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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Recommendations_for_electoral_thresholds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recommendations_for_electoral_thresholds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Recommendations for electoral thresholds</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recommendations_for_electoral_thresholds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electoral_thresholds_in_various_countries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electoral_thresholds_in_various_countries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Electoral thresholds in various countries</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Electoral_thresholds_in_various_countries-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Electoral thresholds in various countries subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Electoral_thresholds_in_various_countries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Australia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Australia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Germany</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Norway" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Norway"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Norway</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Norway-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Slovenia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Slovenia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Slovenia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Slovenia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sweden" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sweden"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Sweden</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sweden-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_electoral_thresholds_by_country" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_electoral_thresholds_by_country"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>List of electoral thresholds by country</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-List_of_electoral_thresholds_by_country-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle List of electoral thresholds by country subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-List_of_electoral_thresholds_by_country-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asia_and_Oceania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asia_and_Oceania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Asia and Oceania</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asia_and_Oceania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-North_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>North America</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>South America</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legal_challenges" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legal_challenges"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Legal challenges</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legal_challenges-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Natural_threshold" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Natural_threshold"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Natural threshold</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Natural_threshold-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_cases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_cases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notable cases</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Notable_cases-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Notable cases subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Notable_cases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Memorable_dramatic_losses_due_to_electoral_threshold" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Memorable_dramatic_losses_due_to_electoral_threshold"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Memorable dramatic losses due to electoral threshold</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Memorable_dramatic_losses_due_to_electoral_threshold-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Coalitions_due_to_electoral_thresholds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coalitions_due_to_electoral_thresholds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Coalitions due to electoral thresholds</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coalitions_due_to_electoral_thresholds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Number_of_wasted_votes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Number_of_wasted_votes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Number of wasted votes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Number_of_wasted_votes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Electoral threshold</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 36 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-36" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">36 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="العتبة الانتخابية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="العتبة الانتخابية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrera_electoral" title="Barrera electoral – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Barrera electoral" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzav%C3%ADrac%C3%AD_klauzule" title="Uzavírací klauzule – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Uzavírací klauzule" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sp%C3%A6rregr%C3%A6nse" title="Spærregrænse – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Spærregrænse" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sperrklausel" title="Sperrklausel – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Sperrklausel" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valimisk%C3%BCnnis" title="Valimiskünnis – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Valimiskünnis" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CE%BA%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CF%8C%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BF" title="Εκλογικό όριο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Εκλογικό όριο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrera_electoral" title="Barrera electoral – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Barrera electoral" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektosojlo" title="Elektosojlo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Elektosojlo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%AF_%D9%86%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="حد نصاب انتخاباتی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="حد نصاب انتخاباتی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seuil_%C3%A9lectoral" title="Seuil électoral – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Seuil électoral" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B4%89%EC%87%84_%EC%A1%B0%ED%95%AD" title="봉쇄 조항 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="봉쇄 조항" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izborni_prag" title="Izborni prag – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Izborni prag" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambang_batas_parlemen" title="Ambang batas parlemen – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ambang batas parlemen" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soglia_di_sbarramento" title="Soglia di sbarramento – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Soglia di sbarramento" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%97%D7%95%D7%96_%D7%94%D7%97%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%94" title="אחוז החסימה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אחוז החסימה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procentu%C4%81l%C4%81_barjera" title="Procentuālā barjera – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Procentuālā barjera" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A1laszt%C3%A1si_k%C3%BCsz%C3%B6b" title="Választási küszöb – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Választási küszöb" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nilai_ambang_parlimen" title="Nilai ambang parlimen – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Nilai ambang parlimen" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiesdrempel" title="Kiesdrempel – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Kiesdrempel" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BB%E6%AD%A2%E6%9D%A1%E9%A0%85" title="阻止条項 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="阻止条項" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sperregrense" title="Sperregrense – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Sperregrense" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sperregrense" title="Sperregrense – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Sperregrense" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%B3g_wyborczy" title="Próg wyborczy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Próg wyborczy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cl%C3%A1usula_de_barreira" title="Cláusula de barreira – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cláusula de barreira" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8C%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Процентный барьер – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Процентный барьер" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volebn%C3%A9_kv%C3%B3rum" title="Volebné kvórum – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Volebné kvórum" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B7%D1%83%D1%81" title="Изборни цензус – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Изборни цензус" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izborni_cenzus" title="Izborni cenzus – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Izborni cenzus" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%84%C3%A4nikynnys" title="Äänikynnys – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Äänikynnys" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sp%C3%A4rregler_i_allm%C3%A4nna_val" title="Spärregler i allmänna val – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Spärregler i allmänna val" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%91%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%B1%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B3" title="เกณฑ์คะแนนเสียงขั้นต่ำ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เกณฑ์คะแนนเสียงขั้นต่ำ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Se%C3%A7im_baraj%C4%B1" title="Seçim barajı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Seçim barajı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B3" title="Виборчий поріг – Ukrainian" 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nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Category:Politics" title="Category:Politics">Politics series</a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="border-top:1px #fafafa solid; border-bottom:1px #fafafa solid; background:#efefef; background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Voting" title="Voting">Voting</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vote_icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Vote_icon.svg/75px-Vote_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Vote_icon.svg/113px-Vote_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Vote_icon.svg/150px-Vote_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="326" data-file-height="393" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="text-align:left;border-top:#ddd 1px solid;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Balloting</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Ballot" title="Ballot">Ballots</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absentee_ballot" title="Absentee ballot">Absentee ballot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_ballot" title="Provisional ballot">Provisional ballot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sample_ballot" title="Sample ballot">Sample ballot</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Candidate" title="Candidate">Candidates</a> and <a href="/wiki/Referendum" title="Referendum">Ballot measures</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Write-in_candidate" title="Write-in candidate">Write-in candidate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_district" title="Electoral district">Electorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slate_(elections)" title="Slate (elections)">Slate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ticket_(election)" title="Ticket (election)">Ticket</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Collection</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ballot_box" title="Ballot box">Ballot box</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compulsory_voting" title="Compulsory voting">Compulsory voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_voting" title="Early voting">Early voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_voting" title="Electronic voting">Electronic voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_ballot_system" title="Open ballot system">Open ballot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polling_place" class="mw-redirect" title="Polling place">Polling place</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postal_voting" title="Postal voting">Postal voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_precinct" title="Electoral precinct">Precinct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vote_center" title="Vote center">Vote center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voting_booth" class="mw-redirect" title="Voting booth">Voting booth</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Vote_counting" title="Vote counting">Counting</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Popular_vote_(representative_democracy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Popular vote (representative democracy)">Popular vote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tally_(voting)" title="Tally (voting)">Tally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voting_machine" title="Voting machine">Voting machine</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="text-align:left;border-top:#ddd 1px solid;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Electoral_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Electoral systems">Electoral systems</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Plurality_voting" title="Plurality voting">Plurality and majoritarian systems</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First-past-the-post_voting" title="First-past-the-post voting">First-past-the-post voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-round_system" title="Two-round system">Two-round system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instant-runoff_voting" title="Instant-runoff voting">Instant-runoff voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plurality-at-large_voting" class="mw-redirect" title="Plurality-at-large voting">Plurality-at-large voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_ticket" title="General ticket">General ticket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usual_judgment" class="mw-redirect" title="Usual judgment">Usual judgment</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Proportional_representation" title="Proportional representation">Proportional and