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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Astronomer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Astronomer</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Astronomer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Books</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zucchi_and_the_reflecting_telescope" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zucchi_and_the_reflecting_telescope"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Zucchi and the reflecting telescope</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Zucchi_and_the_reflecting_telescope-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span 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Available in 18 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-18" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">18 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88_%D8%AA%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%83%D9%8A" title="نيكولو تسوكي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نيكولو تسوكي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88_%D8%AA%D8%B3%D9%88%DA%A9%DB%8C" title="نیکولو تسوکی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="نیکولو تسوکی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Zucchi" title="Niccolò Zucchi – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Niccolò Zucchi" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolaus_Zucchius" title="Nicolaus Zucchius – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Nicolaus Zucchius" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9D%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%BA%CE%BF%CE%BB%CF%8C_%CE%A4%CF%83%CE%BF%CF%8D%CE%BA%CE%BA%CE%B9" title="Νικκολό Τσούκκι – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Νικκολό Τσούκκι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Zucchi" title="Niccolò Zucchi – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Niccolò Zucchi" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88_%D8%AA%D8%B3%D9%88%DA%A9%DB%8C" title="نیکولو تسوکی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نیکولو تسوکی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Zucchi" title="Niccolò Zucchi – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Niccolò Zucchi" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Zucchi" title="Niccolò Zucchi – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Niccolò Zucchi" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%95_%D7%96%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%99" title="ניקולו זוקי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ניקולו זוקי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Zucchi" title="Niccolò Zucchi – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Niccolò Zucchi" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8B%E3%83%83%E3%82%B3%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BB%E3%82%BA%E3%83%83%E3%82%AD" title="ニッコロ・ズッキ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ニッコロ・ズッキ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Zucchi" title="Niccolò Zucchi – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Niccolò Zucchi" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Zucchi" title="Niccolò Zucchi – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Niccolò Zucchi" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Zucchi" title="Niccolò Zucchi – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Niccolò Zucchi" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B7%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BA%D0%B8,_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE" title="Дзукки, Никколо – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Дзукки, Никколо" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Zucchi" title="Niccolò Zucchi – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Niccolò Zucchi" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Zucchi" title="Niccolò Zucchi – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Niccolò Zucchi" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Italian Jesuit, astronomer, and physicist</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Niccolò Zucchi</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Niccol%C3%B2_Zucchi.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Niccol%C3%B2_Zucchi.png/200px-Niccol%C3%B2_Zucchi.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Niccol%C3%B2_Zucchi.png/300px-Niccol%C3%B2_Zucchi.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Niccol%C3%B2_Zucchi.png/400px-Niccol%C3%B2_Zucchi.png 2x" data-file-width="490" data-file-height="625" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Niccolò Zucchi</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">December 6, 1586<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Parma" title="Parma">Parma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Parma" class="mw-redirect" title="Duchy of Parma">Duchy of Parma</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">May 21, 1670<span style="display:none"> (<span class="dtend dday deathdate">1670-05-22</span>)</span> (aged 83)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>, <a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italian</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">physics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Astronomy" title="Astronomy">astronomy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reflecting_telescope" title="Reflecting telescope">reflecting telescope</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parent(s)</th><td class="infobox-data">Pietro Zucchi and Francesca Zucchi (née Giandemaria)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><b>Scientific career</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fields</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Astronomy" title="Astronomy">Astronomy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Roman_College" title="Roman College">Roman College</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Niccolò Zucchi</b> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Italian pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="it-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Italian" title="Help:IPA/Italian">[nikkoˈlɔ<span class="wrap"> </span>dˈdzukki,<span class="wrap"> </span>-<span class="wrap"> </span>tˈtsukki]</a></span>; December 6, 1586 – May 21, 1670) was an Italian <a href="/wiki/Jesuits" title="Jesuits">Jesuit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Astronomer" title="Astronomer">astronomer</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Physicist" title="Physicist">physicist</a>. </p><p>As an astronomer he may have been the first to see the belts on the planet Jupiter (on May 17, 1630),<sup id="cite_ref-Hockey_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hockey-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and reported spots on <a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a> in 1640. </p><p>His "<i>Optica philosophia experimentis et ratione a fundamentis constituta</i>", published in 1652–56, described his 1616 experiments using a curved mirror instead of a lens as a telescope <a href="/wiki/Objective_(optics)" title="Objective (optics)">objective</a>, which may be the earliest known description of a <a href="/wiki/Reflecting_telescope" title="Reflecting telescope">reflecting telescope</a>. In his book he also demonstrated that <a href="/wiki/Phosphor" title="Phosphor">phosphors</a> generate rather than store light. He also published two other works on mechanics and machines. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Niccol%C3%B2_Zucchi&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Niccolò Zucchi was fourth of eight children born into the noble family of Pierre Zucchi and Francoise Giande Marie. Three of his sisters became nuns, three of his brothers became Jesuits, and one brother became a secular priest. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Jesuit_order">The Jesuit order</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Niccol%C3%B2_Zucchi&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: The Jesuit order"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Niccolò studied <a href="/wiki/Rhetoric" title="Rhetoric">rhetoric</a> in <a href="/wiki/Piacenza" title="Piacenza">Piacenza</a> and <a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">theology</a> in <a href="/wiki/Parma" title="Parma">Parma</a>. He finished his studies at the age of sixteen and entered the <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Jesus">Jesuit</a> order in <a href="/wiki/Padua" title="Padua">Padua</a> on October 28, 1602, in which he remained for the rest of his life. </p><p>Zucchi taught mathematics, rhetorics and theology as a professor at the <a href="/wiki/Collegio_Romano" class="mw-redirect" title="Collegio Romano">Collegio Romano</a>, and then was appointed as rector of a new Jesuit college in <a href="/wiki/Ravenna" title="Ravenna">Ravenna</a> by Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Orsini_(cardinal)" title="Alessandro Orsini (cardinal)">Alessandro Orsini</a>. He later served as the apostolic preacher, a post often referred to as “preacher to the pope”, for about seven years. He received patronage from <a href="/wiki/Ranuccio_II_Farnese,_Duke_of_Parma" class="mw-redirect" title="Ranuccio II Farnese, Duke of Parma">Ranuccio II Farnese, Duke of Parma</a>, to which Zucchi dedicated his book <i>Nova de machinis philosophia</i> in 1642. He also dedicated his 1652 book <i>Optica philosophia</i>, to Archduke Leopold of Austria. Near the end of his life, he was an official of the Jesuit house in Rome. Zucchi died in Rome on May 21, 1670. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Scientist">Scientist</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Niccol%C3%B2_Zucchi&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Scientist"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Niccolò Zucchi published many books on science, including two works on the "philosophy of machines" (analyses of mechanics) in 1646 and 1649, and <i>Optica philosophia</i> in 1652. He also wrote an unpublished <i>Optica statica</i>, which has not survived. Some of the subjects Zucchi wrote about were magnetism, barometers (denying the existence of the vacuum), and demonstrated that <a href="/wiki/Phosphor" title="Phosphor">phosphors</a> generate rather than store light. He also asserted that since Venus represented beauty, it was closer to the Sun than Mercury (which represented skill). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Astronomer">Astronomer</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Niccol%C3%B2_Zucchi&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Astronomer"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1623, Zucchi was a member of a Papal legate sent to the court of <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor">Ferdinand II</a>. There he met <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Kepler" title="Johannes Kepler">Johannes Kepler</a>, the German mathematician and astronomer.