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<span>Accident</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Accident-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Search_and_rescue" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Search_and_rescue"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Search and rescue</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Search_and_rescue-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Causes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Causes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Causes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Causes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dramatization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dramatization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> 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</div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Varig Flight 254</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Let_Varig_254" title="Let Varig 254 – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Let Varig 254" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/VARIG-Flug_254" title="VARIG-Flug 254 – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="VARIG-Flug 254" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vuelo_254_de_Varig" title="Vuelo 254 de Varig – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Vuelo 254 de Varig" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vol_Varig_254" title="Vol Varig 254 – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Vol Varig 254" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volo_Varig_254" title="Volo Varig 254 – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Volo Varig 254" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A1%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B0%E3%83%BB%E3%83%96%E3%83%A9%E3%82%B8%E3%83%AB%E8%88%AA%E7%A9%BA254%E4%BE%BF%E5%A2%9C%E8%90%BD%E4%BA%8B%E6%95%85" title="ヴァリグ・ブラジル航空254便墜落事故 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ヴァリグ・ブラジル航空254便墜落事故" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voo_Varig_254" title="Voo Varig 254 – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Voo Varig 254" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B0_Boeing_737_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD-%D0%96%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B5-%D0%B4%D1%83-%D0%A8%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%83" title="Катастрофа Boeing 737 под Сан-Жозе-ду-Шингу – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Катастрофа Boeing 737 под Сан-Жозе-ду-Шингу" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varigin_lento_254" title="Varigin lento 254 – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Varigin lento 254" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%87%8C%E7%B4%84%E6%A0%BC%E6%9C%97%E5%BE%B7%E8%88%AA%E7%A9%BA254%E8%99%9F%E7%8F%AD%E6%A9%9F%E7%A9%BA%E9%9B%A3" title="里約格朗德航空254號班機空難 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="里約格朗德航空254號班機空難" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q690883#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit 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class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Varig_Flight_254&params=10_26_40.55_S_52_39_26.90_W_region:BR-MT_type:event"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">10°26′40.55″S</span> <span class="longitude">52°39′26.90″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">10.4445972°S 52.6574722°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-10.4445972; -52.6574722</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt 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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Varig+Flight+254%22">"Varig Flight 254"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Varig+Flight+254%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Varig+Flight+254%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Varig+Flight+254%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Varig+Flight+254%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Varig+Flight+254%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2009</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard vevent"><caption class="infobox-title fn org summary" style="padding-bottom:0.3em;">Varig Flight 254</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Varig_Boeing_737-200_PP-VMK_mod.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Varig_Boeing_737-200_PP-VMK_mod.jpg/250px-Varig_Boeing_737-200_PP-VMK_mod.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Varig_Boeing_737-200_PP-VMK_mod.jpg/375px-Varig_Boeing_737-200_PP-VMK_mod.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Varig_Boeing_737-200_PP-VMK_mod.jpg/500px-Varig_Boeing_737-200_PP-VMK_mod.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="607" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:1.3em;">PP-VMK, the aircraft involved in the accident</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #082567; color: white">Accident</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-right:1.0em; white-space:nowrap;">Date</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">3 September 1989</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-right:1.0em; white-space:nowrap;">Summary</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Major navigational error resulting in <a href="/wiki/Fuel_exhaustion" class="mw-redirect" title="Fuel exhaustion">fuel exhaustion</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-right:1.0em; white-space:nowrap;">Site</th><td class="infobox-data flabel location" style="line-height:1.3em;">Near <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Jos%C3%A9_do_Xingu" title="São José do Xingu">São José do Xingu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> <br /><span class="nowrap"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Varig_Flight_254&params=10_26_40.55_S_52_39_26.90_W_region:BR-MT_type:event"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">10°26′40.55″S</span> <span class="longitude">52°39′26.90″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">10.4445972°S 52.6574722°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-10.4445972; -52.6574722</span></span></span></a></span></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #082567; color: white">Aircraft</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-right:1.0em; white-space:nowrap;">Aircraft type</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Boeing_737#737-200" title="Boeing 737">Boeing 737-241</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-right:1.0em; white-space:nowrap;">Operator</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Varig" title="Varig">Varig</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-right:1.0em; white-space:nowrap;">IATA flight No.</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">RG254</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-right:1.0em; white-space:nowrap;">ICAO flight No.</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">VRG254</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-right:1.0em; white-space:nowrap;">Call sign</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">VARIG 254</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-right:1.0em; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_registration" title="Aircraft registration">Registration</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">PP-VMK</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-right:1.0em; white-space:nowrap;">Flight origin</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo%E2%80%93Guarulhos_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="São Paulo–Guarulhos International Airport">São Paulo–Guarulhos Int'l Airport</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-right:1.0em; white-space:nowrap;">1st stopover</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Uberaba_Airport" title="Uberaba Airport">Uberaba Airport</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-right:1.0em; white-space:nowrap;">2nd stopover</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Uberl%C3%A2ndia_Airport" title="Uberlândia Airport">Uberlândia Airport</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-right:1.0em; white-space:nowrap;">3rd stopover</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Santa_Genoveva_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Santa Genoveva Airport">Goiânia–Santa Genoveva Airport</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-right:1.0em; white-space:nowrap;">4th stopover</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Bras%C3%ADlia_International_Airport" title="Brasília International Airport">Brasília International Airport</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-right:1.0em; white-space:nowrap;">5th stopover</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Imperatriz_Airport" title="Imperatriz Airport">Imperatriz Airport</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-right:1.0em; white-space:nowrap;">6th stopover</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Marab%C3%A1_Airport" title="Marabá Airport">Marabá Airport</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-right:1.0em; white-space:nowrap;">Destination</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Val_de_Cans_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Val de Cans International Airport">Belém–Val de Cans Int'l Airport</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-right:1.0em; white-space:nowrap;">Occupants</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">54</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-right:1.0em; white-space:nowrap;">Passengers</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">48</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-right:1.0em; white-space:nowrap;">Crew</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">6</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-right:1.0em; white-space:nowrap;">Fatalities</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">12</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-right:1.0em; white-space:nowrap;">Injuries</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">34<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-right:1.0em; white-space:nowrap;">Survivors</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">42</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Varig