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href="/wiki/Soviet_pro-Arab_propaganda" title="Soviet pro-Arab propaganda">pro-Arab</a> doctrine promulgated in the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>. While the Soviet Union initially pursued a pro-<a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionist</a> policy after <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> due to its perception that the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_state" title="Jewish state">Jewish state</a> would be <a href="/wiki/Socialist_state" title="Socialist state">socialist</a> and pro-Soviet, its outlook on the <a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_conflict" title="Arab–Israeli conflict">Arab–Israeli conflict</a> changed as <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> began to develop a <a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Israel–United States relations">close relationship</a> with the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> and aligned itself with the <a href="/wiki/Western_Bloc" title="Western Bloc">Western Bloc</a>. </p><p>Anti-Israel <a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Propaganda in the Soviet Union">Soviet propaganda</a> intensified after Israel's sweeping victory in the <a href="/wiki/Six-Day_War" title="Six-Day War">1967 Arab–Israeli War</a>, and it was officially sponsored by the <a href="/wiki/Agitprop" title="Agitprop">agitation and propaganda media</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Communist Party of the Soviet Union</a> as well as by the <a href="/wiki/KGB" title="KGB">KGB</a>. Among other charges, it alleged that <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_Resolution_3379" title="United Nations General Assembly Resolution 3379">Zionism was a form of racism</a>. The Soviets framed their anti-Zionist propaganda in the guise of a study of modern <a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a>, dubbed <i>Zionology</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Soviet anti-Israel policy included the <a href="/wiki/Refusenik" title="Refusenik">regulated denial of permission</a> for <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="History of the Jews in the Soviet Union">Jews in the Soviet Union</a> to emigrate, primarily to Israel, but also to any other country. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soviet_anti-Zionism&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The official Soviet ideological position on <a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a> condemned the movement as akin to <a href="/wiki/Bourgeois_nationalism" title="Bourgeois nationalism">bourgeois nationalism</a>. <a href="/wiki/Lenin" class="mw-redirect" title="Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a> rejected Zionism as a reactionary movement, "bourgeois nationalism", "socially retrogressive", and a backward force that deprecates class divisions among Jews.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From late 1944, however, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> adopted a pro-Zionist foreign policy, apparently believing that a <a href="/wiki/Jewish_state" title="Jewish state">Jewish state</a> would emerge <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialist</a> and pro-Soviet, and thus would speed the decline of <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British influence</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Accordingly, in November 1947, the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, together with the other countries of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a>, voted in favour of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Partition_Plan_for_Palestine" title="United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine">United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which would pave the way for the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">State of Israel</a>. On 17 May 1948, three days after the <a href="/wiki/Israeli_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Israeli Declaration of Independence">Israeli Declaration of Independence</a>, the Soviet Union granted <i><a href="/wiki/De_jure" title="De jure">de jure</a></i> recognition to Israel,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> becoming the second country to <a href="/wiki/International_recognition_of_Israel" title="International recognition of Israel">recognize Israel</a> overall (preceded by the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>' granting of <i><a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a></i> recognition) and the first country to grant it <i>de jure</i> recognition. Nevertheless, Stalin soon returned to the preexisting "party line" regarding Zionism in response to Israel's <a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Israel–United States relations">growing alliance with the United States</a>, starting an anti-Jewish campaign within the Soviet Union and the Eastern Bloc, which would culminate in the <a href="/wiki/Doctors%27_plot" title="Doctors' plot">Doctors' plot</a>, an antisemitic Soviet conspiracy theory.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Soviet press engaged in attacks on Zionism, Jewish culture, and "<a href="/wiki/Anti-cosmopolitan_campaign" title="Anti-cosmopolitan campaign">rootless cosmopolitanism</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In his 1969 book <i>Beware! Zionism</i>, Yuri Ivanov, the Soviet Union's leading Zionologist, defined modern Zionism as follows: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Modern Zionism is the ideology, a ramified system of organisations and the practical politics of the wealthy <a href="/wiki/Jewish" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish">Jewish</a> bourgeoisie which has closely allied itself with monopoly circles in the USA and other imperialist countries. The main content of Zionism is bellicose <a href="/wiki/Chauvinism" title="Chauvinism">chauvinism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">anti-communism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Soviet leaders denied that their anti-Zionism was <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">antisemitic</a>. As proof, they pointed to the fact that several prominent Zionologists were ethnic Jews representing an expert opinion. Many—including some within the Soviet Union itself—argued that Zionology <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Antisemitism in the Soviet Union">exhibited antisemitic themes</a>. For example, in November 1975, the Soviet historian and academic M. Korostovtsev wrote a letter to the Secretary of the <a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Central Committee</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Communist Party of the Soviet Union</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Suslov" title="Mikhail Suslov">Mikhail Suslov</a>, regarding the book <i>The Encroaching Counter Revolution</i> by <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Begun" title="Vladimir Begun">Vladimir Begun</a>: "...it perceptibly stirs up anti-Semitism under the flag of anti-Zionism."