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kepler encouraged Zucchi's interest in astronomy. Zucchi maintained correspondence with Kepler after returning to Rome. At one point when Kepler was in financial difficulties, Zucchi, at the urging of the Jesuit scientist Father <a href="/wiki/Paul_Guldin" title="Paul Guldin">Paul Guldin</a>, gave a telescope of his own design to Kepler, who mentioned the gift in his book “The Dream”.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Zucchi along with fellow Jesuit <a href="/wiki/Daniello_Bartoli" title="Daniello Bartoli">Daniello Bartoli</a> may have been the first to see the belts on the planet <a href="/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a> on May 17, 1630,<sup id="cite_ref-Hockey_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hockey-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Zucchi reported spots on <a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a> in 1640. The crater <a href="/wiki/Zucchius_(crater)" title="Zucchius (crater)">Zucchius</a> on the Moon is named in Niccolò Zucchi's honor. Bartoli wrote his Jesuit biography (1682).<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Books">Books</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Niccol%C3%B2_Zucchi&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Books"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.3931/e-rara-4730">Nova de machinis philosophia</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rome, 1649. <span class="languageicon">(in Latin)</span> Digitized by e-rara</li> <li><i>Optica philosophia experimentis et ratione a fundamentis constituta</i> (1652–56)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Zucchi_and_the_reflecting_telescope">Zucchi and the reflecting telescope</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Niccol%C3%B2_Zucchi&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Zucchi and the reflecting telescope"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One of the things cited by Zucchi in his 1652 book "<i>Optica philosophia experimentis et ratione a fundamentis constituta</i>" is his claim of exploring the idea of a reflecting telescope in 1616. Zucchi described an experiment he did with a <a href="/wiki/Concave_lens" class="mw-redirect" title="Concave lens">concave lens</a> and a bronze <a href="/wiki/Parabolic_reflector" title="Parabolic reflector">parabolic mirror</a> he found in a cabinet of curiosities.<sup id="cite_ref-books.google.com_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.google.com-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Zucchi used the concave lens as an <a href="/wiki/Eyepiece" title="Eyepiece">eyepiece</a>, trying to observe the focused image produced by the mirror to see if it would work like a telescope. Although Zucchi described the mirror as "<i>ab experto et accuratissimo artifice elaboratum nactus</i>" (fabricated by an experienced craftsman<sup id="cite_ref-Stargazer109_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stargazer109-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) he apparently did not get a satisfactory image with it, possibly due to the mirror not being accurate enough to focus an image, the angle it was tilted at, or the fact that his head partially obstructed the view.<sup id="cite_ref-Stargazer109_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stargazer109-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Zucchi abandoned the idea.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If Niccolò Zucchi's claim of exploring the idea of a reflecting telescope in 1616 was true, then it would be the earliest known description of the idea of using a curved mirror as an image forming objective, predating <a href="/wiki/Galileo_Galilei" title="Galileo Galilei">Galileo Galilei</a> and <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Francesco_Sagredo" title="Giovanni Francesco Sagredo">Giovanni Francesco Sagredo</a>'s discussions of the same idea in the 1620s.<sup id="cite_ref-Stargazer109_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stargazer109-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Claimed_functionality">Claimed functionality</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Niccol%C3%B2_Zucchi&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Claimed functionality"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are many descriptions of Niccolò Zucchi successfully using his early "reflecting telescope". The French author <a href="/wiki/Bernard_le_Bovier_de_Fontenelle" class="mw-redirect" title="Bernard le Bovier de Fontenelle">Bernard le Bovier de Fontenelle</a>'s 1700 work <i>History of the Academy of Sciences</i> stated Zucchi used it to observe "<i>celestial and terrestrial objects</i>".<sup id="cite_ref-The_Edinburgh_Encyclopaedia_1832,_page_602_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Edinburgh_Encyclopaedia_1832,_page_602-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are also modern claims that Zucchi used a reflecting telescope to observe the belts of Jupiter and examine the spots on the planet Mars,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Such claims have been disputed. The 1832 <i>Edinburgh Encyclopædia</i> noted Zucchi's use of a tilted mirror "<i>must have distorted and spoiled the image</i>"<sup id="cite_ref-The_Edinburgh_Encyclopaedia_1832,_page_602_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Edinburgh_Encyclopaedia_1832,_page_602-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the 1858 <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i> described Fontenelle's claim as "<i>recklessly (ascribing) the invention</i>"<sup id="cite_ref-books.google.com_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.google.com-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historian Al Van Helden notes in his <i>The Galileo Project</i> that the claims Zucchi used a reflecting telescope to observe Jupiter and Mars as "wildly improbable".