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Vis kilden til Oktonion – Wikipedia

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siden." > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Utseende" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Utseende</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&amp;utm_medium=sidebar&amp;utm_campaign=C13_no.wikipedia.org&amp;uselang=nb" class=""><span>Doner</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Spesial:Opprett_konto&amp;returnto=Oktonion&amp;returntoquery=action%3Dedit" title="Du oppfordres til å opprette en konto og logge inn, men det er ikke obligatorisk" class=""><span>Opprett konto</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Spesial:Logg_inn&amp;returnto=Oktonion&amp;returntoquery=action%3Dedit" title="Du oppfordres til å logge inn, men det er ikke obligatorisk [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Logg inn</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out user-links-collapsible-item" title="Flere alternativer" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personlig" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personlig</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Brukermeny" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&amp;utm_medium=sidebar&amp;utm_campaign=C13_no.wikipedia.org&amp;uselang=nb"><span>Doner</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesial:Opprett_konto&amp;returnto=Oktonion&amp;returntoquery=action%3Dedit" title="Du oppfordres til å opprette en konto og logge inn, men det er ikke obligatorisk"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Opprett konto</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesial:Logg_inn&amp;returnto=Oktonion&amp;returntoquery=action%3Dedit" title="Du oppfordres til å logge inn, men det er ikke obligatorisk [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Logg inn</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"><!-- CentralNotice --></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Nettsted"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Vis kilden til Oktonion</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Artikkelen finnes kun på dette språket. Legg til artikkelen på andre språk" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-0" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Legg til språk</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="uls-after-portlet-link"></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Navnerom"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Oktonion" title="Vis innholdssiden [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Artikkel</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diskusjon:Oktonion&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" rel="discussion" class="new" title="Diskusjon om innholdssiden (ikke skrevet ennå) [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Diskusjon</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Bytt språkvariant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" 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Husk å ta med alle detaljene ovenfor.