semi-proportional systems</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Single_non-transferable_vote" title="Single non-transferable vote">Single non-transferable vote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumulative_voting" title="Cumulative voting">Cumulative voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binomial_voting_system" title="Binomial voting system">Binomial system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party-list_proportional_representation" title="Party-list proportional representation">Party-list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single_transferable_voting" class="mw-redirect" title="Single transferable voting">Single transferable voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spare_vote" title="Spare vote">Spare vote</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Mixed_electoral_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Mixed electoral systems">Mixed-member systems</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mixed-member_proportional_representation" title="Mixed-member proportional representation">Mixed-member proportional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Additional_member_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Additional member system">Additional member system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_single_vote" title="Mixed single vote">Mixed single vote (positive vote transfer)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scorporo" title="Scorporo">Scorporo (negative vote transfer)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_ballot_transferable_vote" title="Mixed ballot transferable vote">Mixed ballot transferable vote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_Vote_Plus" class="mw-redirect" title="Alternative Vote Plus">Alternative Vote Plus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dual-member_proportional_representation" class="mw-redirect" title="Dual-member proportional representation">Dual-member proportional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural%E2%80%93urban_proportional_representation" title="Rural–urban proportional representation">Rural–urban proportional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majority_bonus_system" title="Majority bonus system">Majority bonus system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_voting" title="Parallel voting">Parallel voting (Mixed member majoritarian)</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="text-align:left;border-top:#ddd 1px solid;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Voting strategies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Issue_voting" title="Issue voting">Issue voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_fusion" class="mw-redirect" title="Electoral fusion">Fusion voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Split-ticket_voting" title="Split-ticket voting">Split-ticket voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straight-ticket_voting" title="Straight-ticket voting">Straight-ticket voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tactical_voting" class="mw-redirect" title="Tactical voting">Tactical voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vote_pairing" title="Vote pairing">Vote pairing</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Protest_vote" title="Protest vote">Protest votes</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abstention" title="Abstention">Abstention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donkey_vote" title="Donkey vote">Donkey vote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election_boycott" title="Election boycott">Election boycott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/None_of_the_above" title="None of the above">None of the above</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refused_ballot" title="Refused ballot">Refused ballot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spoilt_vote" title="Spoilt vote">Spoilt vote</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="text-align:left;border-top:#ddd 1px solid;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Voting patterns and effects</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coattail_effect" title="Coattail effect">Coattail effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voting_advice_application" title="Voting advice application">Voting advice application</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voter_segments_in_political_polling" title="Voter segments in political polling">Likely voter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paradox_of_voting" title="Paradox of voting">Paradox of voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passive_electioneering" title="Passive electioneering">Passive electioneering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vote_splitting" class="mw-redirect" title="Vote splitting">Vote splitting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_apathy" title="Political apathy">Political apathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voter_fatigue" title="Voter fatigue">Voter fatigue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voter_turnout" title="Voter turnout">Voter turnout</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Protest_vote" title="Protest vote">Protest votes</a></th></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="text-align:left;border-top:#ddd 1px solid;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Electoral_fraud" title="Electoral fraud">Electoral fraud</a> and prevention</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ballot_harvesting" class="mw-redirect" title="Ballot harvesting">Ballot harvesting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballot_stuffing" class="mw-redirect" title="Ballot stuffing">Ballot stuffing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voter_intimidation" class="mw-redirect" title="Voter intimidation">Voter intimidation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vote_buying" title="Vote buying">Vote buying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voter_suppression" title="Voter suppression">Voter suppression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voter_caging" title="Voter caging">Voter caging</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Prevention</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Election_ink" title="Election ink">Election ink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secret_ballot" title="Secret ballot">Secret ballot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voter_registration" title="Voter registration">Voter registration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/End-to-end_verifiable_voting" class="mw-redirect" title="End-to-end verifiable voting">End-to-end verifiable voting</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="background:#efefef;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/16px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/24px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/32px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Voting" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Voting"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Voting" class="mw-redirect" title="Template talk:Voting"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Voting" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Voting"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>electoral threshold</b>, or <b>election threshold</b>, is the minimum share of votes that a candidate or political party requires before they become entitled to representation or additional seats in a <a href="/wiki/Legislature" title="Legislature">legislature</a>. </p><p>This limit can operate in various ways; for example, in <a href="/wiki/Party-list_proportional_representation" title="Party-list proportional representation">party-list proportional representation</a> systems where an electoral threshold requires that a party must receive a specified minimum percentage of votes (e.g. 5%), either nationally or in a particular electoral district, to obtain seats in the legislature. In <a href="/wiki/Single_transferable_voting" class="mw-redirect" title="Single transferable voting">single transferable voting</a>, the election threshold is called the quota, and it is possible to achieve it by receiving first-choice votes alone or by a combination of first-choice votes and votes transferred from other candidates based on lower preferences. </p><p>In mixed-member-proportional (MMP) systems, the election threshold determines which parties are eligible for top-up seats in the legislative chamber. Some MMP systems still allow a party to retain the seats they won in electoral districts even when they did not meet the threshold nationally; in some of these systems, top-up seats are allocated to parties that do not achieve the electoral threshold if they have won at least one district seat or have met some other minimum qualification. </p><p>The effect of this electoral threshold is to deny representation to small parties or to force them into coalitions. Such restraint is intended to make the election system more stable by keeping out fringe parties. Proponents of a stiff electoral threshold say that having a few seats in a legislature can significantly boost the profile of a party and that providing representation and possibly veto power for a party that receives only 1 percent of the vote is not appropriate.<sup id="cite_ref-Reynolds_2005_p.59_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reynolds_2005_p.59-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, others argue that in the absence of a <a href="/wiki/Ranked_ballot" class="mw-redirect" title="Ranked ballot">ranked ballot</a> or proportional voting system at the district level, supporters of minor parties, barred from top-up seats, are effectively disenfranchised and denied the right to be represented by someone of their choosing. </p><p>Two boundaries can be defined – a threshold of representation is the minimum vote share that might yield a party a seat under the most favorable circumstances for the party, while the threshold of exclusion is the maximum vote share that could be insufficient to yield a seat under the least favorable circumstances. <a href="/wiki/Arend_Lijphart" title="Arend Lijphart">Arend Lijphart</a> suggested calculating the informal threshold as the mean of these.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The electoral threshold is a <a href="/wiki/Barrier_to_entry" class="mw-redirect" title="Barrier to entry">barrier to entry</a> for <a href="/wiki/Political_parties" class="mw-redirect" title="Political parties">political parties</a> to the political competition.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Recommendations_for_electoral_thresholds">Recommendations for electoral thresholds</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electoral_threshold&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Recommendations for electoral thresholds"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_Assembly_of_the_Council_of_Europe" title="Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe">Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe</a> recommends for parliamentary elections a threshold not higher than three percent.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For <a href="/wiki/Single_transferable_vote" title="Single transferable vote">single transferable vote</a>, to produce representation for parties with approximately ten percent of the vote or more, John M. Carey and Simon Hix recommend a district magnitude of approximately six or more in the districts used.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CareyElecSweetSpot_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CareyElecSweetSpot-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Support for a party is not homogenous across an electorate, so a party with ten percent of the general vote is expected to easily achieve the threshold in at least one district even if not in others. Most STV systems used today set the number of votes for the election of most members at the <a href="/wiki/Droop_quota" title="Droop quota">Droop quota</a>, which in a six-member district is 14 percent of the votes cast in the district. Carey and Hix note that increasing the DM past six lowers the natural threshold in the district only in small increments and deceasingly each time.<sup id="cite_ref-CareyElecSweetSpot_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CareyElecSweetSpot-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Electoral_thresholds_in_various_countries">Electoral thresholds in various countries</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electoral_threshold&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Electoral thresholds in various countries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Election_thresholds_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Election_thresholds_map.svg/300px-Election_thresholds_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Election_thresholds_map.svg/450px-Election_thresholds_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Election_thresholds_map.svg/600px-Election_thresholds_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="863" data-file-height="443" /></a><figcaption>World map showing electoral thresholds of <a href="/wiki/Lower_house" title="Lower house">lower houses</a>.<br />Some countries may have more rules for coalitions and independents and for winning a specific number of district seats <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Red; color:black;"> </span> <1</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Orange; color:black;"> </span> 1–1.<span style="text-decoration:overline;">9</span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Yellow; color:black;"> </span> 2–2.<span style="text-decoration:overline;">9</span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Green; color:white;"> </span> 3–3.<span style="text-decoration:overline;">9</span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Blue; color:white;"> </span> 4–4.<span style="text-decoration:overline;">9</span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Navy; color:white;"> </span> 5–5.<span style="text-decoration:overline;">9</span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Purple; color:white;"> </span> 6–6.<span style="text-decoration:overline;">9</span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Magenta; color:black;"> </span> 7+</div></figcaption></figure> <p>In Poland's <a href="/wiki/Sejm" title="Sejm">Sejm</a>, Lithuania's <a href="/wiki/Seimas" title="Seimas">Seimas</a>, Germany's <a href="/wiki/Bundestag" title="Bundestag">Bundestag</a>, Kazakhstan's <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A4jilis" title="Mäjilis">Mäjilis</a> and New Zealand's <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_House_of_Representatives" title="New Zealand House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a>, the threshold is 5 percent (in Poland, additionally 8 percent for a coalition of two or more parties submitting a joint <a href="/wiki/Electoral_list" title="Electoral list">electoral list</a> and in Lithuania, additionally 7 percent for coalition). However, in New Zealand, if a party wins a directly elected seat, the threshold does not apply. </p><p>The threshold is 3.25 percent in Israel's <a href="/wiki/Knesset" title="Knesset">Knesset</a> (it was 1% before 1992, 1.5% from 1992 to 2003 and 2% form 2003 to 2014) and 7 percent in the <a href="/wiki/Grand_National_Assembly_of_Turkey" title="Grand National Assembly of Turkey">Turkish parliament</a>. In Poland, ethnic minority parties do not have to reach the threshold level to get into the parliament and so there is often a small German minority representation in the Sejm. In Romania, for the ethnic minority parties there is a different threshold than for the national parties that run for the <a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_of_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="Chamber of Deputies of Romania">Chamber of Deputies</a>. </p><p>There are also countries such as Finland, Namibia,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> North Macedonia, Portugal and South Africa that have proportional representation systems without a legal threshold. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australia">Australia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electoral_threshold&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Australia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Australian_Senate" title="Australian Senate">Senate of Australia</a> is elected using single transferable vote (STV) and does not use an electoral threshold or have a predictable "natural" or "hidden" threshold. At a normal election, each state returns six senators and the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Capital_Territory" title="Australian Capital Territory">Australian Capital Territory</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Territory" title="Northern Territory">Northern Territory</a> each return two. (For the states, the number is doubled in a <a href="/wiki/Double_dissolution" title="Double dissolution">double dissolution</a> election.) As such, the quota for election (as determined through the Droop quota) is 14.3 percent or 33.3 percent respectively. (For the states, the quota for election is halved in a double dissolution election.) However, as STV is a <a href="/wiki/Ranked_voting_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Ranked voting systems">ranked voting system</a>, candidates who receive less than the quota for election in primary votes can still end up being elected if they amass sufficient preferences to reach the Droop quota. Therefore, the sixth (or, at a <a href="/wiki/Double_dissolution" title="Double dissolution">double dissolution</a> election, the 12th) Senate seat in each state is often won by a party that received considerably less than the Droop quota in primary votes. For example, at the <a href="/wiki/2022_Australian_federal_election" title="2022 Australian federal election">2022 election</a>, the sixth Senate seat in <a href="/wiki/Victoria_(state)" title="Victoria (state)">Victoria</a> was won by the <a href="/wiki/United_Australia_Party_(2013)" title="United Australia Party (2013)">United Australia Party</a> even though it won only 4 percent of the primary vote in that state. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Germany">Germany</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electoral_threshold&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Germany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Germany's <a href="/wiki/Mixed-member_proportional" class="mw-redirect" title="Mixed-member proportional">mixed-member proportional</a> system has a threshold of 5 percent of party-list votes for full proportional representation in the <a href="/wiki/Bundestag" title="Bundestag">Bundestag</a> in federal elections. However, this is not a strict barrier to entry: any party or independent who wins a constituency is entitled to that seat regardless if it has passed the threshold. Parties representing registered ethnic minorities have no threshold and receive proportional representation should they gain the mathematical minimum number of votes nationally to do so.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/2021_German_federal_election" title="2021 German federal election">2021 election</a> demonstrated the exception for ethnic minority parties: the <a href="/wiki/South_Schleswig_Voters%27_Association" title="South Schleswig Voters' Association">South Schleswig Voters' Association</a> entered the Bundestag with just 0.1 percent of the vote nationally as a registered party for Danish and Frisian minorities in <a href="/wiki/Schleswig-Holstein" title="Schleswig-Holstein">Schleswig-Holstein</a>. The 5% threshold also applies to all state elections, while there is no threshold for <a href="/wiki/European_Parliament" title="European Parliament">European Parliament</a> elections. </p><p>German electoral law also includes the <i>Grundmandatsklausel</i> ('basic mandate clause'), which grants full proportional seating to parties winning at least three constituencies as if they had passed the electoral threshold, even if they did not. This rule is intended to benefit parties with regional appeal.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This clause has come into effect in two elections: <a href="/wiki/1994_German_federal_election" title="1994 German federal election">in 1994</a>, when the <a href="/wiki/Party_of_Democratic_Socialism_(Germany)" title="Party of Democratic Socialism (Germany)">Party of Democratic Socialism</a>, which had significantly higher support in the former <a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a>, won 4.4 percent of party-list votes and four constituencies, and in 2021, when its successor, <a href="/wiki/Die_Linke" class="mw-redirect" title="Die Linke">Die Linke</a>, won 4.9 percent and three constituencies. This clause was repealed by a 2023 law intended to reduce the size of the <a href="/wiki/Bundestag" title="Bundestag">Bundestag</a>. However, after complaints from Die Linke and the <a href="/wiki/Christian_Social_Union_in_Bavaria" title="Christian Social Union in Bavaria">Christian Social Union</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Constitutional_Court" title="Federal Constitutional Court">Federal Constitutional Court</a> ruled a threshold with no exceptions was unconstitutional. The court provisionally reintroduced the basic mandate clause for the <a href="/wiki/2025_German_federal_election" title="2025 German federal election">2025 federal election</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Norway">Norway</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electoral_threshold&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Norway"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Norway, the nationwide electoral threshold of 4 percent applies only to <a href="/wiki/Leveling_seat" title="Leveling seat">leveling seats</a>. A party with sufficient local support may still win the regular district seats, even if the party fails to meet the threshold. For example, the 2021 election saw the <a href="/wiki/Green_Party_(Norway)" title="Green Party (Norway)">Green Party</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Party_(Norway)" title="Christian Democratic Party (Norway)">Christian Democratic Party</a> each win three district seats, and <a href="/wiki/Patient_Focus_(Norway)" title="Patient Focus (Norway)">Patient Focus</a> winning one district seat despite missing the threshold. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Slovenia">Slovenia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electoral_threshold&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Slovenia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Slovenia, the threshold was set at 3 parliamentary seats during parliamentary elections in 1992 and 1996. This meant that the parties needed to win about 3.2 percent of the votes in order to pass the threshold. In 2000, the threshold was raised to 4 percent of the votes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sweden">Sweden</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electoral_threshold&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Sweden"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Sweden, there is a nationwide threshold of 4 percent for the <a href="/wiki/Riksdag" title="Riksdag">Riksdag</a>, but if a party reaches 12 percent in any electoral constituency, it will take part in the seat allocation for that constituency.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of the 2022 election, nobody has been elected based on the 12 percent rule. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electoral_threshold&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Ballot_access" title="Ballot access">Ballot access</a></div> <p>In the United States, as the majority of elections are conducted under the <a href="/wiki/First-past-the-post_voting" title="First-past-the-post voting">first-past-the-post system</a>, legal electoral thresholds do not apply in the actual voting. However, several states have threshold requirements for parties to obtain automatic <a href="/wiki/Ballot_access#State_ballot_access_laws" title="Ballot access">ballot access</a> to the next general election without having to submit voter-signed petitions. The threshold requirements have no practical bearing on the two main political parties (the <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> and <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> parties) as they easily meet the requirements, but have come into play for minor parties such as the <a href="/wiki/Green_Party_of_the_United_States" title="Green Party of the United States">Green</a> and <a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_(United_States)" title="Libertarian Party (United States)">Libertarian</a> parties. The threshold rules also apply for independent candidates to obtain ballot access. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_electoral_thresholds_by_country">List of electoral thresholds by country</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electoral_threshold&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: List of electoral thresholds by country"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Africa">Africa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electoral_threshold&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Country</th> <th colspan="3" width="300px" data-sort-type="number">Lower (or sole) house </th> <th rowspan="2">Upper house </th> <th rowspan="2">Other elections </th></tr> <tr> <th>For individual parties </th> <th>For other types </th> <th>Other threshold </th></tr> <tr> <td>Benin</td> <td>10%<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Burundi</td> <td>2%<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Lesotho</td> <td>None, natural threshold ~0.4%</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mozambique</td> <td>5%<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Namibia</td> <td>None, natural threshold ~0.69%</td> <td>6 seats appointed by president </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Rwanda</td> <td>5%</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>South Africa</td> <td>None, natural threshold ~0.2%</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Asia_and_Oceania">Asia and Oceania</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electoral_threshold&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Asia and Oceania"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Country</th> <th colspan="3" width="300px" data-sort-type="number">Lower (or sole) house </th> <th rowspan="2">Upper house </th> <th rowspan="2">Other elections </th></tr> <tr> <th>For individual parties </th> <th>For other types </th> <th>Other threshold </th></tr> <tr> <td>Australia</td> <td>Single-member districts for the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Representatives (Australia)">House of Representatives</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>East Timor</td> <td>4%<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Fiji</td> <td>5%</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Indonesia</td> <td>4%<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Israel</td> <td>3.25%<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kazakhstan</td> <td>5%</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kyrgyzstan</td> <td>5% and 0.5% of the vote in each of the seven regions</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Nepal</td> <td>3% vote each under the <a href="/wiki/Proportional_representation" title="Proportional representation">proportional representation</a> category and at least one seat under the <a href="/wiki/First-past-the-post_voting" title="First-past-the-post voting">first-past-the-post voting</a></td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>New Zealand</td> <td>5%<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td> </td> <td>1 constituency seat </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Palestine</td> <td>2%</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Philippines</td> <td>2%</td> <td>Other parties can still qualify if the 20% of the seats have not been filled up. </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>South Korea</td> <td>3%<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td> </td> <td>5 constituency seats </td> <td> </td> <td>10% (local council elections)<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Taiwan</td> <td>5%<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tajikistan</td> <td>5%<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Thailand</td> <td>None, natural threshold ~0.1%<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Europe">Europe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electoral_threshold&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Country</th> <th colspan="3" width="300px" data-sort-type="number">Lower (or sole) house </th> <th rowspan="2">Upper house </th> <th rowspan="2">Other elections </th></tr> <tr> <th>For individual parties </th> <th>For other types </th> <th>Other threshold </th></tr> <tr> <td>Albania</td> <td>3%</td> <td>5% for multi-party alliances to each electoral area level<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Andorra </td> <td>7.14% (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">14</span></span> of votes cast)<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Armenia </td> <td>5% </td> <td>7% for multi-party alliances </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Austria</td> <td>4%</td> <td>0% for ethnic minorities </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Belgium</td> <td>5% (at constituency level; no national threshold)</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Bosnia and Herzegovina</td> <td>3% (at constituency level; no national threshold)</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Bulgaria</td> <td>4%</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Croatia</td> <td>5% (at constituency level; no national threshold)</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Cyprus</td> <td>3.6%</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>1.8% in European Parliament elections </td></tr> <tr> <td>Czech Republic</td> <td>5%</td> <td>8% for bipartite alliances, 11% for multi-party alliances; does not apply for EU elections </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Denmark</td> <td>2%<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td> </td> <td>1 constituency seat </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Estonia</td> <td>5%</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Finland</td> <td>None, but high natural threshold due to multiple districts</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>France</td> <td>Not applicable</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>5% in European Parliament elections<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in municipal elections for cities with at least 1000 habitants<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Georgia</td> <td>5%<sup id="cite_ref-georgia_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-georgia-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>3% for local elections in all municipalities but <a href="/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi">Tbilisi</a> (2.5%)<sup id="cite_ref-georgia_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-georgia-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Germany</td> <td>5%<br /></td> <td>0% for ethnic minorities </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>0% in European Parliament elections </td></tr> <tr> <td>Greece</td> <td>3%</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Hungary</td> <td>5%</td> <td>10% for bipartite alliances, 15% for multi-party alliances, 0.26% for ethnic minorities (for the first seat only) </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ireland</td> <td>Natural threshold 8 – 12% because 3 to 5 seats in each constituency</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Iceland</td> <td>5% (only for compensatory seats)<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Italy</td> <td>3%</td> <td>10% (party alliances), but a list must reach at least 3%, 1% (parties of party alliances), 20% or two constituencies (ethnic minorities) </td> <td> </td> <td>3% </td> <td>4% in European Parliament elections </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kosovo</td> <td>5%</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Latvia</td> <td>5%</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Liechtenstein</td> <td>8%</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Lithuania</td> <td>5%</td> <td>7% for party alliances </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Malta</td> <td>natural threshold 12% due to district magnitude of 5</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Moldova</td> <td>5%</td> <td>3% (non-party), 12% (party alliances) </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Monaco</td> <td>5%<sup id="cite_ref-sys_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sys-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Montenegro</td> <td>3%</td> <td>Special rules apply for candidate lists representing national minority communities.