<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Henry_C._King" title="Henry C. King">Henry C. King</a> in his work on <i>The History of the Telescope</i> noted that Zucchi was using a <a href="/wiki/Galilean_telescope" class="mw-redirect" title="Galilean telescope">refracting (Galilean) telescope</a> in his astronomical work<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a publication by the <i>British Astronomical Association</i> notes for some of his observations Zucchi was using refracting telescopes manufactured by <a href="/wiki/Eustachio_Divini" title="Eustachio Divini">Eustachio Divini</a> and <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Campani" title="Giuseppe Campani">Giuseppe Campani</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Niccol%C3%B2_Zucchi&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jesuit_scientists" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Jesuit scientists">List of Jesuit scientists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_Catholic_scientist-clerics" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Roman Catholic scientist-clerics">List of Roman Catholic scientist-clerics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zucchius_(crater)" title="Zucchius (crater)">Zucchius (crater)</a>, lunar crater named after Niccolò Zucchi</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Niccol%C3%B2_Zucchi&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Hockey-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hockey_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hockey_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FhstfdOsgwoC&dq=%22Niccolo+Zucchi%22+jupiter&pg=PA20"><i>Galileo's Planet</i> By Thomas A. Hockey, Page 20 - "sources give Fontana, Torricelli, or Niccolò Zucchi... credit for first noting the dark belts girding jupiter..."</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Irving Lavín, Gianlorenzo Bernini New Aspects of His Art and Thought A Commemorative Volume for THE COLLEGE ART ASSOCIATION OF AMERICA by THE PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY PRESS UNIVERSITY PARK AND LONDON, 1985, page 210</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zVDR2ZePzvUC&pg=PA111"><i>How the Catholic Church Built Western Civilization</i> by Thomas E. Woods, p. 111</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDenning1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Frederick_Denning" title="William Frederick Denning">Denning, William Frederick</a> (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Jupiter (planet)"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Jupiter_(planet)">"Jupiter (planet)" </a></span>. In <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 15 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 562–565, see page 562, second para. <q>The belts were first recognized by Nicolas Zucchi and Daniel Bartoli on the 17th of May 1630.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Jupiter+%28planet%29&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=562-565%2C+see+page+562%2C+second+para&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Denning&rft.aufirst=William+Frederick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiccol%C3%B2+Zucchi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=W8E_AAAAcAAJ&dq=vita+di+Niccolo+Zucchi&pg=PA9"><i>Della vita del P. Nicolo Zucchi, libri II</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Complete title: <i>Nova de machinis philosophia in qua, paralogismis antiquae detectis, explicantur machinarum vires unico principio, singulis immediato</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-books.google.com-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-books.google.com_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-books.google.com_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylorGill1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Taylor, Harold Dennis; Gill, David (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Telescope"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Telescope">"Telescope" </a></span>. In <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 26 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 557–573, see page 563. <q>Reflecting Telescope.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Telescope&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=557-573%2C+see+page+563&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Harold+Dennis&rft.au=Gill%2C+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiccol%C3%B2+Zucchi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stargazer109-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stargazer109_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stargazer109_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stargazer109_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2LZZginzib4C&dq=Niccol%C3%B2+Zucchi&pg=PA109"><i>Stargazer</i> By Fred Watson, Inc. NetLibrary Page 109</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KAWwzHlDVksC&dq=Zucchi+alhazen&pg=PA44"><i>The History of the Telescope</i> by Henry C. King Page 44</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Edinburgh_Encyclopaedia_1832,_page_602-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_Edinburgh_Encyclopaedia_1832,_page_602_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Edinburgh_Encyclopaedia_1832,_page_602_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">The Edinburgh Encyclopædia, Volume 14, Joseph Parker, 1832, page 602</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/optics/timeline/people/zucchi.html">magnet.fsu.edu, Nicolas Zucchi (1586-1670)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/zucchi.html">Al Van Helden, Zucchi, Niccolo - The Galileo Project, 9. Technological Involvement "He made either the first or one of the first reflecting telescopes and later described it in Optica philosophia. With it, in c. 1640, he is reported to have examined the spots on Mars discovered by Fontana. (I confess to finding the report wildly improbable.)"