<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Some Zionology books, "exposing" Zionism and <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a>, were included in the mandatory reading list for military and police personnel, students, teachers and Communist Party members and were mass published. </p><p>The third edition of the thirty-volume <i><a href="/wiki/Great_Soviet_Encyclopedia" title="Great Soviet Encyclopedia">Great Soviet Encyclopedia</a></i> (Большая Советская энциклопедия, БСЭ), published in 1969–1978, qualifies Zionism as <a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">racism</a> and makes the following assertions: </p> <ul><li>"The main posits of modern Zionism are militant chauvinism, racism, anti-Communism and <a href="/wiki/Anti-Sovietism" title="Anti-Sovietism">anti-Sovietism</a>"</li> <li>"The anti-human reactionary essence of Zionism" is "overt and covert fight against freedom movements and against the USSR"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/World_Zionist_Organization" title="World Zionist Organization">International Zionist Organization</a> owns major financial funds, partly through Jewish monopolists and partly collected by Jewish mandatory charities", it also "<a href="/wiki/Antisemitic_trope" title="Antisemitic trope">influences or controls significant part of media agencies</a> and outlets in <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">the West</a>"</li> <li>"Serving as the front squad of <a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">colonialism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neocolonialism" title="Neocolonialism">neo-colonialism</a>, international Zionism actively participates in the fight against national liberation movements of the peoples of <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin America</a>"</li> <li>"A natural and objective assimilation process of Jews is growing around the world."<sup id="cite_ref-gse_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gse-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>The official position of the Soviet Union and <a href="/wiki/Soviet_satellite_states" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet satellite states">its satellite states</a> and agencies was that Zionism was a tool used by the Jews and the <a href="/wiki/Americans" title="Americans">Americans</a> for "racist <a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">imperialism</a>." The meaning of the term <i>Zionism</i> was defined by the ruling Communist Party of the Soviet Union: "the main posits of modern Zionism are militant chauvinism, racism, anti-Communism and anti-Sovietism... overt and covert fight against freedom movements and the USSR."<sup id="cite_ref-gse_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gse-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In his book <i>A History of the Jews in the Modern World</i>, <a href="/wiki/Howard_Sachar" title="Howard Sachar">Howard Sachar</a> argues that the atmosphere of the Soviet "anti-Zionist" campaign in the wake of the <a href="/wiki/Six-Day_War" title="Six-Day War">Six-Day War</a> was antisemitic, and even compares it to Nazism: </p> <blockquote><p>"In late July 1967, <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a> launched an unprecedented propaganda campaign against Zionism as a 'world threat.' Defeat was attributed not to tiny Israel alone, but to an '<a href="/wiki/Antisemitic_canard" class="mw-redirect" title="Antisemitic canard">all-powerful international force</a>.' ... In its flagrant vulgarity, the new propaganda assault soon achieved <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazi</a>-era characteristics. The Soviet public was saturated with racist canards. Extracts from Trofim Kichko's notorious 1963 volume, <i><a href="/wiki/Judaism_Without_Embellishment" title="Judaism Without Embellishment">Judaism Without Embellishment</a></i>, were extensively republished in the Soviet media. Yuri Ivanov's <i>Beware: Zionism</i>, a book essentially replicated <i><a href="/wiki/The_Protocols_of_the_Elders_of_Zion" title="The Protocols of the Elders of Zion">The Protocols of the Elders of Zion</a></i>, was given nationwide coverage."<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>A similar picture was drawn by <a href="/wiki/Paul_Johnson_(writer)" title="Paul Johnson (writer)">Paul Johnson</a>: </p> <dl><dd>the <a href="/wiki/Mass_media" title="Mass media">mass media</a> "all over the Soviet Union portrayed the Zionists (i.e. Jews) and Israeli leaders as engaged in a world-wide conspiracy along the lines of the old <i>Protocols of Zion</i>. It was, <i>Sovietskaya Latvia</i> wrote 5 August 1967, an 'international <a href="/wiki/Cosa_Nostra" class="mw-redirect" title="Cosa Nostra">Cosa Nostra</a> with a common centre, common programme and common funds'".<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>The Israeli government was also referred to as a "<a href="/wiki/State_terror" class="mw-redirect" title="State terror">terrorist regime</a>" which "has raised terror to the level of state politics." Even regarding the <a href="/wiki/Operation_Entebbe" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Entebbe">Entebbe hostage crisis</a>, Soviet media reported: "<a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> committed an act of aggression against <a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a>, assaulting the Entebbe airport."<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Paul Johnson and other historians have also argued that <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_Resolution_3379" title="United Nations General Assembly Resolution 3379">United Nations General Assembly Resolution 3379</a> of 10 November 1975 that equated "Zionism" with "<a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">racism</a>" was orchestrated by the Soviet Union. Resolution 3379 was pioneered by the Soviet Union and passed with numerical support from Arab, Muslim and African states amidst accusations that Israel was supportive of the apartheid regime in South Africa. Prior to the vote, US representative at the UN, <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Patrick_Moynihan" title="Daniel Patrick Moynihan">Daniel Patrick Moynihan</a>, warned of the impact of thus resolution, stating "The UN is about to make antisemitism an international law."