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Netherlands</td> <td>0.67% (percent of votes needed for one seat; parties failing to reach this threshold have no right to a possible remainder seat)<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>3.23% for European Parliament elections (percent of votes needed for one seat; parties failing to reach this threshold have no right to a possible remainder seat) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Northern Cyprus</td> <td>5%</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>North Macedonia</td> <td>None, but high natural threshold due to multiple districts</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Norway</td> <td>4% (only for compensatory seats)</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Poland</td> <td>5%</td> <td>8% (alliances; does not apply for EU elections); 0% (ethnic minorities) </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Portugal</td> <td>None, but high natural threshold due to multiple districts</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Romania</td> <td>5%</td> <td>10% (alliances) </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Russia</td> <td>5%</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>San Marino</td> <td>5%<sup id="cite_ref-OSCE_SanMarino_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OSCE_SanMarino-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Scotland</td> <td>5%</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Spain</td> <td>3% (constituency). Ceuta and Melilla use <a href="/wiki/First-past-the-post" class="mw-redirect" title="First-past-the-post">first-past-the-post</a> system.</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>None </td> <td>5% for local elections. Variable in regional elections. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sweden</td> <td>4% (national level)<br />12% (constituency)</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Municipalities: 2% or 3% <p>Regions: 3% European parliament: 4%<sup id="cite_ref-:1_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Switzerland</td> <td>None, but high natural threshold in some electoral districts</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Serbia</td> <td>3%<sup id="cite_ref-:0_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>0% for ethnic minorities<sup id="cite_ref-OSCE_Serbia_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OSCE_Serbia-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Slovakia</td> <td>5%</td> <td>7% for bi- and tri-partite alliances, 10% for 4- or more-party alliances<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Slovenia</td> <td>4%</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Turkey</td> <td>7%<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>7% for multi-party alliances. Parties in an alliance not being subject to any nationwide threshold individually. No threshold for independent candidates. </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ukraine</td> <td>5%<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Wales</td> <td>5%</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The electoral threshold for <a href="/wiki/Elections_to_the_European_Parliament#Voting_system" title="Elections to the European Parliament">elections to the European Parliament</a> varies for each member state, a threshold of up to 5 percent is applied for individual electoral districts, no threshold is applied across the whole legislative body.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="North_America">North America</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electoral_threshold&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: North America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Country</th> <th colspan="3" width="300px" data-sort-type="number">Lower (or sole) house </th> <th rowspan="2">Upper house </th> <th rowspan="2">Other elections </th></tr> <tr> <th>For individual parties </th> <th>For other types </th> <th>Other threshold </th></tr> <tr> <td>Costa Rica</td> <td>None, but high natural threshold due to its use of some multiple-member districts with less than 10 seats</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mexico</td> <td>3%</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_America">South America</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electoral_threshold&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: South America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Country</th> <th colspan="3" width="300px" data-sort-type="number">Lower (or sole) house </th> <th rowspan="2">Upper house </th> <th rowspan="2">Other elections </th></tr> <tr> <th>For individual parties </th> <th>For other types </th> <th>Other threshold </th></tr> <tr> <td>Argentina</td> <td>3% of registered voters<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>1.5% of valid votes for <a href="/wiki/Primary_elections_in_Argentina" class="mw-redirect" title="Primary elections in Argentina">primaries</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Bolivia</td> <td>3%</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Brazil</td> <td>No national electoral threshold, for parties threshold is 80% of the natural threshold in the district; for candidates 20% of the natural threshold in the district.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>threshold for financial contributions is 2% at constituency level or 11 deputies in 9 states,<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-otempo_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-otempo-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> increasing 2026 to 2.5% and 2030 to 3% </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Chile</td> <td>None, but high natural threshold due to its use of multiple-member districts with less than 10 seats</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Colombia</td> <td>3%</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ecuador</td> <td>None, but high natural threshold due to its use of multiple-member districts with less than 10 seats</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Paraguay</td> <td>None, but high natural threshold due to its use of multiple-member districts with less than 10 seats</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Peru</td> <td>5%<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Uruguay</td> <td>1%</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>3% </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legal_challenges">Legal challenges</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electoral_threshold&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Legal challenges"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The German <a href="/wiki/Federal_Constitutional_Court" title="Federal Constitutional Court">Federal Constitutional Court</a> rejected an electoral threshold for the <a href="/wiki/European_Parliament" title="European Parliament">European Parliament</a> in 2011 and in 2014 based on the principle of <a href="/wiki/One_person,_one_vote" class="mw-redirect" title="One person, one vote">one person, one vote</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the case of Turkey, in 2004 the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe declared the threshold of 10 percent to be manifestly excessive and asked Turkey to lower it.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 30 January 2007 the <a href="/wiki/European_Court_of_Human_Rights" title="European Court of Human Rights">European Court of Human Rights</a> ruled by five votes to two and on 8 July 2008, its Grand Chamber by 13 votes to four that the former 10 percent threshold imposed in Turkey does not violate the right to free elections (Article 3 of Protocol 1 of the <a href="/wiki/European_Convention_on_Human_Rights" title="European Convention on Human Rights">ECHR</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It held, however, that this same threshold could violate the Convention if imposed in a different country. It was justified in the case of Turkey in order to stabilize the volatile political situation over recent decades.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Natural_threshold">Natural threshold</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electoral_threshold&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Natural threshold"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Diputados_por_circunscripci%C3%B3n_(elecciones_al_Congreso_de_los_Diputados,_2019).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Diputados_por_circunscripci%C3%B3n_%28elecciones_al_Congreso_de_los_Diputados%2C_2019%29.svg/220px-Diputados_por_circunscripci%C3%B3n_%28elecciones_al_Congreso_de_los_Diputados%2C_2019%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Diputados_por_circunscripci%C3%B3n_%28elecciones_al_Congreso_de_los_Diputados%2C_2019%29.svg/330px-Diputados_por_circunscripci%C3%B3n_%28elecciones_al_Congreso_de_los_Diputados%2C_2019%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Diputados_por_circunscripci%C3%B3n_%28elecciones_al_Congreso_de_los_Diputados%2C_2019%29.svg/440px-Diputados_por_circunscripci%C3%B3n_%28elecciones_al_Congreso_de_los_Diputados%2C_2019%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="436" data-file-height="374" /></a><figcaption>Deputies by constituency assigned for the <a href="/wiki/April_2019_Spanish_general_election" title="April 2019 Spanish general election">general elections of 2019</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The number of seats in each <a href="/wiki/Electoral_district" title="Electoral district">electoral district</a> creates a "hidden" natural threshold (also called an effective, or informal threshold). The number of votes that means that a party is guaranteed a seat can be calculated by the formula (<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {\mbox{total number of votes}}{{\mbox{number of seats}}+1}}+\varepsilon }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext>total number of votes</mtext> </mstyle> <mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext>number of seats</mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <mi>ε</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {\mbox{total number of votes}}{{\mbox{number of seats}}+1}}+\varepsilon }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f1953bac467950043b27717a404f69e6808e8a60" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.171ex; width:26.158ex; height:5.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {\mbox{total number of votes}}{{\mbox{number of seats}}+1}}+\varepsilon }"></span>) where ε is the smallest possible number of votes. That means that in a district with four seats slightly more than 20 percent of the votes will guarantee a seat. Under more favorable circumstances, the party can still win a seat with fewer votes.<sup id="cite_ref-COE2010_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-COE2010-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most important factor in determining the natural threshold is the number of seats to be filled by the district. Other factors are the seat allocation formula (<a href="/wiki/Sainte-Lagu%C3%AB_method" title="Sainte-Laguë method">Saint-Laguë</a>, <a href="/wiki/D%27Hondt_method" title="D'Hondt method">D'Hondt</a> or <a href="/wiki/Hare_quota" title="Hare quota">Hare</a>), the number of contestant political parties and the size of the assembly. Generally, smaller districts leads to a higher proportion of votes needed to win a seat and vice versa.<sup id="cite_ref-COE2008_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-COE2008-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The lower bound (the threshold of representation or the percentage of the vote that allows a party to earn a seat under the most favorable circumstances) is more difficult to calculate. In addition to the factors mentioned earlier, the number of votes cast for smaller parties are important. If more votes are cast for parties that do not win any seat, that will mean a lower percentage of votes needed to win a seat.<sup id="cite_ref-COE2010_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-COE2010-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In some elections, the natural threshold may be higher than the legal threshold. In Spain, the legal threshold is 3 percent of valid votes—which included blank ballots—with most constituencies having less than 10 deputies, including <a href="/wiki/Soria_(Congress_of_Deputies_constituency)" title="Soria (Congress of Deputies constituency)">Soria</a> with only two. Another example of this effect are <a href="/wiki/Elections_to_the_European_Parliament" title="Elections to the European Parliament">elections to the European Parliament</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/Cyprus_(European_Parliament_constituency)" title="Cyprus (European Parliament constituency)">Cyprus EU constituency</a>, the legal threshold is 1.8 percent,<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> explicitly replacing the threshold for national election which is 3.6 percent.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cyprus only has 6 <a href="/wiki/Member_of_the_European_Parliament" title="Member of the European Parliament">MEPs</a>, raising the natural threshold. An extreme example of this was in <a href="/wiki/2004_European_Parliament_election_in_Cyprus" title="2004 European Parliament election in Cyprus">the 2004 EU Parliament elections</a>, where <a href="/wiki/European_Democracy_(Cyprus)" title="European Democracy (Cyprus)">For Europe</a> won 36,112 votes (10.80%) and <a href="/wiki/EDEK_Socialist_Party" title="EDEK Socialist Party">EDEK</a> won 36,075 votes (10.79%); despite both parties crossing the threshold by a high margin and a difference of only 37 votes, only "For Europe" returned an MEP to the European Parliament.