</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Memoirs of the British Astronomical Association, Volume 34, British Astronomical Association - 1943, page 129</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Niccol%C3%B2_Zucchi&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Niccol%C3%B2_Zucchi" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Niccolò Zucchi"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Niccolò Zucchi</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/optics/timeline/people/zucchi.html">Molecular Expressions website <b>Nicolas Zucchi</b> (1586-1670)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/zucchi.html">The Galileo Project — Zucchi, Niccolo</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unigre.it/archivioimg/Fondo_Curia_2009/Indice_Autori.htm">Nicola Zucchi in the Historical Archives of the Pontifical Gregorian University</a></li> <li>Nicolò Zucchi (1652) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lhldigital.lindahall.org/cdm/ref/collection/color/id/27684"><i>Optica philosophia experimentis et ratione</i></a> - digital facsimile from the <a href="/wiki/Linda_Hall_Library" title="Linda Hall Library">Linda Hall Library</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampedelli1976" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Campedelli, Luigi (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.encyclopedia.com/science/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/zucchi-niccolo">"Zucchi, Niccolò"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Charles_Coulston_Gillispie" title="Charles Coulston Gillispie">Gillispie, Charles Coulston</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_Scientific_Biography" title="Dictionary of Scientific Biography">Dictionary of Scientific Biography</a></i>. Vol. 14. New York: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Scribner%27s_Sons" title="Charles Scribner's Sons">Charles Scribner's Sons</a>. pp. 636–637.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Zucchi%2C+Niccol%C3%B2&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Scientific+Biography&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=636-637&rft.pub=Charles+Scribner%27s+Sons&rft.date=1976&rft.aulast=Campedelli&rft.aufirst=Luigi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopedia.com%2Fscience%2Fdictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases%2Fzucchi-niccolo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiccol%C3%B2+Zucchi" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output 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.navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Jesuits" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background-color:gold"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar 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href="/wiki/Template:Jesuits" title="Template:Jesuits"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Jesuits" title="Template talk:Jesuits"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jesuits" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Jesuits"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Jesuits" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Jesuits" title="Jesuits">Jesuits</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter-Reformation</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Spiritual_Exercises" title="Spiritual Exercises">Spiritual Exercises of Ignatius of Loyola</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Ad_maiorem_Dei_gloriam" title="Ad maiorem Dei gloriam">Ad maiorem Dei gloriam</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Magis" title="Magis">Magis</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Regimini_militantis_Ecclesiae" title="Regimini militantis Ecclesiae">Regimini militantis Ecclesiae</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Exposcit_debitum" title="Exposcit debitum">Exposcit debitum</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Ratio_Studiorum" title="Ratio Studiorum">Ratio Studiorum</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Suppression_of_the_Society_of_Jesus" title="Suppression of the Society of Jesus">Suppression of the Society of Jesus</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jesuits" title="List of Jesuits">List of Jesuits</a></span></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px;padding:0.8em 0.9em 3em;"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ihs-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="IHS"><img alt="IHS" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Ihs-logo.svg/50px-Ihs-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Ihs-logo.svg/75px-Ihs-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Ihs-logo.svg/100px-Ihs-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="567" data-file-height="567" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_saints_of_the_Society_of_Jesus" title="List of saints of the Society of Jesus">Saints</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_of_Anchieta" title="Joseph of Anchieta">José de Anchieta</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Martyr_Saints_of_China" title="Martyr Saints of China">Modeste