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user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_sv.wikipedia.org&uselang=sv" class=""><span>Stöd Wikipedia</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:Skapa_konto&returnto=Nuklearmedicin" title="Du uppmuntras att skapa ett konto och logga in, men det är inte obligatoriskt" class=""><span>Skapa konto</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:Inloggning&returnto=Nuklearmedicin" title="Inloggning ger tillgång till fler funktioner för den som vill skriva och redigera artiklar. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Logga in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Fler alternativ" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personliga verktyg" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personliga verktyg</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Användarmeny" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_sv.wikipedia.org&uselang=sv"><span>Stöd Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:Skapa_konto&returnto=Nuklearmedicin" title="Du uppmuntras att skapa ett konto och logga in, men det är inte obligatoriskt"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Skapa konto</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:Inloggning&returnto=Nuklearmedicin" title="Inloggning ger tillgång till fler funktioner för den som vill skriva och redigera artiklar. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Logga in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Sidor för utloggade redigerare <a href="/wiki/Hj%C3%A4lp:Introduktion" aria-label="Läs mer om redigering"><span>läs mer</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Mina_bidrag" title="En lista över redigeringar från denna IP-adress [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Bidrag</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Min_diskussion" title="Diskussion om redigeringar från det här IP-numret [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Diskussion</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Webbplats"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Innehåll" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Innehåll</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">flytta till sidofältet</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">dölj</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Inledning</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Radionuklider_och_radioaktiva_läkemedel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Radionuklider_och_radioaktiva_läkemedel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Radionuklider och radioaktiva läkemedel</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Radionuklider_och_radioaktiva_läkemedel-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Växla underavsnittet Radionuklider och radioaktiva läkemedel</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Radionuklider_och_radioaktiva_läkemedel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Krav_på_radionuklider" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Krav_på_radionuklider"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Krav på radionuklider</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Krav_på_radionuklider-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Produktion_av_radionuklider" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Produktion_av_radionuklider"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Produktion av radionuklider</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Produktion_av_radionuklider-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Undersökningar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Undersökningar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Undersökningar</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Undersökningar-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Växla underavsnittet Undersökningar</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Undersökningar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tillämpningar_med_99mTc" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tillämpningar_med_99mTc"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Tillämpningar med <sup>99m</sup>Tc</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tillämpningar_med_99mTc-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historik" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historik"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Historik</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historik-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Strålskydd" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Strålskydd"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Strålskydd</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Strålskydd-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referenser" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referenser"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Referenser</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referenser-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Innehåll" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Växla innehållsförteckningen" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Växla innehållsförteckningen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Nuklearmedicin</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Gå till en artikel på ett annat språk. Tillgänglig på 45 språk" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-45" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">45 språk</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerngeneeskunde" title="Kerngeneeskunde – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Kerngeneeskunde" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%A8_%D9%86%D9%88%D9%88%D9%8A" title="طب نووي – arabiska" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="طب نووي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%B4%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%86%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Ядзерная медыцына – belarusiska" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Ядзерная медыцына" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="belarusiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Ядрена медицина – bulgariska" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ядрена медицина" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgariska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicina_nuclear" title="Medicina nuclear – katalanska" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Medicina nuclear" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nukle%C3%A1rn%C3%AD_medic%C3%ADna" title="Nukleární medicína – tjeckiska" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Nukleární medicína" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tjeckiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuklearmedicin" title="Nuklearmedicin – danska" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Nuklearmedicin" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuklearmedizin" title="Nuklearmedizin – tyska" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Nuklearmedizin" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="tyska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nukleaarmeditsiin" title="Nukleaarmeditsiin – estniska" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Nukleaarmeditsiin" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estniska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CF%85%CF%81%CE%B7%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%99%CE%B1%CF%84%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE" title="Πυρηνική Ιατρική – grekiska" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πυρηνική Ιατρική" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grekiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_medicine" title="Nuclear medicine – engelska" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Nuclear medicine" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engelska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicina_nuclear" title="Medicina nuclear – spanska" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Medicina nuclear" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medikuntza_nuklear" title="Medikuntza nuklear – baskiska" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Medikuntza nuklear" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baskiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B2%D8%B4%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D9%87%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C" title="پزشکی هسته‌ای – persiska" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پزشکی هسته‌ای" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9decine_nucl%C3%A9aire" title="Médecine nucléaire – franska" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Médecine nucléaire" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="franska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%95%B5%EC%9D%98%ED%95%99" title="핵의학 – koreanska" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="핵의학" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="koreanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%AB%D5%BB%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%A2%D5%AA%D5%B7%D5%AF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Միջուկային բժշկություն – armeniska" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Միջուկային բժշկություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeniska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE" title="नाभिकीय चिकित्सा – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="नाभिकीय चिकित्सा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuklearna_medicina" title="Nuklearna medicina – kroatiska" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Nuklearna medicina" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="kroatiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nukleara_medicino" title="Nukleara medicino – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Nukleara medicino" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kedokteran_nuklir" title="Kedokteran nuklir – indonesiska" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kedokteran nuklir" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicina_nuclear" title="Medicina nuclear – interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Medicina nuclear" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicina_nucleare" title="Medicina nucleare – italienska" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Medicina nucleare" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italienska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%90%D7%94_%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%AA" title="רפואה גרעינית – hebreiska" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="רפואה גרעינית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebreiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%85%E0%B2%A3%E0%B3%81_%E0%B2%B5%E0%B3%88%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%B6%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0" title="ಅಣು ವೈದ್ಯಶಾಸ್ತ್ರ – kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಅಣು ವೈದ್ಯಶಾಸ್ತ್ರ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medesina_nuclear" title="Medesina nuclear – lombardiska" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Medesina nuclear" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="lombardiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D3%A9%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%85_%D1%83%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Цөмийн анагаах ухаан – mongoliska" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Цөмийн анагаах ухаан" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongoliska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleaire_geneeskunde" title="Nucleaire geneeskunde – nederländska" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Nucleaire geneeskunde" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nederländska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nukle%C3%A6rmedisin" title="Nukleærmedisin – norskt bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Nukleærmedisin" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norskt bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yadro_tibbiyoti" title="Yadro tibbiyoti – uzbekiska" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Yadro tibbiyoti" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbekiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%8A_%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%84%D9%86%D9%87" title="هستوي درملنه – pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="هستوي درملنه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medycyna_nuklearna" title="Medycyna nuklearna – polska" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Medycyna nuklearna" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicina_nuclear" title="Medicina nuclear – portugisiska" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Medicina nuclear" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugisiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicin%C4%83_nuclear%C4%83" title="Medicină nucleară – rumänska" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Medicină nucleară" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumänska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Ядерная медицина – ryska" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ядерная медицина" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="ryska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mjek%C3%ABsia_nukleare" title="Mjekësia nukleare – albanska" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Mjekësia nukleare" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nukle%C3%A1rna_medic%C3%ADna" title="Nukleárna medicína – slovakiska" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Nukleárna medicína" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovakiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuklearna_medicina" title="Nuklearna medicina – serbiska" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Nuklearna medicina" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotooppil%C3%A4%C3%A4ketiede" title="Isotooppilääketiede – finska" lang="fi" 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class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Utseende</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">flytta till sidofältet</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">dölj</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Från Wikipedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="sv" dir="ltr"><p><b>Nuklearmedicin (ibland Nukleärmedicin)</b> är en medicinsk specialitet inriktad på <a href="/wiki/ATC-kod_V09:_Diagnostiska_radiofarmaka" title="ATC-kod V09: Diagnostiska radiofarmaka">diagnostisk</a> och terapeutisk användning av radiofarmaka - radioaktiva läkemedel, vanligen en <a href="/wiki/Radionuklid" title="Radionuklid">radionuklid</a> bunden till en bärarmolekyl som avgör fördelning i kroppen, och används i avbildande undersökningar med hjälp av gammakamera. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Radionuklider_och_radioaktiva_läkemedel"><span id="Radionuklider_och_radioaktiva_l.C3.A4kemedel"></span>Radionuklider och radioaktiva läkemedel</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuklearmedicin&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Redigera avsnitt: Radionuklider och radioaktiva läkemedel" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuklearmedicin&action=edit&section=1" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Radionuklider och radioaktiva läkemedel"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Radionuklider" class="mw-redirect" title="Radionuklider">Radionuklider</a>, oftast <a href="/wiki/Teknetium" title="Teknetium">Teknetium</a>-99m (<sup>99m</sup>Tc), kopplas kemiskt till bärarmolekyler av olika slag, exempelvis Cardiolite (Sestamibi), Myoview, <a href="/wiki/Pyrofosfat" title="Pyrofosfat">pyrofosfat</a>, MAA, technegas, HDP, DTPA, MAG3, DMSA. Dessa tillförs patienten och ansamlas i vissa organ beroende på hur bärarmolekylen tas upp i kroppen, vilket möjliggör avbildning av kroppens inre organ. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Krav_på_radionuklider"><span id="Krav_p.C3.A5_radionuklider"></span>Krav på radionuklider</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuklearmedicin&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Redigera avsnitt: Krav på radionuklider" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuklearmedicin&action=edit&section=2" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Krav på radionuklider"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>En radionuklid som används för att avbilda organ måste uppfylla vissa krav: </p> <ul><li>Den måste utsända fotoner med en lämplig energi, typiskt mellan 50 och 500 keV.</li></ul> <ul><li>Den ska ha en lämplig halveringstid liknande tid som tiden mellan injektion och undersökning.