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other examples include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lithuania_(European_Parliament_constituency)" title="Lithuania (European Parliament constituency)">Lithuania EU constituency</a> (<a href="/wiki/2004_European_Parliament_election_in_Lithuania" title="2004 European Parliament election in Lithuania">2004</a>): <a href="/wiki/Electoral_Action_of_Poles_in_Lithuania_%E2%80%93_Christian_Families_Alliance" title="Electoral Action of Poles in Lithuania – Christian Families Alliance">LLRA–KŠS</a>–<a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Russian_Union" title="Lithuanian Russian Union">LRS</a> won 5.37 percent despite a threshold of 5 percent<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austria_(European_Parliament_constituency)" title="Austria (European Parliament constituency)">Austria EU constituency</a> (<a href="/wiki/2009_European_Parliament_election_in_Austria" title="2009 European Parliament election in Austria">2009</a>): <a href="/wiki/Alliance_for_the_Future_of_Austria" title="Alliance for the Future of Austria">BZÖ</a> won 4.6 percent<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> despite a threshold of 4 percent;<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> after the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lisbon" title="Treaty of Lisbon">Treaty of Lisbon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ewald_Stadler" title="Ewald Stadler">Ewald Stadler</a> (BZÖ) became MEP</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatia_(European_Parliament_constituency)" title="Croatia (European Parliament constituency)">Croatia EU constituency</a> (<a href="/wiki/2014_European_Parliament_election_in_Croatia" title="2014 European Parliament election in Croatia">2014</a>): <a href="/wiki/Alliance_for_Croatia" title="Alliance for Croatia">Alliance for Croatia</a> won 6.88 percent despite a threshold of 5 percent<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvia_(European_Parliament_constituency)" title="Latvia (European Parliament constituency)">Latvia EU constituency</a> (<a href="/wiki/2019_European_Parliament_election_in_Latvia" title="2019 European Parliament election in Latvia">2019</a>): <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Greens_and_Farmers" title="Union of Greens and Farmers">ZZS</a> won 5.34 percent<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> despite a threshold of 5 percent<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Croatia EU constituency (<a href="/wiki/2024_European_Parliament_election_in_Croatia" title="2024 European Parliament election in Croatia">2024</a>): "Fair Play List 9" won 5.54 percent<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> despite a threshold of 5 percent;<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in <a href="/wiki/2019_European_Parliament_election_in_Croatia" title="2019 European Parliament election in Croatia">2019</a>, its predecessor, <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam_Coalition" title="Amsterdam Coalition">Amsterdam Coalition</a>, won a MEP with just 5.19 percent<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Lithuania EU constituency (<a href="/wiki/2024_European_Parliament_election_in_Lithuania" title="2024 European Parliament election in Lithuania">2024</a>): <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Regions_Party" title="Lithuanian Regions Party">LRP</a> won 5.15 percent despite a threshold of 5 percent<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_cases">Notable cases</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electoral_threshold&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Notable cases"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Vote_splitting" class="mw-redirect" title="Vote splitting">Vote splitting</a></div> <p>An extreme example occurred in Turkey following the <a href="/wiki/2002_Turkish_general_election" title="2002 Turkish general election">2002 Turkish general election</a>, where almost none of the 550 incumbent MPs were returned. This was a seismic shift that rocked Turkish politics to its foundations. None of the political parties that had passed the threshold <a href="/wiki/1999_Turkish_general_election" title="1999 Turkish general election">in 1999</a>, passed it again: <a href="/wiki/True_Path_Party" title="True Path Party">DYP</a> received only 9.55 percent of the popular vote, <a href="/wiki/Nationalist_Movement_Party" title="Nationalist Movement Party">MHP</a> received 8.34 percent, <a href="/wiki/Young_Party" title="Young Party">GP</a> 7.25 percent, <a href="/wiki/Democratic_People%27s_Party_(Turkey)" title="Democratic People's Party (Turkey)">DEHAP</a> 6.23 percent, <a href="/wiki/Motherland_Party_(Turkey)" title="Motherland Party (Turkey)">ANAP</a> 5.13 percent, <a href="/wiki/Felicity_Party" title="Felicity Party">SP</a> 2.48 percent and <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Left_Party_(Turkey)" title="Democratic Left Party (Turkey)">DSP</a> 1.22 percent. The aggregate number of <a href="/wiki/Wasted_vote" title="Wasted vote">wasted votes</a> was an unprecented 46.33 percent (14,545,438). As a result, <a href="/wiki/Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan" title="Recep Tayyip Erdoğan">Erdoğan</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Justice_and_Development_Party_(Turkey)" title="Justice and Development Party (Turkey)">AKP</a> gained power, winning more than two-thirds of the seats in <a href="/wiki/Grand_National_Assembly_of_Turkey" title="Grand National Assembly of Turkey">the Parliament</a> with just 34.28 percent of the vote, with only one opposition party (<a href="/wiki/Republican_People%27s_Party" title="Republican People's Party">CHP</a>, which by itself failed to pass threshold in 1999) and 9 independents. </p><p>Other dramatic events can be produced by the loophole often added in <a href="/wiki/Mixed-member_proportional_representation" title="Mixed-member proportional representation">mixed-member proportional representation</a> (used throughout Germany since 1949, New Zealand since 1993): there the threshold rule for party lists includes an exception for parties that won 3 (Germany) or 1 (New Zealand) <a href="/wiki/Single-member_districts" class="mw-redirect" title="Single-member districts">single-member districts</a>. The party list vote helps calculate the desirable number of MPs for each party. Major parties can help minor ally parties overcome the hurdle, by letting them win one or a few districts: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2008_New_Zealand_general_election" title="2008 New Zealand general election">2008 New Zealand general election</a>: While <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_First" title="New Zealand First">New Zealand First</a> received only 4.07 percent of the list vote (so it was not returned to parliament), <a href="/wiki/ACT_New_Zealand" title="ACT New Zealand">ACT New Zealand</a> won 3.65 percent of the list vote, but its leader won an electorate seat (<a href="/wiki/Epsom_(NZ_electorate)" class="mw-redirect" title="Epsom (NZ electorate)">Epsom</a>), which entitled the party to list seats (4). In the <a href="/wiki/2011_New_Zealand_general_election" title="2011 New Zealand general election">2011 election</a>, leaders of the <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_National_Party" title="New Zealand National Party">National Party</a> and ACT had tea together before the press to promote the implicit alliance (see <a href="/wiki/Tea_tape_scandal" title="Tea tape scandal">tea tape scandal</a>). After their victories, the Nationals passed a <a href="/wiki/Confidence_and_supply" title="Confidence and supply">confidence and supply</a> agreement with ACT to form the <a href="/wiki/Fifth_National_Government_of_New_Zealand" title="Fifth National Government of New Zealand">Fifth National Government of New Zealand</a>.</li> <li>In Germany, the post-communist <a href="/wiki/Party_of_Democratic_Socialism_(Germany)" title="Party of Democratic Socialism (Germany)">PDS</a> and its successor <a href="/wiki/Die_Linke" class="mw-redirect" title="Die Linke">Die Linke</a> often hovered around the 5 percent threshold: <a href="/wiki/1994_German_federal_election" title="1994 German federal election">In 1994</a>, it won only 4.4 percent of the party list vote, but won four districts in <a href="/wiki/East_Berlin" title="East Berlin">East Berlin</a>, which saved it, earning 30 MPs in total. In <a href="/wiki/2002_German_federal_election" title="2002 German federal election">2002</a>, it achieved only 4.0 percent of the party list vote, and won just two districts, this time excluding the party from proportional representation. This resulted in a narrow red-green majority and a <a href="/wiki/Schr%C3%B6der_Cabinet_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Schröder Cabinet II">second term for Gerhard Schröder</a>, which would not have been possible had the PDS won a third constituency. In <a href="/wiki/2021_German_federal_election" title="2021 German federal election">2021</a>, it won only 4.9 percent of the party list vote, but won the bare minimum of three districts (<a href="/wiki/Berlin-Lichtenberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Berlin-Lichtenberg">Berlin-Lichtenberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Berlin-Treptow-K%C3%B6penick" class="mw-redirect" title="Berlin-Treptow-Köpenick">Berlin-Treptow-Köpenick</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Leipzig_II" title="Leipzig II">Leipzig II</a>), salvaging the party, which received 39 MPs.</li></ul> <p>The failure of one party to reach the threshold not only deprives their candidates of office and their voters of representation; it also changes the <a href="/wiki/Banzhaf_power_index" title="Banzhaf power index">power index</a> in the assembly, which may have dramatic implications for coalition-building. </p> <ul><li>Slovakia, <a href="/wiki/2002_Slovak_parliamentary_election" title="2002 Slovak parliamentary election">2002</a>. The <a href="/wiki/True_Slovak_National_Party" title="True Slovak National Party">True Slovak National Party</a> (PSNS) split from <a href="/wiki/Slovak_National_Party" title="Slovak National Party">Slovak National Party</a> (SNS), and <a href="/wiki/Movement_for_Democracy_(Slovakia)" title="Movement for Democracy (Slovakia)">Movement for Democracy</a> (HZD) split from the previously dominant <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_%E2%80%93_Movement_for_a_Democratic_Slovakia" title="People's Party – Movement for a Democratic Slovakia">People's Party – Movement for a Democratic Slovakia</a>. All of them failed to cross the 5 percent threshold with PSNS having 3.65 percent, SNS 3.33 percent and HZD 3.26 percent respectively, thus allowing a center-right coalition despite having less than 43 percent of the vote.</li> <li>Norway, <a href="/wiki/2009_Norwegian_parliamentary_election" title="2009 Norwegian parliamentary election">2009</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(Norway)" title="Liberal Party (Norway)">Liberal Party</a> received 3.9 percent of the votes, below the 4 percent threshold for <a href="/wiki/Leveling_seats" class="mw-redirect" title="Leveling seats">leveling seats</a>, although still winning two seats. Hence, while right-wing opposition parties won more votes between them than the parties in the governing coalition, the narrow failure of the Liberal Party to cross the threshold kept the governing coalition in power. It crossed the threshold again at the <a href="/wiki/2013_Norwegian_parliamentary_election" title="2013 Norwegian parliamentary election">following election</a> with 5.2 percent.</li> <li>In the <a href="/wiki/2013_German_federal_election" title="2013 German federal election">2013 German federal election</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Free_Democratic_Party_(Germany)" title="Free Democratic Party (Germany)">FDP</a>, in Parliament since 1949, received only 4.8 percent of the list vote, and won no single district, excluding the party altogether. This, along with the failure of the right-wing eurosceptic party <a href="/wiki/Alternative_for_Germany" title="Alternative for Germany">AfD</a> (4.7%), gave a left-wing majority in Parliament despite a center-right majority of votes (<a href="/wiki/CDU/CSU" title="CDU/CSU">CDU/CSU</a> itself fell short of an absolute majority by just 5 seats). As a result, Merkel's CDU/CSU formed a <a href="/wiki/Grand_coalition" title="Grand coalition">grand coalition</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">SPD</a>.</li> <li>Poland, <a href="/wiki/2015_Polish_parliamentary_election" title="2015 Polish parliamentary election">2015</a>. The <a href="/wiki/United_Left_(Poland)" title="United Left (Poland)">United Left</a> achieved 7.55 percent, which is below the 8 percent threshold for multi-party coalitions. Furthermore, <a href="/wiki/Liberty_(Poland)" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberty (Poland)">KORWiN</a> only reached 4.76 percent, narrowly missing the 5 percent threshold for individual parties. This allowed the victorious <a href="/wiki/Law_and_Justice_(Poland)" class="mw-redirect" title="Law and Justice (Poland)">PiS</a> to obtain a majority of seats with 37 percent of the vote. This was the first parliament without left-wing parties represented.</li> <li>Israel, <a href="/wiki/April_2019_Israeli_legislative_election" title="April 2019 Israeli legislative election">April 2019</a>. Among the 3 lists representing right-wing to far-right Zionism and supportive of Netanyahu, only one crossed the threshold the right-wing government had increased to 3.25 percent: the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_the_Right-Wing_Parties" class="mw-redirect" title="Union of the Right-Wing Parties">Union of the Right-Wing Parties</a> with 3.70 percent, while future Prime Minister Bennett's <a href="/wiki/New_Right_(Israel)" title="New Right (Israel)">New Right</a> narrowly failed at 3.22 percent, and <a href="/wiki/Zehut" title="Zehut">Zehut</a> only 2.74 percent, destroying Netanyahu's chances of another majority, and leading to snap elections in <a href="/wiki/September_2019_Israeli_legislative_election" title="September 2019 Israeli legislative election">September</a>.</li> <li>Czech Republic, <a href="/wiki/2021_Czech_legislative_election" class="mw-redirect" title="2021 Czech legislative election">2021</a>. <a href="/wiki/P%C5%99%C3%ADsaha" title="Přísaha">Přísaha</a> (4.68%), <a href="/wiki/Czech_Social_Democratic_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Czech Social Democratic Party">ČSSD</a> (4.65%) and <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Bohemia_and_Moravia" title="Communist Party of Bohemia and Moravia">KSČM</a> (3.60%) all failed to cross the 5 percent threshold, thus allowing a coalition of <a href="/wiki/Spolu_(Czech_Republic)" title="Spolu (Czech Republic)">Spolu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pirates_and_Mayors" title="Pirates and Mayors">PaS</a>. This was also the first time that neither ČSSD nor KSČM had representation in parliament since <a href="/wiki/1992_Czech_legislative_election" class="mw-redirect" title="1992 Czech legislative election">1992</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Memorable_dramatic_losses_due_to_electoral_threshold">Memorable dramatic losses due to electoral threshold</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electoral_threshold&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Memorable dramatic losses due to electoral threshold"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>In the <a href="/wiki/1990_German_federal_election" title="1990 German federal election">1990 German federal election</a>, the Western Greens did not meet the threshold, which was applied separately for former East and West Germany. The Greens could not take advantage of this, because the "<a href="/wiki/Alliance_90" title="Alliance 90">Alliance 90</a>" (which had absorbed the East German Greens) ran separately from "The Greens" in the West. Together, they would have narrowly passed the 5.0 percent threshold (West: 4.8%, East: 6.2%). The Western Greens returned to the Bundestag in 1994.