Flight 254</b> was a <a href="/wiki/Boeing_737" title="Boeing 737">Boeing 737</a>-241, c/n 21006/398,<sup id="cite_ref-ASN_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ASN-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_registration" title="Aircraft registration">registration</a> PP-VMK,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on a scheduled passenger flight from <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="São Paulo">São Paulo</a>, Brazil, to <a href="/wiki/Bel%C3%A9m" title="Belém">Belém</a>, capital city of the state of <a href="/wiki/Par%C3%A1" title="Pará">Pará</a> in the country's <a href="/wiki/North_Region,_Brazil" title="North Region, Brazil">North Region</a>, on 3 September 1989. The flight had several intermediate stopovers, the last being in <a href="/wiki/Marab%C3%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="Marabá">Marabá</a>, Pará. Prior to takeoff from Marabá, the crew entered an incorrect <a href="/wiki/Heading_(navigation)" title="Heading (navigation)">heading</a> into the flight computer, flying deep into a remote area of the <a href="/wiki/Amazon_Rainforest" class="mw-redirect" title="Amazon Rainforest">Amazon jungle</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Disparition_d'un_Boeing_brésilien_en_Amazonie_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Disparition_d'un_Boeing_brésilien_en_Amazonie-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bresil:_L'accident_d'un_Boeing_de_la_Varig_Les_rescapés_de_l'Amazonie_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bresil:_L'accident_d'un_Boeing_de_la_Varig_Les_rescapés_de_l'Amazonie-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Attempts to reach an alternative airport were unsuccessful and the plane eventually ran out of fuel,<sup id="cite_ref-Amazon_crash_survivors_owe_their_lives_to_unemployed_teen_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Amazon_crash_survivors_owe_their_lives_to_unemployed_teen-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> crashing during a <a href="/wiki/Belly_landing" title="Belly landing">belly landing</a> in the jungle<sup id="cite_ref-After_Trek_From_Brazil_Crash,_Survivor_Says_46_of_54_Live_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-After_Trek_From_Brazil_Crash,_Survivor_Says_46_of_54_Live-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 1,700 kilometres (920 nautical miles) northwest of <a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Rio de Janeiro">Rio de Janeiro</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Amazon_crash_survivors_owe_their_lives_to_unemployed_teen_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Amazon_crash_survivors_owe_their_lives_to_unemployed_teen-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of the 54 passengers and crew, 12 passengers died and many more sustained serious injuries.<sup id="cite_ref-ASN_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ASN-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Final_accident_report_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Final_accident_report-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGermano_da_Silva2008352–360_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGermano_da_Silva2008352–360-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The survivors were rescued two days later.<sup id="cite_ref-After_Trek_From_Brazil_Crash,_Survivor_Says_46_of_54_Live_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-After_Trek_From_Brazil_Crash,_Survivor_Says_46_of_54_Live-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Varig_Flight_254&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The flight was a scheduled service from São Paulo to Belém with stopovers in <a href="/wiki/Uberaba" title="Uberaba">Uberaba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uberl%C3%A2ndia" title="Uberlândia">Uberlândia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Goi%C3%A2nia" title="Goiânia">Goiânia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bras%C3%ADlia" title="Brasília">Brasília</a>, <a href="/wiki/Imperatriz" title="Imperatriz">Imperatriz</a>, Marabá, and finally Belém.<sup id="cite_ref-Jet_With_54_on_Board_Missing_in_Brazil_:_Disappears_Over_Amazon;_Toll_in_Cuban_Crash_May_Reach_150_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jet_With_54_on_Board_Missing_in_Brazil_:_Disappears_Over_Amazon;_Toll_in_Cuban_Crash_May_Reach_150-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The São Paulo–Belém route had an approximate duration of eight hours and 20 minutes.<sup id="cite_ref-Folha_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Folha-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At 9:43, Flight 254 left <a href="/wiki/Guarulhos_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Guarulhos International Airport">Guarulhos International Airport</a>, São Paulo, heading towards Belém. The flight crew consisted of 32-year-old Captain Cézar Augusto Padula Garcez,<sup id="cite_ref-Folha_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Folha-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> First Officer Nilson de Souza Zille, 29, and four <a href="/wiki/Flight_attendants" class="mw-redirect" title="Flight attendants">flight attendants</a>. The flight went smoothly through all the stops, and at 17:20, the crew was arranging the final preparations at <a href="/wiki/Marab%C3%A1_Airport" title="Marabá Airport">Marabá Airport</a> while the passengers were boarding. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Accident">Accident</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Varig_Flight_254&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Accident"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="locmap noviewer noresize thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:402px"><div style="position:relative;width:400px;border:1px solid lightgray"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Relief_Map_of_Brazil.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The locations of the accident and departure airports shown on a map of Brazil. Airports relevant to the incident are marked in red."><img alt="The locations of the accident and departure airports shown on a map of Brazil. Airports relevant to the incident are marked in red." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Relief_Map_of_Brazil.jpg/400px-Relief_Map_of_Brazil.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="395" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Relief_Map_of_Brazil.jpg/600px-Relief_Map_of_Brazil.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Relief_Map_of_Brazil.jpg/800px-Relief_Map_of_Brazil.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1186" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:28.419%;left:59.675%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Maraba"><img alt="Maraba" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Green_pog.svg/8px-Green_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Green_pog.svg/12px-Green_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Green_pog.svg/16px-Green_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;bottom:5px;left:-3em"><div style="background-color:rgba(153, 153, 153, 0.35)">Maraba</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:18.462%;left:61.226%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Belem"><img alt="Belem" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div style="background-color:rgba(153, 153, 153, 0.35)">Belem</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:41.111%;left:51.394%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-5px;top:-5px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Crash site"><img alt="Crash site" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Airplane_Crash.svg/10px-Airplane_Crash.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Airplane_Crash.svg/15px-Airplane_Crash.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Airplane_Crash.svg/20px-Airplane_Crash.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:6px"><div style="background-color:rgba(153, 153, 153, 0.35)">Crash site</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:73.589%;left:65.946%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="São Paulo"><img alt="São Paulo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Blue_pog.svg/8px-Blue_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Blue_pog.svg/12px-Blue_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Blue_pog.svg/16px-Blue_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div style="background-color:rgba(153, 153, 153, 0.35)">São Paulo</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:64.412%;left:62.433%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Uberaba"><img alt="Uberaba" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Green_pog.svg/8px-Green_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Green_pog.svg/12px-Green_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Green_pog.svg/16px-Green_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div style="background-color:rgba(153, 153, 153, 0.35)">Uberaba</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:62.209%;left:61.823%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Uberlândia"><img alt="Uberlândia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Green_pog.svg/8px-Green_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Green_pog.svg/12px-Green_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Green_pog.svg/16px-Green_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:5px"><div style="background-color:rgba(153, 153, 153, 