Andlauer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Arrowsmith" title="Edmund Arrowsmith">Edmund Arrowsmith</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bellarmine" title="Robert Bellarmine">Robert Bellarmine</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Berchmans" title="John Berchmans">John Berchmans</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Berthieu" title="Jacques Berthieu">Jacques Berthieu</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Bobola" title="Andrew Bobola">Andrew Bobola</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Francis_Borgia" title="Francis Borgia">Francis Borgia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jean_de_Br%C3%A9beuf" title="Jean de Brébeuf">Jean de Brébeuf</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Briant" title="Alexander Briant">Alexander Briant</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_de_Britto" title="John de Britto">John de Britto</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Campion" title="Edmund Campion">Edmund Campion</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Canisius" title="Peter Canisius">Peter Canisius</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Juan_de_Castillo_(Jesuit)" title="Juan de Castillo (Jesuit)">Juan del Castillo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/No%C3%ABl_Chabanel" title="Noël Chabanel">Noël Chabanel</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Claver" title="Peter Claver">Peter Claver</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Claude_La_Colombi%C3%A8re" title="Claude La Colombière">Claude de la Colombière</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Daniel" title="Antoine Daniel">Antoine Daniel</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Martyr_Saints_of_China" title="Martyr Saints of China">Paul Denn</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Philip_Evans_and_John_Lloyd" title="Philip Evans and John Lloyd">Philip Evans</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Faber" title="Peter Faber">Peter Faber</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Garnet" title="Thomas Garnet">Thomas Garnet</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Garnier_(missionary)" title="Charles Garnier (missionary)">Charles Garnier</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Aloysius_Gonzaga" title="Aloysius Gonzaga">Aloysius Gonzaga</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Roque_Gonz%C3%A1lez_y_de_Santa_Cruz" title="Roque González y de Santa Cruz">Roque González de Santa Cruz</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/26_Martyrs_of_Japan" title="26 Martyrs of Japan">John Soan de Goto</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Goupil" title="René Goupil">René Goupil</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Melchior_Grodziecki" title="Melchior Grodziecki">Melchior Grodziecki</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alberto_Hurtado" title="Alberto Hurtado">Alberto Hurtado</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9my_Isor%C3%A9" title="Rémy Isoré">Rémy Isoré</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Loyola" title="Ignatius of Loyola">Ignatius of Loyola</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Francis_de_Geronimo" title="Francis de Geronimo">Francis de Geronimo</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Jogues" title="Isaac Jogues">Isaac Jogues</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_Kisai" title="James Kisai">James Kisai</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Stanislaus_Kostka" title="Stanislaus Kostka">Stanislaus Kostka</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jean_de_Lalande" title="Jean de Lalande">Jean de Lalande</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Lalemant" title="Gabriel Lalemant">Gabriel Lalemant</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/David_Lewis_(Jesuit_priest)" title="David Lewis (Jesuit priest)">David Lewis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Martyr_Saints_of_China" title="Martyr Saints of China">Lèon-Ignance Mangin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Miki" title="Paul Miki">Paul Miki</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Morse" title="Henry Morse">Henry Morse</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Ogilvie_(saint)" title="John Ogilvie (saint)">John Ogilvie</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Owen_(Jesuit)" title="Nicholas Owen (Jesuit)">Nicholas Owen</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Pignatelli" title="Joseph Pignatelli">Joseph Pignatelli</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Pongracz" title="Stephen Pongracz">Stephen Pongracz</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bernardino_Realino" title="Bernardino Realino">Bernardino Realino</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Francis_Regis" title="John Francis Regis">John Francis Regis</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alphonsus_Rodriguez" title="Alphonsus Rodriguez">Alphonsus Rodriguez</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Rubio" title="José María Rubio">José María Rubio</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Southwell_(priest)" title="Robert Southwell (priest)">Robert Southwell</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_de_Soveral" title="André de Soveral">André de Soveral</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Walpole" title="Henry Walpole">Henry Walpole</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Francis_Xavier" title="Francis Xavier">Francis Xavier</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_Rodr%C3%ADguez_Olmedo" title="Alfonso