</div></div><hr /> <p>Du kan se og kopiere kildekoden til denne siden: </p><textarea readonly="" accesskey="," id="wpTextbox1" cols="80" rows="25" style="" class="mw-editfont-monospace" lang="nb" dir="ltr" name="wpTextbox1">[[Fil:Fano mnemonic3.png|thumb|De syv punktene i [[Projektivt plan#Eksempel: Syvpunktsplanet|Fano-planet]] kan direkte knyttes til oktonionene.]] '''Oktonion''' (fra [[latin]] ''octo'' - åtte) eller '''Cayley-tall''' er et element i en åttedimensjonal utvidelse av de [[reelt tall|reelle tallene]] på samme måte som [[kvaternion]]ene er en firedimensjonal utvidelse. Den tilsvarende [[tallmengde]]n betegnes vanligvis med '''O''' eller &lt;math>\mathbb O&lt;/math>. Tallene [[kommutativ lov|kommuterer]] ikke ved [[multiplikasjon]] og denne operasjonen er heller ikke [[assosiativ lov|assosiativ]]. I motsetning til kvaternionene kan de derfor ikke representeres ved [[matrise]]r og har ingen kjente, praktiske anvendelser. Innen ren [[matematikk]] knyttes de til spesielle [[Lie-gruppe]]r og deres egenskaper. [[Tallmengde]]ne '''R''' av [[reelt tall|reelle tall]], '''C''' av [[komplekst tall|komplekse tall]], '''H''' av [[kvaternion]]er og '''O''' av oktonioner er de eneste [[algebra|divisjonsalgebraene]] over de reelle tallene som er [[norm (matematikk)|normerte]], det vil si at hvert element kan tilordnes en entydig, numerisk verdi. ==Historie== Dagen etter at [[William Rowan Hamilton]] i oktober 1843 oppdaget [[kvaternion]]ene, skrev han om disse i et brev til sin venn [[John Thomas Graves]]. I desember samme år kunne Graves fortelle Hamilton at han hadde kommet frem til en lignende, åttedimensjonal utvidelse som han kalte for «oktaver». Komponentene oppfylte en «åtte-kvadraters identitet» av samme form som [[Kvaternion#Konjugasjon og norm|fire-kvadrats identiteten]] for komponentene til to kvarterioner. På samme tid hadde også den unge [[Arthur Cayley]] fattet interesse for Hamiltons kvaternioner. I et publisert arbeid om [[elliptisk funksjon|elliptiske funksjoner]] i 1845 tok han med et appendiks hvor han presenterte egenskapene til dagens oktonioner som han hadde kommet frem til på egen hånd. Selv om Hamilton kunne bekrefte at Graves hadde gjort dette tidligere, ble det likevel arbeidet til Cayley som ble lagt merke til. Disse nye tallene fikk dermed Cayleys navn knyttet til seg.&lt;ref name = Conway> J.H. Conway and D.A. Smith, ''On Quaternions and Octonions: Their Geometry, Arithmetic, and Symmetry'', CRC Press, Boca Raton (2003). ISBN 978-1-56881-134-5.&lt;/ref> I tillegg viste det seg at åtte-kvadraters identiteten til Graves var tidligere funnet i en annen sammenheng av [[Carl Ferdinand Degen#Åtte-kvadrats likhet|Carl F. Degen]] som hadde hjulpet [[Niels Henrik Abel|Niels H. Abel]] da han ennå var student.&lt;ref name = Baez> J.C. Baez, [https://arxiv.org/pdf/math/0105155.pdf ''The Octonions''], Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. '''39''', 145-205 (2002). [https://arxiv.org/pdf/math/0105155.pdf arXiv:math/0105155]&lt;/ref> ==Definisjon== Oktonioner er element i et åttedimensjonalt [[vektorrom]] med basisvektorer 1, '''e'''&lt;sub>1&lt;/sub>, '''e'''&lt;sub>2&lt;/sub>, '''e'''&lt;sub>3&lt;/sub>, '''e'''&lt;sub>4&lt;/sub>, '''e'''&lt;sub>5&lt;/sub>, '''e'''&lt;sub>6&lt;/sub> og '''e'''&lt;sub>7&lt;/sub> slik at de kan skrives som : &lt;math> x = x_0 + x_1\mathbf{e}_1 + x_2\mathbf{e}_2 + x_3\mathbf{e}_3 + x_4\mathbf{e}_4 + x_5\mathbf{e}_5 + x_6\mathbf{e}_6 + x_7\mathbf{e}_7 &lt;/math> hvor de åtte komponentene (''x''&lt;sub>0&lt;/sub>,''x''&lt;sub>1&lt;/sub>,''x''&lt;sub>2&lt;/sub>,''x''&lt;sub>3&lt;/sub>,''x''&lt;sub>4&lt;/sub>,''x''&lt;sub>5&lt;/sub>,''x''&lt;sub>6&lt;/sub>,''x''&lt;sub>7&lt;/sub>) er [[reelt tall|reelle tall]]. De første komponenten ''x''&lt;sub>0&lt;/sub>&amp;thinsp; sies å tilhøre den [[skalar]]e delen av oktonionen, mens de syv andre tilhører den vektorielle eller «imaginære» delen. Basiselementene danner en [[algebra|divisjonsalgebra]] slik at produktet av to element alltid kan uttrykkes som en lineærkombinasjon av dem selv. To oktononioner ''x'' og ''y&amp;thinsp;'' kan derfor multipliseres sammen med resultat ''xy'' eller ''yx'' som også er oktonioner. I allminnelighet er ''xy'' &amp;ne; ''yx'' slik at de i allminnelighet ikke [[kommutativ lov|kommuterer]] med hverandre. Hvert element ''x'' skal også ha en bestemt [[Norm (matematikk)|norm]] |''x''&amp;thinsp;| slik at |''xy''&amp;thinsp;| = |''x''&amp;thinsp;|&amp;thinsp;|''y''&amp;thinsp;|. Den kan beregnes fra den konjugerte ''x''*&amp;thinsp; av hver oktonion, definert : &lt;math> x^* = x_0 - x_1\mathbf{e}_1 - x_2\mathbf{e}_2 - x_3\mathbf{e}_3 - x_4\mathbf{e}_4 - x_5\mathbf{e}_5 - x_6\mathbf{e}_6 - x_7\mathbf{e}_7 &lt;/math> hvor produktet må være slik at : &lt;math> x^*x = x_0^2 + x_1^2 + x_2^2 + x_3^2 + x_4^2 + x_5^2 + x_6^2 + x_7^2 &lt;/math> Da kan den inverse ''x''&lt;sup> -1&lt;/sup> til oktonion ''x&amp;thinsp;'' finnes som : &lt;math> x^{-1} = {x^*\over |x|^2} &lt;/math> slik at den oppfyller betingelsen {{nowrap|''x''&amp;thinsp;''x''&lt;sup> -1&lt;/sup> {{=}} ''x''&lt;sup> -1&lt;/sup>''x''}} = 1. Graves og Cayley viste at produkter mellom de forskjellige basiselementene kan finnes slik at disse egenskapene ved oktonionene er oppfylt.&lt;ref name = Conway/> ==Cayley-Dicksons konstruksjon== {| border cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" align="right" |----- | align="center" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" | | align="center" bgcolor="#EEEEEE" | 1 | align="center" bgcolor="#EEEEEE" |'''e'''&lt;sub>1&lt;/sub> | align="center" bgcolor="#EEEEEE" | '''e'''&lt;sub>2&lt;/sub> | align="center" bgcolor="#EEEEEE" | '''e'''&lt;sub>3&lt;/sub> | align="center" bgcolor="#EEEEEE" | '''e'''&lt;sub>4&lt;/sub> | align="center" bgcolor="#EEEEEE" | '''e'''&lt;sub>5&lt;/sub> | align="center" bgcolor="#EEEEEE" |'''e'''&lt;sub>6&lt;/sub> | align="center" bgcolor="#EEEEEE" | '''e'''&lt;sub>7&lt;/sub> |----- | align="center" bgcolor="#EEEEEE" | 1 | align="center" | 1 || align="center" | '''e'''&lt;sub>1&lt;/sub> | align="center" | '''e'''&lt;sub>2&lt;/sub> | align="center" | '''e'''&lt;sub>3&lt;/sub> || align="center" | '''e'''&lt;sub>4&lt;/sub> | align="center" | '''e'''&lt;sub>5&lt;/sub> | align="center" | '''e'''&lt;sub>6&lt;/sub> || align="center" | '''e'''&lt;sub>7&lt;/sub> |----- | align="center" bgcolor="#EEEEEE" | '''e'''&lt;sub>1&lt;/sub> | align="center" | '''e'''&lt;sub>1&lt;/sub> || align="center" | −1 | align="center" | '''e'''&lt;sub>3&lt;/sub> || align="center" | -'''e'''&lt;sub>2&lt;/sub> | align="center" | '''e'''&lt;sub>5&lt;/sub> | align="center" | -'''e'''&lt;sub>4&lt;/sub> | align="center" | -'''e'''&lt;sub>7&lt;/sub> | align="center" | '''e'''&lt;sub>6&lt;/sub> |----- | align="center" bgcolor="#EEEEEE" | '''e'''&lt;sub>2&lt;/sub> | align="center" | '''e'''&lt;sub>2&lt;/sub> | align="center" | −'''e'''&lt;sub>3&lt;/sub> | align="center" | −1 || align="center" |'''e'''&lt;sub>1&lt;/sub> | align="center" | '''e'''&lt;sub>6&lt;/sub> | align="center" | '''e'''&lt;sub>7&lt;/sub> | align="center" | -'''e'''&lt;sub>4&lt;/sub> | align="center" | -'''e'''&lt;sub>5&lt;/sub> |----- | align="center" bgcolor="#EEEEEE" | '''e'''&lt;sub>3&lt;/sub> | align="center" | '''e'''&lt;sub>3&lt;/sub> | align="center" | '''e'''&lt;sub>2&lt;/sub> | align="center" | −'''e'''&lt;sub>1&lt;/sub> | align="center" | −1 || align="center" | '''e'''&lt;sub>7&lt;/sub> | align="center" | -'''e'''&lt;sub>6&lt;/sub> | align="center" | '''e'''&lt;sub>5&lt;/sub> | align="center" | -'''e'''&lt;sub>4&lt;/sub> |----- | align="center" bgcolor="#EEEEEE" | '''e'''&lt;sub>4&lt;/sub> | align="center" | '''e'''&lt;sub>4&lt;/sub> || align="center" |-'''e'''&lt;sub>5&lt;/sub> | align="center" | −'''e'''&lt;sub>6&lt;/sub> | align="center" | −'''e'''&lt;sub>7&lt;/sub> | align="center" | −1 || align="center" | '''e'''&lt;sub>1&lt;/sub> | align="center" | '''e'''&lt;sub>2&lt;/sub> | align="center" | '''e'''&lt;sub>3&lt;/sub> |----- | align="center" bgcolor="#EEEEEE" | '''e'''&lt;sub>5&lt;/sub> | align="center" | '''e'''&lt;sub>5&lt;/sub> | align="center" | '''e'''&lt;sub>4&lt;/sub> | align="center" | -'''e'''&lt;sub>7&lt;/sub> | align="center" | '''e'''&lt;sub>6&lt;/sub> | align="center" | −'''e'''&lt;sub>1&lt;/sub> | align="center" | −1 || align="center" | -'''e'''&lt;sub>3&lt;/sub> | align="center" | '''e'''&lt;sub>2&lt;/sub> |----- | align="center" bgcolor="#EEEEEE" | '''e'''&lt;sub>6&lt;/sub> | align="center" | '''e'''&lt;sub>6&lt;/sub> || align="center" | '''e'''&lt;sub>7&lt;/sub> | align="center" | '''e'''&lt;sub>4&lt;/sub> | align="center" | -'''e'''&lt;sub>5&lt;/sub> | align="center" | −'''e'''&lt;sub>2&lt;/sub> | align="center" | '''e'''&lt;sub>3&lt;/sub> | align="center" | −1 || align="center" | -'''e'''&lt;sub>1&lt;/sub> |----- | align="center" bgcolor="#EEEEEE" | '''e'''&lt;sub>7&lt;/sub> | align="center" | '''e'''&lt;sub>7&lt;/sub> || align="center" | -'''e'''&lt;sub>6&lt;/sub> | align="center" | '''e'''&lt;sub>5&lt;/sub> | align="center" | '''e'''&lt;sub>4&lt;/sub> | align="center" | -'''e'''&lt;sub>3&lt;/sub> | align="center" | −'''e'''&lt;sub>2&lt;/sub> | align="center" | '''e'''&lt;sub>1&lt;/sub> | align="center" | −1 |} Den enkleste og meste brukte fremgangsmåte for å finne multiplikasjonsregler mellom basiselementene som tilfredsstiller disse betingelsene, går tilbake til det første arbeidet til Cayley&lt;ref name = Cayley> A. Cayley, [https://zs.thulb.uni-jena.de/receive/jportal_jparticle_00207172 ''On certain Results relating to Quaternions''], Philosophical Magazine '''26'''(3), 141-145 (1845). &lt;/ref> som senere ble videreført av Dickson.&lt;ref name = Dickson> L.E. Dickson, [https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/1967865.pdf?refreqid=excelsior%3A1704d6c90b6d007e1160caaa8354163d ''On Quaternions and Their Generalization and the History of the Eight Square Theorem''], Annals of Mathematics, '''20'''(3), 155–171 (1919).&lt;/ref> På samme måte som [[kvaternion]]er kan defineres som et par av [[komplekst tall|komplekse tall]], kan man tenke seg oktonioner som bestående av et tallpar (''P,Q''&amp;thinsp;) der ''P'' og ''Q''&amp;thinsp; er kvaternioner. Det tilsvarer å utvide [[vektorrom]]met for disse som er gitt ved basiselementene 1, '''i''', '''j''' og '''k''' med et nytt, imaginært basiselement '''e'''. En oktonion kan dermed skrives som : &lt;math>\begin{align} x &amp;= (P,Q) = P + Q\mathbf{e}\\ &amp;= p_0 + p_1\mathbf{i} + p_2\mathbf{j} +p_3\mathbf{k} + (q_0 + q_1\mathbf{i} + q_2\mathbf{j} + q_3\mathbf{k})\mathbf{e} \end{align} &lt;/math> der '''e'''&amp;thinsp;'''e''' = '''e'''&lt;sup>&amp;thinsp;2&lt;/sup> = -1. De syv vektorielle basiselementene for oktonionene er dermed {{nowrap|'''e'''&lt;sub>1&lt;/sub> {{=}} '''i'''}}, {{nowrap|'''e'''&lt;sub>2&lt;/sub> {{=}} '''j'''}}, {{nowrap|'''e'''&lt;sub>3&lt;/sub> {{=}} '''k'''}}, {{nowrap|'''e'''&lt;sub>4&lt;/sub> {{=}} '''e'''}}, {{nowrap|'''e'''&lt;sub>5&lt;/sub> {{=}} '''i'''&amp;thinsp;'''e'''}}, {{nowrap|'''e'''&lt;sub>6&lt;/sub> {{=}} '''j'''&amp;thinsp;'''e'''&amp;thinsp;}} og {{nowrap|'''e'''&lt;sub>7&lt;/sub> {{=}} '''k'''&amp;thinsp;'''e'''}}. Disse kan multipliseres sammen basert på en generalisering av produktregelen for kvaternioner. Den gir : &lt;math>\begin{align} (P_1,Q_1)(P_2,Q_2) &amp;= (P_1 + Q_1\mathbf{e})(P_2 + Q_2\mathbf{e})\\ &amp;= P_1P_2 - Q_2^*Q_1 + (Q_2P_1 + Q_1P_2^*)\mathbf{e} \end{align} &lt;/math> hvor rekkefølgen av faktorene i produktene er viktig da kvaternionene ikke kommuterer med hverandre. Med denne notasjonen er den konjugerte av oktonion {{nowrap|''x'' {{=}} ''P'' + ''Q''&amp;thinsp;'''e'''&amp;thinsp;}} gitt som : &lt;math> x^* = P^* - Q\mathbf{e} &lt;/math> slik at produktregelen gir den ønskede normen {{nowrap|''x''*''x'' {{=}} ''P''&amp;thinsp;*''P'' + ''Q''&amp;thinsp;*''Q''}}. Samme regel gir også som forventet at {{nowrap|'''e'''&lt;sub>5&lt;/sub>&amp;thinsp;'''e'''&lt;sub>5&lt;/sub> {{=}} ('''i'''&amp;thinsp;'''e''')('''i'''&amp;thinsp;'''e''')}} = {{nowrap|-'''i'''*'''i''' {{=}} '''i'''&lt;sup>&amp;thinsp;2&lt;/sup>}} = - 1 og likedan {{nowrap|'''e'''&lt;sub>6&lt;/sub>&amp;thinsp;'''e'''&lt;sub>6&lt;/sub> {{=}} '''e'''&lt;sub>7&lt;/sub>&amp;thinsp;'''e'''&lt;sub>7&lt;/sub>}} = -1. Alle produktene kan samles i en kvadratisk tabell hvor elementene er plassert antisymmetrisk om diagonalen med negative enere.&lt;ref name = Baez/> En konsekvens av disse regnereglene er at multiplikasjon ikke er [[assosiativ lov|assosiativ]]. For eksempel kan man fra tabellen se at {{nowrap|'''e'''&lt;sub>4&lt;/sub>('''e'''&lt;sub>5&lt;/sub>&amp;thinsp;'''e'''&lt;sub>6&lt;/sub>) {{=}} '''e'''&lt;sub>7&lt;/sub>,}} mens {{nowrap|('''e'''&lt;sub>4&lt;/sub>&amp;thinsp;'''e'''&lt;sub>5&lt;/sub>)'''e'''&lt;sub>6&lt;/sub> {{=}} -'''e'''&lt;sub>7&lt;/sub>.}} For tre vilkårlige oktonioner ''x'', ''y'' og ''z'' gjelder derfor ikke lenger at ''x''(''y''&amp;thinsp;''z'') kan settes lik med (''x''&amp;thinsp;''y'')''z''. Derimot har man generelt de mer spesielle egenskapene : &lt;math> x(xy) = (xx)y, \;\;\; x(yy) = (xy)y, &lt;/math> som uttrykker en form for «alternativitet».&lt;ref name = Baez/> ===Fano-planet=== [[Fil:FanoMnemonic.PNG|thumb|De vektorielle basiselementene utgjør de syv punktene i [[Projektivt plan#Eksempel: Syvpunktsplanet|Fano-planet]]. Multiplikasjon av oktonioner følger fra de tre punktene på hver av de syv linjene i planet.]] Produktene av de vektorielle basiselementene som følger fra konstruksjonen til Cayley og Dickson, kan også elegant gjengis i [[Projektivt plan#Eksempel: Syvpunktsplanet|Fano-planet]]. Det består av syv punkter knyttet sammen ved syv linjer bestående av tre punkt ''abc''. Hvis punktene angis som vist i figuren, er de tilsvarende linjene 123, 145, 176, 246, 257, 347, 365. Hver linje har en syklisk retning slik at produktet av to basisvektorer : &lt;math> \mathbf{e}_a \mathbf{e}_b = \mathbf{e}_c = - \mathbf{e}_b \mathbf{e}_a&lt;/math> når indeksene ''abc'' følger denne retningen. For eksempel inkluderer dette den fundamentale sammenhengen {{nowrap|'''e'''&lt;sub>1&lt;/sub>&amp;thinsp;'''e'''&lt;sub>2&lt;/sub> {{=}} '''e'''&lt;sub>3&lt;/sub>,}} men også {{nowrap|'''e'''&lt;sub>2&lt;/sub>&amp;thinsp;'''e'''&lt;sub>4&lt;/sub> {{=}} '''e'''&lt;sub>6&lt;/sub>}} og {{nowrap|'''e'''&lt;sub>3&lt;/sub>&amp;thinsp;'''e'''&lt;sub>4&lt;/sub> {{=}} '''e'''&lt;sub>7&lt;/sub>.}} Det er forbindelsen til Fano-planet som i stor grad forbinder oktonionene med egenskaper til noen av de mest spesielle [[Lie-gruppe]]ne. ==Se også== * [[Komplekst tall|Komplekse tall]] * [[Kvaternion]]er ==Referanser== &lt;references/> ==Eksterne lenker== * J.C. Baez, [http://math.ucr.edu/home/baez/octonions/octonions.html ''Octonions''], informative websider * Quanta Magazine, [https://www.quantamagazine.org/the-octonion-math-that-could-underpin-physics-20180720/ ''Octonions in particle physics''?] {{Autoritetsdata}} [[Kategori:Tall]] [[Kategori:Algebra]] </textarea><div class="templatesUsed"><div class="mw-templatesUsedExplanation"><p>Maler som brukes på denne siden: </p></div><ul> <li><a href="/wiki/Mal:Autoritetsdata" title="Mal:Autoritetsdata">Mal:Autoritetsdata</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mal:Autoritetsdata&amp;action=edit" title="Mal:Autoritetsdata">vis