur movement">Nurcu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahwa_movement" title="Sahwa movement">Sahwa movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wahhabism" title="Wahhabism">Wahhabism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_propagation_of_Salafism_and_Wahhabism" class="mw-redirect" title="International propagation of Salafism and Wahhabism">International propagation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_propagation_of_Salafism_and_Wahhabism_by_region" title="International propagation of Salafism and Wahhabism by region">by country/region</a></li></ul></li></ul> Political <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hizb_ut-Tahrir" title="Hizb ut-Tahrir">Hizb ut-Tahrir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Revolution">Iranian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaat-e-Islami" title="Jamaat-e-Islami">Jamaat-e-Islami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salafist_Call" title="Salafist Call">Salafist Call</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salafist_Front" title="Salafist Front">Salafist Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mill%C3%AE_G%C3%B6r%C3%BC%C5%9F" title="Millî Görüş">Millî Görüş</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood" title="Muslim Brotherhood">Muslim Brotherhood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tehreek-e-Labbaik_Pakistan" title="Tehreek-e-Labbaik Pakistan">Tehreek-e-Labbaik Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Islamic_political_parties" title="List of Islamic political parties">List of Islamic political parties</a></li></ul> Militant <ul><li>Militant Islamism based in <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Militant_Islamism_in_the_Middle_East" title="Template:Militant Islamism in the Middle East">MENA region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Militant_Islamism_in_South_Asia" title="Template:Militant Islamism in South Asia">South Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Militant_Islamism_in_Southeast_Asia" title="Template:Militant Islamism in Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Militant_Islamism_in_Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Template:Militant Islamism in Sub-Saharan Africa">Sub-Saharan Africa</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#CEF2CE;;background:#E6FFE6;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)">Key texts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Caliphate_or_the_Supreme_Imamate_(book)" title="The Caliphate or the Supreme Imamate (book)">The Caliphate or the Grand Imamate</a> (<a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Rashid_Rida" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Rashid Rida">Rashīd Rīďha 1922</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Reconstruction_of_Religious_Thought_in_Islam" title="The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam">Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam</a> (<a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Iqbal" title="Muhammad Iqbal">Iqbal 1930s</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Principles_of_State_and_Government_in_Islam" title="The Principles of State and Government in Islam">Principles of State and Government</a> (<a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Asad" title="Muhammad Asad">Asad 1961</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milestones_(book)" title="Milestones (book)">Ma'alim fi al-Tariq ("Milestones")</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sayyid_Qutb" title="Sayyid Qutb">Qutb 1965</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Government:_Governance_of_the_Jurist" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic Government: Governance of the Jurist">Islamic Government: Governance of the Jurist ("Velayat-e faqih")</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Khomeini 1970</a>)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#CEF2CE;;background:#E6FFE6;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)">Heads of state</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Khamenei" title="Ali Khamenei">Ali Khamenei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omar_al-Bashir" title="Omar al-Bashir">Omar al-Bashir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi" title="Muammar Gaddafi">Muammar Gaddafi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan" title="Recep Tayyip Erdoğan">Recep Tayyip Erdoğan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Ruhollah Khomeini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Morsi" title="Mohamed Morsi">Mohamed Morsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zia_ul-Haq" class="mw-redirect" title="Zia ul-Haq">Zia ul-Haq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mullah_Omar" title="Mullah Omar">Mohammed Omar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Saud" title="House of Saud">House of Saud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Thani" title="House of Thani">House of Thani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hibatullah_Akhundzada" title="Hibatullah Akhundzada">Hibatullah Akhundzada</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#CEF2CE;;background:#E6FFE6;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)">Key ideologues</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Hamza_al-Masri" title="Abu Hamza al-Masri">Abu Hamza al-Masri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Abduh" title="Muhammad Abduh">Muhammad Abduh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jam%C4%81l_al-D%C4%ABn_al-Afgh%C4%81n%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Jamāl al-Dīn al-Afghānī">Jamāl al-Dīn al-Afghānī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qazi_Hussain_Ahmad" title="Qazi Hussain Ahmad">Qazi Hussain Ahmad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Nasiruddin_al-Albani" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Nasiruddin al-Albani">Muhammad Nasiruddin al-Albani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Asad" title="Muhammad Asad">Muhammad Asad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassan_al-Banna" title="Hassan al-Banna">Hassan al-Banna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rached_Ghannouchi" title="Rached Ghannouchi">Rached Ghannouchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safwat_Hegazi" title="Safwat Hegazi">Safwat Hegazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Iqbal" title="Muhammad Iqbal">Muhammad Iqbal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Khamenei" title="Ali Khamenei">Ali Khamenei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Ruhollah Khomeini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necip_Faz%C4%B1l_K%C4%B1sak%C3%BCrek" title="Necip Fazıl Kısakürek">Necip Fazıl Kısakürek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abul_A%27la_Maududi" title="Abul A'la Maududi">Abul A'la Maududi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abul_Hasan_Nadwi" class="mw-redirect" title="Abul Hasan Nadwi">Abul Hasan Nadwi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taqi_al-Din_al-Nabhani" title="Taqi al-Din al-Nabhani">Taqi al-Din al-Nabhani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yusuf_al-Qaradawi" title="Yusuf al-Qaradawi">Yusuf al-Qaradawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayyid_Qutb" title="Sayyid Qutb">Sayyid Qutb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tariq_Ramadan" title="Tariq Ramadan">Tariq Ramadan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ata_Abu_Rashta" title="Ata Abu Rashta">Ata Abu Rashta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashid_Rida" title="Rashid Rida">Rashid Rida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navvab_Safavi" title="Navvab Safavi">Navvab Safavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Shariati" title="Ali Shariati">Ali Shariati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haji_Shariatullah" title="Haji Shariatullah">Haji Shariatullah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassan_Al-Turabi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hassan Al-Turabi">Hassan Al-Turabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Yassin" title="Ahmed Yassin">Ahmed Yassin</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#CEF2CE;;background:#E6FFE6;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)">Criticism of Islamism</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Islamism" title="Criticism of Islamism">Criticism of Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_progressivism_within_Islam" title="Liberalism and progressivism within Islam">Liberal and reform movements within Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_and_progressive_Islam_in_Europe" title="Liberal and progressive Islam in Europe">in Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_and_progressive_Islam_in_North_America" title="Liberal and progressive Islam in North America">in North America</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khaled_Abu_al-Fadl" class="mw-redirect" title="Khaled Abu al-Fadl">Khaled Abu al-Fadl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farag_Foda" title="Farag Foda">Farag Foda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdelwahab_Meddeb" title="Abdelwahab Meddeb">Abdelwahab Meddeb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryam_Namazie" title="Maryam Namazie">Maryam Namazie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maajid_Nawaaz" class="mw-redirect" title="Maajid Nawaaz">Maajid Nawaaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Harris_(author)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sam Harris (author)">Sam Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olivier_Roy_(professor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Olivier Roy (professor)">Olivier Roy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bassam_Tibi" title="Bassam Tibi">Bassam Tibi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Sa%27id_al-Ashmawi" title="Muhammad Sa'id al-Ashmawi">Muhammad Sa'id al-Ashmawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilles_Kepel" title="Gilles Kepel">Gilles Kepel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiraz_Maher" title="Shiraz Maher">Shiraz Maher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnus_Ranstorp" title="Magnus Ranstorp">Magnus Ranstorp</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#CEF2CE;;background:#E6FFE6;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Islam" title="Category:Islam">Related topics</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_modernity" title="Islam and modernity">Islam and modernity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Modernism" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic Modernism">Modernism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_other_religions" title="Islam and other religions">Islam and other religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia" title="Islamophobia">Islamophobia</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/15px-Allah-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/23px-Allah-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/31px-Allah-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="215" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Islam" title="Portal:Islam">Islam portal</a> <a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/16px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/24px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/32px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" 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abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Islamism_sidebar" title="Template:Islamism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Islamism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Islamism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Islamism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Islamism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="On_Tawhid">On Tawhid</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tawhid" title="Tawhid">Tawhid</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kitabut_Tauhid_Imam_Khairul_Annas.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Kitabut_Tauhid_Imam_Khairul_Annas.JPG/200px-Kitabut_Tauhid_Imam_Khairul_Annas.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="280" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Kitabut_Tauhid_Imam_Khairul_Annas.JPG/300px-Kitabut_Tauhid_Imam_Khairul_Annas.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Kitabut_Tauhid_Imam_Khairul_Annas.JPG/400px-Kitabut_Tauhid_Imam_Khairul_Annas.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2185" data-file-height="3064" /></a><figcaption>Kitab al-Tawhid (Book on Monotheism), the most popular treatise of Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab</figcaption></figure> Muhammad Ibn ʿAbd al-Wahhab sought to <a href="/wiki/Islamic_revival" title="Islamic revival">revive</a> and purify <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> from what he perceived as non-Islamic popular religious beliefs and practices by returning to what, he believed, were the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_fundamentalism" title="Islamic fundamentalism">fundamental principles of the Islamic religion</a>. His works were generally short, full of quotations from the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Qur'an</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">Hadith</a>, such as his main and foremost theological treatise, Kitāb at-Tawḥīd (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: كتاب التوحيد; "The Book of Oneness").<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-18">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaykel2013231–32-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhatab201165–67-117">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaeed201329–30-118">[117]</a> He taught that the primary doctrine of Islam was the uniqueness and oneness of God (<a href="/wiki/Tawhid" title="Tawhid">tawhid</a>),<a href="#cite_note-119">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-120">[119]</a> and denounced those religious beliefs and practices widespread amongst the people of <a href="/wiki/Najd" title="Najd">Najd</a>. Following Ibn Taymiyya's teachings on <a href="/wiki/Tawhid" title="Tawhid">Tawhid</a>, Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab believed that much of Najd had descended into superstitious folk religion akin to the period of <a href="/wiki/Jahiliyyah" title="Jahiliyyah">Jahiliyya</a> (pre-Islamic era) and denounced much of their beliefs as <a href="/wiki/Shirk_(Islam)" title="Shirk (Islam)">polytheism</a> (shirk).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaeed201329-121">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-Weismann_2001_268-28">[27]</a> He associated such practices with the culture of <a href="/wiki/Taqlid" title="Taqlid">Taqlid</a> (imitation to established customs) adored by pagan-cults of Jahiliyya era.<a href="#cite_note-Riexinger_2022_p55-122">[121]</a> Based on the doctrine of <a href="/wiki/Tawhid" title="Tawhid">Tawhid</a> espoused in Kitab al-Tawhid, the followers of Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab referred themselves by the designation "Al-Muwahhidun" (Unitarians).<a href="#cite_note-C._Martin_2004_727-90">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-123">[122]</a> The "core" of Ibn ʿAbd al-Wahhab's teaching is found in Kitāb at-Tawḥīd, a theological treatise which draws from material in the Qur'an and the recorded doings and sayings of the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_prophet" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic prophet">Islamic prophet</a> <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a> in the Hadith literature.<a href="#cite_note-124">[123]</a> It preaches that worship in Islam includes conventional acts of worship such as the five daily prayers (<a href="/wiki/Salat" class="mw-redirect" title="Salat">Salat</a>); fasting (<a href="/wiki/Sawm" class="mw-redirect" title="Sawm">Sawm</a>); supplication (<a href="/wiki/Dua" title="Dua">Dua</a>); seeking protection or refuge (Istia'dha); seeking help (Ist'ana and Istigatha) of Allah.<a href="#cite_note-Kitab_al-Tawhid-125">[124]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>][<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research">non-primary source needed</a>] According to <a href="/wiki/David_Commins" title="David Commins">David Commins</a>, various <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a> throughout history had held the view that <a href="/wiki/Shahada" title="Shahada">declaring the testimony of faith</a> is sufficient in becoming a Muslim.<a href="#cite_note-Comminsvii-126">[125]</a> Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab did not agree with this. He asserted that an individual who believed in the existence of intercessors or intermediaries alongside God was guilty of <a href="/wiki/Shirk_(Islam)" title="Shirk (Islam)">shirk</a> (polytheism or idolatry). This was the major difference between him and his opponents,<a href="#cite_note-127">[126]</a> and led him to label his adversaries who engaged in folk rituals associated with such beliefs to be <a href="/wiki/Apostasy_in_Islam" title="Apostasy in Islam">apostates</a> (a practice known in Islamic jurisprudence as <a href="/wiki/Takfir" title="Takfir">takfir</a>) and idolaters (mushrikin).<a href="#cite_note-128">[127]</a> Another major doctrine of Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab was the concept known as Al-'Udhr bil Jahl (excuse of ignorance), wherein any ignorant person unaware of core Islamic teachings is excused by default until clarification. As per this doctrine, those who fell into beliefs of shirk (polytheism) or <a href="/wiki/Kufr" class="mw-redirect" title="Kufr">kufr</a> (disbelief) cannot be excommunicated until they have direct access to Scriptural evidences and get the opportunity to understand their mistakes and retract. If not, their affairs are to be delegated only to God. Hence, he believed that education and dialogue was the only effective path for the successful implementation of reforms.<a href="#cite_note-129">[128]</a> Explaining this concept in various pamphlets addressed to the masses and other scholars, Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab declared:<blockquote>"What has been mentioned to you about me, that I make generalised <a href="/wiki/Takfir" title="Takfir">takfīr</a>, this is from the slanders of the enemies.. [Rather] we make takfīr of the one who affirms the religion of <a href="/wiki/Allah" title="Allah">Allāh</a> and His <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_in_Islam" title="Muhammad in Islam">Messenger</a> but then showed enmity towards it and hindered people from it; as well as the one who worshipped idols after he came to know that this is the religion of the polytheists and beautified it for the people [inviting them to it].. [In fact] every <a href="/wiki/Scholar" title="Scholar">scholar</a> on the face of the Earth makes takfīr of them, save an obstinate or ignorant... But we [only] make takfīr of the one who associates partners with Allāh in His sole right of worship (ilāhiyyah), after we have made clear to him the proof for the futility of <a href="/wiki/Shirk_(Islam)" title="Shirk (Islam)">shirk</a>."<a href="#cite_note-130">[129]</a></blockquote> Rejecting the allegations of his detractors who accused him of ex-communicating whoever didn't follow his doctrines, Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab maintained that he only advocated orthodox Sunni doctrines.<a href="#cite_note-131">[130]</a> In a letter addressed to the <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraqi</a> scholar Abdul Rahman Al-Suwaidi who had sought clarification over the rumours spread against his mission, Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab explains:<blockquote>"I am a man of social standing in my village and the people respect my word. This led some chieftains to reject my call, because I called them to what contradicts the traditions they were raised to uphold.... the chieftains directed their criticism and enmity towards our enjoining Tawheed and forbidding Shirk... Among the false accusations they propagated, ... is the claim that I accuse all Muslims, except my followers, of being Kuffar (Unbelievers)... This is truly incredible. How can any sane person accept such accusations? Would a Muslim say these things? I declare that I renounce, before Allah, these statements that only a mad person would utter. In short, what I was accused of calling to, other than enjoining Tawheed and forbidding Shirk, is all false."<a href="#cite_note-132">[131]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="On_Taqlid">On Taqlid</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Taqlid" title="Taqlid">Taqlid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ijtihad" title="Ijtihad">Ijtihad</a></div> Muhammad ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab was highly critical of the practice of <a href="/wiki/Taqlid" title="Taqlid">Taqlid</a> ( blind-following), which in his view, deviated people away from Qur'an and <a href="/wiki/Sunnah" title="Sunnah">Sunnah</a>. He also advocated for <a href="/wiki/Ijtihad" title="Ijtihad">Ijtihad</a> of qualified <a href="/wiki/Ulama" title="Ulama">scholars</a> in accordance with the teachings of Qur'an and Hadith. In his legal writings, Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab referred to a number of sources- <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Qur'an</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">hadith</a>, opinions of <a href="/wiki/Companions_of_the_Prophet" title="Companions of the Prophet">companions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salaf" title="Salaf">Salaf</a> as well as the treatises of the 4 schools of thought. Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab argued that Qur'an condemned blind emulation of forefathers and nowhere did it stipulate scholarly credentials for a person to refer to it directly. His advocacy of Ijtihad and harsh denunciation of Taqlid arose widespread condemnation from Sufi orthodoxy in <a href="/wiki/Najd" title="Najd">Najd</a> and beyond, compelling him to express many of his legal verdicts (<a href="/wiki/Fatwa" title="Fatwa">fatwas</a>) discreetly, using convincing juristic terms. He differed from <a href="/wiki/Hanbali" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanbali">Hanbali</a> school in various points of law and in some cases, also departed from the positions of the 4 schools. In his treatise Usul al-Sittah (Six Foundations), Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab vehemently rebuked his detractors for raising the description of <a href="/wiki/Mujtahid" class="mw-redirect" title="Mujtahid">Mujtahids</a> to what he viewed as humanely unattainable levels. He condemned the establishment clergy as a class of oppressors who ran a "tyranny of wordly possessions" by exploiting the masses to make money out of their religious activities. The teachings of <a href="/wiki/Medina" title="Medina">Medinan</a> <a href="/wiki/Hadith_scholar" class="mw-redirect" title="Hadith scholar">hadith scholar</a> <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Hayyat_ibn_Ibrahim_al-Sindhi" title="Muhammad Hayyat ibn Ibrahim al-Sindhi">Muhammad Hayat as Sindi</a> highly influenced the anti-taqlid views of Ibn 'Abd al Wahhab.<a href="#cite_note-133">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-134">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-135">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-136">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-137">[136]</a> Muhammad Ibn Abd al-Wahhab opposed partisanship to <a href="/wiki/Madhhab" title="Madhhab">madhabs</a> (legal schools) and didn't consider it obligatory to follow a particular madhab. Rather, in his view, the obligation is to follow Qur'an and the Sunnah.<a href="#cite_note-138">[137]</a> Referring to the classical scholars <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Taymiyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Taymiyyah">Ibn Taymiyya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Qayyim_al-Jawziyya" title="Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya">Ibn Qayyim</a>, ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab condemned the popular practice prevalent amongst his contemporary scholars to blindfollow latter-day legal works and urged Muslims to take directly from Qur'an and Sunnah. He viewed it as a duty upon every Muslim, laymen and scholar, male & female, to seek knowledge directly from the sources. Radically departing from both Ibn Taymiyya and Ibn Qayyim, Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab viewed the entirety of the prevalent mad'hab system of jurisprudence (<a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh">Fiqh</a>) as a fundamentally corrupt institution, seeking a radical reform of scholarly institutions and preached the obligation of all <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a> to directly refer to the foundational texts of revelation. He advocated a form of scholarly authority based upon the revival of the practice of ittiba, i.e., laymen following the scholars only after seeking evidences. The prevalent legal system was, in his view, a "factory for the production of slavish emulators" symbolic of Muslim decline.<a href="#cite_note-139">[138]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="On_the_nature_of_Nubuwwah_(Prophethood)">On the nature of Nubuwwah (Prophethood)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Prophets_and_messengers_in_Islam" title="Prophets and messengers in Islam">Prophethood in Islam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ismah" title="Ismah">Ismah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Satanic_Verses" title="Satanic Verses">Satanic Verses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islamic_view_of_miracles" title="Islamic view of miracles">Miracles in Islam</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Miracles_of_Muhammad" title="Miracles of Muhammad">Miracles of Muhammad</a></div> Muhammad Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab elucidated his concept on the nature of <a href="/wiki/Prophethood_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Prophethood in Islam">Prophethood</a> in his book Mukhtaṣar sīrat al-Rasūl ("Abridgement of the life of the Prophet"), an extensive biographical work on the Islamic prophet <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a>. Mukhtaṣar was written with the purpose of explaining Muhammad's role in universal history by undermining certain prophetologic conceptions that had come to prominence among <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunnī</a> religious circles during the twelfth Islamic century. These included negating those concepts and beliefs that bestowed the Prophet with mystical attributes that elevated Muhammad beyond the status of ordinary humans. In his introduction to Mukhtasar, Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab asserts that every Prophet came with the mission of upholding <a href="/wiki/Tawhid" title="Tawhid">Tawhid</a> and prohibiting <a href="/wiki/Shirk_(Islam)" title="Shirk (Islam)">shirk</a>. Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab further tries to undermine the belief in the pre-existence of Muḥammad as a divine light preceding all other creation, a salient concept that served as an aspect of Prophetic devotion during the eleventh Islamic century. Additionally, Ibn ʿAbd al-Wahhāb omitted mentioning other episodes narrated in various <a href="/wiki/Prophetic_biography" class="mw-redirect" title="Prophetic biography">sirah</a> (Prophetic biography) works such as trees and stones allegedly expressing veneration for Muḥammad, purification of Muhammad's heart by angels, etc. which suggested that Muḥammad possessed characteristics that transcend those of ordinary humans.<a href="#cite_note-Riexinger_2022_pp44–73-140">[139]</a> Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab adhered to <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Taymiyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Taymiyyah">Ibn Taymiyya</a>'s understanding of the concept of <a href="/wiki/Ismah" title="Ismah">Isma</a> (infallibility) which insisted that ʿiṣma does not prevent prophets from committing minor sins or speaking false things. This differed from the alternative understanding of Sunni theologians like <a href="/wiki/Fakhr_al-Din_al-Razi" title="Fakhr al-Din al-Razi">Fakhr al-Dīn al-Rāzi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qadi_Ayyad" class="mw-redirect" title="Qadi Ayyad">Qāḍī ʿIyāḍ</a>, etc. who had emphasised the complete independence of the Prophet from any form of error or sin. Following Ibn Taymiyya, Muhammad ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab affirmed the incident of <a href="/wiki/Satanic_Verses" title="Satanic Verses">qiṣṣat al-gharānīq</a> (the "story of cranes" or "Satanic Verses") which demonstrated that <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_in_Islam" title="Muhammad in Islam">Muhammad</a> was afflicted by "<a href="/wiki/Satan" title="Satan">Satanic</a> interference". This idea of Ibn Taymiyya had been recently revived in the circles of <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_population" title="Kurdish population">Kurdish</a> <a href="/wiki/Hadith_scholar" class="mw-redirect" title="Hadith scholar">hadith scholar</a> <a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_al-Kurani" title="Ibrahim al-Kurani">Ibrāhīm al-Kūrānī</a> (1025/1616–1101/1686); whose son Abūl-Ṭāhir al-Kūrānī was the teacher of <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Hayyat_ibn_Ibrahim_al-Sindhi" title="Muhammad Hayyat ibn Ibrahim al-Sindhi">Muḥammad Ḥayāt al-Sindi</a>, the master of Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab. Using this concept to explain Tawhid al-ulūhiyya (Oneness of Worship), Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab rejected the idea that anybody could act as intercessor between God and man by employing the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Qurʾānic</a> verses related to the event. He also used these and other similar incidents to undermine the belief regarding prophets being completely free from sin, error, or Satanic afflictions.<a href="#cite_note-Riexinger_2022_pp44–73-140">[139]</a> Furthermore, Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab had given little importance to <a href="/wiki/Islamic_view_of_miracles" title="Islamic view of miracles">Prophetic miracles</a> in his Mukhtaṣar. Although he hadn't denied miracles as an expression of Divine Omnipotence so long as they are attested by Qur'an or authentic <a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">hadith</a>, Al-Mukhtasar represented an open protest against the exuberance of miracles that characterised later biographies of <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_in_Islam" title="Muhammad in Islam">Muḥammad</a>. In Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab's view, miracles are of little significance in the life of Muḥammad in comparison to that of the previous prophets, since central to his prophethood were the institutionalisation of <a href="/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">Jihād</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Hudud" title="Hudud">ḥudud</a> punishments. Contrary to prevalent religious beliefs, Muḥammad was not portrayed as the central purpose of creation in the historical conception of Mukhtaṣar. Instead, he has a function within creation and for the created beings. Rather than being viewed as an extraordinary performer of miracles, Muhammad should instead be upheld as a model of emulation. By depriving the person of Muḥammad of all supernatural aspects not related to <a href="/wiki/Wa%E1%B8%A5y" title="Waḥy">Wahy</a> (revelation) and Divine intervention, Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab also re-inforced his rejection of beliefs and practices related to <a href="/wiki/Cult_of_saints" class="mw-redirect" title="Cult of saints">cult of saints</a> and veneration of graves. Thus, Ibn ʿAbd al-Wahhāb's conception of history emphasised the necessity to follow the role-model of Muḥammad and re-establish the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_state" title="Islamic state">Islamic order</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Riexinger_2022_pp44–73-140">[139]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Influence_on_Salafism">Influence on Salafism</h3></div> Ibn ʿAbd al-Wahhab's movement is known today as <a href="/wiki/Wahhabism" title="Wahhabism">Wahhabism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: الوهابية, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: Wahhābiyyah).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown2009245-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEsposito2004123-22">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-18">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEÁgostonMasters2009260-23">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoosa201597-141">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-Asad_2003-142">[141]</a> The designation of his doctrine as Wahhābiyyah actually derives from his father's name, ʿAbd al-Wahhab.<a href="#cite_note-Wahhābiyya-143">[142]</a> Many adherents consider the label "Wahhabism" as a derogatory term coined by his opponents,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaykel2013231–32-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECommins2015151-144">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESilverstein2010112–13-145">[144]</a> and prefer it to be known as the <a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement" title="Salafi movement">Salafi movement</a>.<a href="#cite_note-146">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-147">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDelong-Bas20044-148">[147]</a> Modern scholars of <a href="/wiki/Islamic_studies" title="Islamic studies">Islamic studies</a> point out that "Salafism" is a term applied to <a href="/wiki/Islamic_puritanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic puritanism">several forms of puritanical Islam</a> in various parts of the world, while Wahhabism refers to the specific Saudi school, which is seen as a more strict form of Salafism. However, modern scholars remark that Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab's followers adopted the term "Salafi" as a self-designation much later.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECommins2015151-144">[143]</a> His early followers denominated themselves as Ahl al-Tawhid<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECommins2015151-144">[143]</a> and al-Muwahhidun<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown2009245-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaykel2013231–32-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECommins2015151-144">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESilverstein2010112–13-145">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEÁgostonMasters2009260-23">[22]</a> ("Unitarians" or "those who affirm/defend the unity of God"),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown2009245-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaykel2013231–32-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECommins2015151-144">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESilverstein2010112–13-145">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEÁgostonMasters2009260-23">[22]</a> and were labeled "Wahhabis" by their opponents.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaykel2013231–32-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECommins2015151-144">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESilverstein2010112–13-145">[144]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement" title="Salafi movement">Salafiyya</a> movement was not directly connected to Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab's movement in <a href="/wiki/Najd" title="Najd">Najd</a>.<a href="#cite_note-149">[148]</a> According to professor <a href="/wiki/Abdullah_Saeed_(professor)" title="Abdullah Saeed (professor)">Abdullah Saeed</a>, Ibn ʿAbd al-Wahhab should rather be considered as one of the "precursors" of the modern Salafiyya movement since he called for a return to the pristine purity of the early eras of Islam by adhering to the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Qur'an</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sunnah" title="Sunnah">Sunnah</a>, rejection of the blind following (<a href="/wiki/Taqlid" title="Taqlid">Taqlid</a>) of earlier scholars and advocating for <a href="/wiki/Ijtihad" title="Ijtihad">Ijtihad</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaeed201329–30-118">[117]</a> Scholars like Adam J. Silverstein consider Wahhabi movement as "the most influential expression of Salafism of the <a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamist</a> sort, both for its role in shaping (some might say: 'creating') modern Islamism, and for disseminating salafi ideas widely across the Muslim world."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESilverstein2010112–13-145">[144]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="On_Fiqh">On Fiqh</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Islamic_jurisprudence" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic jurisprudence">Islamic jurisprudence</a></div> Muhammad Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab's approach to <a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh">Fiqh</a> (Islamic jurisprudence) was based on four major principles:<a href="#cite_note-150">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ibn_'Abd_al-Wahhab_3–14-151">[150]</a> <ul><li>Prohibition on speaking about God without <a href="/wiki/Ilm_(Arabic)" title="Ilm (Arabic)">'Ilm</a> (knowledge)</li> <li>Ambiguous issues in Scriptures are a mercy to the community and is neither forbidden nor obligatory</li> <li>Obligation to abide by the clear evidences from Scriptures</li> <li>Rulings of <a href="/wiki/Halal" title="Halal">halal</a> (allowance) and <a href="/wiki/Haram" title="Haram">haram</a> (prohibition) are clear in the Scriptures and those issues which are unclear should be left as ambiguous</li></ul> According to Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab, the clear meaning of authentic <a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">hadiths</a> takes precedence over the opinions of any other scholar, even if it went against the agreement of the eponyms of the four <a href="/wiki/Madhhab" title="Madhhab">madhabs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-152">[151]</a> In line with these principles, he encouraged all believers to engage directly with the Scriptures while respecting <a href="/wiki/Disagreement_in_Islamic_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Disagreement in Islamic law">Ikhtilaf</a> (scholarly differences), writing:<blockquote>"The <a href="/wiki/Companions_of_the_Prophet" title="Companions of the Prophet">companions</a> of the Messenger of God, may God bless him and grant him peace, differed on various issues without denunciation, so long as the text was not clear. It is upon the believer to place his concern and intent to know the command of God and His Messenger in those matters of disagreement, and to act accordingly whilst respecting the people of knowledge, and respect them, even if they erred, but he does not take them as lords besides God; This is the way of those who are blessed. As for those who throw away their speech and do not respect, then this is the path of those who have incurred God's wrath."<a href="#cite_note-153">[152]</a></blockquote> Throughout his epistles like Arbaʿ qawāʿid tadūruʾl-aḥkām ʿalayhā (Four rules on which rulings revolve), Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab fiercely attacked the prevalent Hanbali Fiqh opinions; with a broader view of re-orienting the Fiqh tradition. Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab challenged the <a href="/wiki/Madhhab" title="Madhhab">madhhab</a> system, by advocating for a direct understanding of the Scriptures. Rather than rejecting madhabs outright, he sought a reformation of the system by condemning prevalent trends within the madhabs. He criticised the madhhab partisans for adhering solely to medieval Fiqh manuals of later scholars and ignoring <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Qur'an</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">Hadith</a> and opinions of early Imams. He rebuked the contemporary <a href="/wiki/Shafi%CA%BDi_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Shafiʽi school">Shafi'i</a> scholars for being partisans of <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Hajar_al-Haytami" title="Ibn Hajar al-Haytami">Ibn Hajar al Haytami</a> (d. 1566) and relying solely on his 16th-century manual Tuhfat al Muhtaj. Similarly, he critiqued the <a href="/wiki/Maliki" class="mw-redirect" title="Maliki">Malikis</a> for being dependent on the <a href="/wiki/Mukhtasar" title="Mukhtasar">Mukhtasar</a> of the Egyptian jurist <a href="/wiki/Khalil_ibn_Ishaq_al-Jundi" title="Khalil ibn Ishaq al-Jundi">Khalil ibn Ishaq</a> (d. 1365) rather than acting upon authentic traditions (<a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">hadith</a>). In addition to criticising the Madhab partisans, he berated the advocates of Taqlid for discouraging the practice of <a href="/wiki/Ijtihad" title="Ijtihad">Ijtihad</a> and called on the laity to follow scholars only after asking for Scriptural evidences.<a href="#cite_note-154">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ibn_'Abd_al-Wahhab_3–14-151">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-155">[154]</a> Most noticeably, Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab rejected the authority of Al-Iqna and Al-Muntaha - two of the most important medieval Hanbali works for the regional clerics of Arabia - asserting:<blockquote>"The Hanbalis are the least prone of all people to innovation. [Yet] most of the Iqna and the Muntahā [two late Hanbali authoritative works] conflicts with the view of <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Hanbal" title="Ahmad ibn Hanbal">Ahmad</a> and his explicit statements, not to mention the <a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">hadith</a> of the Messenger of God"<a href="#cite_note-156">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-157">[156]</a></blockquote> In calling for a direct return to the Scriptures, Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab was not a <a href="/wiki/Literalistic_interpretation_of_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Literalistic interpretation of Islam">literalist</a> and often strongly objected to literalist approaches and ritualism of religion that came with it. He believed that pure intentions (<a href="/wiki/Niyyah" title="Niyyah">Niyyah</a>) constituted the essence of all virtous actions and upheld its superiority over dull ritualism. As a deferential and accomplished jurist with the experience of religious training under numerous masters in his travels, Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab opposed the rigid, hardline views of the tradition-bound <a href="/wiki/Ulama" title="Ulama">ulema</a> who had excommunicated sinful, unrepenting <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a>; thereby making their blood forfeit based on their reading of the reports of Muhammad and Companions. On the other hand, Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab contextualised those reports; arguing that they must be understood in recognition of historical circumstances. According to his view, sincerity and purity of intent (Ikhlas) could expiate the evil of sins committed in mistakes. Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab's legal approach began with hadith authentication, followed by contextualised intrapolation in consideration of <a href="/wiki/Hanbali" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanbali">Hanbali</a> legal principles such as <a href="/wiki/Maslaha" title="Maslaha">Maslaha</a> (common good). Other legal criteria involved upholding the spirit of the law, <a href="/wiki/Maqasid_al-sharia" class="mw-redirect" title="Maqasid al-sharia">Maqasid al-Sharia</a>, and intent behind pronouncing legal verdicts which addressed various themes such as societal justice and safeguarding women. He also believed in a holistic legal understanding of Qur'anic verses and hadith, distinguishing between general rules applicable for all Muslims and rulings unique to various life-time situations.<a href="#cite_note-158">[157]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="On_Islamic_revival">On Islamic revival</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Tajdid" class="mw-redirect" title="Tajdid">Tajdid</a></div> As a young scholar in <a href="/wiki/Medina" title="Medina">Medina</a>, Muhammad Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab was profoundly influenced by the revivalist doctrines taught by his teachers <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Hayyat_ibn_Ibrahim_al-Sindhi" title="Muhammad Hayyat ibn Ibrahim al-Sindhi">Muhammad Hayyat ibn Ibrahim al-Sindhi</a> and Abdullah Ibn Ibrahim Ibn Sayf. Much of the Wahhabi teachings such as opposition to saint-cults, radical denunciation of blind-following medieval commentaries, adherence to Scriptures and other revivalist thoughts came from Muhammad Hayyat. Ibn Abd al-Wahhab's revivalist efforts were based on a strong belief in <a href="/wiki/Tawhid" title="Tawhid">Tawhid</a> (Oneness of Allah) and a firm adherence to the <a href="/wiki/Sunnah" title="Sunnah">Sunnah</a>. His reformative efforts left exemplary marks on contemporary Islamic scholarship. Viewing Blind adherence ( Taqlid ) as an obstacle to the progress of Muslims, he dedicated himself to educating the masses for them to be vanguards of Islam. According to Ibn Abd al-Wahhab, the degradation and lagging behind of <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a> was due to their neglect of the teachings of <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, emphasizing that progress could be achieved only by firmly adhering to Islam. He also campaigned against popular Sufi practices associated with istigatha, myths and superstitions.<a href="#cite_note-159">[158]</a><a href="#cite_note-160">[159]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="On_Sufism">On Sufism</h3></div> Ibn ʿAbd al-Wahhab praised <a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Tasawwuf</a>. He stated the popular saying: "From among the wonders is to find a Sufi who is a <a href="/wiki/Faq%C4%ABh" title="Faqīh">faqih</a> and a scholar who is an <a href="/wiki/Asceticism#Islam" title="Asceticism">ascetic</a> (zahid)".<a href="#cite_note-161">[160]</a> He described Tasawwuf as "the science of the deeds of the heart, which is known as the science of Suluk", and considered it as an important branch of Islamic religious sciences.<a href="#cite_note-162">[161]</a><a href="#cite_note-163">[162]</a> At the end of his treatise, Al-Hadiyyah al-Suniyyah, Ibn ʿAbd al-Wahhab's son <a href="/wiki/Abd_Allah_ibn_Muhammad_Abd_al-Wahhab" class="mw-redirect" title="Abd Allah ibn Muhammad Abd al-Wahhab">'Abd Allah</a> speaks positively on the practice of <a href="/wiki/Tazkiah" class="mw-redirect" title="Tazkiah">tazkiah</a> (purification of the inner self).<a href="#cite_note-164">[163]</a><a href="#cite_note-165">[164]</a> 'Abd Allah Ibn ʿAbd al-Wahhab ends his treatise saying: <blockquote>We do not negate the way of the Sufis and the purification of the inner self from the vices of those sins connected to the heart and the limbs as long as the individual firmly adheres to the rules of Shari'ah and the correct and observed way. However, we will not take it on ourselves to allegorically interpret (ta'wil) his speech and his actions. We only place our reliance on, seek help from, beseech aid from and place our confidence in all our dealings in Allah Most High. He is enough for us, the best trustee, the best mawla and the best helper. May Allah send peace on our master Muhammad, his family and companions.<a href="#cite_note-166">[165]</a><a href="#cite_note-167">[166]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="On_social_reforms">On social reforms</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Islah" title="Islah">Islah</a></div> Muhammad ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab concerned himself with the social reformation of his people. As an 18th-century reformer, Muhammad ibn 'Abd al Wahhab called for the re-opening of <a href="/wiki/Ijtihad" title="Ijtihad">Ijtihad</a> by qualified persons through strict adherence to Scriptures in reforming society. His thoughts reflected the major trends apparent in the 18th-century Islamic reform movements. Unlike other reform movements which were restricted to da'wa, Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab was also able to transform his movement into a successful <a href="/wiki/Islamic_state" title="Islamic state">Islamic state</a>. Thus, his teachings had a profound influence on majority of Islamic <a href="/wiki/Islah" title="Islah">reform</a>-<a href="/wiki/Islamic_revival" title="Islamic revival">revivalist</a> movements since the 18th century. Numerous significant socio-economic reforms would be advocated by the Imam during his lifetime. His reforms touched over various fields such as <a href="/wiki/Aqidah" title="Aqidah">aqeeda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ibadah" title="Ibadah">ibaadat</a> (ritual acts of worship), <a href="/wiki/Muamalat" class="mw-redirect" title="Muamalat">muamalaat</a> (social interactions), etc. In the affairs of mu'amalat, he harshly rebuked the practice of leaving endowments to prevent the rightful heirs (particularly the females) from receiving their deserved inheritance. He also objected to various forms of <a href="/wiki/Riba" title="Riba">riba</a> (usury) as well as the practice of presenting judges with gifts, which according to him, was nothing more than bribing. He also opposed and brought an end to numerous un-Islamic taxes that were forced upon the people.<a href="#cite_note-168">[167]</a><a href="#cite_note-169">[168]</a><a href="#cite_note-170">[169]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="On_women">On women</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Women_in_Islam" title="Women in Islam">Women in Islam</a></div> The legal writings of Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab reflected a general concern of female welfare and justice. In line with this approach, Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab denounced the practice of instant <a href="/wiki/Divorce_in_Islam" title="Divorce in Islam">triple talaq</a>, counting it as only a single talaq (regardless of the number of pronouncements). The outlawing of triple talaq is considered to be one of the most significant reforms across the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">Islamic World</a> in the 20th and 21st centuries. Following a balanced approach in issues of gender, Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab advocated moderation between men and women in social interactions as well as spirituality. According to Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab, women has a place in society with both rights and responsibility, with the society being obliged to respect her status and protect her. He also condemned forced marriages and declared any marriage contracted without the consent of a woman (be it minor, virgin or non-virgin) to be "invalid". This too was a significant reform as well as a break from the four Sunni schools which allowed the <a href="/wiki/Wali" title="Wali">wali</a> (ward/guardian) to compel minor daughters into marriage without consent. Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab also stipulated the permission of the guardian as a condition in marriage (in line with traditional Hanbali, <a href="/wiki/Shafi%CA%BDi_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Shafiʽi school">Shafi'i</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maliki" class="mw-redirect" title="Maliki">Maliki</a> schools). Nevertheless, as a practical jurist, Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab allowed guardians to delegate the right to contract marriages to women herself, after which his permission cannot be denied. He also allowed women the right to stipulate favourable conditions for her in the marriage contract. Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab also defended the woman's right to divorce through <a href="/wiki/Khul%27" title="Khul'">Khul'</a> for various reasons, including in cases wherein she despised her husband. He also prohibited the killing of women, children and various non-combatants such as monks, elderly, blind, shaykhs, slaves and peasants in warfare.<a href="#cite_note-171">[170]</a> In addition to these, Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab also defended married women's right to maintenance from her husband; as well as bride's right to receive <a href="/wiki/Mahr" title="Mahr">mahr</a> from her groom. He also strongly campaigned against domestic abuses against women, enjoining men to treat their wives with kindness.<a href="#cite_note-172">[171]</a> Muhammad Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab believed in social participation of women for communal solidarity; as per Islamic codes of modesty (<a href="/wiki/Haya_(Islam)" title="Haya (Islam)">Haya</a>) that was inclusive to all sections of society, especially the poor. He also campaigned for improving female literacy and asserted women's education as part of their religious rights and duties. Educated elite women played an important role in the Wahhabi movement through social activism and in various instances also weld significant political influence. Many women were trained in various religious disciplines, memorising <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Qur'an</a> and being proficient in <a href="/wiki/Hadith_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Hadith science">hadith sciences</a>; which gained them civic respect as well as a source of income by teaching. As a result, the townsfolk of 19th-century Central Arabia had noticeably higher rates of literacy as observed by foreign travellers. Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab also encouraged educated women to be active in various communal activities so as to bolster the <a href="/wiki/Islah" title="Islah">reformist</a> campaigns of the Muwahhidun, educating other women, generating awareness of <a href="/wiki/Superstitions_in_Muslim_societies" class="mw-redirect" title="Superstitions in Muslim societies">superstitions</a> as well as other cultural activities such as reciting <a href="/wiki/Islamic_poetry" title="Islamic poetry">poetry</a>, playing <a href="/wiki/Tambourine" title="Tambourine">tambourine</a> during feasts, weddings and various social gatherings. Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab's own daughter, Fatima was an influential <a href="/wiki/Ulama" title="Ulama">Islamic scholar</a> active in social and communal affairs and would influence subsequent generations of Arabian women.<a href="#cite_note-173">[172]</a><a href="#cite_note-174">[173]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="On_Jihad">On Jihad</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">Jihad</a> and <a href="/wiki/Islamic_military_jurisprudence" title="Islamic military jurisprudence">Islamic military jurisprudence</a></div> Muhammad Ibn ʿAbd al-Wahhāb defined <a href="/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">jihad</a> as an activity that must have a valid religious justification and which can only be declared by an <a href="/wiki/Imam" title="Imam">Imam</a> whose purpose must be strictly defensive in nature.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDelong-Bas2004202–203,_241–242-175">[174]</a> He viewed the military campaigns of the <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Diriyah" title="Emirate of Diriyah">Emirate of Dirʿiyya</a> as strictly defensive operations against aggressive opponents who initiated <a href="/wiki/Takfir" title="Takfir">Takfir</a> against his followers.<a href="#cite_note-auto2-176">[175]</a> Justifying the Wahhabi military campaigns as primarily defensive operations, Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab asserts:<blockquote>"As for warfare, until today, we did not fight anyone, except in defense of our lives and honor. They came to us in our area and did not spare any effort in fighting us. We only initiated fighting against some of them in retaliation for their continued aggression, [The recompense for an evil is an evil like thereof] (42:40)... they are the ones who started declaring us to be unbelievers and fighting us"<a href="#cite_note-auto2-176">[175]</a><a href="#cite_note-177">[176]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="On_Muslim_saints">On Muslim saints</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Wali" title="Wali">Wali</a></div> Ibn ʿAbd al-Wahhab strongly condemned the veneration of <a href="/wiki/Wali" title="Wali">Muslim saints</a> (Which he described as worship) or associating divinity to beings other than God, labeling it as <a href="/wiki/Shirk_(Islam)" title="Shirk (Islam)">shirk</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-18">[17]</a> Despite his great aversion to venerating the saints after their earthly passing and seeking their intercession, it should nevertheless be noted that Muhammad ibn ʿAbd al-Wahhab did not deny the existence of saints as such; on the contrary, he acknowledged that "the miracles of saints (karāmāt al-awliyāʾ) are not to be denied, and their right guidance by God is acknowledged" when they acted properly during their life.<a href="#cite_note-Wahhābiyya-143">[142]</a> Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab opposing the practice of the pilgrimage of the saint's tombs as it is considered as <a href="/wiki/Bid%CA%BBah" class="mw-redirect" title="Bidʻah">Bidʻah</a> (heresy), such as the practice of the pilgrimage towards a tomb believed belong to a companion of the Prophet named <a href="/wiki/Dhiraar_ibn_al-Azwar" title="Dhiraar ibn al-Azwar">Dhiraar ibn al-Azwar</a> in the valley of Ghobaira.<a href="#cite_note-Mohammad_Bin_Abdul_Wahhab,_a_Slandered_Reformer-178">[177]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="On_non-Muslims">On non-Muslims</h3></div> According to the <a href="/wiki/Political_science" title="Political science">political scientist</a> <a href="/wiki/Dore_Gold" title="Dore Gold">Dore Gold</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Gold-25-179">[178]</a> Muhammad ibn ʿAbd al-Wahhab presented a strong <a href="/wiki/Anti-Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Christianity">anti-Christian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anti-Judaism" title="Anti-Judaism">anti-Judaic</a> stance in his main theological treatise Kitāb at-Tawḥīd,<a href="#cite_note-Gold-25-179">[178]</a> describing the followers of both <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Jewish</a> faiths as <a href="/wiki/Sorcerer_(paranormal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sorcerer (paranormal)">sorcerers</a><a href="#cite_note-Gold-25-179">[178]</a> who believe in <a href="/wiki/Devil-Worship" class="mw-redirect" title="Devil-Worship">devil-worship</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Gold-25-179">[178]</a> and by citing a hadith attributed to the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_prophet" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic prophet">Islamic prophet</a> <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a><a href="#cite_note-180">[Note 2]</a> he stated that <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Islam" title="Capital punishment in Islam">capital punishment</a> for the sorcerer is "that he be struck with the sword".<a href="#cite_note-Gold-25-179">[178]</a><a href="#cite_note-181">[179]</a> Ibn ʿAbd al-Wahhab asserted that both the Christian and Jewish religions had improperly made the graves of their prophet into places of worship and warned Muslims not to imitate this practice.<a href="#cite_note-Gold-25-179">[178]</a><a href="#cite_note-182">[180]</a> Ibn ʿAbd al-Wahhab concluded that "The ways of the <a href="/wiki/People_of_the_Book" title="People of the Book">People of the Book</a> are condemned as those of polytheists."<a href="#cite_note-Gold-25-179">[178]</a><a href="#cite_note-183">[181]</a> However, Western scholar <a href="/wiki/Natana_J._DeLong-Bas" title="Natana J. DeLong-Bas">Natana J. DeLong-Bas</a> defended the position of Muhammad ibn ʿAbd al-Wahhab, stating that: <blockquote>despite his at times vehement denunciations of other religious groups for their supposedly heretical beliefs, Ibn Abd al Wahhab never called for their destruction or death ... he assumed that these people would be punished in the Afterlife ..."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDelong-Bas200461-184">[182]</a> </blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reception">Reception</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="By_contemporaries">By contemporaries</h3></div> The doctrines of Ibn ʿAbd al-Wahhab were criticized by a number of <a href="/wiki/Ulama" title="Ulama">Islamic scholars</a> during his lifetime, accusing him of disregarding Islamic history, monuments, traditions and the sanctity of Muslim life.<a href="#cite_note-ElFadl_2007-185">[183]</a> His critics were mainly <a href="/wiki/Ulama" title="Ulama">ulama</a> from his homeland, the <a href="/wiki/Najd" title="Najd">Najd</a> region of central Arabia, which was directly affected by the growth of the <a href="/wiki/Wahhabism" title="Wahhabism">Wahhabi movement</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Traboulsi_2002-29">[28]</a> based in the cities of <a href="/wiki/Basra" title="Basra">Basra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Medina" title="Medina">Medina</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Traboulsi_2002-29">[28]</a> Some of the early opponents of Ibn ʿAbd al-Wahhab classified his doctrine as a "<a href="/wiki/Kharijites" title="Kharijites">Kharijite</a> <a href="/wiki/Sectarianism" title="Sectarianism">sectarian</a> <a href="/wiki/Heresy_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Heresy in Islam">heresy</a>".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECommins2015151-144">[143]</a> On the other hand, Ibn ʿAbd al-Wahhāb and his supporters held that they were the victims of aggressive warfare; accusing their opponents of starting the pronouncements of <a href="/wiki/Takfir" title="Takfir">Takfir</a> (excommunication) and maintained that the military operations of <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Diriyah" title="Emirate of Diriyah">Emirate of Dirʿiyya</a> were strictly defensive. The memory of the unprovoked military offensive launched by Dahhām ibn Dawwās (fl. 1187/1773), the powerful chieftain of <a href="/wiki/Riyadh" title="Riyadh">Riyadh</a>, on Diriyya in 1746 was deeply engrained in the Wahhabi tradition.<a href="#cite_note-186">[184]</a><a href="#cite_note-187">[185]</a> Early Wahhabi chronicler Ibn Ghannām states in his book Tarikh an-Najd (History of Najd) that Ibn ʿAbd al-Wahhāb did not order the use of violence until his enemies excommunicated him and deemed his blood licit:<blockquote>"He gave no order to spill blood or to fight against the majority of the heretics and the misguided until they started ruling that he and his followers were to be killed and excommunicated."<a href="#cite_note-188">[186]</a></blockquote> By 1802, the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> had officially begun to wage religious campaigns against the Wahhabis, issuing tracts condemning them as Kharijites.<a href="#cite_note-189">[187]</a> In contrast, Ibn ʿAbd al-Wahhab profoundly despised the "decorous, arty tobacco-smoking, music happy, drum pounding, <a href="/wiki/Egypt_Eyalet" class="mw-redirect" title="Egypt Eyalet">Egyptian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> <a href="/wiki/Nobility" title="Nobility">nobility</a> who traveled across Arabia to pray at Mecca each year",<a href="#cite_note-Aydinli_2018-190">[188]</a> and intended to either subjugate them to his doctrine or overthrow them.<a href="#cite_note-Aydinli_2018-190">[188]</a> A handful of <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian</a> <a href="/wiki/Hanbali" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanbali">Hanbalis</a> participated on the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman side</a> of the controversy. Muhammad ibn 'Abdullah ibn Humayd's 19th century biographical dictionary sheds light on those Hanbali scholars.<a href="#cite_note-191">[189]</a> However, the reliability of his biography itself is disputed for its inherent biases, which portrays Ibn ʿAbd al-Wahhab and his followers as <a href="/wiki/Heresy_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Heresy in Islam">heretics</a>. It also misrepresents many <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Nejd" title="Emirate of Nejd">Najdi</a> Hanbali scholars as on the side of Ottoman Hanbalis.<a href="#cite_note-192">[190]</a> Ibn Humayd's maternal lineage, Al-Turki, was of some local renown for its religious scholars, including two men who opposed the Wahhabi movement. One of them, named Ibn Muhammad, compared Ibn ʿAbd al-Wahhab with <a href="/wiki/Musaylimah" class="mw-redirect" title="Musaylimah">Musaylimah</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ottoman83-193">[191]</a> He also accused Ibn ʿAbd al-Wahhab of wrongly <a href="/wiki/Takfir" title="Takfir">declaring fellow Muslims to be infidels</a> based on a misguided reading of <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quranic passages</a> and prophetic traditions (<a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">Hadith</a>),<a href="#cite_note-Ottoman83-193">[191]</a> and of wrongly declaring all scholars as infidels who did not agree with his "deviant innovation".<a href="#cite_note-Ottoman83-193">[191]</a> In contrast to this anti-Wahhabi family tradition, Ibn Humayd's early education included extensive studies under two Wahhabi Shaykhs, both praised in his biographical dictionary. He then travelled to <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a>, wherein he attended lessons of men known for strong anti-Wahhabi convictions. Ibn Humayd's compatibility with Ottoman religious outlook made him eligible for the post of Ottoman <a href="/wiki/Mufti" title="Mufti">Mufti</a> in Mecca.<a href="#cite_note-Ottoman83-193">[191]</a> Another Hanbali scholar whom Ibn Humayd portrays as a central figure in rejecting Ibn ʿAbd al-Wahhab's doctrine was Ibn Fayruz Al-Tamimi al-Ahsai (1729/30 – 1801/02). Ibn Fayruz publicly repudiated Ibn ʿAbd al-Wahhab's teachings when he sent an envoy to him. Ibn Fayruz then wrote to <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Hamid_I" title="Abdul Hamid I">Sultan Abdul Hamid I</a> and requested Ottoman assistance to subjugate Ibn ʿAbd al-Wahhab's followers, whom he referred to as the "seditious <a href="/wiki/Kharijites" title="Kharijites">Kharijites</a>" of <a href="/wiki/Najd" title="Najd">Najd</a>. The Wahhabis, in turn, came to view him as one of their worst enemies and an exemplar of idolatry.<a href="#cite_note-194">[192]</a> According to Ibn Humayd, Ibn ʿAbd al-Wahhab's father criticized his son for his unwillingness to specialize in jurisprudence and disagreed with his doctrine and declared that he would be the cause of wickedness.<a href="#cite_note-Ottoman89-195">[193]</a> Similarly his brother, <a href="/wiki/Sulayman_ibn_Abd_al-Wahhab" title="Sulayman ibn Abd al-Wahhab">Sulayman ibn Abd al-Wahhab</a>, wrote one of the first treatises refuting the Wahhabi doctrine,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaye2021212-196">[194]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wahhābiyya-143">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ottoman89-195">[193]</a> The Divine Thunderbolts in Refutation of Wahhabism (Al-Šawā'iq Al-Ilāhiyya fī Al-radd 'alā Al-Wahhābiyya),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaye2021212-196">[194]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wahhābiyya-143">[142]</a> alleging that Muhammad was ill-educated and intolerant, and classing his views as fringe and fanatical.<a href="#cite_note-ElFadl_2007-185">[183]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaye2021212-196">[194]</a> Sulayman's first anti-Wahhabi treatise was followed by a second book, The Unmistakable Judgment in the Refutation of Muhammad ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab (Faṣl al-Ḫiṭāb fī Al-radd 'alā Muḥammad ibn 'Abd al-Wahhāb).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaye2021212-196">[194]</a> Later Muwahhidun scholarly figures like <a href="/wiki/Abd_Allah_ibn_Abd_al-Latif_Al_ash-Sheikh" title="Abd Allah ibn Abd al-Latif Al ash-Sheikh">Abdullah ibn Abd al-Latif Aal al-Shaykh</a> (d. 1921 C.E) would respond to these accusations by asserting that Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab refrained from making Takfir: <blockquote>" Shaykh Muhammad (May God have Mercy on him) never made takfeer of the people in the beginning; except via establishing the proofs and the da'wah, because at that time there was a dearth of knowledge of the message (of Islām) and for that reason he said 'due to their ignorance and the lack of anyone who makes them aware'. However, as for those on whom the proofs are established, then there is nothing to prevent takfeer being made on such people"<a href="#cite_note-197">[195]</a></blockquote> Muhammad ibn ʿAbd al-Wahhab was known to have had disagreements with both his father and his brother <a href="/wiki/Sulayman_ibn_Abd_al-Wahhab" title="Sulayman ibn Abd al-Wahhab">Sulayman</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown2009245-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-18">[17]</a> <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhatab201156–76-25">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-Traboulsi_2002-29">[28]</a> <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaye2021212-196">[194]</a> Sulayman, his brother, disputed many of his doctrinal statements and was one of his staunch opponents during a certain time-period. Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab's father disagreed with his son's metholodolgy in implementing reforms.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhatab201163–75-198">[196]</a> According to historical records, Sulayman declared his repentance and started to support his brother during later life, after understanding the doctrines and objectives of Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab's revivalist movement.<a href="#cite_note-199">[197]</a><a href="#cite_note-200">[198]</a><a href="#cite_note-201">[199]</a><a href="#cite_note-202">[200]</a><a href="#cite_note-203">[201]</a> The 19th century anti-Wahhabi critic and historian <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Zayni_Dahlan" title="Ahmad Zayni Dahlan">Ahmad ibn al-Zayni Dahlan</a>, Ottoman empire's <a href="/wiki/Grand_Mufti" title="Grand Mufti">Grand Mufti</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Shafi%27i" class="mw-redirect" title="Shafi'i">Shafi'i</a> <a href="/wiki/Madhab" class="mw-redirect" title="Madhab">madhab</a> in Mecca,<a href="#cite_note-204">[202]</a><a href="#cite_note-205">[203]</a> recorded the account of the dispute between Muhammad ibn ʿAbd al-Wahhab and his brother Sulayman, reporting that: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">Sulayman [ibn ʿAbd al-Wahhab] once asked his brother Muhammad [ibn ʿAbd al-Wahhab], "How many are the <a href="/wiki/Pillars_of_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Pillars of Islam">pillars of Islam</a>?" "Five," he answered. Sulayman replied, "No, you have added a sixth one: He who does not follow you is not a Muslim. This, to you, is the sixth pillar of Islam."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhatab201171-206">[204]</a></blockquote> According to various historical records, Sulayman repented and joined the religious mission of his brother.<a href="#cite_note-207">[205]</a> However, there is a disagreement regarding his repentance. While earlier Najdi chroniclers like Ibn Ghannam reported he repented and embraced Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab's cause in <a href="/wiki/Diriyah" title="Diriyah">Diriyah</a>, later historians like Ibn Bishr simply mentions his departure to Diriyah with his family and his last years under the protection of Diriyah, while being allowed by state-allotted stipend. A letter attributed to Sulayman also mentions his public repentance.<a href="#cite_note-208">[206]</a> The Ottoman <a href="/wiki/Grand_Mufti" title="Grand Mufti">Grand Mufti</a> of Mecca, <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Zayni_Dahlan" title="Ahmad Zayni Dahlan">Ahmad Zayni Dahlan</a> (d. 1886), wrote an anti-Wahhabi treatise, in which he listed the religious practices that the Najdi Hanbalis considered idolatrous: visiting the <a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Muhammad" class="mw-redirect" title="Tomb of Muhammad">tomb of Muhammad</a>, seeking the intercession of saints, venerating Muhammad and obtaining the blessings of saints.<a href="#cite_note-Ottoman91-209">[207]</a> He also accused Ibn ʿAbd al-Wahhab of not adhering to the Hanbali school and that he was deficient in learning.<a href="#cite_note-Ottoman91-209">[207]</a> However, Ibn ʿAbd al-Wahhab had believed that visiting the tomb of Muhammad was a righteous deed, referring to it as "among the best of deeds" while condemning its excesses.<a href="#cite_note-210">[208]</a><a href="#cite_note-211">[209]</a> The medieval theologians <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Taymiyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Taymiyyah">Ibn Taymiyyah</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Qayyim_al-Jawziyya" title="Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya">Ibn Qayyim</a>, who inspired Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab, had issued <a href="/wiki/Fatwa" title="Fatwa">Fatwas</a> declaring the visitations to the tomb of Muhammad to be <a href="/wiki/Haram" title="Haram">haram</a> (forbidden); which would lead to their imprisonment.<a href="#cite_note-212">[210]</a><a href="#cite_note-213">[211]</a> In response, the <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Indian</a> <a href="/wiki/Ahl-i_Hadith" title="Ahl-i Hadith">Ahl-i Hadith</a> scholar Muhammad Bashir Sahsawani (1834-1908 C.E) wrote the treatise Sayaanah al-Insaan an Waswaswah al-Shaikh Dahlaan in order to refute Dahlan. Sahsawani asserted that after his correspondence with various scholars of the Muwahhidun movement and study of their creedal works; he came to the conclusion that the allegation that they excommunicated "non-Wahhabis" were false and slanderous.<a href="#cite_note-214">[212]</a><a href="#cite_note-215">[213]</a> The Islamic scholar <a href="/wiki/Rashid_Rida" title="Rashid Rida">Muhammad Rashid Rida</a> (d. 1935 C.E/ 1354 A.H) in his introduction to al-Sahsawani's refutation of Dahlan, described Ibn ʿAbd al-Wahhab as a <a href="/wiki/Mujaddid" title="Mujaddid">mujaddid</a> repelling the innovations and deviations in Muslim life. Through his <a href="/wiki/Al-Manar_(magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Manar (magazine)">Al-Manar</a> magazine, Rashid Rida greatly contributed to the spread of Ibn ʿAbd al-Wahhab's teachings in the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">Islamic world</a>. He was a strong supporter of Ibn Taymiyyah and scholars of Najd, publishing works in his magazine entitled Majmooah al-Rasaail wa al-Masaail al-Najdiyyah and al-Wahhaabiyoon wa al-Hijaaz.<a href="#cite_note-216">[214]</a> Rida notes that given Dahlan's position in <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a>, and availability there of the works of Ibn ʿAbd al-Wahhab, he must have simply chosen to write otherwise. Rida also argued that Dahlan simply wrote what he heard from people, and criticised him for not verifying reports and seeking out the writings of Ibn ʿAbd al-Wahhab. He condemned Dahlan for his ignorance and his sanctioning of acts of kufr and shirk; based on his reinterpretation of Islamic texts.<a href="#cite_note-217">[215]</a> Rashid Rida contended that Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab was a victim of persecution by the combined oppression of three forces: i) the power of state and its rulers ii) power of hypocritical scholars and iii) power of tyrannical commoners.<a href="#cite_note-Abu_alrub_2013_412-218">[216]</a> Fiercely rebuking his opponents, Rashid Rida declared:<blockquote> "The best weapon they brandished against him was that he contradicted the majority of Muslims. Who were the majority of Muslims Muhammad Ibn Abdul Wahhab contradicted in his Da'wah? They were Bedouins of the desert, worse than the people of <a href="/wiki/Jahiliyyah" title="Jahiliyyah">Jahiliyyah</a>, intent on looting and theft. They allowed shedding the blood of Muslims and non-Muslims, just to earn a living. They took their tyrants as judges in every matter and denied many aspects of Islam on which there is <a href="/wiki/Ijma" title="Ijma">consensus</a> [especially among scholars], matters in which no Muslim can claim ignorance."<a href="#cite_note-Abu_alrub_2013_412-218">[216]</a></blockquote> <a href="/wiki/Ali_Bey_el_Abbassi" title="Ali Bey el Abbassi">Ali Bey el Abbassi</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish</a> explorer who was in Mecca in 1803, shortly after the Wahhabi conquest of Hejaz, presented a starkly different view of the Wahhabis. He was surprised to find that they were fairly "moderate, reasonable and civilized". He further observed that, rather than engaging in rampant violence and destruction, the Wahhabis were pleasant and well-organized. According to Ali Bey, there were major differences in the political approach of <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_bin_Saud_Al_Muqrin" title="Muhammad bin Saud Al Muqrin">Muhammad ibn Saud Al Muqrin</a>, and that of his son, <a href="/wiki/Abdulaziz_bin_Muhammad_Al_Saud" title="Abdulaziz bin Muhammad Al Saud">Abdulaziz bin Muhammad Al Saud</a>, during whose <a href="/wiki/Reign" title="Reign">reign</a> Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab was retired from active public life. Ali Bey asserts that unlike the fair-minded Muhammad Ibn Saud; his son 'Abd Al-Azeez began employing a "convert or die" approach for the acquirment of wealth and stabilising the state.<a href="#cite_note-219">[217]</a> Ali Bey writes in his Travels: <blockquote>"I discovered much reason and moderation among the Wehhabites to whom I spoke, and from whom I obtained the greater part of the information which I have given concerning their nation..... The reformer Abdoulwehhab did not invest himself with any honour or public character: he was only the chief of the sect, and did not require any personal distinction. After his death, his son, who succeeded him, preserved the same simplicity."<a href="#cite_note-220">[218]</a></blockquote><a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British</a> diplomat <a href="/wiki/Harford_Jones-Brydges" title="Harford Jones-Brydges">Harford Jones-Brydges</a>, who was stationed in <a href="/wiki/Basra_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Basra Vilayet">Basra</a> in 1784 attributed the popular hysteria about the Wahhabis to a different cause. Unlike Ottoman depictions, Brydges believed that Ibn ʿAbd al-Wahhab's doctrine was in keeping with the teachings of Quran, was "perfectly orthodox", "consonant to the purest and best interpretations of that volume", and that Ottomans feared its spread precisely on that basis.<a href="#cite_note-221">[219]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Egyptians" title="Egyptians">Egyptian</a> historian and <a href="/wiki/Al-Azhar_University" title="Al-Azhar University">Azhari</a> Islamic scholar <a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Rahman_al-Jabarti" title="Abd al-Rahman al-Jabarti">Abd al-Rahman al-Jabarti</a> (1753–1825 C.E) was a great admirer of Ibn ʿAbd al-Wahhab and his movement. He defended his doctrines in <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> and held the movement in high regard, viewing its doctrines as having a great prospective to spearhead future <a href="/wiki/Islamic_revival" title="Islamic revival">Islamic revival</a>.<a href="#cite_note-222">[220]</a> Al-Jabarti had the chance to personally meet with various Wahhabi scholars in Egypt in 1814. Finding them to be friendly and knowledgeable, Al-Jabarti stated that the Wahhabis were "modest men of good morals, well trained in oratory, in the principles of religion, the branches of fiqh, and the disagreements of the Schools of Law. In all this they were extraordinary."<a href="#cite_note-223">[221]</a> He described Ibn ʿAbd al-Wahhab as a man who "summoned men to <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Qur'an</a> and the Prophet's <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunna</a>, bidding them to abandon <a href="/wiki/Bid%CA%BBah" class="mw-redirect" title="Bidʻah">innovations</a> in worship". Through his writings, Al-Jabarti repeatedly stressed that the beliefs and doctrines championed by Ibn ʿAbd al-Wahhab were nothing other than orthodox <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Islam</a>.<a href="#cite_note-224">[222]</a> <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Moroccan</a> military leader <a href="/wiki/Abd_el-Krim" title="Abd el-Krim">'Abd al-Karim al-Khattabi</a> (1882-1963 C.E) praised Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab's reform endeavour as a "promising voice" that sparked spiritual and intellectual Awakening across the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">Islamic World</a>.<a href="#cite_note-225">[223]</a> Prominent <a href="/wiki/Syrians" title="Syrians">Syrian</a> <a href="/wiki/Hanbali" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanbali">Hanbali</a> scholar 'Abd al-Qadir ibn Badran (1864-1927 C.E/ 1280-1346 A.H) praised the efforts of Muhammad ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab in his treatise Al-Madkhal ila Madhhab il-Imam Ahmad ibn Hanbal (An Introduction to the Madhab of Imam Ahmad ibn Hanbal), writing: <blockquote>"When he [i.e, Ibn 'Abd al Wahhab] learned the narrations and the <a href="/wiki/Sunnah" title="Sunnah">Sunnah</a> and became expertised in the <a href="/wiki/Madhhab" title="Madhhab">madhab</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ahmad" title="Ahmad">Ahmad</a>; he began supporting the Truth, fighting <a href="/wiki/Bid%CA%BBah" class="mw-redirect" title="Bidʻah">bid'ah</a> and resisting what illiterates have made part of this monotheistic religion and <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Sharia</a> of moderation. Some people supported him and made their worship solely to The One God following his path, which was to establish pure Tawhid, call sincerely to monotheism and direct worship in all of its forms solely to The Creator of creation alone. Some people resisted him; they were used to rigidity in following what their forefathers did and they armoured themselves with laziness instead of seeking the truth."<a href="#cite_note-226">[224]</a> </blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_reception">Modern reception</h3></div> Various academics have compared Muhammad Ibn ʿAbd al-Wahhab to the 15th-century <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">German</a> <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christian</a> <a href="/wiki/Pastor" title="Pastor">pastor</a> <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a>, for their efforts in launching socio-religious movements that challenged the authority of the dominant clerical and political hierarchy of their societies. Despite being adherents of different religions; both of them were inspired by their respective idealised visions of the past and shared similar themes such as the social and economic upliftment of their societies empowered through mass-education enabled by campaigns for open access to Scriptures.<a href="#cite_note-227">[225]</a> He is honoured by many scholars of the <a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement" title="Salafi movement">Salafi</a> tradition as a <a href="/wiki/Faq%C4%ABh" title="Faqīh">juristic</a> authority and source of reference. Salafi scholars <a href="/wiki/Rashid_Rida" title="Rashid Rida">Rashid Rida</a> and '<a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Aziz_ibn_Baz" class="mw-redirect" title="Abd al-Aziz ibn Baz">Abd al-Aziz ibn Baz</a> considered him a <a href="/wiki/Mujaddid" title="Mujaddid">mujaddid</a>.<a href="#cite_note-228">[226]</a> Salafi revivalist scholar <a href="/wiki/Al-Albani" title="Al-Albani">Al-Albani</a> (d. 1999) believed that Ibn Abd al-Wahhab was not a <a href="/wiki/Mujtahid" class="mw-redirect" title="Mujtahid">mujtahid</a> in <a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh">fiqh</a>, accusing him of 'blindlly' following the Hanbali school.<a href="#cite_note-229">[227]</a> Al-Albani also challenged Ibn Abd al-Wahhab's credentials in the <a href="/wiki/Hadith_studies" title="Hadith studies">knowledge of hadith</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGauvain20139-230">[228]</a> According to the 20th-century <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austro-Hungarian</a> scholar <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Asad" title="Muhammad Asad">Muhammad Asad</a>, all modern <a href="/wiki/Islamic_revival" title="Islamic revival">Islamic Renaissance movements</a> took inspiration from the spiritual impetus set in motion in the 18th century by Muhammad Ibn ʿAbd al-Wahhab.<a href="#cite_note-231">[229]</a> Crediting Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab for his contributions to <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Renaissance" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic Renaissance">Islamic Renaissance</a> and spread of revolutionary ideals across the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">Muslim world</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tunisian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Tunisian people">Tunisian</a> <a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamist</a> intellectual <a href="/wiki/Rached_Ghannouchi" title="Rached Ghannouchi">Rached Gannouchi</a> writes:<blockquote>"Just as in the <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">West</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Renaissance" title="Age of Renaissance">age of Renaissance</a>, the Muslim world was stirred by a great awakening. Muhammad bin Abd al-Wahhab's message of jihad and ijtihad inspired an unbroken movement... to push the <a href="/wiki/Ummah" title="Ummah">umma</a> towards jihad against its enemies, to abandon the guise of tradition (taqlid) and to unite its divisions around the mystical origins of Islam and Islamic thought."<a href="#cite_note-232">[230]</a></blockquote> <a href="/wiki/Rashid_Ahmad_Gangohi" title="Rashid Ahmad Gangohi">Rashid Ahmad Gangohi</a>, one of the founders of the <a href="/wiki/Deobandi" class="mw-redirect" title="Deobandi">Deobandi school</a> praised Ibn ʿAbd al-Wahhab as a virtuous scholar who upheld the Sunnah and campaigned against <a href="/wiki/Shirk_(Islam)" title="Shirk (Islam)">polytheistic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Superstitions_in_Muslim_societies" class="mw-redirect" title="Superstitions in Muslim societies">superstitious</a> beliefs and practices.