<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though ten days before the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">Dissolution of the Soviet Union</a>, Soviet sponsored <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_Resolution_3379#Revocation" title="United Nations General Assembly Resolution 3379">United Nations General Assembly Resolution 46/86</a> was adopted on 16 December 1991 which revoked the determination in <a href="/wiki/UN_General_Assembly_Resolution_3379" class="mw-redirect" title="UN General Assembly Resolution 3379">Resolution 3379</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT:_U.N._Repeals_Its_'75_Resolution_Equating_Zionism_With_Racism_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT:_U.N._Repeals_Its_'75_Resolution_Equating_Zionism_With_Racism-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> On 1 April 1983, official newspaper of the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Communist Party of the Soviet Union</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Pravda" title="Pravda">Pravda</a></i>, ran a full front-page article titled <i>From the Soviet Leadership</i>:</p><blockquote><p>"By its nature, Zionism concentrates ultra-nationalism, chauvinism and racial intolerance, excuse for territorial occupation and annexation, military opportunism, cult of political promiscuousness and irresponsibility, demagogy and ideological diversion, dirty tactics and perfidy... Absurd are attempts of Zionist ideologists to present criticizing them, or condemning the aggressive politics of the Israel's ruling circles, as antisemitic... We call on all Soviet citizens: <u>workers, peasants, representatives of intelligentsia</u>: take active part in exposing Zionism, strongly rebuke its endeavors; <u>social scientists</u>: activate scientific research to criticize reactionary core of that ideology and aggressive character of its political practice; <u>writers, artists, journalists</u>: fuller expose anti-populace and anti-humane diversionary character of propaganda and politics of Zionism."</p></blockquote> <p>Also, at the same time, the CPSU set up the <a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionist_Committee_of_the_Soviet_Public" title="Anti-Zionist Committee of the Soviet Public">Anti-Zionist Committee of the Soviet Public</a> as an anti-Zionist propaganda tool. </p><p>In March 1985 <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a> became the Secretary General of the CPSU and in April he declared <a href="/wiki/Perestroika" title="Perestroika">perestroika</a>. It took more than six years before Moscow consented to restore diplomatic relations with Israel on 19 October 1991, just 2 months before the collapse of the USSR and ten days before the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">Dissolution of the Soviet Union</a>. The Soviet Union was one of the sponsors of <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_Resolution_3379#Revocation" title="United Nations General Assembly Resolution 3379">United Nations General Assembly Resolution 46/86</a> which was adopted on 16 December 1991 and revoked <a href="/wiki/UN_General_Assembly_Resolution_3379" class="mw-redirect" title="UN General Assembly Resolution 3379">Resolution 3379</a> that had called Zionism a form of racism.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT:_U.N._Repeals_Its_'75_Resolution_Equating_Zionism_With_Racism_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT:_U.N._Repeals_Its_'75_Resolution_Equating_Zionism_With_Racism-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soviet_anti-Zionism&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Russia" title="Antisemitism in Russia">Antisemitism in Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Antisemitism in the Soviet Union">Antisemitism in the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union_and_the_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_conflict" title="Soviet Union and the Arab–Israeli conflict">Soviet Union and the Arab–Israeli conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_pro-Arab_propaganda" title="Soviet pro-Arab propaganda">Soviet pro-Arab propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionist_Committee_of_the_Soviet_Public" title="Anti-Zionist Committee of the Soviet Public">Anti-Zionist Committee of the Soviet Public</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Russia" title="History of the Jews in Russia">History of the Jews in Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="History of the Jews in the Soviet Union">History of the Jews in the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refusenik" title="Refusenik">Refusenik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackson%E2%80%93Vanik_amendment" title="Jackson–Vanik amendment">Jackson–Vanik amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rootless_cosmopolitan" title="Rootless cosmopolitan">Rootless cosmopolitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctors%27_plot" title="Doctors' plot">Doctors' plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sl%C3%A1nsk%C3%BD_trial" title="Slánský trial">Slánský trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin_and_antisemitism" title="Joseph Stalin and antisemitism">Joseph Stalin and antisemitism</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soviet_anti-Zionism&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHashim_S._H._Behbehani1986" class="citation book cs1">Hashim S. H. Behbehani (1986). <i>The Soviet Union and Arab nationalism, 1917-1966</i>. Routledge. p. 69. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7103-0213-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7103-0213-7"><bdi>978-0-7103-0213-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Soviet+Union+and+Arab+nationalism%2C+1917-1966&rft.pages=69&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-7103-0213-7&rft.au=Hashim+S.+H.+Behbehani&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoviet+anti-Zionism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJonathan_Frankel1984" class="citation book cs1">Jonathan Frankel (1984). <i>The Soviet Regime and Anti-Zionism: An Analysis</i>. Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Soviet and East European Research Centre.