0.35)">Uberlândia</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:56.574%;left:59.467%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Goiânia"><img alt="Goiânia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Green_pog.svg/8px-Green_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Green_pog.svg/12px-Green_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Green_pog.svg/16px-Green_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:5px;left:-3em"><div style="background-color:rgba(153, 153, 153, 0.35)">Goiânia</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:54.673%;left:62.539%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Brasília"><img alt="Brasília" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Green_pog.svg/8px-Green_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Green_pog.svg/12px-Green_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Green_pog.svg/16px-Green_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div style="background-color:rgba(153, 153, 153, 0.35)">Brasília</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:28.826%;left:63.627%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Imperatriz"><img alt="Imperatriz" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Green_pog.svg/8px-Green_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Green_pog.svg/12px-Green_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Green_pog.svg/16px-Green_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div style="background-color:rgba(153, 153, 153, 0.35)">Imperatriz</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:21.062%;left:46.386%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Santarém"><img alt="Santarém" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div style="background-color:rgba(153, 153, 153, 0.35)">Santarém</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:30.288%;left:57.644%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Carajás"><img alt="Carajás" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:5px;left:-3em"><div style="background-color:rgba(153, 153, 153, 0.35)">Carajás</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:38.335%;left:45.964%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Cachimbo"><img alt="Cachimbo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:5px"><div style="background-color:rgba(153, 153, 153, 0.35)">Cachimbo</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:54.652%;left:52.025%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Barra do Garças"><img alt="Barra do Garças" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;bottom:5px;left:-3em"><div style="background-color:rgba(153, 153, 153, 0.35)">Barra do Garças</div></div></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Relief_Map_of_Brazil.jpg" title="File:Relief Map of Brazil.jpg">class=notpageimage| </a></div>Location of the accident and departure/destination airports. Airports relevant to the incident are marked in red.</div></div></div> <p>While First Officer Zille was making an external inspection of the aircraft, Captain Garcez consulted the <a href="/wiki/Flight_plan" title="Flight plan">flight plan</a> for the magnetic heading to Belém; the flight plan read <b>0270</b>. Garcez interpreted this as 270°, but it intended to mean 027.0°. Varig's heading notation for the flight plan was changed to four digits from three while Garcez was on vacation,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and it did not explicitly specify the position for the decimal point, which was implicitly located between the last two digits. That confusion was the primary cause for the disaster, along with other minor errors. The captain, therefore, set the left-side <a href="/wiki/Horizontal_situation_indicator" title="Horizontal situation indicator">horizontal situation indicator</a> (HSI) to 270°, i.e. a due-west course. This heading is clearly inconsistent with a route from Marabá to Belém. </p><p>After setting the HSI, Garcez programmed the aircraft performance management system (PMS)<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Relatório_Final_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Relatório_Final-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to the distance to Belém (346 kilometres or 187 nautical miles). The flight plan indicated an altitude of 29,000 ft (8,800 m) (<a href="/wiki/Flight_level" title="Flight level">FL</a>290), and a leg duration of 48 minutes. When co-captain Zille got to his seat, instead of checking his own flight plan to adjust his HSI – as he was required to do – he only referenced the captain's indicator and set his to match it. At 17:45, flight 254 took off from Marabá, and the <a href="/wiki/Autopilot" title="Autopilot">autopilot</a> steered the aircraft to a heading of 270° away. When Garcez believed the aircraft to be close to the destination, he attempted to use his <a href="/wiki/Airband" title="Airband">VHF radio</a> to communicate with the Belém tower. Failing to do so directly, he used another Varig airliner operating flight RG266, as a radio relay to talk to Belém Airport. When Garcez managed to establish communications with Belém, he requested descent clearance, and received it. Upon performing his descent, the captain found it very odd that he could not recognize any of the characteristic geographical features of the Belém area (such as the <a href="/wiki/Maraj%C3%B3_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Marajó Island">Marajó Island</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Amazon_River" title="Amazon River">Amazon River</a> estuary), and even asked the tower controller if the city was without electricity. In 1989, Belém airport still had no <a href="/wiki/Radar" title="Radar">radar</a>, so the controller informed Flight 254 that it was the only one in its airspace, and gave it landing clearance. </p><p>After the PMS started indicating negative distance to its destination, Captain Garcez decided to execute a 180° turn and locate Belém visually. He also descended the aircraft to 4,000 ft (1,200 m) and reduced its speed to 200 knots (370 km/h). Reluctant to use the <a href="/wiki/High_frequency" title="High frequency">HF</a> radio to request help, the captain decided to take visual reference from a river he located below the plane, believing it to be the Amazon. The river was actually the <a href="/wiki/Xingu_River" title="Xingu River">Xingu</a>, which runs chiefly south-north, while the Amazon runs west-east. </p><p>At that time, the flight had already taken 30 minutes longer than scheduled, and the passengers were getting anxious. When First Officer Zille finally noticed their initial mistake, the captain and he decided, after checking their navigation charts, to make contact with <a href="/wiki/Santar%C3%A9m,_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Santarém, Brazil">Santarém</a> airport, believing it to be the closest airport, and made an almost 180° turn, now establishing a 350° magnetic course. After some calculations, Garcez realized that the aircraft did not have the necessary fuel to reach Santarém, and he started heading south again (along the now properly identified Xingu River). Finally, he decided to contact Marabá airport again, to find his location. The radio frequency of Goiânia's locator was the same as Marabá's, and Garcez mistakenly tuned to Goiânia, located about 1,250 km (675 nmi) south of Marabá. The captain was already nervous, and he failed to notice that the tuned locator's <a href="/wiki/Morse_code" title="Morse code">Morse code</a> identifier was not consistent with Marabá's beacon. </p><p>At 20:05, Belém Center called Flight 254 again, demanding a report. The captain stated that he had a 170° magnetic heading to Marabá (in reality it was Goiânia), and that he was receiving a bearing from the <a href="/wiki/Caraj%C3%A1s_Airport" title="Carajás Airport">Carajás</a> beacon (which actually was the <a href="/wiki/Barra_do_Gar%C3%A7as" title="Barra do Garças">Barra do Garças</a> beacon). Garcez was perplexed when Belém informed him that the Carajás beacon had been shut down since 19:30, and the center decided to illuminate the Carajás runway in an attempt to facilitate Flight 254's orientation. Realizing that he would not have enough fuel to reach Belém, the captain decided to head for <a href="/wiki/Caraj%C3%A1s_Airport" title="Carajás Airport">Carajás Airport</a>, which would have been the correct decision if he had not mistaken Goiânia for Marabá. Another opportunity to solve the situation was missed around 20:30, when the flight passed within 190 km (100 nmi) of the <a href="/wiki/Cachimbo_Airport" title="Cachimbo Airport">Serra do Cachimbo Air Force Base</a>, a very large airfield, which the 737 could have successfully reached. </p><p>After that, the forced landing of the aircraft into the rainforest in the north of <a href="/wiki/Mato_Grosso" title="Mato Grosso">Mato Grosso</a> became inevitable. At the time, no written procedures were available for such an emergency situation. Garcez and Zille decided to fly at 8,000 ft (2,400 m) until they ran out of fuel, thus avoiding a possible explosion upon landing, and with the engines on, they would still have hydraulic power to command the aircraft's <a href="/wiki/Aileron" title="Aileron">ailerons</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flap_(aircraft)" class="mw-redirect" title="Flap (aircraft)">flaps</a>. They also decided to keep the plane flying slightly above <a href="/wiki/Stall_(flight)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stall (flight)">stall</a> speed, which in this case was around 150 kn (280 km/h). During their descent, they spotted very few lights through the jungle, coming from the houses of farms that had electrical generators. At 20:40, Garcez informed the Belém center that he would be making a forced landing over the jungle. A few minutes later, when he had 15 minutes left of fuel, Garcez informed his passengers of the situation. When around 100 kg (220 lb) of fuel were remaining, the left engine stopped. The right engine ran for a further two minutes, and then stopped, as well. </p><p>Even