kilde</a>) (halvbeskyttet)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Mal:Hlist/styles.css" title="Mal:Hlist/styles.css">Mal:Hlist/styles.css</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mal:Hlist/styles.css&amp;action=edit" title="Mal:Hlist/styles.css">rediger</a>) </li><li><a href="/wiki/Mal:Navboks" title="Mal:Navboks">Mal:Navboks</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mal:Navboks&amp;action=edit" title="Mal:Navboks">vis kilde</a>) (halvbeskyttet)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Mal:Navbox" title="Mal:Navbox">Mal:Navbox</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mal:Navbox&amp;action=edit" title="Mal:Navbox">rediger</a>) </li><li><a href="/wiki/Mal:Nowrap" title="Mal:Nowrap">Mal:Nowrap</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mal:Nowrap&amp;action=edit" title="Mal:Nowrap">rediger</a>) </li><li><a href="/wiki/Modul:Arguments" title="Modul:Arguments">Modul:Arguments</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Modul:Arguments&amp;action=edit" title="Modul:Arguments">vis kilde</a>) (halvbeskyttet)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Modul:External_links" title="Modul:External links">Modul:External links</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Modul:External_links&amp;action=edit" title="Modul:External links">vis kilde</a>) (halvbeskyttet)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Modul:External_links/conf" title="Modul:External links/conf">Modul:External links/conf</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Modul:External_links/conf&amp;action=edit" title="Modul:External links/conf">rediger</a>) </li><li><a href="/wiki/Modul:External_links/conf/Autoritetsdata" title="Modul:External links/conf/Autoritetsdata">Modul:External links/conf/Autoritetsdata</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Modul:External_links/conf/Autoritetsdata&amp;action=edit" title="Modul:External links/conf/Autoritetsdata">rediger</a>) </li><li><a href="/wiki/Modul:Genitiv" title="Modul:Genitiv">Modul:Genitiv</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Modul:Genitiv&amp;action=edit" title="Modul:Genitiv">vis kilde</a>) (halvbeskyttet)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Modul:Navbar" title="Modul:Navbar">Modul:Navbar</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Modul:Navbar&amp;action=edit" title="Modul:Navbar">rediger</a>) </li><li><a href="/wiki/Modul:Navbar/configuration" title="Modul:Navbar/configuration">Modul:Navbar/configuration</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Modul:Navbar/configuration&amp;action=edit" title="Modul:Navbar/configuration">rediger</a>) </li><li><a href="/wiki/Modul:Navbox" title="Modul:Navbox">Modul:Navbox</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Modul:Navbox&amp;action=edit" title="Modul:Navbox">vis kilde</a>) (halvbeskyttet)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Modul:Navbox/configuration" title="Modul:Navbox/configuration">Modul:Navbox/configuration</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Modul:Navbox/configuration&amp;action=edit" title="Modul:Navbox/configuration">rediger</a>) </li><li><a href="/wiki/Modul:Navbox/styles.css" title="Modul:Navbox/styles.css">Modul:Navbox/styles.css</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Modul:Navbox/styles.css&amp;action=edit" title="Modul:Navbox/styles.css">rediger</a>) </li></ul></div><p id="mw-returnto">Tilbake til <a href="/wiki/Oktonion" title="Oktonion">Oktonion</a>.</p> <!--esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> --><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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