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Soviet+Regime+and+Anti-Zionism%3A+An+Analysis&rft.pub=Hebrew+University+of+Jerusalem%2C+Soviet+and+East+European+Research+Centre&rft.date=1984&rft.au=Jonathan+Frankel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoviet+anti-Zionism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Johnson_(writer)" title="Paul Johnson (writer)">Paul Johnson</a>, <i>A History of the Jews</i> (1987) p.527</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Peace%20Process/Guide%20to%20the%20Peace%20Process/UN%20General%20Assembly%20Resolution%20181">UN General Assembly Resolution 181</a> Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/pss/2193961">Recognition of Israel</a> <i>JSTOR</i> - <i>The American Journal of International Law</i>, Vol. 4, No. 3, July 1948.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0XwbAQAAMAAJ"><i><span></span></i>"DOCTORS' PLOT" in<i> Encyclopaedia Judaica</i></a>. 1971. pp. 144–145.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22DOCTORS%27+PLOT%22+in+Encyclopaedia+Judaica&rft.pages=144-145&rft.date=1971&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0XwbAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoviet+anti-Zionism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFService2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Service_(historian)" title="Robert Service (historian)">Service, Robert</a> (2004). <a href="/wiki/Stalin:_A_Biography" title="Stalin: A Biography"><i>Stalin: A Biography</i></a>. London: <a href="/wiki/Macmillan_Publishers" title="Macmillan Publishers">Macmillan Publishers</a>. p. 518.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stalin%3A+A+Biography&rft.place=London&rft.pages=518&rft.pub=Macmillan+Publishers&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Service&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoviet+anti-Zionism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConquest1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Conquest" title="Robert Conquest">Conquest, Robert</a> (1991). <a href="/wiki/Stalin:_Breaker_of_Nations" title="Stalin: Breaker of Nations"><i>Stalin: Breaker of Nations</i></a>. London: <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Random_House" title="Penguin Random House">Penguin Random House</a>. p. 291. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0297811947" title="Special:BookSources/978-0297811947"><bdi>978-0297811947</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stalin%3A+Breaker+of+Nations&rft.place=London&rft.pages=291&rft.pub=Penguin+Random+House&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0297811947&rft.aulast=Conquest&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoviet+anti-Zionism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Caution: Zionism! Essays on the Ideology, Organisation and Practice of Zionism</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gse-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gse_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gse_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in Russian)</span> Большая советская энциклопедия / <a href="/wiki/Great_Soviet_Encyclopedia" title="Great Soviet Encyclopedia">Great Soviet Encyclopedia</a>, 3rd Edition. 1969–1978; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Zionism">translation</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Howard_Sachar" title="Howard Sachar">Howard Sachar</a>, <i>A History of the Jews in the Modern World</i> (New York: Knopf, 2005) p.722</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Johnson_(writer)" title="Paul Johnson (writer)">Paul Johnson</a>, <i>A History of the Jews</i> (1987) p. 575-576</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Newspaper <i>Novoye Vremya</i>, cited in edition <i>Välispanoraam 1981</i> (<i>Foreign Panorama 1981</i>) (Tallinn, 1982) p.156</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cfr.org/un/un-general-assembly-resolution-3379-racial-discrimination/p11284">UN General Assembly Resolution 3379, Racial Discrimination (Council on Foreign Relations, November 10, 1975)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120130141738/http://www.cfr.org/un/un-general-assembly-resolution-3379-racial-discrimination/p11284">Archived</a> January 30, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT:_U.N._Repeals_Its_'75_Resolution_Equating_Zionism_With_Racism-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NYT:_U.N._Repeals_Its_'75_Resolution_Equating_Zionism_With_Racism_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT:_U.N._Repeals_Its_'75_Resolution_Equating_Zionism_With_Racism_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis1991" class="citation web cs1">Lewis, Paul (17 December 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1991/12/17/world/un-repeals-its-75-resolution-equating-zionism-with-racism.html">"U.N. Repeals Its '75 Resolution Equating Zionism With Racism"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130111211632/http://www.nytimes.com/1991/12/17/world/un-repeals-its-75-resolution-equating-zionism-with-racism.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 January 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=U.N.+Repeals+Its+%2775+Resolution+Equating+Zionism+With+Racism&rft.date=1991-12-17&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1991%2F12%2F17%2Fworld%2Fun-repeals-its-75-resolution-equating-zionism-with-racism.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoviet+anti-Zionism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soviet_anti-Zionism&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Abraham Cooper <i>Portraits of Infamy: a study of Soviet antisemitic caricatures and their roots in Nazi ideology</i>. Los Angeles: <a href="/wiki/Simon_Wiesenthal_Center" title="Simon Wiesenthal Center">Simon Wiesenthal Center</a>, 1986.</li></ul> <dl><dd>Presented to the Helsinki-process discussions on security and cooperation in Europe, Berne, May 1986. Contains illustrations of Soviet antisemitic caricatures, sometimes almost identical to Nazi caricatures, especially those from <i><a href="/wiki/Der_St%C3%BCrmer" title="Der Stürmer">Der Stürmer</a></i>. Compares Soviet and Nazi use of classical antisemitic themes such as dehumanization of Jews, the Jew as warmonger and greedy manipulator, the world Jewish conspiracy, etc. Points to the Soviet identification of Israelis with Nazis.</dd></dl> <ul><li>Semyon Reznik <i>The Nazification of Russia: Antisemitism in the post-Soviet era</i>. Washington, DC: Challenge Publications, 1996.