</li></ul> <ul><li>Den måste kunna framställas i tillräckliga kvantiteter till en rimlig kostnad<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Produktion_av_radionuklider">Produktion av radionuklider</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuklearmedicin&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Redigera avsnitt: Produktion av radionuklider" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuklearmedicin&action=edit&section=3" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Produktion av radionuklider"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Radionukliderna som används vid nuklearmedicin är ofta <sup>99m</sup>Tc men även andra förekommer, exempelvis <sup>18</sup>F, <sup>51</sup>Cr, <sup>67</sup>Ga. Dessa måste produceras på konstgjord väg då de är instabila och därför inte förekommer naturligt. Produktionen kan ske genom 4 olika metoder, cyklotron, radionuklidgenerator, fission och neutronaktivering. En <a href="/wiki/Cyklotron" title="Cyklotron">cyklotron</a> bombarderar en stabil atomkärna med laddade partiklar med hög energi. En generator förlänger livstiden för en atom med en kort halveringstid. Genom fission skapas nya nuklider genom klyvning av en atomkärna. Vid neutronaktivering bestrålas en stabil atomkärna med neutroner som då kan omvandlas till en radionuklid<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Undersökningar"><span id="Unders.C3.B6kningar"></span>Undersökningar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuklearmedicin&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Redigera avsnitt: Undersökningar" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuklearmedicin&action=edit&section=4" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Undersökningar"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Vid en nuklearmedicinsk undersökning, även kallad isotopundersökning, används radiofarmaka, dvs radioaktiva läkemedel som söker sig till ett visst organ eller viss vävnad. Därigenom kan funktionen hos organet eller vävnaden studeras och läkaren kan ställa rätt diagnos. Diagnosen utförs med hjälp av ett scintigram som påvisar det specifika organets radioaktivitetsfördelning. Med hjälp av detta fås väsentlig information om funktionen och <a href="/wiki/Metabolism" title="Metabolism">ämnesomsättningen</a><sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Några vanliga nukleärmedicinska undersökningar är <b>skelett<a href="/wiki/Skintigrafi" title="Skintigrafi">skintigrafi</a></b>, <b>myocard<a href="/wiki/Skintigrafi" title="Skintigrafi">skintigrafi</a></b> och <b>lung<a href="/wiki/Skintigrafi" title="Skintigrafi">skintigrafi</a></b>. Renografi är en funktionsundersökning av njuren där man studerar tidsförloppet för hur substanser utsöndras via njurarna till urinen. </p><p> Undersökningen inleds med att patienten inhalerar, sväljer<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> eller injiceras intravenöst med en radioaktiv substans i en angiven mängd, även ett så kallat radiofarmakum. Patienten placeras sedan på en brits under en gammakamera som detekterar den utsända gammastrålningen från det radioaktiva upptaget och dess fördelning i det undersökta organet<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.</p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:KH_St_Elisabeth_RV_2013_Radiologie_Gammakamera.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/KH_St_Elisabeth_RV_2013_Radiologie_Gammakamera.jpg/250px-KH_St_Elisabeth_RV_2013_Radiologie_Gammakamera.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/KH_St_Elisabeth_RV_2013_Radiologie_Gammakamera.jpg/375px-KH_St_Elisabeth_RV_2013_Radiologie_Gammakamera.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/KH_St_Elisabeth_RV_2013_Radiologie_Gammakamera.jpg/500px-KH_St_Elisabeth_RV_2013_Radiologie_Gammakamera.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>Bild på en gammakamera</figcaption></figure> <p>Nuklearmedicin undersöker många sjukdomar och kritiska tillstånd såsom hjärtinfarkt, spridd cancer, nedsatt njurfunktion med mera<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Metoden utnyttjar radiofarmakumet som avger energi i form av gammastrålning. Strålningen detekteras i sin tur av en gammakamera som är kopplad till en dator<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Via bilderna på datorn och scintigrammet från det undersökta organet kan läkaren sammanställa en diagnos som i sin tur kan behandlas med den nuklearmedicinska bilden som underlag<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Nuklearmedicin inkluderar även andra metoder såsom positronemissionstomografi, <a href="/wiki/Positronemissionstomografi" title="Positronemissionstomografi">PET</a>, som utnyttjar fotoner som har sitt ursprung från en annihilation av positroner<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Dessa utsänds vid β+-sönderfall som kan uppstå då en kärna har ett överskott på protoner<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Den absolut vanligaste radionukliden vid PET är <sup>18</sup>F, oftast i form av fluorodeoxyglukos (FDG) vilket tas upp på samma sätt som glukos och därmed tillåter bildtagning av patientens metabolism. Det används huvudsakligen vid tumörkartläggning. </p><p>En annan metod är Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography, <a href="/wiki/Single-photon_emission_computed_tomography" title="Single-photon emission computed tomography">SPECT</a>, som tar bilder av radioaktivitetsfördelningen i olika vinklar vilket möjliggör tredimensionell tomografisk rekonstruktion av det fysiologiska upptaget av radiofarmaka<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Både PET och SPECT kombineras ofta med datortomografi, <a