after shutdown, the engines were still <a href="/wiki/Windmill_restart" class="mw-redirect" title="Windmill restart">windmilling</a> due to the passage of the air through them. This gave the airplane some rudimentary and unreliable hydraulic control. Garcez commanded the lowering of the flaps, which only moved to position two, (around 10°) due to the failing hydraulic system. With the batteries discharged, the plane had no electrical power and the only four instruments working in the cockpit were the <a href="/wiki/Artificial_horizon" class="mw-redirect" title="Artificial horizon">artificial horizon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Altimeter" title="Altimeter">altimeter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Airspeed_indicator" title="Airspeed indicator">airspeed indicator</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vertical_speed_indicator" class="mw-redirect" title="Vertical speed indicator">vertical speed indicator</a>. The only things the crew could see on the horizon were faint light spots due to distant forest burnings, and at 21:06, local time, the plane crash-landed over treetops that extended over 50 m (160 ft) above ground. </p><p>The deceleration due to the crash was such that passengers without fastened seatbelts were flung to the front of the airplane, and some seats detached from the floor, also racing forward. When the aircraft fell through the foliage, two thick trees tore away both wings, and caused a severe torsion of the fuselage, which contributed to more seats detaching, and to the collapsing of the false roof over the passengers' heads. After its speed slowed to about 35 kn (65 km/h), the aircraft ran for little more than 30 m (100 ft) and stopped, lying on its right side. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Search_and_rescue">Search and rescue</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Varig_Flight_254&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Search and rescue"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 5 September, two days after the crash, Alfonso Saraiva and three other survivors started walking to look for help.<sup id="cite_ref-Folha_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Folha-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After about two<sup id="cite_ref-Bresil:_L'accident_d'un_Boeing_de_la_Varig_Les_rescapés_de_l'Amazonie_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bresil:_L'accident_d'un_Boeing_de_la_Varig_Les_rescapés_de_l'Amazonie-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or three hours of walking in the jungle,<sup id="cite_ref-Folha_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Folha-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the group found the house of the Curunaré farm,<sup id="cite_ref-Folha_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Folha-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Jos%C3%A9_do_Xingu" title="São José do Xingu">São José do Xingu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The farm had no radio, so they were taken by car to another farm, Serrão da Prata, reaching it around 12:30. With the help of radio operator João Capanema Jr., they were able to contact <a href="/wiki/Franca" title="Franca">Franca</a> Airport, 400 km (220 nmi) north of São Paulo, and at 16:27, an <a href="/wiki/Embraer_EMB-110_Bandeirante" class="mw-redirect" title="Embraer EMB-110 Bandeirante">Embraer EMB-110 Bandeirante</a> airplane from the <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Air_Force" title="Brazilian Air Force">Brazilian Air Force</a> (FAB) dropped food packages over the wreckage. By noon the next day, on their fourth day in the jungle, all survivors had been rescued by the FAB. </p><p>Forty-one survivors were rescued from the crash site by helicopter, which flew them 50 km (25 nmi) to São José do Xingu, and from there they were flown by plane to <a href="/wiki/Cachimbo_Airport" title="Cachimbo Airport">Cachimbo Airport</a>, 300 km (160 nmi) to the northwest.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were then flown to Brasilia Base Hospital near <a href="/wiki/Brasilia" class="mw-redirect" title="Brasilia">Brasilia</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Causes">Causes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Varig_Flight_254&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Causes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Upon investigation, the crash was found to have been caused primarily by negligence on the part of the flight crew. Customary investigations showed that the aircraft was in perfect condition for the flight, and that its mandatory periodic inspections had been properly conducted. The main factor for the accident was concluded to be an error in reading the correct <a href="/wiki/Heading_(navigation)" title="Heading (navigation)">heading</a> from the flight plan by the commander, compounded by the co-pilot copying the setting from the commander's panel instead of checking the flight plan.<sup id="cite_ref-ASN_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ASN-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fact that plan course 0270 actually asked for 027.0 degrees was due to the Varig standardization of flight planning for all its fleet, but only aircraft equipped with an inertial navigation system (INS) actually used headings with decimals. Despite the pilots having been told about this peculiarity in the airline's training program, the value expressed in the flight plan 0270 was interpreted by the commander as 270° (he was on vacation during the change of standard). This misinterpretation changed the general direction from north-northeast (27.0°) to west (270°). The Boeing 737 was not equipped with INS, using only <a href="/wiki/Automatic_direction_finder" title="Automatic direction finder">automatic direction finders</a> and <a href="/wiki/VHF_omnidirectional_range" title="VHF omnidirectional range">VHF omnidirectional range</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Relatório_Final_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Relatório_Final-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Months after the accident, the flight plan Varig 254 used was shown to 21 pilots of major airlines in the world during a test conducted by the International Federation of Air Line Pilots' Associations. No fewer than 15 pilots committed the same mistake that the Varig flight 254 crew had made. After the flight 254 accident, Varig installed <a href="/wiki/Omega_(navigation_system)" title="Omega (navigation system)">Omega navigation systems</a> in their aircraft.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Also, several other factors contributed to the accident:<sup id="cite_ref-ASN_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ASN-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>the pilot did not realise he should be receiving a stronger VHF signal from Belém if he were nearing that airport,</li> <li>he should be receiving the local radio stations from Belém instead of other distant stations at the same frequencies,</li> <li>he should have checked his position and heading against the sun and geographic landmarks,</li> <li>and the airline's support team in Belém did not take action upon realizing the aircraft arrival was delayed.</li></ul> <p>Captain Garcez and First Officer Zille were both sentenced to four years in prison for their roles in the accident, but this was later changed to community service.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dramatization">Dramatization</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Varig_Flight_254&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Dramatization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The events of Flight 254 were featured in season 14 of the TV series <a href="/wiki/Mayday_(Canadian_TV_series)" title="Mayday (Canadian TV series)">Mayday</a>, in an episode named "<a href="/wiki/List_of_Mayday_episodes#ep112" title="List of Mayday episodes">Vanishing Act</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Varig_Flight_254&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/48px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/64px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Brazil" title="Portal:Brazil">Brazil portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Aviacionavion.png/28px-Aviacionavion.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Aviacionavion.png/42px-Aviacionavion.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Aviacionavion.png/56px-Aviacionavion.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Aviation" title="Portal:Aviation">Aviation portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rubik%27s_cube_v3.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Rubik%27s_cube_v3.svg/25px-Rubik%27s_cube_v3.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Rubik%27s_cube_v3.svg/38px-Rubik%27s_cube_v3.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Rubik%27s_cube_v3.svg/51px-Rubik%27s_cube_v3.