</li> <li>William Korey <i>Russian Antisemitism, <a href="/wiki/Pamyat" title="Pamyat">Pamyat</a>, and the Demonology of Zionism</i>. Chur (Switzerland): Harwood Academic Publishers for the Vidal Sassoon International Center for the Study of Antisemitism, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 1995.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soviet_anti-Zionism&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Judaism Without Embellishments</i> by Trofim K. Kichko, published by the <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukrainian</a> Academy of Sciences, 1963 – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040404062615/http://ukar.org/kichko01.htm">See review</a></li></ul> <dl><dd>Quote: "It is in the teachings of Judaism, in the Old Testament, and in the Talmud, that the Israeli militarists find inspiration for their inhuman deeds, racist theories, and expansionist designs..."</dd> <dd>A worldwide outcry forced the Communist Party's Ideological Commission to acknowledge in April 1964 that the book "might be interpreted in the spirit of antisemitism." But on January 20, 1968, the official newspaper of the Communist Party of Ukraine (CPU) <i>Pravda Ukrainy</i> gave notice that the Supreme Council of the CPU has awarded Kichko with a diploma of honor. His other book, <i>Judaism and Zionism</i> (1968), spoke of "chauvinistic idea of God chosenness of the Jewish people... and the idea of ruling over other people of the world"</dd></dl> <ul><li><i>The Encroaching Counter Revolution</i> by Vladimir Begun, <a href="/wiki/Minsk" title="Minsk">Minsk</a>, 1974</li></ul> <dl><dd>Alleges that the Torah is an "unsurpassed textbook of bloodthirstiness and hypocrisy, treachery, perfidy and vile licentiousness."</dd></dl> <ul><li><i>Zionism in the service of Anti-Communism</i> by V.V. Bolshakov</li></ul> <dl><dd>Contains accusations of Zionists of having "served Hitler's Fifth Column in order to establish Nazi German domination of the world."</dd></dl> <ul><li><i>Beware! Zionism</i>, by Yury Ivanov, Evgeniy Evseev, 1969.</li></ul> <dl><dd><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libereya.ru/biblus/sionism/sionism.html">The text in Russian</a> on a Russian ultra-nationalist website.</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soviet_anti-Zionism&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Levin, Nora. <i>The Jews in the Soviet Union since 1917</i> (2 vol, NYU Press, 1988) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QgQUCgAAQBAJ&dq=%22Nora+Levin%22+1917&pg=PR15">online</a>.</li> <li>Levy, Richard S., ed. <i>Antisemitism: A historical encyclopedia of prejudice and persecution</i> (Vol. 1. ABC-CLIO, 2005) pp 26–28.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soviet_anti-Zionism&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060907083459/http://polisci.ucsd.edu/~bslantch/courses/nss/lectures/24-israeli-palestinian-conflict.pdf">National Security Strategy: The Israeli-Palestinian Conflict, 1964-2001</a> (PDF) by Prof. Branislav L. Slantchev (Dept. of Political Science, UC San Diego), March 15, 2005</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927223421/http://www.eajc.org/publish_gen_e.php?rowid=93">Israeli Studies on the Post-Soviet Space</a> by Yury Korogodsky (Euro-Asian Jewish Congress)</li> <li><span class="languageicon">(in Russian)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.berkovich-zametki.com/Nomer27/Korogodsky1.htm">Few Words on Anti-Zionism</a> by Yury Korogodsky</li> <li><span class="languageicon">(in Russian)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://midrasha.net/index.php?id_art=660">Two Myths</a> by Yury Korogodsky</li> <li><span class="languageicon">(in Russian)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927173900/http://pubs.carnegie.ru/p%26c/Vol7-2002/2/11au.asp">The Official Soviet Antisemitism in the Post-Stalin Period</a> by Andreas Umland (Carnegie Endowment for International Peace: Vol. 7, 2002, Issue 2, Spring) (also at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927173831/http://www.carnegie.ru/ru/print/62024-print.htm">carnegie.ru</a>)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Birobidzhan" title="Birobidzhan">Birobidzhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Jewish_Autonomous_Oblast" title="History of the Jews in the Jewish Autonomous Oblast">Jewish history in the JAO</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Communist_Party_(Poalei_Zion)" title="Jewish Communist Party (Poalei Zion)">Jewish Communist Party</a> (EKP) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Communist_Youth_Union" title="Jewish Communist Youth Union">Jewish Communist Youth Union</a> (EKSM)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yevsektsiya" title="Yevsektsiya">Yevsektsiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komzet" title="Komzet">Komzet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OZET" title="OZET">OZET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Anti-Fascist_Committee" title="Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee">Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Antisemitism in the Soviet Union">Soviet antisemitism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1931_Menshevik_Trial" title="1931 Menshevik Trial">1931 Menshevik Trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night_of_the_Murdered_Poets" title="Night of the Murdered Poets">Night of the Murdered Poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctors%27_plot" title="Doctors' plot">Doctors' plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rootless_cosmopolitan" title="Rootless cosmopolitan">Rootless cosmopolitan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-cosmopolitan_campaign" title="Anti-cosmopolitan campaign">Anti-cosmopolitan campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin_and_antisemitism" title="Joseph Stalin and antisemitism">Joseph Stalin and antisemitism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Zionism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Soviet anti-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionist_Committee_of_the_Soviet_Public" title="Anti-Zionist Committee of the Soviet Public">Anti-Zionist Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1970s_Soviet_Union_aliyah" title="1970s Soviet Union aliyah">1970s Soviet Union aliyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refusenik" title="Refusenik">Refusenik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dymshits%E2%80%93Kuznetsov_hijacking_affair" title="Dymshits–Kuznetsov hijacking affair">Dymshits–Kuznetsov hijacking</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International