</li> <li>Israel, <a href="/wiki/1992_Israeli_legislative_election" title="1992 Israeli legislative election">1992</a>. The extreme right-wing <a href="/wiki/Tehiya" title="Tehiya">Tehiya</a> (Revival) received 1.2 percent of the votes, which was below the threshold which it had itself voted to raise to 1.5 percent. It thus lost its three seats.</li> <li>In Bulgaria, the so-called "blue parties"<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or "urban right"<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which include <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Democratic_Forces_(Bulgaria)" title="Union of Democratic Forces (Bulgaria)">SDS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Democrats_for_a_Strong_Bulgaria" title="Democrats for a Strong Bulgaria">DSB</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yes,_Bulgaria!" title="Yes, Bulgaria!">Yes, Bulgaria!</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria_for_Citizens_Movement" title="Bulgaria for Citizens Movement">DBG</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_People%27s_Party_(Bulgaria)" title="United People's Party (Bulgaria)">ENP</a> and Blue Unity frequently get just above or below the electoral threshold depending on formation of <a href="/wiki/Electoral_alliance" title="Electoral alliance">electoral alliances</a>: In the <a href="/wiki/2007_European_Parliament_election_in_Bulgaria" title="2007 European Parliament election in Bulgaria">EP election 2007</a>, DSB (4.74%) and SDS (4.35%) were campaigning separately and both fell below the natural electoral of around 5 percent. In <a href="/wiki/2009_Bulgarian_parliamentary_election" title="2009 Bulgarian parliamentary election">2009 Bulgarian parliamentary election</a>, DSB and SDS ran together as <a href="/wiki/Blue_Coalition" title="Blue Coalition">Blue Coalition</a> gaining 6.76 percent. In <a href="/wiki/2013_Bulgarian_parliamentary_election" title="2013 Bulgarian parliamentary election">2013 Bulgarian parliamentary election</a>, campaigning separately DGB received 3.25 percent, DSB 2.93 percent, SDS 1.37 percent and ENP 0.17 percent, thus all of them failed to cross the threshold this even led to a tie between the former opposition and the parties right of the centre. In the <a href="/wiki/2014_European_Parliament_election_in_Bulgaria" title="2014 European Parliament election in Bulgaria">EP election 2014</a>, SDS, DSB and DBG ran as <a href="/wiki/Reformist_Bloc" title="Reformist Bloc">Reformist Bloc</a> gaining 6.45 percent and crossing the electoral threshold, while Blue Unity campaigned separately and did not cross the electoral threshold. In <a href="/wiki/2017_Bulgarian_parliamentary_election" title="2017 Bulgarian parliamentary election">2017 Bulgarian parliamentary election</a>, SDS and DBG ran as Reformist Bloc gaining 3.06 percent, "Yes, Bulgaria!" received 2.88 percent, DSB 2.48 percent, thus all of them failed to cross the electoral threshold. In the <a href="/wiki/2019_European_Parliament_election_in_Bulgaria" title="2019 European Parliament election in Bulgaria">EP election 2019</a>, "Yes, Bulgaria!" and DBG ran together as <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Bulgaria" title="Democratic Bulgaria">Democratic Bulgaria</a> and crossed the electoral threshold with 5.88 percent. In <a href="/wiki/2021_Bulgarian_general_election" title="2021 Bulgarian general election">November 2021</a>, electoral alliance Democratic Bulgaria crossed electoral threshold with 6.28 percent.</li> <li>Slovakia, <a href="/wiki/2010_Slovak_parliamentary_election" title="2010 Slovak parliamentary election">2010</a>. Both the <a href="/wiki/Party_of_the_Hungarian_Community" class="mw-redirect" title="Party of the Hungarian Community">Party of the Hungarian Community</a> which (including their predecessors) hold seats in parliament since the <a href="/wiki/Velvet_Revolution" title="Velvet Revolution">Velvet Revolution</a> and the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_%E2%80%93_Movement_for_a_Democratic_Slovakia" title="People's Party – Movement for a Democratic Slovakia">People's Party – Movement for a Democratic Slovakia</a>, which dominated in the 1990s, received 4.33 percent and thus failed to achieve the 5 percent threshold.</li> <li>Slovakia, <a href="/wiki/2016_Slovak_parliamentary_election" title="2016 Slovak parliamentary election">2016</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Movement" title="Christian Democratic Movement">Christian Democratic Movement</a> achieved 4.94 percent missing only 0.06 percent votes to reach the threshold which meant the first absence of the party since the <a href="/wiki/Velvet_Revolution" title="Velvet Revolution">Velvet Revolution</a> and the first democratic elections in <a href="/wiki/1990_Slovak_parliamentary_election" title="1990 Slovak parliamentary election">1990</a>.</li> <li>Slovakia, <a href="/wiki/2020_Slovak_parliamentary_election" title="2020 Slovak parliamentary election">2020</a>. The coalition between <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Slovakia" title="Progressive Slovakia">Progressive Slovakia</a> and <a href="/wiki/TOGETHER_%E2%80%93_Civic_Democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="TOGETHER – Civic Democracy">SPOLU</a> won 6.96 percent of votes, falling only 0.04 percent short of the 7 percent threshold for coalitions. This was an unexpected defeat since the coalition had won seats in the <a href="/wiki/2019_European_Parliament_election_in_Slovakia" title="2019 European Parliament election in Slovakia">2019 European election</a> and won the <a href="/wiki/2019_Slovak_presidential_election" title="2019 Slovak presidential election">2019 presidential election</a> less than a year earlier. In addition, two other parties won fewer votes but were able to win seats due to the lower threshold for single parties (5%). This was also the first election since the <a href="/wiki/Velvet_Revolution" title="Velvet Revolution">Velvet Revolution</a> in which no party of the Hungarian minority crossed the 5 percent threshold.</li> <li>Lithuania, <a href="/wiki/2020_Lithuanian_parliamentary_election" title="2020 Lithuanian parliamentary election">2020</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Electoral_Action_of_Poles_in_Lithuania_%E2%80%93_Christian_Families_Alliance" title="Electoral Action of Poles in Lithuania – Christian Families Alliance">LLRA–KŠS</a> won only 4.80 percent of the party list votes.</li> <li>Madrid, Spain, <a href="/wiki/2021_Madrilenian_regional_election" title="2021 Madrilenian regional election">2021</a>. Despite achieving 26 seats with 19.37 percent of the votes in the <a href="/wiki/2019_Madrilenian_regional_election" title="2019 Madrilenian regional election">previous election</a>, the liberal <a href="/wiki/Ciudadanos" class="mw-redirect" title="Ciudadanos">Ciudadanos</a> party crashed down to just 3.54 percent in the 2021 <a href="/wiki/Snap_election" title="Snap election">snap election</a> called by <a href="/wiki/Isabel_D%C3%ADaz_Ayuso" title="Isabel Díaz Ayuso">Isabel Díaz Ayuso</a>, failing to get close to the 5 percent threshold.</li> <li>Slovenia, <a href="/wiki/2022_Slovenian_parliamentary_election" title="2022 Slovenian parliamentary election">2022</a>. <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Pensioners_of_Slovenia" title="Democratic Party of Pensioners of Slovenia">Democratic Party of Pensioners of Slovenia</a> only achieved 0.62 percent of the vote. This was the first time when DeSUS did not reached the 4 percent since 1996 which was part of almost every coalition since its foundation.</li> <li>Germany, <a href="/wiki/2022_Saarland_state_election" title="2022 Saarland state election">2022 Saarland state election</a>. <a href="/wiki/Alliance_90/The_Greens" title="Alliance 90/The Greens">Alliance 90/The Greens</a> fell 23 votes or 0.005 percent short of reaching representation. <a href="/wiki/The_Left_(Germany)" title="The Left (Germany)">The Left</a> fell from 12.8 percent to below the electoral threshold with 2.6 percent in their only western stronghold. Total percentage of votes not represented was 22.3 percent.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Israel, <a href="/wiki/2022_Israeli_legislative_election" title="2022 Israeli legislative election">2022 Israeli legislative election</a>. <a href="/wiki/Meretz" title="Meretz">Meretz</a> fell to 3.16 percent thus failed to cross the threshold for the first time.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Coalitions_due_to_electoral_thresholds">Coalitions due to electoral thresholds</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electoral_threshold&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Coalitions due to electoral thresholds"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There has been cases of tries to attempts to circumvent thresholds: </p> <ul><li>Slovakia, <a href="/wiki/1998_Slovak_parliamentary_election" title="1998 Slovak parliamentary election">1998</a>. <a href="/wiki/Slovak_Democratic_Coalition" title="Slovak Democratic Coalition">Slovak Democratic Coalition</a> ran as political party because the threshold was 25 percent.</li> <li>Turkey, <a href="/wiki/2007_Turkish_general_election" title="2007 Turkish general election">2007</a> and <a href="/wiki/2011_Turkish_general_election" title="2011 Turkish general election">2011</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Society_Party" title="Democratic Society Party">DTP</a>/<a href="/wiki/Peace_and_Democracy_Party" title="Peace and Democracy Party">BDP</a>-led <a href="/wiki/Thousand_Hope_Candidates" title="Thousand Hope Candidates">Thousand Hope Candidates</a> and <a href="/wiki/Labour,_Democracy_and_Freedom_Bloc" title="Labour, Democracy and Freedom Bloc">Labour, Democracy and Freedom Bloc</a> only gained 3.81 percent (2007) and 5.67 percent (2011) of the vote not crossing the 10 percent threshold but because they ran as independents they won 22 and 36 seats.</li> <li>Poland, <a href="/wiki/2019_Polish_parliamentary_election" title="2019 Polish parliamentary election">2019</a>. After the United Left and KORWiN failed to cross the thresholds in 2015 both of them with their new alliances bypassed the coalition threshold by either running under <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Left_Alliance_(Poland)" title="Democratic Left Alliance (Poland)">SLD</a> label (<a href="/wiki/The_Left_(Poland)" title="The Left (Poland)">Lewica</a>) or registering their alliance as a party itself (<a href="/wiki/Confederation_Liberty_and_Independence" title="Confederation Liberty and Independence">Confederation</a>). Similarly to Lewica, the <a href="/wiki/Polish_Coalition" title="Polish Coalition">Polish Coalition</a> ran under <a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Party" title="Polish People's Party">Polish People's Party</a> label. Lewica and Polish Coalition would have crossed the coalition threshold of 8 percent with 12.56 percent and 8.55 percent respectively while Confederation only gained 6.81 percent of the vote.</li> <li>Czechia, <a href="/wiki/2021_Czech_legislative_election" class="mw-redirect" title="2021 Czech legislative election">2021</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Tricolour_Citizens%27_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Tricolour Citizens' Movement">Tricolour</a>–<a href="/wiki/Svobodn%C3%AD" title="Svobodní">Svobodní</a>–<a href="/wiki/Freeholder_Party_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Freeholder Party of the Czech Republic">Soukromníci</a> alliance tried to bypass the coalition threshold by renaming Tricolour to include the names of their partners but they only received 2.76 percent, failing to cross the usual 5 percent threshold.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Number_of_wasted_votes">Number of wasted votes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electoral_threshold&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Number of wasted votes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Wasted_vote#History_of_wasted_votes_in_proportional_representation" title="Wasted vote">Wasted vote § History of wasted votes in proportional representation</a></div> <p>Electoral thresholds can sometimes seriously affect the relationship between the percentages of the popular vote achieved by each party and the distribution of seats. The proportionality between seat share and popular vote can be measured by the <a href="/wiki/Gallagher_index" title="Gallagher index">Gallagher index</a> while the number of <a href="/wiki/Wasted_vote" title="Wasted vote">wasted votes</a> is a measure of the total number of voters not represented by any party sitting in the legislature. </p><p>The failure of one party to reach the threshold not only deprives their candidates of office and their voters of representation; it also changes the <a href="/wiki/Power_index_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Power index (disambiguation)">power index</a> in the assembly, which may have dramatic implications for coalition-building. </p><p>The number of wasted votes changes from one election to another, here shown for New Zealand.<sup id="cite_ref-results_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-results-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The wasted vote changes depending on voter behavior and size of effective electoral threshold,<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for example in <a href="/wiki/2005_New_Zealand_general_election" title="2005 New Zealand general election">2005 New Zealand general election</a> every party above 1 percent received seats due to the electoral threshold in New Zealand of at least one seat in first-past-the-post voting, which caused a much lower wasted vote compared to the other years. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/1995_Russian_legislative_election" title="1995 Russian legislative election">Russian parliamentary elections in 1995</a>, with a threshold excluding parties under 5 percent, more than 45 percent of votes went to parties that failed to reach the threshold. In 1998, the Russian Constitutional Court found the threshold legal, taking into account limits in its use.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the first implementation of the threshold in Poland in <a href="/wiki/1993_Polish_parliamentary_election" title="1993 Polish parliamentary election">1993</a> 34.4 percent of the popular vote did not gain representation. </p><p>There had been a similar situation in <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>, which had a 10 percent threshold, easily higher than in any other country.<sup id="cite_ref-cTokerBaraj_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cTokerBaraj-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The justification for such a high threshold was to prevent multi-party coalitions and put a stop to the endless fragmentation of political parties seen in the 1960s and 1970s. However, coalitions ruled between 1991 and 2002, but mainstream parties continued to be fragmented and in the <a href="/wiki/2002_Turkish_general_election" title="2002 Turkish general election">2002 elections</a> as many as 45 percent of votes were cast for parties which failed to reach the threshold and were thus unrepresented in the parliament.