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="530" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:1980s" title="Portal:1980s">1980s portal</a></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_navigation" title="Air navigation">Air navigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_traffic_control" title="Air traffic control">Air traffic control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dead_reckoning" title="Dead reckoning">Dead reckoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_position-indicating_radiobeacon_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Emergency position-indicating radiobeacon station">Emergency position-indicating radiobeacon station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_plan" title="Flight plan">Flight plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_planning" title="Flight planning">Flight planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gol_Transportes_A%C3%A9reos_Flight_1907" title="Gol Transportes Aéreos Flight 1907">Gol Transportes Aéreos Flight 1907</a> – another <a href="/wiki/Boeing_737" title="Boeing 737">737</a> which crashed 65 km (40 mi) away from Varig Flight 254's crash site</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_airline_flights_that_required_gliding" title="List of airline flights that required gliding">List of airline flights that required gliding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navigation" title="Navigation">Navigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pilot_error" title="Pilot error">Pilot error</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piloting_(navigation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Piloting (navigation)">Piloting (navigation)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Situation_awareness" title="Situation awareness">Situation awareness</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Varig_Flight_254&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGregg_Newton1989" class="citation web cs1">Gregg Newton (7 September 1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.corbisimages.com/Enlargement/42-17393027.html">"Varig Airlines Crash"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Branded_Entertainment_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="Branded Entertainment Network">Corbis</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 February</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Varig+Airlines+Crash&rft.pub=Corbis&rft.date=1989-09-07&rft.au=Gregg+Newton&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.corbisimages.com%2FEnlargement%2F42-17393027.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVarig+Flight+254" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ASN-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ASN_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ASN_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ASN_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ASN_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19890903-0">Accident description</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Aviation_Safety_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="Aviation Safety Network">Aviation Safety Network</a>. Some English text, mostly Portuguese.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.anac.gov.br/aeronaves/cons_rab_print.asp?nf=PPVMK">"Registro Aeronáutico Brasileiro (PP-VMK)"</a>. <i>Agência Nacional de Aviação Civil</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ag%C3%AAncia+Nacional+de+Avia%C3%A7%C3%A3o+Civil&rft.atitle=Registro+Aeron%C3%A1utico+Brasileiro+%28PP-VMK%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.anac.gov.br%2Faeronaves%2Fcons_rab_print.asp%3Fnf%3DPPVMK&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVarig+Flight+254" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Disparition_d'un_Boeing_brésilien_en_Amazonie-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Disparition_d'un_Boeing_brésilien_en_Amazonie_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110629140014/http://www.lemonde.fr/web/recherche_breve/1,13-0,37-657899,0.html">"Disparition d'un Boeing brésilien en Amazonie"</a> [Brazilian plane disappears over the Amazon]. <i><a href="/wiki/Le_Monde" title="Le Monde">Le Monde</a></i> (in French). <a href="/wiki/Agence_France-Presse" title="Agence France-Presse">Agence France-Presse</a>. 5 September 1989. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lemonde.fr/web/recherche_breve/1,13-0,37-657899,0.html">the original</a> on 29 June 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Le+Monde&rft.atitle=Disparition+d%27un+Boeing+br%C3%A9silien+en+Amazonie&rft.date=1989-09-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lemonde.fr%2Fweb%2Frecherche_breve%2F1%2C13-0%2C37-657899%2C0.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVarig+Flight+254" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bresil:_L'accident_d'un_Boeing_de_la_Varig_Les_rescapés_de_l'Amazonie-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bresil:_L'accident_d'un_Boeing_de_la_Varig_Les_rescapés_de_l'Amazonie_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bresil:_L'accident_d'un_Boeing_de_la_Varig_Les_rescapés_de_l'Amazonie_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110629140029/http://www.lemonde.fr/web/recherche_breve/1,13-0,37-658178,0.html">"Bresil: L'accident d'un Boeing de la Varig Les rescapés de l'Amazonie"</a> [Brazil: A Varig Boeing's accident leaves survivors in the Amazon]. <i>Le Monde</i> (in French). Agence France-Presse. 7 September 1989. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lemonde.fr/web/recherche_breve/1,13-0,37-658178,0.html">the original</a> on 29 June 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Le+Monde&rft.atitle=Bresil%3A+L%27accident+d%27un+Boeing+de+la+Varig+Les+rescap%C3%A9s+de+l%27Amazonie&rft.date=1989-09-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lemonde.fr%2Fweb%2Frecherche_breve%2F1%2C13-0%2C37-658178%2C0.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVarig+Flight+254" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Amazon_crash_survivors_owe_their_lives_to_unemployed_teen-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Amazon_crash_survivors_owe_their_lives_to_unemployed_teen_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Amazon_crash_survivors_owe_their_lives_to_unemployed_teen_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120723001741/http://www.chron.com/CDA/archives/archive.mpl?id=1989_648498">"Amazon crash survivors owe their lives to unemployed teen"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Houston_Chronicle" title="Houston Chronicle">Houston Chronicle</a></i>. 7 September 1989. p. 16. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chron.com/CDA/archives/archive.mpl?id=1989_648498">the original</a> on 23 July 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Houston+Chronicle&rft.atitle=Amazon+crash+survivors+owe+their+lives+to+unemployed+teen&rft.pages=16&rft.date=1989-09-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chron.com%2FCDA%2Farchives%2Farchive.mpl%3Fid%3D1989_648498&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVarig+Flight+254" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-After_Trek_From_Brazil_Crash,_Survivor_Says_46_of_54_Live-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-After_Trek_From_Brazil_Crash,_Survivor_Says_46_of_54_Live_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-After_Trek_From_Brazil_Crash,_Survivor_Says_46_of_54_Live_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrooke1989" class="citation news cs1">Brooke, James (6 September 1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140728110714/http://www.nytimes.com/1989/09/06/world/after-trek-from-brazil-crash-survivor-says-46-of-54-live.html?pagewanted=print">"After Trek From Brazil Crash, Survivor Says 46 of 54 Live"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1989/09/06/world/after-trek-from-brazil-crash-survivor-says-46-of-54-live.html?pagewanted=print">the original</a> on 28 July 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=After+Trek+From+Brazil+Crash%2C+Survivor+Says+46+of+54+Live&rft.date=1989-09-06&rft.aulast=Brooke&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1989%2F09%2F06%2Fworld%2Fafter-trek-from-brazil-crash-survivor-says-46-of-54-live.html%3Fpagewanted%3Dprint&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVarig+Flight+254" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Final_accident_report-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Final_accident_report_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140903073419/http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:W-RCbOsbNnQJ:ftp://ftp.cefetes.br/cursos/Transportes/EduardoCid/SMS/ACIDENTES/ACIDENTE%2520A%25C9REO/ceniparg254.txt+&cd=2&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us">"Final accident report"</a> (in Portuguese). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="ftp://ftp.cefetes.br/cursos/Transportes/EduardoCid/SMS/ACIDENTES/ACIDENTE%2520A%25C9REO/ceniparg254.txt+&cd=2&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us">the original</a> on 3 September 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Final+accident+report&rft_id=ftp%3A%2F%2Fftp.cefetes.br%2Fcursos%2FTransportes%2FEduardoCid%2FSMS%2FACIDENTES%2FACIDENTE%252520A%2525C9REO%2Fceniparg254.txt%2B%26cd%3D2%26hl%3Den%26ct%3Dclnk%26gl%3Dus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVarig+Flight+254" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGermano_da_Silva2008352–360-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGermano_da_Silva2008352–360_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGermano_da_Silva2008">Germano da Silva (2008)</a>, p. 352–360.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jet_With_54_on_Board_Missing_in_Brazil_:_Disappears_Over_Amazon;_Toll_in_Cuban_Crash_May_Reach_150-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jet_With_54_on_Board_Missing_in_Brazil_:_Disappears_Over_Amazon;_Toll_in_Cuban_Crash_May_Reach_150_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1989-09-05-mn-1804-story.html">"Jet With 54 on Board Missing in Brazil : Disappears Over Amazon; Toll in Cuban Crash May Reach 150"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a>. 5 September 1989. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150322220549/http://articles.latimes.com/1989-09-05/news/mn-1804_1_amazon-river">Archived</a> from the original on 22 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Jet+With+54+on+Board+Missing+in+Brazil+%3A+Disappears+Over+Amazon%3B+Toll+in+Cuban+Crash+May+Reach+150&rft.date=1989-09-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-1989-09-05-mn-1804-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVarig+Flight+254" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Folha-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Folha_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Folha_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Folha_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Folha_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Folha_11-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120331172418/http://almanaque.folha.uol.com.br/cotidiano_06set1989.htm">"46 vivem e só oito morrem no Boeing achado na mata"</a> [46 live and only eight dead in a Boeing found in the forest]. <i><a href="/wiki/Folha_de_S._Paulo" class="mw-redirect" title="Folha de S. Paulo">Folha de S. Paulo</a></i> (in Portuguese). 