activism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Organization_for_Jewish_Colonization_in_Russia" title="Organization for Jewish Colonization in Russia">Organization for Jewish Colonization in Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Jewry_movement" title="Soviet Jewry movement">Soviet Jewry movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Coalition_Supporting_Soviet_Jewry" title="National Coalition Supporting Soviet Jewry">National Coalition Supporting Soviet Jewry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Student_Struggle_for_Soviet_Jewry" title="Student Struggle for Soviet Jewry">Student Struggle for Soviet Jewry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Council_on_Soviet_Anti-Semitism" title="Cleveland Council on Soviet Anti-Semitism">Cleveland Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativ_(Liaison_Bureau)" title="Nativ (Liaison Bureau)">Nativ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Sunday_for_Soviet_Jews" title="Freedom Sunday for Soviet Jews">Freedom Sunday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackson%E2%80%93Vanik_amendment" title="Jackson–Vanik amendment">Jackson–Vanik amendment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media and publications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Am_Yisrael_Chai" title="Am Yisrael Chai">Am Yisrael Chai</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jews_on_Land" title="Jews on Land">Jews on Land</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Black_Book_of_Soviet_Jewry" title="The Black Book of Soviet Jewry">The Black Book of Soviet Jewry</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Soviet_Union_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Soviet_Union_topics" title="Template:Soviet Union topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Soviet_Union_topics" title="Template talk:Soviet Union topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Soviet_Union_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Soviet Union topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Soviet_Union_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="History of the Soviet Union">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Soviet_Union%E2%80%93related_articles" title="Index of Soviet Union–related articles">Index of Soviet Union–related articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/February_Revolution" title="February Revolution">February</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Russian SFSR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Creation_of_the_Union_of_Soviet_Socialist_Republics" title="Treaty on the Creation of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics">Creation treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Economic_Policy" title="New Economic Policy">New Economic Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Purge" title="Great Purge">Great Purge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union_in_World_War_II" title="Soviet Union in World War II">Great Patriotic War</a> (World War II) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evacuation_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Evacuation in the Soviet Union">Evacuation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="The Holocaust in the Soviet Union">The Holocaust</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khrushchev_Thaw" title="Khrushchev Thaw">Khrushchev Thaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_split" title="Sino-Soviet split">Sino-Soviet split</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_space_program" title="Soviet space program">Soviet space program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1965_Soviet_economic_reform" title="1965 Soviet economic reform">1965 economic reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Era_of_Stagnation" title="Era of Stagnation">Stagnation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Soviet–Afghan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perestroika" title="Perestroika">Perestroika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glasnost" title="Glasnost">Glasnost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1989" title="Revolutions of 1989">Revolutions of 1989</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">Dissolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Soviet_states" title="Post-Soviet states">Post-Soviet states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nostalgia_for_the_Soviet_Union" title="Nostalgia for the Soviet Union">Nostalgia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Geography of the Soviet Union">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Subdivisions of the Soviet Union">Subdivisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republics_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Republics of the Soviet Union">Republics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republics" title="Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republics">Autonomous</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krais_of_Russia" title="Krais of Russia">Krais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oblasts_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Oblasts of the Soviet Union">Oblasts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_oblasts_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Autonomous oblasts of the Soviet Union">Autonomous</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_okrugs_of_Russia" title="Autonomous okrugs of Russia">Autonomous okrugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Closed_city" title="Closed city">Closed city</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasus_Mountains" title="Caucasus Mountains">Caucasus Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Russia" title="European Russia">European Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Caucasus" title="North Caucasus">North Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ural_Mountains" title="Ural Mountains">Ural Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Siberian_Plain" title="West Siberian Plain">West Siberian Plain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Politics of the Soviet Union">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Constitution of the Soviet Union">Constitution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1936_Constitution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="1936 Constitution of the Soviet Union">1936</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1977_Constitution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="1977 