<a href="#cite_note-233">[231]</a><a href="#cite_note-234">[232]</a> Hence, the contemporary ulema of Deoband mostly respect him while being critical of the Salafi movement. Major scholars of <a href="/wiki/Tablighi_Jamaat" title="Tablighi Jamaat">Tabligh Jamaat</a> -a Deobandi-inspired missionary movement- such as <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Zakariyya_al-Kandhlawi" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Zakariyya al-Kandhlawi">Muhammad Zakariya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ilyas_Kandhlawi" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Ilyas Kandhlawi">Muhammad Ilyas Kandhlawi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yusuf_Kandhlawi" title="Yusuf Kandhlawi">Yusuf Kandhalawi</a>, etc. were supportive of Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab's ideals. Senior Deobandi scholar <a href="/wiki/Manzoor_Nomani" title="Manzoor Nomani">Manzur Numani</a> penned the treatise "Sheikh Muhammad bin Abdul Wahhab ke Khilaf Propaganda" (The Propaganda against Sheikh Muhammad bin Abdul Wahhab) in defense of Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab. Thus, many activists of Deobandi persuasion view Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab's movement as an example for establishing an <a href="/wiki/Islamic_state" title="Islamic state">Islamic state</a> in contemporary <a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">Muslim societies</a>.<a href="#cite_note-235">[233]</a><a href="#cite_note-236">[234]</a> Islamic scholar <a href="/wiki/Yusuf_al-Qaradawi" title="Yusuf al-Qaradawi">Yusuf Al-Qārādawī</a> praised Muhammad ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab as a <a href="/wiki/Mujaddid" title="Mujaddid">Mujaddid</a> (religious reviver) of the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a> who defended the purity of <a href="/wiki/Tawhid" title="Tawhid">Tawhid</a> from various superstitions and polytheistic beliefs.<a href="#cite_note-Muhammad_Jabir-237">[235]</a> Praising Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab's efforts, Muhammad Rashīd Ridá wrote:<blockquote>"Muhammad bin Abd al-Wahhab al-Najdi was one of those Mujaddids, [who] called for the upholding of Tawhid and the sincerity of worship to God alone with what He legislated in <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">His Book</a> and on the tongue of <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_in_Islam" title="Muhammad in Islam">His Messenger</a>, the Seal of the Prophets; ... abandoning heresies and sins, establishing the abandoned rituals of Islam, and venerating its violated sanctities."<a href="#cite_note-Muhammad_Jabir-237">[235]</a></blockquote> In his book "Saviours of the Islamic Spirit", Islamic scholar <a href="/wiki/Abul_Hasan_Ali_Hasani_Nadwi" title="Abul Hasan Ali Hasani Nadwi">Abul Hasan Ali Nadwi</a> (1913-1999 C.E) acclaimed Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab as a "great reformer" who called his people to Tawhid, revived injunctions based on Qur'an and <a href="/wiki/Sunnah" title="Sunnah">Sunnah</a> and eradicated superstitious rites prevalent amongst the illiterate masses of Central Arabia. Nadwi compared his movement to that of the contemporary <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asian</a> <a href="/wiki/Islamic_revivalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic revivalist">Islamic revivalist</a> <a href="/wiki/Shah_Waliullah_Dehlawi" title="Shah Waliullah Dehlawi">Shah Waliullah Dehlawi</a> (1703-1762 C.E/ 1114-1176 A.H) who had expounded similar ideas such as differentiating between Tawhid-i-Uluhiyyat (Oneness of Worship) and Tawhid-i-Rububiyat (Oneness of Lordship) and promotion of strict adherence to Qur'an and <a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">Hadith</a>. In Nadwi's opinion, Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab was able to make outstanding efforts with far-reaching impact compared to other contemporary reformers since he played the role of a revolutionary reformer whose initiatives were implemented through a newly established <a href="/wiki/Islamic_state" title="Islamic state">Islamic state</a> and thus his movement was highly pertinent for the people of his time.<a href="#cite_note-238">[236]</a> <a href="/wiki/Professor" title="Professor">Professor</a> Satoru Nakamura of <a href="/wiki/Kobe_University" title="Kobe University">Kobe University</a> affirms that sectarian clerics were the first to initiate <a href="/wiki/Takfir" title="Takfir">Takfir</a> (excommunication) and sanction bloodshed against the followers of Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab, forcing Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab to launch a defensive <a href="/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">Jihad</a>, citing religious justifications in line with the principles of Islamic <a href="/wiki/Moderation_in_Islam" title="Moderation in Islam">Wasitiyya</a>.<a href="#cite_note-239">[237]</a> In 2010, Prince <a href="/wiki/Salman_bin_Abdulaziz" class="mw-redirect" title="Salman bin Abdulaziz">Salman bin Abdulaziz</a>, at the time serving as the governor of <a href="/wiki/Riyadh" title="Riyadh">Riyadh</a>, said that the doctrine of Muhammad Ibn ʿAbd al-Wahhab was pure Islam, and said regarding his works:<blockquote>"I dare anyone to bring a single alphabetical letter from the Sheikh's books that goes against the book of Allah and the teachings of his prophet, Muhammad."<a href="#cite_note-240">[238]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Western_Reception">Western Reception</h3></div> During the early 21st century Western security discourse, Muhammad Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab's movement, Wahhabism, was often associated with various <a href="/wiki/Jihadism" title="Jihadism">Jihadi</a> movements across the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_World" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic World">Islamic World</a>. Various Western analysts claimed that the <a href="/wiki/Pan-Islamism" title="Pan-Islamism">pan-Islamist</a> militant organization <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">Al-Qaeda</a> were influenced by the Wahhabi doctrine.<a href="#cite_note-commins172-241">[239]</a><a href="#cite_note-242">[240]</a><a href="#cite_note-243">[241]</a><a href="#cite_note-244">[242]</a> Other scholars note that the <a href="/wiki/Ideology_of_Al-Qaeda" class="mw-redirect" title="Ideology of Al-Qaeda">ideology of Al-Qaeda</a> is <a href="/wiki/Salafi_jihadism" title="Salafi jihadism">Salafi jihadism</a> that emerged as a synthesis of the <a href="/wiki/Qutbism" title="Qutbism">Qutbist doctrine</a> with Salafism. <a href="/wiki/Western_media" title="Western media">Western media</a> often conflated <a href="/wiki/Deobandi_jihadism" title="Deobandi jihadism">Deobandi Jihadists</a> of <a href="/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban">Taliban</a> in <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> with Wahhabis in the early 2000s; despite the fact that Taliban adhered to the doctrines of the <a href="/wiki/Hanafi_school" title="Hanafi school">Hanafi</a> <a href="/wiki/Deobandi" class="mw-redirect" title="Deobandi">Deobandi</a> movement.<a href="#cite_note-245">[243]</a><a href="#cite_note-246">[244]</a><a href="#cite_note-247">[245]</a> According to other sources, Salafis are fundamentally opposed to the ideology of Al-Qaeda.<a href="#cite_note-248">[246]</a> According to various Western media outlets, the <a href="/wiki/Ideology_of_the_Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant" class="mw-redirect" title="Ideology of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant">ideology</a> of <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State" title="Islamic State">Islamic State</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Salafi_Jihadism" class="mw-redirect" title="Salafi Jihadism">Salafi Jihadist</a> militant organization, has also been inspired by Wahhabi doctrines,<a href="#cite_note-Armstrong_2014-249">[247]</a><a href="#cite_note-Crooke_2014-24">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sells_2016-250">[248]</a> alongside Salafism, <a href="/wiki/Qutbism" title="Qutbism">Qutbism</a>,<a href="#cite_note-251">[249]</a><a href="#cite_note-252">[250]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Salafi_jihadism" title="Salafi jihadism">Salafi jihadism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-253">[251]</a><a href="#cite_note-254">[252]</a> During the early years of <a href="/wiki/Post-9/11" title="Post-9/11">post-9/11 hysteria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">FBI</a> had designated <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">al-Qaeda</a> as "the number one terrorist threat to the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>" and the <a href="/wiki/Neoconservatism" title="Neoconservatism">neo-cons</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_W._Bush" title="Presidency of George W. Bush">Bush Administration</a> were able to incite hysterical narratives of "<a href="/wiki/Wahhabi_(epithet)" title="Wahhabi (epithet)">Wahhabism</a>" through their expanded influence in politics and Western media. <a href="/wiki/Neoconservatism" title="Neoconservatism">Neo-conservative</a> journalist <a href="/wiki/Lulu_Schwartz" title="Lulu Schwartz">Lulu Schwartz</a> and former <a href="/wiki/U.S._senator" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. senator">U.S. Senator</a> and <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> politician <a href="/wiki/Jon_Kyl" title="Jon Kyl">Jon Kyl</a> claimed before a <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Judiciary_Subcommittee_on_Terrorism_and_Homeland_Security" title="United States Senate Judiciary Subcommittee on Terrorism and Homeland Security">U.S. Senate Judiciary Subcommitte</a> in June 2003 that "Wahhabism is the source of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_terrorist_incidents" title="List of terrorist incidents">overwhelming majority of terrorist atrocities in today's world</a>". Their recommendations would become influential in <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_W._Bush" title="Presidency of George W. Bush">Bush Administration</a>'s agenda for its "<a href="/wiki/War_on_terrorism" class="mw-redirect" title="War on terrorism">Global War on Terror</a>".<a href="#cite_note-govinfo.gov-255">[253]</a> On the other hand, contemporary Western historians and researchers have taken a more nuanced approach on the history and evolution of the "<a href="/wiki/Wahhabi" class="mw-redirect" title="Wahhabi">Wahhabi</a>" movement; pointing out the discrepancy between the Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab's teachings, some of his later followers and the actions of contemporary militant <a href="/wiki/Jihadism" title="Jihadism">Jihadist</a> groups.<a href="#cite_note-256">[254]</a> Various scholars assert that many writings of Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab were revised during the 19th century by authorities of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Saudi_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Saudi State">Second Saudi State</a>; transforming them away from a poetic-vernacular style of communication with mass appeal to a more rigid and purist understanding that aligned with the interests of the ruling class and the clerical establishment.<a href="#cite_note-Samin_1–26-47">[46]</a> David E. Long believes that modern Jihadist movements are more influenced by the ideological worldview of <a href="/wiki/Islamic_extremism_in_the_20th-century_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic extremism in the 20th-century Egypt">Egyptian Islamist extremism</a> of the 20th century, rather than Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab's socio-religious reformism. Although many Salafi-Jihadists maybe inspired by Wahhabi ideals, it doesn't credibly explain their inclinations towards lethal violence.<a href="#cite_note-257">[255]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:25em; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> the development of the <a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">hadith</a>, whose importance cannot be over-emphasized, incorporated dynamism into the very heart of Islam. When Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab criticized local customs in Arabia on the basis of their incongruence with the past he was indeed trying to get back to a <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Golden_Age" title="Islamic Golden Age">former golden age</a>, but that is a very modern thing to do... What the Wahhabis were doing was to criticize current society and seek to undermine the existing order, something that the earlier <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Taymiyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Taymiyyah">Ibn Taymiyya</a> fell foul of when for having similar views he was tortured and threatened with death. </blockquote> <cite class="left-aligned" style="">— <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Leaman" title="Oliver Leaman">Oliver Leaman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Professor" title="Professor">Professor</a> of Philosophy at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Kentucky" title="University of Kentucky">University of Kentucky</a><a href="#cite_note-Leaman_2013_24–25-258">[256]</a></cite> </div> Western scholars like Michael Ryan assert that Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab's <a href="/wiki/Islah" title="Islah">reformist</a> teachings were a rationalist enterprise that sought to eradicate superstitions widespread in the context of tribal rivalry within the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a>. Moreover, the regional background of Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab's intellectual efforts in the chaotic context of the 18th-century Arabian Peninsula had been distinct from the 21st century <a href="/wiki/Jihadism" title="Jihadism">global Jihad</a> ideology of organisations like Al-Qaeda or <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State" title="Islamic State">IS</a>. Consequently, his scholarly heirs, including the prestigious <a href="/wiki/Al_ash-Sheikh" title="Al ash-Sheikh">Aal al-Shaykhs</a> constitute the primary ideological nemesis of groups such as Al-Qaeda. Since the Saudi population overwhelmingly prefers their traditional religious institutions and scholars to <a href="/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden" title="Osama bin Laden">Bin Laden</a>'s claims to <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary" title="Revolutionary">revolutionary</a> <a href="/wiki/Salafi_jihadism" title="Salafi jihadism">Jihadi-Salafism</a>; Al-Qaeda harshly attacks these mainstream Saudi clerics with much rhetorical vitriol.<a href="#cite_note-259">[257]</a> Various scholars have also contested <a href="/wiki/Orientalism" title="Orientalism">Orientalist</a> portrayals of Wahhabi movement as "ultra-conservative" or "stagnant", noting its dynamic nature and capability of multiple interpretations.<a href="#cite_note-Leaman_2013_24–25-258">[256]</a> Professor Satoru Nakamura of <a href="/wiki/Kobe_University" title="Kobe University">Kobe University</a> has criticized Orientalist scholars who depicted Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab as a slavish imitator of <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Taymiyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Taymiyyah">Ibn Taymiyya</a>, without studying the scholar's vast works and analysing historical nuances. Contemporary academic research in the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_studies" title="Islamic studies">Islamic studies</a> field has found that Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab's scholarly methodology were based on the moderation of "Islamic Middle Way" (<a href="/wiki/Wasatiyyah_(Islamic_term)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wasatiyyah (Islamic term)">Wasitiyya</a>).<a href="#cite_note-260">[258]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="His_photo">His photo</h2></div> Some alleged photos of Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab have spread on the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a>, but no real <a href="/wiki/Image" title="Image">photo</a> of him has been proven, because the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_camera" title="History of the camera">oldest</a> <a href="/wiki/Photograph" title="Photograph">surviving photograph</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Camera" title="Camera">camera</a> dates back to <a href="/wiki/1826" title="1826">1826</a> or <a href="/wiki/1827" title="1827">1827</a>, taken by <a href="/wiki/Louis_Daguerre" title="Louis Daguerre">Louis Daguerre</a>; and that was thirty-five years after his <a href="/wiki/Death" title="Death">death</a>.<a href="#cite_note-261">[259]</a><a href="#cite_note-262">[260]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contemporary_recognition">Contemporary recognition</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks collapsible"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background-color:#CEF2CE;font-size:88%; line-height:200%;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Sunni_Islamic_movements" title="Category:Sunni Islamic movements">a series</a> on: <a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement" title="Salafi movement">Salafi movement</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:View_of_Lejbailat_and_State_Mosque.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/View_of_Lejbailat_and_State_Mosque.jpg/200px-View_of_Lejbailat_and_State_Mosque.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/View_of_Lejbailat_and_State_Mosque.jpg/300px-View_of_Lejbailat_and_State_Mosque.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/View_of_Lejbailat_and_State_Mosque.jpg/400px-View_of_Lejbailat_and_State_Mosque.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1647" data-file-height="1094" /></a><div class="sidebar-caption"><a href="/wiki/Imam_Muhammad_ibn_Abd_al-Wahhab_Mosque" title="Imam Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab Mosque">Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab Mosque</a>, Qatar</div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#CEF2CE;background:#LightGreen;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Salafi_Theology" class="mw-redirect" title="Salafi Theology">Theology and Influences</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahl_al-Hadith" title="Ahl al-Hadith">Ahl al-Hadith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Taymiyya" title="Ibn Taymiyya">Ibn Taymiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Qayyim_al-Jawziyya" title="Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya">Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Kathir" title="Ibn Kathir">Ibn Kathir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Dhahabi" title="Al-Dhahabi">Al-Dhahabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Abd_al-Hadi" title="Ibn Abd al-Hadi">Ibn Abd al-Hadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Muflih" title="Ibn Muflih">Ibn Muflih</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Hayya_Al-Sindhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammad Hayya Al-Sindhi">Muhammad Hayaat Al-Sindhi</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shah_Ismail_Dehlvi" title="Shah Ismail Dehlvi">Ismail Dehlavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Shawkani" title="Al-Shawkani">Al-Shawkani</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#CEF2CE;background:#LightGreen;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement" title="Salafi movement">Founders and key figures</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syed_Nazeer_Husain" title="Syed Nazeer Husain">Syed Nazeer Husain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddiq_Hasan_Khan" title="Siddiq Hasan Khan">Siddiq Hasan Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamal_al-Din_Qasimi" class="mw-redirect" title="Jamal al-Din Qasimi">Jamal al-Din Qasimi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashid_Rida" title="Rashid Rida">Rashid Rida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Ibrahim_Al_ash-Sheikh" title="Muhammad ibn Ibrahim Al ash-Sheikh">Muhammad ibn Ibrahim Al ash-Sheikh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Baz" title="Ibn Baz">Ibn Baz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Uthaymin" title="Al-Uthaymin">Al-Uthaymin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Albani" title="Al-Albani">Al-Albani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saleh_Al-Fawzan" title="Saleh Al-Fawzan">Al-Fawzan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Jibrin" title="Ibn Jibrin">Ibn Jibrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zubair_Ali_Zai" title="Zubair Ali Zai">Zubair Ali Zai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement#Prominent_Salafis" title="Salafi movement">List of Salafi scholars</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#CEF2CE;background:#LightGreen;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Salafi_Islamic_universities_and_colleges" title="Category:Salafi Islamic universities and colleges">Notable universities</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Umm_al-Qura_University" title="Umm al-Qura University">Umm al-Qura University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_University_of_Madinah" title="Islamic University of Madinah">Islamic University of Madinah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imam_Mohammad_Ibn_Saud_Islamic_University" title="Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University">Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamia_Salafia,_Faisalabad" title="Jamia Salafia, Faisalabad">Jamia Salafia, Faisalabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamia_Salafia,_Varanasi" title="Jamia Salafia, Varanasi">Jamia Salafia, Varanasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Islamic_University" title="International Islamic University">International Islamic University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Salafi_Islamic_universities_and_colleges" title="Category:Salafi Islamic universities and colleges">List of Salafi Islamic universities</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#CEF2CE;background:#LightGreen;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement#Trends_within_Salafism" title="Salafi movement">Related ideologies</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahl-i_Hadith" title="Ahl-i Hadith">Ahl-i Hadith movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_fundamentalism" title="Islamic fundamentalism">Islamic fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madkhalism" title="Madkhalism">Madkhalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manhaj" title="Manhaj">Manhaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qutbism" title="Qutbism">Qutbism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahwa_movement" title="Sahwa movement">Sahwa movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sailaifengye" title="Sailaifengye">Sailaifengye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salafi_jihadism" title="Salafi jihadism">Salafi jihadism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufi-Salafi_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Sufi-Salafi relations">Sufi-Salafi relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazimism" title="Hazimism">Hazimism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wahhabism" title="Wahhabism">Wahhabism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_propagation_of_Salafism_and_Wahhabism" class="mw-redirect" title="International propagation of Salafism and Wahhabism">International propagation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_propagation_of_Salafism_and_Wahhabism_by_region" title="International propagation of Salafism and Wahhabism by region">by country/region</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#CEF2CE;background:#LightGreen;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Islamic_political_parties" title="List of Islamic political parties">Associated organizations</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Nour_Party" title="Al-Nour Party">Al-Nour Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authenticity_Party" title="Authenticity Party">Authenticity Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_Party" title="People Party">People Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takfir_wal-Hijra" title="Takfir wal-Hijra">Takfir wal-Hijra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant">Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">al-Qaeda</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/16px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/24px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/32px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/15px-Allah-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/23px-Allah-green.svg.png 1.5x, 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href="/wiki/File:View_of_Lejbailat_and_State_Mosque.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/View_of_Lejbailat_and_State_Mosque.jpg/200px-View_of_Lejbailat_and_State_Mosque.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/View_of_Lejbailat_and_State_Mosque.jpg/300px-View_of_Lejbailat_and_State_Mosque.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/View_of_Lejbailat_and_State_Mosque.jpg/400px-View_of_Lejbailat_and_State_Mosque.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1647" data-file-height="1094" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Imam_Muhammad_ibn_Abd_al-Wahhab_Mosque" title="Imam Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab Mosque">Imam Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab Mosque</a> in <a href="/wiki/Doha" title="Doha">Doha</a>, the national mosque of <a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a></figcaption></figure> Muhammad ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab's thoughts would greatly influence the <a href="/wiki/Pan-Islamism" title="Pan-Islamism">pan-Islamic</a> movement of the 19th century.<a href="#cite_note-263">[261]</a> The <a href="/wiki/National_mosque" class="mw-redirect" title="National mosque">national mosque</a> of <a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a> is named after him.<a href="#cite_note-264">[262]</a> The "<a href="/wiki/Imam_Muhammad_ibn_Abd_al-Wahhab_Mosque" title="Imam Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab Mosque">Imam Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab Mosque</a>" was opened in 2011, with the <a href="/wiki/Emir_of_Qatar" title="Emir of Qatar">Emir of Qatar</a> presiding over the occasion.<a href="#cite_note-265">[263]</a> The mosque has the capacity to host a congregation of 30,000 people.<a href="#cite_note-266">[264]</a> In 2017, there was a request published in the Saudi Arabian newspaper <a href="/wiki/Okaz" title="Okaz">Okaz</a> signed by 200 descendants of Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab that the name of the mosque be changed, because according to their statement "it does not carry its true Salafi path", even though most Qataris adhere to Wahhabism.<a href="#cite_note-267">[265]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Al-Turaif_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Turaif District">Turaif district</a> in <a href="/wiki/Diriyah" title="Diriyah">Diriyah</a>, the capital of the <a href="/wiki/First_Saudi_state" class="mw-redirect" title="First Saudi state">First Saudi state</a>,<a href="#cite_note-268">[266]</a><a href="#cite_note-269">[267]</a> was declared a <a href="/wiki/UNESCO_World_Heritage_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="UNESCO World Heritage Site">UNESCO World Heritage Site</a> in 2010. In 2011, <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a> announced its plans for large-scale development of Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab's domain Diriyah; to establish a national cultural site in Diriyah and turn it into a major tourist attraction.<a href="#cite_note-270">[268]</a><a href="#cite_note-271">[269]</a> Other features in the area include the Sheikh Muhammad bin Abdul Wahab Foundation, which is planned to include a light and sound presentation<a href="#cite_note-272">[270]</a> located near the Mosque of Sheikh Mohammad bin Abdulwahab.<a href="#cite_note-273">[271]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works">Works</h2></div> Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab has been described as a "prolific writer" whose scholarly treatises are collected into fourteen large volumes; which consists of various legal books, <a href="/wiki/Tafsir" title="Tafsir">Qur'anic commentaries</a>, creedal works, and compilation of <a href="/wiki/Fatwa" title="Fatwa">fatwas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-274">[272]</a> Some of his major works include: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li>Risālah Aslu Dīn Al-Islām wa Qā'idatuhu</li> <li>Kitab al-Quran (The book of Allah)</li> <li>Kitab at-Tawhid (The Book of the Oneness of God)</li> <li>Kashf ush-Shubuhaat (Clarification of the Doubts)</li> <li>Ath-Thalaatha-ul-Usool (The Three Fundamental Principles)<a href="#cite_note-Difference_Thalathah_Usool-275">[273]</a></li> <li>Al-Usool-uth-Thalaatha, Concise version of ath-Thalaatha-ul-Usool which aimed for junior students<a href="#cite_note-Difference_Thalathah_Usool-275">[273]</a></li> <li>Al Qawaaid Al 'Arbaa (The Four Foundations)</li> <li>Al-Usool us Sittah (The Six Fundamental Principles)</li> <li>Nawaaqid al Islaam (Nullifiers of Islam)</li> <li>Adab al-Mashy Ila as-Salaa (Manners of Walking to the Prayer)</li> <li>Usul al-Iman (Foundations of Faith)</li> <li>Fada'il al-Islam (Excellent Virtues of Islam)</li> <li>Fada'il al-Qur'an (Excellent Virtues of the Qur'an)</li> <li>Majmu'a al-Hadith 'Ala Abwab al-Fiqh (Compendium of the Hadith on the Main Topics of the Fiqh)</li> <li>Mukhtasar al-Iman (Abridgement of the Faith; i.e. the summarised version of a work on Faith)</li> <li>Mukhtasar al-Insaf wa'l-Sharh al-Kabir (Abridgement of the Equity and the Great Explanation)</li> <li>Mukhtasar Seerat ar-Rasul (Summarised Biography of the Prophet)</li> <li>Kitaabu l-Kabaair (The Book of Great Sins)</li> <li>Kitabu l-Imaan (The Book of Trust)</li> <li>Al-Radd 'ala al-<a href="/wiki/Rafida" title="Rafida">Rafida</a> (The Refutation of the Rejectionists)</li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Taymiyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Taymiyyah">Ibn Taymiyyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wahhabi_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Wahhabi Movement">Wahhabi Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Diriyah" title="Emirate of Diriyah">Emirate of Diriyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_propagation_of_Salafism_and_Wahhabism" class="mw-redirect" title="International propagation of Salafism and Wahhabism">International propagation of Salafism and Wahhabism</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tarikh-An-Najd.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Tarikh-An-Najd.jpg/220px-Tarikh-An-Najd.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Tarikh-An-Najd.jpg/330px-Tarikh-An-Najd.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Tarikh-An-Najd.jpg/440px-Tarikh-An-Najd.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1469" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Unwan al-Majd fi Tarikh al-Najd by chronicler Uthman ibn 'Abdullah Ibn Bishr</figcaption></figure> Two of the earliest sources for the biography of Muhammad ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab and early history of the <a href="/wiki/Wahhabism" title="Wahhabism">Wahhabi</a> movement have been documented by its followers: <ul><li>Wahhabi chronicler and scholar Ibn Ghannam's Rawdhat al-Afkar wal-Afham or Tarikh Najd (History of Najd) and Husain ibn Ghannam (d. 1811), an <a href="/wiki/Ulama" title="Ulama">alim</a> from <a href="/wiki/Al-Ahsa_Oasis" title="Al-Ahsa Oasis">al-Hasa</a> was the only historian to have observed the beginnings of Ibn ʿAbd al-Wahhab's movement first-hand. His chronicle ends at the year 1797.<a href="#cite_note-Vasilʹev_1998:_13-276">[274]</a><a href="#cite_note-277">[275]</a></li> <li>Najdi Historian Ibn Bishr's Unwan al-Majd fi Tarikh Najd (The Glorious History of Najd). Ibn Bishr's chronicle, which stops at the year 1854, was written a generation later than Ibn Ghannam's but is considered valuable partly because Ibn Bishr was a native of <a href="/wiki/Najd" title="Najd">Najd</a> and because he adds many details to Ibn Ghannam's account.<a href="#cite_note-Vasilʹev_1998:_13-276">[274]</a></li></ul> A third account, covering Arabian history between the 1730s to 1817 is Lam' al-Shihab (The Brilliance of the Meteor) written by an anonymous author who respectfully disapproved of Ibn ʿAbd al-Wahhab's movement, regarding it as a <a href="/wiki/Bid%CA%BBah" class="mw-redirect" title="Bidʻah">bid'ah</a> (heresy). It is also commonly cited in <a href="/wiki/Orientalism" title="Orientalism">Orientalist</a> circles because it is considered to be a relatively objective and unofficial treatment of the subject. However, unlike Ibn Ghannam and Ibn Bishr, its author did not live in Najd and his work contains various tales, apocryphal and legendary materials concerning the details of Ibn ʿAbd al-Wahhab's life.<a href="#cite_note-EI2:_677-678-42">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-278">[276]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: ‎مُحَمَّد بْن عَبْد ٱلْوَهَّاب بْن سُلَيْمَان ٱلتَّمِيمِيّ, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: Muḥammad ibn ʿAbd al-Wahhāb <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Arabic" title="Help:IPA/Arabic">[mʊħamːad bɪn ʕabd‿alˈwah(h)aːb]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/9\/9c\/Muhammad_ibn_Abd_al-Wahhab.ogg\/Muhammad_ibn_Abd_al-Wahhab.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/9c/Muhammad_ibn_Abd_al-Wahhab.ogg/Muhammad_ibn_Abd_al-Wahhab.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Muhammad_ibn_Abd_al-Wahhab.ogg" title="File:Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab.ogg">ⓘ</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> The attribution of this <a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">hadith</a> is disputed; according to other sources it should be attributed to <a href="/wiki/Umar" title="Umar">'Umar ibn al-Khattab</a>, <a href="/wiki/Companions_of_the_Prophet" title="Companions of the Prophet">companion</a> of the Islamic prophet Muhammad and second <a href="/wiki/Caliph" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliph">caliph</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Rashidun Caliphate">Rashidun Caliphate</a>. </li> </ol></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Encyclopedia.com_2021-1"><a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopedia.com_2021_1-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/abd-al-wahhab-muhammad-ibn-1703-1792">"?Abd Al-Wahhab, Muhammad Ibn (1703-1792)"</a>. Encyclopedia.com. 29 December 2021. Retrieved 30 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia.com&rft.atitle=%3FAbd+Al-Wahhab%2C+Muhammad+Ibn+%281703-1792%29&rft.date=2021-12-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopedia.com%2Freligion%2Fencyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps%2Fabd-al-wahhab-muhammad-ibn-1703-1792&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+ibn+Abd+al-Wahhab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200715173529/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e916">"Ibn Abd al-Wahhab, Muhammad - Oxford Islamic Studies Online"</a>. www.oxfordislamicstudies.com. New York: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. 2020. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e916">the original</a> on 15 July 2020. Retrieved 15 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.oxfordislamicstudies.com&rft.atitle=Ibn+Abd+al-Wahhab%2C+Muhammad+-+Oxford+Islamic+Studies+Online&rft.date=2020&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordislamicstudies.com%2Farticle%2Fopr%2Ft125%2Fe916&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+ibn+Abd+al-Wahhab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlasse2001" class="citation book cs1">Glasse, Cyril (2001). The New Encyclopedia of Islam. <a href="/wiki/Lanham,_Maryland" title="Lanham, Maryland">Lanham, Maryland</a>: <a href="/wiki/AltaMira_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="AltaMira Press">AltaMira Press</a>. pp. 469–70. <q>The Wahhabis are often said to 'belong' to the Hanbali School of Law (madhhab), but strictly speaking, like the Ahl al-Hadith ... they are ghayr muqallidun ('non-adherents'), and do not see themselves as belonging to any school, any more than the first Muslim generations did.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Encyclopedia+of+Islam&rft.place=Lanham%2C+Maryland&rft.pages=469-70&rft.pub=AltaMira+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Glasse&rft.aufirst=Cyril&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+ibn+Abd+al-Wahhab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalverson201048-4"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalverson201048_4-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHalverson2010">Halverson 2010</a>, p. 48. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown2009245–47-5"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown2009245–47_5-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrown2009">Brown 2009</a>, pp. 245–47. </li> <li id="cite_note-Britannica.com_2021-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica.com_2021_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica.com_2021_6-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Muhammad-ibn-Abd-al-Wahhab">"Muḥammad ibn ʿAbd al-Wahhāb Muslim theologian"</a>. Britannica.com. 29 December 2021. Retrieved 30 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Britannica.com&rft.atitle=Mu%E1%B8%A5ammad+ibn+%CA%BFAbd+al-Wahh%C4%81b+Muslim+theologian&rft.date=2021-12-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FMuhammad-ibn-Abd-al-Wahhab&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+ibn+Abd+al-Wahhab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown2009245-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown2009245_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown2009245_7-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown2009245_7-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown2009245_7-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown2009245_7-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown2009245_7-5">f</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrown2009">Brown 2009</a>, p. 245. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagemakers2021341-8"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagemakers2021341_8-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWagemakers2021">Wagemakers 2021</a>, p. 341. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaykel2013231–32-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaykel2013231–32_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaykel2013231–32_9-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaykel2013231–32_9-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaykel2013231–32_9-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaykel2013231–32_9-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaykel2013231–32_9-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaykel2013231–32_9-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaykel2013231–32_9-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaykel2013231–32_9-8">i</a> <a href="#CITEREFHaykel2013">Haykel 2013</a>, pp. 231–32. </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBradford2022" class="citation book cs1">Bradford, Joe (2022). "IbnʿAbd al-Wahhāb, Muḥammad". In L. Esposito, John (ed.). Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World: Digital Collection. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facref%2F9780197669419.001.0001">10.1093/acref/9780197669419.001.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-766941-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-766941-9"><bdi>978-0-19-766941-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ibn%CA%BFAbd+al-Wahh%C4%81b%2C+Mu%E1%B8%A5ammad&rft.btitle=Oxford+Encyclopedia+of+the+Islamic+World%3A+Digital+Collection&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780197669419.001.0001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-766941-9&rft.aulast=Bradford&rft.aufirst=Joe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+ibn+Abd+al-Wahhab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sunnah.com/bukhari:4366">"Sahih al-Bukhari 4366 - Military Expeditions led by the Prophet (pbuh) (Al-Maghaazi) - كتاب المغازى - Sunnah.com - Sayings and Teachings of Prophet Muhammad (صلى الله عليه و سلم)"</a>. sunnah.com. Retrieved 22 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sunnah.com&rft.atitle=Sahih+al-Bukhari+4366+-+Military+Expeditions+led+by+the+Prophet+%28pbuh%29+%28Al-Maghaazi%29+-+%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%89+-+Sunnah.com+-+Sayings+and+Teachings+of+Prophet+Muhammad+%28%D8%B5%D9%84%D9%89+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87+%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%87+%D9%88+%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%85%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsunnah.com%2Fbukhari%3A4366&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+ibn+Abd+al-Wahhab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMouline2014" class="citation book cs1">Mouline, Nabil (2014). The Clerics of Islam: Religious Authority and Political Power in Saudi Arabia. London: Yale University Press. p. 62. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-17890-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-17890-6"><bdi>978-0-300-17890-6</bdi></a>. <q>He was not a great intellectual like Ibn Qudama, Ibn Taymiyya, or Ibn al-Qayyim but rather an activist.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Clerics+of+Islam%3A+Religious+Authority+and+Political+Power+in+Saudi+Arabia&rft.place=London&rft.pages=62&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-300-17890-6&rft.aulast=Mouline&rft.aufirst=Nabil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+ibn+Abd+al-Wahhab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFN._Stearns2008" class="citation book cs1">N. Stearns, Peter (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780195176322.001.0001/acref-9780195176322-e-1677?rskey=RtFC0x&result=2">"Wahhabism"</a>. The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern World. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facref%2F9780195176322.001.0001">10.1093/acref/9780195176322.001.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-517632-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-517632-2"><bdi>978-0-19-517632-2</bdi></a>. <q>Muhammad ibn ῾Abd al-Wahhab (1703–1792), was a scholar and Hanbali jurist who called for a return to the fundamental sources of Islamic revelation, the Qur᾽an and sunna (example of Muhammad) for direct interpretation, resulting in decreased attention to and reliance upon medieval interpretations of these sources</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Wahhabism&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Encyclopedia+of+the+Modern+World&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780195176322.001.0001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-517632-2&rft.aulast=N.+Stearns&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordreference.com%2Fdisplay%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780195176322.001.0001%2Facref-9780195176322-e-1677%3Frskey%3DRtFC0x%26result%3D2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+ibn+Abd+al-Wahhab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160712051853/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e916">"Ibn Abd al-Wahhab, Muhammad (d. 1791 )"</a>. Oxford Islamic Studies Online. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e916">the original</a> on 12 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oxford+Islamic+Studies+Online&rft.atitle=Ibn+Abd+al-Wahhab%2C+Muhammad+%28d.+1791+%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordislamicstudies.com%2Farticle%2Fopr%2Ft125%2Fe916&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+ibn+Abd+al-Wahhab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> Sources: <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFL._Esposito2003" class="citation book cs1">L. Esposito, John (2003). The Oxford Dictionary of Islam. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 123. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-512558-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-512558-4"><bdi>0-19-512558-4</bdi></a>. <q>lbn Abd al-Wahhab, Muhammad (d.1791) Saudi fuabian conservative theologian, Hanbali jurist, reformer, and ideologue of the Wahhabi movement. Prodaimed the necessity of returning directly to the Quran and hadith, rather than relying on medieval interpretations.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Dictionary+of+Islam&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=123&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-19-512558-4&rft.aulast=L.+Esposito&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+ibn+Abd+al-Wahhab" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichard_Netton2008" class="citation book cs1">Richard Netton, Ian (2008). "IBN 'ABD AL-WAHHAB, MUHAMMAD (1703–92)". Encyclopedia of Islamic Civilisation and Religion. New York: Routledge. p. 246. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7007-1588-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7007-1588-6"><bdi>978-0-7007-1588-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=IBN+%27ABD+AL-WAHHAB%2C+MUHAMMAD+%281703%E2%80%9392%29&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Islamic+Civilisation+and+Religion&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=246&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7007-1588-6&rft.aulast=Richard+Netton&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+ibn+Abd+al-Wahhab" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchacht,_JLewis,_BPellat,_CMénage,_V.L.1986" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Schacht, J; Lewis, B; Pellat, C; Ménage, V.L., eds. (1986). "The Encyclopaedia of Islam". The Encyclopaedia of Islam: New Edition. Vol. III. Leiden, The Netherlands: E.J. Brill. pp. 677–679. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-08118-6" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-08118-6"><bdi>90-04-08118-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Encyclopaedia+of+Islam&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopaedia+of+Islam%3A+New+Edition&rft.place=Leiden%2C+The+Netherlands&rft.pages=677-679&rft.pub=E.J.+Brill&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=90-04-08118-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+ibn+Abd+al-Wahhab" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFE._Campo2009" class="citation book cs1">E. Campo, Juan (2009). Encyclopedia of Islam. New York: Facts on File Inc. pp. 324–325. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-5454-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-5454-1"><bdi>978-0-8160-5454-1</bdi></a>. <q>Ibn Abd al-Wahhab, Muhammad (1703–1791) conservative religious reformer who launched the Wahhabi movement.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Islam&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=324-325&rft.pub=Facts+on+File+Inc.&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-8160-5454-1&rft.aulast=E.+Campo&rft.aufirst=Juan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+ibn+Abd+al-Wahhab" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> Sources: <ul><li><a href="#CITEREFHaykel2013">Haykel 2013</a>, pp. 231–32</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFCommins2015">Commins 2015</a>, p. 151</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFSilverstein2010">Silverstein 2010</a>, pp. 112–13</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFBokhariSenzai2013">Bokhari & Senzai 2013</a>, pp. 82–3</li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceB-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_18-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_18-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_18-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_18-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_18-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_18-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_18-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_18-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_18-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_18-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_18-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_18-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_18-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_18-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_18-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_18-16">q</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_18-17">r</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_18-18">s</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_18-19">t</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaoust2012" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Laoust, H. (2012) [1993]. "Ibn ʿAbd al-Wahhāb". In <a href="/wiki/Peri_Bearman" title="Peri Bearman">Bearman, P. J.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Thierry_Bianquis" title="Thierry Bianquis">Bianquis, Th.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Clifford_Edmund_Bosworth" title="Clifford Edmund Bosworth">Bosworth, C. E.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Emeri_Johannes_van_Donzel" class="mw-redirect" title="Emeri Johannes van Donzel">van Donzel, E. J.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Wolfhart_Heinrichs" title="Wolfhart Heinrichs">Heinrichs, W. P.</a> (eds.). <a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_of_Islam#2nd_edition,_EI2" title="Encyclopaedia of Islam">Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition</a>. Vol. 11. <a href="/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden">Leiden</a>: <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F1573-3912_islam_SIM_3033">10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_3033</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-16121-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-16121-4"><bdi>978-90-04-16121-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ibn+%CA%BFAbd+al-Wahh%C4%81b&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Islam%2C+Second+Edition&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F1573-3912_islam_SIM_3033&rft.isbn=978-90-04-16121-4&rft.aulast=Laoust&rft.aufirst=H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+ibn+Abd+al-Wahhab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJ._Delong-Bas2004" class="citation book cs1">J. Delong-Bas, Natana (2004). Wahhabi Islam:From Revival and Reform to Global Jihad. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 29, 30, 117, 28, 37. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-516991-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-516991-3"><bdi>0-19-516991-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wahhabi+Islam%3AFrom+Revival+and+Reform+to+Global+Jihad&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=29%2C+30%2C+117%2C+28%2C+37&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-19-516991-3&rft.aulast=J.+Delong-Bas&rft.aufirst=Natana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+ibn+Abd+al-Wahhab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160712051853/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e916">"Ibn Abd al-Wahhab, Muhammad (d. 1791 )"</a>. Oxford Islamic Studies. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e916">the original</a> on 12 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oxford+Islamic+Studies&rft.atitle=Ibn+Abd+al-Wahhab%2C+Muhammad+%28d.+1791+%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordislamicstudies.com%2Farticle%2Fopr%2Ft125%2Fe916&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+ibn+Abd+al-Wahhab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJ._Delong-Bas2004" class="citation book cs1">J. Delong-Bas, Natana (2004). Wahhabi Islam: From Revival and Reform to Global Jihad. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 14, 21, 29. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-516991-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-516991-3"><bdi>0-19-516991-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wahhabi+Islam%3A+From+Revival+and+Reform+to+Global+Jihad&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=14%2C+21%2C+29&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-19-516991-3&rft.aulast=J.+Delong-Bas&rft.aufirst=Natana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+ibn+Abd+al-Wahhab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEsposito2004123-22">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEsposito2004123_22-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEsposito2004123_22-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEsposito2004123_22-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEsposito2004123_22-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFEsposito2004">Esposito 2004</a>, p. 123. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEÁgostonMasters2009260-23">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEÁgostonMasters2009260_23-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEÁgostonMasters2009260_23-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEÁgostonMasters2009260_23-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEÁgostonMasters2009260_23-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEÁgostonMasters2009260_23-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFÁgostonMasters2009">Ágoston & Masters 2009</a>, p. 260. </li> <li id="cite_note-Crooke_2014-24">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Crooke_2014_24-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Crooke_2014_24-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrooke2017" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alastair_Crooke" title="Alastair Crooke">Crooke, Alastair</a> (30 March 2017) [First published 27 August 2014]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.huffingtonpost.com/alastair-crooke/isis-wahhabism-saudi-arabia_b_5717157.html">"You Can't Understand ISIS If You Don't Know the History of Wahhabism in Saudi Arabia"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Huffington_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="The Huffington Post">The Huffington Post</a>. New York. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140828141900/https://www.huffingtonpost.com/alastair-crooke/isis-wahhabism-saudi-arabia_b_5717157.html">Archived</a> from the original on 28 August 2014. Retrieved 10 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Huffington+Post&rft.atitle=You+Can%27t+Understand+ISIS+If+You+Don%27t+Know+the+History+of+Wahhabism+in+Saudi+Arabia&rft.date=2017-03-30&rft.aulast=Crooke&rft.aufirst=Alastair&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.com%2Falastair-crooke%2Fisis-wahhabism-saudi-arabia_b_5717157.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+ibn+Abd+al-Wahhab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhatab201156–76-25">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhatab201156–76_25-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhatab201156–76_25-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhatab201156–76_25-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFKhatab2011">Khatab 2011</a>, pp. 56–76. </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFN._Stearns2008" class="citation book cs1">N. Stearns, Peter (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780195176322.001.0001/acref-9780195176322-e-1677?rskey=RtFC0x&result=2">"Wahhabism"</a>. The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern World. 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Oxford Islamic Studies Online. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e916">the original</a> on 12 July 2016. <q>Plans for socioreligious reform in society were based on the key doctrine of tawhid (oneness of God)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oxford+Islamic+Studies+Online&rft.atitle=Ibn+Abd+al-Wahhab%2C+Muhammad+%28d.+1791+%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordislamicstudies.com%2Farticle%2Fopr%2Ft125%2Fe916&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+ibn+Abd+al-Wahhab" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJ._Delong-Bass2004" class="citation book cs1">J. Delong-Bass, Natana (2004). Wahhabi Islam: From Revival and Reform to Global Jihad. 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"An Early Refutation of Muḥammad ibn ʿAbd al-Wahhāb's Reformist Views". <a href="/wiki/Die_Welt_des_Islams" title="Die Welt des Islams">Die Welt des Islams</a>. 42 (3: Arabic Literature and Islamic Scholarship in the 17th/18th Century: Topics and Biographies). <a href="/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden">Leiden</a>: <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>: 373–415. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F15700600260435038">10.1163/15700600260435038</a>. <a href="/wiki/EISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="EISSN (identifier)">eISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1570-0607">1570-0607</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0043-2539">0043-2539</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1571420">1571420</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Die+Welt+des+Islams&rft.atitle=An+Early+Refutation+of+Mu%E1%B8%A5ammad+ibn+%CA%BFAbd+al-Wahh%C4%81b%27s+Reformist+Views&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=3%3A+%27%27Arabic+Literature+and+Islamic+Scholarship+in+the+17th%2F18th+Century%3A+Topics+and+Biographies%27%27&rft.pages=373-415&rft.date=2002-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1571420%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0043-2539&rft.eissn=1570-0607&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F15700600260435038&rft.aulast=Traboulsi&rft.aufirst=Samer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+ibn+Abd+al-Wahhab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <a href="#Hou92">Hourani 1992</a>: 257–58. </li> <li id="cite_note-meforum.org-31">^ <a href="#cite_ref-meforum.org_31-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-meforum.org_31-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-meforum.org_31-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-meforum.org_31-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNawaf_E._Obaid1999" class="citation journal cs1">Nawaf E. Obaid (September 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.meforum.org/482/the-power-of-saudi-arabias-islamic-leaders">"The Power of Saudi Arabia's Islamic Leaders"</a>. Middle East Quarterly. 6 (3). Middle East Forum: 51–58. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110806023223/http://www.meforum.org/482/the-power-of-saudi-arabias-islamic-leaders">Archived</a> from the original on 6 August 2011. Retrieved 8 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Middle+East+Quarterly&rft.atitle=The+Power+of+Saudi+Arabia%27s+Islamic+Leaders&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=51-58&rft.date=1999-09&rft.au=Nawaf+E.+Obaid&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.meforum.org%2F482%2Fthe-power-of-saudi-arabias-islamic-leaders&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+ibn+Abd+al-Wahhab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBokhariSenzai201382–3-32"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBokhariSenzai201382–3_32-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBokhariSenzai2013">Bokhari & Senzai 2013</a>, pp. 82–3. </li> <li id="cite_note-Abir_1987:_4,_5,_7-33">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Abir_1987:_4,_5,_7_33-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Abir_1987:_4,_5,_7_33-1">b</a> <a href="#Abi87">Abir 1987</a>: 4, 5, 7. </li> <li id="cite_note-Met92-34">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Met92_34-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Met92_34-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Met92_34-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Met92_34-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Met92_34-4">e</a> <a href="#Met92">Metz 1992</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Philby_1930:_8-35">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Philby_1930:_8_35-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Philby_1930:_8_35-1">b</a> <a href="#Phi30">Philby 1930</a>: 8. </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <a href="#Gla03">Glassé 2003</a>: 470. </li> <li id="cite_note-Saudi46-37">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Saudi46_37-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Saudi46_37-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Saudi46_37-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Saudi46_37-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShahi2013" class="citation book cs1">Shahi, Afshin (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=D9pJAgAAQBAJ&q=ibn+%27Abd+al-Wahhab+born+najd&pg=PA46">The Politics of Truth Management in Saudi Arabia</a>. Routledge. p. 46. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-65319-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-65319-5"><bdi>978-1-134-65319-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Politics+of+Truth+Management+in+Saudi+Arabia&rft.pages=46&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-134-65319-5&rft.aulast=Shahi&rft.aufirst=Afshin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DD9pJAgAAQBAJ%26q%3Dibn%2B%2527Abd%2Bal-Wahhab%2Bborn%2Bnajd%26pg%3DPA46&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+ibn+Abd+al-Wahhab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <a href="#EI1Hou">EI1</a>: 1086. </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a509109.pdf">Navalk Post Graduate School Thesis, September 2009, Michael R. Dillon: Wahhabism: Is it a factor in the spread of global terrorism?, p. 13</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140407090159/http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a509109.pdf">Archived</a> 7 April 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Linked 3 March 2015. </li> <li id="cite_note-Gha-40">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gha_40-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gha_40-1">b</a> <a href="#Gha">ibn Ghannam</a>: 75–76. </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <a href="#Hop72">Hopwood 1972</a>: 55. </li> <li id="cite_note-EI2:_677-678-42">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EI2:_677-678_42-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EI2:_677-678_42-1">b</a> <a href="#EI2Lao">EI2</a>: 677–78. </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> Al-Ashʿarī, al-Ibāna ʿan uṣūl al-diyāna, ed. Fawqiyya Ḥusayn Maḥmūd (Cairo: Dār al-Anṣār, 1397/1977), 31, 33: "It is possible for God to single out the righteous (ṣāliḥīn) by making signs (āyāt) appear at their hands". </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> Al-Ṭaḥāwī, Matn al-ʿaqīda al-ṭaḥāwiyya, ed. Muḥammad Nāṣir al-Dīn al-Albānī (Beirut: al-Maktab al-Islāmī, 1398/1978), 59: "[W]e believe in what has come via sound transmission through trustworthy narrators (ṣaḥḥa ʿan al-thiqāt min ruwātihim) from among their [the saints'] miracles". </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> Ibn Qudamah, cited in Ahmet T. Karamustafa, Sufism: The Formative Period (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2007, p. 132). </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRadtkeLoryZarconeDeWeese2012" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Radtke, B.; Lory, P.; Zarcone, Th.; DeWeese, D.; Gaborieau, M.; Denny, F. M.; Aubin, Françoise; Hunwick, J. O.; Mchugh, N. (2012) [1993]. "Walī". In <a href="/wiki/Peri_Bearman" title="Peri Bearman">Bearman, P. J.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Thierry_Bianquis" title="Thierry Bianquis">Bianquis, Th.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Clifford_Edmund_Bosworth" title="Clifford Edmund Bosworth">Bosworth, C. E.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Emeri_Johannes_van_Donzel" class="mw-redirect" title="Emeri Johannes van Donzel">van Donzel, E. J.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Wolfhart_Heinrichs" title="Wolfhart Heinrichs">Heinrichs, W. P.</a> (eds.). <a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_of_Islam#2nd_edition,_EI2" title="Encyclopaedia of Islam">Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition</a>. Vol. 11. <a href="/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden">Leiden</a>: <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F1573-3912_islam_COM_1335">10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_1335</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-16121-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-16121-4"><bdi>978-90-04-16121-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Wal%C4%AB&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Islam%2C+Second+Edition&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F1573-3912_islam_COM_1335&rft.isbn=978-90-04-16121-4&rft.aulast=Radtke&rft.aufirst=B.&rft.au=Lory%2C+P.&rft.au=Zarcone%2C+Th.&rft.au=DeWeese%2C+D.&rft.au=Gaborieau%2C+M.&rft.au=Denny%2C+F.+M.&rft.au=Aubin%2C+Fran%C3%A7oise&rft.au=Hunwick%2C+J.+O.&rft.au=Mchugh%2C+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+ibn+Abd+al-Wahhab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Samin_1–26-47">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Samin_1–26_47-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Samin_1–26_47-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Samin_1–26_47-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSamin2022" class="citation journal cs1">Samin, Nadav (18 February 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brill.com/view/journals/jesh/65/1-2/article-p1_1.xml">"Poetry, Magic, and the Formation of Wahhabism"</a>. Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient. 65 (1–2): 1–26. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F15685209-12341561">10.1163/15685209-12341561</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:247162037">247162037</a> – via Brill.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Economic+and+Social+History+of+the+Orient&rft.atitle=Poetry%2C+Magic%2C+and+the+Formation+of+Wahhabism&rft.volume=65&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=1-26&rft.date=2022-02-18&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F15685209-12341561&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A247162037%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Samin&rft.aufirst=Nadav&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrill.com%2Fview%2Fjournals%2Fjesh%2F65%2F1-2%2Farticle-p1_1.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+ibn+Abd+al-Wahhab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> Ajhar A. Hakim: "In Islamic history, Ibn Taymiyya holds an exceptionally high position as an intellect in regard to his theories" The Forgotten Rational Thinking in the Ḥanbalite Thought With Special Reference to Ibn Taymiyya Khalifa University of Science, Technology and Research, Sharjah, U.A.E p.152 </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> Rebecca Skreslet Hernandez, The Legal Thought of Jalāl Al-Din Al-Suyūṭī: Authority and Legacy, p.133 </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> Muhammad (blessings and peace of Allah be upon him) said "Every innovation is going astray, and every going astray will be in the Fire." Narrated by Muslim (867) an-Nasaa'i (1578) </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jalal_Abualrub&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jalal Abualrub (page does not exist)">Jalal Abualrub</a>: "Ibn Taymiyya only followed Prophetic statements and statements of the Prophet's companions and Muslim imams that prohibit innovating in the religion." (September 2013). Biography and Mission of Muhammad Ibn AbdulWahhab p.31 </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> Ibn Mas'ood said: "Follow (the Sunnah) and do not innovate, because you have been sufficed." Ad-Darimi and he also said: "Practicing a little of the Sunnah is far better than practicing many innovations." Al-Hakim </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> Taqi al-Din al-Hisni referred to Ibn Taymiyyah as a "heretic from Harran"; see Rapoport, Yossef; Ahmed, Shahab (1 January 2010). Ibn Taymiyya and His Times. Oxford University Press. p. 271. </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> John L. Esposito (ed.), The Oxford Dictionary of Islam, Oxford University Press (2004), p. 296. </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nE1DAQAAIAAJ">Islamic Law and Society</a>. E.J. Brill. 2006. p. 216.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islamic+Law+and+Society&rft.pages=216&rft.pub=E.J.+Brill&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnE1DAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+ibn+Abd+al-Wahhab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Voll-56">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Voll_56-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Voll_56-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Voll_56-2">c</a> <a href="#Vol75">Voll 1975</a>: 32–39 "Scholars have described Muhammad Hayya as having an important influence on Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab, encouraging him in his developing determination to denounce rigid imitation of medieval commentaries and to utilize informed individual analysis (ijtihad). Muhammad Hayya also taught Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab a rejection of popular religious practices associated with 'saints' and their tombs that is similar to later Wahhdbi teachings". </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <a href="#Haj">ibn 'Hajar</a>: 17–19. </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> Official sources on Ibn ʿAbd al-Wahhab's life put his visits to these cities in different chronological orders, and the full extent of such travels remains disputed among historians. As well, dates are missing in a great many cases, making it difficult to reconstruct a chronology of his life up until his return to 'Uyayna in 1740. </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFM._Naf'i2006" class="citation journal cs1">M. Naf'i, Basheer (2006). "A Teacher of Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhāb: Muḥammad Ḥayāt al-Sindī and the Revival of Asḥāb al-Ḥadīth's Methodology". Islamic Law and Society. 13 (2). Brill Publishers: 208, 240. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F156851906776917552">10.1163/156851906776917552</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40377907">40377907</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Islamic+Law+and+Society&rft.atitle=A+Teacher+of+Ibn+%27Abd+al-Wahh%C4%81b%3A+Mu%E1%B8%A5ammad+%E1%B8%A4ay%C4%81t+al-Sind%C4%AB+and+the+Revival+of+As%E1%B8%A5%C4%81b+al-%E1%B8%A4ad%C4%ABth%27s+Methodology&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=208%2C+240&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F156851906776917552&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40377907%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=M.+Naf%27i&rft.aufirst=Basheer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+ibn+Abd+al-Wahhab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCameron2017" class="citation journal cs1">Cameron, Zargar (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://escholarship.org/uc/item/6rp796h4">"Origins of Wahhabism from Hanbali Fiqh"</a>. UCLA Journal of Islamic and Near Eastern Law. 16 (1). University of California: 96–97. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5070%2FN4161038736">10.5070/N4161038736</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=UCLA+Journal+of+Islamic+and+Near+Eastern+Law&rft.atitle=Origins+of+Wahhabism+from+Hanbali+Fiqh&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=96-97&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5070%2FN4161038736&rft.aulast=Cameron&rft.aufirst=Zargar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fescholarship.org%2Fuc%2Fitem%2F6rp796h4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+ibn+Abd+al-Wahhab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFM._Naf'i2006" class="citation journal cs1">M. Naf'i, Basheer (2006). "A Teacher of Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhāb: Muḥammad Ḥayāt al-Sindī and the Revival of Asḥāb al-Ḥadīth's Methodology". Islamic Law and Society. 13 (2). Brill Publishers: 217. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40377907">40377907</a>. <q>Certain themes that Hayat al-Sindl discussed in his writings, such as his opposition to erecting tombs and drawing human images, would soon resurface in the teachings of Muhammad b. 'Abd al-Wahhab.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Islamic+Law+and+Society&rft.atitle=A+Teacher+of+Ibn+%27Abd+al-Wahh%C4%81b%3A+Mu%E1%B8%A5ammad+%E1%B8%A4ay%C4%81t+al-Sind%C4%AB+and+the+Revival+of+As%E1%B8%A5%C4%81b+al-%E1%B8%A4ad%C4%ABth%27s+Methodology&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=217&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40377907%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=M.+Naf%27i&rft.aufirst=Basheer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+ibn+Abd+al-Wahhab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCameron2017" class="citation journal cs1">Cameron, Zargar (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://escholarship.org/uc/item/6rp796h4">"Origins of Wahhabism from Hanbali Fiqh"</a>. UCLA Journal of Islamic and Near Eastern Law. 16 (1). University of California: 97.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=UCLA+Journal+of+Islamic+and+Near+Eastern+Law&rft.atitle=Origins+of+Wahhabism+from+Hanbali+Fiqh&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=97&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Cameron&rft.aufirst=Zargar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fescholarship.org%2Fuc%2Fitem%2F6rp796h4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+ibn+Abd+al-Wahhab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCameron2017" class="citation journal cs1">Cameron, Zargar (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://escholarship.org/uc/item/6rp796h4">"Origins of Wahhabism from Hanbali Fiqh"</a>. UCLA Journal of Islamic and Near Eastern Law. 16 (1). University of California: 96.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=UCLA+Journal+of+Islamic+and+Near+Eastern+Law&rft.atitle=Origins+of+Wahhabism+from+Hanbali+Fiqh&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=96&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Cameron&rft.aufirst=Zargar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fescholarship.org%2Fuc%2Fitem%2F6rp796h4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+ibn+Abd+al-Wahhab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <a href="#Bis">ibn Bishr</a>: 7–8. </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJ._Delong-Bas2004" class="citation book cs1">J. Delong-Bas, Natana (2004). Wahhabi Islam:From Revival and Reform to Global Jihad. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-516991-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-516991-3"><bdi>0-19-516991-3</bdi></a>. <q>Ibn Abd al-Wahhab set out for Basra (located in modern Iraq), where he pursued additional studies in hadith and fiqh with an important scholar and madrasa (Islamic school) teacher, Muhammad al-Majmu'i... It is believed that Ibn Abd al-Wahhab came into contact with Shiis during this stay in Basra,... he specifically targeted only one particular extremist sect, the Rafidah, in only one treatise.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wahhabi+Islam%3AFrom+Revival+and+Reform+to+Global+Jihad&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=22&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-19-516991-3&rft.aulast=J.+Delong-Bas&rft.aufirst=Natana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+ibn+Abd+al-Wahhab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBradford2022" class="citation book cs1">Bradford, Joe (2022). "IbnʿAbd al-Wahhāb, Muḥammad". In L. Esposito, John (ed.). Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World: Digital Collection. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facref%2F9780197669419.001.0001">10.1093/acref/9780197669419.001.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-766941-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-766941-9"><bdi>978-0-19-766941-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ibn%CA%BFAbd+al-Wahh%C4%81b%2C+Mu%E1%B8%A5ammad&rft.btitle=Oxford+Encyclopedia+of+the+Islamic+World%3A+Digital+Collection&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780197669419.001.0001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-766941-9&rft.aulast=Bradford&rft.aufirst=Joe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+ibn+Abd+al-Wahhab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Haj_338-67">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Haj_338_67-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Haj_338_67-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaj1997" class="citation journal cs1">Haj, Samira (April 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1478-1913.2002.tb03747.x">"Reordering Islamic Orthodoxy: Muhammad ibn 'Abdul Wahhab"</a>. The Muslim World. 92 (3–4): 338. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1478-1913.2002.tb03747.x">10.1111/j.1478-1913.2002.tb03747.x</a> – via Wiley Online Library.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Muslim+World&rft.atitle=Reordering+Islamic+Orthodoxy%3A+Muhammad+ibn+%27Abdul+Wahhab&rft.volume=92&rft.issue=3%E2%80%934&rft.pages=338&rft.date=1997-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1478-1913.2002.tb03747.x&rft.aulast=Haj&rft.aufirst=Samira&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1111%2Fj.1478-1913.2002.tb03747.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+ibn+Abd+al-Wahhab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchacht,_JLewis,_BPellat,_CMénage,_V.L.1986" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Schacht, J; Lewis, B; Pellat, C; Ménage, V.L., eds. (1986). "The Encyclopaedia of Islam". The Encyclopaedia of Islam: New Edition. Vol. III. Leiden, Netherlands: E. J. Brill. p. 678. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-08118-6" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-08118-6"><bdi>90-04-08118-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Encyclopaedia+of+Islam&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopaedia+of+Islam%3A+New+Edition&rft.place=Leiden%2C+Netherlands&rft.pages=678&rft.pub=E.+J.+Brill&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=90-04-08118-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+ibn+Abd+al-Wahhab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJ._Delong-Bas2004" class="citation book cs1">J. Delong-Bas, Natana (2004). 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Arabica. 69 (1–2). Brill: 216. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F15700585-12341630">10.1163/15700585-12341630</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:251145936">251145936</a> – via Brill.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Arabica&rft.atitle=Reconceptualizing+the+Global+Transformation+of+Islam+in+the+Colonial+Period%3A+Early+Islamic+Reform+in+British-Ruled+India+and+Egypt&rft.volume=69&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=216&rft.date=2022-06-29&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F15700585-12341630&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A251145936%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Nakissa&rft.aufirst=Aria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrill.com%2Fview%2Fjournals%2Farab%2F69%2F1-2%2Farticle-p146_9.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+ibn+Abd+al-Wahhab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFM._Bunzel2018" class="citation book cs1">M. Bunzel, Cole (2018). Manifest Enmity: The Origins, Development, and Persistence of Classical Wahhabism (1153-1351/1741-1932). Princeton, New Jersey, USA: Princeton University. p. 177.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manifest+Enmity%3A+The+Origins%2C+Development%2C+and+Persistence+of+Classical+Wahhabism+%281153-1351%2F1741-1932%29&rft.place=Princeton%2C+New+Jersey%2C+USA&rft.pages=177&rft.pub=Princeton+University&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=M.+Bunzel&rft.aufirst=Cole&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+ibn+Abd+al-Wahhab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeskes1999" class="citation book cs1">Peskes, Esther (1999). "The Wahhabiyya and Sufism in the Eighteenth Century". In De Jong, Frederick; Radtke, Bernd (eds.). Islamic Mysticism Contested: Thirteen Centuries of Controversied and Polemics. The Netherlands: Brill. p. 147. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-11300-2" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-11300-2"><bdi>90-04-11300-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Wahhabiyya+and+Sufism+in+the+Eighteenth+Century&rft.btitle=Islamic+Mysticism+Contested%3A+Thirteen+Centuries+of+Controversied+and+Polemics&rft.place=The+Netherlands&rft.pages=147&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=90-04-11300-2&rft.aulast=Peskes&rft.aufirst=Esther&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+ibn+Abd+al-Wahhab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMouline2014" class="citation book cs1">Mouline, Nabil (2014). The Clerics of Islam: Religious Authority and Political Power in Saudi Arabia. London: Yale University Press. p. 57. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-17890-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-17890-6"><bdi>978-0-300-17890-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Clerics+of+Islam%3A+Religious+Authority+and+Political+Power+in+Saudi+Arabia&rft.place=London&rft.pages=57&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-300-17890-6&rft.aulast=Mouline&rft.aufirst=Nabil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+ibn+Abd+al-Wahhab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lacey_1983:_56-74"><a href="#cite_ref-Lacey_1983:_56_74-0">^</a> <a href="#Lac83">Lacey 1983</a>: 56. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDelong-Bas200424-75">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDelong-Bas200424_75-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDelong-Bas200424_75-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDelong-Bas2004">Delong-Bas 2004</a>, p. 24. </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <a href="#Haj">ibn 'Hajar</a>: 28. </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrawford2014" class="citation book cs1">Crawford, Michael (2014). "3: Guide of the Community". Makers of the Muslim World: Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab. London: One World Publications. p. 43. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78074-589-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78074-589-3"><bdi>978-1-78074-589-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=3%3A+Guide+of+the+Community&rft.btitle=Makers+of+the+Muslim+World%3A+Ibn+%27Abd+al-Wahhab&rft.place=London&rft.pages=43&rft.pub=One+World+Publications&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-78074-589-3&rft.aulast=Crawford&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+ibn+Abd+al-Wahhab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDelong-Bas200434-78">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDelong-Bas200434_78-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDelong-Bas200434_78-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDelong-Bas2004">Delong-Bas 2004</a>, p. 34. </li> <li id="cite_note-Al-Rasheed_2010_16-79">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Al-Rasheed_2010_16_79-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Al-Rasheed_2010_16_79-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAl-Rasheed2010" class="citation book cs1">Al-Rasheed, Madawi (2010). "1: Society and politics, 1744-1818 and 1824–1891". A History of Saudi Arabia: Second Edition. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. p. 16. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-76128-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-76128-4"><bdi>978-0-521-76128-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=1%3A+Society+and+politics%2C+1744-1818+and+1824%E2%80%931891&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Saudi+Arabia%3A+Second+Edition&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK&rft.pages=16&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-521-76128-4&rft.aulast=Al-Rasheed&rft.aufirst=Madawi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+ibn+Abd+al-Wahhab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <a href="#Kin08">Ibnsaud.info 2008</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrawford2014" class="citation book cs1">Crawford, Michael (2014). "3: Guide of the community". Makers of the Muslim World: Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab. London: One World Publications. pp. 43–44. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78074-589-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78074-589-3"><bdi>978-1-78074-589-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=3%3A+Guide+of+the+community&rft.btitle=Makers+of+the+Muslim+World%3A+Ibn+%27Abd+al-Wahhab&rft.place=London&rft.pages=43-44&rft.pub=One+World+Publications&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-78074-589-3&rft.aulast=Crawford&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+ibn+Abd+al-Wahhab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrawford2014" class="citation book cs1">Crawford, Michael (2014). "Chapter 2: Agitator for God". Makers of the Muslim World: Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab. London: One World Publications. p. 27. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78074-589-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78074-589-3"><bdi>978-1-78074-589-3</bdi></a>. <q>Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab's formal output was limited. He was above all a preacher, teacher and activist.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+2%3A+Agitator+for+God&rft.btitle=Makers+of+the+Muslim+World%3A+Ibn+%27Abd+al-Wahhab&rft.place=London&rft.pages=27&rft.pub=One+World+Publications&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-78074-589-3&rft.aulast=Crawford&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+ibn+Abd+al-Wahhab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParker_T._Hart1998" class="citation book cs1">Parker T. Hart (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/saudiarabiaunite00hart">Saudi Arabia and the United States: Birth of a Security Partnership</a>. Indiana University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/saudiarabiaunite00hart/page/7">7</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-253-33460-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-253-33460-8"><bdi>0-253-33460-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Saudi+Arabia+and+the+United+States%3A+Birth+of+a+Security+Partnership&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-253-33460-8&rft.au=Parker+T.+Hart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsaudiarabiaunite00hart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+ibn+Abd+al-Wahhab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSebastian_MaiselJohn_A._Shoup2009" class="citation book cs1">Sebastian Maisel; John A. Shoup (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uhJu2_8vMkMC&pg=PA228">Saudi Arabia and the Gulf Arab States Today: An Encyclopedia of Life in the Arab States</a>. Greenwood Press. p. 228. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-34442-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-34442-8"><bdi>978-0-313-34442-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160504150551/https://books.google.com/books?id=uhJu2_8vMkMC&pg=PA228">Archived</a> from the original on 4 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Saudi+Arabia+and+the+Gulf+Arab+States+Today%3A+An+Encyclopedia+of+Life+in+the+Arab+States&rft.pages=228&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-313-34442-8&rft.au=Sebastian+Maisel&rft.au=John+A.