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All parties which won seats in 1999 failed to cross the threshold, thus giving <a href="/wiki/Justice_and_Development_Party_(Turkey)" title="Justice and Development Party (Turkey)">Justice and Development Party</a> 66 percent of the seats. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/2006_Ukrainian_parliamentary_election" title="2006 Ukrainian parliamentary election">Ukrainian elections of March 2006</a>, for which there was a threshold of 3 percent (of the overall vote, i.e. including invalid votes), 22 percent of voters were effectively <a href="/wiki/Disenfranchised" class="mw-redirect" title="Disenfranchised">disenfranchised</a>, having voted for minor candidates. In the <a href="/wiki/2007_Ukrainian_parliamentary_election" title="2007 Ukrainian parliamentary election">parliamentary election</a> held under the same system, fewer voters supported minor parties and the total percentage of disenfranchised voters fell to about 12 percent. </p><p>In Bulgaria, 24 percent of voters cast their ballots for parties that would not gain representation in the elections of <a href="/wiki/1991_Bulgarian_parliamentary_election" title="1991 Bulgarian parliamentary election">1991</a> and <a href="/wiki/2013_Bulgarian_parliamentary_election" title="2013 Bulgarian parliamentary election">2013</a>. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/2020_Slovak_parliamentary_election" title="2020 Slovak parliamentary election">2020 Slovak parliamentary election</a>, 28.47 percent of all valid votes did not gain representation.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/2021_Czech_legislative_election" class="mw-redirect" title="2021 Czech legislative election">2021 Czech legislative election</a> 19.76 percent of voters were not represented.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/2022_Slovenian_parliamentary_election" title="2022 Slovenian parliamentary election">2022 Slovenian parliamentary election</a> 24 percent of the vote went to parties which did not reach the 4 percent threshold including several former parliamentary parties (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Marjan_%C5%A0arec" title="List of Marjan Šarec">LMŠ</a>, <a href="/wiki/Let%27s_Connect_Slovenia" title="Let's Connect Slovenia">PoS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Party_of_Alenka_Bratu%C5%A1ek" title="Party of Alenka Bratušek">SAB</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slovenian_National_Party" title="Slovenian National Party">SNS</a> and <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Pensioners_of_Slovenia" title="Democratic Party of Pensioners of Slovenia">DeSUS</a>). </p><p>In the Philippines where party-list seats are only <a href="/wiki/Sectoral_representation_in_the_House_of_Representatives_of_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="Sectoral representation in the House of Representatives of the Philippines">contested in 20 percent</a> of the 287 seats in the lower house,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (October 2013)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> the effect of the 2 percent threshold is increased by the large number of parties participating in the election, which means that the threshold is harder to reach. This led to a quarter of valid votes being wasted, on average and led to the 20 percent of the seats never being allocated due to the 3-seat cap<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (October 2013)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In <a href="/wiki/2007_Philippine_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="2007 Philippine House of Representatives elections">2007</a>, the 2 percent threshold was altered to allow parties with less than 1 percent of <a href="/wiki/Hare_quota" title="Hare quota">first preferences</a> to receive a seat each and the proportion of wasted votes reduced slightly to 21 percent, but it again increased to 29 percent in <a href="/wiki/Philippine_House_of_Representatives_party-list_election,_2010" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippine House of Representatives party-list election, 2010">2010</a> due to an increase in number of participating parties. These statistics take no account of the wasted votes for a party which is entitled to more than three seats but cannot claim those seats due to the three-seat cap.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (October 2013)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Electoral thresholds can produce a <a href="/wiki/Spoiler_effect" title="Spoiler effect">spoiler effect</a>, similar to that in the <a href="/wiki/Plurality_voting_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Plurality voting system">first-past-the-post voting system</a>, in which minor parties unable to reach the threshold take votes away from other parties with similar ideologies. Fledgling parties in these systems often find themselves in a <a href="/wiki/Vicious_circle" title="Vicious circle">vicious circle</a>: if a party is perceived as having no chance of meeting the threshold, it often cannot gain popular support; and if the party cannot gain popular support, it will continue to have little or no chance of meeting the threshold. As well as acting against extremist parties, it may also adversely affect moderate parties if the political climate becomes polarized between two major parties at opposite ends of the political spectrum. In such a scenario, moderate voters may abandon their preferred party in favour of a more popular party in the hope of keeping the even less desirable alternative out of power. </p><p>On occasion, electoral thresholds have resulted in a party winning an outright majority of seats without winning an outright majority of votes, the sort of outcome that a proportional voting system is supposed to prevent. For instance, the Turkish <a href="/wiki/Justice_and_Development_Party_(Turkey)" title="Justice and Development Party (Turkey)">AKP</a> won a majority of seats with less than 50 percent of votes in three consecutive elections (2002, 2007 and 2011). In the <a href="/wiki/2013_Bavarian_state_election" title="2013 Bavarian state election">2013 Bavarian state election</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Christian_Social_Union_in_Bavaria" title="Christian Social Union in Bavaria">Christian Social Union</a> failed to obtain a majority of votes, but nevertheless won an outright majority of seats due to a record number of votes for parties which failed to reach the threshold, including the <a href="/wiki/Free_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Free Democratic Party of Germany">Free Democratic Party</a> (the CSU's coalition partner in the previous state parliament). In Germany in <a href="/wiki/2013_German_federal_election" title="2013 German federal election">2013</a> 15.7 percent voted for a party that did not meet the 5 percent threshold. </p><p>In contrast, elections that use the <a href="/wiki/Ranked_voting_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Ranked voting systems">ranked voting system</a> can take account of each voter's complete indicated ranking preference. For example, the <a href="/wiki/Single_transferable_vote" title="Single transferable vote">single transferable vote</a> redistributes first preference votes for candidates below the threshold. This permits the continued participation in the election by those whose votes would otherwise be wasted. Minor parties can indicate to their supporters before the vote how they would wish to see their votes transferred. The single transferable vote is a proportional <a href="/wiki/Voting_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Voting system">voting system</a> designed to achieve <a href="/wiki/Proportional_representation" title="Proportional representation">proportional representation</a> through <a href="/wiki/Ranked_voting_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Ranked voting systems">ranked voting</a> in <i>multi-seat</i> (as opposed to single seat) organizations or <a href="/wiki/Electoral_district" title="Electoral district">constituencies</a> (voting districts).<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ranked_voting_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Ranked voting systems">Ranked voting systems</a> are widely used in Australia and <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a>. Other methods of introducing ordinality into an electoral system can have similar effects. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electoral_threshold&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_democracy_and_elections-related_topics" class="mw-redirect" title="List of democracy and elections-related topics">List of democracy and elections-related topics</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electoral_threshold&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Reynolds_2005_p.59-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Reynolds_2005_p.59_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFReynolds2005" class="citation book cs1">Reynolds, Andrew (2005). <i>Electoral system design : the new international IDEA handbook</i>. 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If no minority list passes the 3 per cent threshold, but some lists gain 0.7 per cent or more of the valid votes, they are entitled to participate in the distribution of up to 3 mandates as a cumulative list of candidates based on the total number of valid votes. Candidate lists representing the Croatian minority are entitled to 1 seat if they obtain at least 0.35 per cent of the valid votes." 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Euronews&rft.atitle=Bulgaria+election%3A+All+you+need+to+know+about+country%27s+fourth+vote+in+just+18+months+Access+to+the+comments&rft.date=2022-10-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.euronews.com%2F2022%2F09%2F30%2Fbulgaria-election-all-you-need-to-know-about-countrys-fourth-vote-in-just-18-months&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectoral+threshold" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wahlergebnis.saarland.de/LTW/">"Results 2022 Saarland state election"</a>. German State Statistical Officer.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Results+2022+Saarland+state+election&rft.pub=German+State+Statistical+Officer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwahlergebnis.saarland.de%2FLTW%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectoral+threshold" class="Z3988"></span><span class="languageicon">(in German)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-results-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-results_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://electionresults.govt.nz/electionresults_2020/statistics/index.html">"2020 GENERAL ELECTION – OFFICIAL RESULTS AND STATISTICS"</a>. <i>ElectionResults.govt.nz</i>. <a href="/wiki/Electoral_Commission_(New_Zealand)" title="Electoral Commission (New Zealand)">Electoral Commission</a>. 30 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ElectionResults.govt.nz&rft.atitle=2020+GENERAL+ELECTION+%E2%80%93+OFFICIAL+RESULTS+AND+STATISTICS&rft.date=2020-11-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Felectionresults.govt.nz%2Felectionresults_2020%2Fstatistics%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectoral+threshold" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChangHigashijima2023" class="citation journal cs1">Chang, Eric C.C.; Higashijima, Masaaki (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fgov.2021.17">"The Choice of Electoral Systems in Electoral Autocracies"</a>. <i>Government and Opposition</i>. <b>58</b>: 106–128. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fgov.2021.17">10.1017/gov.2021.17</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:235667437">235667437</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Government+and+Opposition&rft.atitle=The+Choice+of+Electoral+Systems+in+Electoral+Autocracies&rft.volume=58&rft.pages=106-128&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fgov.2021.17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A235667437%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Chang&rft.aufirst=Eric+C.C.&rft.au=Higashijima%2C+Masaaki&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%252Fgov.2021.17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectoral+threshold" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.law.edu.ru/judicial/judicial.asp?judicialID=1161582&subID=100050463,100050486,100050488">Постановление Конституционного Суда РФ от 17 ноября 1998 г. № 26-П – см. пкт. 8</a><span class="languageicon">(in Russian)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080421084628/http://www.law.edu.ru/judicial/judicial.asp?judicialID=1161582&subID=100050463,100050486,100050488">Archived</a> 21 April 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cTokerBaraj-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cTokerBaraj_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFToker2008" class="citation web cs1">Toker, Cem (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.turkishpolicy.com/images/stories/2008-01-turkey/CemToker.pdf">"Why Is Turkey Bogged Down?"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Turkish Policy Quarterly</i>. Turkish Policy<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 June</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Turkish+Policy+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Why+Is+Turkey+Bogged+Down%3F&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Toker&rft.aufirst=Cem&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.turkishpolicy.com%2Fimages%2Fstories%2F2008-01-turkey%2FCemToker.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectoral+threshold" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In 2004 the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe declared this threshold to be manifestly excessive and invited Turkey to lower it (<i>Council of Europe Resolution 1380 (2004)</i>). On 30 January 2007 the European Court of Human Rights ruled by five votes to two (and on 8 July 2008, its Grand Chamber by 13 votes to four) that the 10 percent threshold imposed in Turkey does not violate the right to free elections, guaranteed by the European Convention of Human Rights. It held, however, that this same threshold could violate the Convention if imposed in a different country. It was justified in the case of Turkey in order to stabilize the volatile political situation which has obtained in that country over recent decades. The case is <i><a href="/wiki/Yumak_and_Sadak_v._Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Yumak and Sadak v. Turkey">Yumak and Sadak v. Turkey</a>, no. 10226/03.</i> See also B. Bowring <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/5hRos9CTv?url=http://www.bbk.ac.uk/law/about/ft-academic/bowring/negatingpluralistdemocracy">Negating Pluralist Democracy: The European Court of Human Rights Forgets the Rights of the Electors</a> // KHRP Legal Review 11 (2007)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://volby.statistics.sk/nrsr/nrsr2020/en/data01.html">"Results 2020 Slovak parliamentary election"</a>. Statistical Office of the Slovak Republic.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Results+2020+Slovak+parliamentary+election&rft.pub=Statistical+Office+of+the+Slovak+Republic&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvolby.statistics.sk%2Fnrsr%2Fnrsr2020%2Fen%2Fdata01.