Constitution of the Soviet Union">1977</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Elections in the Soviet Union">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Foreign relations of the Soviet Union">Foreign relations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brezhnev_Doctrine" title="Brezhnev Doctrine">Brezhnev Doctrine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_control_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Gun control in the Soviet Union">Gun control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Government of the Soviet Union">Government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governments_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="List of governments of the Soviet Union">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Human rights in the Soviet Union">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_post-Soviet_states" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in the post-Soviet states">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Law of the Soviet Union">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Capital punishment in the Soviet Union">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_leaders_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="List of leaders of the Soviet Union">Leaders</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Collective_leadership_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Collective leadership in the Soviet Union">Collective leadership</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_delimitation_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="National delimitation in the Soviet Union">National delimitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passport_system_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Passport system in the Soviet Union">Passport system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propiska_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Propiska in the Soviet Union">Propiska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="List of political parties in the Soviet Union">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideology_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Ideology of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">State ideology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leninism" title="Leninism">Leninism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Soviet anti-Zionism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bodies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Communist Party</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Organization of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">organisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Central Committee</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politburo_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Presidium/Politburo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Secretariat of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Secretariat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">General Secretary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Soviets_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Congress of Soviets of the Soviet Union">Congress of Soviets</a> (1922–1936)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Soviet_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union">Supreme Soviet</a> (1938–1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_People%27s_Deputies_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Congress of People's Deputies of the Soviet Union">Congress of People's Deputies</a> (1989–1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Supreme Court of the Soviet Union">Supreme Court</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_Collegium_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Military Collegium of the Supreme Court of the Soviet Union">Military Collegium</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Offices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="List of heads of state of the Soviet Union">Heads of state</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="President of the Soviet Union">President</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premier_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Premier of the Soviet Union">Premier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Premier_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Deputy Premier of the Soviet Union">Deputy Premier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Deputy_Premier_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="First Deputy Premier of the Soviet Union">First Deputy Premier</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chronology_of_Soviet_secret_police_agencies" title="Chronology of Soviet secret police agencies">Security services</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cheka" title="Cheka">Cheka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Political_Directorate" title="State Political Directorate">GPU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NKVD" title="NKVD">NKVD</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Destruction_battalions" class="mw-redirect" title="Destruction battalions">Destruction battalions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Internal_Affairs_(Soviet_Union)" title="Ministry of Internal Affairs (Soviet Union)">MVD</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Militsiya" title="Militsiya">Militsiya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_State_Security_(Soviet_Union)" title="Ministry of State Security (Soviet Union)">MGB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KGB" title="KGB">KGB</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chairmen_of_the_KGB" title="List of chairmen of the KGB">Chairmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Border_Troops" title="Soviet Border Troops">Soviet Border Troops</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Armed_Forces" title="Soviet Armed Forces">Soviet Armed Forces</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Army" title="Soviet Army">Soviet Army</a>/<a href="/wiki/Spetsnaz_GRU" title="Spetsnaz GRU">Spetsnaz GRU</a> • <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Navy" title="Soviet Navy">Soviet Navy</a> • <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Air_Forces" title="Soviet Air Forces">Soviet Air Forces</a>/<a href="/wiki/Soviet_Airborne_Forces" title="Soviet Airborne Forces">Soviet Airborne