+Shoup&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuhJu2_8vMkMC%26pg%3DPA228&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+ibn+Abd+al-Wahhab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHunt_JaninAndré_Kahlmeyer2007" class="citation book cs1">Hunt Janin; André Kahlmeyer (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VtEdBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA92">Islamic Law: The Sharia from Muhammad's Time to the Present</a>. McFarland. p. 92. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4766-0881-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4766-0881-5"><bdi>978-1-4766-0881-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160528225920/https://books.google.com/books?id=VtEdBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA92">Archived</a> from the original on 28 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islamic+Law%3A+The+Sharia+from+Muhammad%27s+Time+to+the+Present&rft.pages=92&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-4766-0881-5&rft.au=Hunt+Janin&rft.au=Andr%C3%A9+Kahlmeyer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVtEdBgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA92&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+ibn+Abd+al-Wahhab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <a href="#Oba99">Obaid 1999</a>: 51–58. </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <a href="#Fak97">Faksh 1997</a>: 89–90. </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNaghma2015" class="citation book cs1">Naghma (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ImpactOfTheAhlAlHadithMovementOnContemporaryMuslimSocietyInIndia/page/n103/mode/2up?view=theater">Impact of the Ahl-e-Hadith Movement on Contemporary Muslim Society in India</a>. Aligarh, India: Aligarh Muslim University. pp. 58, 71.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Impact+of+the+Ahl-e-Hadith+Movement+on+Contemporary+Muslim+Society+in+India&rft.place=Aligarh%2C+India&rft.pages=58%2C+71&rft.pub=Aligarh+Muslim+University&rft.date=2015&rft.au=Naghma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FImpactOfTheAhlAlHadithMovementOnContemporaryMuslimSocietyInIndia%2Fpage%2Fn103%2Fmode%2F2up%3Fview%3Dtheater&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+ibn+Abd+al-Wahhab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEsposito2003" class="citation book cs1">Esposito, John L. (2003). The Oxford Dictionary of Islam. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 333. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-512558-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-512558-4"><bdi>0-19-512558-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Dictionary+of+Islam&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=333&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-19-512558-4&rft.aulast=Esposito&rft.aufirst=John+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+ibn+Abd+al-Wahhab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-C._Martin_2004_727-90">^ <a href="#cite_ref-C._Martin_2004_727_90-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-C._Martin_2004_727_90-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin2004" class="citation book cs1">Martin, Richard C. (2004). Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World. New York: Macmillan Reference USA. p. 727. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-02-865603-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-02-865603-2"><bdi>0-02-865603-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Islam+and+the+Muslim+World&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=727&rft.pub=Macmillan+Reference+USA&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-02-865603-2&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=Richard+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+ibn+Abd+al-Wahhab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrawford2014" class="citation book cs1">Crawford, Michael (2014). Makers of the Muslim World: Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab. London: One World Publications. p. 44. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78074-589-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78074-589-3"><bdi>978-1-78074-589-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Makers+of+the+Muslim+World%3A+Ibn+%27Abd+al-Wahhab&rft.place=London&rft.pages=44&rft.pub=One+World+Publications&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-78074-589-3&rft.aulast=Crawford&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+ibn+Abd+al-Wahhab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRomero2022" class="citation book cs1">Romero, Juan (2022). Terrorism: The Power and Weakness of Fear. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. pp. 243, 251. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9781003260943">10.4324/9781003260943</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-032-19806-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-032-19806-4"><bdi>978-1-032-19806-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Terrorism%3A+The+Power+and+Weakness+of+Fear&rft.place=Abingdon%2C+Oxon&rft.pages=243%2C+251&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9781003260943&rft.isbn=978-1-032-19806-4&rft.aulast=Romero&rft.aufirst=Juan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+ibn+Abd+al-Wahhab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFM._Bunzel2018" class="citation book cs1">M. Bunzel, Cole (2018). Manifest Enmity: The Origins, Development, and Persistence of Classical Wahhabism (1153-1351/1741-1932). Princeton, New Jersey, USA: Princeton University. pp. 243–244.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manifest+Enmity%3A+The+Origins%2C+Development%2C+and+Persistence+of+Classical+Wahhabism+%281153-1351%2F1741-1932%29&rft.place=Princeton%2C+New+Jersey%2C+USA&rft.pages=243-244&rft.pub=Princeton+University&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=M.+Bunzel&rft.aufirst=Cole&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+ibn+Abd+al-Wahhab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <a href="#EBOHis">EBO History of Arabia 2011</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFM._Bunzel2018" class="citation book cs1">M. Bunzel, Cole (2018). Manifest Enmity: The Origins, Development, and Persistence of Classical Wahhabism (1153-1351/1741-1932). Princeton, New Jersey, USA: Princeton University. p. 244.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manifest+Enmity%3A+The+Origins%2C+Development%2C+and+Persistence+of+Classical+Wahhabism+%281153-1351%2F1741-1932%29&rft.place=Princeton%2C+New+Jersey%2C+USA&rft.pages=244&rft.pub=Princeton+University&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=M.+Bunzel&rft.aufirst=Cole&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+ibn+Abd+al-Wahhab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJ._Delong-Bas2004" class="citation book cs1">J. Delong-Bas, Natana (2004). Wahhabi Islam:From Revival and Reform to Global Jihad. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 202–203. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-516991-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-516991-3"><bdi>0-19-516991-3</bdi></a>. <q>Ibn Abd al-Wahhab described jihad as an activity that must always have a religious justification and can only be declared by the religious leader (imam) and whose intent and purpose must be strictly defensive in nature.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wahhabi+Islam%3AFrom+Revival+and+Reform+to+Global+Jihad&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=202-203&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-19-516991-3&rft.aulast=J.+Delong-Bas&rft.aufirst=Natana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+ibn+Abd+al-Wahhab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFM._Bunzel2018" class="citation book cs1">M. Bunzel, Cole (2018). Manifest Enmity: The Origins, Development, and Persistence of Classical Wahhabism (1153-1351/1741-1932). Princeton, New Jersey, USA: Princeton University. p. 244.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manifest+Enmity%3A+The+Origins%2C+Development%2C+and+Persistence+of+Classical+Wahhabism+%281153-1351%2F1741-1932%29&rft.place=Princeton%2C+New+Jersey%2C+USA&rft.pages=244&rft.pub=Princeton+University&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=M.+Bunzel&rft.aufirst=Cole&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+ibn+Abd+al-Wahhab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbu_alrub2013" class="citation book cs1">Abu alrub, Jalal (2013). Mencke, Alaa (ed.). Biography and Mission of Muhammad ibn Abdul Wahhab: Second Edition. Madinah Punlishers and Distributors. pp. 267, 276. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9856326-9-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9856326-9-4"><bdi>978-0-9856326-9-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biography+and+Mission+of+Muhammad+ibn+Abdul+Wahhab%3A+Second+Edition&rft.pages=267%2C+276&rft.pub=Madinah+Punlishers+and+Distributors&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-9856326-9-4&rft.aulast=Abu+alrub&rft.aufirst=Jalal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+ibn+Abd+al-Wahhab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFM._Bunzel2018" class="citation book cs1">M. Bunzel, Cole (2018). 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London: One World Publications. p. 47. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78074-589-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78074-589-3"><bdi>978-1-78074-589-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Makers+of+the+Muslim+World%3A+Ibn+%27Abd+al-Wahhab&rft.place=London&rft.pages=47&rft.pub=One+World+Publications&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-78074-589-3&rft.aulast=Crawford&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+ibn+Abd+al-Wahhab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFM._Bunzel2018" class="citation book cs1">M. Bunzel, Cole (2018). Manifest Enmity: The Origins, Development, and Persistence of Classical Wahhabism (1153-1351/1741-1932). Princeton, New Jersey, USA: Princeton University. pp. 247–249.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manifest+Enmity%3A+The+Origins%2C+Development%2C+and+Persistence+of+Classical+Wahhabism+%281153-1351%2F1741-1932%29&rft.place=Princeton%2C+New+Jersey%2C+USA&rft.pages=247-249&rft.pub=Princeton+University&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=M.+Bunzel&rft.aufirst=Cole&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+ibn+Abd+al-Wahhab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFM._Bunzel2018" class="citation book cs1">M. Bunzel, Cole (2018). Manifest Enmity: The Origins, Development, and Persistence of Classical Wahhabism (1153-1351/1741-1932). Princeton, New Jersey, USA: Princeton University. pp. 249–250.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manifest+Enmity%3A+The+Origins%2C+Development%2C+and+Persistence+of+Classical+Wahhabism+%281153-1351%2F1741-1932%29&rft.place=Princeton%2C+New+Jersey%2C+USA&rft.pages=249-250&rft.pub=Princeton+University&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=M.+Bunzel&rft.aufirst=Cole&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+ibn+Abd+al-Wahhab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Crawford_2014_47–48-103">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Crawford_2014_47–48_103-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Crawford_2014_47–48_103-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrawford2014" class="citation book cs1">Crawford, Michael (2014). Makers of the Muslim World: Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab. 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Wahhabi Islam:From Revival and Reform to Global Jihad. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 39–40. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-516991-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-516991-3"><bdi>0-19-516991-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wahhabi+Islam%3AFrom+Revival+and+Reform+to+Global+Jihad&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=39-40&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-19-516991-3&rft.aulast=J.+Delong-Bas&rft.aufirst=Natana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+ibn+Abd+al-Wahhab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFM._Bunzel2018" class="citation book cs1">M. Bunzel, Cole (2018). Manifest Enmity: The Origins, Development, and Persistence of Classical Wahhabism (1153-1351/1741-1932). Princeton, New Jersey, USA: Princeton University. p. 254.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manifest+Enmity%3A+The+Origins%2C+Development%2C+and+Persistence+of+Classical+Wahhabism+%281153-1351%2F1741-1932%29&rft.place=Princeton%2C+New+Jersey%2C+USA&rft.pages=254&rft.pub=Princeton+University&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=M.+Bunzel&rft.aufirst=Cole&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+ibn+Abd+al-Wahhab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFM._Bunzel2018" class="citation book cs1">M. Bunzel, Cole (2018). Manifest Enmity: The Origins, Development, and Persistence of Classical Wahhabism (1153-1351/1741-1932). Princeton, New Jersey, USA: Princeton University. pp. 254–255.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manifest+Enmity%3A+The+Origins%2C+Development%2C+and+Persistence+of+Classical+Wahhabism+%281153-1351%2F1741-1932%29&rft.place=Princeton%2C+New+Jersey%2C+USA&rft.pages=254-255&rft.pub=Princeton+University&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=M.+Bunzel&rft.aufirst=Cole&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+ibn+Abd+al-Wahhab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrawford2014" class="citation book cs1">Crawford, Michael (2014). Makers of the Muslim World: Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab. 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Firro (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/00263206.2013.811648">"The Political Context of Early Wahhabi Discourse of Takfir"</a>. Middle Eastern Studies. 49 (5): 770. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00263206.2013.811648">10.1080/00263206.2013.811648</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144357200">144357200</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Middle+Eastern+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Political+Context+of+Early+Wahhabi+Discourse+of+Takfir&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=770&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00263206.2013.811648&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144357200%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=Tarik+K.+Firro&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Fpdf%2F10.1080%2F00263206.2013.811648&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+ibn+Abd+al-Wahhab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMukhlid_al-Harbi2008" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Mukhlid al-Harbi, Dalal (2008). Ann Roberg-Abahsain, Jill (ed.). Prominent Women from Central Arabia (in Arabic). Translated by M. Abahsain, Muhammad; A. al-Furaih, Mohammad (First ed.). Reading, UK: Ithaca Press. pp. 32–34. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86372-327-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86372-327-8"><bdi>978-0-86372-327-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prominent+Women+from+Central+Arabia&rft.place=Reading%2C+UK&rft.pages=32-34&rft.edition=First&rft.pub=Ithaca+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-86372-327-8&rft.aulast=Mukhlid+al-Harbi&rft.aufirst=Dalal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+ibn+Abd+al-Wahhab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJ._DeLong-Bas2022" class="citation book cs1">J. DeLong-Bas, Natana (2022). "1: The Role of Women in Solidifying Eighteenth-Century Revival and Reform Initiatives into Ongoing Mass Movements". Islam, Revival, and Reform: Redefining Tradition for the Twenty-First Century - Essays Inspired by John O. Voll (1st ed.). Syracuse, New York: Syracuse University Press. pp. 9, 16. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8156-3753-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8156-3753-0"><bdi>978-0-8156-3753-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=1%3A+The+Role+of+Women+in+Solidifying+Eighteenth-Century+Revival+and+Reform+Initiatives+into+Ongoing+Mass+Movements&rft.btitle=Islam%2C+Revival%2C+and+Reform%3A+Redefining+Tradition+for+the+Twenty-First+Century+-+Essays+Inspired+by+John+O.+Voll&rft.place=Syracuse%2C+New+York&rft.pages=9%2C+16&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Syracuse+University+Press&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-0-8156-3753-0&rft.aulast=J.+DeLong-Bas&rft.aufirst=Natana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+ibn+Abd+al-Wahhab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ott08-114"><a href="#cite_ref-Ott08_114-0">^</a> <a href="#Ott08">Ottaway 2008</a>: 176. </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <a href="#Nyr08">Nyrop 2008</a>: 50. </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <a href="#Bli85">Bligh 1985</a>: 37–50. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhatab201165–67-117"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhatab201165–67_117-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKhatab2011">Khatab 2011</a>, pp. 65–67. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESaeed201329–30-118">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaeed201329–30_118-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaeed201329–30_118-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSaeed2013">Saeed 2013</a>, pp. 29–30. </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEsposito2003">Esposito 2003</a>, p. 333 </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9005770/Allah">"Allah"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080513004801/https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9005770/Allah">Archived</a> from the original on 13 May 2008. Retrieved 28 May 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Allah&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica+Online&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Feb%2Farticle-9005770%2FAllah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+ibn+Abd+al-Wahhab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESaeed201329-121"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaeed201329_121-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSaeed2013">Saeed 2013</a>, p. 29. </li> <li id="cite_note-Riexinger_2022_p55-122"><a href="#cite_ref-Riexinger_2022_p55_122-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRiexinger2022" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Riexinger, Martin (2022). "2: Model, Not Idol The Recasting of the Image of Muḥammad in Mukhtaṣar sīrat al-rasūl by Muḥammad b. ʿAbd al-Wahhāb (d. 1792)". In Chih, Rachida; Jordan, David; <a href="/wiki/Stefan_Reichmuth_(academic)" title="Stefan Reichmuth (academic)">Reichmuth, Stefan</a> (eds.). The Presence of the Prophet in Early Modern and Contemporary Islam. Vol. 2. Heirs of the Prophet: Authority and Power. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill. p. 55. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-46674-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-46674-6"><bdi>978-90-04-46674-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=2%3A+Model%2C+Not+Idol+The+Recasting+of+the+Image+of+Mu%E1%B8%A5ammad+in+Mukhta%E1%B9%A3ar+s%C4%ABrat+al-ras%C5%ABl+by+Mu%E1%B8%A5ammad+b.+%CA%BFAbd+al-Wahh%C4%81b+%28d.+1792%29&rft.btitle=The+Presence+of+the+Prophet+in+Early+Modern+and+Contemporary+Islam&rft.place=Leiden%2C+The+Netherlands&rft.pages=55&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-90-04-46674-6&rft.aulast=Riexinger&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+ibn+Abd+al-Wahhab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin2016" class="citation book cs1">Martin, Richard C. (2016). Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World (2nd ed.). Farmington Hills, MI: Gale. p. 1236. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-02-866269-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-02-866269-5"><bdi>978-0-02-866269-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Islam+and+the+Muslim+World&rft.place=Farmington+Hills%2C+MI&rft.pages=1236&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Gale&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-02-866269-5&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=Richard+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+ibn+Abd+al-Wahhab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCommins2009" class="citation book cs1">Commins, David (2009). The Wahhabi Mission and Saudi Arabia. I.B. Tauris. p. 12. <q>This brief essay is of tremendous significance for the Wahhabi mission and the subject of enduring controversy between supporters and detractors. It represents the core of Ibn ʿAbd al-Wahhab's teaching and the foundation of the Wahhabi canon.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Wahhabi+Mission+and+Saudi+Arabia&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Commins&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+ibn+Abd+al-Wahhab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kitab_al-Tawhid-125"><a href="#cite_ref-Kitab_al-Tawhid_125-0">^</a> Ibn Abd al-Wahhab, Kitab al-Tawhid </li> <li id="cite_note-Comminsvii-126"><a href="#cite_ref-Comminsvii_126-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCommins2006" class="citation book cs1">Commins, David (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/wahhabimissionsa0000comm">The Wahhabi Mission and Saudi Arabia</a>. I.B. Tauris. p. vii. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84511-080-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84511-080-2"><bdi>978-1-84511-080-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200105225615/https://archive.org/details/wahhabimissionsa0000comm">Archived</a> from the original on 5 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Wahhabi+Mission+and+Saudi+Arabia&rft.pages=vii&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-84511-080-2&rft.aulast=Commins&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwahhabimissionsa0000comm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+ibn+Abd+al-Wahhab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCommins2006" class="citation book cs1">Commins, David (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/wahhabimissionsa0000comm">The Wahhabi Mission and Saudi Arabia</a>. I.B. Tauris. p. vii. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84511-080-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84511-080-2"><bdi>978-1-84511-080-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200105225615/https://archive.org/details/wahhabimissionsa0000comm">Archived</a> from the original on 5 January 2020. <q>Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab included in the category of such acts popular religious practices that made holy men into intercessors with God. That was the core of the controversy between him and his adversaries, including his brother.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Wahhabi+Mission+and+Saudi+Arabia&rft.pages=vii&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-84511-080-2&rft.aulast=Commins&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwahhabimissionsa0000comm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+ibn+Abd+al-Wahhab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCommins2006" class="citation book cs1">Commins, David (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/wahhabimissionsa0000comm">The Wahhabi Mission and Saudi Arabia</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/I.B._Tauris" title="I.B. Tauris">I.B. Tauris</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/wahhabimissionsa0000comm/page/23">23</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84511-080-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84511-080-2"><bdi>978-1-84511-080-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200105225615/https://archive.org/details/wahhabimissionsa0000comm">Archived</a> from the original on 5 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Wahhabi+Mission+and+Saudi+Arabia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=23&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-84511-080-2&rft.aulast=Commins&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwahhabimissionsa0000comm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+ibn+Abd+al-Wahhab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRomero2022" class="citation book cs1">Romero, Juan (2022). "1: Ancient, medieval and early modern extremist movements". Terrorism: The Power and Weakness of Fear. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. pp. 19–21. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9781003260943">10.4324/9781003260943</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-032-19806-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-032-19806-4"><bdi>978-1-032-19806-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=1%3A+Ancient%2C+medieval+and+early+modern+extremist+movements&rft.btitle=Terrorism%3A+The+Power+and+Weakness+of+Fear&rft.place=Abingdon%2C+Oxon&rft.pages=19-21&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9781003260943&rft.isbn=978-1-032-19806-4&rft.aulast=Romero&rft.aufirst=Juan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+ibn+Abd+al-Wahhab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFibn_Abd_al-Wahhab,_'Abd_al-Aziz1976" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-long-vol cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">ibn Abd al-Wahhab, 'Abd al-Aziz, Muhammad (1976). <bdi lang="ar">الرسالة التاسعة: رسالته إلى عامة المسلمين</bdi> [Ninth Message: his Message to the Common Muslims]. In Bin Zaid Al-Roumi; Beltaji, Muhammad; Hijab, Sayyed (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/0250042/07_50047/page/n57/mode/2up"><bdi lang="ar">مؤلفات الشيخ الإمام محمد بن عبد الوهاب</bdi></a> [Works of Shaykh and Imam Muhammad Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab] (in Arabic). Vol. 7: Book of Personal Messages. <a href="/wiki/Imam_Mohammad_Ibn_Saud_Islamic_University" title="Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University">Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University</a>. pp. 58–60.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%B9%D8%A9%3A+%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%87+%D8%A5%D9%84%D9%89+%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86&rft.btitle=%D9%85%D8%A4%D9%84%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%AA+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%AE+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%85+%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF+%D8%A8%D9%86+%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%A8&rft.pages=58-60&rft.pub=Imam+Mohammad+Ibn+Saud+Islamic+University&rft.date=1976&rft.aulast=ibn+Abd+al-Wahhab%2C+%27Abd+al-Aziz&rft.aufirst=Muhammad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2F0250042%2F07_50047%2Fpage%2Fn57%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+ibn+Abd+al-Wahhab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbu_alrub2013" class="citation book cs1">Abu alrub, Jalal (2013). Mencke, Alaa (ed.). Biography and Mission of Muhammad ibn Abdul Wahhab: Second Edition. Madinah Punlishers and Distributors. pp. 462–463. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9856326-9-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9856326-9-4"><bdi>978-0-9856326-9-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biography+and+Mission+of+Muhammad+ibn+Abdul+Wahhab%3A+Second+Edition&rft.pages=462-463&rft.pub=Madinah+Punlishers+and+Distributors&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-9856326-9-4&rft.aulast=Abu+alrub&rft.aufirst=Jalal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+ibn+Abd+al-Wahhab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbu_alrub2013" class="citation book cs1">Abu alrub, Jalal (2013). Mencke, Alaa (ed.). Biography and Mission of Muhammad ibn Abdul Wahhab: Second Edition. Madinah Punlishers and Distributors. pp. 462–465. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9856326-9-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9856326-9-4"><bdi>978-0-9856326-9-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biography+and+Mission+of+Muhammad+ibn+Abdul+Wahhab%3A+Second+Edition&rft.pages=462-465&rft.pub=Madinah+Punlishers+and+Distributors&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-9856326-9-4&rft.aulast=Abu+alrub&rft.aufirst=Jalal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+ibn+Abd+al-Wahhab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJ_DeLong-Bas2004" class="citation book cs1">J DeLong-Bas, Natana (2004). Wahhabi Islam: From Revival and Reform to Global Jihad. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 8, 12, 20–21, 94–95, 100, 109–110. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-516991-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-516991-3"><bdi>0-19-516991-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wahhabi+Islam%3A+From+Revival+and+Reform+to+Global+Jihad&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=8%2C+12%2C+20-21%2C+94-95%2C+100%2C+109-110&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-19-516991-3&rft.aulast=J+DeLong-Bas&rft.aufirst=Natana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+ibn+Abd+al-Wahhab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaj1997" class="citation journal cs1">Haj, Samira (April 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1478-1913.2002.tb03747.x">"Reordering Islamic Orthodoxy: Muhammad ibn 'Abdul Wahhab"</a>. The Muslim World. 92 (3–4): 340, 343. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1478-1913.2002.tb03747.x">10.1111/j.1478-1913.2002.tb03747.x</a> – via Wiley Online Library. <q>(his criticism)... was also directed against the blind acceptance of religious authority (taqlid ) and by implication the 'ulama for confining independent reasoning (ijtihad ) and for their uncritical acceptance of medieval Islamic sources as the final authority on these questions. Instead, he maintained that final authoritative sources are those of the Qur'an and the Sunnah of the Prophet along with the precedents of the early Companions, who considered ijtihad as necessary for the continuous interpretation of Islamic law" ... "By upholding the absolute supremacy of the Qur'an and the early Sunnah, his intention was to undercut the authority of ijma, the consensus arrived at by the established 'ulama and extend the practice of independent reasoning [as against taqlid (traditionalism) ].</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Muslim+World&rft.atitle=Reordering+Islamic+Orthodoxy%3A+Muhammad+ibn+%27Abdul+Wahhab&rft.volume=92&rft.issue=3%E2%80%934&rft.pages=340%2C+343&rft.date=1997-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1478-1913.2002.tb03747.x&rft.aulast=Haj&rft.aufirst=Samira&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1111%2Fj.1478-1913.2002.tb03747.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+ibn+Abd+al-Wahhab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarquhar2013" class="citation book cs1">Farquhar, Michael (2013). Expanding the Wahhabi Mission: Saudi Arabia, the Islamic University of Medina and the Transnational Religious Economy. London: The London School of Economics and Political Science. p. 64. <q>..Muhammad Hayya al-Sindi in Medina influenced a shift on the part of Muhammad ibn ʿAbd al-Wahhab towards criticism of taqlīd and many popular religious practices</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Expanding+the+Wahhabi+Mission%3A+Saudi+Arabia%2C+the+Islamic+University+of+Medina+and+the+Transnational+Religious+Economy&rft.place=London&rft.pages=64&rft.pub=The+London+School+of+Economics+and+Political+Science&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Farquhar&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+ibn+Abd+al-Wahhab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFibn_Abd_al-Wahhab" class="citation web cs1">ibn Abd al-Wahhab, Muhammad. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://salafipublications.com/sps/downloads/pdf/SCL070001.pdf">"The Six Foundations"</a> (PDF). Salafi Publications. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201220172400/http://www.salafipublications.com/sps/downloads/pdf/SCL070001.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 20 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Salafi+Publications&rft.atitle=The+Six+Foundations&rft.aulast=ibn+Abd+al-Wahhab&rft.aufirst=Muhammad&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsalafipublications.com%2Fsps%2Fdownloads%2Fpdf%2FSCL070001.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+ibn+Abd+al-Wahhab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrawford2014" class="citation book cs1">Crawford, Michael (2014). "Chapter 7: The Regime of Godliness and The Political Order". Makers of the Muslim World: Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab. Oneworld Publications, London: One World Publishers. p. 88. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78074-589-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78074-589-3"><bdi>978-1-78074-589-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+7%3A+The+Regime+of+Godliness+and+The+Political+Order&rft.btitle=Makers+of+the+Muslim+World%3A+Ibn+%27Abd+al-Wahhab&rft.place=Oneworld+Publications%2C+London&rft.pages=88&rft.pub=One+World+Publishers&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-78074-589-3&rft.aulast=Crawford&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+ibn+Abd+al-Wahhab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spubs.com/sps/sp.cfm?subsecID=MNJ06&articleID=MNJ060006&articlePages=1">"Guidelines for following Madhabs"</a>. Salafi Publications. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210124020708/http://www.spubs.com/sps/sp.cfm?subsecID=MNJ06&articleID=MNJ060006&articlePages=1">Archived</a> from the original on 24 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Salafi+Publications&rft.atitle=Guidelines+for+following+Madhabs&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spubs.com%2Fsps%2Fsp.cfm%3FsubsecID%3DMNJ06%26articleID%3DMNJ060006%26articlePages%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+ibn+Abd+al-Wahhab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFM._Bunzel2018" class="citation journal cs1">M. Bunzel, Cole (2018). "MANIFEST ENMITY: The Origins, Development, and Persistence of Classical Wahhabism (1153-1351/1741-1932)". Near Eastern Studies. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University: 153–161. <q>Ibn ʿAbd al-Wahhāb employs this proof in pursuit of a more radical conclusion than the one reached by Ibn Taymiyya. He uses it to inveigh against the entire educational institution surrounding Islamic jurisprudence (fiqh), which he takes as emblematic of the sad state of learning in Islam"... "Ibn ʿAbd al-Wahhāb considered the institution of fiqh as a kind of factory for the production of slavish emulators. The real task of a scholar, he argued, is to return to the texts of revelation, not to the opinions of men" ... "Ibn ʿAbd al-Wahhāb drew on both Ibn Taymiyya and Ibn al-Qayyim... Yet neither of them wrote off the entire field of jurisprudence as irredeemable, as Ibn ʿAbd al-Wahhāb did"... "he describes his position with respect to scholarly authority as... ittibāʿ (following)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Near+Eastern+Studies&rft.atitle=MANIFEST+ENMITY%3A+The+Origins%2C+Development%2C+and+Persistence+of+Classical+Wahhabism+%281153-1351%2F1741-1932%29&rft.pages=153-161&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=M.+Bunzel&rft.aufirst=Cole&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+ibn+Abd+al-Wahhab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Riexinger_2022_pp44–73-140">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Riexinger_2022_pp44–73_140-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Riexinger_2022_pp44–73_140-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Riexinger_2022_pp44–73_140-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRiexinger2022" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Riexinger, Martin (2022). "2: Model, Not Idol The Recasting of the Image of Muḥammad in Mukhtaṣar sīrat al-rasūl by Muḥammad b. ʿAbd al-Wahhāb (d. 1792)". In Chih, Rachida; Jordan, David; Reichmuth, Stefan (eds.). The Presence of the Prophet in Early Modern and Contemporary Islam. Vol. 2. Heirs of the Prophet: Authority and Power. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill. pp. 44–73. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-46674-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-46674-6"><bdi>978-90-04-46674-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=2%3A+Model%2C+Not+Idol+The+Recasting+of+the+Image+of+Mu%E1%B8%A5ammad+in+Mukhta%E1%B9%A3ar+s%C4%ABrat+al-ras%C5%ABl+by+Mu%E1%B8%A5ammad+b.+%CA%BFAbd+al-Wahh%C4%81b+%28d.+1792%29&rft.btitle=The+Presence+of+the+Prophet+in+Early+Modern+and+Contemporary+Islam&rft.place=Leiden%2C+The+Netherlands&rft.pages=44-73&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-90-04-46674-6&rft.aulast=Riexinger&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+ibn+Abd+al-Wahhab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoosa201597-141"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoosa201597_141-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMoosa2015">Moosa 2015</a>, p. 97. </li> <li id="cite_note-Asad_2003-142"><a href="#cite_ref-Asad_2003_142-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAsad2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Talal_Asad" title="Talal Asad">Asad, Talal</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CeJ85XwCPxQC&pg=PA222">Formations of the Secular: Christianity, Islam, Modernity</a>. <a href="/wiki/Stanford,_California" title="Stanford, California">Stanford, California</a>: <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University_Press" title="Stanford University Press">Stanford University Press</a>. p. 222. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-4768-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-4768-4"><bdi>978-0-8047-4768-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200611095843/https://books.google.com/books?id=CeJ85XwCPxQC&pg=PA222">Archived</a> from the original on 11 June 2020. Retrieved 8 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Formations+of+the+Secular%3A+Christianity%2C+Islam%2C+Modernity&rft.place=Stanford%2C+California&rft.pages=222&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-4768-4&rft.aulast=Asad&rft.aufirst=Talal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCeJ85XwCPxQC%26pg%3DPA222&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+ibn+Abd+al-Wahhab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wahhābiyya-143">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wahhābiyya_143-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wahhābiyya_143-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wahhābiyya_143-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wahhābiyya_143-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEndePeskes2012" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Ende, W.; Peskes, Esther (2012) [1993]. "Wahhābiyya". In <a href="/wiki/Peri_Bearman" title="Peri Bearman">Bearman, P. J.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Thierry_Bianquis" title="Thierry Bianquis">Bianquis, Th.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Clifford_Edmund_Bosworth" title="Clifford Edmund Bosworth">Bosworth, C. E.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Emeri_Johannes_van_Donzel" class="mw-redirect" title="Emeri Johannes van Donzel">van Donzel, E. J.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Wolfhart_Heinrichs" title="Wolfhart Heinrichs">Heinrichs, W. P.</a> (eds.). <a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_of_Islam#2nd_edition,_EI2" title="Encyclopaedia of Islam">Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition</a>. Vol. 11. Leiden: <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F1573-3912_islam_COM_1329">10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_1329</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-16121-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-16121-4"><bdi>978-90-04-16121-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Wahh%C4%81biyya&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Islam%2C+Second+Edition&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F1573-3912_islam_COM_1329&rft.isbn=978-90-04-16121-4&rft.aulast=Ende&rft.aufirst=W.&rft.au=Peskes%2C+Esther&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+ibn+Abd+al-Wahhab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECommins2015151-144">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECommins2015151_144-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECommins2015151_144-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECommins2015151_144-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECommins2015151_144-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECommins2015151_144-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECommins2015151_144-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECommins2015151_144-6">g</a> <a href="#CITEREFCommins2015">Commins 2015</a>, p. 151. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESilverstein2010112–13-145">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESilverstein2010112–13_145-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESilverstein2010112–13_145-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESilverstein2010112–13_145-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESilverstein2010112–13_145-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESilverstein2010112–13_145-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFSilverstein2010">Silverstein 2010</a>, pp. 112–13. </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thenational.ae/news/world/middle-east/there-is-no-such-thing-as-wahabism-saudi-prince-says">The National, March 18, 2010: There is no such thing as Wahhabism, Saudi prince says</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140427025500/http://www.thenational.ae/news/world/middle-east/there-is-no-such-thing-as-wahabism-saudi-prince-says">Archived</a> 27 April 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Linked 3 March 2015. </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCommins2009" class="citation book cs1">Commins, David (2009). The Wahhabi Mission and Saudi Arabia. New York: <a href="/wiki/I.B._Tauris" title="I.B. Tauris">I.B. Tauris</a>. p. ix. <q>Thus, the mission's devotees contend that 'Wahhabism' is a misnomer for their efforts to revive correct Islamic belief and practice. Instead of the Wahhabi label, they prefer either salafi, one who follows the ways of the first Muslim ancestors (salaf), or muwahhid, one who professes God's unity.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Wahhabi+Mission+and+Saudi+Arabia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=ix&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Commins&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+ibn+Abd+al-Wahhab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDelong-Bas20044-148"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDelong-Bas20044_148-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDelong-Bas2004">Delong-Bas 2004</a>, p. 4. </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFS._Moussalli1999" class="citation book cs1">S. Moussalli, Ahmad (1999). Historical Dictionary of Islamic Fundamentalist Movements in the Arab World, Iran and Turkey. Folkestone, Kent: The Scarecrow Press. p. 258. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8108-3609-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8108-3609-2"><bdi>0-8108-3609-2</bdi></a>. <q>AL-SALAFIYYA. .. It was not directly connected to the movement of Shaykh Muhammad Bin 'Abd al-Wahhab in Najd.