Rodríguez Olmedo">Alfonso Rodríguez Olmedo</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Popes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Francis</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jesuit_theologians" title="List of Jesuit theologians">Theology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Diego_Laynez" title="Diego Laynez">Diego Laynez</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Luis_de_Molina" title="Luis de Molina">Luis de Molina</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Su%C3%A1rez" title="Francisco Suárez">Francisco Suárez</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jean_Dani%C3%A9lou" title="Jean Daniélou">Jean Daniélou</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Karl_Rahner" title="Karl Rahner">Karl Rahner</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Teilhard_de_Chardin" title="Pierre Teilhard de Chardin">Pierre Teilhard de Chardin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Henri_de_Lubac" title="Henri de Lubac">Henri de Lubac</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Courtney_Murray" title="John Courtney Murray">John Courtney Murray</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Fitzmyer" title="Joseph Fitzmyer">Joseph Fitzmyer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alonso_Rodriguez" title="Alonso Rodriguez">Alonso Rodriguez</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jesuit_theologians" title="List of Jesuit theologians">List of Jesuit theologians</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bollandist" title="Bollandist">Bollandist</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/La_Civilt%C3%A0_Cattolica" title="La Civiltà Cattolica">La Civiltà Cattolica</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/General_Congregation" title="General Congregation">General Congregation</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Superior_General_of_the_Society_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Superior General of the Society of Jesus">Superior General of the Society of Jesus</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Gregorian_University" title="Pontifical Gregorian University">Pontifical Gregorian University</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Biblical_Institute" title="Pontifical Biblical Institute">Pontifical Biblical Institute</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Oriental_Institute" title="Pontifical Oriental Institute">Pontifical Oriental Institute</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jesuit_missions_in_China" title="Jesuit missions in China">Jesuit China missions</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jesuit_missions_in_North_America" title="Jesuit missions in North America">Jesuit missions in North America</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jesuit_educational_institutions" title="List of Jesuit educational institutions">List of Jesuit educational institutions</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/International_Association_of_Jesuit_Universities" title="International Association of Jesuit Universities">International Association of Jesuit Universities</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ignatian_Pedagogical_Paradigm" title="Ignatian Pedagogical Paradigm">Ignatian Pedagogical Paradigm</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Ges%C3%B9" title="Church of the Gesù">Church of the Gesù</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Madonna_Della_Strada" title="Madonna Della Strada">Madonna Della Strada</a></i></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Saint-Pierre_de_Montmartre" title="Saint-Pierre de Montmartre">Saint-Pierre de Montmartre</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Claudio_Acquaviva" title="Claudio Acquaviva">Claudio Acquaviva</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background-color:gold"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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/></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Catholicism">Catholicism portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q983213#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q983213#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q983213#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000093049647">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/22130716">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/453847/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJfmtt4y3WVGf4XdWXg7pP">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/13179261X">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no00079882">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb10077816w">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb10077816w">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Zucchi, Niccolò <1586-1670>"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/BRIV007346">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ola2008487902&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/1607181">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p069925054">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/42478">Vatican</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="ZUCCHI, Niccolò"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/niccolo-zucchi_(Dizionario-Biografico)">Italian People</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd13179261X.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/13179261X">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/075887932">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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