6 September 1989. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://almanaque.folha.uol.com.br/cotidiano_06set1989.htm">the original</a> on 31 March 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Folha+de+S.+Paulo&rft.atitle=46+vivem+e+s%C3%B3+oito+morrem+no+Boeing+achado+na+mata&rft.date=1989-09-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Falmanaque.folha.uol.com.br%2Fcotidiano_06set1989.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVarig+Flight+254" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation episode cs1">"Vanishing Act". <a href="/wiki/Mayday_(Canadian_TV_series)" title="Mayday (Canadian TV series)"><i>Mayday</i></a>. Season 14. Episode 3. 10 February 2015. <a href="/wiki/National_Geographic_Channel" class="mw-redirect" title="National Geographic Channel">National Geographic Channel</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mayday&rft.series=Season+14.+Episode+3&rft.date=2015-02-10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVarig+Flight+254" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLowell1988" class="citation book cs1">Lowell, Norm (12 October 1988). <i>Pilot's Handbook Performance Management System for 737-200 Aircraft</i> (02 ed.). Phoenix, AZ: Honeywell. p. 2.A-2.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pilot%27s+Handbook+Performance+Management+System+for+737-200+Aircraft&rft.place=Phoenix%2C+AZ&rft.pages=2.A-2&rft.edition=02&rft.pub=Honeywell&rft.date=1988-10-12&rft.aulast=Lowell&rft.aufirst=Norm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVarig+Flight+254" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Relatório_Final-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Relatório_Final_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Relatório_Final_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPERALTA" class="citation web cs1">PERALTA, PAULO FERNANDO. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="ftp://ftp.cefetes.br/cursos/Transportes/EduardoCid/SMS/ACIDENTES/ACIDENTE%20A%C9REO/ceniparg254.txt">"Relatório Final"</a>. <i>Cefetes</i>. CENIPA.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cefetes&rft.atitle=Relat%C3%B3rio+Final&rft.aulast=PERALTA&rft.aufirst=PAULO+FERNANDO&rft_id=ftp%3A%2F%2Fftp.cefetes.br%2Fcursos%2FTransportes%2FEduardoCid%2FSMS%2FACIDENTES%2FACIDENTE%2520A%25C9REO%2Fceniparg254.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVarig+Flight+254" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged March 2022">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.airfleets.net/crash/crash_report_Varig_PP-VMK.htm">"Accident information : Boeing 737 Varig PP-VMK"</a>. Airfleets.net<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 February</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Accident+information+%3A+Boeing+737+Varig+PP-VMK&rft.pub=Airfleets.net&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.airfleets.net%2Fcrash%2Fcrash_report_Varig_PP-VMK.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVarig+Flight+254" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Lucky just to be alive", Jorge Mederos, Associated Press, published in <i>The Free Lance Star</i>, 7 September 1989, Page 17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSilva2008" class="citation book cs1">Silva, Carlos Ari Cesar Germano da (2008). <i>O rastro da bruxa: história da aviação comercial brasileira no século XX através de seus acidentes — 1928–1996 (The Witch trail: history of Brazilian commercial aviation in the twentieth century through its accidents - 1928-1996)</i> (2nd ed.). Porto Alegre: EDIPUCRS. pp. 352–360. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-85-7430-760-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-85-7430-760-2"><bdi>978-85-7430-760-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=O+rastro+da+bruxa%3A+hist%C3%B3ria+da+avia%C3%A7%C3%A3o+comercial+brasileira+no+s%C3%A9culo+XX+atrav%C3%A9s+de+seus+acidentes+%E2%80%94+1928%E2%80%931996+%28The+Witch+trail%3A+history+of+Brazilian+commercial+aviation+in+the+twentieth+century+through+its+accidents+-+1928-1996%29.&rft.place=Porto+Alegre&rft.pages=352-360&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=EDIPUCRS&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-85-7430-760-2&rft.aulast=Silva&rft.aufirst=Carlos+Ari+Cesar+Germano+da&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVarig+Flight+254" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/fsp/cotidian/ff130935.htm">"Folha de S.Paulo - Piloto de avião que caiu em 89 é condenado - 13/09/97"</a> [Folha de S.Paulo - Airplane pilot who fell in 89 is condemned - 09/13/97]. <i>www1.folha.uol.com.br</i> (in Portuguese)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 June</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www1.folha.uol.com.br&rft.atitle=Folha+de+S.Paulo+-+Piloto+de+avi%C3%A3o+que+caiu+em+89+%C3%A9+condenado+-+13%2F09%2F97&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww1.folha.uol.com.br%2Ffsp%2Fcotidian%2Fff130935.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVarig+Flight+254" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://g1.globo.com/df/distrito-federal/noticia/queda-de-aviao-da-varig-na-selva-em-1989-so-ocorreu-por-prepotencia-diz-copiloto.ghtml">"Queda de avião da Varig na selva em 1989 'só ocorreu por prepotência', diz copiloto"</a> [Varig plane crash in the jungle in 1989 'only occurred due to arrogance', says co-pilot]. <i>G1</i> (in Brazilian Portuguese). 9 May 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 June</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=G1&rft.atitle=Queda+de+avi%C3%A3o+da+Varig+na+selva+em+1989+%27s%C3%B3+ocorreu+por+prepot%C3%AAncia%27%2C+diz+copiloto&rft.date=2018-05-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fg1.globo.com%2Fdf%2Fdistrito-federal%2Fnoticia%2Fqueda-de-aviao-da-varig-na-selva-em-1989-so-ocorreu-por-prepotencia-diz-copiloto.ghtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVarig+Flight+254" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt3572208/"><i>"Air Crash Investigation" Vanishing Act (TV Episode 2015) - IMDb</i></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 August</span> 2022</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22Air+Crash+Investigation%22+Vanishing+Act+%28TV+Episode+2015%29+-+IMDb&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imdb.com%2Ftitle%2Ftt3572208%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVarig+Flight+254" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Varig_Flight_254&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGermano_da_Silva2008" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Germano da Silva, Carlos Ari César (2008). "Rumo errado". <i>O rastro da bruxa: história da aviação comercial brasileira no século XX através dos seus acidentes 1928–1996</i> (in Portuguese) (2 ed.). Porto Alegre: EDIPUCRS. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-85-7430-760-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-85-7430-760-2"><bdi>978-85-7430-760-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Rumo+errado&rft.btitle=O+rastro+da+bruxa%3A+hist%C3%B3ria+da+avia%C3%A7%C3%A3o+comercial+brasileira+no+s%C3%A9culo+XX+atrav%C3%A9s+dos+seus+acidentes+1928%E2%80%931996&rft.place=Porto+Alegre&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=EDIPUCRS&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-85-7430-760-2&rft.aulast=Germano+da+Silva&rft.aufirst=Carlos+Ari+C%C3%A9sar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVarig+Flight+254" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Varig_Flight_254&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sistema.cenipa.aer.mil.br/cenipa/paginas/relatorios/rf/pt/RF_PPVMK_ACIDENTE_03_09_1989.pdf">"Final Report"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Portuguese). 23 April 1991. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200429122535/http://sistema.cenipa.aer.mil.br/cenipa/paginas/relatorios/rf/pt/RF_PPVMK_ACIDENTE_03_09_1989.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 29 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Final+Report&rft.date=1991-04-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsistema.cenipa.aer.mil.br%2Fcenipa%2Fpaginas%2Frelatorios%2Frf%2Fpt%2FRF_PPVMK_ACIDENTE_03_09_1989.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVarig+Flight+254" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121012042535/http://veja.abril.com.br/arquivo_veja/capa_13091989.shtml">"O mergulho na selva"</a> [Deep into the forest] (in Portuguese). veja.com. 13 September 1989. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://veja.abril.com.br/arquivo_veja/capa_13091989.shtml">the original</a> on 12 October 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=O+mergulho+na+selva&rft.pub=veja.com&rft.date=1989-09-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fveja.abril.com.br%2Farquivo_veja%2Fcapa_13091989.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVarig+Flight+254" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aeronauticasc.eng.br/modules/eNoticias/article.php?articleID=1">Marco Aurélio Roncato de Moura's accident description</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080420202554/http://www.aeronauticasc.eng.br/modules/eNoticias/article.php?articleID=1">Archived</a> 20 April 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> in Portuguese.