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Islamic+Fundamentalist+Movements+in+the+Arab+World%2C+Iran+and+Turkey&rft.place=Folkestone%2C+Kent&rft.pages=258&rft.pub=The+Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-8108-3609-2&rft.aulast=S.+Moussalli&rft.aufirst=Ahmad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+ibn+Abd+al-Wahhab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFM._Bunzel2018" class="citation book cs1">M. Bunzel, Cole (2018). Manifest Enmity: The Origins, Development, and Persistence of Classical Wahhabism (1153-1351/1741-1932). Princeton, New Jersey, USA: Princeton University. p. 40.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manifest+Enmity%3A+The+Origins%2C+Development%2C+and+Persistence+of+Classical+Wahhabism+%281153-1351%2F1741-1932%29&rft.place=Princeton%2C+New+Jersey%2C+USA&rft.pages=40&rft.pub=Princeton+University&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=M.+Bunzel&rft.aufirst=Cole&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+ibn+Abd+al-Wahhab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ibn_'Abd_al-Wahhab_3–14-151">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ibn_'Abd_al-Wahhab_3–14_151-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ibn_'Abd_al-Wahhab_3–14_151-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIbn_'Abd_al-Wahhab" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab, Muhammad. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://al-maktaba.org/book/7499">‫أربع قواعد تدور الأحكام عليها</a> [Arbaʿ qawāʿid tadūruʾl-aḥkām ʿalayhā (Four rules on which rulings revolve)] (in Arabic). Riyadh, Saudi Arabia: <a href="/wiki/Imam_Mohammad_Ibn_Saud_Islamic_University" title="Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University">Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University</a>. pp. 3–14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E2%80%AB%D8%A3%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%B9+%D9%82%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AF+%D8%AA%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%AD%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%85+%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%87%D8%A7&rft.place=Riyadh%2C+Saudi+Arabia&rft.pages=3-14&rft.pub=Imam+Mohammad+Ibn+Saud+Islamic+University&rft.aulast=Ibn+%27Abd+al-Wahhab&rft.aufirst=Muhammad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fal-maktaba.org%2Fbook%2F7499&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+ibn+Abd+al-Wahhab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFE._Vogel2000" class="citation book cs1">E. Vogel, Frank (2000). "Two- Ijtihad as Law: Doctrines for Theory and Practice". Islamic Law and Legal System: Studies of Saudi Arabia. Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill. p. 72. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-110623" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-110623"><bdi>90-04-110623</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Two-+Ijtihad+as+Law%3A+Doctrines+for+Theory+and+Practice&rft.btitle=Islamic+Law+and+Legal+System%3A+Studies+of+Saudi+Arabia&rft.place=Koninklijke+Brill+NV%2C+Leiden%2C+The+Netherlands&rft.pages=72&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=90-04-110623&rft.aulast=E.+Vogel&rft.aufirst=Frank&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+ibn+Abd+al-Wahhab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIbn_Muhammad_ibn_Qasim_al-Asimi1996" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ibn Muhammad ibn Qasim al-Asimi, 'Abdur-Rahman (1996). "في أصول مأخذهم" [Fi Usul Ma'khadahum (On the origins of their take)]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://al-maktaba.org/book/3055/1376#p1">الدرر السنية في الأجوبة النجدية</a> [Al Durar al-Sunniyya Fil Ajwab al-Nakdiyya (Sunni Pearls in Najd Answers)] (in Arabic). Vol. 4. p. 10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%D9%81%D9%8A+%D8%A3%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%84+%D9%85%D8%A3%D8%AE%D8%B0%D9%87%D9%85&rft.btitle=%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%B1+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9+%D9%81%D9%8A+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9&rft.pages=10&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Ibn+Muhammad+ibn+Qasim+al-Asimi&rft.aufirst=%27Abdur-Rahman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fal-maktaba.org%2Fbook%2F3055%2F1376%23p1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+ibn+Abd+al-Wahhab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFM._Bunzel2018" class="citation book cs1">M. Bunzel, Cole (2018). Manifest Enmity: The Origins, Development, and Persistence of Classical Wahhabism (1153-1351/1741-1932). Princeton, New Jersey, USA: Princeton University. pp. 40–41.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manifest+Enmity%3A+The+Origins%2C+Development%2C+and+Persistence+of+Classical+Wahhabism+%281153-1351%2F1741-1932%29&rft.place=Princeton%2C+New+Jersey%2C+USA&rft.pages=40-41&rft.pub=Princeton+University&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=M.+Bunzel&rft.aufirst=Cole&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+ibn+Abd+al-Wahhab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIbn_Muhammad_ibn_Qasim_al-Asimi1996" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ibn Muhammad ibn Qasim al-Asimi, 'Abdur-Rahman (1996). "في أصول مأخذهم" [Fi Usul Ma'khadahum (On the origins of their take)]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://al-maktaba.org/book/3055/1376#p1">الدرر السنية في الأجوبة النجدية</a> [Al Durar al-Sunniyya Fil Ajwab al-Nakdiyya (Sunni Pearls in Najd Answers)] (in Arabic). Vol. 4. pp. 57–60.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%D9%81%D9%8A+%D8%A3%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%84+%D9%85%D8%A3%D8%AE%D8%B0%D9%87%D9%85&rft.btitle=%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%B1+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9+%D9%81%D9%8A+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9&rft.pages=57-60&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Ibn+Muhammad+ibn+Qasim+al-Asimi&rft.aufirst=%27Abdur-Rahman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fal-maktaba.org%2Fbook%2F3055%2F1376%23p1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+ibn+Abd+al-Wahhab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFE._Vogel2000" class="citation book cs1">E. Vogel, Frank (2000). "Two- Ijtihad as Law: Doctrines for Theory and Practice". Islamic Law and Legal System: Studies of Saudi Arabia. Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill. pp. 72–73. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-110623" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-110623"><bdi>90-04-110623</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Two-+Ijtihad+as+Law%3A+Doctrines+for+Theory+and+Practice&rft.btitle=Islamic+Law+and+Legal+System%3A+Studies+of+Saudi+Arabia&rft.place=Koninklijke+Brill+NV%2C+Leiden%2C+The+Netherlands&rft.pages=72-73&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=90-04-110623&rft.aulast=E.+Vogel&rft.aufirst=Frank&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+ibn+Abd+al-Wahhab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIbn_Muhammad_ibn_Qasim_al-Asimi1996" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ibn Muhammad ibn Qasim al-Asimi, 'Abdur-Rahman (1996). "في أصول مأخذهم" [Fi Usul Ma'khadahum (On the origins of their take)]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://al-maktaba.org/book/3055/1376#p1">الدرر السنية في الأجوبة النجدية</a> [Al Durar al-Sunniyya Fil Ajwab al-Nakdiyya ( Sunni Pearls in Najd Answers)] (in Arabic). Vol. 4. p. 11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%D9%81%D9%8A+%D8%A3%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%84+%D9%85%D8%A3%D8%AE%D8%B0%D9%87%D9%85&rft.btitle=%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%B1+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9+%D9%81%D9%8A+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9&rft.pages=11&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Ibn+Muhammad+ibn+Qasim+al-Asimi&rft.aufirst=%27Abdur-Rahman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fal-maktaba.org%2Fbook%2F3055%2F1376%23p1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+ibn+Abd+al-Wahhab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJ._Delong-Bas2004" class="citation book cs1">J. Delong-Bas, Natana (2004). Wahhabi Islam:From Revival and Reform to Global Jihad. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 32, 50–51, 84, 94–95, 115–118, 158, 160, 240, 283–285. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-516991-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-516991-3"><bdi>0-19-516991-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wahhabi+Islam%3AFrom+Revival+and+Reform+to+Global+Jihad&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=32%2C+50-51%2C+84%2C+94-95%2C+115-118%2C+158%2C+160%2C+240%2C+283-285&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-19-516991-3&rft.aulast=J.+Delong-Bas&rft.aufirst=Natana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+ibn+Abd+al-Wahhab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVoll1975" class="citation journal cs1">Voll, John (1975). "Muḥammad Ḥayyā al-Sindī and Muḥammad ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab: An Analysis of an Intellectual Group in Eighteenth-Century Madīna". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London. 38 (1): 32–39. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0041977X00047017">10.1017/S0041977X00047017</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/614196">614196</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162450741">162450741</a>. <q>Muhammad ibn 'Abd al-Wahhāb came to Madina as a relatively young scholar and studied under Muhammad Hayyā al-Sindi.... Scholars have described Muhammad Hayyā as having an impor- tant influence on Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhāb, encouraging him in his developing determination to denounce rigid imitation of medieval commentaries and to utilize informed individual analysis (ijtihād). Muhammad Hayyà also taught Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhāb a rejection of popular religious practices associated with saints and their tombs that is similar to later Wahhābi teachings.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+School+of+Oriental+and+African+Studies%2C+University+of+London&rft.atitle=Mu%E1%B8%A5ammad+%E1%B8%A4ayy%C4%81+al-Sind%C4%AB+and+Mu%E1%B8%A5ammad+ibn+%27Abd+al-Wahhab%3A+An+Analysis+of+an+Intellectual+Group+in+Eighteenth-Century+Mad%C4%ABna&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=32-39&rft.date=1975&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162450741%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F614196%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0041977X00047017&rft.aulast=Voll&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+ibn+Abd+al-Wahhab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFbin_Ridha_Murad2000" class="citation book cs1">bin Ridha Murad, Mahmoud (2000). The Life & the Aqeedah of Muhammad Bin Abdul-Wahhab. pp. 17–20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life+%26+the+Aqeedah+of+Muhammad+Bin+Abdul-Wahhab&rft.pages=17-20&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=bin+Ridha+Murad&rft.aufirst=Mahmoud&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+ibn+Abd+al-Wahhab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHafiz_Al-Makki2011" class="citation web cs1">Hafiz Al-Makki, Mawlana Abd-Al (1 January 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.deoband.org/2011/01/tasawwuf/shariah-and-tariqah-tasawwuf/shaykh-muhammad-bin-'abd-al-wahhab-and-sufism/">"Shaykh Muhammad bin 'Abd Al-Wahhab and Sufism"</a>. Deoband Org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150111012457/http://www.deoband.org/2011/01/tasawwuf/shariah-and-tariqah-tasawwuf/shaykh-muhammad-bin-%E2%80%98abd-al-wahhab-and-sufism/">Archived</a> from the original on 11 January 2015. <q>From among the wonders is to find a Sufi who is a faqih and a scholar who is an ascetic (zahid).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Deoband+Org&rft.atitle=Shaykh+Muhammad+bin+%27Abd+Al-Wahhab+and+Sufism&rft.date=2011-01-01&rft.aulast=Hafiz+Al-Makki&rft.aufirst=Mawlana+Abd-Al&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.deoband.org%2F2011%2F01%2Ftasawwuf%2Fshariah-and-tariqah-tasawwuf%2Fshaykh-muhammad-bin-%27abd-al-wahhab-and-sufism%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+ibn+Abd+al-Wahhab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF'Abd_al-Hafiz_al-Makki2011" class="citation web cs1">'Abd al-Hafiz al-Makki, Mawlana (1 January 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deoband.org/2011/01/sufism/shaykh-muhammad-bin-abd-al-wahhab-and-sufism/">"Shaykh Muhammad ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab and Sufism"</a>. Deoband org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150111012457/http://www.deoband.org/2011/01/tasawwuf/shariah-and-tariqah-tasawwuf/shaykh-muhammad-bin-%E2%80%98abd-al-wahhab-and-sufism/">Archived</a> from the original on 11 January 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Deoband+org&rft.atitle=Shaykh+Muhammad+ibn+%27Abd+al-Wahhab+and+Sufism&rft.date=2011-01-01&rft.aulast=%27Abd+al-Hafiz+al-Makki&rft.aufirst=Mawlana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.deoband.org%2F2011%2F01%2Fsufism%2Fshaykh-muhammad-bin-abd-al-wahhab-and-sufism%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+ibn+Abd+al-Wahhab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"Kitab al Fiqh". Mu'allafat al-Imam al-Shaykh Muhammad ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.deoband.org/2011/01/tasawwuf/shariah-and-tariqah-tasawwuf/shaykh-muhammad-bin-%E2%80%98abd-al-wahhab-and-sufism/">the original</a> on 11 January 2015. Retrieved 3 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Deoband.org&rft.atitle=Shaykh+Muhammad+bin+%27Abd+al-Wahhab+and+Sufism&rft.aulast=al-Makki&rft.aufirst=%27Abd+al-Hafiz&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.deoband.org%2F2011%2F01%2Ftasawwuf%2Fshariah-and-tariqah-tasawwuf%2Fshaykh-muhammad-bin-%25E2%2580%2598abd-al-wahhab-and-sufism%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+ibn+Abd+al-Wahhab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRida1925" class="citation book cs1">Rida, Rashid (1925). 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Macmillan Reference USA. p. 6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-02-865603-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-02-865603-2"><bdi>0-02-865603-2</bdi></a>. <q>Ibn Abd al-Wahhab called for the reopening of ijtihad (independent legal judgment) by qualified persons to reform Islam..</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Islam+and+the+Muslim+World&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=Macmillan+Reference+USA&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-02-865603-2&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=Richard+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+ibn+Abd+al-Wahhab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJ._DeLong-Bas2004" class="citation book cs1">J. DeLong-Bas, Natana (2004). 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Bunzel, Cole (2018). Manifest Enmity: The Origins, Development, and Persistence of Classical Wahhabism (1153-1351/1741-1932). Princeton, New Jersey, USA: Princeton University. p. 244.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manifest+Enmity%3A+The+Origins%2C+Development%2C+and+Persistence+of+Classical+Wahhabism+%281153-1351%2F1741-1932%29&rft.place=Princeton%2C+New+Jersey%2C+USA&rft.pages=244&rft.pub=Princeton+University&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=M.+Bunzel&rft.aufirst=Cole&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+ibn+Abd+al-Wahhab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrawford2014" class="citation book cs1">Crawford, Michael (2014). Makers of the Muslim World: Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab. London: One World Publications. p. 72. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78074-589-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78074-589-3"><bdi>978-1-78074-589-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Makers+of+the+Muslim+World%3A+Ibn+%27Abd+al-Wahhab&rft.place=London&rft.pages=72&rft.pub=One+World+Publications&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-78074-589-3&rft.aulast=Crawford&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+ibn+Abd+al-Wahhab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFM._Bunzel2018" class="citation book cs1">M. Bunzel, Cole (2018). Manifest Enmity: The Origins, Development, and Persistence of Classical Wahhabism (1153-1351/1741-1932). Princeton, New Jersey, USA: Princeton University. p. 244.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manifest+Enmity%3A+The+Origins%2C+Development%2C+and+Persistence+of+Classical+Wahhabism+%281153-1351%2F1741-1932%29&rft.place=Princeton%2C+New+Jersey%2C+USA&rft.pages=244&rft.pub=Princeton+University&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=M.+Bunzel&rft.aufirst=Cole&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+ibn+Abd+al-Wahhab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCommins2006" class="citation book cs1">Commins, David (2006). The Wahhabi Mission and Saudi Arabia. London: I.B. Tauris. p. 30. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84511-080-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-84511-080-3"><bdi>1-84511-080-3</bdi></a>. <q>By 1802, the Ottomans were mounting a doctrinal campaign, sending official tracts refuting Wahhabi positions and likening them to the Kharijites of early Islamic times.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Wahhabi+Mission+and+Saudi+Arabia&rft.place=London&rft.pages=30&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=1-84511-080-3&rft.aulast=Commins&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+ibn+Abd+al-Wahhab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Aydinli_2018-190">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Aydinli_2018_190-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Aydinli_2018_190-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAydınlı2018" class="citation book cs1">Aydınlı, Ersel (2018) [2016]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hq1TDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA66">"The Jihadists pre-9/11"</a>. Violent Non-State Actors: From Anarchists to Jihadists. Routledge Studies on Challenges, Crises, and Dissent in World Politics (1st ed.). <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a>: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. 66. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-315-56139-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-315-56139-4"><bdi>978-1-315-56139-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2015050373">2015050373</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Jihadists+pre-9%2F11&rft.btitle=Violent+Non-State+Actors%3A+From+Anarchists+to+Jihadists&rft.place=London+and+New+York&rft.series=Routledge+Studies+on+Challenges%2C+Crises%2C+and+Dissent+in+World+Politics&rft.pages=66&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2015050373&rft.isbn=978-1-315-56139-4&rft.aulast=Ayd%C4%B1nl%C4%B1&rft.aufirst=Ersel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dhq1TDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA66&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+ibn+Abd+al-Wahhab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeismannZachs2005" class="citation book cs1">Weismann, Itzchak; Zachs, Fruma (2005). 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I.B. Tauris. p. 83. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85043-757-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85043-757-4"><bdi>978-1-85043-757-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200701045121/https://books.google.com/books?id=U7loMhnI5S8C&pg=PA91&dq=Zayni+Dahlan+ibn+Abdul+Wahhab&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiK4e36re_QAhXML8AKHURQC2oQ6AEINjAF#v=onepage&q=Zayni%20Dahlan%20ibn%20Abdul%20Wahhab&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 1 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ottoman+Reform+and+Muslim+Regeneration&rft.pages=83&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-85043-757-4&rft.aulast=Mannah&rft.aufirst=Bu%E1%B9%ADrus+Ab%C5%AB&rft.au=Weismann%2C+Itzchak&rft.au=Zachs%2C+Fruma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DU7loMhnI5S8C%26q%3DZayni%2BDahlan%2Bibn%2BAbdul%2BWahhab%26pg%3DPA91&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+ibn+Abd+al-Wahhab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMannahWeismannZachs2005" class="citation book cs1">Mannah, Buṭrus Abū; Weismann, Itzchak; Zachs, Fruma (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=U7loMhnI5S8C&q=Zayni+Dahlan+ibn+Abdul+Wahhab&pg=PA91">Ottoman Reform and Muslim Regeneration</a>. I.B. Tauris. pp. 86–87. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85043-757-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85043-757-4"><bdi>978-1-85043-757-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200701045121/https://books.google.com/books?id=U7loMhnI5S8C&pg=PA91&dq=Zayni+Dahlan+ibn+Abdul+Wahhab&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiK4e36re_QAhXML8AKHURQC2oQ6AEINjAF#v=onepage&q=Zayni%20Dahlan%20ibn%20Abdul%20Wahhab&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 1 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ottoman+Reform+and+Muslim+Regeneration&rft.pages=86-87&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-85043-757-4&rft.aulast=Mannah&rft.aufirst=Bu%E1%B9%ADrus+Ab%C5%AB&rft.au=Weismann%2C+Itzchak&rft.au=Zachs%2C+Fruma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DU7loMhnI5S8C%26q%3DZayni%2BDahlan%2Bibn%2BAbdul%2BWahhab%26pg%3DPA91&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+ibn+Abd+al-Wahhab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ottoman89-195">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ottoman89_195-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ottoman89_195-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMannahWeismannZachs2005" class="citation book cs1">Mannah, Buṭrus Abū; Weismann, Itzchak; Zachs, Fruma (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=U7loMhnI5S8C&q=Zayni+Dahlan+ibn+Abdul+Wahhab&pg=PA91">Ottoman Reform and Muslim Regeneration</a>. I.B. Tauris. p. 89. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85043-757-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85043-757-4"><bdi>978-1-85043-757-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200701045121/https://books.google.com/books?id=U7loMhnI5S8C&pg=PA91&dq=Zayni+Dahlan+ibn+Abdul+Wahhab&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiK4e36re_QAhXML8AKHURQC2oQ6AEINjAF#v=onepage&q=Zayni%20Dahlan%20ibn%20Abdul%20Wahhab&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 1 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ottoman+Reform+and+Muslim+Regeneration&rft.pages=89&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-85043-757-4&rft.aulast=Mannah&rft.aufirst=Bu%E1%B9%ADrus+Ab%C5%AB&rft.au=Weismann%2C+Itzchak&rft.au=Zachs%2C+Fruma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DU7loMhnI5S8C%26q%3DZayni%2BDahlan%2Bibn%2BAbdul%2BWahhab%26pg%3DPA91&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+ibn+Abd+al-Wahhab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaye2021212-196">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGaye2021212_196-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGaye2021212_196-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGaye2021212_196-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGaye2021212_196-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGaye2021212_196-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFGaye2021">Gaye 2021</a>, p. 212. </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFibn_Muhammad_ibn_Qasim_Al-Najdi1996" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">ibn Muhammad ibn Qasim Al-Najdi, 'Abd al-Rahman, ed. 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Vol. 10. <a href="/wiki/Imam_Mohammad_Ibn_Saud_Islamic_University" title="Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University">Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University</a>. pp. 434–435.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%B1+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9+%D9%81%D9%8A+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9&rft.pages=434-435&rft.pub=Imam+Mohammad+Ibn+Saud+Islamic+University&rft.date=1996&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2F1_20191031%2F%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25AF%25D8%25B1%25D8%25B1_%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25B3%25D9%2586%25D9%258A%25D8%25A9_%25D9%2581%25D9%258A_%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A3%25D8%25AC%25D9%2588%25D8%25A8%25D8%25A9_%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D9%2586%25D8%25AC%25D8%25AF%25D9%258A%25D8%25A9_10%2Fpage%2Fn433%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+ibn+Abd+al-Wahhab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhatab201163–75-198"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhatab201163–75_198-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKhatab2011">Khatab 2011</a>, pp. 63–75. </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://al-maktaba.org/book/31616/25648">"ص146 - أرشيف ملتقى أهل الحديث - سليمان بن عبد الوهاب تاب ورجع فهل راجعون - المكتبة الشاملة الحديثة"</a>. al-maktaba.org. Retrieved 4 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=al-maktaba.org&rft.atitle=%D8%B5146+-+%D8%A3%D8%B1%D8%B4%D9%8A%D9%81+%D9%85%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%82%D9%89+%D8%A3%D9%87%D9%84+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%AB+-+%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86+%D8%A8%D9%86+%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%A8+%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8+%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AC%D8%B9+%D9%81%D9%87%D9%84+%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%B9%D9%88%D9%86+-+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%AB%D8%A9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fal-maktaba.org%2Fbook%2F31616%2F25648&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+ibn+Abd+al-Wahhab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.rattibha.com/thread/1692585234599141848">"Rattibha"</a>. en.rattibha.com. Retrieved 4 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=en.rattibha.com&rft.atitle=Rattibha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.rattibha.com%2Fthread%2F1692585234599141848&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+ibn+Abd+al-Wahhab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alukah.net/sharia/0/3891/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%AE-%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A8%D9%86-%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%A8-%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8-%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AC%D8%B9%D8%8C-%D9%81%D9%87%D9%84-%D8%A3%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%85-%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%B9%D9%88%D9%86%D8%9F-1-2/">"الشيخ سليمان بن عبدالوهاب تاب ورجع، فهل أنتم راجعون؟ (1 /2)"</a>. www.alukah.net (in Arabic). 28 October 2008. Retrieved 4 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.alukah.net&rft.atitle=%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%AE+%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86+%D8%A8%D9%86+%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%A8+%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8+%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AC%D8%B9%D8%8C+%D9%81%D9%87%D9%84+%D8%A3%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%85+%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%B9%D9%88%D9%86%D8%9F+%281+%2F2%29&rft.date=2008-10-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.alukah.net%2Fsharia%2F0%2F3891%2F%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25B4%25D9%258A%25D8%25AE-%25D8%25B3%25D9%2584%25D9%258A%25D9%2585%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586-%25D8%25A8%25D9%2586-%25D8%25B9%25D8%25A8%25D8%25AF%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D9%2588%25D9%2587%25D8%25A7%25D8%25A8-%25D8%25AA%25D8%25A7%25D8%25A8-%25D9%2588%25D8%25B1%25D8%25AC%25D8%25B9%25D8%258C-%25D9%2581%25D9%2587%25D9%2584-%25D8%25A3%25D9%2586%25D8%25AA%25D9%2585-%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AC%25D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D9%2586%25D8%259F-1-2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+ibn+Abd+al-Wahhab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BcwobV-pfs0">الشيخ صالح الفوزان: توبة الشيخ سليمان بن عبد الوهاب من ذم دعوة أخيه الإمام المجدد محمد</a>, retrieved 4 October 2023</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%AE+%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%86%3A+%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%AE+%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86+%D8%A8%D9%86+%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%A8+%D9%85%D9%86+%D8%B0%D9%85+%D8%AF%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%A9+%D8%A3%D8%AE%D9%8A%D9%87+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%85+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AC%D8%AF%D8%AF+%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DBcwobV-pfs0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+ibn+Abd+al-Wahhab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCommins2006" class="citation book cs1">Commins, David (2006). The Wahhabi Mission and Saudi Arabia. London: I.B Tauris. p. 22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84511-080-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-84511-080-3"><bdi>1-84511-080-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Wahhabi+Mission+and+Saudi+Arabia&rft.place=London&rft.pages=22&rft.pub=I.B+Tauris&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=1-84511-080-3&rft.aulast=Commins&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+ibn+Abd+al-Wahhab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEric_Tagliacozzo2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Eric_Tagliacozzo" title="Eric Tagliacozzo">Eric Tagliacozzo</a> (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=S3nlvRJyjUEC">Southeast Asia and the Middle East: Islam, Movement, and the Longue Durée</a>. <a href="/wiki/NUS_Press" title="NUS Press">NUS Press</a>. p. 125. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9971-69-424-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-9971-69-424-1"><bdi>978-9971-69-424-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Southeast+Asia+and+the+Middle+East%3A+Islam%2C+Movement%2C+and+the+Longue+Dur%C3%A9e&rft.pages=125&rft.pub=NUS+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-9971-69-424-1&rft.au=Eric+Tagliacozzo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DS3nlvRJyjUEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+ibn+Abd+al-Wahhab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zri2IRX9sIEC">Countering Suicide Terrorism: An International Conference</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Institute_for_Counter-Terrorism" title="International Institute for Counter-Terrorism">International Institute for Counter-Terrorism</a> (ICT). 2001. p. 72. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4128-4487-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4128-4487-1"><bdi>978-1-4128-4487-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Countering+Suicide+Terrorism%3A+An+International+Conference&rft.pages=72&rft.pub=International+Institute+for+Counter-Terrorism+%28ICT%29&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-4128-4487-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dzri2IRX9sIEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+ibn+Abd+al-Wahhab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhatab201171-206"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhatab201171_206-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKhatab2011">Khatab 2011</a>, p. 71. </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCommins2006" class="citation book cs1">Commins, David (2006). The Wahhabi Mission and Saudi Arabia. London: I.B Tauris. p. 22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84511-080-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-84511-080-3"><bdi>1-84511-080-3</bdi></a>. <q>Later reports claim that Sulayman eventually repented his errors, but those may well represent efforts to smooth over the historical record</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Wahhabi+Mission+and+Saudi+Arabia&rft.place=London&rft.pages=22&rft.pub=I.B+Tauris&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=1-84511-080-3&rft.aulast=Commins&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+ibn+Abd+al-Wahhab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFal-Din_M._Zarabozo2005" class="citation book cs1">al-Din M. Zarabozo, Jamaal (2005). The Life, Teachings and Influence of Muhammad ibn Abdul-Wahhaab. Riyadh: The Ministry of Islamic Affairs, Endowments, Dawah and Guidance The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. p. 209. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9960-29-500-1" title="Special:BookSources/9960-29-500-1"><bdi>9960-29-500-1</bdi></a>. <q>There is a difference of opinion concerning whether Sulaimaan eventually gave up his opposition and joined the call of his brother Muhammad ibn Abdul-Wahhaab. Ibn Ghannaam, the earliest chronicler, specifically states that he repented from his previous position and joined his brother in al-Diriyyah. Ibn Bishr simply states that he moved to al-Diriyyah with his family and remained there while receiving a stipend, which may or may not be a sign that he had changed his views. There is actually a letter that was supposedly written by Sulaimaan in which he stated that he repented from his earlier views. Al-Bassaam in Ulamaa Najd presents logical evidence to show that that letter is false and Sulaimaan actually never changed his position</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life%2C+Teachings+and+Influence+of+Muhammad+ibn+Abdul-Wahhaab&rft.place=Riyadh&rft.pages=209&rft.pub=The+Ministry+of+Islamic+Affairs%2C+Endowments%2C+Dawah+and+Guidance+The+Kingdom+of+Saudi+Arabia&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9960-29-500-1&rft.aulast=al-Din+M.+Zarabozo&rft.aufirst=Jamaal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+ibn+Abd+al-Wahhab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ottoman91-209">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ottoman91_209-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ottoman91_209-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMannahWeismannZachs2005" class="citation book cs1">Mannah, Buṭrus Abū; Weismann, Itzchak; Zachs, Fruma (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=U7loMhnI5S8C&q=Zayni+Dahlan+ibn+Abdul+Wahhab&pg=PA91">Ottoman Reform and Muslim Regeneration</a>. I.B. Tauris. p. 91. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85043-757-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85043-757-4"><bdi>978-1-85043-757-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200701045121/https://books.google.com/books?id=U7loMhnI5S8C&pg=PA91&dq=Zayni+Dahlan+ibn+Abdul+Wahhab&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiK4e36re_QAhXML8AKHURQC2oQ6AEINjAF#v=onepage&q=Zayni%20Dahlan%20ibn%20Abdul%20Wahhab&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 1 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ottoman+Reform+and+Muslim+Regeneration&rft.pages=91&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-85043-757-4&rft.aulast=Mannah&rft.aufirst=Bu%E1%B9%ADrus+Ab%C5%AB&rft.au=Weismann%2C+Itzchak&rft.au=Zachs%2C+Fruma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DU7loMhnI5S8C%26q%3DZayni%2BDahlan%2Bibn%2BAbdul%2BWahhab%26pg%3DPA91&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+ibn+Abd+al-Wahhab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-210"><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJ._Delong-Bas2004" class="citation book cs1">J. Delong-Bas, Natana (2004). "The Theology and Worldview of Muhammad Ibn Abd al-Wahhab". Wahhabi Islam:From Revival and Reform to Global Jihad. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 67. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-516991-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-516991-3"><bdi>0-19-516991-3</bdi></a>. <q>Consequently, 'Abd al-Wahhab noted that although visiting Muhammad's grave was a worthy act it must not be done in a spirit or intent that compromises monotheism. Finally, prayer should never be conducted in a cemetery</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Theology+and+Worldview+of+Muhammad+Ibn+Abd+al-Wahhab&rft.btitle=Wahhabi+Islam%3AFrom+Revival+and+Reform+to+Global+Jihad&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=67&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-19-516991-3&rft.aulast=J.+Delong-Bas&rft.aufirst=Natana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+ibn+Abd+al-Wahhab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-211"><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFibn_Abdul_Wahhab" class="citation book cs1">ibn Abdul Wahhab, Muhammad. "Chapter 22 The protectiveness of Al-Mustafa (May Allah be pleased with him) of Tawhid and his blockading every path leading to Shirk". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.missionislam.com/knowledge/books/tawheed.pdf">Kitab At-Tauhid</a> (PDF). Dar us Salam Publications. <q>4) The Prophet (May the peace and blessing of Allah be upon him) forbade visiting his grave in a certain manner, though visiting his grave is among the best of deeds. 5) The Prophet (May the peace and blessing of Allah be upon him) forbade us making excessive visits to his grave</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+22+The+protectiveness+of+Al-Mustafa+%28May+Allah+be+pleased+with+him%29+of+Tawhid+and+his+blockading+every+path+leading+to+Shirk&rft.btitle=Kitab+At-Tauhid&rft.pub=Dar+us+Salam+Publications&rft.aulast=ibn+Abdul+Wahhab&rft.aufirst=Muhammad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.missionislam.com%2Fknowledge%2Fbooks%2Ftawheed.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+ibn+Abd+al-Wahhab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-212"><a href="#cite_ref-212">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeranek,_TupekOndrej,_Pavel2009" class="citation journal cs1">Beranek, Tupek; Ondrej, Pavel (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.brandeis.edu/crown/publications/papers/pdfs/cp2.pdf&ved=2ahUKEwjBwt2g5dzuAhVQbSsKHWcrDEQQFjADegQICBAB&usg=AOvVaw2lXzewNZVV3LJMgJ2J7SA6">"From Visiting Graves to Their Destruction The Question of Ziyara through the Eyes of Salafis"</a>. Brandeis University Crown Center for Middle East Studies: 2, 12, 15 – via Brandeis University. <q>Ibn Taymiyya spent a large portion of his life in prison for his teachings; his last imprisonment was caused by his issuance of a legal opinion reportedly denouncing the visitation of the Prophet's grave... He was arrested, imprisoned without trial, and by a decree of the sultan, which was read out in the Umayyad Mosque, deprived of the right to issue legal opinions (ifta'). The reason for this was the discovery of Ibn Taymiyya's fatwa on grave visitation, authored by him seventeen years earlier and exploited by Ibn Taymiyya's adversaries. This event was connected with yet another incident. After Ibn al-Qayyim, in full accordance with his master's teaching, had preached in Jerusalem about the intercession of the prophets and denied that one could set out to visit the Prophet's grave without first going to the Prophet's mosque, a group of Ibn Taymiyya's sympathizers was arrested. Ibn al Qayyim, after he had been beaten and paraded on a donkey, was imprisoned along with Ibn Taymiyya.. Ibn Taymiyya prohibits traveling exclusively for the purpose of visiting the Prophet's grave, but it is customary (sunna) to visit it after praying in his mosque, because it was the way of the sahaba... Ibn Taymiyya criticizes hadiths encouraging visitation of the Prophet's grave, pronouncing them all forgeries (mawdu') and lies (kidhb)...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Brandeis+University+Crown+Center+for+Middle+East+Studies&rft.atitle=From+Visiting+Graves+to+Their+Destruction+The+Question+of+Ziyara+through+the+Eyes+of+Salafis&rft.pages=2%2C+12%2C+15&rft.date=2009&rft.au=Beranek%2C+Tupek&rft.au=Ondrej%2C+Pavel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.brandeis.edu%2Fcrown%2Fpublications%2Fpapers%2Fpdfs%2Fcp2.pdf%26ved%3D2ahUKEwjBwt2g5dzuAhVQbSsKHWcrDEQQFjADegQICBAB%26usg%3DAOvVaw2lXzewNZVV3LJMgJ2J7SA6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+ibn+Abd+al-Wahhab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-213"><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.islamieducation.com/travel-towards-prophets-resting-place/">"Travel Towards Prophet's Resting Place"</a>. Islami Education. 17 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Islami+Education&rft.atitle=Travel+Towards+Prophet%27s+Resting+Place&rft.date=2008-10-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.islamieducation.com%2Ftravel-towards-prophets-resting-place%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+ibn+Abd+al-Wahhab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-214"><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFal-Din_M._Zarabozo2005" class="citation book cs1">al-Din M. Zarabozo, Jamaal (2005). The Life, Teachings and Influence of Muhammad ibn Abdul-Wahhaab. Riyadh: The Ministry of Islamic Affairs, Endowments, Dawah and Guidance The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. pp. 218, 234. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9960-29-500-1" title="Special:BookSources/9960-29-500-1"><bdi>9960-29-500-1</bdi></a>. <q>Muhammad Basheer ibn Muhammad al-Sahsawaani from India (1250–1326 A.H.). He was a scholar from India who went to Makkah and met with and debated Dahlaan. Later he wrote a large volume refuting the false claims and misinterpretations of Dahlaan, entitled Sayaanah al-Insaan an Waswasah al-Shaikh Dahlaan.".. "Similarly, al-Sahsawaani stated that he met more than one scholar of the followers of ibn Abdul-Wahhaab and he read many of their books and he did not find any evidence for the false claim that they declared "non-Wahhabis" disbelievers</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life%2C+Teachings+and+Influence+of+Muhammad+ibn+Abdul-Wahhaab&rft.place=Riyadh&rft.pages=218%2C+234&rft.pub=The+Ministry+of+Islamic+Affairs%2C+Endowments%2C+Dawah+and+Guidance+The+Kingdom+of+Saudi+Arabia&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9960-29-500-1&rft.aulast=al-Din+M.+Zarabozo&rft.aufirst=Jamaal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+ibn+Abd+al-Wahhab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-215"><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.salafiri.com/biography-allamah-muhammad-bashir-sehsawani-1326h/">"[Biography] – Allamah Muhammad Bashir Sehsawani [1326H]"</a>. Salafi Research Institute. August 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190125065757/http://www.salafiri.com/biography-allamah-muhammad-bashir-sehsawani-1326h/">Archived</a> from the original on 25 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Salafi+Research+Institute&rft.atitle=%5BBiography%5D+%E2%80%93+Allamah+Muhammad+Bashir+Sehsawani+%5B1326H%5D&rft.date=2015-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.salafiri.com%2Fbiography-allamah-muhammad-bashir-sehsawani-1326h%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+ibn+Abd+al-Wahhab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-216"><a href="#cite_ref-216">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFal-Din_M._Zarabozo2005" class="citation book cs1">al-Din M. Zarabozo, Jamaal (2005). The Life, Teachings and Influence of Muhammad ibn Abdul-Wahhaab. Riyadh: The Ministry of Islamic Affairs, Endowments, Dawah and Guidance The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. pp. 172–73. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9960-29-500-1" title="Special:BookSources/9960-29-500-1"><bdi>9960-29-500-1</bdi></a>. <q>He was a strong supporter of ibn Taimiyyah—publishing his works—as well as of the scholars of Najd—publishing their works in his magazine and in a separate anthology entitled Majmooah al-Rasaail wa al-Masaail al-Najdiyyah. In his introduction to al-Sahwasaani's refutation of Dahlaan, Ridha, in a lengthy passage, described ibn Abdul-Wahhaab as a mujaddid ("religious revivalist"), repelling the innovations and deviations in Muslim life. Through his magazine, al-Manaar, Muhammad Rasheed Ridha greatly contributed to the spread of ibn Abdul-Wahhaab's teachings in the whole Muslim world. In fact, he published some of his articles from that magazine in a work entitled al-Wahhaabiyoon wa al-Hijaaz ("The Wahhabis and the Hijaz"). His magazine was unique in its thought and popularity.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life%2C+Teachings+and+Influence+of+Muhammad+ibn+Abdul-Wahhaab&rft.place=Riyadh&rft.pages=172-73&rft.pub=The+Ministry+of+Islamic+Affairs%2C+Endowments%2C+Dawah+and+Guidance+The+Kingdom+of+Saudi+Arabia&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9960-29-500-1&rft.aulast=al-Din+M.+Zarabozo&rft.aufirst=Jamaal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+ibn+Abd+al-Wahhab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-217"><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAl_Din_M.Zarabazo2005" class="citation book cs1">Al Din M.Zarabazo, Jamal (2005). The Life, Teachings and Influence of Muhammad ibn Abdul-Wahhaab. Riyadh: The Ministry of Islamic Affairs, Endowments, Dawah and Guidance The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. pp. 213, 242–43. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9960-29-500-1" title="Special:BookSources/9960-29-500-1"><bdi>9960-29-500-1</bdi></a>. <q>"Muhammad Rasheed Ridha notes that given Dahlaan's position in Makkah and the availability there of works about the call, it is hard to believe that Dahlaan was not aware of the truth about the teachings of ibn Abdul Wahhab and his followers. He must have simply chosen to write otherwise. He further argues that even if he did not see such writings and he relied simply on what he heard from people, it would have been incumbent upon him to verify those reports and to seek out ibn Abdul Wahhab's writings to see if such reports could possibly have been true." ... "Muhammad Rasheed Ridha described the situation best when he wrote, "From the amazing aspects of the ignorance of Dahlaan and others similar to him is that they think that what Allah describes concerning the falsehood of the shirk of the polytheists applies only to them [that is, the polytheists at the time of the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him)]. They think that such are not proofs against anyone who does similar to what they did. It is as if it is permissible for a Muslim to commit shirk due to his Islamic citizenship, even if he commits every type of associating of partners with Allah enumerated in the Quran. Based on that, he cannot conceive of any kind of apostasy from Islam because anyone who is called a Muslim must also have his kufr and shirk called Islamic [kufr and shirk]. Or it is considered permissible for him or, at the very least, forbidden. Indeed, they considered it sanctioned based on a reinterpretation of the texts." Rasheed Ridha, footnotes to Siyaanah al-Insaan, pp. 479–80</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life%2C+Teachings+and+Influence+of+Muhammad+ibn+Abdul-Wahhaab&rft.place=Riyadh&rft.pages=213%2C+242-43&rft.pub=The+Ministry+of+Islamic+Affairs%2C+Endowments%2C+Dawah+and+Guidance+The+Kingdom+of+Saudi+Arabia&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9960-29-500-1&rft.aulast=Al+Din+M.Zarabazo&rft.aufirst=Jamal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+ibn+Abd+al-Wahhab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Abu_alrub_2013_412-218">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Abu_alrub_2013_412_218-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Abu_alrub_2013_412_218-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbu_alrub2013" class="citation book cs1">Abu alrub, Jalal (2013). Mencke, Alaa (ed.). Biography and Mission of Muhammad ibn Abdul Wahhab: Second Edition. Madinah Punlishers and Distributors. p. 412. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9856326-9-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9856326-9-4"><bdi>978-0-9856326-9-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biography+and+Mission+of+Muhammad+ibn+Abdul+Wahhab%3A+Second+Edition&rft.pages=412&rft.pub=Madinah+Punlishers+and+Distributors&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-9856326-9-4&rft.aulast=Abu+alrub&rft.aufirst=Jalal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+ibn+Abd+al-Wahhab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-219"><a href="#cite_ref-219">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJ._Delong-Bas2004" class="citation book cs1">J. Delong-Bas, Natana (2004). Wahhabi Islam:From Revival and Reform to Global Jihad. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 244–45. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-516991-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-516991-3"><bdi>0-19-516991-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wahhabi+Islam%3AFrom+Revival+and+Reform+to+Global+Jihad&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=244-45&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-19-516991-3&rft.aulast=J.+Delong-Bas&rft.aufirst=Natana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+ibn+Abd+al-Wahhab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-220"><a href="#cite_ref-220">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBey1816" class="citation book cs1">Bey, Ali (1816). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/travelsalibeyps01beygoog">Travels of Ali Bey, In Morocco, Tripoli, Cyprus, Egypt, Arabia, Syria and Turkey Vol.II</a>. Philadelphia: The New York Public Library. pp. 79, 157.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Travels+of+Ali+Bey%2C+In+Morocco%2C+Tripoli%2C+Cyprus%2C+Egypt%2C+Arabia%2C+Syria+and+Turkey+Vol.II&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pages=79%2C+157&rft.pub=The+New+York+Public+Library&rft.date=1816&rft.aulast=Bey&rft.aufirst=Ali&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftravelsalibeyps01beygoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+ibn+Abd+al-Wahhab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-221"><a href="#cite_ref-221">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJ._Delong-Bas2004" class="citation book cs1">J. Delong-Bas, Natana (2004). Wahhabi Islam: From Revival and Reform to Global Jihad. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 245–46. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-516991-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-516991-3"><bdi>0-19-516991-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wahhabi+Islam%3A+From+Revival+and+Reform+to+Global+Jihad&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=245-46&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-19-516991-3&rft.aulast=J.+Delong-Bas&rft.aufirst=Natana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+ibn+Abd+al-Wahhab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-222"><a href="#cite_ref-222">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFal-Din_M._Zarabozo2003" class="citation book cs1">al-Din M. Zarabozo, Jamaal (2003). The Life, Teachings and Influence of Muhammad ibn Abdul-Wahhaab. Riyadh: The Ministry of Islamic Affairs, Endowments, Dawah and Guidance: The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. p. 171. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9960-29-500-1" title="Special:BookSources/9960-29-500-1"><bdi>9960-29-500-1</bdi></a>. <q>The historian and Azhari scholar Abdul-Rahmaan al-Jabarti (1167–1237 A.H.) was very influenced and impressed by the followers of ibn Abdul-Wahhaab and he spread their thoughts in Egypt. He saw in them the greatest potential to revive the Muslim world.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life%2C+Teachings+and+Influence+of+Muhammad+ibn+Abdul-Wahhaab&rft.place=Riyadh&rft.pages=171&rft.pub=The+Ministry+of+Islamic+Affairs%2C+Endowments%2C+Dawah+and+Guidance%3A+The+Kingdom+of+Saudi+Arabia&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9960-29-500-1&rft.aulast=al-Din+M.+Zarabozo&rft.aufirst=Jamaal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+ibn+Abd+al-Wahhab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-223"><a href="#cite_ref-223">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJ._Delong-Bas2004" class="citation book cs1">J. Delong-Bas, Natana (2004). Wahhabi Islam: From Revival and Reform to Global Jihad. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 245. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-516991-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-516991-3"><bdi>0-19-516991-3</bdi></a>. <q>The Egyptian historian Abd al-Rahman al-Jabarti, who encountered Wahhabis in Egypt ten years later, in 1814, was similarly impressed by the knowledge of the Wahhabi scholars he encountered, despite all of the negative things he had heard about them. The two Wahhabis with whom al-Jabarti met had come to Egypt in search of hadith collections and Hanbali exegetical discussions of the Quran (tafsir) and jurisprudence (fiqh): "I myself met with the two Wahhabis twice and found them to be friendly and articulate, knowledgeable and well versed in historical events and curiosities. They were modest men of good morals, well trained in oratory, in the principles of religion, the branches of fiqh, and the disagreements of the Schools of Law. In all this they were extraordinary.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wahhabi+Islam%3A+From+Revival+and+Reform+to+Global+Jihad&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=245&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-19-516991-3&rft.aulast=J.+Delong-Bas&rft.aufirst=Natana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+ibn+Abd+al-Wahhab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-224"><a href="#cite_ref-224">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCommins2006" class="citation book cs1">Commins, David (2006). The Wahhabi Mission and Saudi Arabia. London: I.B Tauris. p. 31. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84511-080-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-84511-080-3"><bdi>1-84511-080-3</bdi></a>. <q>Whereas Ottoman writers disparaged Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab, the Egyptian author described him as a man who summoned men to God's book and the Prophet's Sunna, bidding them to abandon innovations in worship. To the Wahhabis' discredit, al-Jabarti reported the 1803 massacre at Ta'if, where Wahhabi forces slaughtered the men and enslaved the women and children. But when it came to doctrinal matters, he reproduced an epistle that the Wahhabis had sent to the religious leader of a Moroccan pilgrim caravan. The epistle set forth their views on idolatry, intercession, festooning the graves of holy men and adhering to the Sunni mainstream. It emphasized that the Wahhabis did not bring anything new but followed classical authorities</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Wahhabi+Mission+and+Saudi+Arabia&rft.place=London&rft.pages=31&rft.pub=I.B+Tauris&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=1-84511-080-3&rft.aulast=Commins&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+ibn+Abd+al-Wahhab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-225"><a href="#cite_ref-225">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbu_alrub2013" class="citation book cs1">Abu alrub, Jalal (2013). Mencke, Alaa (ed.). Biography and Mission of Muhammad ibn Abdul Wahhab: Second Edition. Madinah Punlishers and Distributors. p. 419. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9856326-9-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9856326-9-4"><bdi>978-0-9856326-9-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biography+and+Mission+of+Muhammad+ibn+Abdul+Wahhab%3A+Second+Edition&rft.pages=419&rft.pub=Madinah+Punlishers+and+Distributors&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-9856326-9-4&rft.aulast=Abu+alrub&rft.aufirst=Jalal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+ibn+Abd+al-Wahhab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-226"><a href="#cite_ref-226">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIbn_Badran_al-Dimashqi1920" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ibn Badran al-Dimashqi, 'Abd al-Qadir (1920). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/20210304_20210304_0304/page/n233/mode/2up">المدخل الى مذهب احمد بن حنبل</a> [al-Madkhal ila Madhhab al-Imam Ahmad ibn Hanbal (An Introduction to the Madhab of Imam Ahmad ibn Hanbal)] (in Arabic). New York: Columbia University in City of New York: Libraries. pp. 229–230.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%AE%D9%84+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%89+%D9%85%D8%B0%D9%87%D8%A8+%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF+%D8%A8%D9%86+%D8%AD%D9%86%D8%A8%D9%84&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=229-230&rft.pub=Columbia+University+in+City+of+New+York%3A+Libraries&rft.date=1920&rft.aulast=Ibn+Badran+al-Dimashqi&rft.aufirst=%27Abd+al-Qadir&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2F20210304_20210304_0304%2Fpage%2Fn233%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+ibn+Abd+al-Wahhab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-227"><a href="#cite_ref-227">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAl_Salem2019" class="citation thesis cs1">Al Salem, Abdulaziz Abdullah (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://theses.gla.ac.uk/id/eprint/75078">Authoring reform: A comparative study of Martin Luther and Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab through cultural materialism</a> (PhD). Glasgow, Scotland, UK: University of Glasgow. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5525%2Fgla.thesis.75078">10.5525/gla.thesis.75078</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Authoring+reform%3A+A+comparative+study+of+Martin+Luther+and+Muhammad+ibn+Abd+al-Wahhab+through+cultural+materialism&rft.inst=University+of+Glasgow&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5525%2Fgla.thesis.75078&rft.aulast=Al+Salem&rft.aufirst=Abdulaziz+Abdullah&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftheses.gla.ac.uk%2Fid%2Feprint%2F75078&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+ibn+Abd+al-Wahhab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-228"><a href="#cite_ref-228">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFal-Din_M._Zarabozo2003" class="citation book cs1">al-Din M. Zarabozo, Jamal (2003). The Life, Teachings and Influence of Muhammad ibn Abdul-Wahhab. Riyadh: The Ministry of Islamic Affairs, Endowments, Dawah and Guidance, The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. p. 369. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9960-29-500-1" title="Special:BookSources/9960-29-500-1"><bdi>9960-29-500-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life%2C+Teachings+and+Influence+of+Muhammad+ibn+Abdul-Wahhab&rft.place=Riyadh&rft.pages=369&rft.pub=The+Ministry+of+Islamic+Affairs%2C+Endowments%2C+Dawah+and+Guidance%2C+The+Kingdom+of+Saudi+Arabia&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9960-29-500-1&rft.aulast=al-Din+M.+Zarabozo&rft.aufirst=Jamal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+ibn+Abd+al-Wahhab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-229"><a href="#cite_ref-229">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIsmail2021" class="citation book cs1">Ismail, Raihan (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vOFDEAAAQBAJ&dq=albani+criticized+ibn+abd+al-wahhab&pg=PA20">Rethinking Salafism: The Transnational Networks of Salafi 'Ulama in Egypt, Kuwait, and Saudi Arabia</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-094895-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-094895-5"><bdi>978-0-19-094895-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rethinking+Salafism%3A+The+Transnational+Networks+of+Salafi+%27Ulama+in+Egypt%2C+Kuwait%2C+and+Saudi+Arabia&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-0-19-094895-5&rft.aulast=Ismail&rft.aufirst=Raihan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvOFDEAAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dalbani%2Bcriticized%2Bibn%2Babd%2Bal-wahhab%26pg%3DPA20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+ibn+Abd+al-Wahhab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGauvain20139-230"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGauvain20139_230-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGauvain2013">Gauvain 2013</a>, p. 9. </li> <li id="cite_note-231"><a href="#cite_ref-231">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAssad2004" class="citation book cs1">Assad, Muhammad (2004). The Road to Makkah. Noida (Ghaziabad): Islamic Book Service. p. 160. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-7231-160-5" title="Special:BookSources/81-7231-160-5"><bdi>81-7231-160-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Road+to+Makkah&rft.place=Noida+%28Ghaziabad%29&rft.pages=160&rft.pub=Islamic+Book+Service&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=81-7231-160-5&rft.aulast=Assad&rft.aufirst=Muhammad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+ibn+Abd+al-Wahhab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-232"><a href="#cite_ref-232">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenberg2019" class="citation book cs1">Greenberg, Nathaniel (2019). "6: Philosophy and Revolution". How Information Warfare Shaped the Arab Spring: The Politics of Narrative in Tunisia and Egypt. Edinburgh, UK: Edinburgh University Press. p. 128. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4744-5395-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4744-5395-0"><bdi>978-1-4744-5395-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=6%3A+Philosophy+and+Revolution&rft.btitle=How+Information+Warfare+Shaped+the+Arab+Spring%3A+The+Politics+of+Narrative+in+Tunisia+and+Egypt&rft.place=Edinburgh%2C+UK&rft.pages=128&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-4744-5395-0&rft.aulast=Greenberg&rft.aufirst=Nathaniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+ibn+Abd+al-Wahhab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-233"><a href="#cite_ref-233">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoj2015" class="citation book cs1">Moj, Muhammad (2015). "5- Deobandi Islam: Countering Folk Islam and Popular Custom". The Deoband Madrassah Movement: Countercultural Trends and Tendencies. New York, NY: Anthem Press. p. 133. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78308-388-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78308-388-6"><bdi>978-1-78308-388-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=5-+Deobandi+Islam%3A+Countering+Folk+Islam+and+Popular+Custom&rft.btitle=The+Deoband+Madrassah+Movement%3A+Countercultural+Trends+and+Tendencies&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pages=133&rft.pub=Anthem+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-78308-388-6&rft.aulast=Moj&rft.aufirst=Muhammad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+ibn+Abd+al-Wahhab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-234"><a href="#cite_ref-234">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFibn_Adam2004" class="citation web cs1">ibn Adam, Muhammad (1 July 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://daruliftaa.com/aqidah-belief/shaykh-rashid-ahmad-gangohis-stance-on-the-najdis/">"Shaykh Rashid Ahmad Gangohi's Stance on the Najdis"</a>. Dar ul Iftaa. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200920175817/https://daruliftaa.com/aqidah-belief/shaykh-rashid-ahmad-gangohis-stance-on-the-najdis/">Archived</a> from the original on 20 September 2020. <q>Question: What kind of a person was (Muhammad ibn) Abd al-Wahhab al-Najdi?" "Answer: People call Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab a Wahhabi. He was a good person, and I have heard that he was a follower of the Hanbali School of Islamic law and acted upon the Hadith. He used to prevent people from Shirk and innovation (bid'a), but he was harsh (shadid) in his attitude." Question: Who are the Wahhabis and what was the belief of Abd al-Wahhab al-Najdi? What was his Madhhab and what type of person was he? What is the difference in belief between the people of Najd and Sunni Hanafis?" "Answer: The followers of Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab are called Wahhabis. They had good (umdah) beliefs and their school of thought was Hanbali. However, they were very stringent in their attitude but he and his followers were good people. But, yes, those who exceeded the limits were overcome by wrongness (fasad). And basic beliefs of everyone are united. The difference they have in actions is (like that) of Hanafi, Shafi'i, Maliki and Hanbali." (Fatawa Rashidiyya, pp. 241–42) ... </q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dar+ul+Iftaa&rft.atitle=Shaykh+Rashid+Ahmad+Gangohi%27s+Stance+on+the+Najdis&rft.date=2004-07-01&rft.aulast=ibn+Adam&rft.aufirst=Muhammad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdaruliftaa.com%2Faqidah-belief%2Fshaykh-rashid-ahmad-gangohis-stance-on-the-najdis%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+ibn+Abd+al-Wahhab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-235"><a href="#cite_ref-235">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSyedSewag2016" class="citation book cs1">Syed, Jawad; Sewag, Zulqarnain (2016). Syed, Jawad; Pio, Edwina; Kamran, Tahir; Zaidi, Abbas (eds.). Faith-Based Violence and Deobandi Militancy in Pakistan. London: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 255, 324–325. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1057%2F978-1-349-94966-3">10.1057/978-1-349-94966-3</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-349-94965-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-349-94965-6"><bdi>978-1-349-94965-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Faith-Based+Violence+and+Deobandi+Militancy+in+Pakistan&rft.place=London&rft.pages=255%2C+324-325&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1057%2F978-1-349-94966-3&rft.isbn=978-1-349-94965-6&rft.aulast=Syed&rft.aufirst=Jawad&rft.au=Sewag%2C+Zulqarnain&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+ibn+Abd+al-Wahhab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-236"><a href="#cite_ref-236">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoj2015" class="citation book cs1">Moj, Muhammad (2015). The Deoband Madrassah Movement: Countercultural Trends and Tendencies. New York, NY: Anthem Press. pp. 133, 190. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78308-388-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78308-388-6"><bdi>978-1-78308-388-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Deoband+Madrassah+Movement%3A+Countercultural+Trends+and+Tendencies&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pages=133%2C+190&rft.pub=Anthem+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-78308-388-6&rft.aulast=Moj&rft.aufirst=Muhammad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+ibn+Abd+al-Wahhab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Muhammad_Jabir-237">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Muhammad_Jabir_237-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Muhammad_Jabir_237-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMuhammad_Jabir2017" class="citation web cs1">Muhammad Jabir, Sharif (2 October 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.net/amp/blogs/2017/10/2/%D9%87%D9%84-%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%86-%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%A8%D9%86-%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%A8-%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%A7">"Hal Kaana Muhammad ibn Abd al Wahhab Da'ishiyya?"</a>. Aljazeera.net. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211105030309/https://www.aljazeera.net/amp/blogs/2017/10/2/%D9%87%D9%84-%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%86-%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%A8%D9%86-%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%A8-%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%A7">Archived</a> from the original on 5 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Aljazeera.net&rft.atitle=Hal+Kaana+Muhammad+ibn+Abd+al+Wahhab+Da%27ishiyya%3F&rft.date=2017-10-02&rft.aulast=Muhammad+Jabir&rft.aufirst=Sharif&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.net%2Famp%2Fblogs%2F2017%2F10%2F2%2F%25D9%2587%25D9%2584-%25D9%2583%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586-%25D9%2585%25D8%25AD%25D9%2585%25D8%25AF-%25D8%25A8%25D9%2586-%25D8%25B9%25D8%25A8%25D8%25AF-%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D9%2588%25D9%2587%25D8%25A7%25D8%25A8-%25D8%25AF%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B9%25D8%25B4%25D9%258A%25D8%25A7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+ibn+Abd+al-Wahhab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-238"><a href="#cite_ref-238">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAli_Nadwi2004" class="citation book cs1">Ali Nadwi, Syed Abul Hasan (2004). "XI: Sons, Disciples and Eminent Contemporaries of Shah Waliullah". Saviours of Islamic Spirit: Volume IV. 253. 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Middle East Studies Associatiom. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://my-mesa.org/program/abstracts/view/eyJpdiI6IkVobVFBYjRxTldSd0xzVktkWW45Mnc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiQUpwaHNqbnRTWHBEb3ZaclZQKzJSUT09IiwibWFjIjoiNTkyMDZhODIxZGFhMjhjNTBhMDg0OWY2NWEyNWViNGRkZGI5OGI1YzY4MDFmNjc4ZmI1YzU2NGJjMjY2MTI1MCIsInRhZyI6IiJ9">the original</a> on 1 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Middle+East+Studies+Associatiom&rft.atitle=The+Perceptions+of+Muhammad+bin+%CA%BFAbd+al-Wahh%C4%81b+on+Takf%C4%ABr+and+Jih%C4%81d&rft.aulast=Nakamura&rft.aufirst=Dr.+Satoru&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmy-mesa.org%2Fprogram%2Fabstracts%2Fview%2FeyJpdiI6IkVobVFBYjRxTldSd0xzVktkWW45Mnc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiQUpwaHNqbnRTWHBEb3ZaclZQKzJSUT09IiwibWFjIjoiNTkyMDZhODIxZGFhMjhjNTBhMDg0OWY2NWEyNWViNGRkZGI5OGI1YzY4MDFmNjc4ZmI1YzU2NGJjMjY2MTI1MCIsInRhZyI6IiJ9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+ibn+Abd+al-Wahhab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-240"><a href="#cite_ref-240">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thenational.ae/world/mena/there-is-no-such-thing-as-wahabism-saudi-prince-says-1.552348">"There is no such thing as Wahabism, Saudi prince says"</a>. The National. 18 March 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190820044304/https://www.thenational.ae/world/mena/there-is-no-such-thing-as-wahabism-saudi-prince-says-1.552348">Archived</a> from the original on 20 August 2019. Retrieved 20 August 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+National&rft.atitle=There+is+no+such+thing+as+Wahabism%2C+Saudi+prince+says&rft.date=2010-03-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenational.ae%2Fworld%2Fmena%2Fthere-is-no-such-thing-as-wahabism-saudi-prince-says-1.552348&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+ibn+Abd+al-Wahhab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-commins172-241"><a href="#cite_ref-commins172_241-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCommins2009" class="citation book cs1">Commins, David (2009). The Wahhabi Mission and Saudi Arabia. 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Knopf">Knopf</a>. p. 79. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-375-41486-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-375-41486-2"><bdi>978-0-375-41486-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Looming+Tower%3A+Al-Qaeda+and+the+Road+to+9%2F11&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=79&rft.pub=Knopf&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-375-41486-2&rft.aulast=Wright&rft.aufirst=Lawrence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Floomingtoweralqa00wrig&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+ibn+Abd+al-Wahhab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-243"><a href="#cite_ref-243">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoghadam2008" class="citation book cs1">Moghadam, Assaf (2008). The Globalization of Martyrdom: Al Qaeda, Salafi Jihad, and the Diffusion of Suicide Attacks. <a href="/wiki/Baltimore,_Maryland" class="mw-redirect" title="Baltimore, Maryland">Baltimore, Maryland</a>: <a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University_Press" title="Johns Hopkins University Press">Johns Hopkins University Press</a>. p. 48. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-9055-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-9055-0"><bdi>978-0-8018-9055-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Globalization+of+Martyrdom%3A+Al+Qaeda%2C+Salafi+Jihad%2C+and+the+Diffusion+of+Suicide+Attacks&rft.place=Baltimore%2C+Maryland&rft.pages=48&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-8018-9055-0&rft.aulast=Moghadam&rft.aufirst=Assaf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+ibn+Abd+al-Wahhab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-244"><a href="#cite_ref-244">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLivesey2005" class="citation web cs1">Livesey, Bruce (25 January 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/front/special/sala.html">"Special Reports – The Salafist Movement: Al Qaeda's New Front"</a>. PBS Frontline. WGBH educational foundation. Retrieved 18 October 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PBS+Frontline&rft.atitle=Special+Reports+%E2%80%93+The+Salafist+Movement%3A+Al+Qaeda%27s+New+Front&rft.date=2005-01-25&rft.aulast=Livesey&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwgbh%2Fpages%2Ffrontline%2Fshows%2Ffront%2Fspecial%2Fsala.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+ibn+Abd+al-Wahhab" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeltzer2011" class="citation book cs1">Geltzer, Joshua A. (2011). US Counter-Terrorism Strategy and al-Qaeda: Signalling and the Terrorist World-View (Reprint ed.). London and New York: Routledge. p. 83. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-66452-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-66452-3"><bdi>978-0-415-66452-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=US+Counter-Terrorism+Strategy+and+al-Qaeda%3A+Signalling+and+the+Terrorist+World-View&rft.place=London+and+New+York&rft.pages=83&rft.edition=Reprint&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-415-66452-3&rft.aulast=Geltzer&rft.aufirst=Joshua+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+ibn+Abd+al-Wahhab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-245"><a href="#cite_ref-245">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaley2001" class="citation book cs1">Maley, William (2001). Fundamentalism Reborn? Afghanistan and the Taliban. C Hurst & Co. p. 14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85065-360-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85065-360-8"><bdi>978-1-85065-360-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fundamentalism+Reborn%3F+Afghanistan+and+the+Taliban&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=C+Hurst+%26+Co&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-85065-360-8&rft.aulast=Maley&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+ibn+Abd+al-Wahhab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-246"><a href="#cite_ref-246">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140812202550/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/print/opr/t236/e0895">"Taliban - Oxford Islamic Studies Online"</a>. www.oxfordislamicstudies.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/print/opr/t236/e0895">the original</a> on 12 August 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.oxfordislamicstudies.com&rft.atitle=Taliban+-+Oxford+Islamic+Studies+Online&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordislamicstudies.com%2Fprint%2Fopr%2Ft236%2Fe0895&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+ibn+Abd+al-Wahhab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-247"><a href="#cite_ref-247">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFR._Dillon2009" class="citation web cs1">R. Dillon, Michael (September 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nps.edu/documents/105988371/107571254/DillonWahhabismThesis.pdf/23fc46fb-17a6-41da-83b8-8e312191b5bb">"(Thesis) Wahhabism: Is it a Factor in the Spread of Global Terrorism?"</a>. Naval Postgraduate School. <q>the Taliban ... movement emerged more from the Deobandi School and not Wahhabism ... the Saudi government cooperated fully, ..., with U.S. operations in Afghanistan (Operation Enduring Freedom) by allowing U.S. forces to use Saudi air bases to control U.S. aircraft ... the ideology of Osama bin Laden and al-Qaeda is not Wahhabi. ... The ideology of al-Qaeda is not a simple affair, and it is a serious mistake to reduce it to Wahhabism. To do so is to ignore the extent to which al-Qaeda broke with the traditional geo-political outlook of Wahhabism, which had never entered into politico-military opposition to the West and was indeed in alliance with the U.S. from 1945 onwards. ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Naval+Postgraduate+School&rft.atitle=%28Thesis%29+Wahhabism%3A+Is+it+a+Factor+in+the+Spread+of+Global+Terrorism%3F&rft.date=2009-09&rft.aulast=R.+Dillon&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.edu%2Fdocuments%2F105988371%2F107571254%2FDillonWahhabismThesis.pdf%2F23fc46fb-17a6-41da-83b8-8e312191b5bb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+ibn+Abd+al-Wahhab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-248"><a href="#cite_ref-248">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFR._Dillon2009" class="citation web cs1">R. Dillon, Michael (September 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nps.edu/documents/105988371/107571254/DillonWahhabismThesis.pdf/23fc46fb-17a6-41da-83b8-8e312191b5bb">"(Thesis) Wahhabism: Is it a Factor in the Spread of Global Terrorism?"</a>. Naval Postgraduate School. <q>.. Saudi Arabia is serious about fighting Al-Qaeda</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Naval+Postgraduate+School&rft.atitle=%28Thesis%29+Wahhabism%3A+Is+it+a+Factor+in+the+Spread+of+Global+Terrorism%3F&rft.date=2009-09&rft.aulast=R.+Dillon&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.edu%2Fdocuments%2F105988371%2F107571254%2FDillonWahhabismThesis.pdf%2F23fc46fb-17a6-41da-83b8-8e312191b5bb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+ibn+Abd+al-Wahhab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Armstrong_2014-249"><a href="#cite_ref-Armstrong_2014_249-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArmstrong2014" class="citation magazine cs1"><a href="/wiki/Karen_Armstrong" title="Karen Armstrong">Armstrong, Karen</a> (27 November 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141127132619/http://www.newstatesman.com/world-affairs/2014/11/wahhabism-isis-how-saudi-arabia-exported-main-source-global-terrorism">"Wahhabism to ISIS: how Saudi Arabia exported the main source of global terrorism"</a>. <a href="/wiki/New_Statesman" title="New Statesman">New Statesman</a>. London. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newstatesman.com/world-affairs/2014/11/wahhabism-isis-how-saudi-arabia-exported-main-source-global-terrorism">the original</a> on 27 November 2014. Retrieved 8 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Statesman&rft.atitle=Wahhabism+to+ISIS%3A+how+Saudi+Arabia+exported+the+main+source+of+global+terrorism&rft.date=2014-11-27&rft.aulast=Armstrong&rft.aufirst=Karen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newstatesman.com%2Fworld-affairs%2F2014%2F11%2Fwahhabism-isis-how-saudi-arabia-exported-main-source-global-terrorism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+ibn+Abd+al-Wahhab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sells_2016-250"><a href="#cite_ref-Sells_2016_250-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSells2016" class="citation news cs1">Sells, Michael (22 December 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.huffpost.com/entry/wahhabist-ideology-what-it-is-and-why-its-a-problem_b_585991fce4b014e7c72ed86e?guccounter=1">"Wahhabist Ideology: What It Is And Why It's A Problem"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Huffington_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="The Huffington Post">The Huffington Post</a>. New York. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200408032152/https://www.huffpost.com/entry/wahhabist-ideology-what-it-is-and-why-its-a-problem_b_585991fce4b014e7c72ed86e">Archived</a> from the original on 8 April 2020. Retrieved 30 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Huffington+Post&rft.atitle=Wahhabist+Ideology%3A+What+It+Is+And+Why+It%27s+A+Problem&rft.date=2016-12-22&rft.aulast=Sells&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffpost.com%2Fentry%2Fwahhabist-ideology-what-it-is-and-why-its-a-problem_b_585991fce4b014e7c72ed86e%3Fguccounter%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+ibn+Abd+al-Wahhab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-251"><a href="#cite_ref-251">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhmad2014" class="citation web cs1">Ahmad, Aftab (19 June 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newageislam.com/radical-islamism-jihad/aftab-ahmad-new-age-islam/qutbism-root-al-qaeda-isis-taliban/d/87636">"Qutbism at the Root of Al Qaeda, ISIS and Taliban"</a>. NewAgeIslam.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211023171600/https://www.newageislam.com/radical-islamism-jihad/aftab-ahmad-new-age-islam/qutbism-root-al-qaeda-isis-taliban/d/87636">Archived</a> from the original on 23 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NewAgeIslam.com&rft.atitle=Qutbism+at+the+Root+of+Al+Qaeda%2C+ISIS+and+Taliban&rft.date=2014-06-19&rft.aulast=Ahmad&rft.aufirst=Aftab&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newageislam.com%2Fradical-islamism-jihad%2Faftab-ahmad-new-age-islam%2Fqutbism-root-al-qaeda-isis-taliban%2Fd%2F87636&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+ibn+Abd+al-Wahhab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-252"><a href="#cite_ref-252">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAngìo2018" class="citation journal cs1">Angìo, Francesco Saverio (January 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/322331205">"Islamic State's Qutbist Statehood"</a>. Paix et Securité Internationales: 181–198. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.25267%2FPaix_secur_int.2017.i5.07">10.25267/Paix_secur_int.2017.i5.07</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10498%2F20001">10498/20001</a> – via ResearchGate.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Paix+et+Securit%C3%A9+Internationales&rft.atitle=Islamic+State%27s+Qutbist+Statehood&rft.pages=181-198&rft.date=2018-01&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10498%2F20001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.25267%2FPaix_secur_int.2017.i5.07&rft.aulast=Ang%C3%ACo&rft.aufirst=Francesco+Saverio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F322331205&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+ibn+Abd+al-Wahhab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-253"><a href="#cite_ref-253">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBunzel2015" class="citation journal cs1">Bunzel, Cole (March 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/Research/Files/Papers/2015/03/ideology-of-islamic-state-bunzel/The-ideology-of-the-Islamic-State.pdf?la=en">"From Paper State to Caliphate: The Ideology of the Islamic State"</a> (PDF). The Brookings Project on U.S. Relations with the Islamic World. 19. Washington, D.C.: <a href="/wiki/Center_for_Middle_East_Policy" class="mw-redirect" title="Center for Middle East Policy">Center for Middle East Policy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Brookings_Institution" title="Brookings Institution">Brookings Institution</a>): 1–48. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150321022758/http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/Research/Files/Papers/2015/03/ideology-of-islamic-state-bunzel/The-ideology-of-the-Islamic-State.pdf?la=en">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 21 March 2015. Retrieved 10 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Brookings+Project+on+U.S.+Relations+with+the+Islamic+World&rft.atitle=From+Paper+State+to+Caliphate%3A+The+Ideology+of+the+Islamic+State&rft.volume=19&rft.pages=1-48&rft.date=2015-03&rft.aulast=Bunzel&rft.aufirst=Cole&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.brookings.edu%2F~%2Fmedia%2FResearch%2FFiles%2FPapers%2F2015%2F03%2Fideology-of-islamic-state-bunzel%2FThe-ideology-of-the-Islamic-State.pdf%3Fla%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+ibn+Abd+al-Wahhab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-254"><a href="#cite_ref-254">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWood2015" class="citation magazine cs1"><a href="/wiki/Graeme_Wood_(journalist)" title="Graeme Wood (journalist)">Wood, Graeme</a> (March 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/features/archive/2015/02/what-isis-really-wants/384980/">"What ISIS Really Wants"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Atlantic" title="The Atlantic">The Atlantic</a>. Washington, D.C. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150216095910/https://www.theatlantic.com/features/archive/2015/02/what-isis-really-wants/384980/">Archived</a> from the original on 16 February 2015. Retrieved 10 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=What+ISIS+Really+Wants&rft.date=2015-03&rft.aulast=Wood&rft.aufirst=Graeme&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Ffeatures%2Farchive%2F2015%2F02%2Fwhat-isis-really-wants%2F384980%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+ibn+Abd+al-Wahhab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-govinfo.gov-255"><a href="#cite_ref-govinfo.gov_255-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CHRG-108shrg91326/html/CHRG-108shrg91326.htm">"Terrorism: Growing Wahhabi Influence in the United States"</a>. www.govinfo.gov. <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>: <a href="/wiki/United_States_Government_Publishing_Office" title="United States Government Publishing Office">United States Government Publishing Office</a>. 26 June 2003. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181215092631/https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CHRG-108shrg91326/html/CHRG-108shrg91326.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 15 December 2018. Retrieved 26 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.govinfo.gov&rft.atitle=Terrorism%3A+Growing+Wahhabi+Influence+in+the+United+States&rft.date=2003-06-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.govinfo.gov%2Fcontent%2Fpkg%2FCHRG-108shrg91326%2Fhtml%2FCHRG-108shrg91326.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+ibn+Abd+al-Wahhab" class="Z3988"> "Journalists and experts, as well as spokespeople of the world, have said that Wahhabism is the source of the overwhelming majority of terrorist atrocities in today's world, from <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a> to <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, via <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>, Saudi Arabia, <a href="/wiki/Chechnya" title="Chechnya">Chechnya</a>. In addition, Saudi media sources have identified Wahhabi agents from Saudi Arabia as being responsible for terrorist attacks on <a href="/wiki/U.S._Invasion_of_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Invasion of Iraq">U.S. troops in Iraq</a>. The Washington Post has confirmed Wahhabi involvement in attacks against U.S. forces in <a href="/wiki/Fallujah_during_the_Iraq_War" title="Fallujah during the Iraq War">Fallujah</a>." - Claims made by US <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> politician and vocal Iraq war advocate Jon Kyl in 2003 during a subcommitte hearing of <a href="/wiki/US_Senate_Judiciary_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="US Senate Judiciary Committee">US Senate Judiciary Committee</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-256"><a href="#cite_ref-256">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRomero2022" class="citation book cs1">Romero, Juan (2022). "1: Ancient, medieval and early modern extremist movements". Terrorism: The Power and Weakness of Fear. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. pp. 17, 21. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9781003260943">10.4324/9781003260943</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-032-19806-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-032-19806-4"><bdi>978-1-032-19806-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=1%3A+Ancient%2C+medieval+and+early+modern+extremist+movements&rft.btitle=Terrorism%3A+The+Power+and+Weakness+of+Fear&rft.place=Abingdon%2C+Oxon&rft.pages=17%2C+21&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9781003260943&rft.isbn=978-1-032-19806-4&rft.aulast=Romero&rft.aufirst=Juan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+ibn+Abd+al-Wahhab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-257"><a href="#cite_ref-257">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFE._Long2009" class="citation web cs1">E. Long, David (1 October 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190626163515/https://www.mei.edu/publications/tawhid-or-jihad-what-wahhabism-and-not">"Tawhid or Jihad: What Wahhabism Is and Is Not"</a>. Middle East Institute. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mei.edu/publications/tawhid-or-jihad-what-wahhabism-and-not">the original</a> on 26 June 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Middle+East+Institute&rft.atitle=Tawhid+or+Jihad%3A+What+Wahhabism+Is+and+Is+Not&rft.date=2009-10-01&rft.aulast=E.+Long&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mei.edu%2Fpublications%2Ftawhid-or-jihad-what-wahhabism-and-not&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+ibn+Abd+al-Wahhab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Leaman_2013_24–25-258">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Leaman_2013_24–25_258-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Leaman_2013_24–25_258-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeaman2013" class="citation book cs1">Leaman, Oliver (2013). "2: Islam and the Qur'an". Controversies in Contemporary Islam. New York: Routledge. pp. 24–25. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-67612-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-67612-0"><bdi>978-0-415-67612-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=2%3A+Islam+and+the+Qur%27an&rft.btitle=Controversies+in+Contemporary+Islam&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=24-25&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-415-67612-0&rft.aulast=Leaman&rft.aufirst=Oliver&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+ibn+Abd+al-Wahhab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-259"><a href="#cite_ref-259">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFW.S_Ryan2010" class="citation news cs1">W.S Ryan, Michael (2 December 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180923102904/https://jamestown.org/program/the-salafist-challenge-to-al-qaedas-jihad/">"The Salafist Challenge to al-Qaeda's Jihad"</a>. Jamestown. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jamestown.org/program/the-salafist-challenge-to-al-qaedas-jihad/">the original</a> on 23 September 2018. <q>In the Arabian Peninsula and especially in Saudi Arabia, Salafism can be traced to the teachings of Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab (1703-1792). This version of Salafism was and is primarily reformist. It is not revolutionary. Usually, the term "Wahhabism" is used to characterize Salafism in Saudi Arabia. Saudis consider this term pejorative because it makes mainstream religion of Saudi Arabia sound like a cult centered on one man... His reformist approach, however, like Ibn Taymiyya's, was meant to be a rational enterprise that opposed superstition as well as innovation in religion.. his focus was the chaotic eighteenth century tribal rivalry within the Arabian Peninsula, not the world. Ibn Abd al-Wahhab's theology thus does not support al-Qaeda's ideology of global jihad. His heirs today are the religious scholars who are the pillars of the modern Saudi state and al-Qaeda's enemies. The Saudi population overwhelmingly prefers its religious institutions and scholars to the revolutionary Salafism of Bin Laden. Al-Qaeda attacks these mainstream Saudi clerics with the vitriol they usually reserve for the United States.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jamestown&rft.atitle=The+Salafist+Challenge+to+al-Qaeda%27s+Jihad&rft.date=2010-12-02&rft.aulast=W.S+Ryan&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjamestown.org%2Fprogram%2Fthe-salafist-challenge-to-al-qaedas-jihad%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+ibn+Abd+al-Wahhab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-260"><a href="#cite_ref-260">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNakamura" class="citation web cs1">Nakamura, Dr. Satoru. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230701064312/https://my-mesa.org/program/abstracts/view/eyJpdiI6IkVobVFBYjRxTldSd0xzVktkWW45Mnc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiQUpwaHNqbnRTWHBEb3ZaclZQKzJSUT09IiwibWFjIjoiNTkyMDZhODIxZGFhMjhjNTBhMDg0OWY2NWEyNWViNGRkZGI5OGI1YzY4MDFmNjc4ZmI1YzU2NGJjMjY2MTI1MCIsInRhZyI6IiJ9">"The Perceptions of Muhammad bin ʿAbd al-Wahhāb on Takfīr and Jihād"</a>. Middle East Studies Associatiom. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://my-mesa.org/program/abstracts/view/eyJpdiI6IkVobVFBYjRxTldSd0xzVktkWW45Mnc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiQUpwaHNqbnRTWHBEb3ZaclZQKzJSUT09IiwibWFjIjoiNTkyMDZhODIxZGFhMjhjNTBhMDg0OWY2NWEyNWViNGRkZGI5OGI1YzY4MDFmNjc4ZmI1YzU2NGJjMjY2MTI1MCIsInRhZyI6IiJ9">the original</a> on 1 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Middle+East+Studies+Associatiom&rft.atitle=The+Perceptions+of+Muhammad+bin+%CA%BFAbd+al-Wahh%C4%81b+on+Takf%C4%ABr+and+Jih%C4%81d&rft.aulast=Nakamura&rft.aufirst=Dr.+Satoru&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmy-mesa.org%2Fprogram%2Fabstracts%2Fview%2FeyJpdiI6IkVobVFBYjRxTldSd0xzVktkWW45Mnc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiQUpwaHNqbnRTWHBEb3ZaclZQKzJSUT09IiwibWFjIjoiNTkyMDZhODIxZGFhMjhjNTBhMDg0OWY2NWEyNWViNGRkZGI5OGI1YzY4MDFmNjc4ZmI1YzU2NGJjMjY2MTI1MCIsInRhZyI6IiJ9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+ibn+Abd+al-Wahhab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-261"><a href="#cite_ref-261">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130130115410/http://www.hrc.utexas.edu/exhibitions/permanent/wfp/heliography.html">"The First Photograph - Heliography"</a>. Harry Ransom Center. 30 January 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hrc.utexas.edu/exhibitions/permanent/wfp/heliography.html">the original</a> on 30 January 2013. Retrieved 17 November 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Harry+Ransom+Center&rft.atitle=The+First+Photograph+-+Heliography&rft.date=2013-01-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrc.utexas.edu%2Fexhibitions%2Fpermanent%2Fwfp%2Fheliography.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+ibn+Abd+al-Wahhab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-262"><a href="#cite_ref-262">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrc.utexas.edu/niepce-heliograph/">"The Niépce Heliograph"</a>. www.hrc.utexas.edu. Retrieved 17 November 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.hrc.utexas.edu&rft.atitle=The+Ni%C3%A9pce+Heliograph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrc.utexas.edu%2Fniepce-heliograph%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+ibn+Abd+al-Wahhab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-263"><a href="#cite_ref-263">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAydin2017" class="citation book cs1">Aydin, Cemil (2017). "Chapter 1: An Imperial Ummah Before the Nineteenth Century". The Idea of the Muslim World. Cambridge, Massachusetts, & London, England: Harvard University Press. pp. 32–33. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-05037-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-05037-2"><bdi>978-0-674-05037-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+1%3A+An+Imperial+Ummah+Before+the+Nineteenth+Century&rft.btitle=The+Idea+of+the+Muslim+World&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts%2C+%26+London%2C+England&rft.pages=32-33&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-674-05037-2&rft.aulast=Aydin&rft.aufirst=Cemil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+ibn+Abd+al-Wahhab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-264"><a href="#cite_ref-264">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.beautifulmosque.com/Imam-Muhammad-ibn-Abdul-Wahhab-Mosque-in-Doha-Qatar">"Imam Muhammad ibn Abdul Wahhab Mosque in Doha - Qatar"</a>. Beautiful Mosque. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150612015824/http://www.beautifulmosque.com/Imam-Muhammad-ibn-Abdul-Wahhab-Mosque-in-Doha-Qatar">Archived</a> from the original on 12 June 2015. 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Vol. 21. <a href="/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden">Leiden</a> and <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>: <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>. pp. 333–347. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F9789004435544_019">10.1163/9789004435544_019</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-43554-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-43554-4"><bdi>978-90-04-43554-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1874-6691">1874-6691</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Part+3%3A+Fundamentalisms+and+Extremists+%E2%80%93+The+Citadel+of+Salafism&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Islamic+Sects+and+Movements&rft.place=Leiden+and+Boston&rft.series=Brill+Handbooks+on+Contemporary+Religion&rft.pages=333-347&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=2021&rft.issn=1874-6691&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F9789004435544_019&rft.isbn=978-90-04-43554-4&rft.aulast=Wagemakers&rft.aufirst=Joas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+ibn+Abd+al-Wahhab" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhite2017" class="citation book cs1">White, Jonathan R. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XL8aCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA252">"Militant Scholars and Strategists"</a>. Terrorism and Homeland Security (9th ed.). Boston: <a href="/wiki/Cengage_Learning" class="mw-redirect" title="Cengage Learning">Cengage Learning</a>. pp. 252–53. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-305-63377-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-305-63377-3"><bdi>978-1-305-63377-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2015951183">2015951183</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Militant+Scholars+and+Strategists&rft.btitle=Terrorism+and+Homeland+Security&rft.place=Boston&rft.pages=252-53&rft.edition=9th&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2015951183&rft.isbn=978-1-305-63377-3&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXL8aCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA252&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+ibn+Abd+al-Wahhab" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li>Valentine, S. R., "Force & Fanaticism: Wahhabism in Saudi Arabia and Beyond", Hurst & Co, London, 2015, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84904-464-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84904-464-6">978-1-84904-464-6</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbualrub2003" class="citation book cs1">Abualrub, Jalal (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hbcQAQAAIAAJ">Muhammad ibn Abdil Wahhab: his life-story and mission</a>. Madinah Publishers and Distributors. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9703766-5-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9703766-5-7"><bdi>978-0-9703766-5-7</bdi></a>. Retrieved 25 December 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Muhammad+ibn+Abdil+Wahhab%3A+his+life-story+and+mission&rft.pub=Madinah+Publishers+and+Distributors&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-9703766-5-7&rft.aulast=Abualrub&rft.aufirst=Jalal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhbcQAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+ibn+Abd+al-Wahhab" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFal-Rasheed2009" class="citation book cs1">al-Rasheed, Madawi (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UKkWRu6u29gC">Kingdom without borders: Saudi political, religious and media frontiers</a>. Capstone. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-70068-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-70068-9"><bdi>978-0-231-70068-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kingdom+without+borders%3A+Saudi+political%2C+religious+and+media+frontiers&rft.pub=Capstone&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-231-70068-9&rft.aulast=al-Rasheed&rft.aufirst=Madawi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUKkWRu6u29gC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+ibn+Abd+al-Wahhab" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Online">Online</h3></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Muhammad-ibn-Abd-al-Wahhab">Muḥammad ibn ʿAbd al-Wahhāb: Muslim theologian</a>, in Encyclopædia Britannica Online, by The Editors of Encyclopædia Britannica, Parul Jain, Satyavrat Nirala and Adam Zeidan</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style 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href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Wahh%C4%81bis">"Wahhābis" </a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Vol. 28 (11th ed.). p. 245.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Wahh%C4%81bis&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=245&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rft.au=Wheeler+Thatcher%2C+Griffithes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+ibn+Abd+al-Wahhab" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.muslimscholars.info/manage.php?submit=scholar&ID=120000">Biodata at MuslimScholars.info</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Muslim_scholars_of_the_Hanbali_School" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hanbali_scholars" title="Template:Hanbali scholars"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hanbali_scholars" title="Template talk:Hanbali scholars"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hanbali_scholars" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hanbali scholars"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Muslim_scholars_of_the_Hanbali_School" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Hanbali_school" title="Hanbali school">Muslim scholars of the Hanbali School</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>by century (<a href="/wiki/Hijri_year" title="Hijri year">AH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">CE</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">3rd/9th</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Hanbal" title="Ahmad ibn Hanbal">Ahmad ibn Hanbal</a> (founder of the school; 780–855)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_ibn_Ya%27qub_al-Juzajani" title="Ibrahim ibn Ya'qub al-Juzajani">Ibrahim ibn Ya'qub al-Juzajani</a> (d. 872)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Dawood" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Dawood">Abu Dawood</a> (d. 889)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">4th/10th</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr_al-Khallal" title="Abu Bakr al-Khallal">Abu Bakr al-Khallal</a> (d. 923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hasan_ibn_Ali_al-Barbahari" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Hasan ibn Ali al-Barbahari">Al-Hasan ibn Ali al-Barbahari</a> (867–941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr_al-Ajurri" title="Abu Bakr al-Ajurri">Abu Bakr al-Ajurri</a> (d. 970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Battah" title="Ibn Battah">Ibn Battah</a> (d. 997)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">5th/11th</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Fadl_al-Tamimi" title="Abu al-Fadl al-Tamimi">Abu al-Fadl al-Tamimi</a> (952–1020 CE/341–410 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qadi_Abu_Ya%27la" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Qadi Abu Ya'la">Al-Qadi Abu Ya'la</a> (990–1066)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Ali_ibn_al-Banna" title="Abu Ali ibn al-Banna">Abu Ali ibn al-Banna</a> (d. 1079)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_Ansari" title="Abdullah Ansari">Khwaja Abdullah Ansari</a> (1006–1088)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Saeed_Mubarak_Makhzoomi" title="Abu Saeed Mubarak Makhzoomi">Abu Saeed Mubarak Makhzoomi</a> (1013–1119)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Aqil" title="Ibn Aqil">Ibn Aqil</a> (1040–1119)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">6th/12th</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Awn_al-Din_ibn_Hubayra" title="Awn al-Din ibn Hubayra">Awn al-Din ibn Hubayra</a> (1105–1165)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Qadir_Gilani" title="Abdul Qadir Gilani">Abdul Qadir Gilani</a> (1078–1166)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Jawzi" title="Ibn al-Jawzi">Ibn al-Jawzi</a> (1116–1201)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammad_al-Harrani" title="Hammad al-Harrani">Hammad al-Harrani</a> (d. 1202)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Ghani_al-Maqdisi" title="Abd al-Ghani al-Maqdisi">Abd al-Ghani al-Maqdisi</a> (1146–1203)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul-Razzaq_Gilani" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdul-Razzaq Gilani">Abdul-Razzaq Gilani</a> (1134–1207)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">7th/13th</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Qudamah" title="Ibn Qudamah">Ibn Qudamah</a> (1147–1223)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majd_ad-Din_ibn_Taymiyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Majd ad-Din ibn Taymiyyah">Majd ad-Din ibn Taymiyyah</a> (1194–1255)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shihab_al-Din_Abd_al-Halim_ibn_Taymiyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Shihab al-Din Abd al-Halim ibn Taymiyyah">Shihab al-Din Abd al-Halim ibn Taymiyyah</a> (1230–1284)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zayn_al-Din_al-Amidi" title="Zayn al-Din al-Amidi">Zayn al-Din al-Amidi</a> (d. 1312)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">8th/14th</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Hamdan" title="Ibn Hamdan">Ibn Hamdan</a> (1206–1295)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Yunini" title="Al-Yunini">Al-Yunini</a> (1242-1326)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Taymiyya" title="Ibn Taymiyya">Ibn Taymiyya</a> (1263–1328)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Abd_al-Hadi" title="Ibn Abd al-Hadi">Ibn Abd al-Hadi</a> (1305–1343)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Qayyim_al-Jawziyya" title="Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya">Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya</a> (1292–1350)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Muflih" title="Ibn Muflih">Ibn Muflih</a> (1310–1362)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Rajab" title="Ibn Rajab">Ibn Rajab</a> (1335–1393)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haji_Bayram_Veli" title="Haji Bayram Veli">Haji Bayram Wali</a> (1352-1430)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">11th/17th</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mar%27i_al-Karmi" title="Mar'i al-Karmi">Mar'i al-Karmi</a> (1580–1624)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Buh%C5%ABt%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Buhūtī">Al-Buhūtī</a> (1592–1641)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Imad_al-Hanbali" title="Ibn al-Imad al-Hanbali">Ibn al-Imad al-Hanbali</a> (1623–1679)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">12th/18th</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_bin_Ahmad_al-Saffarini" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad bin Ahmad al-Saffarini">Muhammad bin Ahmad al-Saffarini</a> (1701–1774)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab</a> (1703–1792)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulayman_ibn_Abd_al-Wahhab" title="Sulayman ibn Abd al-Wahhab">Sulayman ibn Abd al-Wahhab</a> (1699–1793/94)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatima_al-Fudayliya" title="Fatima al-Fudayliya">Fatima al-Fudayliya</a> (d. 1831)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Scholars of other Sunni Islamic schools of jurisprudence <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Hanafi_scholars" title="Template:Hanafi scholars">Hanafi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Maliki_scholars" title="Template:Maliki scholars">Maliki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Shafi%27i_scholars" title="Template:Shafi'i scholars">Shafi'i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Zahiri_scholars" title="Template:Zahiri scholars">Zahiri</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Islamism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Islamism" title="Template:Islamism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Islamism" title="Template talk:Islamism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Islamism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Islamism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Islamism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_fundamentalism" title="Islamic fundamentalism">Outline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qutbism" title="Qutbism">Qutbism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khomeinism" title="Khomeinism">Khomeinism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement" title="Salafi movement">Salafism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salafi_jihadism" title="Salafi jihadism">Salafi jihadism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_fundamentalism_in_Iran" title="Islamic fundamentalism in Iran">Shia Islamism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emirate" title="Emirate">Emirate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_governance" title="Islamic governance">Islamic governance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guardianship_of_the_Islamic_Jurist" title="Guardianship of the Islamic Jurist">Guardianship of the Islamic Jurists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_democracy" title="Islam and democracy">Islamic democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_feminism" title="Islamic feminism">Islamic feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_socialism" title="Islamic socialism">Islamic socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_state" title="Islamic state">Islamic state</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_monarchy" title="Islamic monarchy">Islamic monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_republic" title="Islamic republic">Islamic republic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamistan" title="Islamistan">Islamistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamization" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamization">Islamization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamization_of_knowledge" title="Islamization of knowledge">of knowledge</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Islamism" title="Pan-Islamism">Pan-Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Islamism" title="Post-Islamism">Post-Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Sharia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shura" title="Shura">Shura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_model" title="Turkish model">Turkish model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-nation_theory" title="Two-nation theory">Two-nation theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ummah" title="Ummah">Ummah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Socio-political</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deobandi_movement" title="Deobandi movement">Deobandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hizb_ut-Tahrir" title="Hizb ut-Tahrir">Hizb ut-Tahrir</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hizb_ut-Tahrir_Britain" title="Hizb ut-Tahrir Britain">in Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hizb_ut-Tahrir_in_Central_Asia" title="Hizb ut-Tahrir in Central Asia">in Central Asia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Defenders_Front" title="Islamic Defenders Front">Islamic Defenders Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaat-e-Islami" title="Jamaat-e-Islami">Jamaat-e-Islami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mill%C3%AE_G%C3%B6r%C3%BC%C5%9F" title="Millî Görüş">Millî Görüş</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood" title="Muslim Brotherhood">Muslim Brotherhood</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood_in_Egypt" title="Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt">in Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood_in_Syria" title="Muslim Brotherhood in Syria">in Syria</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Islamic_political_parties" title="List of Islamic political parties">Political parties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_and_Justice_Party_(Egypt)" title="Freedom and Justice Party (Egypt)">Freedom and Justice Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Algeria_Alliance" title="Green Algeria Alliance">Green Algeria Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ennahda" title="Ennahda">Ennahda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Constitutional_Movement" title="Islamic Constitutional Movement">Hadas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hezbollah" title="Hezbollah">Hezbollah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Salvation_Front" title="Islamic Salvation Front">Islamic Salvation Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Jamaat-e-Islami" title="Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami">Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaat-e-Islami_Pakistan" title="Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan">Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamiat-e_Islami" class="mw-redirect" title="Jamiat-e Islami">Jamiat-e Islami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice_and_Construction_Party" title="Justice and Construction Party">Justice and Construction Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice_and_Development_Party_(Morocco)" title="Justice and Development Party (Morocco)">Justice and Development Party (Morocco)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice_and_Development_Party_(Turkey)" title="Justice and Development Party (Turkey)">Justice and Development Party (Turkey)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Congress_Party_(Sudan)" title="National Congress Party (Sudan)">National Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Iraqi_Alliance" title="National Iraqi Alliance">National Iraqi Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Islamic_Party" title="Malaysian Islamic Party">Malaysian Islamic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosperous_Justice_Party" title="Prosperous Justice Party">Prosperous Justice Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Wefaq" title="Al Wefaq">Al Wefaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_Party" title="Welfare Party">Welfare Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatah_Alliance" title="Fatah Alliance">Fatah Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Law_Coalition" title="State of Law Coalition">State of Law Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Action_Front" title="Islamic Action Front">Islamic Action Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_List" title="United Arab List">United Arab List</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Houthi_movement" title="Houthi movement">Ansar Allah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban">Taliban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_modernism" title="Islamic modernism">Islamic modernism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Political leaders</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Abduh" title="Muhammad Abduh">Muhammad Abduh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamal_al-Din_al-Afghani" title="Jamal al-Din al-Afghani">Jamāl al-Dīn al-Afghānī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qazi_Hussain_Ahmad" title="Qazi Hussain Ahmad">Qazi Hussain Ahmad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hibatullah_Akhundzada" title="Hibatullah Akhundzada">Hibatullah Akhundzada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Asad" title="Muhammad Asad">Muhammad Asad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassan_al-Banna" title="Hassan al-Banna">Hassan al-Banna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan" title="Recep Tayyip Erdoğan">Recep Tayyip Erdoğan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necmettin_Erbakan" title="Necmettin Erbakan">Necmettin Erbakan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi" title="Muammar Gaddafi">Muammar Gaddafi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rached_Ghannouchi" title="Rached Ghannouchi">Rached Ghannouchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safwat_Hegazi" title="Safwat Hegazi">Safwat Hegazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Iqbal" title="Muhammad Iqbal">Muhammad Iqbal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alija_Izetbegovi%C4%87" title="Alija Izetbegović">Alija Izetbegović</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Khamenei" title="Ali Khamenei">Ali Khamenei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Ruhollah Khomeini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abul_A%27la_Maududi" title="Abul A'la Maududi">Abul A'la Maududi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abul_Hasan_Ali_Hasani_Nadwi" title="Abul Hasan Ali Hasani Nadwi">Abul Hasan Ali Hasani Nadwi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taqi_al-Din_al-Nabhani" title="Taqi al-Din al-Nabhani">Taqi al-Din al-Nabhani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mullah_Omar" title="Mullah Omar">Mullah Omar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yusuf_al-Qaradawi" title="Yusuf al-Qaradawi">Yusuf al-Qaradawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayyid_Qutb" title="Sayyid Qutb">Sayyid Qutb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tariq_Ramadan" title="Tariq Ramadan">Tariq Ramadan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ata_Abu_Rashta" title="Ata Abu Rashta">Ata Abu Rashta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashid_Rida" title="Rashid Rida">Rashid Rida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navvab_Safavi" title="Navvab Safavi">Navvab Safavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omar_Bongo" title="Omar Bongo">Omar Bongo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Shariati" title="Ali Shariati">Ali Shariati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haji_Shariatullah" title="Haji Shariatullah">Haji Shariatullah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassan_al-Turabi" title="Hassan al-Turabi">Hassan al-Turabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_X" title="Malcolm X">Malcolm X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Yassin" title="Ahmed Yassin">Ahmed Yassin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Zia-ul-Haq" title="Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq">Zia-ul-Haq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rizieq_Shihab" title="Rizieq Shihab">Rizieq Shihab</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Salafi_movement" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement" title="Salafi movement">Salafi movement</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scholastic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahl-i_Hadith" title="Ahl-i Hadith">Ahl-i Hadith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madkhalism" title="Madkhalism">Madkhalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahwa_movement" title="Sahwa movement">Sahwa movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wahhabism" title="Wahhabism">Wahhabism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Islamic_political_parties#Salafist" title="List of Islamic political parties">Political</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al_Asalah" title="Al Asalah">Al Asalah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authenticity_Party" title="Authenticity Party">Authenticity Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Islah_(Yemen)" title="Al-Islah (Yemen)">Al-Islah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Nour_Party" title="Al-Nour Party">Al-Nour Party</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamist_Bloc" title="Islamist Bloc">Islamist Bloc</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_Party" title="People Party">People Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Kashgar_Party" title="Young Kashgar Party">Young Kashgar Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em"><a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement#Prominent_Salafi_scholars_by_country" title="Salafi movement">Major figures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Albani" title="Al-Albani">Al-Albani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Baz" title="Ibn Baz">Ibn Baz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muqbil_bin_Hadi_al-Wadi%27i" title="Muqbil bin Hadi al-Wadi'i">Muqbil bin Hadi al-Wadi'i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safar_al-Hawali" title="Safar al-Hawali">Safar al-Hawali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabee_al-Madkhali" title="Rabee al-Madkhali">Rabee al-Madkhali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Al-Munajjid" title="Muhammad Al-Munajjid">Muhammad Al-Munajjid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zakir_Naik" title="Zakir Naik">Zakir Naik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salman_al-Ouda" title="Salman al-Ouda">Salman al-Ouda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_al-Tamimi" title="Ali al-Tamimi">Ali al-Tamimi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Uthaymin" title="Al-Uthaymin">Al-Uthaymin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_propagation_of_Salafism" title="International propagation of Salafism">International propagation of Salafism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_religious_police" title="Islamic religious police">Islamic religious police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petro-Islam" title="Petro-Islam">Petro-Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salafi%E2%80%93Sufi_relations" title="Salafi–Sufi relations">Salafi–Sufi relations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Militant_Islamism/Jihadism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Militant Islamism</a>/<a href="/wiki/Jihadism" title="Jihadism">Jihadism</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Ideology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qutbism" title="Qutbism">Qutbism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salafi_jihadism" title="Salafi jihadism">Salafi jihadism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Militant Islamism based in <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Militant_Islamism_in_the_Middle_East" title="Template:Militant Islamism in the Middle East">MENA region</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Islamic_Jihad" title="Egyptian Islamic Jihad">Egyptian Islamic Jihad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatah_al-Islam" title="Fatah al-Islam">Fatah al-Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamas" title="Hamas">Hamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State" title="Islamic State">Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Militant_Islamism_in_South_Asia" title="Template:Militant Islamism in South Asia">South Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban">Taliban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lashkar-e-Taiba" title="Lashkar-e-Taiba">Lashkar-e-Taiba</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Militant_Islamism_in_Southeast_Asia" title="Template:Militant Islamism in Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Sayyaf" title="Abu Sayyaf">Abu Sayyaf</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Militant_Islamism_in_Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Template:Militant Islamism in Sub-Saharan Africa">Sub-Saharan Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boko_Haram" title="Boko Haram">Boko Haram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Shabaab_(militant_group)" title="Al-Shabaab (militant group)">al-Shabaab</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">al-Qaeda</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda_in_the_Arabian_Peninsula" title="Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula">in the Arabian Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda_in_Iraq" title="Al-Qaeda in Iraq">in Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda_in_the_Islamic_Maghreb" title="Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb">in North Africa</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Major figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hibatullah_Akhundzada" title="Hibatullah Akhundzada">Hibatullah Akhundzada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anwar_al-Awlaki" title="Anwar al-Awlaki">Anwar al-Awlaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_Yusuf_Azzam" title="Abdullah Yusuf Azzam">Abdullah Yusuf Azzam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr_al-Baghdadi" title="Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi">Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden" title="Osama bin Laden">Osama bin Laden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akhtar_Mansour" title="Akhtar Mansour">Akhtar Mansour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mullah_Omar" title="Mullah Omar">Mullah Omar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juhayman_al-Otaybi" title="Juhayman al-Otaybi">Juhayman al-Otaybi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omar_Abdel-Rahman" title="Omar Abdel-Rahman">Omar Abdel-Rahman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayman_al-Zawahiri" title="Ayman al-Zawahiri">Ayman al-Zawahiri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_violence" title="Islam and violence">Islam and violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_extremism" title="Islamic extremism">Islamic extremism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_terrorism" title="Islamic terrorism">Islamic terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">Jihad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mujahideen" title="Mujahideen">Mujahideen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_21st-century_jihadism" title="Slavery in 21st-century jihadism">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talibanization" title="Talibanization">Talibanization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Other_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Texts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Reconstruction_of_Religious_Thought_in_Islam" title="The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam">Reconstruction (Iqbal, 1930s)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forty_Hadith_of_Ruhullah_Khomeini" title="Forty Hadith of Ruhullah Khomeini">Forty Hadith (Khomeini, 1940)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Principles_of_State_and_Government_in_Islam" title="The Principles of State and Government in Islam"> Principles (Asad, 1961)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milestones_(book)" title="Milestones (book)">Milestones (Qutb, 1964)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Government" title="Islamic Government">Islamic Government (Khomeini, 1970)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Declaration" title="Islamic Declaration">Islamic Declaration (Izetbegović, 1969-1970)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Green_Book_(Gaddafi)" title="The Green Book (Gaddafi)"> The Green Book (Gaddafi, 1975)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Historical events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamization_in_Pakistan" title="Islamization in Pakistan">Zia-ul-Haq's Islamization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_revolution" title="Iranian revolution">Iranian revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Mosque_seizure" title="Grand Mosque seizure">Grand Mosque seizure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Soviet invasion of Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cairo_Declaration_on_Human_Rights_in_Islam" title="Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam">Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Arab_and_Islamic_Congress" title="Popular Arab and Islamic Congress">Popular Arab and Islamic Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_Civil_War" title="Algerian Civil War">Algerian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_Campaign" title="Faith Campaign">Faith Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">War on terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Spring" title="Arab Spring">Arab Spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Winter" title="Arab Winter">Arab Winter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Influences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-imperialism" title="Anti-imperialism">Anti-imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionism" title="Anti-Zionism">Anti-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Islamic_philosophy" title="Contemporary Islamic philosophy">Contemporary Islamic philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_modernity" title="Islam and modernity">Islamic response to modernity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_revival" title="Islamic revival">Islamic revival</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">by region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamism_and_Islamic_terrorism_in_the_Balkans" title="Islamism and Islamic terrorism in the Balkans">Balkans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism_in_the_Gaza_Strip" title="Islamism in the Gaza Strip">Gaza Strip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism_in_Sudan" title="Islamism in Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Islamism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Islamism" title="Criticism of Islamism">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_aspects_of_Islam" title="Political aspects of Islam">Political aspects of Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_Islam" title="Political Islam">Political Islam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Islam in <a href="/wiki/Template:Islam_in_South_Asia" title="Template:Islam in South Asia">South Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Islamism_in_North_Africa" title="Template:Islamism in North Africa">North Africa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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