Forces</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Political_repression_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Political repression in the Soviet Union">Political repression</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_Terror" title="Red Terror">Red Terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collectivization_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Collectivization in the Soviet Union">Collectivization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Purge" title="Great Purge">Great Purge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_transfer_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Population transfer in the Soviet Union">Population transfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_labor_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Forced labor in the Soviet Union">Forced labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulag" title="Gulag">Gulag</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Gulag_camps" title="List of Gulag camps">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holodomor" title="Holodomor">Holodomor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_abuse_of_psychiatry_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union">Political abuse of psychiatry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ideological_repression_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Ideological repression in the Soviet Union">Ideological repression</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Religion in the Soviet Union">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repression_of_science_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Repression of science in the Soviet Union">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Censorship in the Soviet Union">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_of_images_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Censorship of images in the Soviet Union">Censorship of images</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Economy of the Soviet Union">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Agriculture in the Soviet Union">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gosbank" class="mw-redirect" title="Gosbank">Central Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet-type_economic_planning" title="Soviet-type economic planning">Economic planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Energy policy of the Soviet Union">Energy policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five-year_plans_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Five-year plans of the Soviet Union">Five-year plans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/.su" title=".su">Internet domain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Russian_innovation#Soviet_Union" title="Timeline of Russian innovation">Inventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Net_material_product" title="Net material product">Net material product</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OGAS" title="OGAS">OGAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Science and technology in the Soviet Union">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_ruble" title="Soviet ruble">Rouble <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Transport in the Soviet Union">Transport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Railway_system_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Railway system of the Soviet Union">Railway system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Rail transport in the Soviet Union">Rail transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_metro_systems_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="List of metro systems in the Soviet Union">List of metro systems</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Science and technology in the Soviet Union">Science</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Academy" title="Communist Academy">Communist Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cybernetics_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Cybernetics in the Soviet Union">Cybernetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Academy_of_Sciences#In_the_Soviet_Union" title="Russian Academy of Sciences">Academy of Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USSR_Academy_of_Medical_Sciences" title="USSR Academy of Medical Sciences">Academy of Medical Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VASKhNIL" title="VASKhNIL">Lenin All-Union Academy of Agricultural Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharashka" title="Sharashka">Sharashkas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naukograd" title="Naukograd">Naukograds</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Naukograds" title="Category:Naukograds">List</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Category:Society of the Soviet Union">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Antisemitism in the Soviet Union">Antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Crime in the Soviet Union">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Demographics of the Soviet Union">Demographics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_people" title="Soviet people">Soviet people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_working_class" title="Soviet working class">Working class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_Soviet_census" title="1989 Soviet census">1989 census</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Drug policy of the Soviet Union">Drug policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Family in the Soviet Union">Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Languages of the Soviet Union">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linguistics_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Linguistics of the Soviet Union">Linguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillisation_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Cyrillisation in the Soviet Union">Cyrillisation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prohibition_in_the_Russian_Empire_and_the_Soviet_Union" title="Prohibition in the Russian Empire and the Soviet Union">Prohibition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Racism in the Soviet Union">Racism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Culture of the Soviet Union">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_ballet" title="Russian ballet">Ballet</a></li> <li><a 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