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050525012323/http://www.airdisaster.com/photos/varig254/photo.shtml">Varig Flight 254 crash site photograph</a><sup><a href="/wiki/Template:Usurped/doc" title="Template:Usurped/doc">[usurped]</a></sup></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ixCaiOd6z-M">Blackbox recording of Captain's last announcement and radio traffic</a> in Portuguese</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output 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.mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Varig" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Varig" title="Template:Varig"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Varig" title="Template talk:Varig"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Varig" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Varig"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Varig" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Varig" title="Varig">Varig</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Subsidiaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nordeste_Linhas_A%C3%A9reas_Regionais" title="Nordeste Linhas Aéreas Regionais">Nordeste Linhas Aéreas Regionais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rio_Sul_Servi%C3%A7os_A%C3%A9reos_Regionais" title="Rio Sul Serviços Aéreos Regionais">Rio Sul Serviços Aéreos Regionais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Servi%C3%A7os_A%C3%A9reos_Cruzeiro_do_Sul" title="Serviços Aéreos Cruzeiro do Sul">Serviços Aéreos Cruzeiro do Sul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varig_Log%C3%ADstica" title="Varig Logística">Varig Logística</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Accidents<br />and<br />incidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Varig_Flight_810" title="Varig Flight 810">Flight 810</a> (1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varig_Flight_837" title="Varig Flight 837">Flight 837</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varig_Flight_820" title="Varig Flight 820">Flight 820</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varig_Flight_967" title="Varig Flight 967">Flight 967</a> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varig_Flight_797" title="Varig Flight 797">Flight 797</a> (1987)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Flight 254</a> (1989)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flex_Linhas_A%C3%A9reas" title="Flex Linhas Aéreas">Flex Linhas Aéreas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voo_da_Amizade" title="Voo da Amizade">Voo da Amizade</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Aviation_accidents_and_incidents_in_Brazil" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Aviation_accidents_and_incidents_in_Brazil" title="Template:Aviation accidents and incidents in Brazil"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Aviation_accidents_and_incidents_in_Brazil" title="Template talk:Aviation accidents and incidents in Brazil"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Aviation_accidents_and_incidents_in_Brazil" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Aviation accidents and incidents in Brazil"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Aviation_accidents_and_incidents_in_Brazil" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Aviation accidents and incidents in Brazil</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1920s–1940s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1928_Dornier_J_Santos_Dumont_crash" title="1928 Dornier J Santos Dumont crash">Dornier J Santos Dumont crash</a> (December 1928)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1939_Pan_Am_Sikorsky_S-43_crash" title="1939 Pan Am Sikorsky S-43 crash">Pan Am Sikorsky S-43 crash</a> (August 1939)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1950s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Panair_do_Brasil_Flight_099" title="Panair do Brasil Flight 099">Panair do Brasil Flight 099</a> (July 1950)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1951_Rio_do_Sal_Linhas_A%C3%A9reas_Paulistas_C-47_crash" title="1951 Rio do Sal Linhas Aéreas Paulistas C-47 crash">Rio do Sal Linhas Aéreas Paulistas C-47 crash</a> (July 1951)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pan_Am_Flight_202" title="Pan Am Flight 202">Pan Am Flight 202</a> (April 1952)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1952_Palmeiras_de_Goias_Transportes_A%C3%A9reos_Nacional_Douglas_C-47_crash" title="1952 Palmeiras de Goias Transportes Aéreos Nacional Douglas C-47 crash">Transportes Aéreos Nacional Douglas C-47 mid-air fire</a> (August 1952)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1957_Beg%C3%A9_VARIG_Commando_crash" title="1957 Begé VARIG Commando crash">Begé VARIG Commando crash</a> (April 1957)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lufthansa_Flight_502" title="Lufthansa Flight 502">Lufthansa Flight 502</a> (January 1959)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1960s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1960_Rio_de_Janeiro_mid-air_collision" title="1960 Rio de Janeiro mid-air collision">Rio de Janeiro mid-air collision</a> (February 1960)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Real_Transportes_A%C3%A9reos_Flight_435" title="Real Transportes Aéreos Flight 435">Real Transportes Aéreos Flight 435</a> (June 1960)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Aerol%C3%ADneas_Argentinas_Flight_322" title="Aerolíneas Argentinas Flight 322">Aerolíneas Argentinas Flight 322</a> (November 1961)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1962_Paran%C3%A1_da_Eva_Panair_do_Brasil_Lockheed_Constellation_crash" title="1962 Paraná da Eva Panair do Brasil Lockheed Constellation crash">Paraná da Eva Panair do Brasil Lockheed Constellation crash</a> (December 1962)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Servi%C3%A7os_A%C3%A9reos_Cruzeiro_do_Sul_Flight_144" title="Serviços Aéreos Cruzeiro do Sul Flight 144">Serviços Aéreos Cruzeiro do Sul Flight 144</a> (May 1963)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1970s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Paraense_Transportes_A%C3%A9reos_Flight_903" title="Paraense Transportes Aéreos Flight 903">Paraense Transportes Aéreos Flight 903</a> (March 1970)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lufthansa_Cargo_Flight_527" title="Lufthansa Cargo Flight 527">Lufthansa Cargo Flight 527</a> (July 1979)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1980s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Transbrasil_Flight_303" title="Transbrasil Flight 303">Transbrasil Flight 303</a> (April 1980)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Barra_do_Gar%C3%A7as_air_disaster" title="Barra do Garças air disaster">Barra do Garças air disaster</a> (June 1980)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/VASP_Flight_168" title="VASP Flight 168">VASP Flight 168</a> (June 1982)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1982_TABA_Fairchild_FH-227_accident" title="1982 TABA Fairchild FH-227 accident">TABA Fairchild FH-227 accident</a> (June 1982)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1984_TAM_%E2%80%93_Transportes_A%C3%A9reos_Regionais_Bandeirante_accident" class="mw-redirect" title="1984 TAM – Transportes Aéreos Regionais Bandeirante accident">TARSA Bandeirante accident</a> (June 1984)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/VASP_Flight_210" title="VASP Flight 210">VASP Flight 210</a> (January 1986)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1986_Brazilian_UFO_incident" title="1986 Brazilian UFO incident">Brazilian UFO incident</a> (May 1986)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/VASP_Flight_375" title="VASP Flight 375">VASP Flight 375</a> (September 1988)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Transbrasil_Flight_801" title="Transbrasil Flight 801">Transbrasil Flight 801</a> (March 1989)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Varig Flight 254</a> (September 1989)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1990s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/VASP_Flight_780" class="mw-redirect" title="VASP Flight 780">VASP Flight 780</a> (June 1992)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/TAM_Transportes_A%C3%A9reos_Regionais_Flight_402" title="TAM Transportes Aéreos Regionais Flight 402">TAM Transportes Aéreos Regionais Flight 402</a> (October 1996)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2000s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/TAM_Airlines_Flight_9755" title="TAM Airlines Flight 9755">TAM Airlines Flight 9755</a> (September 2001)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rico_Linhas_A%C3%A9reas_Flight_4823" title="Rico Linhas Aéreas Flight 4823">Rico Linhas Aéreas Flight 4823</a> (August 2002)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Total_Linhas_A%C3%A9reas_Flight_5561" title="Total Linhas Aéreas Flight 5561">Total Linhas Aéreas Flight 5561</a> (September 2002)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rico_Linhas_A%C3%A9reas_Flight_4815" title="Rico Linhas Aéreas Flight 4815">Rico Linhas Aéreas Flight 4815</a> (May 2004)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/TEAM_Linhas_A%C3%A9reas_Flight_6865" title="TEAM Linhas Aéreas Flight 6865">TEAM Linhas Aéreas Flight 6865</a> (March 2006)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gol_Transportes_A%C3%A9reos_Flight_1907" title="Gol Transportes Aéreos Flight 1907">Gol Transportes Aéreos Flight 1907</a> (September 2006)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/TAM_Airlines_Flight_3054" title="TAM Airlines Flight 3054">TAM Airlines Flight 3054</a> (July 2007)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2009_Manaus_Aerot%C3%A1xi_Embraer_Bandeirante_crash" title="2009 Manaus Aerotáxi Embraer Bandeirante crash">Manaus Aerotáxi Embraer Bandeirante crash</a> (February 2009)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Air_France_Flight_447" title="Air France Flight 447">Air France Flight 447</a> (June 2009)*</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2010s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Noar_Linhas_A%C3%A9reas_Flight_4896" title="Noar Linhas Aéreas Flight 4896">Noar Linhas Aéreas Flight 4896</a> (July 