href="/wiki/Datortomografi" title="Datortomografi">DT</a> eller CT, i samma undersökning, för att möjliggöra fusion av anatomisk information från DT med den funktionella informationen från den nuklearmedicinska modaliteten. Dessutom kan attenueringsdatan i DT användas för att kompensera för attenuering av gammastrålning i patienten. Detta kallas attenueringskompensation <sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tillämpningar_med_99mTc"><span id="Till.C3.A4mpningar_med_99mTc"></span>Tillämpningar med <sup>99m</sup>Tc</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuklearmedicin&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Redigera avsnitt: Tillämpningar med 99mTc" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuklearmedicin&action=edit&section=5" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Tillämpningar med 99mTc"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><sup>99m</sup>Tc är den absolut vanligaste radionukliden och förekommer i många nuklearmedicinska undersökningar. Den har en lämplig <a href="/wiki/Halveringstid" title="Halveringstid">halveringstid</a> på 6 timmar samt en fotonenergi som är användbar för många undersökningar. <sup>99m</sup>Tc produceras lämpligen i en så kallad radionuklidgenerator där <sup>99</sup>Mo sönderfaller till <sup>99m</sup>Tc. Moderkärnan <a href="/wiki/Radioaktivitet" title="Radioaktivitet">sönderfaller</a> genom β<sup>-</sup> vilket lämnar dotterkärnan i ett exciterat tillstånd. Detta tillstånd är metastabilt och deexciteras genom fotonemission eller intern konversion. Moderkärnan produceras typiskt genom fission i kärnreaktorer. Då moderkärnan och dotterkärnan har olika kemiska egenskaper kan dotterkärnan extraheras på kemisk väg och sen kan cykeln börja om <sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Nedan visas exempel på undersökningar där radionukliden <sup>99m</sup>Tc används och tillstånd som kan diagnosticeras<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td><b>Undersökning</b> </td> <td><b>Sjukdom</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Skelettscintigrafi </td> <td>Metastaser, tumörer </td></tr> <tr> <td>Njurscintigrafi </td> <td>Avflödeshinder, njurfunktion </td></tr> <tr> <td>Lungscintigrafi </td> <td>Lungemboli </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sköldkörtelscintigrafi </td> <td>Sköldkörtelcancer </td></tr> <tr> <td>CBF-undersökning </td> <td>Hjärnblödning </td></tr> <tr> <td>Myokardscintigrafi </td> <td>Hjärtinfarkt </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historik">Historik</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuklearmedicin&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Redigera avsnitt: Historik" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuklearmedicin&action=edit&section=6" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Historik"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nuklearmedicin introducerades 1959 av läkaren Saul Hertz<sup id="cite_ref-:2_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-7"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Han startade med frågan ”Kan man skapa artificiell jod”?<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Strålskydd"><span id="Str.C3.A5lskydd"></span>Strålskydd</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuklearmedicin&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Redigera avsnitt: Strålskydd" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuklearmedicin&action=edit&section=7" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Strålskydd"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sedan <a href="/wiki/Fukushima-olyckan" title="Fukushima-olyckan">Fukushima</a>-incidenten har en oro väckts angående exponering för joniserad strålning och detta har prioriterats i bland annat medicinska syften<sup id="cite_ref-:2_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-7"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Nuklearmedicinska undersökningar strävar efter så lite stråldosering som möjligt samtidigt som man strävar efter en god bildkvalité. Undantag görs ibland för barn, gravida och kvinnor som ammar<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Radioaktiva läkemedel används också vid behandlingar för att oskadliggöra sjuka delar av organ eller vävnad. Vanligaste är behandling av sköldkörteln med radioaktivt jod, jod-131.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referenser">Referenser</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuklearmedicin&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Redigera avsnitt: Referenser" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuklearmedicin&action=edit&section=8" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Referenser"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1">^ [<a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0"><small>a</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1"><small>b</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-2"><small>c</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-3"><small>d</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-4"><small>e</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-5"><small>f</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-6"><small>g</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-7"><small>h</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-8"><small>i</small></a>] <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="book" id="CITEREF1953-2007">1953-, Berglund, Eva, (2007). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/185261828">Medicinsk fysik</a></i>. Studentlitteratur. <a href="/wiki/Special:Bokk%C3%A4llor/9789144037967" title="Special:Bokkällor/9789144037967">ISBN 9789144037967</a>. <a href="/wiki/Online_Computer_Library_Center" title="Online Computer Library Center">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/185261828">185261828</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/185261828">http://worldcat.org/oclc/185261828</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 26 mars 2019</span></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medicinsk+fysik&rft.aulast=1953-&rft.aufirst=Berglund%2C+Eva%2C&rft.au=1953-%2C+Berglund%2C+Eva%2C&rft.date=2007&rft.pub=Studentlitteratur&rft_id=info:oclcnum/185261828&rft.isbn=9789144037967&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Foclc%2F185261828&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Nuklearmedicin"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="journal" id="CITEREFCurrieWheatDavidsonKiat2011-9">Currie, Gm; Wheat, Jm; Davidson, R; Kiat, H (2011-9). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/j.2051-3909.2011.tb00155.x">”Radionuclide production”</a> (på engelska). <i>Radiographer</i> 58 (3): sid. 46–52. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1002%2Fj.2051-3909.2011.tb00155.x">10.1002/j.2051-3909.2011.tb00155.x</a></span><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/j.2051-3909.2011.tb00155.x">http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/j.2051-3909.2011.tb00155.x</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 28 mars 2019</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Radionuclide+production&rft.jtitle=Radiographer&rft.aulast=Currie&rft.aufirst=Gm&rft.au=Currie%2C+Gm&rft.au=Wheat%2C+Jm&rft.au=Davidson%2C+R&rft.au=Kiat%2C+H&rft.date=2011-9&rft.volume=58&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=sid.%26nbsp%3B46%E2%80%9352&rft_id=info:doi/10.1002%2Fj.2051-3909.2011.tb00155.x&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdoi.wiley.com%2F10.1002%2Fj.2051-3909.2011.tb00155.x&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Nuklearmedicin"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-3">^ [<a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-0"><small>a</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-1"><small>b</small></a>] <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web" id="CITEREFRadiology_(ACR)">Radiology (ACR), Radiological Society of North America (RSNA) and American College of. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.radiologyinfo.org/en/info.cfm?pg=gennuclear">”Nuclear Medicine, General”</a> (på engelska). <i><span>www.radiologyinfo.org</span></i><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.radiologyinfo.org/en/info.cfm?pg=gennuclear">https://www.radiologyinfo.org/en/info.cfm?pg=gennuclear</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 26 mars 2019</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Nuclear+Medicine%2C+General&rft.atitle=www.radiologyinfo.org&rft.aulast=Radiology+%28ACR%29&rft.aufirst=Radiological+Society+of+North+America+%28RSNA%29+and+American+College+of&rft.au=Radiology+%28ACR%29%2C+Radiological+Society+of+North+America+%28RSNA%29+and+American+College+of&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.radiologyinfo.org%2Fen%2Finfo.cfm%3Fpg%3Dgennuclear&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Nuklearmedicin"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="book" id="CITEREFCeller">Celler, Anna. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470451816.ch5">Medical Imaging</a></i>. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. sid. 101–126. <a href="/wiki/Special:Bokk%C3%A4llor/9780470451816" title="Special:Bokkällor/9780470451816">ISBN 9780470451816</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470451816.ch5">http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470451816.ch5</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 26 mars 2019</span></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medical+Imaging&rft.aulast=Celler&rft.aufirst=Anna&rft.au=Celler%2C+Anna&rft.pages=sid.%26nbsp%3B101%E2%80%93126&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons%2C+Inc.&rft.isbn=9780470451816&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%2F9780470451816.ch5&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Nuklearmedicin"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ne.se/uppslagsverk/encyklopedi/l%C3%A5ng/spect">”SPECT - Uppslagsverk - NE.se”</a>. <i><span>www.ne.se</span></i><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.ne.se/uppslagsverk/encyklopedi/l%C3%A5ng/spect">https://www.ne.se/uppslagsverk/encyklopedi/l%C3%A5ng/spect</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 26 mars 2019</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=SPECT+-+Uppslagsverk+-+NE.se&rft.atitle=www.ne.se&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ne.se%2Fuppslagsverk%2Fencyklopedi%2Fl%25C3%25A5ng%2Fspect&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Nuklearmedicin"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/book/9780127444826/emission-tomography">”Emission Tomography”</a> (på engelska). <i><span>ScienceDirect</span></i><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/book/9780127444826/emission-tomography">https://www.sciencedirect.com/book/9780127444826/emission-tomography</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 3 februari 2024</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Emission+Tomography&rft.atitle=ScienceDirect&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fbook%2F9780127444826%2Femission-tomography&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Nuklearmedicin"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-7">^ [<a href="#cite_ref-:2_7-0"><small>a</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_7-1"><small>b</small></a>] <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="journal" id="CITEREFChoKimSong2017-3">Cho, Sang-Geon; Kim, Jahae; Song, Ho-Chun (2017-3). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5313457/">”Radiation Safety in Nuclear Medicine Procedures”</a>. <i>Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging</i> 51 (1): sid. 11–16. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2Fs13139-016-0406-0">10.1007/s13139-016-0406-0</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/1869-3474">1869-3474</a>. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28250853?dopt=Abstract" class="extiw" title="pmid:28250853">PMID 28250853</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMCPMCPMC5313457">PMCPMC5313457</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5313457/">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5313457/</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 28 mars 2019</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Radiation+Safety+in+Nuclear+Medicine+Procedures&rft.jtitle=Nuclear+Medicine+and+Molecular+Imaging&rft.aulast=Cho&rft.aufirst=Sang-Geon&rft.au=Cho%2C+Sang-Geon&rft.au=Kim%2C+Jahae&rft.au=Song%2C+Ho-Chun&rft.date=2017-3&rft.volume=51&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=sid.%26nbsp%3B11%E2%80%9316&rft_id=info:doi/10.1007%2Fs13139-016-0406-0&rft_id=info:pmid/28250853&rft.issn=1869-3474&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5313457%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Nuklearmedicin"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="journal" id="CITEREFHertz2019-01-01">Hertz, Barbara (2019-01-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190328231035/http://www.wjnm.org/article.asp?issn=1450-1147;year=2019;volume=18;issue=1;spage=8;epage=12;aulast=Hertz;type=0">”A tribute to Dr. Saul Hertz: The discovery of the medical uses of radioiodine”</a> (på engelska). <i>World Journal of Nuclear Medicine</i> 18 (1): sid. 8. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.4103%2Fwjnm.WJNM_107_18">10.4103/wjnm.WJNM_107_18</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/1450-1147">1450-1147</a>. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30774539?dopt=Abstract" class="extiw" title="pmid:30774539">PMID 30774539</a>. Arkiverad från <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wjnm.org/article.asp?issn=1450-1147;year=2019;volume=18;issue=1;spage=8;epage=12;aulast=Hertz;type=0">originalet</a> den 28 mars 2019<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190328231035/http://www.wjnm.org/article.asp?issn=1450-1147;year=2019;volume=18;issue=1;spage=8;epage=12;aulast=Hertz;type=0">https://web.archive.org/web/20190328231035/http://www.wjnm.org/article.asp?issn=1450-1147;year=2019;volume=18;issue=1;spage=8;epage=12;aulast=Hertz;type=0</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 28 mars 2019</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=A+tribute+to+Dr.+Saul+Hertz%3A+The+discovery+of+the+medical+uses+of+radioiodine&rft.jtitle=World+Journal+of+Nuclear+Medicine&rft.aulast=Hertz&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rft.au=Hertz%2C+Barbara&rft.date=2019-01-01&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=sid.%26nbsp%3B8&rft_id=info:doi/10.4103%2Fwjnm.WJNM_107_18&rft_id=info:pmid/30774539&rft.issn=1450-1147&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20190328231035%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.wjnm.org%2Farticle.asp%3Fissn%3D1450-1147%3Byear%3D2019%3Bvolume%3D18%3Bissue%3D1%3Bspage%3D8%3Bepage%3D12%3Baulast%3DHertz%3Btype%3D0&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Nuklearmedicin"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140417130209/http://www.stralsakerhetsmyndigheten.se/start/Vard/Nuklearmedicin/">”Strålsäkerhetsmyndigheten - Nuklearmedicin”</a>. Arkiverad från <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stralsakerhetsmyndigheten.se/start/vard/nuklearmedicin/">originalet</a> den 17 april 2014<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140417130209/http://www.stralsakerhetsmyndigheten.se/start/Vard/Nuklearmedicin/">https://web.archive.org/web/20140417130209/http://www.stralsakerhetsmyndigheten.se/start/Vard/Nuklearmedicin/</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 9 december 2014</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Str%C3%A5ls%C3%A4kerhetsmyndigheten+-+Nuklearmedicin&rft.atitle=&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20140417130209%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.stralsakerhetsmyndigheten.se%2Fstart%2FVard%2FNuklearmedicin%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Nuklearmedicin"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Hämtad från ”<a dir="ltr" href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nuklearmedicin&oldid=54402470">https://sv.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nuklearmedicin&oldid=54402470</a>”</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Kategorier" title="Wikipedia:Kategorier">Kategorier</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Radiologi" title="Kategori:Radiologi">Radiologi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Medicinska_specialiteter" title="Kategori:Medicinska specialiteter">Medicinska specialiteter</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Radioaktivitet" title="Kategori:Radioaktivitet">Radioaktivitet</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Sidan redigerades senast den 3 februari 2024 kl. 20.39.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Wikipedias text är tillgänglig under licensen <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.sv">Creative Commons Erkännande-dela-lika 4.0 Unported</a>. 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