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectoral+threshold" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.volby.cz/pls/ps2021/ps2?xjazyk=EN">"Results 2021 Czech legislative election"</a>. Czech Statistical Office.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Results+2021+Czech+legislative+election&rft.pub=Czech+Statistical+Office&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.volby.cz%2Fpls%2Fps2021%2Fps2%3Fxjazyk%3DEN&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectoral+threshold" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.electoral-reform.org.uk/single-transferable-vote">"Single Transferable Vote"</a>. Electoral Reform Society.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Single+Transferable+Vote&rft.pub=Electoral+Reform+Society&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.electoral-reform.org.uk%2Fsingle-transferable-vote&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectoral+threshold" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electoral_threshold&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100116012114/http://assembly.coe.int/Main.asp?link=%2FDocuments%2FWorkingDocs%2FDoc10%2FEDOC12107.htm">PACE report on electoral thresholds, 2010</a></li></ul> <div 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template" style="color:white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Majorities_and_quotas" title="Template talk:Majorities and quotas"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Majorities_and_quotas" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Majorities and quotas"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Types_of_majority_and_other_electoral_quotas" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Types of majority and other electoral quotas</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; background-color:transparent;"><a href="/wiki/Single-winner_voting_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Single-winner voting system">Single winner</a> (majority)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plurality_(voting)" title="Plurality (voting)">Plurality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majority" title="Majority">Majority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_majority" class="mw-redirect" title="Absolute majority">Absolute majority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supermajority" title="Supermajority">Supermajority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_majority" title="Double majority">Double majority</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; background-color:transparent;"><a href="/wiki/Electoral_quota" title="Electoral quota">Electoral quotas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hare_quota" title="Hare quota">Hare quota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Droop_quota" title="Droop quota">Droop quota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperiali_quota" title="Imperiali quota">Imperiali quota (pseudoquota)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; background-color:transparent;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Electoral threshold</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Electoral_systems" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Electoral_systems_footer" title="Template:Electoral systems footer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Electoral_systems_footer" title="Template talk:Electoral systems footer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Electoral_systems_footer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Electoral systems footer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Electoral_systems" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Electoral_system" title="Electoral system">Electoral systems</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i>Part of the <a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">politics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Portal:Economics" title="Portal:Economics">Economics</a> series</i></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Single-winner_voting_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Single-winner voting system">Single-winner</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Approval_voting" title="Approval voting">Approval voting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Combined_approval_voting" title="Combined approval voting">Combined approval voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unified_primary" title="Unified primary">Unified primary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borda_count" title="Borda count">Borda count</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bucklin_voting" title="Bucklin voting">Bucklin voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condorcet_methods" class="mw-redirect" title="Condorcet methods">Condorcet methods</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Copeland%27s_method" title="Copeland's method">Copeland's method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dodgson%27s_method" title="Dodgson's method">Dodgson's method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemeny%E2%80%93Young_method" title="Kemeny–Young method">Kemeny–Young method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimax_Condorcet_method" title="Minimax Condorcet method">Minimax Condorcet method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanson%27s_method" title="Nanson's method">Nanson's method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranked_pairs" title="Ranked pairs">Ranked pairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schulze_method" title="Schulze method">Schulze method</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exhaustive_ballot" title="Exhaustive ballot">Exhaustive ballot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First-past-the-post_voting" title="First-past-the-post voting">First-past-the-post voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instant-runoff_voting" title="Instant-runoff voting">Instant-runoff voting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coombs%27_method" title="Coombs' method">Coombs' method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contingent_vote" title="Contingent vote">Contingent vote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supplementary_vote" class="mw-redirect" title="Supplementary vote">Supplementary vote</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majority_rule" title="Majority rule">Simple majoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plurality_voting_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Plurality voting system">Plurality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positional_voting_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Positional voting system">Positional voting system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Score_voting" title="Score voting">Score voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STAR_voting" title="STAR voting">STAR voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-round_system" title="Two-round system">Two-round system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graduated_majority_judgment" title="Graduated majority judgment">Graduated majority judgment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Proportional_representation" title="Proportional representation">Proportional</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mixed-member_proportional_representation" title="Mixed-member proportional representation">Mixed-member</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_single_vote#Proportional_systems" title="Mixed single vote">Mixed single vote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party-list_proportional_representation" title="Party-list proportional representation">Party-list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proportional_approval_voting" title="Proportional approval voting">Proportional approval voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural%E2%80%93urban_proportional_representation" title="Rural–urban proportional representation">Rural–urban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sequential_proportional_approval_voting" title="Sequential proportional approval voting">Sequential proportional approval voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single_transferable_vote" title="Single transferable vote">Single transferable vote</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CPO-STV" title="CPO-STV">CPO-STV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hare%E2%80%93Clark_electoral_system" title="Hare–Clark electoral system">Hare-Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schulze_STV" title="Schulze STV">Schulze STV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spare_vote" title="Spare vote">Spare vote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indirect_single_transferable_voting" title="Indirect single transferable voting">Indirect single transferable voting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Allocation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Highest_averages_method" title="Highest averages method">Highest averages method</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sainte-Lagu%C3%AB_method" title="Sainte-Laguë method">Webster/Sainte-Laguë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%27Hondt_method" title="D'Hondt method">D'Hondt</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Largest_remainders_method" class="mw-redirect" title="Largest remainders method">Largest remainders method</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Quotas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Droop_quota" title="Droop quota">Droop quota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hagenbach-Bischoff_quota" class="mw-redirect" title="Hagenbach-Bischoff quota">Hagenbach-Bischoff quota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hare_quota" title="Hare quota">Hare quota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperiali_quota" title="Imperiali quota">Imperiali quota</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mixed_electoral_system" title="Mixed electoral system">Mixed</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_voting" title="Parallel voting">Parallel voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed-member_proportional_representation" title="Mixed-member proportional representation">MMP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Additional_member_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Additional member system">Additional member system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_vote_plus" title="Alternative vote plus">Alternative vote plus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_single_vote" title="Mixed single vote">Mixed single vote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_ballot_transferable_vote" title="Mixed ballot transferable vote">Mixed ballot transferable vote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scorporo" title="Scorporo">Scorporo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vote_linkage_mixed_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Vote linkage mixed system">Vote linkage mixed system</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Semi-proportional_representation" title="Semi-proportional representation">Semi-proportional</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Single_non-transferable_vote" title="Single non-transferable vote">Single non-transferable vote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limited_voting" title="Limited voting">Limited voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumulative_voting" title="Cumulative voting">Cumulative voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satisfaction_approval_voting" title="Satisfaction approval voting">Satisfaction approval voting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Criteria</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Condorcet_winner_criterion" title="Condorcet winner criterion">Condorcet winner criterion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condorcet_loser_criterion" title="Condorcet loser criterion">Condorcet loser criterion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consistency_criterion" class="mw-redirect" title="Consistency criterion">Consistency criterion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_of_clones_criterion" title="Independence of clones criterion">Independence of clones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_of_irrelevant_alternatives" title="Independence of irrelevant alternatives">Independence of irrelevant alternatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_of_Smith-dominated_alternatives" title="Independence of Smith-dominated alternatives">Independence of Smith-dominated alternatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Later-no-harm_criterion" title="Later-no-harm criterion">Later-no-harm criterion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majority_favorite_criterion" class="mw-redirect" title="Majority favorite criterion">Majority criterion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majority_loser_criterion" title="Majority loser criterion">Majority loser criterion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monotonicity_criterion" class="mw-redirect" title="Monotonicity criterion">Monotonicity criterion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutual_majority_criterion" title="Mutual majority criterion">Mutual majority criterion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Participation_criterion" class="mw-redirect" title="Participation criterion">Participation criterion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plurality_criterion" title="Plurality criterion">Plurality criterion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resolvability_criterion" title="Resolvability criterion">Resolvability criterion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reversal_symmetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Reversal symmetry">Reversal symmetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smith_criterion" class="mw-redirect" title="Smith criterion">Smith criterion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seats-to-votes_ratio" title="Seats-to-votes ratio">Seats-to-votes ratio</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ballot" title="Ballot">Ballot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election_threshold" class="mw-redirect" title="Election threshold">Election threshold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First-preference_votes" title="First-preference votes">First-preference votes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquid_democracy" title="Liquid democracy">Liquid democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spoilt_vote" title="Spoilt vote">Spoilt vote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sortition" title="Sortition">Sortition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unseating" title="Unseating">Unseating</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Comparison</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_electoral_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Comparison of electoral systems">Comparison of voting systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_electoral_systems_by_country" title="List of electoral systems by country">Voting systems by country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Portal</a></b> — <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Politics" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Politics">Project</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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