2011)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2014_Santos_Cessna_Citation_crash" title="2014 Santos Cessna Citation crash">Santos Cessna Citation crash</a> (August 2014)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2019_S%C3%A3o_Paulo_helicopter_crash" title="2019 São Paulo helicopter crash">São Paulo helicopter crash</a> (February 2019)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2020s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2021_Palmas_FR_plane_crash" title="2021 Palmas FR plane crash">Palmas FR plane crash</a> (January 2021)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2021_Piedade_de_Caratinga_Beechcraft_King_Air_crash" title="2021 Piedade de Caratinga Beechcraft King Air crash">Piedade de Caratinga Beechcraft King Air crash</a> (November 2021)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2023_Manaus_Aerot%C3%A1xi_Embraer_Bandeirante_crash" title="2023 Manaus Aerotáxi Embraer Bandeirante crash">Manaus Aerotáxi Embraer Bandeirante crash</a> (September 2023)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2023_Rio_Branco_Cessna_Grand_Caravan_crash" title="2023 Rio Branco Cessna Grand Caravan crash">Rio Branco Cessna Grand Caravan crash</a> (October 2023)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Voepass_Flight_2283" title="Voepass Flight 2283">Voepass Flight 2283</a> (August 2024)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>* occurred in international waters</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Aviation_accidents_and_incidents_in_1989_(1989)" style="white-space:nowrap;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks plainlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Aviation_accidents_and_incidents_in_1989" title="Template:Aviation accidents and incidents in 1989"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Aviation_accidents_and_incidents_in_1989" title="Template talk:Aviation accidents and incidents in 1989"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Aviation_accidents_and_incidents_in_1989" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Aviation accidents and incidents in 1989"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Aviation_accidents_and_incidents_in_1989_(1989)" class="hlist vevent" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Aviation_accidents_and_incidents" title="Aviation accidents and incidents">Aviation accidents and incidents</a> in 1989<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1989</span>)</span> </span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left;padding-left:0.5em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 25em;"> <div><div style="width:4em;display:inline-block;">Jan 4</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/1989_air_battle_near_Tobruk" title="1989 air battle near Tobruk">Air battle near Tobruk</a></div></div><div><div style="width:4em;display:inline-block;">Jan 8</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/Kegworth_air_disaster" title="Kegworth air disaster">Kegworth air disaster</a></div></div><div><div style="width:4em;display:inline-block;">Feb 8</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/Independent_Air_Flight_1851" title="Independent Air Flight 1851">Independent Air Flight 1851</a></div></div><div><div style="width:4em;display:inline-block;">Feb 19</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/Flying_Tiger_Line_Flight_66" title="Flying Tiger Line Flight 66">Flying Tiger Line Flight 66</a></div></div><div><div style="width:4em;display:inline-block;">Feb 24</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/United_Airlines_Flight_811" title="United Airlines Flight 811">United Airlines Flight 811</a></div></div><div><div style="width:4em;display:inline-block;">Mar 10</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/Air_Ontario_Flight_1363" title="Air Ontario Flight 1363">Air Ontario Flight 1363</a></div></div><div><div style="width:4em;display:inline-block;">Mar 18</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/Evergreen_International_Airlines_Flight_17" title="Evergreen International Airlines Flight 17">Evergreen International Airlines Flight 17</a></div></div><div><div style="width:4em;display:inline-block;">Mar 21</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/Transbrasil_Flight_801" title="Transbrasil Flight 801">Transbrasil Flight 801</a></div></div><div><div style="width:4em;display:inline-block;">Apr 10</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/EAS_Flight_602" class="mw-redirect" title="EAS Flight 602">EAS Flight 602</a></div></div><div><div style="width:4em;display:inline-block;">Jun 7</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/Surinam_Airways_Flight_764" title="Surinam Airways Flight 764">Surinam Airways Flight 764</a></div></div><div><div style="width:4em;display:inline-block;">Jun 17</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/Interflug_Flight_102" title="Interflug Flight 102">Interflug Flight 102</a></div></div><div><div style="width:4em;display:inline-block;">Jul 4</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/1989_Belgium_MiG-23_crash" title="1989 Belgium MiG-23 crash">Belgium MiG-23 crash</a></div></div><div><div style="width:4em;display:inline-block;">Jul 19</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/United_Airlines_Flight_232" title="United Airlines Flight 232">United Airlines Flight 232</a></div></div><div><div style="width:4em;display:inline-block;">Jul 21</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Airlines_Flight_124" title="Philippine Airlines Flight 124">Philippine Airlines Flight 124</a></div></div><div><div style="width:4em;display:inline-block;">Jul 27</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/Korean_Air_Flight_803" title="Korean Air Flight 803">Korean Air Flight 803</a></div></div><div><div style="width:4em;display:inline-block;">Aug 3</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/Olympic_Aviation_Flight_545" title="Olympic Aviation Flight 545">Olympic Aviation Flight 545</a></div></div><div><div style="width:4em;display:inline-block;">Aug 13</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/1989_Alice_Springs_hot_air_balloon_crash" title="1989 Alice Springs hot air balloon crash">Alice Springs hot air balloon crash</a></div></div><div><div style="width:4em;display:inline-block;">Aug 15</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/China_Eastern_Airlines_Flight_5510" title="China Eastern Airlines Flight 5510">China Eastern Airlines Flight 5510</a></div></div><div><div style="width:4em;display:inline-block;">Aug 25</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_International_Airlines_Flight_404" title="Pakistan International Airlines Flight 404">Pakistan International Airlines Flight 404</a></div></div><div><div style="width:4em;display:inline-block;">Sep 3</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/Cubana_de_Aviaci%C3%B3n_Flight_9046" title="Cubana de Aviación Flight 9046">Cubana de Aviación Flight 9046</a></div></div><div><div style="width:4em;display:inline-block;">Sep 3</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Varig Flight 254</a></div></div><div><div style="width:4em;display:inline-block;">Sep 8</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/Partnair_Flight_394" title="Partnair Flight 394">Partnair Flight 394</a></div></div><div><div style="width:4em;display:inline-block;">Sep 19</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/UTA_Flight_772" title="UTA Flight 772">UTA Flight 772</a></div></div><div><div style="width:4em;display:inline-block;">Sep 20</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/USAir_Flight_5050" title="USAir Flight 5050">USAir Flight 5050</a></div></div><div><div style="width:4em;display:inline-block;">Oct 18</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/1989_Soviet_Air_Force_Ilyushin_Il-76_crash" title="1989 Soviet Air Force Ilyushin Il-76 crash">Soviet Air Force Ilyushin Il-76 crash</a></div></div><div><div style="width:4em;display:inline-block;">Oct 21</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/TAN-SAHSA_Flight_414" title="TAN-SAHSA Flight 414">TAN-SAHSA Flight 414</a></div></div><div><div style="width:4em;display:inline-block;">Oct 26</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/China_Airlines_Flight_204" title="China Airlines Flight 204">China Airlines Flight 204</a></div></div><div><div style="width:4em;display:inline-block;">Nov 21</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/Aeroflot_Flight_37577" title="Aeroflot Flight 37577">Aeroflot Flight 37577</a></div></div><div><div style="width:4em;display:inline-block;">Nov 25</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/Korean_Air_Flight_175" title="Korean Air Flight 175">Korean Air Flight 175</a></div></div><div><div style="width:4em;display:inline-block;">Nov 27</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/Avianca_Flight_203" title="Avianca Flight 203">Avianca Flight 203</a></div></div><div><div style="width:4em;display:inline-block;">Nov 27</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/1989_Angola_Lockheed_L-100_crash" title="1989 Angola Lockheed L-100 crash">Angola Lockheed L-100 crash</a></div></div><div><div style="width:4em;display:inline-block;">Dec 15</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/KLM_Flight_867" title="KLM Flight 867">KLM Flight 867</a></div></div><div><div style="width:4em;display:inline-block;">Dec 26</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/United_Express_Flight_2415" title="United Express Flight 2415">United Express Flight 2415</a></div></div> </div> <div class="div-col" style="column-width: 25em;"> </div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Template:Aviation_accidents_and_incidents_in_1988" title="Template:Aviation accidents and incidents in 1988">1988   ◄</a><span class="nowrap">   </span> <a href="/wiki/Template:Aviation_accidents_and_incidents_in_1990" title="Template:Aviation accidents and incidents in 1990">►   1990</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: 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